Xendli Peyj Viktor - Handley Page Victor

HP.80 Viktor
1961 yilda Raf victor arp.jpg
RAF Viktor qo'nganidan so'ng, parashyut tortib tushirildi
RolStrategik bombardimonchi yoki havo orqali yonilg'i quyish tanker samolyoti
Milliy kelib chiqishiBirlashgan Qirollik
Ishlab chiqaruvchiHandley Page Limited
Birinchi parvoz1952 yil 24-dekabr
Kirish1958 yil aprel
Pensiya1993 yil 15 oktyabr
HolatPensiya
Asosiy foydalanuvchiQirollik havo kuchlari
Ishlab chiqarilgan1952–1963
Raqam qurilgan86
Birlik narxi
£300,000 – £400,000 (1953)[1]

The Xendli Peyj Viktor ingliz samolyotda ishlaydi strategik bombardimonchi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va ishlab chiqarilgan Xendli sahifasi va qaysi davrda xizmat qilgan Sovuq urush. Bu uchinchi va final edi V bombardimonchi tomonidan boshqarilishi kerak Qirollik havo kuchlari (RAF), qolgan ikkitasi esa Avro Vulkan va Vikers Valiant. Viktor Buyuk Britaniyaning havoga tushadigan qismi sifatida ishlab chiqilgan edi yadro to'xtatuvchisi. 1968 yilda kashf etilganidan keyin yadroviy missiyadan nafaqaga chiqqan charchoq yoriqlari oldini olish uchun RAF tomonidan past balandlikdagi parvoz profilini qabul qilish bilan kuchaygan ushlash.

Bir qator G'oliblar kombinatsiyasidan foydalangan holda strategik razvedka uchun o'zgartirilgan radar, kameralar va boshqa sensorlar. Sifatida yadroviy tiyilish missiyasi berilgan Qirollik floti "s dengiz osti kemasi - ishga tushirildi Polaris raketalari 1969 yilda V-bombardimonchi samolyotining katta flotini oqlab bo'lmaydi. Natijada, omon qolgan G'oliblarning ko'pi aylantirildi havodan yonilg'i quyish tankerlari. Davomida Folklend urushi, Viktor tankerlari havo-logistika operatsiyasida Vulkan bombardimonchi samolyotlariga bir necha marotaba yonilg'i quyish uchun ishlatilgan. Black Buck reydlari.

Viktor V-bombardimonchilarning oxirgi nafaqaga chiqqan, oxirgi samolyot 1993 yil 15 oktyabrda xizmatdan olib tashlangan edi. Yoqilg'i quyish vazifasida uning o'rniga Vikers VC10 va Lockheed Tristar.

Rivojlanish

Kelib chiqishi

Viktor B1 XA918 testini rassom va Xandli Peyjning sobiq xodimi Piter Kombs tomonidan rasm

Viktor va boshqa V bombardimonchilarining kelib chiqishi erta bilan juda bog'liq Britaniyaning atom qurollari dasturi va yadro to'xtatuvchisi natijasida paydo bo'lgan siyosat Ikkinchi jahon urushi. Atom bombasi dasturi rasmiy ravishda 1946 yil avgust oyida chiqarilgan Air Staff Operational Requirue OR.1001 bilan boshlangan bo'lib, 1947 yil yanvar oyida hukumatning atom qurollari bo'yicha tadqiqot va rivojlantirish ishlariga ruxsat berish to'g'risidagi qarorini kutgan edi. 1946 yildagi Atom energiyasi to'g'risidagi qonun (McMahon Act) atom bilimlarini eksport qilishni taqiqlagan, hatto bu borada hamkorlik qilgan mamlakatlarga ham Manxetten loyihasi.[2] OR.1001 yilda qurol uzunligi 7,37 m dan oshmasligi, diametri 5 fut (1,5 m), og'irligi 10 000 funt (4500 kg) dan oshmasligi va 20000 fut (6100 m) dan bo'shatish uchun yaroqli bo'lishi nazarda tutilgan. 50,000 fut (15,000 m).[3]

Shu bilan birga, Havo vazirligi mavjudlarini almashtirish uchun bombardimonchilar uchun talablarni ishlab chiqdi pistonli dvigatel kabi og'ir bombardimonchilar Avro Lankaster va yangi Avro Linkoln qaysi jihozlangan RAF bombardimonchilar qo'mondonligi.[N 1] 1947 yil yanvar oyida Ta'minot vazirligi tarqatildi B.35 / 46 spetsifikatsiyasi aviatsiya kompaniyalariga "Har qanday joyda bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan bazadan 1500 dengiz miliga (1700 milya; 2800 km) maqsadga qadar 10000 funt (4500 kg) bomba tashiy oladigan o'rta masofaga bombardimonchi samolyot uchun OR.229" talabini qondirish. dunyoda." 11000 m dan 15000 m gacha balandliklarda 500 tugun (580 milya; 930 km / soat) tezlikda harakatlanish tezligi aniqlandi. To'liq yuklanganda maksimal og'irlik 100000 funtdan (45000 kg) oshmasligi kerak. Qurol yuki 10000 funt (4,500 kg) "Maxsus tortish bombasi" ni o'z ichiga olishi kerak edi (ya'ni a erkin tushish yadro quroli ) yoki undan qisqa masofada an'anaviy bomba 20000 funt (9100 kg). Hech qanday mudofaa qurollari olib o'tilmasligi kerak edi, samolyot qarama-qarshi jangchilardan qochish uchun uning tezligi va balandligiga tayanadi.[5]

Shunga o'xshash OR.230 uchun 2000 dengiz miliga (2300 milya; 3700 km) ta'sir radiusi 50.000 fut (15.000 m) balandlikda, kruiz tezligi 575 milya (925 km / soat) bo'lgan "uzoq masofaga bombardimonchi" kerak edi. va to'liq yuklanganda maksimal og'irligi 200,000 funt (91,000 kg).[6] OR.230 ga javoblar kelib tushdi Qisqa birodarlar, Bristol va Xendli sahifasi; ammo, Havo vazirligi ushbu qat'iy talablarga javob beradigan samolyotni ishlab chiqarish texnik jihatdan juda talabchan va juda qimmat bo'lganligini, natijada paydo bo'lgan bombardimonni faqat oz sonda sotib olish mumkinligini tan oldi.[7] Natijada, maqsadlarning aksariyati bunday uzoq masofani talab qilmasligini tushunib, o'rta masofadagi bombardimonchi uchun unchalik talab qilinmaydigan spetsifikatsiya, Havo vazirligining spetsifikatsiyasi B.35 / 46 chiqarilgan. Buning uchun bir xil 10000 funt-bomba yukini 575 milya (925 km) tezlikda 45.000-50.000 fut (14000-15000 m) balandlikda 1500 dengiz miliga (1700 milya; 2800 km) maqsadga etkazish kerak edi. / h).[5]

HP.80

Handley Page tomonidan B.35 / 46 ga javoban taklif qilingan dizaynga HP.80 ning ichki nomi berilgan. Kerakli ko'rsatkichlarga erishish uchun Xendli Peyj aerodinamikasi doktori Dr. Gustav Laxmann va uning o'rinbosari Godfri Li rivojlangan a yarim oy shaklidagi supurilgan qanot HP.80 uchun.[8] Aviatsiya muallifi Bill Gunston Viktorning aralash-supuruvchi yarim oy qanotini "shubhasiz 1947 yilda har qanday chizilgan taxtada eng samarali yuqori subsonik qanot" deb ta'riflagan.[9] The supurish va akkord Doimiylikni ta'minlash uchun qanotning uchi ildizdan uchiga qadar aniq uch bosqichda pasaygan muhim Mach raqami butun qanot bo'ylab va natijada yuqori kruiz tezligi.[10] Samolyotning oqimini tezlashtiradigan boshqa qismlari, burun va dumlari ham xuddi shu kritik mach soniga mo'ljallangan edi, shuning uchun HP.80 ning shakli doimiy kritik mach soniga ega edi.[9] Loyiha bo'yicha dastlabki ishlarga quyruqsiz samolyotlar dizayni kiritilgan, ular o'rniga qanot uchi vertikal yuzalar ishlatilgan bo'lar edi; ammo taklif pishib yetgach, uning o'rniga yuqori o'rnatilgan, to'liq orqa samolyot qabul qilindi.[11] Yarim oy qanotining profilini va shakllanishini rivojlanishning dastlabki bosqichlarida, ayniqsa parvoz paytida noqulay pitching xatti-harakatlariga qarshi turish uchun juda aniq sozlash va o'zgartirishlar kiritildi.[12]

