MacOS - MacOS

macOS

Tuzuvchi	Apple Inc.
Yozilgan	C C ++[1] Maqsad-C Tez[2] assambleya tili
OS oilasi	Unix, Macintosh
Ishchi holat	Joriy
Manba modeli	Yopiq manba (bilan ochiq manba komponentlar)
Dastlabki chiqarilish	2001 yil 24 mart; 19 yil oldin (2001-03-24)
Oxirgi nashr	11.0.1[3] (20B50)[4] (2020 yil 19-noyabr); 7 kun oldin (2020-11-19)) [±]
Oxirgi oldindan ko'rish	11.1 beta-versiyasi[5] (20C5048k)[6] (2020 yil 17-noyabr); 9 kun oldin (2020-11-17)) [±]
Marketing maqsadi	Shaxsiy hisoblash
Mavjud:	39 ta til[7]
Tillar ro'yxati [macOS Catalina-ga ko'ra]: arab, katalan, xorvat, xitoy (Gonkong), xitoy (soddalashtirilgan), xitoy (an'anaviy), chex, daniyalik, golland, ingliz (Avstraliya), ingliz (Buyuk Britaniya), ingliz (AQSh) ), Fin, frantsuz (Kanada), frantsuz (Frantsiya), nemis, yunon, ibroniy, hind, venger, indoneziya, italyan, yapon, koreys, malay, norveg, polyak, portugal (Braziliya), portugal (portugal), rumin, Rus, slovak, ispan (Lotin Amerikasi), ispan (Ispaniya), shved, tay, turk, ukrain, vetnam
Yangilash usuli	Tizim parametrlari (10.14 –) Mac App Store (10.8 –10.13.6 ) Dasturiy ta'minotni yangilash (10.0 –10.7.5 )
Platformalar	ARM64 (11.0 –) x86-64 (10.4.7 –) IA-32 (10.4.4 –10.6.8 ) PowerPC (10.0 –10.5.8 )
Kernel turi	Gibrid (XNU )
Odatiy foydalanuvchi interfeysi	Akva (Grafik )
Litsenziya	Tijorat dasturlari, mulkiy dasturiy ta'minot
Oldingi	Klassik Mac OS, Keyingi qadam
Rasmiy veb-sayt	www.olma.com/ makoslar
Qo'llab-quvvatlash holati
Qo'llab-quvvatlanadi

macOS (/ˌmækoʊˈɛs/;^[8] ilgari Mac OS X va keyinroq OS X) bir qator mulkiy grafik operatsion tizimlar tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va sotilgan Apple Inc. 2001 yildan beri. Bu Apple kompaniyasining asosiy operatsion tizimidir Mac kompyuterlari. Ish stoli, noutbuk va uy kompyuterlari bozorida va Internetdan foydalanish bo'yicha bu ikkinchi o'rinda eng keng qo'llaniladigan ish stoli OS, keyin Microsoft Windows.^[9][10]

macOS - bu ikkinchi yirik seriya Macintosh operatsion tizimlari. Birinchisi, og'zaki ravishda "deb nomlanadi klassik Mac OS, 1984 yilda taqdim etilgan, uning yakuniy chiqarilishi Mac OS 9 1999 yilda.

Birinchi ish stoli versiyasi, Mac OS X 10.0, 2001 yil mart oyida chiqarilgan, birinchi yangilanishi - 10.1, shu yilning oxiriga kelib. Mac OS X va OS X da "X" bu Rim raqami 10 raqami uchun va shunday talaffuz qilinadi. X operatsion tizimning taniqli qismi edi tovar identifikatori va marketing o'zining dastlabki yillarida, lekin 2009 yilda Snow Leopard chiqqandan keyin asta-sekin taniqli bo'lib orqaga qaytdi. Apple o'z nashrlariga shunday nom berishni boshladi: katta mushuklar qadar davom etdi OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion. Beri OS X 10.9 Mavericks, relizlar joylar nomi bilan nomlangan Kaliforniya.^[11]

macOS-ga asoslangan Unix operatsion tizim va 1985-1997 yillarda ishlab chiqarilgan texnologiyalar bo'yicha Keyingisi, Apple asoschilaridan biri bo'lgan kompaniya Stiv Jobs 1985 yilda Apple-dan ketganidan keyin yaratilgan. Releases from Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard^[12] va bundan keyin UNIX 03 sertifikatlangan.^[13] macOS nomi berilgan Unix-ga asoslangan yadro bilan bo'lishadi Darvin va uning ko'plari ramkalar Apple-ning boshqa operatsion tizimlari bilan.^[14]

Apple 2012 yilda "OS X" nomini qisqartirgan, keyin esa 2016 yilda "macOS" ga o'zgartirgan nomenklatura ular boshqa operatsion tizimlari uchun foydalangan, iOS, watchOS va tvOS. 2020 yilda Apple asosiy versiya raqamini 11 ga oshirdi macOS Big Sur, garchi u avvalgi macOS versiyalari bilan bir xil bazani saqlab qolsa ham.

1999 yildan 2005 yilgacha Mac OS X-ning versiyalari chop etilgan PowerPC - o'sha davrga asoslangan uskunalar. Tomon o'tish paytida Intel arxitekturasi 2006 yildan boshlab Intel-ga asoslangan Mac-lar uchun versiyalari chiqarildi 32-bit va hozirda 64-bit protsessorlar. Sifatida macOS 11 (2020), Apple bosqichma-bosqich o'tishni boshladi 64-bitli ARM asoslangan, Apple Silicon Mac.

Tarix

Rivojlanish

Soddalashtirilgan tarixi Unixga o'xshash operatsion tizimlar

MacOS-ga aylanadigan narsaning merosi paydo bo'lgan Keyingisi tomonidan tashkil etilgan kompaniya Stiv Jobs 1985 yilda Apple-dan ketganidan keyin. U erda Unixga o'xshash Keyingi qadam operatsion tizim ishlab chiqilgan va 1989 yilda ishga tushirilgan yadro NeXTSTEP-ga asoslangan Mach yadrosi, dastlab ishlab chiqilgan Karnegi Mellon universiteti, qo'shimcha yadro qatlamlari va past darajali foydalanuvchi maydoni qismlaridan olingan kod BSD.^[15] Uning grafik foydalanuvchi interfeysi tepasida qurilgan ob'ektga yo'naltirilgan GUI vositalari to'plami yordamida Maqsad-C dasturlash tili.

1990-yillarning boshlarida Apple o'z vazifasini bajarish uchun "yangi avlod" operatsion tizimini yaratishga harakat qildi klassik Mac OS orqali Iqtidorli, Kopland va Gershvin loyihalar, ammo barchasi oxir-oqibat tark etildi.^[16] Bu Apple-ni sotib olishga olib keldi Keyingisi 1996 yilda NeXTSTEP-ga ruxsat berildi, keyin chaqirildi OPENSTEP, Apple-ning keyingi avlod operatsion tizimi uchun asos bo'lib xizmat qiladi.^[17]Ushbu xarid, shuningdek, Stiv Jobsning Apple-ga vaqtincha, so'ngra doimiy bosh direktor bo'lib qaytishiga olib keldi va dasturchilar uchun qulay bo'lgan OPENSTEP-ni Apple-ning uy foydalanuvchilari va ijodiy mutaxassislarining asosiy bozori tomonidan qabul qilinadigan tizimga aylantirilishini boshladi. Loyiha birinchi bo'lib "nomi bilan nomlanganRapsodiya "va keyin rasmiy ravishda Mac OS X deb nomlangan.^[18][19]

