Chevrolet Corvair - Chevrolet Corvair

Chevrolet Corvair
Flickr - DVS1mn - 64 Chevrolet Corvair Monza (3) .jpg
1964 yil Chevrolet Corvair Monza
Umumiy nuqtai
Ishlab chiqaruvchiChevrolet (General Motors )
Ishlab chiqarish1959–1969
Model yillari1960–1969
Assambleya
Kuzov va shassi
SinfYilni avtomobil
MaketRR tartibi
Energiya quvvati
DvigatelYassi oltita
Corvair-ning havo bilan sovutadigan orqa-o'rnatilgan oltitasi dvigatel

The Chevrolet Corvair a ixcham avtomobil tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan Chevrolet uchun model yillari 1960-1969 yillarda ikki avlodda. Bu hanuzgacha Amerikada ishlab chiqilgan, ommaviy ishlab chiqarilgan yagona yo'lovchi avtomobili orqa tomonga o'rnatilgan, havo sovutadigan vosita. Corvair birinchi avlodida (1960-1964) 4 eshikli sedan, 2 eshikli kupe, kabriolet, 4 eshikli vagon, yo'lovchi furgoni, savdo furgoni va pikap yuk mashinalari kuzovlari uslublarida ishlab chiqarilgan va sotilgan. eshik kupesi, ikkinchisida konvertatsiya qilingan va 4 eshikli qattiq taxta (1965-1969).

"Corvair" nomi a sifatida paydo bo'lgan portmanteau ning Korvet va Bel Air,[1] birinchi marta 1954 yilda Corvette kontseptsiyasiga qattiq tepalikka asoslangan tomga o'rnatilgan, bu tomning bir qismi. Motorama sayohat ko'rgazmasi.[2] Ishlab chiqarish modellariga nisbatan "havo" qismi dvigatelning sovutish tizimiga murojaat qilgan.

Raqobatchilar quyidagilarni o'z ichiga olgan Volkswagen Beetle, Ford Falcon, Plimut Valiant, Studebaker Lark, va Rambler amerikalik.

Tarix

1952 yilda, Ed Koul Chevrolet Motor Division bosh muhandisi lavozimiga ko'tarildi. To'rt yil o'tib, 1956 yil iyul oyida u Chevrolet (GMning eng yirik avtomobil bo'limi) bosh menejeri lavozimiga tayinlandi va General Motors vitse-prezidenti bo'ldi. Chevrolet-da Koul 1955-1962 yillarda Chevrolet avtomashinasi va yuk mashinalari liniyalarida joriy qilingan ko'plab muhandislik va dizayndagi o'zgarishlarni amalga oshirdi. U havo sovutadigan orqa dvigatel Corvairni ishlab chiqarish va ishlab chiqarishda to'liq ishtirok etdi. Corvair o'z vaqtida zaminni buzadigan mashina edi. Bosh muhandis sifatida Koul Corvette sportkarini yaratishda ham katta ishtirok etgan. U "ning otasi" sifatida ham tanilgan kichik blokli Chevy V8, Amerika avtomobil tarixidagi eng taniqli dvigatellardan biri.[3]

1960 yilgacha Katta uch Amerikalik mahalliy avtomobil ishlab chiqaruvchilar (General Motors, Ford va Chrysler) faqat bitta o'lchamdagi yo'lovchi avtomobili ishlab chiqarishdi. Muvaffaqiyatli zamonaviy "ixcham avtomobil " bozor segmenti AQSh tomonidan 1950 yilgacha tashkil etilgan Nash Rambler.[4][5][6][7] Volkswagen, Renault, Fiat va boshqalar kabi Evropadan importning o'sib borayotgan savdosi AQSh bozorida kichik avtomobillarga talab mavjudligini, ko'pincha ikkinchi avtomobil yoki byudjetni o'ylaydigan iste'molchilar uchun alternativa sifatida mavjudligini ko'rsatdi. "Katta uchlik" o'tgan asrning 50-yillarida har doimgidan kattaroq avtomobillarni taqdim etishda davom etgan bo'lsa, yangi American Motors korporatsiyasi (AMC) o'z biznes strategiyasini kichik ehtiyojga ega bo'lgan va yoqilg'i tejaydigan avtomobillarga, ularga haqiqiy ehtiyoj paydo bo'lishidan bir necha yil oldin yo'naltirgan.[8] AMC, "Katta Uchlik" ga qaraganda ancha kichikroq kompaniya, o'zini "dinozavr-qiruvchi" sifatida ko'rsatgan (underdog ); uning ixcham Rambler modellari AMC-ni mahalliy avtomobil sotishida uchinchi o'ringa ko'tarishga yordam berdi.[9][10] American Motors shuningdek, o'zidan avvalgi kompaniyaning eng kichik Nash modelini "yangi" 1958 yilda qayta tikladi Rambler amerikalik ikkinchi model uchun, bu avtomobil tarixida deyarli eshitilmagan hodisa.[11] 1959 yilda Studebaker AMC formulasiga amal qilib, uning asosiy iqtisodiy model sedanini qayta tikladi va uni Lark va uni kompakt sifatida taqdim etish. Larkning muvaffaqiyati Studebaker-ga 1966 yilda kompaniya avtomobil ishlab chiqarishni to'xtatguncha bir necha yil dam olishga yordam berdi.

1959 va 1960 yillar davomida Katta Uchta avtomobil ishlab chiqaruvchilar o'zlarining "ixcham" avtomobillarini ishlab chiqarishni rejalashtirdilar. Ford va Chrysler dizaynlari odatdagi amerika avtomashinasining kichraytirilgan versiyalari bo'lib, V8 o'rniga to'rt yoki olti silindrli dvigatellardan foydalanilgan va tanasi odatdagi mashinalaridan 20 foizga kichikroq bo'lgan.

Ushbu strategiyadan istisno Chevrolet Corvair edi. Bosh menejer Koul boshchiligida Chevrolet an'anaviy Amerika dizayn me'yorlaridan chetga chiqadigan yangi avtomobil yaratdi. Avtomobil alyuminiydan tayyorlangan ko'plab asosiy qismlarga ega bo'lgan havo sovutadigan, gorizontal ravishda olti silindrli dvigatel bilan jihozlangan. Dvigatel avtoulovning orqa qismiga o'rnatilib, orqa g'ildiraklarni ixcham tarzda boshqargan transaks. To'xtatish to'rt g'ildirakda ham mustaqil edi. Yo'q an'anaviy shassi birinchi bo'lib foydalanilgan bir tanli tomonidan qurilgan Fisher tanasi. Shinalar kengroq g'ildiraklarga o'rnatilgan yangi kengroq, past profilli dizayni edi. Detroyt uchun uslub noan'anaviy edi: nozik va oqlangan, dumaloq qanotlari va xrom panjarasi bo'lmagan. Uning muhandisligi ko'plab patentlarga ega bo'ldi Vaqt jurnal Ed Koul va Korveyrni muqovaga qo'ydi va Motor Trend Corvairni 1960 yil "Yilning eng yaxshi avtomobili" deb nomladi.

Umumiy nuqtai

Corvairs o'zining dastlabki olti yilidagi har birida 200 mingdan ortiq sotilganligi bilan juda muvaffaqiyatli ekanligini isbotladi. Chevrolet, orqa dvigatel dizayni qadoqlash va tejamkorlik afzalliklarini taklif qiladi, bu avtomobilni pastki silueti bilan ta'minlaydi, yo'lovchilar bo'linmasining tekisligi, kuch bilan boshqarish yoki tormoz tizimlariga ehtiyoj sezilmaydi haydash sifati, tortish va tormoz balansi. Dizayn shuningdek boshqa tovar mijozlarini, birinchi navbatda, importni jalb qildi. Corvair boshqa Amerika takliflaridan farqli o'laroq muhandislik bilan ajralib turardi. Bu GM dan foydalangan Z tanasi, dizayn va muhandislik bilan rivojlangan orqa dvigatel, orqa g'ildirakchani boshqarish tartibi Yaqinda bozorga avtomashinalar, shu jumladan Tatra 77, Tucker Torpedo, Fiat 500, Porsche 356, Volkswagen Beetle, Renault Dauphine, Subaru 360 va NSU Prinz - va bir vaqtda va qisqa muddatli ish bilan ta'minlanganlar Xino Contessa.

Korveyrning elektr stantsiyasi yuqori valf edi alyuminiy, havo bilan sovutilgan 140 kub (2,3 L) yassi oltita (keyinchalik kattalashtirildi, avval 145 ga, so'ngra 164 kub dyuymgacha). Birinchi Corvair dvigateli 80 ot kuchiga ega (60 kVt; 81 PS). Quvvat 1965–66 yillarda avjiga chiqdi turbochargali 180 ot kuchi (134 kVt; 182 PS) Corsa dvigateli. Birinchi avlod modeli belanchak o'qi orqa ishlab chiqarish, muhandis tomonidan ixtiro qilingan va patentlangan Edmund Rumpler 1903 yilda qulay sayohat qilishni taklif qildi. Dizayn 1965 yil modelida to'liq o'zgartirildi mustaqil ga o'xshash orqadagi orqadagi osma Korvet Sting Rey.