HP.80 va Avro 698 kiriting taklif qilingan dizaynlarning eng yaxshi ikkitasi sifatida B.35 / 46 ga tanlandi va har birining ikkita prototipiga buyurtmalar berildi.[13] Shu bilan birga, ikkala dizayn bilan bog'liq ko'plab noma'lum narsalar borligi tan olindi va Vikersning dizayni uchun buyurtma ham berildi, bu esa Jasur. Garchi spetsifikatsiya talablariga to'liq javob bermasa ham, Valiant dizayni buzilish xavfi katta bo'lgan va shuning uchun xizmatga avvalroq etib borishi mumkin.[14] HP.80 ning yarim oy qanoti g miqyosida sinovdan o'tkazildi planer, HP.87 va juda o'zgartirilgan Supermarine Attacker, berilgan Handley sahifasi HP.88 belgilash. HP.88 1951 yil 26-avgustda faqat o'ttizta parvozni amalga oshirgandan so'ng halokatga uchradi va uning mavjud bo'lgan ikki oyi davomida ozgina foydali ma'lumotlar to'plandi. HP.88 tayyor bo'lganda, HP.80 qanoti shunday o'zgarganki, avvalgisi endi vakili bo'lmaydi. HP.80 dizayni etarlicha rivojlangan edi, chunki HP.88 yo'qolishi dasturga unchalik ta'sir ko'rsatmadi.[15]

Ikki HP.80 prototipi, WB771 va WB775, qurilgan. WB771 joylashgan Handley Page fabrikasida buzilgan Radlett va avtoulov bilan transportirovka qilinadi RAF Boscombe Down birinchi parvozi uchun; buldozerlardan marshrutni tozalash va to'siqlar atrofida yo'llar yaratish uchun foydalanilgan. Samolyotning bo'laklari yog'och ramkalar va "GELEYPANDHY / SOUTHAMPTON" bilan bosilgan brezentlar ostida yashiringan bo'lib, uni transport vositalarida kemaning korpusi sifatida ko'rsatish mumkin edi. GELEYPANDHY an anagram Ssenariy muallifining xatosi bilan buzilgan "Handley Pyge" to'plami.[16] 1952 yil 24-dekabrda Xendli Peyjning bosh sinov uchuvchisi tomonidan boshqarildi Xedli Hazelden, WB771 jami 17 daqiqa davom etgan birinchi parvozini amalga oshirdi.[17][18] O'n kundan so'ng, Havo vazirligi samolyotning rasmiy nomini e'lon qildi Viktor.[19][N 2]

Prototiplar yaxshi ishlashdi; ammo, dizayndagi xatolar yo'qotilishga olib keldi WB771 1954 yil 14-iyulda, samolyot uchish-qo'nish yo'lagidan past darajadagi o'tishni amalga oshirayotganda ajralib chiqqan Krenfild, ekipajning yo'qolishi bilan samolyotning qulashiga olib keldi. Uchta murvat yordamida finga mahkamlanganda, orqa samolyot kutilganidan ancha katta yukga tushdi va murvat teshiklari atrofida charchoq yorilib ketdi. Bu murvatlarning gevşemesine va kesilmemesine olib keldi. Teshiklar atrofidagi stress kontsentratsiyasi to'rtinchi murvatni qo'shib kamaytirildi.[20] Fin / tailplane bo'g'inini loyihalashdagi kamchiliklar tufayli chayqalish ehtimoli finni qisqartirish bilan ham kamaytirildi.[21][22] Bundan tashqari, prototiplar burundagi asbob-uskunalar etishmasligi sababli og'ir edi; bu prototiplarga katta balast og'irliklarini qo'shish orqali bartaraf etildi.[23] Ishlab chiqarish g'oliblari ekipaj qochish eshigini dvigatel qabul qilish joyidan uzoqlashtirish uchun burni uzaytirildi, chunki dastlabki holat parvoz paytida favqulodda chiqish sifatida xavfli edi. Uzaygan burun ham yaxshilandi tortishish markazi oralig'i.[24]

Viktor B.1

Viktor B1A XH588 Sharqiy Angliyada Britaniya jangi kunlik voqea, 1959 yil

Ishlab chiqarish B.1 G'oliblar tomonidan quvvatlandi Armstrong Siddeli Safir ASSa.7 turbojetlar 11000 ga baholandilbf (49 kN ) va dastlab bilan joylashtirilgan edi Moviy Dunay yadro quroli, kuchliroq bilan qayta tarqatish Sariq quyosh u mavjud bo'lganda qurol. G'oliblar, shuningdek, AQShga tegishli bo'lgan narsalarni olib ketishdi 5 ta yadro bombasini belgilang (ostida mavjud bo'lgan Loyiha E dasturi) va inglizlar Qizil soqol taktik yadro quroli.[25][26][27] Jami 24 ta versiya yangilandi B.1A qo'shilishi bilan standart Red Red kattalashtirilgan quyruq konusidagi quyruq ogohlantiruvchi radar va radar ogohlantiruvchi qabul qiluvchilar to'plami va elektron qarshi choralar (ECM) 1958 yildan 1960 yilgacha.[28][29]

1956 yil 1-iyun kuni Viktor Viktor ishlab chiqargan XA917 uchib ketdi sinov uchuvchisi Johnny Allam beixtiyor haddan oshib ketdi tovush tezligi Allamdan keyin yuqori quvvat sozlamasida burni biroz tushishiga ruxsat bering. Allam kabinaning ko'rsatilishini sezdi Mach 1.1 va yerdagi kuzatuvchilar Uotford ga Banberi eshitish haqida xabar bergan sonik bom. Viktor voqea davomida barqarorlikni saqlab qoldi. Aviatsiya muallifi Endryu Bruks, Viktorning V-bombardimonchilaridan ustunligini namoyish etish uchun Allam ovozli to'siqni bila turib buzgan deb da'vo qilmoqda.[30][N 3] Viktor o'sha paytda ovoz to'sig'ini buzgan eng katta samolyot edi.[31]

Viktor B.2

Viktor B.2 samolyoti (XL158), RAF Wittering-da, Cambridgeshire, parvoz oldidan tayyorgarlik ko'rmoqda

RAF o'z bombardimonchilari uchun yuqori shiftni talab qildi va ushbu talabni qondirish uchun yaxshilangan G'oliblar uchun bir qator takliflar ko'rib chiqildi. Dastlab Xendli Peyj "Faz 2" bombardimonchi samolyotini ishlab chiqarish uchun 14000 funt (62 kN) Sapphire 9 dvigatellaridan foydalanishni taklif qildi, undan keyin "Faz 3" g'oliblari 137 fut (42 m) da qanotlari ancha kattaroq g'oliblarni ta'qib qilishdi. Bristol Siddeli Olympus turbojetlar yoki Rolls-Royce Conway turbofanlar. Sapphire 9 bekor qilindi, ammo og'ir modifikatsiyalangan 3-bosqich samolyoti ishlab chiqarishni kechiktirishi mumkin edi, shuning uchun vaqtinchalik "Faza 2A" Viktor taklif qilindi va qabul qilindi, u Konvey tomonidan quvvatlanadi va minimal modifikatsiyaga ega bo'ladi.[32][33]

"2A bosqichi" taklifi aviatsiya xodimlari tomonidan qabul qilindi Viktor B.2, Conway RCo.11 dvigatellari bilan 17 250 funt (76,7 kN) ta'minlanadi. Yangi Conway dvigatellari talab qilinadigan havo oqimini ta'minlash uchun qayta ishlangan kattalashtirilgan qabul qilishni talab qildi. Qanotlarning uchlari kengaytirilib, qanotlarning uzunligi 37 futga etdi.[34] B.2 quyruq suyagining old qismidagi orqa fyuzelyajda joylashgan B.1da topilmaydigan o'ziga xos tortib olinadigan "fil qulog'i" qabul qilish xususiyatiga ega edi. Ushbu qoshiqlar qo'chqor havosini oziqlantirgan Ram havo turbinalari (RAT), bu parvoz paytida dvigatelning ishlamay qolishi kabi favqulodda vaziyatlarda elektr energiyasini etkazib berishi mumkin.[35][36]