Mac OS X

Mac OS X operatsion tizimini ishga tushirish

Mac OS X dastlab Apple operatsion tizimining o'ninchi asosiy versiyasi sifatida taqdim etilgan Macintosh kompyuterlar; macOS-ning joriy versiyalari asosiy "10" raqamini saqlab qoladi. Avvalgi Macintosh operatsion tizimlari (versiyalari klassik Mac OS ) yordamida nomlangan Arab raqamlari, kabi Mac OS 8 va Mac OS 9. Mac OS X nomidagi "X" harfi 10, a raqamiga ishora qiladi Rim raqami, va Apple ushbu kontekstda "o'n" deb talaffuz qilinishi kerakligini ta'kidladi.^[20][21] Biroq, u odatda "X" harfi kabi talaffuz qilinadi.^[21][22]

Mac OS X ning birinchi versiyasi, Mac OS X Server 1.0, o'xshash interfeysga ega bo'lgan o'tish mahsuloti edi klassik Mac OS garchi u eski tizim uchun mo'ljallangan dasturiy ta'minot bilan mos kelmasa ham. Mac OS X-ning iste'molchilar uchun chiqaradigan versiyalari ko'proq narsani o'z ichiga oladi orqaga qarab muvofiqligi. Mac OS dasturlari mahalliy orqali ishlash uchun qayta yozilishi mumkin Carbon API; ko'pchilik to'g'ridan-to'g'ri orqali boshqarilishi mumkin Klassik muhit ishlashning pasayishi bilan.

Mac OS X ning iste'molchi versiyasi 2001 yilda ishga tushirilgan Mac OS X 10.0. Sharhlar o'zgaruvchan bo'lib, uning zamonaviy va yorqinligi uchun keng maqtovlar mavjud edi Aqua interfeysi, lekin sust ishlashi uchun uni tanqid qilish.^[23] Apple-ning mashhurligi past bo'lganligi sababli, bir nechta klassik Mac dasturlarini ishlab chiqaruvchilari FrameMaker va PageMaker Mac OS X uchun dasturiy ta'minotining yangi versiyasini ishlab chiqishdan bosh tortdi.^[24] Ars Technica 10.10 gacha bo'lgan har bir yirik OS X versiyasini ko'rib chiqqan kolonnist Jon Siracusa, retrospektivdagi erta nashrlarni "itlar sust, kambag'al xususiyatlar" va Aqua "chidab bo'lmas darajada sekin va ulkan resurs cho'chqasi" deb ta'riflagan.^[23][25][26]

Keyingi nashrlar

Apple tezkor ravishda Mac OS X ning bir nechta yangi versiyalarini ishlab chiqdi.^[27] Siracusa ning 10.3 versiyasini ko'rib chiqishi, Pantera, qayd etdi "Ko'p yillik noaniqliklardan o'tganimiz g'alati va bug 'idishlari yillik yangi operatsion tizim chiqarilishlarining barqaror ta'minotiga. "^[28] 10.4 versiyasi, Yo'lbars, xabarlariga ko'ra, rahbarlar shokka tushishgan Microsoft Microsoft sarflagan tezkor fayllarni qidirish va yaxshilangan grafik ishlov berish kabi bir qator xususiyatlarni taklif qilish orqali bir necha yil kurashmoqda qo'shmoq Windows maqbul ishlash bilan.^[29]

Operatsion tizim rivojlanib borishi bilan u uzoqlashdi klassik Mac OS, ilovalar qo'shilishi va olib tashlanishi bilan.^[30] Apple musiqani asosiy bozor deb hisoblab, uni ishlab chiqardi iPod Mac uchun musiqa pleyeri va musiqa dasturi, shu jumladan iTunes va GarageBand.^[31] Iste'molchilar va media bozorlarini maqsad qilib olgan Apple o'zining yangi "raqamli turmush tarzi" kabi dasturlarini ta'kidladi iLife suite, orqali uy sharoitida ko'ngil ochish Old qator media markazi va Safari veb-brauzer. Internetning ommalashib borishi bilan Apple qo'shimcha onlayn xizmatlarni taklif qildi, shu jumladan .Mac, MobileMe va yaqinda iCloud mahsulotlar. Keyinchalik u uchinchi tomon dasturlarini sotishni boshladi Mac App Store.

Mac OS X-ning yangi versiyalari, shuningdek, dastlabki versiyalarning chiziqli porlashi va shaffofligidan uzoqlashib, umumiy interfeysga o'zgartirishlarni kiritdi. Ba'zi ilovalar a dan foydalanishni boshladi cho'tka metall 10.4 versiyasida tashqi ko'rinish yoki chiziqli bo'lmagan sarlavha satrining ko'rinishi.^[32] Leopardda Apple standartlashtirilgan kulrang-gradiyali oyna uslubi bilan interfeys birlashishini e'lon qildi.^[33][34]

2006 yilda, birinchi Intel Chiqarilgan Mac-larning ixtisoslashgan versiyasidan foydalanilgan Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger.^[35]

Tizimning asosiy rivojlanishi bu e'lon va chiqarilish edi iPhone 2007 yildan boshlab. Apple oldingi bo'lsa-da iPod media pleerlardan foydalanilgan minimal operatsion tizim, iPhone keyinchalik "iPhone OS" deb nomlanadigan va keyin Mac OS X asosidagi operatsion tizimdan foydalangan iOS. Xuddi shu ramkalarga asoslangan ikkita operatsion tizimning bir vaqtning o'zida chiqarilishi Apple-da keskinlikni keltirib chiqardi, bu esa iPhone-ni kechiktirishga majbur qilgani Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard.^[36] Biroq, Apple iPhone-ni uchinchi tomon ishlab chiqaruvchilariga ochgandan so'ng, uning tijoratdagi muvaffaqiyati Mac OS X-ga e'tibor qaratdi va ko'plab iPhone dasturiy ta'minot ishlab chiqaruvchilari Mac-ning rivojlanishiga qiziqish bildirishdi.^[37]

2007 yilda, Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard bilan yagona chiqarilish edi universal ikkilik komponentlari, ikkala Intel Mac-ga o'rnatishga imkon beradi va tanlang PowerPC Maclar.^[38] Bundan tashqari, bu PowerPC Mac ko'magi bilan yakuniy versiya. Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard faqat Intel Mac-lar uchun qurilgan OS X-ning birinchi versiyasi va 32-bitli Intel Mac-quvvatlashi bilan yakuniy chiqarilishi edi.^[39] Ism, Leopardning iteratsiyasi maqomini ko'rsatishga qaratilgan bo'lib, foydalanuvchilarga qarashli xususiyatlarga emas, balki texnik va ishlashni yaxshilashga qaratilgan; haqiqatan ham bu ishlab chiqaruvchilarga "yangi xususiyatlar yo'q" deb nomlangan.^[40] Chiqarilganidan beri bir nechta OS X yoki macOS versiyalari (ya'ni.) OS X Mountain Lion, OS X El Capitan va macOS High Sierra ) avvalgisidan kelib chiqqan ism bilan "tik-tok modeli Intel tomonidan ishlatiladi.