Corvair 1960-1969 yillarda ishlab chiqarilgan 1 786 243 ta avtomobil bilan Detroytning ommaviy ishlab chiqariladigan transport vositalari dizayni bo'yicha bir qator yutuqlarni namoyish etdi.[12][13]

1960-yilgi Corvair va dizaynerlar Uilyam L. "Bill" Mitchel va uslubchilar Sanoat Dizaynerlari Instituti (Nyu-Yorkdagi IDI) mukofotiga sazovor bo'lishdi.

Birinchi avlod (1960-1964)

Birinchi avlod
Schaffen-Diest Fly-drive 2013.JPG-dagi Chevrolet Corvair kabrioleti
1962 yil Chevrolet Corvair Monza kabriolet
Umumiy nuqtai
Ishlab chiqarish1959–1964
Model yillari1960–1964
Kuzov va shassi
SinfYilni avtomobil
Tana uslubi
MaketRR tartibi
PlatformaZ tanasi
Bog'liqPontiac Tempest
Oldsmobile F-85
Buick Maxsus
Energiya quvvati
Dvigatel
  • 2296 santimetr (2,3 L) Yassi oltita
  • 2375 kub (2,4 L) tekis oltita (1961-63)
  • 2.683 kub (2.7 L) Flat-six (1964)
Yuqish
O'lchamlari
Dingil masofasi108 dyuym (2,743 mm) [14]
Uzunlik180 dyuym (4,572 mm) [14]
Kengligi66,9 dyuym (1,699 mm) [14]

1960 yilgi Corvair 569 va 769 seriyali to'rt eshikli sedanlar narxlari raqobatbardosh bo'lishini ta'minlash uchun bir nechta qulayliklarni taqdim etadigan tejamkor avtomobillar sifatida ishlab chiqilgan bo'lib, 500 (standart model) 2000 dollardan past narxga sotilgan. Tomonidan quvvatlanadi Chevrolet Turbo-Air 6 dvigateli 80 ot kuchiga ega (60 kVt; 81 PS) va uch pog'onali qo'lda yoki ixtiyoriy qo'shimcha xarajatlarga moslashtirilgan Powerglide avtomatik uzatmalar qutisi, Corvair olti silindrli bilan taqqoslanadigan tezlashtirishga mo'ljallangan edi to'liq o'lchamli Chevrolet Biscayne. Corvair-ning noyob dizayni "Quadri-Flex" mustaqil suspenziyasini va dvigatel, uzatmalar qutisi va orqa aksning "Unipack Power Team" ni o'z ichiga olgan. bitta birlikka birlashtirilgan. Porsche, Volkswagen, Mercedes-Benz va boshqalar kabi Evropa avtomobillarining dizaynlariga o'xshash tarzda, "Quadri-Flex" to'rtta g'ildirakda burama buloqlardan foydalangan, ularning orqasida mustaqil orqa osma qo'llar mavjud. 5,5 x 13 dyuymli g'ildiraklarga o'rnatilgan 6,5 x 13 dyuymli to'rt qavatli shinalar standart uskunalar edi. Mavjud variantlar orasida RPO 360, Powerglide ikki pog'onali avtomat uzatmalar qutisi ($ 146), RPO 118, benzinli isitgich ($ 74), RPO 119, AM trubkasi radiosi ($ 54) va 1960 yil fevralga qadar orqa katlanadigan o'rindiq (ilgari $ 32) mavjud. ) standart edi. Chevrolet 1960 yilda 569 modelning 47.683 va lyuks sedanlarning 139.208 769 modellarini 1960 yilda ishlab chiqardi. 1960 yilning yanvarida 527 va 727 modellari sifatida belgilangan ikkita eshikli kupe modellari ishlab chiqarila boshlandi. Yanvar oyi oxirida kupe taqdim etilganiga qaramay, ushbu avtomobillar yaxshi sotildi; taxminan 14,628 asosiy model 527 kupe, 36,562 727 lyuks kupe. "Janob va xonim Monza" zamonaviy bozorining 1960 yildagi kontseptual avtomobillarini uslubini yaratish muvaffaqiyatidan so'ng Chikago avtoulovi, menejment 900 seriyali Monza-ning paqirga mo'ljallangan DeLuxe trimini faqat ikkita eshikli klub kupesi sifatida ma'qulladi. Chevrolet dilerlariga yangi Monza 1960 yil aprel oyida 11 926 ta Monza klubi kupesi sotilishi bilan kela boshladi va bu kupeni eng mashhur Corvairlardan biriga aylantirdi.

Monza modelining muvaffaqiyati Chevrolet menejmentiga ko'ra Corvair odatdagidek ishlab chiqarilgan Ford Falcon yoki Chrysler Valiant-ning raqobatchisiga qaraganda ko'proq maxsus avtomobil ekanligini ko'rsatdi. Corvair iqtisodiyot segmentida u qadar raqobatbardosh emas edi. Chevrolet dizayni dasturini boshladi, natijada ixcham avtomobil an'anaviy sxemaga ega bo'ldi Chevy II, 1962 yilgi model uchun.[15]

Corvair-da 1960 yil fevral oyida taqdim etilgan variant - bu RPO 649, yanada kuchli dvigatel, "Super Turbo Air". Qayta ko'rib chiqilganligi sababli Super Turbo Air 9500 ot kuchiga (71 kVt; 96 PS) 4800 rpm va 125 lb⋅ft (169 Nm) momentga ega edi. eksantrik mil, qayta ishlangan silindrli boshchalar va ikkita "kamonli", pastki cheklash susturucusu - 2 "chiqishi bilan. Ushbu parametr Corvair-ning har qanday modelida mavjud edi, 1960 yildan tashqari, RPO 649 PowerPlide avtomatik uzatmalar qutisi bo'lgan RPO 360 bilan mavjud emas edi.

To'liq sinxronlashtirilgan, to'rt bosqichli uzatishni (RPO 651) fevral oyida e'lon qilinganligi 1961 yilga qoldirildi. Bunga alyuminiy uch pog'onali uzatmalar qutisi bilan bog'liq muammolar sabab bo'ldi, natijada dilerlarga texnik xizmat ko'rsatish byulletenlari transmisyonning qarshi tishli valining old qismidagi tashqi qochqinlar sababli differentsial ishlamay qolish ehtimoli to'g'risida maslahat berdi. 1961 yilda ishlab chiqarishga mo'ljallangan to'rtta tezlikni uzatishni qayta ko'rib chiqishda quyma temir kassa va diferensial pion milni qayta uzatish qutisi uchun uzatish qutisi uzunroq va konsentrik uchuvchi bilan bog'lanish uchun qayta ishlangan. Bular Chevrolet tomonidan 1960 yil namunaviy yilining oxiriga qadar amalga oshirilgan ko'plab yaxshilanishlar qatoriga kiradi.

Corvair edi Motor Trend jurnalning Yil avtomobili 1960 yil uchun.[16]

YANGI '61 CORVAIR gugurt daftarining muqovasi

1961 yilda Chevrolet to'rt eshikli sedanlarga va klub kupesining tanasi uslublariga Monza-ning yuqori pardozini taqdim etdi. Monza Club Coupe o'zining yangi to'rt pog'onali polga o'rnatilgan transmissiyasi, DeLuxe vinil paqirli o'rindiqlari va yuqori pardozi bilan sotuvlar hajmini oshirdi, chunki 33007 dona Monza to'rt eshikli sedanlar ishlab chiqarildi. To'rt tezlikli Monza yosh bozorning e'tiborini tortdi va ba'zida turli xil avtomobil jurnallarida "kambag'alning Porsche" deb nomlangan. Monza seriyasi 1961 yilda Corvair savdosining taxminan yarmiga hissa qo'shdi.

1960 yil Chevrolet Corvair
1964 Corvair Monza Interior
1961 yil Corvair 500 Lakewood vagon

A vagon sifatida sotilgan Lakewood 1961 yilda qatoriga qo'shildi, uning dvigateli yuk tashuvchi pol ostida joylashgan va yuk xonasini 68 fut (1,9 m³) tashkil etgan; Asosiy yo'lovchilar bo'linmasida 58 fut, oldingi magistralda yana 10 fut. Corvair dvigateli teshik hajmini biroz kattalashtirish hisobiga 145 kubgacha (2,4 L) ko'tarildi va 98 ot kuchiga (73 kVt; 99 PS) baholandi. Asosiy dvigatel hali ham qo'l kuchi bilan uzatishda 80 ot kuchiga (60 kVt; 81 PS) va Monza modellarida ixtiyoriy avtomat uzatmalarga ulanganda 84 ot kuchiga (63 kVt; 85 PS) teng edi. Old yukxonada yuk hajmini oshirish uchun zaxira shinalar dvigatel bo'linmasiga (konditsionersiz avtomashinalarda) joylashtirildi va yangi "to'g'ridan-to'g'ri havo" isitgichi balonlardan va boshlardan isitilgan havoni yo'lovchilar bo'linmasiga yo'naltirdi. 1963 yilgacha benzinli isitgich variant sifatida mavjud bo'lib qoldi. Zavodning konditsionerligi 1961 yil o'rtalarida taqdim etilgan. Kondensator dvigatelning gorizontal foniy ustida yotardi. Standart GM Frigidaire konditsioner kompressorining katta, yashil rangga bo'yalgan teskari aylanish versiyasi ishlatilgan va radiator korpusini o'rab turgan yaxlit chiqish joylari bilan chiziq ostida bug'lashtiruvchi korpus qo'shilgan. Konditsioner vagonlarda, Greenbrier / Corvair 95-da yoki keyinchalik chiqarilgan turbochargali modellarda bo'sh joy tufayli mavjud emas edi. Chevrolet shuningdek, uni ham taqdim etdi Corvair 95 engil ishchi liniyasi Corvair Powerpack-dan oldinga qarab boshqarish vositasi yordamida yuk mashinalari va furgonlar yoki "taksi tugadi ", haydovchining oldingi g'ildiraklar ustida o'tirishi bilan, xuddi Volkswagen Type 2.