Birinchi prototip Viktor B.2, seriya raqami XH668 1959 yil 20 fevralda o'zining birinchi parvozini amalga oshirdi.[37] 1959 yil 20-avgustga qadar baland balandlikda dvigatel sinovlari o'tkazilayotganda u 100 soat parvoz qildi Samolyot va qurol-aslaha eksperimental tashkiloti (A & AEE), u radar ekranlaridan g'oyib bo'ldi va dengiz qirg'og'ida qulab tushdi Pembrokeshire. Qoldiqlar qoldiqlarini topish va qutqarish bo'yicha keng ko'lamli qidiruv operatsiyasi boshlandi XH668 halokat sabablarini aniqlash uchun. Samolyotlarning katta qismini tiklash 1960 yil noyabrgacha davom etdi; baxtsiz hodisani tergov qilish natijasida samolyot tugadi pitot boshi Uchish muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi va bu sabab bo'ldi parvozlarni boshqarish tizimi samolyotni qayta tiklanmaydigan sho'ng'in ichiga majbur qilish.[38] Ushbu muammoni hal qilish uchun faqat ozgina o'zgartirishlar kerak edi,[39] Viktor B.2 xizmatiga 1962 yil fevral oyida kirishga ruxsat berish.[40]

Keyingi rivojlanish

Jami 21 ta B.2 samolyoti B.2R standartiga ko'tarilib, Conway RCo.17 dvigatellari (20,600 lbf yoki 92 kN kuchlanishli) va Moviy po'lat yadroli raketa.[41] Ularning qanotlari o'zgartirilib, ikkita "tezkor pods" yoki "Kücemen sabzi ". Bular edi shokka qarshi vositalar; kamaygan pog'onali qoplamalar to'lqin tortish da transonik tezlik (qarang maydon qoidasi ), ular uy uchun qulay joy sifatida ham ishlatilgan somon dispenserlar.[42] Xendli Peyj ko'proq yoqilg'iga ega va to'rttagacha tashiy oladigan, yanada takomillashtirilgan "6-bosqich" Viktorni qurishni taklif qildi Skybolt (AGM-48) havoda qo'riqlanadigan patrullarda ballistik raketalar, ammo bu buyurtma bo'yicha Viktor B.2-larning ikkitasi ikkita Skyboltsni olib yurish uchun jihozlanganligi to'g'risida kelishilgan bo'lsa ham, bu taklif rad etildi. AQSh 1963 yilda Skybolt dasturini bekor qilganida, ushbu rejadan voz kechildi.[43] Past darajadagi penetratsion missiyalarga o'tishda G'oliblarga kabinadan yuqorida havo-havo yonilg'i quyish moslamalari o'rnatildi va katta osti yonilg'i baklarini oldilar.[44]

To'qqiz B.2 samolyoti 1965 yil iyulidan boshlab etkazib berish bilan qanotlarning charchaganligi sababli olib tashlangan Valiants o'rnini egallash uchun strategik razvedka maqsadida o'zgartirildi.[25] Ushbu samolyotlar turli xil kameralarni, bombaga joylashtirilgan radar xaritalash tizimini va bo'shatilgan zarralarni aniqlash uchun yuqori qanotli snifferlarni qabul qildi. yadro sinovlari.[28] Viktor SR.2 deb nomlangan bitta samolyot Buyuk Britaniyani bitta ikki soatlik parvozda suratga olishi mumkin edi. Bomba joyiga turli xil kamera konfiguratsiyalari o'rnatilishi mumkin, shu jumladan to'rtta F49 tadqiqot kameralari va sakkiztagacha F96 kameralar vertikal yoki qiyalik bilan kunduzgi fotosuratlarni olish uchun o'rnatilishi mumkin; tungi fotosurat F89 kameralarini o'rnatishni talab qildi.[45]

Havodan yonilg'i quyishning konversiyasi

Viktor K.2 ning № 55 otryad RAF 1985 yilda; joylashtirilgan yoqilg'i quyish vositalariga e'tibor bering.

Valiant tankerlari halok bo'lishidan oldin, yonilg'i quyish uskunalarini sinovdan o'tkazish ishlari amalga oshirildi, shu jumladan: bomba solingan tanklarni haddan tashqari ko'tarish, tanklarni quyish, yonilg'i quyish zondlari va jetonable de Havilland Spectre Yordamga mo'ljallangan uchish-bo'linmalar. Sinovlarda ishtirok etgan B.1 "XA930" samolyoti Boscombe Down-da juda yuqori og'irliklarda muvaffaqiyatli sinovlarni maydonning nisbatan uzunlikdagi parvozlari bilan amalga oshirdi.[46]

Valiant flotining chiqib ketishi sababli metall charchoq 1964 yil dekabrda RAF-da oldingi tanker samolyotlari yo'qligini anglatar edi, shuning uchun B.1 / 1A samolyoti endi strategik bombardimonchi rolida ortiqcha deb topilib, ushbu vazifani bajarishga topshirildi. Ba'zi tankerlarni iloji boricha tezroq foydalanishga topshirish uchun oltita B.1A samolyoti aylantirildi B (K) .1A standart (keyinchalik qayta ishlab chiqilgan B.1A (K2P)[47]), har bir qanot ostida shlang va qurg'oqchalar bilan ikkita nuqtali tizimni qabul qilib, bomba joyi qurol uchun mavjud bo'lib qoldi. Xendli Peyj ushbu oltita samolyotni konvertatsiya qilish uchun kechayu kunduz ishladi, birinchi samolyot 1965 yil 28 aprelda va 55 otryad 1965 yil avgustda tanker rolida ishlay boshladi.[48]

Ushbu oltita samolyot qiruvchilarga yonilg'i quyish uchun mos bo'lgan cheklangan tanker qobiliyatini ta'minlagan bo'lsa, Mk 20A qanotli shpritslari faqat cheklangan tezlikda yoqilg'i etkazib berishi mumkin edi va bombardimonchilarga yonilg'i quyish uchun mos emas edi. Shu sababli Viktor Mk.1 rusumli uch ballli tankerni aniq konversiyasini ishlab chiqarish bo'yicha ishlar davom ettirildi. O'n to'rtta B.1A va 11 B.1-larga bomba joylashtirilgan joyda doimiy ravishda o'rnatilgan ikkita yonilg'i idishi va qanot g'altaklari kabi yonilg'i oqimining uch baravariga teng bo'lgan yuqori quvvatli Mk 17 markazlashtirilgan shlang tarqatish moslamasi o'rnatildi. K.1A va K.1 navbati bilan.[48]

Qolgan B.2 samolyotlari RAF o'zining delta qanoti bilan Vulkan singari strategik bombardimon topshiriqlarini bajarish uchun qabul qilgan past darajadagi missiya profiliga mos kelmagan.[49] Bu yadroviy to'xtatuvchini RAF dan to ga almashtirish bilan birlashtirilgan Qirollik floti (bilan Polaris raketasi ) G'oliblarni talablardan ortiqcha deb hisoblashlarini anglatardi.[28] Shunday qilib, 24 B.2 ga o'zgartirildi K.2 standart. K.1 / 1A konversiyalariga o'xshab, qanot stressni kamaytirish uchun qisqartirildi va bomba nishonining burun oynasi bilan qoplangan edi. 1982 yil davomida ba'zi samolyotlarda oynalar qayta tiklandi, burun burun bombasi nishonchisining sobiq pozitsiyasi F95 kameralarini o'rnatish uchun ishlatilgan bo'lib, ular davomida razvedka vazifalarini bajarishgan. Folklend urushi.[50] K.2 91,000 funt (41,000 kg) yoqilg'ini olib yurishi mumkin edi. U 1993 yil oktyabrida tortib olinmaguncha tanker rolida xizmat qildi.[28]

Dizayn

Umumiy nuqtai

Viktoriya er usti taksida yurish paytida qarama-qarshi ko'rinish, 2006 yil

Viktor futuristik ko'rinishga ega, soddalashtirilgan, to'rttasi bo'lgan samolyot edi turbojet (keyinroq turbofan ) qalin qanot ildizlariga ko'milgan dvigatellar. G'olibning ajralib turadigan xususiyatlari uning g'oyat shov-shuvli bo'lganligi edi T-quyruq sezilarli darajada dihedral dumaloq tekisliklarda va nishonni o'z ichiga olgan taniqli jag'ning bo'rtmasi radar, burun shassi birlik va yordamchi bomba nishoni pozitsiyasi.[51] Dastlab, burun burchagining barchasi balandlikda qochib qutulish vazifasini bajarishi uchun ajratilishi mumkinligi haqidagi talab bilan talab qilingan edi, ammo Havo vazirligi ushbu talabdan 1950 yilda voz kechdi.[52][53]