Ikki keyingi versiyada, Arslon va Tog'li sher, Apple ba'zi dasturlarni yuqori darajaga ko'chirdi skeomorfik iOS-ning zamonaviy versiyalaridan ilhomlangan dizayn uslubi, ba'zi elementlarni soddalashtirish, masalan, aylantirish panjaralari ishlatilmaganda o'chib ketadi.^[25] Ushbu yo'nalish, ba'zi bir foydalanuvchilarga yoqmagan metall interfeyslar kabi edi, garchi u ilgari dizayn jihatlarida ko'rilgan interfeysda katta animatsiya va xilma-xillikni davom ettirdi. Vaqt mashinasi zaxira nusxasi utilitasi, bu aylanayotgan tumanlikka qarshi o'tgan fayl versiyalari va porloq shaffof dok ning Qoplon va Qor qoploni.^[41] Bundan tashqari, bilan Mac OS X 10.7 Lion, Apple alohida chiqarishni to'xtatdi server server vositalarini Mac App Store orqali alohida yuklab olinadigan dastur sifatida sotadigan Mac OS X versiyalari. Sharhda server mahsulotlarining tendentsiyasi "arzonroq va soddalashib bormoqda ... uning e'tiborini yirik biznesdan kichik biznesga o'tkazish" deb ta'riflangan.^[42]

OS X

2012-2013 yillardagi OS X logotipi

2012 yilda, chiqishi bilan OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion, tizim nomi Mac OS X dan OS Xgacha qisqartirildi. O'sha yili Apple OS X ishlab chiqarish boshlig'ini olib tashladi, Scott Forstall va dizayn minimal yo'nalishga o'zgartirildi.^[43] Rangni to'yinganligi, faqat matnli tugmalar va minimal, "tekis" interfeysdan foydalangan holda Apple-ning yangi foydalanuvchi interfeysi dizayni debyut qilindi iOS 7 Ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, OS X muhandislari iOS 7 da ishlaydi, 2013 yilda chiqarilgan versiya, OS X 10.9 Mavericks, ba'zi bir skeomorfik dizayni olib tashlangan holda, o'tish davridagi narsa edi, Mavericksning umumiy interfeysi esa o'zgarishsiz qoldi.^[44] Keyingi versiya, OS X 10.10 Yosemite, shunga o'xshash dizaynni qabul qildi iOS 7 ammo sichqoncha bilan boshqariladigan interfeysga mos keladigan katta murakkablik bilan.^[45]

2012 yildan boshlab tizim har yilgi jadvalga o'xshash yillik chiqish jadvaliga o'tdi iOS. Shuningdek, 2013 yildan boshlab yangilanish to'lovlarini butunlay olib tashlamasdan oldin, Snow Leopard-dan yangilanishlar narxini doimiy ravishda kamaytirdi.^[46] Ba'zi jurnalistlar va uchinchi tomon dasturiy ta'minot ishlab chiqaruvchilari ushbu qaror tezkor xususiyatlarni chiqarishga imkon berish bilan birga barqarorlikka e'tibor qaratish uchun kamroq imkoniyat deganidir, ammo foydalanuvchilar uchun OS X versiyasi barqarorlik va ishlashni yangi xususiyatlardan yuqori talab qilmaydi.^[47] Apple-ning 2015-yilgi yangilanishi, OS X 10.11 El Capitan, barqarorlik va ishlashni yaxshilashga alohida e'tibor qaratishi e'lon qilindi.^[48]

macOS

MacOS logotipi

2016 yilda, chiqishi bilan macOS 10.12 Sierra, bu nom OS X-dan MacOS-ga Apple-ning boshqa asosiy operatsion tizimlarini markalash bilan soddalashtirish uchun o'zgartirildi: iOS, watchOS va tvOS.^[49] macOS 10.12 Sierra-ning asosiy xususiyatlari - bu joriy etish Siri macOS-ga, optimallashtirilgan saqlash, dasturlarning yaxshilanishi va Apple-ga ko'proq integratsiya iPhone va Apple Watch. The Apple fayl tizimi (APFS) Apple yillik yillik e'lon qilindi Butunjahon ishlab chiquvchilar konferentsiyasi (WWDC) o'rniga 2016 yil iyun oyida HFS +, juda tanqid qilingan fayl tizimi.^[50]

Apple oldindan ko'rib chiqildi macOS 10.13 Yuqori Sierra WWDC 2017-da, o'sha yili uni chiqarmasdan oldin.^[51] Qattiq jismli drayvlarda ishlaganda u HFS + o'rniga APFS dan foydalanadi.^[52] Uning vorisi, macOS 10.14 Mojave, 2018 yilda qorong'i foydalanuvchi interfeysi variantini qo'shgan va a dinamik fon rasmi sozlamalari.^[53] Bunga erishildi macOS 10.15 Catalina o'rnini bosadigan 2019 yilda iTunes har xil turdagi ommaviy axborot vositalari uchun alohida dasturlar bilan va iOS dasturlarini ko'chirish uchun Katalizator tizimini taqdim etadi.^[54]

2020 yilda Apple oldindan ko'rib chiqdi macOS 11.0 Big Sur WWDC-2020 da. Bu MacOS versiyasi chiqarilgandan beri asosiy versiya sonidagi birinchi o'sish bo'ldi Mac OS X Public Beta-versiyasi 2000 yilda Big Sur foydalanuvchi interfeysiga katta o'zgarishlar kiritdi va ARM ko'rsatmalar to'plamida ishlaydigan birinchi versiya bo'ldi. ^[55]

Arxitektura

MacOS yadrosi a POSIX - ustiga o'rnatilgan mos keluvchi operatsion tizim XNU yadro, ^[56] standart Unix imkoniyatlari bilan buyruq qatori interfeysi. Apple ushbu dasturiy ta'minot oilasini a ozod va ochiq manba nomlangan operatsion tizim Darvin. Darvin ustida Apple bir qator tarkibiy qismlarni, shu jumladan Akva interfeysi va Topuvchi tugatish uchun GUI MacOS-ga asoslangan operatsion tizim.^[57]

Dastlabki Mac OS X sifatida joriy etilishi bilan tizim o'zining oldingisiga qaraganda ancha barqaror va ishonchli platformani taqdim etish uchun bir qator yangi imkoniyatlarni taqdim etdi. klassik Mac OS. Masalan, oldindan ko'p vazifalarni bajarish va xotirani himoya qilish tizimning bir vaqtning o'zida bir nechta dasturlarni bir-birlarini to'xtatmasdan yoki buzmasdan ishlash qobiliyatini yaxshiladi. MacOS arxitekturasining ko'p jihatlari kelib chiqadi OPENSTEP, ko'chma bo'lishi uchun mo'ljallangan, bir platformadan ikkinchisiga o'tishni engillashtirish uchun. Masalan, Keyingi qadam asl nusxasidan ko'chirildi 68k asoslangan NeXT ish stantsiyalari x86 va boshqa arxitekturalar NeXT-ni Apple sotib olmaguncha,^[58] va keyin OPENSTEP ga ko'chirildi PowerPC arxitekturasi Rapsodiya loyihasi.

MacOS High Sierra-dan oldin va boshqa disklarda qattiq holatdagi haydovchilar (SSD), sukut bo'yicha fayl tizimi bu HFS + u klassik Mac OS-dan meros bo'lib o'tgan. Operatsion tizim dizayneri Linus Torvalds HFS + ni tanqid qildi va "bu eng yomon fayl tizimi" deb aytdi, uning dizayni "foydalanuvchi ma'lumotlarini faol ravishda buzadi". U tanqid qildi ishning befarqligi fayl nomlari, Apple fayl tizimini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun kengaytirganda dizayni yomonlashdi Unicode.^[59][60]

The Darvin macOS-dagi kichik tizim Unix-ni o'z ichiga olgan fayl tizimini boshqaradi ruxsatnomalar qatlam. 2003 va 2005 yillarda ikkitasi Macworld muharrirlar ruxsat sxemasini tanqid qilishdi; Ted Landau noto'g'ri tuzilgan ruxsatlarni "MacOS-dagi" eng tez-tez uchraydigan umidsizlik "deb atadi, Rob Griffits esa ba'zi foydalanuvchilar hatto shunday bo'lishi kerak deb taxmin qilishdi ruxsatlarni qayta tiklash har kuni, bu jarayon 15 daqiqagacha davom etishi mumkin.^[61] Yaqinda yana bir Macworld muharriri Den Freyks ruxsatlarni ta'mirlash tartibini haddan tashqari ortiqcha deb atadi.^[62] Uning ta'kidlashicha, macOS odatda foydalanuvchi aralashuvisiz ruxsatnomalarni to'g'ri ishlaydi va ruxsatnomalarni qayta tiklash faqat muammolar paydo bo'lganda sinab ko'rish kerak.^[63]