The Greenbrier Sportswagon "Corvan 95" bilan bir xil tanadan foydalangan panel van yon oynalar opsiyasi bilan, lekin stantsiya vagonlari sifatida sotilgan va yo'lovchi vagonlariga o'xshash trim va bo'yoq variantlari mavjud edi. "Corvan 95" modeli ham qurilgan olib ketish; ko'tarish versiyalar; The Yuk Orqa dvigatel, oldinga siljish va karavotning o'rtasidagi chuqur bundan mustasno, bu davrning odatiy pikapi edi. Keyinchalik mashhur Rampside g'ildirakli buyumlarni yuklashda qulaylik uchun karavot yon tomonida noyob, katta, katlanabilen rampa bor edi.

Corvair Spyder turbochargali dvigatel

1962 yilda Chevrolet Corvairs-ni yil boshida ozgina o'zgarishlar bilan taqdim etdi. Pastki qator 500 seriyali stantsiya tashlandi va 700 asosiy stantsiya vagoniga aylandi. "Lakewood" nomi olib tashlandi. Har doim mashhur bo'lgan Monza liniyasi keyinchalik chiziqning yuqori qismini aylantirish uchun vagon modelini oldi. 1962 yilning bahorida Chevrolet konvertatsiya qilinadigan versiyasini taqdim etib, Corvair uchun yaratgan sport imidjiga sodiq qoldi va keyin yuqori quvvatli 150 ot kuchiga ega (112 kVt; 152 PS) turbochargali "Josus"[17] Monza kupelari va kabrioletlari uchun variant, bu Corvairni ishlab chiqaruvchi turbo zaryad bilan ta'minlangan ikkinchi ishlab chiqaruvchi avtomobilga aylantiradi. Oldsmobile F-85 Turbo Jetfire 1962 yilda ilgari chiqarilgan.[18] Corvair stantsiyasining vagonlari o'sha paytda yangi Corvair Convertible foydasiga to'xtatildi Chevy II (o'sha montaj zavodida qurilgan). Modelning oxirida sekin sotiladigan Loadside pikapi to'xtatildi. "Corvair 95" oldinga yo'naltirilgan transport vositalarining qolgan qismi davom ettirildi. Barcha yo'lovchi avtoulovlarning ixtiyoriy uskunalari (vagonlardan tashqari) metall tormoz pervazlari va old g'ildirakchadan, orqa aksning chekka kamarlaridan, qayta ishlangan kamondan iborat stavkalari va qayta sozlangan amortizatorlar. Bular yuqori tezlikda keskin burilishlar paytida orqa g'ildiraklarning kamberning zo'ravonlik bilan o'zgarishini kamaytirish hisobiga ishlov berishning yaxshilanishini ta'minladilar. Turbocharged Spyder uskunalari guruhi tarkibiga multiguge asboblar klasteri kiritilgan takometr, yuqori silindrli dvigateldan tashqari, silindr boshi harorati va assimilyatsiya manifoldidagi bosim ko'rsatkichlari, Spyder panjara skripti va Turbo logotipi emblemalari.

Monza kupesi eng ommabop model bo'lib, 1962 yilda Corvair rusumidagi 292,531 yengil avtomobil ishlab chiqarilganidan 151 738 tasi ishlab chiqarilgan. Jon Fitch, Corvair-ni asos qilib oldi "Sprint "modellar. Bular tashqi ko'rinishini o'zgartirish bilan bir qatorda ish faoliyatini yaxshilagan. Shaxsiy komponentlar xaridorlar uchun mavjud edi va bir nechta Chevrolet dilerlari" Sprint "konversiyasini o'rnatish huquqiga ega bo'lishdi.

1963 yilgi model yoqilg'i tejamkorligini oshirish uchun ixtiyoriy 3.08 tishli uzatmalariga ega edi, ammo aks holda Corvair kichik trim va muhandislik o'zgarishlari bilan katta hajmdagi transport vositasini saqlab qoldi. O'z-o'zini sozlash tormozlari 1963 yil uchun yangi edi. 1963 yilda sotilgan barcha Corvairs-larning 80% to'liq Monzalar edi. O'tkaziladigan model sotilgan barcha Monzalarning 20% ​​dan ortig'ini tashkil etdi.

1964 yil uchun muhim muhandislik o'zgarishlari amalga oshirildi, modellar tarkibi va uslubi esa o'zgarishsiz qoldi. Dvigatelning siljishi qon tomirlarining ko'payishi bilan 145 dan 164 kub (2,4 dan 2,7 L) gacha ko'tarildi. Dvigatelning asosiy quvvati 80 dan 95 ot kuchiga (60 dan 71 kVt; 81 dan 96 PS gacha), yuqori quvvatli dvigatel esa 102 dan 110 ot kuchiga (76 dan 82 kVt; 103 dan 112 PS gacha) oshdi. Spyder dvigatelining quvvati dvigatelning siljishini ko'payishiga qaramay 150 ot kuchida (112 kVt; 152 PS) qoldi. 1964 yilda, orqa silindrning qattiqligini kamaytirish va neytral ishlov berishni kuchaytirishga mo'ljallangan yumshoq orqa burama buloqlar bilan bir qatorda ko'ndalang bargli kamon qo'shilishi bilan avtoulovning burilish aksi orqa osmasining yaxshilanishi sodir bo'ldi. Bahor stavkalari endi avtomobilning ikkala uchida ham oldingi modellarga nisbatan yumshoqroq bo'lishi mumkin. Og'ir ishlab chiqarish endi ixtiyoriy emas edi, garchi endi barcha modellarda standart sifatida oldingi siljishga qarshi panjara mavjud edi. Tormozlar orqa nog'ora bilan yaxshilandi. Qolgan pikap, Rampside, namunaviy yil oxirida to'xtatildi.

1964 yilda ishlab chiqarilgan ancha yaxshilangan modelga qaramay, Corvair sotuvi o'sha yili 73000 donaga yaqinlashdi. Bunga bir qator omillar, jumladan, 5 yillik uslubning asosiy uslubi, ustunsiz qattiq panelning yo'qligi (deyarli barcha raqobatdosh ixcham modellarda bo'lgan), V8 dvigatelining etishmasligi va Ford Mustang 17 aprelda yangi modelni sotish bo'yicha barcha rekordlarni yangiladi (va Corvair savdo-sotiqlariga kirib ketdi).[iqtibos kerak ]

Ikkinchi avlod (1965-1969)

Ikkinchi avlod
'69 Corvair Monza.jpg
1969 yil Chevrolet Corvair Monza kabriolet
Umumiy nuqtai
Ishlab chiqarish1964–1969
Model yillari1965–1969
Kuzov va shassi
SinfYilni avtomobil
Tana uslubi
MaketRR tartibi
PlatformaZ tanasi
Energiya quvvati
Dvigatel2.683 kub (2.7 L) Kvartira-6
Yuqish
O'lchamlari
Dingil masofasi108 dyuym (2,743 mm)
Uzunlik183,3 dyuym (4,656 mm)
Kengligi69,7 dyuym (1,770 mm)
Balandligi1,341 mm ichida 52,8 dyuym
1966 yil Chevrolet Corvair Monza Sport Sedan
1968 yil Chevrolet Corvair Monza fronti
1968 yil Chevrolet Corvair Monza orqa

Corvair ikkinchi avlodi 1965 yilda ishlab chiqarilgan yilga kelib, uning yo'qligi bilan ajralib turadi "B" ustuni va yangi to'liq mustaqil to'xtatib turish asl nusxasini almashtirish belanchak o'qi orqa osma. Corvair har bir g'ildirakda burama buloqlardan foydalangan.