Viktor beshta kishilik ekipajga ega edi, ular yonma-yon o'tirgan ikkita uchuvchini va orqaga qarab turgan uchta ekipajni o'z ichiga oladi, ular navigator / plotter, navigator / radar operatori va havo elektroni xodimi (AEO).[54] Vulkan va Valiantdan farqli o'laroq, Viktorning uchuvchilari kattaroqligi sababli ekipajning qolgan qismi bilan bir xil darajada o'tirishdi. bosim ostida burunga qadar cho'zilgan bo'linma.[51] Boshqa V-bombardimonchilarda bo'lgani kabi, faqat uchuvchilar bilan ta'minlangan chiqarish joylari; a tomonidan shishirilgan "portlovchi yostiqlarga" tayanadigan uchta tizim operatorlari CO2 ularga o'tiradigan joylaridan va yuqori bo'lgan taqdirda an'anaviy garov evaziga yordam beradigan shisha g-yuklash Ammo, shunga qaramay, uchta orqa o'rindiqqa qochish juda qiyin edi.[55][56][N 4]

Yadroviy etkazib berish vazifasini bajarishda Viktor g'alaba qozondi piyodalarga qarshi oq samolyotni yadroviy portlashning zararli ta'siridan himoya qilish uchun mo'ljallangan rang sxemasi. Oq rang sxemasi samolyotdan uzoqroq issiqlikni aks ettirish uchun mo'ljallangan; Shu sababli RAF turlarining rangsiz o'zgarishlari ham qo'llanilgan. 1960-yillarda V-bombardimonchilar past darajadagi yaqinlashish profiliga tayinlanganda, G'oliblar tez orada yashil / kulrang taktikaga bo'yalishdi kamuflyaj erni kuzatish uchun ko'rinishni kamaytirish; xuddi shu sxema keyinchalik konvertatsiya qilingan tanker samolyotlariga nisbatan qo'llanilgan.[58]

Qurol-yarog 'va jihozlar

Viktor Yeovilton yaqinida qo'nish, 1984 yil; eslatma havo tormozlari uzaytirildi.

Viktorning bomba qo'riqxonasi Valiant va Vulkannikiga qaraganda ancha kattaroq edi, bu esa og'irroq qurol yuklarini masofa evaziga olib o'tishga imkon berdi. Bitta "10,000 funt" ga alternativ sifatida atom bombasi spetsifikatsiya talabiga binoan, bomba bayrog'i bir nechta an'anaviy qurol-yarog ', shu jumladan bitta 22000 funt (10,000 kg) ko'tarish uchun mo'ljallangan. Katta dubulg'a yoki ikkita 12000 funt (5400 kg) Tallboy zilzila bombalari, qirq sakkizgacha 1000 funt (450 kg) bomba[N 5] yoki o'ttiz to'qqiz ming funt (910 kg) dengiz minalari. Viktorga taklif qilingan qo'shimchalardan biri, asosiy bomba maydonchasini to'ldirish uchun yana 28 000 funt funtli bombalarni ko'tarishga qodir bo'lgan pannierlar edi, ammo bu variant amalga oshirilmadi.[59]

Bir qator erkin qulab tushadigan yadroviy bombalardan tashqari, keyinchalik Viktor B.2s yadroviy raketalar kabi raketa tashuvchilar sifatida ishlagan. Moviy po'lat; bu amerikalik uchun mo'ljallangan edi Skybolt kiritiladigan raketa; ammo, Skybolt-ning rivojlanishi bekor qilindi.[60] Blue Steel uchun maqsadli ma'lumotlar parvoz paytida, shuningdek, topshiriq oldidan kiritilishi mumkin. Ma'lum qilinishicha, intensiv ish bilan B.2 raketa tashuvchisi 30 soat ichida erkin qulab tushadigan yadro qurollari yoki odatdagi o'q-dorilarni olib yurishga qaytishi mumkin.[61]

Boshqa ikkita V-bombardimonchilar singari, Viktor ham Navigatsion va bombardimon tizimidan (NBS) foydalangan; ozgina ishlatiladigan optik ko'rinish ham dastlabki samolyotlarga o'rnatildi.[62] Navigatsiya va bombani nishonga olish uchun Viktor bir nechta radar tizimlaridan foydalangan. Ular orasida H2S radar, havodagi birinchi skanerlash radaridan ishlab chiqilgan va Yashil saten radar.[63] Bortga radar ma'lumotlari kiritildi elektromexanik analog bombani nishonga olish apparati. Ba'zi bir navigatsiya va maqsadli uskunalar to'g'ridan-to'g'ri kelib chiqishi yoki Xendli Peyjdan oldingi ishlatilgan tushunchalar bilan o'rtoqlashishi. Galifaks bombardimonchi. Amaliy jihatdan, bombani nishonga olish tizimining aniqligi taxminan 400 yard bilan chegaralangan bo'lib, bu yuqori darajadagi yadro zarbasi operatsiyalari uchun etarli deb hisoblangan.[64]

Avionika va tizimlar

Viktor parvozlarni boshqarish vositalarini to'liq quvvatga ega edi, ya'ni aileronlar, liftlar va rul, qo'lda burilishsiz, shuning uchun zaxira qilish tizimini, ya'ni takrorlashni talab qildi. Ular to'liq quvvatga ega bo'lganligi sababli, burundagi pitotdan qo'chqor havosi bilan oziqlanadigan sun'iy his qilish apparati zarur edi. Boshqarish tizimi uchuvchi va avtopilot talablarini olgan uchuvchi boshqaruv bloklarida takrorlandi. Uchuvchilarni boshqarish harakatlari kam ishqalanuvchi mexanik tizim orqali uchish boshqaruv bloklariga uzatildi. Ikkala nusxa bitta uchuvchilarning kiritilishi funktsional bo'lib qoladi va na gidravlik dvigatellar, na vintlardek blokirovka qilinmaydi. Quyidagilarning har biri uchun alohida gidravlik zanjir ishlatilgan: shassi, qopqoq, burun qanotlari, havo tormozlari, bomba eshiklari, g'ildirakli tormozlar, burni g'ildiraklar bilan boshqarish, qo'chqor-havo-turbinali havo kepçeleri.[36] An AC elektr tizimi va yordamchi quvvat bloki Keyinchalik Viktor B.2 ga sezilarli qo'shimchalar kiritildi, elektr ishonchliligi sezilarli darajada yaxshilandi.[65][N 6]

Dushmanni aniqlash va ta'qib qilish harakatlaridan qochish uchun Viktor keng qamrovli jihozlangan elektron qarshi choralar (ECM) to'plami, uni samolyot elektroniği va aloqa tizimlari uchun asosiy mas'uliyatni o'z zimmasiga olgan havo elektronikasi xodimi (AEO) boshqargan. ECM uskunalari samolyot yaqinida faol va passiv radarlardan samarali foydalanishni to'xtatish va ekipaj uchun vaziyatni xabardor qilish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin. Dushman aloqalari ham tiqilib qolishi mumkin va radar boshqariladigan raketalar davrning samarasizligi haqida ham xabar berilgan.[67] Viktor B.2 sovutish tizimlari va ba'zi ECM uskunalarini o'z ichiga olgan quyruq finining atrofida joylashgan kengaytirilgan maydonga ega edi.[68]

Dastlab Viktordan foydalanishni boshlagan ba'zi ECM uskunalari, masalan, asl nusxasi somon dispenser va Orange Putter quyruqni ogohlantiruvchi radar avvalroq ishlab chiqilgan edi Inglizcha elektr kanberra Viktor xizmatga kirgunga qadar bombardimonchi va allaqachon eskirgan deb hisoblanadi.[69] Avionika va ECM suitlariga jiddiy yaxshilanishlar va o'zgartirishlar kiritilishi kerak edi, chunki Viktorning roli uchun samarali ECMlar muhim deb topilgan edi; Masalan, ko'proq qobiliyatli Red Steer-ni joriy qilish quyruq ogohlantiruvchi radar.[70] Viktor B.2-ning kiritilishi bir nechta yangi ECM tizimlari, jumladan passiv radar ogohlantiruvchi qabul qiluvchisi, metrik radar jammeri va aloqa vositalarini to'sib qo'yish uskunalari bilan birga keldi. Muvaffaqiyatli qoplamalar ustida orqadagi chekkalar ko'p miqdordagi mudofaani joylashtiradigan qanotlardan somon /alevlar shuningdek, yangi qo'shimchalar edi.[71] Sinovlar erni kuzatuvchi radar va bombardimon qilish va navigatsiya radarini yon tomondan skanerlash rejimi bilan o'tkazilgan bo'lsa-da, ushbu funktsiyalarning hech biri operatsion parkga qo'shilmagan.[28]