MacOS arxitekturasi qatlamli dizaynni o'z ichiga oladi:^[64]qatlamli ramkalar umumiy vazifalar uchun mavjud kodni taqdim etish orqali dasturlarning tezkor rivojlanishiga yordam beradi.^[65] Apple o'z mahsulotlarini taqdim etadi dasturiy ta'minotni ishlab chiqish asboblar, eng ko'zga ko'ringan an birlashgan rivojlanish muhiti deb nomlangan Xkod. Xcode interfeyslarni taqdim etadi kompilyatorlar bu bir nechtasini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi dasturlash tillari shu jumladan C, C ++, Maqsad-C va Tez. Uchun Mac Intel protsessorlariga o'tish, ishlab chiquvchilar o'z dasturlarini a sifatida yaratishi uchun o'zgartirildi universal ikkilik, bu Intel va PowerPC-ga asoslangan Macintosh liniyalari bilan moslikni ta'minlaydi.^[66] Birinchi va uchinchi tomon dasturlari dastur yordamida boshqarilishi mumkin AppleScript ramka,^[67] dan saqlangan klassik Mac OS,^[68] yoki yangisini ishlatish Avtomatator dasturlash bilimlarini talab qilmaydigan oldindan yozilgan vazifalarni taklif qiluvchi dastur.^[69]

Dastur muvofiqligi

Apple ikkita asosiy taklif qildi API-lar macOS uchun dasturiy ta'minotni ishlab chiqish: Kakao va Uglerod. Kakao meros qilib olingan API-larning avlodi edi OPENSTEP ajdodlari bilan klassik Mac OS, uglerod klassik Mac OS API-lari uchun moslashtirilgan bo'lsa-da, Mac dasturiy ta'minotini o'z Mac OS X-da ishlash uchun minimal darajada qayta yozishga imkon beradi.^[19]

Cocoa API 1993 yilgi hamkorlik natijasida yaratilgan NeXT kompyuteri va Quyosh mikrosistemalari. Ushbu meros kakao ishlab chiqaruvchilari uchun juda yaxshi ko'rinadi, chunki "NS" prefiksi hamma joyda keng tarqalgan bo'lib, har xil NeXTSTEP yoki NeXT /Sun. 1994 yil sentyabr oyida nashr etilgan rasmiy OPENSTEP API birinchi bo'lib API-ni Foundation va ApplicationKit o'rtasida ajratdi va birinchi bo'lib "NS" prefiksini ishlatdi.^[58] An'anaga ko'ra, kakao dasturlari asosan yozilgan Maqsad-C, muqobil sifatida Java bilan. Biroq, 2005 yil 11-iyulda Apple "Mac OS X versiyalarida 10.4 dan kechroq kakaoga qo'shilgan xususiyatlar Kakao-Java dasturlash interfeysiga qo'shilmaydi" deb e'lon qildi.^[79] macOS-ni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun ham ishlatilgan Java platformasi "afzal qilingan dasturiy ta'minot to'plami" sifatida - amalda bu shuni anglatadiki, Java-da yozilgan dasturlar operatsion tizimga iloji boricha yaxshilab kirib boraveradi o'zaro faoliyat platforma mos keladigan va grafik foydalanuvchi interfeyslari yozilgan Belanchak deyarli mahalliy kakao interfeyslariga o'xshaydi. 2014 yildan beri Apple o'zining yangi dasturlash tilini ilgari surdi Tez Apple platformalarida dasturiy ta'minotni ishlab chiqish uchun afzal til sifatida.

MacOS bilan Apple-ning dastlabki rejasi barcha ishlab chiquvchilardan o'zlarining dasturlarini Cocoa API-lariga qayta yozishni talab qilish edi. Bu mavjud bo'lgan Mac ishlab chiquvchilarining katta noroziligiga sabab bo'ldi, ular qimmatbaho qayta yozishga sarmoya kiritish o'rniga platformadan voz kechish bilan tahdid qildilar va bu g'oya bekor qilindi.^[19][80] Mac OS 9 dan Mac OS X ga silliq o'tishga ruxsat berish uchun Uglerod Ilova dasturlash interfeysi (API) yaratildi.^[19] Uglerod bilan yozilgan dasturlar dastlab klassik Mac OS va Mac OS X operatsion tizimlarida ishlashga qodir edi, ammo keyinchalik Mac OS X rivojlanib borishi bilan bu imkoniyat bekor qilindi. Mac OS X sifatida sotiladigan birinchi mahsulotga uglerod kiritilmagan: unchalik ishlatilmagan original versiyasi Mac OS X Server 1.0, bu shuningdek Aqua interfeysini o'z ichiga olmaydi.^[81] Apple Leopard chiqqandan boshlab uglerodni yanada rivojlantirishni cheklab qo'ydi va Carbon dasturlari 64-bitda ishlamasligini e'lon qildi.^[80][19] Bir qator macOS dasturlari bir muncha vaqtdan keyin Carbon-dan foydalanishni davom ettirdilar, xususan klassik Mac OS-dan merosga ega bo'lganlar va yangilanishlar qiyin, tejamli yoki kerak emas. Bunga kiritilgan Microsoft Office qadar Office 2016 va CS5-ga qadar Photoshop.^[82][80] MacOS-ning dastlabki versiyalari ba'zi klassik Mac OS dasturlarini Klassik muhit ishlash cheklovlari bilan; bu xususiyat 10,5 dan boshlab va Intel protsessorlari yordamida barcha Mac-lar o'chirildi.

Chunki macOS shunday POSIX mos keladigan, boshqasiga yozilgan ko'plab dasturiy ta'minot Unixga o'xshash tizimlar, shu jumladan Linux ko'plab ilmiy va texnik dasturlarni o'z ichiga olgan holda ishlash uchun qayta kompilyatsiya qilinishi mumkin.^[83] Kabi uchinchi tomon loyihalari Homebrew, Fink, MacPorts va pkgsrc oldindan tuzilgan yoki oldindan formatlangan paketlarni taqdim etish. Apple va boshqalar .ning versiyalarini taqdim etishdi X oyna tizimi grafik interfeys, bu ushbu dasturlarni macOS ko'rinish va ko'rinishini taxminiy ravishda ishlashiga imkon beradi.^[84][85][86] Hozirgi Apple tomonidan tasdiqlangan usul ochiq manba hisoblanadi XQuars loyiha; oldingi versiyalarida X11 Apple tomonidan taqdim etilgan dastur yoki undan oldin XDarvin loyiha.^[87]

Ilovalar Mac-larga tarqatilishi va foydalanuvchi tomonidan istalgan manbadan va yuklab olish (istalgan holda yoki qo'shmasdan) kabi har qanday usul bilan o'rnatilishi mumkin kodni imzolash, Apple developer hisob qaydnomasi orqali) yoki Mac App Store, Apple tomonidan kompaniyaning ma'qullashini talab qiladigan jarayon orqali ta'minlanadigan dasturiy ta'minot bozori. Mac App Store orqali o'rnatilgan ilovalar a ichida ishlaydi qum qutisi, boshqa dasturlar bilan ma'lumot almashish yoki asosiy operatsion tizim va uning xususiyatlarini o'zgartirish imkoniyatlarini cheklash. Bu foydalanuvchilarga o'zlarining tizimlariga zarar etkaza olmaslik kerakligiga ishonch bilan ilovalarni o'rnatishlariga imkon berish orqali, shuningdek Mac App Store-ning yuqori darajadagi imtiyozlarni talab qiladigan professional ilovalar uchun foydalanishni blokirovka qilish sababli kamchilik sifatida, afzallik sifatida keltirilgan.^[88][89] Hech qanday kod imzosiz dasturlar sukut bo'yicha kompyuter administratori hisobidan tashqari ishga tushishi mumkin emas.^[90][91]

Apple macOS dasturlarini ishlab chiqaradi. Ba'zilari macOS-ga kiritilgan, ba'zilari esa alohida sotiladi. Bunga quyidagilar kiradi Men ishlayman, Final Cut Pro, Mantiqiy Pro, iLife va ma'lumotlar bazasi dasturi FileMaker. Boshqa ko'plab ishlab chiquvchilar ham taklif qilishadi macOS uchun dasturiy ta'minot.

Ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, 2018 yilda Apple "Marzipan" kodli nomli dastur qatlamini taqdim etdi port MacOS-ga iOS ilovalari.^[92][93] macOS Mojave-ga to'rtta birinchi tomon iOS dasturlarining portlari, shu jumladan Uy va Yangiliklar va API uchinchi tomon ishlab chiquvchilari uchun 2019 yildan boshlab foydalanishlari mumkinligi haqida e'lon qilindi.^[94][95][96]

Uskuna mosligi

Kabi vositalar XPostFacto va o'rnatish vositalariga tatbiq qilingan yamalar uchinchi tomonlar tomonidan Apple tomonidan rasmiy ravishda qo'llab-quvvatlanmaydigan tizimlarga macOS-ning yangi versiyalarini o'rnatish uchun ishlab chiqilgan. Bunga Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguargacha ishlashga tayyor bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan G3 dan oldingi Macintosh tizimlari, Tiger va shu jumladan 867 MGts G4 Mac-lar ishlaydigan G3-ga asoslangan barcha Mac-lar kiradi. O'rnatish DVD-dan cheklovni olib tashlash yoki Mac-da buyruqni kiritish orqali qoplon Firmware dasturini oching Leopard Installer-ga uning soat tezligi 867 MGts yoki undan yuqori ekanligini aytish uchun interfeys. Grafik tezlashtirish yoki DVD yozish kabi maxsus apparatni talab qiladigan xususiyatlardan tashqari, operatsion tizim barcha qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan qo'shimcha qurilmalarda bir xil funktsiyalarni taqdim etadi.

Ko'pgina Mac apparat qismlari yoki shunga o'xshash komponentlar kabi, chunki Intel o'tish jarayoni sotib olinishi mumkin,^[101] ba'zi bir texnologik guruhlar MacOS-ni Apple bo'lmagan kompyuterlarga o'rnatish uchun dasturiy ta'minot ishlab chiqdilar. Ular quyidagicha nomlanadi Hackintoshes, a portmanteau "hack" va "Macintosh" so'zlaridan. Bu Apple-ni buzadi EULA (va shuning uchun Apple texnik ko'magi, kafolatlari va boshqalar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanmaydi), lekin qayta sotish va foyda olish uchun o'rnatmaydigan shaxsiy foydalanuvchilarga xizmat ko'rsatadigan jamoalar odatda Apple tomonidan e'tiborsiz qoldirilgan.^{[102][103][104]} O'z-o'zidan ishlab chiqarilgan ushbu kompyuterlar qo'shimcha qurilmalarning moslashuvchanligi va sozlanishiga imkon beradi, ammo foydalanuvchi o'z mashinasi uchun ko'proq mas'uliyatni qoldirish evaziga, masalan, ma'lumotlar yaxlitligi yoki xavfsizligi masalasida.^[105] Psistar, MacOS-ni Apple tomonidan tasdiqlanmagan qo'shimcha qurilmalarda sotishdan foyda ko'rishga harakat qilgan biznes, Apple tomonidan 2008 yilda sudga berilgan.^[106]

PowerPC - Intel o'tish

Stiv Djobs Intel protsessorlariga o'tish to'g'risida gapirdi.

2002 yil aprel oyida eWeek Apple-da Mac OS X kodli versiyasi borligi haqida mish-mish e'lon qildi Marklar, qaysi davom etdi Intel x86 protsessorlar. Marklar ortidagi g'oya Mac OS X-ni muqobil platformada ishlashini ta'minlash edi, agar Apple bu jarayondan norozi bo'lsa PowerPC platforma.^[107] Ushbu mish-mishlar 2005 yil may oyining oxiriga qadar, masalan, turli xil ommaviy axborot vositalarida to'xtadi The Wall Street Journal^[108] va CNET,^[109] Apple Marklar-ni yaqin oylarda namoyish etishini e'lon qildi.^{[110][111][112]}

2005 yil 6-iyun kuni Stiv Djobs WWDC-dagi asosiy nutqida Apple PowerPC-dan o'tishni amalga oshirishi haqida e'lon qildi. Intel keyingi ikki yil ichida protsessorlar va Mac OS X o'tish paytida ikkala platformani qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. Shuningdek, Jobs Apple kompaniyasining rivojlanish davomida umr bo'yi Intel protsessorlarida ishlaydigan Mac OS X versiyalari borligi haqidagi mish-mishlarni tasdiqladi. Intel-ga asoslangan Mac-lar OS X-ning yangi qayta kompilyatsiya qilingan versiyasini ishga tushiradi Rozetta, a ikkilik tarjima PowerPC Mac OS X uchun tuzilgan dasturiy ta'minotni Intel Mac OS X mashinalarida ishlashini ta'minlaydigan qatlam.^[113] Tizim Mac OS X versiyalariga 10.6.8 versiyasiga qadar kiritilgan.^[114] Apple yangi Intel Mac-larda Classic rejimini qo'llab-quvvatlashni to'xtatdi. Kabi uchinchi tomon taqlid dasturlari Mini vMac, Bazilisk II va Qo'ylar Mac OS-ning ba'zi dastlabki versiyalarini qo'llab-quvvatladi. Xcode-ning yangi versiyasi va asosiy buyruq qatori kompilyatorlari qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan bino universal ikkiliklar bu ikkala me'morchilikda ham ishlaydi.^[115]

Faqatgina PowerPC dasturi Apple-ning rasmiy emulyatsion dasturi bilan qo'llab-quvvatlanadi, Rozetta, oxir-oqibat Intel protsessorlari uchun chiqarilgan yangi versiyalarda to'g'ri ishlashi uchun dasturlarni qayta yozish kerak edi. Dastlab Apple ishlab chiquvchilarni PowerPC va Intel uchun qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan universal ikkilik fayllarni ishlab chiqarishni rag'batlantirdi.^[116] Rosetta orqali Intel Mac-larida ishlaydigan PowerPC ikkiliklari ishlash jazosiga ega. Bundan tashqari, ba'zi bir PowerPC dasturlari, masalan, yadro kengaytmalari va System Preferences plaginlari Intel Mac-larida umuman qo'llab-quvvatlanmaydi. Ba'zi PowerPC dasturlari umuman MacOS-da ishlamaydi. Safari uchun plaginlarni Safari bilan bir xil platforma uchun kompilyatsiya qilish kerak, shuning uchun Safari Intelda ishlayotganda, faqat Intel yoki universal ikkilik sifatida tuzilgan plaginlarni talab qiladi, shuning uchun faqat PowerPC plaginlari ishlamaydi.^[117] Intel Mac kompyuterlari PowerPC, Intel va universal ikkiliklarni boshqarishi mumkin bo'lsa, PowerPC Mac kompyuterlari faqat universal va PowerPC tuzilmalarini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.

O'tishdan keyin PowerPC platformasini qo'llab-quvvatlash to'xtatildi. 2009 yilda Apple WWDC-da Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard PowerPC protsessorlarini qo'llab-quvvatlashni to'xtatishi va faqat Intel bilan ishlashini e'lon qildi.^[118] Rosetta Mac OS X 10.7 Lion bilan to'xtatilgunga qadar Snow Leopard-da uni ixtiyoriy yuklab olish yoki o'rnatish tanlovi sifatida taqdim etila boshladi.^[119] Bundan tashqari, Mac OS X birinchi va uchinchi tomon dasturlarining yangi versiyalari tobora ko'proq Intel protsessorlarini, shu jumladan iLife, iWork, Aperture va Logic Pro-ning yangi versiyalarini talab qilmoqda.