Avtomobil va haydovchi jurnalning Devid E. Devis Jr. 1965 yilgi Korveyrga ishtiyoqni 1964 yil oktyabr oyidagi sonida ko'rsatdi:

"Va bu erda ham biz rekordlarni davom ettirishimiz va Corvair bizning fikrimizcha aytishimiz kerak - bu 65-modeldagi barcha hosilning eng muhim yangi avtomobili va bu mamlakatda avvalgidan beri paydo bo'lgan eng chiroyli mashina. Ikkinchi jahon urushi. " "65-yilgi Korveyrning rasmlari bizning idoralarimizga kelganida, konvertni ochgan odam, aslida mashinani birinchi marta ko'rganida juda katta zavq va hayratga tushdi va o'ttiz soniya ichida butun xodimlar zo'r berib harakat qilishdi. Birinchilardan bo'lib boshqalarni ko'rsating, ularning har biri birinchi marta tomoshabinning o'ziga xos urush odamlarini eshitishini xohlaydi. " "Mashinalarni haydashimiz kerak bo'lgan vaqt bizning ishtiyoqimiz salqinlashdi - keyin biz yana yong'oqqa bordik. Yangi orqa osma osma, oldingisidagi yangi yumshoq bahor stavkalari, kattaroq tormozlar, qo'shimcha quvvat qo'shilishi, barchasi bu omillar bizni ahmoqlar kabi haydashga majbur qildi - bir-birimiz bilan tortib, tormozda turib, muomala halqasini kattalashtirib, - istamay mashinani boshqa biron bir sabrsiz jurnalistga topshirishga majbur bo'lgunga qadar ... "65 Corvair" - bu ajoyib mashina. Bu etarlicha tez ketmaydi, lekin biz buni yaxshi ko'ramiz. "

Standart 95 ot kuchiga ega (71 kVt; 96 PS) va ixtiyoriy 110 ot kuchiga ega (82 kVt; 112 PS) dvigatellar 1964 yildan boshlab ilgari surilgan. Oldingi 150 ot kuchiga ega (112 kVt; 152 PS) Spyder dvigateli odatdagidek 140 ot kuchiga almashtirildi. (104 kVt; 142 PS) yangi Corsa uchun. Dvigatel g'ayrioddiy bo'lib, to'rtta bitta tomoqni taklif qildi karbüratörler, unga kattaroq vanalar va ikkita egzoz tizimi qo'shildi. 180 ot kuchiga ega (134 kVt; 182 PS) turboşarjli dvigatel Corsa-da ixtiyoriy edi, u standart uch bosqichli yoki ixtiyoriy (92 AQSh dollari) to'rt bosqichli qo'l uzatmalarini taqdim etdi.[19] 140 ot kuchiga ega (104 kVt; 142 PS) dvigatel ixtiyoriy ravishda qo'lda yoki Powerglide uzatmalariga ega bo'lgan 500 va Monza modellarida mavjud edi. Barcha dvigatellar Turbocharged dvigateldan og'irligi yuqori bo'lgan ichki qismlarning bir qismini yaxshiroq chidamliligi uchun oldi.

1965 yilda qayta ishlanganida yangi takomillashishlar paydo bo'ldi.[20] Corsa 140 mph (230 km / s) tezlikni o'lchash moslamasi, 6000 rpm takometr, silindr boshi o'lchagichi, ikkinchi qo'l bilan ishlaydigan analog soat, ko'p qirrali vakuum / bosim o'lchagichi va yonilg'iga ega asboblar paneli bilan standart bo'lib chiqdi. o'lchov. Isitgich tizimi ancha yaxshilandi, Chevelle-dan olingan kattaroq tormoz tizimlari, kuchliroq differentsial halqali tishli quti, Delcotron alternatori (generatorni almashtiradigan) va shassilarning sezilarli yaxshilanishi amalga oshirildi. Orqa tomondan, yangi to'liq bo'g'inli orqa osma oldingi avlodning tebranish o'qlari xavfini deyarli yo'q qildi va zamonaviy Corvette Sting Ray (Corvair spiral kamonlardan foydalangan, Sting Ray esa ko'ndalang bargdan foydalangan). AM / FM stereo radiosi, in-dash All Weather Conditioning, teleskopik jihatdan sozlanishi boshqariladigan ustun va maxsus ishlab chiqarish to'xtatib turishi va tezkor boshqariladigan boshqaruv qutisidan tashkil topgan maxsus maqsadli shassi uskunalari ("Z17") yuk tashish to'plami 1965. Monza va Corvair 500 Sport Sedans AQShda to'rtta eshiksiz stol usti sifatida mavjud bo'lgan yagona ixcham avtomobil edi.

The vagon, panel van, va olib ketish; ko'tarish tana uslublari butunlay tashlangan edi va 1965 yil uchun oxirgi yil edi Greenbrier asosan avtoulov buyurtmalari uchun saqlanib qolingan va 1528 ta qurilgan oyna furgoni. Umuman olganda, 1965 yilda 235 528 ta koridor qurilgan bo'lib, 1964 yilga nisbatan 30 000 donaga ko'paygan.[21] Chevrolet Corvair asosidagi furgonlar bilan almashtirildi Chevrolet Sportvan / GMC Handi-Van dan qarz olgan an'anaviy old dvigatel / orqa qo'zg'aysan aksini ishlatgan Chevy II.

1968 yil 110 ot kuchiga ega Corvair Monza kupesi. Oldingi aniq chiroq nuri faqat 1968 yilga tegishli edi.

1966 yildagi qator 1965 yilga nisbatan deyarli o'zgarmay qoldi. Eslatmaning bir o'zgarishi - bu standartdan foydalangan holda to'rt pog'onali sinxron uzatish qutisi. Saginaw 3.11: 1 bilan jihozlangan tishli g'ildirak, boshqa GM 6 silindrli transport vositalarida ishlatiladigan birinchi vites nisbati. Rulda kolonkasi universal to'qima bilan ikki qismli dizaynga o'tkazilib, to'qnashuv paytida kirish xavfini kamaytirdi (aslida 1965 yil o'rtalarida o'zgarish). Old valent paneli ostiga old osma va pastki qismni yashirish va shamolga sezgirlikni pasaytirish uchun plastik havo to'g'oni o'rnatildi. Old tomondan, "qulf eshigi" emblemasi (yopilgan qulf magistral qulf uchun) qizildan ko'k rangga almashtirildi va qisqaroq bar bilan ajralib turardi. Orqa tomonda yorug'lik markazining atrofidagi ingichka xrom uzuk bilan jihozlangan yangi kattaroq orqa yoritgich linzalari ishlatilgan. Konditsioner avtoulovlar dvigatel oldida o'rnatilgan yangi kondensatorni oldilar va dvigatel ustiga o'rnatilgan avvalgi moslamani yo'q qildilar va ko'pchilik dvigatellarga xizmat ko'rsatish uchun uni olib tashlashni talab qildilar. Corvair skriptining yorlig'i magistral qopqog'idan haydovchining yon chiroqlari yonidagi joyga ko'chirildi. Savdo Nader kitobi va Corvairning 180 ot kuchiga (134 kVt; 182 PS) nisbatan yuqori quvvatli dvigateliga nisbatan V1'larni 271 ot kuchiga (202 kVt; 275 PS) taklif qilgan yangi Mustang natijasida pasayishni boshladi.[22] Yaqinlashib kelayotgan "Pantera" haqidagi mish-mishlar - Mustangning to'g'ridan-to'g'ri raqibi sifatida kelgusi Camaro-ning kod nomi - yanada pastroq sotuvlar. Corvair-ning keyingi rivojlanishini to'xtatish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilindi. Model yil uchun ishlab chiqarish 103 743 ga kamaydi.[23]

1967 yilda Corvair liniyasi 500 va Monza Hardtop Coupes va Hardtop Sedans va Monza Convertible-ga qisqartirildi. Ushbu model yil yig'iladigan rul ustuniga ega bo'lgan birinchi bo'ldi. Ikkala elektronli asosiy silindrli ogohlantiruvchi chiroq, neylon bilan kuchaytirilgan tormoz shlanglari, po'latdan yasalgan po'lat (alyuminiy o'rniga) eshik menteşalari, "qo'ziqorinli" asboblar paneli tugmachalari va vinil qirrali kunduzi / tungi oyna. Monza modellaridagi chelak o'rindiqlar endi 1967 yilda yangi "Camaro" dagi "Astro" uslubida bo'lib, yangi ingichka qobiqli dizaynga ega edi. Chevrolet barcha Chevrolet modellariga, shu jumladan Corvair-ga 50,000 mil (80,000 km) dvigatel kafolatini taqdim etdi. Chevrolet 1967 yilda ham Corvair-ni faol ravishda reklama qilar edi, shu jumladan rangli bosma reklama e'lonlari va dilerlarning "Men o'zimning korvamni yaxshi ko'raman" bamper stikeri, lekin ishlab chiqarish va sotish keskin pasayishda davom etdi. Faqat 27,253 nusxada qurilgan.[24] Orqa chiroqlarning o'rtasi atrofidagi xrom uzuklar qalinroq qilingan.