Dvigatellar

Rolls-Royce Conway RCo.17 Mk201 statik displeyda

Viktor B.1 to'rt kishidan iborat edi Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire turbojet dvigatellar. Dvigatellar qanotlarning ildizlariga juft bo'lib joylashtirilgan. Qanotning yuqori o'rnatilishi sababli, dumaloq reaktiv turbulentlik oralig'ini saqlab turish uchun baland o'rnatishni qabul qilishi kerak edi, ammo havo tormozlari ushbu hodisadan foydalanish uchun ideal tarzda joylashtirilgan edi.[72] Tropik muhitda joylashganda Safir bilan bog'liq qiyinchiliklarga duch keldi, chunki bir nechta dvigatellar vayron bo'lgan turbinali pichoqlar zich bulut yoki kuchli yomg'ir orqali uchish paytida yuzaga kelishi mumkin bo'lgan tashqi dvigatel korpusini urish.[62][73] Viktor B.2 yangi versiyasida ishlaydi Rolls-Royce Conway turbofan bu bir vaqtning o'zida eng kuchli bo'lmaganyonishdan keyin Sovet Ittifoqidan tashqarida dvigatel. Conway B.1-dagi Sapphire dvigatelidan ancha yuqori kuchga ega edi.[74]

Viktor B.2 samolyotning dvigatelini aniq o'zgartirdi; o'ng qanot ildiziga kiritilgan edi a Blackburn Artoust havo bilan yordamchi quvvat bloki (AAPU), samarali kichik beshinchi dvigatel. AAPU asosiy dvigatellarni ishga tushirish uchun yuqori bosimli havoni etkazib berishga qodir edi, shuningdek, asosiy dvigatel ishlamay qolganda favqulodda zaxira sifatida erga yoki alternativa ravishda havoga elektr energiyasini etkazib berishga qodir edi. AAPU tashqi mutaxassislarni qo'llab-quvvatlash uskunalariga bo'lgan ehtiyojni kamaytirish uchun ham harakat qildi. Turbinada harakatlanadigan alternatorlar, boshqacha qilib aytganda qo'chqor havo turbinalari (RAT), B.2 ga elektr yoki gidravlik quvvat yo'qolganda favqulodda quvvatni ta'minlash uchun kiritilgan. Orqa fyuzelyajdagi tortib olinadigan kovaklar qo'chqor havosini RATlarga etkazib berish uchun ochiladi, bu esa parvozlarni boshqarish uchun etarli elektr quvvatini beradi. Dvigatel bo'lsa olov RATlar ekipajga asosiy dvigatellar ishdan chiqqunga qadar samolyotni boshqarishda yordam beradi.[35][36]

Parvoz profili

Viktor, odatda, past tezlikda uchishning qulay xususiyatlari bilan birgalikda yaxshi ishlov berish va mukammal ishlashga ega deb ta'riflangan.[75] Birinchi prototipning parvoz sinovlari paytida Viktor o'zining aerodinamik ko'rsatkichini isbotladi, Mach 0.98 ga uchish va bufet muammosiz uchdi; prototip va ishlab chiqarish samolyotlari o'rtasida aerodinamik o'zgarishlar bo'lmagan.[76][N 7] Ishlab chiqarish samolyotlari past-o'rtacha mo''tadil Mach raqamlari paytida samolyotning yuqoriga ko'tarilish tendentsiyasini bartaraf etish uchun avtomatlashtirilgan burun-qanot operatsiyasini namoyish etdi.[78] Viktor past balandlikda, odatda qisqaroq va yarim oy qanotining egiluvchanligi tufayli silliq va qulay tarzda uchar edi.[79] Dastlabki Viktorga xos bo'lgan g'ayrioddiy parvozlardan biri bu o'z-o'zini qo'nish qobiliyati edi; bir marta uchish-qo'nish yo'lagi bilan bir qatorda, samolyot tabiiy ravishda alangalanish qanot kirib kelganida zamin effekti quyruq cho'kishni davom ettirar ekan, uchuvchining buyrug'i va aralashuvisiz yostiqli qo'nishni ta'minladi.[29][80]

Viktorni epchil samolyot, katta bombardimonchi samolyotga xos bo'lmagan deb ta'rifladilar; 1958 yilda Viktor bir nechta ko'chadan va a bochka rulosi namoyish parvozi uchun amaliyotlar paytida Farnborough Airshow.[81][82] Manevrga yorug'lik boshqaruvi, samolyotning tezkor reaksiyasi va cheksiz o'zgaruvchan dumaloq havo tormozi kabi ba'zi uchish yuzalarining dizayni katta imkoniyat yaratdi.[83] Viktor juda past ovozli tezlikda parvoz qilish uchun mo'ljallangan edi, ammo unda bir nechta holatlar bo'lgan ovoz to'sig'i singan edi.[84] Viktor B.2 ni ishlab chiqish paytida RAF taktik manevrlik kontseptsiyasini ta'kidlab o'tdi, bu esa samolyotning balandligi va parvoz ko'rsatkichlarini oshirishga qaratilgan ko'plab harakatlarga olib keldi.[85]

Operatsion tarixi

Viktor B.1 (XA922) qo'nish yo'lida, taxminan 1959 yil

Viktor B bombardimonchi samolyotlarning oxirgisi bo'lib, B.1 samolyotlarini etkazib berdi 232-sonli operatsion konversiya bo'limi RAF asoslangan RAF Gaydon, Warwickshire 1957 yil oxirida bo'lib o'tdi.[86] Birinchi operatsion bombardimonchi otryad, 10 otryad, da hosil bo'lgan RAF Kottesmor 1958 yil aprelda ikkinchi otryad bilan, 15 otryad, yil oxirigacha shakllantirish.[87] Sariq Astor razvedka radariga ega bo'lgan to'rtta G'olib, passiv sensorlar bilan birgalikda maxfiy bo'linmani, Radar Reconnaissance Flight-ni jihozlash uchun foydalanilgan. RAF Vayton.[86][87] Viktor bombardimonchi kuchi qurishni davom ettirdi 57 otryad 1959 yil mart oyida tashkil topgan va 55 otryad 1960 yil oktyabrda.[47][88] Eng baland bo'lganida, Viktor bir vaqtning o'zida oltita otryad bilan ishlagan RAF bombardimonchilar qo'mondonligi.[62]

RAF tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan operativ doktrinaga ko'ra, keng ko'lamli yadroviy zarba berish sharoitida har bir Viktor butunlay mustaqil ish yuritgan bo'lar edi; ekipajlar o'zlarining vazifalarini tashqi ko'rsatmalarsiz amalga oshiradilar va belgilangan nishonga etib borish va ularga muvaffaqiyatli hujum qilishning individual taktikalari samaradorligiga ishonadilar; shuning uchun tinchlik davrida ekipajni doimiy ravishda o'qitishga katta ahamiyat berildi.[89] Ekipaj birligi tuyg'usini rivojlantirish juda muhim deb hisoblandi; Viktor ekipajlari odatda kamida besh yil birga xizmat qilishadi va shunga o'xshash yondashuv yerdagi xodimlar tomonidan qabul qilingan.[90] Har bir samolyotning ishlash muddatini maksimal darajada oshirish uchun Viktor ekipajlari odatda haftasiga bitta besh soatlik o'quv topshirig'ini bajaradilar.[91] Har bir ekipaj a'zosi mustaqil ravishda tekshirish, yonilg'i quyish va qayta ishlash ishlarini olib borish uchun xizmat ko'rsatuvchi sertifikatlarga ega bo'lishi kerak edi.[77]

Viktor K2 (XH669) juftiga yonilg'i quyish Ingliz elektr chaqmoqlari, 1978 yil sentyabr