Intel-ARM o'tish

Apple kompaniyasining Mac-larini iOS qurilmalari foydalanadigan ARM protsessorlariga o'tkazishi haqidagi mish-mishlar 2011 yildayoq tarqaldi,^[120] va 2010 yillar davomida pasayib ketgan.^[121] Mish-mishlar 2020 yilda, kompaniyaning WWDC-dagi maxsus protsessorlariga o'tishini e'lon qilishi haqida ko'plab xabarlar e'lon qilingandan keyin kuchaygan.^[122]

Apple rasmiy ravishda o'z tomoniga o'tishini e'lon qildi uyda ishlab chiqarilgan protsessorlar 2020 yil 22-iyun kuni WWDC 2020-da, o'tish jarayoni ikki yil davom etishi rejalashtirilgan.^[123] ARM-ni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun macOS-ning birinchi versiyasi bo'ladi macOS Big Sur.

Xususiyatlari

Aqua foydalanuvchi interfeysi

Asl nusxa Akva da ko'rinib turganidek foydalanuvchi interfeysi Mac OS X Public Beta-versiyasi 2000 yildan boshlab

O'rtasidagi asosiy farqlardan biri klassik Mac OS va joriy macOS qo'shimcha edi Akva, suvga o'xshash elementlar bilan grafik foydalanuvchi interfeysi, Mac OS X-ning birinchi asosiy versiyasida. Har bir oyna elementi, matn, grafik yoki vidjet yordamida ekranda chiziladi kosmik anti-aliasing texnologiya.^[124] ColorSync, ko'p yillar oldin kiritilgan texnologiya ranglarning mosligini ta'minlash uchun takomillashtirildi va yadro chizish dvigateliga o'rnatildi bosib chiqarish va multimedia professionallar.^[125] Shuningdek, soyalarni tushirish chuqurlik hissini ta'minlash uchun derazalar atrofida va ajratilgan matn elementlari qo'shildi. Yangi interfeys elementlari, shu jumladan varaqlar birlashtirildi (dialog oynalari siljigan va imkoniyatlarni ta'minlaydigan tortmachalar).

Birinchisining apparat dizayniga o'xshash yumshoq qirralarning, shaffof ranglarning va chiziqlarning qo'llanilishi iMacs, nima bilan taqqoslaganda foydalanuvchi interfeysiga ko'proq to'qima va rang keltirdi Mac OS 9 va Mac OS X Server 1.0 "Platina "Sirakuzaning so'zlariga ko'ra, Aqua-ning kiritilishi va o'sha paytdagi odatiy ko'rinishdan chiqib ketishi" bir tonna g'isht singari urilgan ".^[126]Bryus Tognazzini (original Apple Human Interface Group kompaniyasiga asos solgan) Aqua interfeysi Mac OS X 10.0 asl Mac OS interfeysi bilan taqqoslaganda, foydalanishda bir qadam orqaga qarab harakat qildi.^[127][128]Uchinchi tomon ishlab chiqaruvchilari ishlab chiqarishni boshladilar terilar moslashtirilgan dasturlar va Aqua ko'rinishini taqlid qiluvchi boshqa operatsion tizimlar uchun. Ma'lum darajada, Apple ushbu yangi dizaynga muvaffaqiyatli o'tishni har doim tahdid soladigan vosita sifatida ishlatgan sud jarayoni Kompaniya interfeysga ega dasturiy ta'minotni ishlab chiqaradigan yoki tarqatadigan odamlarga qarshi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan dizayn.^[129]

Apple macOS ko'rinishi va dizayni jihatlarini, xususan, derazalar ko'rinishidagi o'zgarishlar va menyu satrini o'zgartirishda davom etdi. 2012 yildan beri Apple o'zining ko'plab Mac modellarini yuqori aniqlikda sotdi Retina ekrani, va macOS va uning API-lar yuqori aniqlikdagi displeylarni qo'llab-quvvatlash bo'yicha rezolyutsiyadan mustaqil rivojlanishni keng qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. Sharhlovchilar Apple tomonidan ushbu texnologiyani qo'llab-quvvatlashni Windows-dan ustun deb ta'rifladilar.^{[130][131][132]}

The inson interfeysi bo'yicha ko'rsatmalar Apple tomonidan macOS uchun chop etilgan ko'plab dasturlar ularga doimiy foydalanuvchi interfeysi va klaviatura yorliqlarini taqdim etadi.^[133] Bundan tashqari, dasturlar uchun yangi xizmatlar, jumladan, imlo va grammatika tekshirgichlari, maxsus belgilar palitrasi, rang tanlash, shrift tanlash va lug'at; ushbu global xususiyatlar har bir kakao dasturida mavjud bo'lib, ularga izchillik qo'shmoqda. Grafika tizimi OpenGL apparat yordamida tezlashtirilgan rasm chizish uchun oynalarni ekranga birlashtiradi. 10.2 versiyasida kiritilgan ushbu texnologiya deyiladi Kvarts ekstremal, ning tarkibiy qismi Kvarts. Kvartsning ichki tasvirlash modeli bilan juda mos keladi Portativ hujjat formati (PDF) tasvirlash modeli, bu PDF-ni bir nechta qurilmalarga chiqarishni osonlashtiradi.^[125] Natijada, PDF-ni ko'rish va har qanday dasturdan PDF-hujjatlarni yaratish ichki xususiyatlardir.^[134] Dizayn foydalanuvchilari orasida mashhurligini aks ettiradigan macOS, shuningdek, turli xil professional video va rasm formatlari uchun tizimni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi va ko'plab taniqli brendlar dizaynlarini o'z ichiga olgan oldindan o'rnatilgan keng shrift kutubxonasini o'z ichiga oladi.^[135]

Komponentlar

The Topuvchi bu kompyuterning barcha sohalariga tezkor kirish imkoniyatini beruvchi fayl brauzeri bo'lib, u keyingi macOS versiyalarida o'zgartirilgan.^[136][137] Tezkor qarash O'shandan beri Finder tarkibiga kiradi 10.5 versiyasi. Bu boshqa dasturlarni ochmasdan fayllarni, shu jumladan videolar va ko'p sahifali hujjatlarni dinamik ravishda ko'rib chiqishga imkon beradi. Diqqat markazida, shu vaqtdan beri Finder-ga kiritilgan fayllarni qidirish texnologiyasi 10.4 versiyasi, ma'lumotlar fayllarini real vaqt rejimida tezkor izlashga imkon beradi; pochta xabarlari; fotosuratlar; va ma'lumotlar xususiyatlari (metama'lumotlar) va / yoki tarkibga asoslangan boshqa ma'lumotlar.^[138][139] macOS a-dan foydalanadi Dock, bu fayl va papka yorliqlarini hamda kichraytirilgan oynalarni o'z ichiga oladi.