1968 yilda to'rt eshikli stol usti to'xtatildi va uchta model qoldi - 500 va Monza Hardtop Coupes va Monza Convertible. Konditsioner variant sifatida bekor qilindi, chunki hozirgi standartga mos keladigan Air Injection Reactor ("tutun pompasi") tomonidan qo'shilgan termal yuklanish xavfi tufayli, bu odatda sotuvga zarar etkazishi mumkin, chunki zavod havosi odatda avtoulovlarda ommalashib bormoqda. GM multipleks stereo tizimi, shuningdek, yangi bloklar sim adapterlarini o'zgartirganda to'xtatildi; Corvair-ning 9-pinli ulagichi endi yangi bloklarga mos kelmaydi. Federal hukumat talablariga binoan qo'shimcha xavfsizlik xususiyatlari, shu jumladan yonma chiroqlar va yopiq modellar uchun elkama-kamarlar o'rnatildi. 500-yillarga mo'ljallangan rul g'ildiragi bazasi Nova bilan bir xil edi, Monzas esa Camaro-si bilan bir xil g'ildirakka ega bo'ldi. Impala uslubidagi "Deluxe" rulni ixtiyoriy edi. Barcha reklama deyarli to'xtatildi va sotuvlar 15,400 gacha tushdi.

1969 yildagi so'nggi korvillar Michigan shtatining Uilv-Run shahrida joylashgan Novada bilan yig'ilgan edi, xuddi shu koridorlar boshidanoq qurilgan edi. Jami 6000 korvard ishlab chiqarilgan bo'lib, shundan atigi 521 tasi Monza konvertatsiya qilingan. Corvair 1969 yilda qulflangan rul ustuniga ega bo'lmagan yagona GM avtomobili edi. Novasga talab katta edi va 1968 yil noyabr oyida Corvair yig'ilishini "Corvair Room" deb nomlangan zavodning maxsus off-line maydoniga ko'chirish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilindi va shu vaqtdan 1969 yil 14-maygacha ishlab chiqarilgan Corvairlar asosan o'z qo'li bilan qurildi. maxsus Corvair jamoasi. Fisher Body-dan yig'ilgan jasadlar kelib, off-line hududida yig'ilishni kutishdi.

Ishlab chiqarish tugashi

1965 yilgi Corvair yaxshi ishlab chiqilgan yuqori mahsuldorlik haydovchisi avtomobili sifatida qabul qilingan bo'lsa-da, ushbu yutuqlar bozorning g'ayrioddiy muvaffaqiyati bilan soyada qoldi. Ford Mustang. GM Ford tomonidan qabul qilingan marshrutning afzalliklarini Mustang bilan, to'rtta o'rindiqli yarim kupe korpusli, kichik blokli V8 dvigatelli va to'rtburchak quvvatli variantli standart ixcham shassida (Falcon) korpusda ko'rdi. Corvair ishlab chiqarish arzon emas edi; Nova platformasiga asoslangan Mustang uslubidagi modelni ishlab chiqish va sotish iqtisodiy jihatdan afzalliklarga ega edi. Corvair-dan farqli o'laroq, lotin modeli GM ishlab chiqarish texnologiyasining standart yo'nalishlarida rivojlanishi mumkin. 1965 yil nashr etilgan Har qanday tezlikda xavfli Corvair liniyasining obro'sini to'kdi, garchi muammolar hozirgi model bilan hech qanday aloqasi yo'q edi. Mustang va jamoatchilikning raqobati ostida Xavfsiz, Corvair sotuvi 1966 yilda yarmidan ko'prog'iga tushib ketdi. GM ishlab chiqarishning afzalliklarini ko'rdi Kamaro, Corvair emas.

GM tarixchisi Deyv Nyuellning so'zlariga ko'ra, Chevrolet 1966 yil model yilidan keyin Corvair ishlab chiqarishni tugatishni rejalashtirgan.[iqtibos kerak ] Ishlab chiqarish va muhandislik o'zgarishlari 1966 yilda eskirgan, qayta ishlab chiqarilgan ikkinchi avlod avtoulovlarida to'xtatildi, asosan federal majburiy chiqindilar va keyinchalik xavfsizlik o'zgarishlari amalga oshirildi. Kompaniyaning, ayniqsa Chevrolet bosh menejerining qiziqishi tobora ortib bormoqda Jon DeLorean va 1967 yildan keyin Corvair reklamasining to'liq yo'qligi kompaniyaning ustuvor yo'nalishlarini, shu jumladan 1968 yilda ishlab chiqarilgan uchta model - Corvette, Chevelle va Chevy II Nova. Korveyrni "xayolot" deb atashgan Avtomobil hayoti 1968 yilda Monza yo'l sinovlarida jurnali va 1969 yilga kelib Chevrolet-ning Corvair to'rt sahifali risolasi "faqat so'rov bo'yicha" edi. Ishlab chiqarishning so'nggi yili davomida 6000 ta avtomobil ishlab chiqarildi.

Chevrolet uchinchi avlodni (1970 yildan boshlab) Corvairni taklif qildi, bu asosan 1965-1969 yillarda ishlab chiqarilgan GM A Body qidiruv mahsulotlariga, xususan 1973 yilgi Pontiakga o'xshash 1965-69 modellari. Grand Am, Corvair nisbatlarini saqlab qolish. To'liq miqyosli loy modellaridan o'tib, Chevrolet 1968 yil boshida modelni ishlab chiqarishni to'xtatdi.[iqtibos kerak ] Turbo Hydramatic 400 dan farqli o'laroq, Turbo gidramatik 1968 yil Camaro-da ishlab chiqarilgan va keyinchalik Chevrolet-ning aksariyat modellari tomonidan qabul qilingan 350 transmissiya uchinchi avlod Corvair-da foydalanish uchun tuzilgan edi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Muammolarni hal qilish

1960-63 burilish o'qi osma
Qaytib o'qni to'xtatib turish xususiyatlari:
kamber pog'onalarni o'zgartirish, jek tiklanishda

Birinchi avlod Corvair a orqa dvigatel + belanchak o'qi dizayn ga o'xshash Renault Dauphine va Volkswagen Beetle - yo'q qiladigan dizayn universal bo'g'inlar g'ildiraklarda va orqa g'ildiraklarni yo'lning sirtiga emas, balki yarim vallarga perpendikulyar ravishda ushlab turadi. Dizayn orqa g'ildiraklarni katta hajmda o'tkazishga imkon beradi kamber burchagi yon burchakli g-kuchlar tufayli tez burilish paytida kamberning "tiklanishiga" olib keladi va protektorning yo'l yuzasi bilan tegishi kamayadi, bu esa orqa g'ildirak ushlagichining yo'qolishiga olib keladi. oversteer - a dinamik ravishda beqaror haydovchi boshqaruvni yo'qotishi va aylanishi mumkin bo'lgan holat. Muammo orqa g'ildiraklar ustidagi inersial massa va tiklanish kamberi sharoitida yuqori tortishish markazi tufayli orqa dvigatelning burilish o'qi birikmalarida eng jiddiy hisoblanadi. Stansiya vagonlari korpusining qo'shimcha og'irligi ham moyillikni kuchaytiradi. Haddan tashqari g'ildirak burchak kuchi ortishi va orqa g'ildiraklardagi yengil yuk tufayli burilish paytida sekinlashishi bilan kuchayadi (haddan tashqari ko'tarish ). Understeer oldingi dvigatelli avtoulovlarda ko'proq og'irlik va oldingi shinalarda inertsiya tufayli keng tarqalgan. Ikkala shart ham avtoulovning chekka chegaralarida harakatlanayotganda xavfli bo'ladi. Qaytib o'q bilan ishlashni yaxshilash uchun dizayn variantlari:

  • Rulmanga qarshi bar: Ishlab chiqarish varianti sifatida muhandislar targ'ib qilishgan, ammo rahbariyat old tomonni kiritishni rad etgan rulonga qarshi bar 1960 yilda ishlab chiqarilgan Corvair-da, bu avtomashinani boshqarishni yaxshilagan bo'lar edi vazn o'tkazish oldingi tashqi g'ildirakka, orqani sezilarli darajada kamaytiradi toymasin burchaklar - shu bilan potentsial oversteerdan qochish.
  • Shinalar bosimining differentsialligi: Bilan bo'lgani kabi Renault Dauphine va 1968 yilgacha Volkswagen Beetle, Corvair muhandislari bepul narxlarga ishonishdi shinalar bosimi differentsiali oversteer xususiyatlarini yo'q qilish uchun - old va past orqa g'ildiraklarning past bosimi - bu strategiya astarli (oldingi sirpanish burchaklarini orqaga nisbatan tezroq oshirish). Shunga qaramay, strategiya jiddiy kamchiliklarni keltirib chiqardi: egalari va mexanikalar oldingi shinalarni haddan tashqari oshirib yuborish orqali (masalan, boshqa avtomashinalar uchun keng tarqalgan to'xtatib turish tizimlari bo'lgan odatdagi bosimlarga) haddan tashqari balandlik xususiyatlarini istamasdan, lekin osonlikcha qayta kiritishi mumkin edi. Tavsiya etilgan old g'ildirakning past bosimi, shuningdek, shinalarning yuk ko'tarish qobiliyatini buzdi.