Yuqori xalqaro keskinlik davrida V-bombardimonchilar tarqalib ketar edi va ular yuqori darajada tayyor holatda edilar; agar yadroviy zarba berish to'g'risidagi buyruq berilgan bo'lsa, g'oliblar yuqori tayyorgarlik holatida buyruq chiqarilgan paytdan boshlab to'rt daqiqadan so'ng havoga etkazilgan bo'lar edi.[92] Britaniya razvedkasi Sovetlarning radiolokatsion tarmog'i Viktorni 200 mil uzoqlikda aniqlashga qodir, deb taxmin qilgan edi, shuning uchun Viktor ushlanib qolmaslik uchun Sovet detektorlari tarmog'idagi zaif tomonlardan foydalanish uchun ehtiyotkorlik bilan rejalashtirilgan marshrutlar bo'yicha harakat qiladi. Ushbu taktika Viktorning keng kemasida ishlatilgan elektron qarshi choralar (ECM) qochish ehtimolini oshirish uchun.[67] Dastlab Viktor yadro zarbasi missiyasi davomida Sovet Ittifoqining tezkor yutuqlari davomida yuqori balandlikda parvozni davom ettirgan bo'lar edi zenitga qarshi urush qobiliyatlari (misolida U2 ning 70 000 futdan pastga tushishi 1960 yilda) ushbu taktikadan voz kechishga olib keldi: uning o'rnida tobora takomillashib borayotgan ECMlar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan past darajadagi tezkor yondashuv qabul qilindi.[93][94]

Yaxshilangan Viktor B.2 birinchi B.2 Squadron bilan 1961 yilda etkazib berila boshlandi, 139 otryad, 1962 yil fevralda shakllangan va ikkinchisi, 100 otryad, 1962 yil may oyida.[40] Bu B.2da bombardimonchilarning ikkita otryadlari edi, chunki buyurtma bo'yicha oxirgi 28 G'oliblar bekor qilindi.[25] Istiqbollari Skybolt har bir V-bombardimonchi ikkita alohida nishonga zarba bera oladigan ballistik raketalar, kamroq bombardimonchilarga ehtiyoj sezilishini anglatadi,[95] hukumat esa bundan norozi edi Ser Frederik Xendli Peyj ularning kompaniyasini raqobatchilar bilan birlashtirish uchun ularning bosimiga qarshilik.[96] Skyboltning rivojlanishi to'xtatilgan bo'lsa-da, Viktor B.2s Blue Steel turg'un yadroviy raketasi uchun samolyot sifatida jihozlandi. Dushman hududiga muvaffaqiyatli kirib borishning hal qiluvchi omillari radarlarni aniqlashdan qochish uchun to'xtovsiz qurollarni joriy etish va past darajadagi parvozga o'tish.[60]

Viktor va Vulkan Richmond Air Show-da, Yangi Janubiy Uels, 1964

1964–1965 yillarda Viktor B.1Asning bir qator otryadlari joylashtirildi RAF Tengah, Davomida Indoneziyaga qarshi ogohlantiruvchi vosita sifatida Singapur Borneo mojarosi, tarkibida strategik to'xtatuvchi rolini bajaruvchi otryadlar Uzoq Sharq havo kuchlari, shuningdek, past darajadagi parvoz va vizual bombardimon qilish bo'yicha qimmatli mashg'ulotlarni o'tkazish.[97][98] 1964 yil sentyabr oyida Indoneziya bilan to'qnashuv avjiga chiqqach, to'rtta G'oliblardan iborat otryad tezkor tarqalishga tayyorlandi, ikkita samolyot jonli odatiy bomba bilan to'ldirilgan va bir soatlik shay holatda operatsion parvozlarga tayyor bo'lgan. Biroq, ulardan hech qachon jangovar topshiriqlarni bajarishlari talab qilinmagan va oyning oxirida yuqori tayyorgarlik to'g'risida ogohlantirish tugagan.[99]

Balandlik yoriqlari aniqlangandan so'ng, past balandlikda foydalanish tufayli rivojlanib,[96] B.2R strategik bombardimonchilari iste'foga chiqarildi va 1968 yil oxiriga kelib omborga joylashtirildi. RAF mavjud bo'lgan yonilg'i quyish tanker parkiga katta talabni boshdan kechirgan va uning avvalgi konvertatsiya qilingan Viktor B.1 tankerlarining mavjud parki 1970-yillarda nafaqaga chiqqan, shuning uchun saqlangan Viktor B.2R'lar ham tankerlarga aylantirilishi to'g'risida qaror qabul qilingan.[100] Xendli Peyj g'oliblarga uchi tanklar bilan jihozlangan, qanotlarda charchoqning yorilishini cheklash uchun modifikatsiya qilingan va oltita ekipaj a'zolari uchun ajratilgan o'rindiqlarni ko'radigan modifikatsiya sxemasini tayyorladi.[101][102] Mudofaa vazirligi B2'larni konvertatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi buyruqni Xendli Peyj kirgan paytgacha imzoladi tugatish. Buning o'rniga konvertatsiya shartnomasi tuzildi Hawker Siddeley, Xandli Peyj tomonidan rejalashtirilganidan ancha sodda konversiyani ishlab chiqargan, qanotlarning egilish stressini kamaytirish va shuning uchun havo doirasining ishlash muddatini uzaytirish uchun qanotlari kengaytirilgan.[103]

Viktor K2 (XL161) yaqin Abingdon, 1979 yil sentyabr

Viktor hech qachon chet elda joylashgan biron bir birlik bilan doimiy asosda bo'lmagan bo'lsa-da, vaqtincha tarqatish ko'pincha marosim shaklida yoki o'quv mashqlari va musobaqalarda qatnashish uchun tez-tez o'tkazilgan. Viktor otryadlari bir necha kengaytirilgan tarkibga jo'natildi Uzoq Sharq va Kanadaga qisqa muddatli jo'natmalar ham o'quv maqsadida o'tkazildi.[104] 1960-yillarning boshlarida Janubiy Afrika bir necha bombardimonchilar tomonidan tuzilgan G'oliblarni sotib olishga katta qiziqish bildirgan edi; oxir-oqibat Viktor RAFdan boshqa operator bilan xizmat qilmadi.[105]

Viktor B.2-lardan bir nechtasi Valiantning bu lavozimda iste'foga chiqqandan keyin strategik razvedka missiyalariga aylantirildi. Xizmatda ushbu tur asosan kuzatuvda ishlatilgan Atlantika va O'rta dengiz, sakkiz soatlik missiya davomida 400,000 kvadrat milni o'rganish imkoniyatiga ega; ular shuningdek, frantsuz tilidan yiqilib tushish namunasini olish uchun ishlatilgan yadro sinovlari o'tkazilgan Tinch okeanining janubiy qismi.[106] Dastlab razvedka g'oliblari vizual razvedka uchun jihozlangan; Kanberra yengil bombardimonchi samolyotlarini ushbu vazifaga topshirish arzonroq deb topildi va kameralar 1970 yilda olib tashlandi. Keyinchalik tipdagi rolda radiolokatsion razvedka ta'kidlandi.[107] Razvedka g'oliblari 1974 yilgacha standart bombardimonchilarni kuzatib, tanker konvertatsiya qilish liniyasiga kirgunlariga qadar foydalanishda edilar; a handful of modified Avro Vulcans assumed the maritime radar reconnaissance role in their place.[97]

Two of the V-bombers, the Victor and the Vulcan, played a high-profile role during the 1982 Folklend urushi. In order to cross the vast distance of the Atlantika okeani, a single Vulcan required refuelling several times from Victor tankers. Jami three bombing missions were flown against Argentine forces deployed to the Falklands, with approximately 1.1 million gal (5 million L) of fuel consumed in each mission.[108][109] At the time, these missions held the record for the world's longest-distance bombing raids.[110] The deployment of other assets to the theatre, such as the Hawker Siddeley Nimrod va Lockheed Herkul, required the support of the Victor tanker fleet, which had been temporarily relocated to RAF ko'tarilish oroli aksiya uchun.[111][112] The Victor also undertook several reconnaissance missions over the South Atlantic. These missions provided valuable intelligence for the retaking of Janubiy Jorjiya Britaniya kuchlari tomonidan.[113]

Tashqi video
video belgisi Documentary on the Black Buck raids
video belgisi RAF training film focused on the Victor

Keyingi Quvaytga bostirib kirish by neighbouring Iroq in 1991, a total of eight Victor K.2s were deployed to Bahrayn to provide in-flight refuelling support to RAF and other coalition aircraft during the subsequent 1991 Fors ko'rfazi urushi.[96][114] RAF strike aircraft such as the Panavia Tornado would frequently make use of the tanker to refuel prior to launching cross-border strikes inside Iraq. Shortly after the Gulf War, the remaining Victor fleet was quickly retired in 1993, at which point it had been the last of the three V-bombers in operational service; retiring nine years after the last Vulcan, although the Vulcan had survived longer in its original role as a bomber.[115]

Variantlar

Ventral plan of a Victor K.2
3-view of Victor B.1
3-view of Victor B.2
HP.80
Prototype, two aircraft built.[47]
Viktor B.1
Strategic bomber aircraft, 50 built.[47]
Victor B.1A
Strategic bomber aircraft, B.1 updated with Red Steer tail warning radar and ECM suite, 24 converted.[116]
Victor B.1A (K.2P)
2-point in-flight refuelling tanker retaining bomber capability, six converted.[117]
Victor BK.1
3-point in-flight refuelling tanker (renamed K.1 after bombing capability removed), 11 converted.[117]
Victor BK.1A
3-point in-flight refuelling tanker (renamed K.1A as for K.1), 14 converted.[117]
Victor B.2
Strategic bomber aircraft, 34 built.[47]
Victor B.2RS
Moviy po'lat -capable aircraft with RCo.17 Conway 201 engines, 21 converted.[117]
Victor B(SR).2
Strategic reconnaissance aircraft, nine converted.[47]
Viktor K.2
In-flight refuelling tanker. 24 converted from B.2 and B(SR).2.[47]
HP.96
Proposed military transport of 1950 with new fuselage carrying 85 troops. Qurilmagan.[118]
HP.97
1950 civil airliner project. Qurilmagan[118]
HP.98
Taklif qilingan yo'l qidiruvchisi version with remotely operated tail guns and powered by Conway engines. Rejected in favour of Valiant B.2.[119]
HP.101
Proposed military transport version of HP.97. Qurilmagan[97]
HP.104
Proposed "Phase 3" bomber of 1955 powered by Bristol Olympus or Sapphire engines. Qurilmagan[120]
HP.111
1958 project for military or civil transport, powered by four Conway engines. Capacity for 200 troops in military version or 145 passengers in airliner in a double-decker fuselage.[121]
HP.114
Proposed "Phase 6" bomber designed for standing patrols carrying two or four GAM-87 Skybolt ballistik raketalar.[43]
HP.123
Proposed military tactical transport based on HP.111 and fitted with puflangan qopqoq. Rejected in favour of Armstrong Uitvort AW.681.[122]

Operatorlar

Victor B.1A (K.2P) XH648 da saqlanib qolgan Duxford imperatorlik urushi muzeyi

Baxtsiz hodisalar va hodisalar

  • 14 July 1954: WB771 the prototype HP.80 crashed during a test flight at Cranfield, England. All four crewmen died. The tailplane detached from the top of the fin.[126]
  • 16 April 1958: XA921 a B.1 undertaking Ta'minot vazirligi trials experienced a collapse of the rear bomb bay bulkhead while cycling the bomb bay doors, damaging hydraulic and electrical systems; the aircraft successfully returned to base. Following the incident, in-service Victors had restrictions put in place on the opening of the bomb doors until Modification 943 was applied to all aircraft.[127]
  • 20 August 1959: XH668 a B2 of the A&AEE lost a pitot head and dived into the sea off Milford Xeyven, Pembrokeshire.[128]
  • 19 June 1960: XH617 a B1A of 57 otryad caught fire in the air and was abandoned near Diss, Norfolk.[128]
  • 23 March 1962: XL159 a B2 of the A&AEE stalled and dived into a house at Stubton, Linkolnshir.[129]
  • 14 June 1962: XH613 a B1A of 15 otryad lost power on all engines and was abandoned on approach to RAF Kottesmor.[128]
  • 16 June 1962: XA929 a B1 of 10 otryad overshot the runway and broke up at RAF Akrotiri following an aborted takeoff.[130]
  • 2 October 1962: XA934 a B1 of 'A' Squadron, 232 OCU had an engine failure and deliberate shutdown of the adjacent engine on takeoff from RAF Gaydon. During the approach to land the other two engines flamed out.[130] The aircraft crashed into a copse several miles from RAF Gaydon. Of the four crew on board only the co-pilot survived. The RAF accident record states the prime cause as mis-management of the fuel system and consequent fuel starvation of the two running engines.
  • 20 March 1963: XM714 a B2 of 100 otryad stalled after takeoff from RAF Wittering.[131]
  • 29 June 1966: XM716 a SR2 of 543 Squadron was giving a demonstration flight for the press and television at RAF Vayton.[132] The aircraft had made one high-speed circuit and was flying low in a wide arc to return over the airfield when the starboard wing was seen to break away and both it and the rest of the aircraft burst into flames.[132] Barcha to'rt ekipaj halok bo'ldi.[132] The aircraft was the first SR2 to enter service with the squadron. The aircraft had exceeded its operational limitations causing overstressing.[133][134]
  • 19 August 1968: Victor K1 XH646 ning 214 otryad collided in midair near Xolt, Norfolk in bad weather with a 213 otryad Inglizcha elektr kanberra WT325; all four crew members of the Victor died[128][135][136]
  • 1973 yil 10-may: XL230 a SR2 of 543 Squadron bounced during landing at RAF Vayton va portladi.[129]
  • 24 March 1975: Victor K1A XH618 ning 57 otryad was involved in a midair collision with Blackburn Buccaneer XV156 during a simulated refuelling. The Buccaneer hit the Victor's tailplane causing the Victor to crash into the sea 95 mi (153 km) east of Sanderlend, Tayn va kiying, four crew killed.[128][133]
  • 29 Sept 1976: XL513 a K2 of No 55 Squadron aborted take off and overshot the runway at RAF Marham after a bird strike. The crew escaped with no serious injuries. The aircraft caught fire and was damaged beyond repair.[137]
  • 15 October 1982: XL232 a K2 of No 55 Squadron suffered an uncontained turbine failure early in the take off run. The aircraft was stopped and the crew evacuated the aircraft with no injuries. Debris from the turbine penetrated a fuselage fuel tank, starting an uncontrolled fire, destroying the aircraft and damaging the runway at RAF Marham.[138]
  • 19 June 1986: XL191 a K2 of 57 otryad undershot approach in bad weather at Xemilton, Ontario.[129]
  • 3 May 2009: During a "fast taxi" run at Bruntingthorpe aerodromi, XM715 (Teasin' Tina) made an unplanned brief flight, reaching a height of about 30 ft (9 m) at maximum, then carrying out a safe landing before the aircraft could reach the runway threshold. The aircraft did not have a permit to fly; ammo Fuqaro aviatsiyasi boshqarmasi (CAA) stated that they would not be conducting an investigation.[139] The co-pilot had failed to reply to the command "throttles back"; the pilot then had to control the throttles himself, the confusion temporarily disrupting firm control of the aircraft.[140][141]

Omon qolgan samolyot

Viktor XL231 Lusty Lindy, 2011
Viktor XM715 Teasin' Tina, 2008

A total of four Victors have survived and are on display in the United Kingdom. None are flightworthy.[142]

Specifications (Handley Page Victor B.1)

Viktorning 3 ko'rinishi

Ma'lumotlar 1907 yildan beri Handley Page Aircraft[122]

Umumiy xususiyatlar

  • Ekipaj: 5
  • Uzunlik: 114 ft 11 in (35.03 m)
  • Qanotlari: 110 fut (34 m)
  • Balandligi: 28 ft 1.5 in (8.573 m) [47]
  • Qanot maydoni: 2,406 sq ft (223.5 m2)
  • Havo plyonkasi: Root: 16% Modified RAE Airfoil; Tip: 6% Modified RAE Airfoil[149]
  • Bo'sh vazn: 89,030 lb (40,383 kg) [150]
  • Maksimal parvoz og'irligi: 205,000 lb (92,986 kg)
  • Elektr stansiyasi: 4 × Armstrong Siddeley A.S.Sa.7 Sapphire turbojet engines, 11,050 lbf (49.2 kN) thrust each

Ishlash

  • Maksimal tezlik: 545 kn (627 mph, 1,009 km/h) at 36,000 ft (11,000 m)[47]
  • Qator: 5,217 nmi (6,004 mi, 9,662 km)
  • Xizmat tavanı: 56,000 ft (17,000 m)