Corvair paytida sedan vakolatli ishlashni taklif qildi,[25] "o'rtacha motorli xaridor, oldingi dvigatelli mashinalarga ko'proq o'rganib qolgan, mashinaning turli xil ishlash xususiyatlarini hisobga olmagan."[26] Chevrolet birinchi avlod Corvair suspenziyasini ketma-ket takomillashtirdi. 1962 yilgi model uchun, rulonga qarshi panjara variant sifatida taqdim etildi. 1964 yilgi model uchun oldingi siljish panjarasi standart uskunaga aylandi va orqa osma modifikatsiyalangan kamarni kompensatsiya qiladigan, ko'ndalangiga o'rnatilgan barg bulog'i orqa g'ildirak kamberining o'zgarishini cheklash uchun orqa g'ildiraklar orasiga cho'zilib, orqa g'ildirakning katta qismini yumshoq lasan kamonlari bilan birlashtirgan holda ko'tarish

1965 yilgi model uchun Corvair to'liq oldi mustaqil orqa to'xtatib turish zamonaviy Korvettnikiga o'xshaydi. Qayta ishlab chiqarilgan to'xtatib turish orqani qisqartirdi rulonli markaz Oldingi balandlikning yarmiga qadar, barcha haydash holatlarida orqa shinalarda doimiy kamberni ta'minlaydigan to'liq bo'g'inli yarim o'qlardan foydalangan holda. Bu birinchi avlod modellarining ishlash muammolarini bartaraf etdi.

Huquqiy falokat

Iste'molchilar huquqlarini himoya qilish faol Ralf Nader birinchi avlod (1960-1963) Korveyr bilan ishlash masalalarini 1965 yilgi kitobida, Har qanday tezlikda xavfli. GM Corvair avtohalokati bilan bog'liq 100 dan ortiq sud ishlarini olib borgan va bu keyinchalik Naderning tergovi uchun dastlabki materialga aylangan.[27] Kitobda Corvair-ning to'xtatib qo'yilishi bilan bog'liq avariyalar ta'kidlangan va Chevrolet-ning to'xtatib qo'yilgan muhandisi aniqlangan, chunki menejmentni olib tashlash to'g'risidagi qaroriga qarshi kurashgan - iqtisodiy sabablarga ko'ra - oldingi chayqalishga qarshi bar keyingi modellarga o'rnatildi. Naderning ta'kidlashicha, Kongressning keyingi tinglovlari paytida Corvair "eng xavfsiz avtomobil nomiga nomzod".[28] Keyinchalik, Corvair sotuvi 1965 yildagi 220 mingdan 1966 yilda 109,880 gacha tushdi. 1968 yilga kelib ishlab chiqarish 14 800 taga kamaydi.[28] Insonlarning kitobga bo'lgan munosabati rol o'ynadi "Yo'l harakati va avtomobil xavfsizligi to'g'risida" gi milliy qonun 1966 yilda.

1972 yilda o'tkazilgan xavfsizlik bo'yicha komissiya hisoboti Texas A&M universiteti 1960-1963 yillarda Korveyr ekstremal vaziyatlarda zamonaviy raqiblaridan ko'ra nazoratni yo'qotish potentsialiga ega emas degan xulosaga keldi.[25] AQSh transport vazirligi (DOT) 1972 yilda press-relizni e'lon qildi va natijalarini bayon qildi NHTSA o'tgan yilgi sinov. NHTSA 1971 yilda 1963 yilgi Corvair va to'rtta zamonaviy avtomashinalar bilan ishlashni o'rganib chiqqan bir qator qiyosiy testlarni o'tkazdi. Ford Falcon, Plimut Valiant, Volkswagen Beetle va Renault Dauphine - ikkinchi avlod Corvair bilan bir qatorda (butunlay qayta ishlangan, mustaqil orqa osma bilan). The 143-page report reviewed NHTSA's extreme-condition handling tests, national crash-involvement data for the cars in the test as well as General Motors' internal documentation regarding the Corvair's handling.[29] NHTSA went on to contract an independent advisory panel of engineers to review the tests. This review panel concluded that "the 1960–63 Corvair compares favorably with contemporary vehicles used in the tests [...] the handling and stability performance of the 1960–63 Corvair does not result in an abnormal potential for loss of control or rollover, and it is at least as good as the performance of some contemporary vehicles both foreign and domestic." Former GM executive and automotive engineer Jon DeLorean asserted in his book On a Clear Day You Can See General Motors that Nader's criticisms were valid.[30]

Jurnalist Devid E. Devis, in a 2009 article in Avtomobil jurnali, noted that despite Nader's claim that swing-axle rear suspension were dangerous, Porsche, Mercedes-Benz, Tatra va Volkswagen all used similar swing-axle concepts during that era.[31] (The handling of other rear-engine swing-axle cars, particularly the Volkswagen Type I and II,[32] has been criticized as well.) Some contend that Nader's lack of an automotive engineering degree or a driver's license at the time he wrote Har qanday tezlikda xavfli disqualifies him as a critic of automotive safety.[33] In response to Nader's book, Mexaniks Illustrated sharhlovchi Tom Makkaxill tried to get a 1963 Corvair to flip, at one point sliding sideways into a street curb, but could not turn over the vehicle.[34]

Qabul qilish

Vaqt taniqli Ed Koul and the 1960 Corvair on its cover for the Corvair introduction in 1959 and said: "its fresh engineering is hailed as the forerunner of a new age of innovation in Detroit."[28] Vaqt reported in 1960: Chevrolet sold 26,000 Corvairs its first two days on the market, taking over 35% of Chevy's two-day total of 75,000. Chevrolet had intended to sell one Corvair for every five Chevrolets.[35] By March 1960, the Corvair comprised 13% of Chevrolet's sales.[36]Shortly after its introduction, the Corvair faced competition from the Ford Falcon va Merkuriy kometasi and was plagued by problems[37]—though according to a 1960 Vaqt report, "many were the minor bugs that often afflict a completely new car."[37] Problems included an engine cooling fan belt that tended to pop off its 2-axis pulleys (unless the fan ran constantly, the air-cooled engine would overheat and seize), carburetor icing and poor fuel mileage "which sometimes runs well under 20 m.p.g."[37] The 1960 model gasoline heater was cited as a problem, which itself could consume up to a quart of gas an hour[37]—with Chevrolet engineers quickly modifying the Corvair's carburetors to improve economy.[37]

Motor Trend awarded the Corvair its "Car of the Year" award for 1960.[38]

Meros va obro'-e'tibor

The Corvair's reputation and legacy, as well as those of General Motors, were tarnished by accusations about its handling ability: the car was scrutinized in Ralf Nader 1965 yilgi kitob Har qanday tezlikda xavfli. GM's top management resorted to unethical measures in response to its accuser. Ralph Nader's accusations were proven false by the 1972 Milliy avtomobil yo'llari harakati xavfsizligi boshqarmasi safety commission report. Support for the tests, conducted at College Station, Texas was provided by the Texas Transportation Institute (TTl) Texas A&M universiteti Tadqiqot fondi. The investigation concluded: "The 1960-1963 Corvair understeers in the same manner as conventional passenger cars up to about 0.4g lateral acceleration, makes a transition from understeer, through neutral steer, to oversteer in a range from about 0.4g to 0.5g lateral acceleration. This transition does not result in abnormal potential for loss of control. The limited accident data available indicates that the rollover rate of the 1960-1963 Corvair is comparable to other light domestic cars. The 1960-1963 Corvair compared favorably with the other contemporary vehicles used in the NHTSA Input Response Tests. The handling and stability performance of the 1960-1963 Corvair does not result in an abnormal potential for loss of control or rollover and it is at least as good as the performance of some contemporary vehicles both foreign and domestic.”[29]

Greenbrier Sportswagon

Asosiy maqola: Chevrolet Greenbrier

In addition to its other body styles, Chevrolet marketed the Corvair also in furgon and pickup body styles, in rear-load or side-load configurations, as the Corvair Greenbrier.

Ishlab chiqarish yozuvlari

YilIshlab chiqarishAsosiy narxIzohlar
1960253,268US$1,984–2,238500 and 700 four-door sedans were the only models available at introduction; 500 and 700 club coupes become available January 1960, Monza club coupe introduced spring 1960 with 95 hp (71 kW) "Super Turbo Air" high performance engine option, and four-speed transmission, gas heater optional, spare tire mounted in luggage compartment, and central automatic choke. Sales impeded by U.S. Steel strike shortly after introduction, causing a shortage of new 1960 models. Monza is the first Chevrolet model with 'narrow' 1 in (25 mm) stripe whitewall tires.
1961337,371US$1,920–2,331Lakewood station wagon, Greenbrier, Corvan, and Loadside and Rampside pickups added; 145 in³ engine and optional three-speed manual; spare tire now rear-mounted on models not equipped with mid-1961 all weather air conditioning option. Manual choke. First full year of Monza production demonstrates its sales success, pushes Ford to develop the Falcon Sprint and, eventually, Mustang, to exploit the small sporty car market uncovered by the Monza.
1962336,005US$1,992–2,846Monza Convertible and turbocharged Monza Spyder added mid-1962, heavy duty suspension optional with front anti roll bar, rear axle limit straps, positraction differential, new Monza full wheel covers, Kelsey Hayes knock-off wire wheels added to options, Monza wagon becomes available, 500 wagon dropped -- wagons lose "Lakewood" designation. Station wagons discontinued mid-1962 to provide capacity for other Corvair and Chevy II models.
1963288,419US$1,982–2,798Self-adjusting brakes and small engine improvements (belt guides, improved oil cooler), new Monza rocker moldings, Loadside pickup discontinued.
1964215,300US$2,000–2,811Larger, 164 CID, engine, improved rear suspension with added transverse leaf springs and revised coil springs, front stabilizer bar added as standard, finned rear brake drums, new optional full wheel covers standard for Monza with specific centers, new Monza chrome rocker and wheel-opening moldings, last year for Rampside pickup.
1965247,092US$2,066–2,665Major redesign of the Corvair -- all new Fisher Z body, hardtop styling for all models, 700 series discontinued, Corsa series replaces Monza Spyder series; Greenbrier discontinued mid-year after 1,528 built; revised front and redesigned fully independent rear suspension, improved heater and air conditioning systems, numerous small engine and chassis refinements. Mid-year introduction of Z17 "steering and suspension" option includes special springs with rates increased approximately 25%, special shock absorbers, a 16:1 steering box, and special steering arms. New options include 140 hp (100 kW) engine, telescopic steering column, AM/FM, FM stereo, heavy duty oil bath air cleaner precleaner system with engine shrouding for dust control. Front Chevy emblem painted red.
1966109,880US$2,083–2,682Improved three- and four-speed synchromesh manual transmissions; last year of Corsa model, last year of Canadian production at Oshawa. Late 1965 modification to steering shaft adds a U-joint and floor reinforcement to reduce risks of column intrusion in collisions. Tire size upgraded to 7.00–13 from 6.50–13, with narrower .625 in (15.9 mm) whitewall. New "spoke"-style wheel covers for all models with specific model centers. Front Chevy emblem now blue (remaining this color until the end of production). New optional equipment includes headrests, shoulder harnesses, four-speaker Delco FM stereo multiplex, power rear antenna, mag-style (N96) wheelcovers. New, smaller condenser mounted behind the engine for air-conditioned cars. Four lap belts (two front, two rear), padded instrument panel, larger taillight lenses, day-night rearview mirror, now standard on all models. Backup lights, windshield washers, padded sun visors now standard. Monzas and Corsas feature black crinkle finish on instrument panels. New rear deck emblem designs for 110-hp and 140-hp cars.
196727,253US$2,128–2,540Last year for the four-door hardtop sedan, energy absorbing steering column, dual circuit brake system, stronger door hinges introduced. New safety three-spoke steering wheel standard. Four-way hazard flashers, lane-change turn signal control, additional padding on instrument panel cover, safety control knobs introduced. 110 hp (82 kW) engine is only optional engine at introduction; eventually 140 hp (100 kW) becomes available as central office production order in limited production as COPO 9551 "B". New "safety" Powerglide shift knob, shoulder belt mount points added. New style standard hub caps for 500. Chrome ring inside taillight lenses widened. New options included speed warning, Delco stereo tape system. New thin-shell "Astro-bucket" front seats with new vinyl pattern standard on Monzas.
196815,399US$2,243–2,626Air injection reactor standard in all markets, 140 hp (100 kW) engine reintroduced as a regular production option, optional all-weather air conditioning discontinued, multiplex stereo option discontinued; fuel vapor return line and ignition key warning buzzer new standard features. Front shoulder harnesses become standard after 1 January 1968, rear shoulder harnesses are optional all models. Side marker lights (clear in front with amber bulbs, red in rear) added to fenders on all models. New padding around central section of dash; thicker padding on top of dash, steering wheel spokes on Monzas now brushed aluminum (instead of chrome).
19696,000US$2,528–2,641Last year – production through May 1969; 521 Monza convertibles of 6,000 Corvairs produced; minor changes; improved clutch cable design on manual transmission cars, wider bucket seats with new head restraints, wider interior mirror, refined front brake hose design, Front side markers now feature amber lenses and clear bulbs (opposite from 1968). 140 hp (100 kW) engine, F41 special purpose suspension, N44 quick ratio steering box positraction and telescopic steering column remain available. Interior window handles featured clear-colored knobs. Deluxe steering wheel option discontinued. New style ignition, door and trunk keys introduced. The last few months of production cars were hand-built on a special off-line area of the Willow Run plant.
Jami1,835,170

Production plants

All locations are cars only, except as noted:

Willow Run, Kansas City, Oakland, and Van Nuys were all Chevrolet assembly plants with adjacent Fisher tanasi o'simliklar.

St. Louis and Flint were Chevrolet truck plants, although Chevy had full-size car plants in both cities and in St. Louis the plants were adjacent.

Oshawa was operated solely by GM of Canada Ltd.

The CKD plants were operated by GM Overseas Operations (GMOO).

Namunaviy belgilar

1962 Chevrolet Corvair Rampside

Rampside – Corvair pickup with a ramp on one side that was available 1961–1964

500 – base model Corvair with lowest trim level. Always came with rubber mats, bench seats, and very little trim.

700 – next trim level up from the 500 model. These models also came with rubber mats and bench seats, but had more extensive exterior trim and additional features as standard. (this model was discontinued after 1964).

Lakewood – Corvair station wagon (1961–62) available as a 500 or 700. The Monza wagon was available in 1962 and is not really a Lakewood. All window glass was specific to this model due to its taller roofline.

Monza (900) – the top of the trim line for 1960–1963 only. In 1964, it was below the Monza Spyder, which was now its own model. For the 1965–66 model year, the Monza ranked below the Corsa in trim level. After the Corsa model was dropped, the Monza was once again the top of the Corvair line for 1967–1969. Monzas usually came with bucket seats (although special bench seats were available in some years). Monzas had carpeting and special trim packages.

Spyder – the Monza Spyder was an option package during the 1962–63 model year, and in 1964 became a full-fledged model. It was equipped with a 150 hp (112 kW; 152 PS) turbocharged engine, "full instrumentation", special emblems, and all the "Monza" trim items.

Corsa – top of the line sport model for 1965–66. It was the only model available with the optional 180 hp (134 kW; 182 PS) turbocharged flat-six. The base engine was the new four-carburetor 140 hp (104 kW; 142 PS) "big valve" engine. Corsas had "full instrumentation", special emblems, and trim with a special "argent" silver painted rear cove area and pinstriping on the 1965 models. The optional 180 hp engine delivered an increase in power over the 1964 150 hp engine of the same displacement by slightly enlarging the carburetor, and increasing the size of the internal impeller and turbine blades.

Corvan (95) – Corvair panel van that was available 1961–1964

Greenbrier – windowed van that was available 1961–1965

Loadside – Corvair pickup without the ramp which was available 1961–62

Deluxe – option package of upgraded interior and trim available on some of the "van" models

F.C. (forward control) – a Chevy term that applied to all Corvair 95 van models indicating that the driver and controls were forward of the front wheels

Avtomobillar kontseptsiyasi

Corvair Monza GT Kontseptsiya

The Corvair spawned a number of innovative concept vehicles including the Corvair SS, Monza GT, Monza SS, Astro I. In Europe, Italian coachbuilder Bertone designed a very advanced one-off prototype for the 1963 yil Jenevadagi avtosalon; "Chevrolet Testudo ". This was among the first designs of Giorgetto Giugiaro, the chief designer at Bertone at the time. The Testudo later suffered a collision with another Bertone concept car, the Alfa Romeo Canguro, while on track at the Monza davri.[39] Shuningdek, a Pininfarina built concept called the "Corvair Speciale", and two other Pininfarina concepts known as "Coupe I" and "Coupe II".

The Chevrolet Corvair Monza GT coupe toured together with the Monza SS (Spyder) in early 1963, making a public appearance at the Nyu-York xalqaro avtosaloni. Although both cars were based on the Corvair drivetrain, each represented a futuristic development of the Corvair design. In the SS convertible, the engine (with a four-carburetor setup) was left in its stock location behind the transaxle, allowing for a shorter (88 in (2,200 mm)) wheelbase. The Monza GT is housed at the GM's Heritage Center in Detroit.

1966 yil kontseptsiya vositasi, the Electrovair II was a 1966 Monza 4-door hardtop modified with a 532 volt, 115 hp (86 kW) electric motor replacing the gasoline engine—following a 1964 version known as Electrovair I. With the 1966 model, silver-zinc batteries were used and placed in the trunk and engine compartment, and the body was slightly modified to accept the conversion. The car was handicapped by the high cost of the batteries ($160,000), a limited driving range (40–80 mi (64–129 km)), and short battery life.[40][41]

Racing and modified Corvairs

Yenko Stinger

A 1965 Yenko Stinger in a vintage race at Watkins Glen International

Don Yenko, who had been racing Corvettes, could not compete successfully against the Kerrol Shelbi Mustangs after they arrived on the scene; he therefore decided to race modified Corvairs, beginning with the 1966 model. As the stock Corvair did not fit into any of the SCCA categories, Yenko had to modify four-carburetor Corsas into "sports cars" by removing the back seat; in the process he introduced various performance improvements. As the SCCA required 100 cars to be manufactured to gomolog the model for production racing, Yenko completed 100 Stingers in one month in 1965. Although all were white, as the SCCA required for American cars at the time,[iqtibos kerak ] [the normal competition trim for U.S.-built cars was white with 2 blue stripes] there was a great deal of variety between individual cars; some had exterior modifications including fiberglass engine covers with spoilers, some did not; some received engine upgrades developing 160, 190, 220, or 240 hp (119, 142, 164, or 179 kW). All were equipped by the Chevrolet factory with heavy duty to'xtatib turish, four speed yuqish, tezroq boshqarish ratio, "positraction" cheklangan slipli differentsiallar (50 with 3.89 gears, and 50 with 3.55 when Chevrolet dropped the 3.89) and dual brake master cylinders (the first application of this by Chevrolet, to become stock equipment the next year). Because most of the engine cooling in air-cooled engines is done by circulating oil, an oil cooler was necessary for competition use, this was mounted externally on the rear body section above the left wheel.