Qurollanish

  • Bomba: * Up to 35 × 1,000 lb (450 kg) bombs yoki
  • 1× Sariq quyosh free-fall nuclear bomb

Ommaviy axborot vositalarida taniqli namoyishlar

Asosiy maqola: Handley Page Victor in fiction

A 1964 Gerxard Rixter nomli rasm XL 513 depicts Victor K.2, which was lost in a 1976 accident at RAF Marham.[151]

Shuningdek qarang

Bilan bog'liq rivojlanish

Taqqoslanadigan roli, konfiguratsiyasi va davridagi samolyotlar

Tegishli ro'yxatlar

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar

  1. ^ Frederik Xendli Peyj, the founder and owner of Handley Page, had anticipated that there would be a need to replace the Lincoln bomber well in advance of any requirement, having issued a memo on 14 June 1945 requesting the immediate investigation of two new bomber designs.[4]
  2. ^ According to aviation author Jon Lake, the name 'Victor' had originated from British Prime Minister Uinston Cherchill.[13]
  3. ^ Paul Langston, an observer on-board while XA917 broke the sound barrier, has the distinction of being the first man to break the sound barrier seated backwards.[30]
  4. ^ Martin Beyker developed and tested rearward ejection systems for both the Valiant and the Vulcan, proceeding to the point of a modified Valiant undergoing testing; however the company concluded that the same approach on the Victor would be substantially more difficult due to structural reasons.[57]
  5. ^ In operational service with the RAF, a maximum payload of 35 1,000 lb bombs could be carried.[47]
  6. ^ Godfrey Lee, one of the aircraft's designers, stated of the electrical changes that "an unbelievable improvement followed from going over from DC to AC".[66]
  7. ^ Xedli Hazelden, Handley Page's chief test pilot, stated that "From a pilot's point of view, the Victor wasn't that much of a problem. In spite of innovations such as powered controls and nose flaps, it flew like any other aeroplane".[77]

Iqtiboslar

  1. ^ Sidney, William (Lord De L'Isle and Dudley) (17 February 1953). "Supply of Aircraft". House of Lords Debates. Xansard. cc463. Olingan 30 may 2016.
  2. ^ Wynn 1997, pp. 7, 16.
  3. ^ Wynn 1997, p. 18.
  4. ^ Brookes 2011, p. 6.
  5. ^ a b Tugmachani Havo ixlosmandlari January/February 1999, pp. 28–31.
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  7. ^ Butler and Buttler 2009, p. 7.
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  9. ^ a b Gunston 1973, p. 80
  10. ^ Lee, G.H. "Aerodynamics of the Crescent Wing." Parvoz, 14 May 1954, pp. 611–612.
  11. ^ Parvoz 30 October 1959, p. 463.
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  13. ^ a b Leyk 2002, p. 364.
  14. ^ Tugmachani Havo ixlosmandlari January/February 1999, pp. 38–39.
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  16. ^ Barns 1976, p. 502.
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  18. ^ "This British Bomber Leads The World." Yosh, 15 January 1953. p. 2018-04-02 121 2.
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  20. ^ Bruks The Handley Page Victor: Volume 1 2007, p. 114.
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  22. ^ Gunston Har oyda samolyot February 1981, p. 61.
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  52. ^ ap Rees Havo tasviriy 1972 yil may, p. 166.
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  71. ^ Butler and Buttler 2009, pp. 44, 47.
  72. ^ Parvoz 30 October 1959, pp. 463–465.
  73. ^ Bruks The Handley Page Victor Volume 2 2007, p. 282
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  75. ^ Butler and Buttler 2009, p. 60.
  76. ^ Butler and Buttler 2009, p. 31.
  77. ^ a b Brookes 2011, p. 18.
  78. ^ Butler and Buttler 2009, p. 33.
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  81. ^ Butler and Buttler 2009, p. 35.
  82. ^ "Farnborough Week: The most Memorable S.B.A.C. Display Yet." Xalqaro reys, 12 September 1958. pp. 438, 442.
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  91. ^ Parvoz 19 September 1958, p. 494.
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  93. ^ Butler and Buttler 2009, p. 49.
  94. ^ Windle and Bowman 2009, p. 21.
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  98. ^ Rodvell Parvoz 6 May 1965, p. 703.
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  103. ^ Fraser-Mitchell 2009, pp. 90–91.
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  105. ^ Butler and Buttler 2009, p. 75.
  106. ^ Butler and Buttler 2009, p. 72.
  107. ^ Brookes 2011, p. 69.
  108. ^ "The Falkland Islands: A history of the 1982 conflict." Qirollik havo kuchlari, 2010 yil 29 aprel.
  109. ^ "Operation Black Buck." Arxivlandi 14 February 2014 at the Orqaga qaytish mashinasi Qirollik havo kuchlari, Retrieved: 20 April 2014.
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  111. ^ Thompson, Julian. "Falklands Conflict Gallery." BBC, 2007 yil iyun.
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  114. ^ "RAF Aircraft in Operation Granby." Arxivlandi 2011 yil 11 oktyabr Orqaga qaytish mashinasi Qirollik havo kuchlari, Retrieved: 20 April 2014.
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  116. ^ Brookes and Davy 2011, pp. 14–15.
  117. ^ a b v d "Handley Page Victor K2". Qirollik havo kuchlari muzeyi, 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
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  119. ^ Barns 1976, p. 501.
  120. ^ Barns 1976, p. 605.
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  122. ^ a b Barns 1976, p. 529.
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  124. ^ Ashworth 1989, p. 131.
  125. ^ Brookes 2011, pp. 75, 92.
  126. ^ The Determination of the Flutter Speed of a T-tail Unit by Calculations, Model Tests and Flight Flutter Tests, Baldock, October 1958, AGARD Report 221 para.2.6
  127. ^ Darling 2012, p. 55.
  128. ^ a b v d e Halley 2001, p. 42.
  129. ^ a b v Halley 2001, p. 54.
  130. ^ a b Halley 2001, p. 9.
  131. ^ Halley 2001, p. 64.
  132. ^ a b v "A Victor 2 Falls in Flames Four killed in display run." The Times, Issue 56671, 30 June 1966, p. 1, Column G.
  133. ^ a b "Handley Page Victor". Ejection History. Olingan 12 aprel 2011.
  134. ^ Bruks The Handley Page Victor Volume 2 2007, p. 268
  135. ^ Barns 1976, p. 525.
  136. ^ "UK Military Aircraft Losses: 1968". ukserials.com. Vulverxempton aviatsiya guruhi. Qabul qilingan 19 aprel 2011 yil.
  137. ^ ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55300, olingan 22 avgust 2015
  138. ^ ASN Wikibase Occurrence # 55299
  139. ^ "Pictures: Victor bomber accidentally becomes airborne during taxi demo." Xalqaro reys, 9 September 2009. Retrieved: 24 July 2010.
  140. ^ "Probe into unauthorised Victor flight." Arxivlandi 27 September 2009 at Veb-sayt Lester Merkuriy, 9 September 2009. Retrieved: 24 July 2010.
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  142. ^ "Concorde will never fly again, says Vulcan restoration expert" Mexanika muhandislari instituti, 2013 yil 28-iyun.
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  145. ^ Thunder & Lightnings (2 October 2008). "Survivor XH673". Momaqaldiroq va chaqmoq. Olingan 12 aprel 2011.
  146. ^ edp24. edp24 https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/raf-marham-offering-free-victor-jet-1-6504843. Olingan 1 mart 2020. Yo'qolgan yoki bo'sh sarlavha = (Yordam bering)
  147. ^ The Victor Association. "XL 231 Lindy Updates". The Victor Association. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2012 yil 8 fevralda. Olingan 12 aprel 2011.
  148. ^ Thunder & Lightnings (25 May 2010). "Survivor XM715". Momaqaldiroq va chaqmoq. Olingan 12 aprel 2011.
  149. ^ Ledniker, Devid (2010 yil 15 sentyabr). "Havo plyonkalarini ishlatish bo'yicha to'liq bo'lmagan qo'llanma". UIUC Amaliy aerodinamik guruhi. Olingan 16 aprel 2019.
  150. ^ Fraser-Mitchell 2009, p. 86.
  151. ^ XL 513 » documenta 9 » Exhibitions » Gerhard Richter, olingan 22 avgust 2015

Bibliografiya

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