The Stingers competed in Class D production, which was dominated by the Tantanali TR4, which was very quick in racing trim; in its first race in January 1966, and the Stinger was able to come in second only by one second. By the end of the 1966 season, Jerry Thompson had won the Central Division Championship and placed fifth in the 1966 Nationals, Dik Tompson, a highly successful Corvette race driver, had won the Northeast Division Championship, and Jim Spencer had won the Central Division Championship, with Dino Milani taking second place. The next year, Chevrolet dropped the Corsa line. The Monza line was initially not available stock with the 4-carburetor engine; it was eventually offered as a special performance option, along with the 3.89 differential. The Monza instrumentation did not have a tachometer or head temperature gauges, which had to be separately installed. The SCCA, on the other hand, had relaxed its ruling regarding color, and the cars were available in red or blue. It is believed that only fourteen 1967 Stingers were built, but Dana Chevrolet, who distributed Stingers on the U.S. West coast, ordered an additional three similar cars to be built to Stinger specifications, but with the AIR injection system to meet California emissions laws, with Yenko's permission. A total of 185 Stingers are believed to have been built, the last being YS-9700 built for Goodyear shinalar va rezina kompaniyasi as a tire test vehicle in 1969–1970. Komediyachi, television star, and car enthusiast Tim Allen owned and raced Yenko Stinger #YS-043 until he sold it (June, 2009).

Fitch Sprint

Asosiy maqola: Corvair Fitch Sprint

Longtime roadracer John Fitch was particularly interested in the Corvair as the basis for a spirited road and track oriented car, due to its handling. The basic Sprint received only minor modifications to the engine, bringing it to 155 hp (116 kW; 157 PS), but upgrades to the amortizatorlar va buloqlar, ga o'zgartirishlar g'ildiraklarni tekislash, tezroq boshqaruv nisbati, qotishma g'ildiraklar, metall tormoz astarlari, majburiy yog'ochdan yasalgan rul (terining narxi 9,95 AQSh dollariga teng) va boshqa shu kabi kichik o'zgarishlar evropalik sport avtomobillari bilan ancha qimmatga tushadigan raqobatbardosh holga keltirdi. Body options such as spoilers were available, but the most visually remarkable option was the "Ventop", a fiberglass overlay for the C-pillars and rear of the roof that gave the car a "flying buttress" profile.

Fitch went on to design and build a prototype of the Fitch Phoenix, a Corvair-based two-seat sport avtomobili, superficially resembling a smaller version of the Mako Shark based Corvette. With a total weight of 1,950 lb (885 kg), even with a steel body, and with the Corvair engine modified with Weber karbüratörleri to deliver 175 hp (130 kW; 177 PS), the car delivered spirited performance for $8,760. The ability to produce automobiles on a small scale, along with Chevrolet's decision to terminate production of the Corvair, meant the end of Fitch's plan. He still retained the prototype, and occasionally exhibited it at car shows until his death. One 1 June 2014, the Fitch Phoenix went to auction at Bonhams in the Greenwich Concours and sold for 230,000 US dollars. The car is still in Connecticut with the new owner.[42]

In the early 1970s, Fitch sold his inventory to Art Hershberger of Princeton, Wisconsin. Hershberger made minor styling modifications to several Corvairs and sold them as Solar Sprints and Solar Cavaliers. The main distinguishing feature of the Solar was its Kamaro orqa chiroqlar.

Winfield's cars: Reactor & Piranha

Gen Uinfild, the automotive customizer. built two models in the mid 1960s that used the unique qualities of the lightweight and low Corvair engine.[43]

Reactor by Gen Uinfild

Reaktor came when Winfield was tasked with showing the benefits of an alyuminiy tanasi mashina. What he developed was an extremely low slung two seat mid-engine front wheel drive car. He used the 180 hp turbocharged engine from the Corvair Corsa.[44] Other drivetrain components came from the Citroën DS, including the front wheel drive transaxle and height adjustable suspension. Winfield was able to place this vehicle in the 1960s television programs Yulduzli trek, Botmon va Sehrlangan.[45][46]

A sports racing car—Piranha—was developed around the same time, to demonstrate the use of a new plastic for the structural parts of the automobile—Cyclic ABS. This lightweight (1,400 lb) vehicle was developed in several generations, using a rear-mounted Corvair engine. Model car company Alyuminiy namunali o'yinchoqlar began small scale production of actual cars through their division run by Gen Uinfild.[47] Winfield was able to obtain feature placement of this car on television as The U.N.C.L.E. Avtomobil yilda U.N.C.L.E dan kelgan odam[48]

Custom, dune buggies and aircraft

Corvair flat-six engines were a popular alternative to Volkswagen engines in dune buggy applications and off-road racing. Corvair engines have been used to power light and experimental aircraft designs by Pietenpol, Zenit va Sonex. Much development work on the conversion of Corvair engines into flight-worthy powerplants has been carried out by William Wynne, who among others has been refining the process since the 1980s.[49]

Trans Am

A Corvair was driven by Spurgeon May and Donna Mae Mims ichida Trans Am seriyasi 1966 yilda.[50]

Design influence

The First-generation Corvair (1960–1964) has been credited with influencing car design worldwide.[51] Styled in GM's advanced styling studio in 1957, under the leadership of then director Ned Nickels, the compact design was made using cues from earlier Oldsmobile and Chevrolet models. The most notable design feature, its high wrap-around beltline, was "borrowed" by other carmakers not long after the Corvair's release. These cars included the BMW 1602 /2002, NSU Prinz, Hillman Imp, Fiat 1300/1500, Volkswagen Type 34 Karmann Ghia, va Mazda 800.[52]

The Corvair's combination of power and light weight introduced European manufacturers to an American market niche for small popular-priced sedans with more power and driveability than the contemporary European economy sedans and a more versatile and practical design than European sports cars. That overall concept was exemplified by Volkswagen's 34 turini yozing Karmann Gia va 3-toifa "notchback" in 1961 and BMW's "Yangi sinf " sedans in 1962. BMW developed the concept further by mass-marketing higher performance high quality sedans, setting the trend of the "sport sedan" category that would soon include offerings from a variety of European, and eventually Japanese, manufacturers.

TV Culture

1966 Ultraman

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

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Bibliografiya

  • Cheetham, Kreyg (2005). The World's Worst Cars: From Pioneering Failures to Multimillion Dollar Disasters. Amber kitoblari. ISBN  978-1904687351.
  • Flory Jr., J. "Kelly" (2004). Amerika avtomobillari, 1960–1972: Har bir model, yildan-yilga. McFarland. ISBN  978-0-7864-1273-0.
  • Shattuck, Dennis, ed. (1963). Corvair – A complete Guide. A Car Life Special Edition. Chicago: Bond.

Tashqi havolalar

Chevrolet, marque of General Motors, 1950-1970 yillar - xalqaro avtomobil bozorida yo'l harakati jadvali, Keyingisi »
Turi1950-yillar1960-yillar1970-yillar
012345678901234567890123456789
SubkompaktChevette
Chevette (Janubiy Amerika)
Vega
Monza
YilniCorvairCorvair1700
LakewoodFirenza
400Chevy Malibu
Chevy IIChevy IIChevy IIChevy
NovoNovoNovoNovo
O'rta kattalikAscona /Chevair
OpalaOpala
Chevelle / MalibuChevelle / MalibuChevelle / MalibuMalibu
Nomad
GreenbrierRekord
To'liq o'lchamMaxsus150150DelrayKommandoKommando
Deluxe210210YeomanKonstantiyaKonstantiya
350 / de Ville
FlotlineShaharsozShaharsozBrukvudShaharsoz2500 / 3800 / 4100
BiskeynBiskeynBiskeynBiskeyn (Kanada)
ParkvudBrukvudRoyale / EronSenator
Bel AirBel AirBel AirBel AirBel AirBel AirBel AirBel Air
NomadNomadCommodore
BovilImpalaImpalaImpalaImpalaImpalaImpala
KingsvudKingsvud
KaprisKaprisKapris
Kingsvud mulki
El-Marokash
Shaxsiy hashamatMonte-KarloMonte-KarloMonte-Karlo
SportSSChevelle Laguna
KamaroKamaro
KorvetKorvetKorvet