Apple Exposé-ni qo'shdi 10.3 versiyasi (deb nomlangan Missiyani boshqarish beri 10.7 versiyasi ), Windows va ish stoli o'rtasida kirishga yordam beradigan uchta funktsiyani o'z ichiga olgan xususiyat. Uning vazifalari bir zumda barcha vazifalarni oson bajarishi uchun barcha ochilgan oynalarni kichik rasmlar sifatida ko'rsatish, barcha ochilgan oynalarni joriy dasturdan kichik rasmlar sifatida ko'rsatish va ish stoliga kirish uchun barcha oynalarni yashirishdir.^[140] FileVault foydalanuvchi fayllarini ixtiyoriy ravishda 128 bitli shifrlashdir Kengaytirilgan shifrlash standarti (AES-128).^[141]

Xususiyatlari 10.4 versiyasi o'z ichiga oladi Avtomatator, turli xil vazifalar uchun avtomatik ish oqimini yaratish uchun mo'ljallangan dastur;^[142] Boshqaruv paneli, kichik dasturlarning to'liq ekranli guruhi deb nomlangan ish stoli vidjetlari bitta tugmachani bosish bilan chaqirilishi va o'chirilishi mumkin;^[143] va Old qator, media viewer interfeysi Apple Remote.^[144] Sync Services dasturlarga foydalanuvchi ma'lumotlarining turli xil elementlari, shu jumladan kalendar va aloqa elementlari uchun markazlashtirilgan kengaytiriladigan ma'lumotlar bazasiga kirish huquqini beradi. Keyinchalik operatsion tizim qarama-qarshi tahrirlarni va ma'lumotlar barqarorligini boshqargan.^[145]

Barcha tizim piktogrammasi 512 × 512 pikselgacha kengaytirilishi mumkin 10.5 versiyasi ular kattaroq hajmda ko'rinadigan turli joylarni joylashtirish uchun, shu jumladan, masalan Muqova oqimi ko'rinish, a uch o'lchovli tarkibiga kiritilgan grafik foydalanuvchi interfeysi iTunes, Finder va boshqa Apple mahsulotlari muqovali rasmlar orqali fayllar va raqamli media kutubxonalari orqali ingl. Ushbu versiya ham taqdim etildi Bo'shliqlar, a virtual ish stoli foydalanuvchiga bir nechta ish stoliga ega bo'lishga va ularni Exposé-ga o'xshash interfeysda namoyish etishga imkon beradigan dastur;^[146] deb nomlangan avtomatik zaxira texnologiyasi Vaqt mashinasi, bu foydalanuvchilarga fayllarning oldingi versiyalarini va dastur ma'lumotlarini ko'rish va tiklashga imkon beradi;^[147] va Ekranni almashish birinchi marta qurilgan.^[148]

So'nggi nashrlarda Apple qo'llab-quvvatlashni ishlab chiqdi emoji mulkni qo'shish orqali belgilar Apple Color Emoji shrift.^[149][150] Shuningdek, Apple macOS-ni kabi ijtimoiy tarmoqlar bilan ulagan Twitter va Facebook rasmlar va matnlar kabi tarkib uchun ulanish tugmachalarini qo'shish orqali.^[151] Apple dastlab debyut qilgan bir nechta dastur va xususiyatlarni keltirdi iOS, uning mobil operatsion tizimi, so'nggi nashrlarda macOS-ga, xususan aqlli shaxsiy yordamchi Siri yilda kiritilgan 10.12 versiyasi of macOS.^[152][153]

Ko'p tilli qo'llab-quvvatlash

There are 39 system languages available in macOS for the user at the moment of installation; the system language is used throughout the entire operating system environment.^[7] Input methods for typing in dozens of scripts can be chosen independently of the system language.^[154] Recent updates have added increased support for Xitoycha belgilar and interconnections with popular social networks in Xitoy.^{[155][156][157][158]}

Updating methods

macOS can be updated using the Software Update preference pane in Tizim parametrlari yoki softwareupdate buyruq satri utility. Gacha OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion, alohida Dasturiy ta'minotni yangilash application performed this functionality. In Mountain Lion and later, this was merged into the Mac App Store application, although the underlying update mechanism remains unchanged and is fundamentally different from the download mechanism used when purchasing an App Store application. Yilda macOS 10.14 Mojave, the updating function was moved again to the Software Update preference pane.

Chiqarish tarixi

Box/Mac App Store artwork for every version of macOS from Mac OS X Cheetah to macOS Mojave. Chapdan o'ngga: Gepard /Puma (1), Yaguar (2), Pantera (3), Yo'lbars (4), Qoplon (5), Qor qoploni (6), Arslon (7), Tog'li sher (8), Mavveriks (9), Yosemit (10), El Kapitan (11), Sierra (12), Yuqori Sierra (13) va Mojave (14).

^{Izoh 1} The PowerMac G5 had special Jaguar builds.

^{Izoh 2} Tiger did not support 64-bit GUI applications, only 64-bit CLI applications.^[179][180]

^{Izoh 3} 32-bit PowerPC applications were supported on Intel processors with Rozetta.

^{Izoh 4} 64-bit Intel applications will be supported on ARM processors with Rosetta 2.

Xronologiya of versions

Bundan mustasno Mac OS X Server 1.0 and the original public beta, OS X versions were named after katta mushuklar qadar OS X 10.9 Mavericks, when Apple switched to using Kaliforniya joylar. Chiqarilishidan oldin, Mac OS X 10.0 edi kodlangan "Cheetah" internally at Apple, and Mac OS X 10.1 was code named internally as "Puma". After the immense buzz surrounding Mac OS X 10.2, codenamed "Jaguar", Apple's product marketing began openly using the code names to promote the operating system. Mac OS X 10.3 was marketed as "Panther", Mac OS X 10.4 as "Tiger", Mac OS X 10.5 as "Leopard", Mac OS X 10.6 as "Snow Leopard", Mac OS X 10.7 as "Lion", OS X 10.8 as "Mountain Lion", and OS X 10.9 as "Mavericks".

"Panther", "Tiger" and "Leopard" are registered as trademarks of Apple,^{[181][182][183]} but "Cheetah", "Puma" and "Jaguar" have never been registered. Apple has also registered "Lynx" and "Cougar" as trademarks, though these were allowed to lapse.^[184][185] Kompyuter sotuvchisi Tiger Direct sued Apple for its use of the name "Tiger". On May 16, 2005 a US federal court in the Southern District of Florida ruled that Apple's use did not infringe on Tiger Direct's trademark.^[186]

Mac OS X Public Beta-versiyasi

On September 13, 2000, Apple released a $29.95^[187] "preview" version of Mac OS X, internally codenamed Kodiak, to gain feedback from users.

The "PB", as it was known, marked the first public availability of the Aqua interface and Apple made many changes to the UI based on customer feedback. Mac OS X Public Beta expired and ceased to function in Spring 2001.^[188]

Mac OS X 10.0 (Cheetah)

Screenshot of OS X 10.0

On March 24, 2001, Apple released Mac OS X 10.0 (internally codenamed Cheetah).^[189]The initial version was slow,^[190] incomplete,^[191] and had very few applications available at launch, mostly from independent developers.^[192] While many critics suggested that the operating system was not ready for mainstream adoption, they recognized the importance of its initial launch as a base on which to improve.^[191] Simply releasing Mac OS X was received by the Macintosh community as a great accomplishment,^[191] for attempts to overhaul the Mac OS had been underway since 1996, and delayed by countless setbacks. Following some bug fixes, yadro vahima became much less frequent.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Mac OS X 10.1 (Puma)

Later that year on September 25, 2001, Mac OS X 10.1 (internally codenamed Puma) was released. It featured increased performance and provided missing features, such as DVD playback. Apple released 10.1 as a free upgrade CD for 10.0 users, in addition to the US$129 boxed version for people running Mac OS 9. It was discovered that the upgrade CDs were full install CDs that could be used with Mac OS 9 systems by removing a specific file; Apple later re-released the CDs in an actual stripped-down format that did not facilitate installation on such systems.^[193] On January 7, 2002, Apple announced that Mac OS X was to be the default operating system for all Macintosh products by the end of that month.^[194]

Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar

On August 23, 2002,^[195] Apple followed up with Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar, the first release to use its code name as part of the branding.^[196]It brought great raw performance improvements, a sleeker look, and many powerful user-interface enhancements (over 150, according to Apple^[197]), shu jumladan Kvarts ekstremal for compositing graphics directly on an ATI Radeon yoki Nvidia GeForce2 MX AGP-based video card with at least 16 MB of VRAM, a system-wide repository for contact information in the new Manzillar kitobi, and an instant messaging client named iChat.^[198] The Baxtli Mac which had appeared during the Mac OS startup sequence for almost 18 years was replaced with a large grey Apple logo with the introduction of Mac OS X v10.2.^[199]

Mac OS X 10.3 Panther

Mac OS X v10.3 Panther was released on October 24, 2003. It significantly improved performance and incorporated the most extensive update yet to the user interface. Panther included as many or more new features as Jaguar had the year before, including an updated Finder, incorporating a brushed-metal interface, Foydalanuvchini tezkor almashtirish, Exposé (Window manager), FileVault, Safari, iChat AV (which added videokonferentsiyalar features to iChat), improved Portativ hujjat formati (PDF) rendering and much greater Microsoft Windows birgalikda ishlash.^[200] Support for some early G3 computers such as "beige" Power Macs and "WallStreet" PowerBooks was discontinued.^[201]

Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger

Screenshot of Tiger

Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was released on April 29, 2005. Apple stated that Tiger contained more than 200 new features.^[202] As with Panther, certain older machines were no longer supported; Tiger requires a Mac with 256 MB and a built-in FireWire port.^[100] Among the new features, Tiger introduced Diqqat markazida, Boshqaruv paneli, Aqlli jildlar, updated Mail program with Smart Mailboxes, QuickTime 7, Safari 2, Avtomatator, VoiceOver, Asosiy rasm va Asosiy video. The initial release of the Apple TV used a modified version of Tiger with a different graphical interface and fewer applications and services.^[203] On January 10, 2006, Apple released the first Intel-based Macs along with the 10.4.4 update to Tiger. This operating system functioned identically on the PowerPC-based Macs and the new Intel-based machines, with the exception of the Intel release lacking support for the Classic environment.^[204]

Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard

Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was released on October 26, 2007. It was called by Apple "the largest update of Mac OS X". It brought more than 300 new features.^[205] Leopard supports both PowerPC - va Intel x86 -based Macintosh computers; support for the G3 processor was dropped and the G4 processor required a minimum clock rate of 867 MHz, and at least 512 MB of Ram o'rnatilishi kerak. The single DVD works for all supported Macs (including 64-bit machines). New features include a new look, an updated Finder, Vaqt mashinasi, Bo'shliqlar, Yuklash lageri pre-installed,^[206] uchun to'liq qo'llab-quvvatlash 64-bit applications (including graphical applications), new features in Pochta va iChat, and a number of new security features. Leopard is an Open Brand UNIX 03 registered product on the Intel platform. Bu ham birinchi edi BSD-ga asoslangan OS to receive UNIX 03 certification.^[12][207] Leopard dropped support for the Klassik muhit and all Classic applications.^[208] It was the final version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC architecture.^[209]

Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard

Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was released on August 28, 2009. Rather than delivering big changes to the appearance and end user functionality like the previous releases of Mac OS X, Snow Leopard focused on "under the hood" changes, increasing the performance, efficiency, and stability of the operating system. For most users, the most noticeable changes were: the disk space that the operating system frees up after a clean install compared to Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard, a more responsive Topuvchi rewritten in Kakao, faster Vaqt mashinasi backups, more reliable and user-friendly disk ejects, a more powerful version of the Preview application, as well as a faster Safari veb-brauzer. Snow Leopard only supported machines with Intel CPUs, required at least 1 GB of Ram, and dropped default support for applications built for the PowerPC architecture (Rozetta could be installed as an additional component to retain support for PowerPC-only applications).^[210]

Snow Leopard also featured new 64-bit technology capable of supporting greater amounts of Ram, improved support for multi-core processors through Katta markaziy dispetcherlik, and advanced GPU performance with OpenCL.^[211]

The 10.6.6 update introduced support for the Mac App Store, Apple's digital distribution platform for macOS applications.^[212]

Mac OS X Lion was announced at WWDC 2011 at Moscone West

Mac OS X 10.7 Lion

Mac OS X 10.7 Lion was released on July 20, 2011. It brought developments made in Apple's iOS, such as an easily navigable display of installed applications called Ishga tushirish paneli and a greater use of ko'p tegish gestures, to the Mac. This release removed Rozetta, making it incompatible with PowerPC applications.^[119]

Changes made to the GUI include auto-hiding scrollbars that only appear when they are used, and Missiyani boshqarish which unifies Exposé, Spaces, Dashboard, and full-screen applications within a single interface.^[213] Apple also made changes to applications: they resume in the same state as they were before they were closed, similar to iOS. Documents auto-save by default.^[214]

OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion

OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion was released on July 25, 2012.^[174] Following the release of Lion the previous year, it was the first of the annual rather than two-yearly updates to OS X (and later macOS), which also closely aligned with the annual iOS operating system updates. It incorporates some features seen in iOS 5, which include O'yin markazi, qo'llab-quvvatlash IMessage yangisida Xabarlar messaging application, and Reminders as a to-do list app separate from iCal (which is renamed as Calendar, like the iOS app). It also includes support for storing Men ishlayman hujjatlar iCloud.^[215] Bildirish markazi, which makes its debut in Mountain Lion, is a desktop version similar to the one in iOS 5.0 and higher. Application pop-ups are now concentrated on the corner of the screen, and the Center itself is pulled from the right side of the screen. Mountain Lion also includes more Chinese features including support for Baidu uchun variant sifatida Safari qidiruv tizimi, QQ, 163.com and 126.com services for Pochta, Kontaktlar va Taqvim, Youku, Tudou va Sina Veybo are integrated into share sheets.^[158]

Starting with Mountain Lion, Apple software updates (including the OS) are distributed via the Uskunalar Do'koni.^[216] This updating mechanism replaced the Apple Software Update utility.^[217]

A screenshot of OS X Mavericks

OS X 10.9 Mavericks

OS X 10.9 Mavericks was released on October 22, 2013. It was a free upgrade to all users running Snow Leopard or later with a 64-bit Intel processor.^[218] Its changes include the addition of the previously iOS-only Xaritalar va iBooks applications, improvements to the Notification Center, enhancements to several applications, and many under-the-hood improvements.^[219]

OS X 10.10 Yosemite

OS X 10.10 Yosemite was released on October 16, 2014. It features a redesigned user interface similar to that of iOS 7, intended to feature a more minimal, text-based 'flat' design, with use of translucency effects and intensely to'yingan ranglar.^[220] Apple's showcase new feature in Yosemite is Handoff, which enables users with iPhones running iOS 8.1 or later to answer phone calls, receive and send SMS messages, and complete unfinished iPhone emails on their Mac. As of OS X 10.10.3, Fotosuratlar almashtirildi iPhoto va Diafragma.^[221]

OS X 10.11 El Capitan

Screenshot of El Capitan

OS X 10.11 El Capitan was released on September 30, 2015. Similar to Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard, Apple described this release as emphasizing "refinements to the Mac experience" and "improvements to system performance".^[222] Refinements include public transport built into the Xaritalar application, GUI improvements to the Izohlar application, adopting San-Fransisko as the system font for clearer legibility, and the introduction of Tizimning yaxlitligini himoya qilish.

The Metall API, birinchi bo'lib kiritilgan iOS 8, was also included in this operating system for "all Macs since 2012".^[223] According to Apple, Metal accelerates system-level rendering by up to 50 percent, resulting in faster graphics performance for everyday apps. Metal also delivers up to 10 times faster draw call performance for more fluid experience in games and pro apps.^[224]

macOS 10.12 Sierra

macOS 10.12 Sierra was released to the public on September 20, 2016. New features include the addition of Siri, Optimized Storage, and updates to Photos, Messages, and iTunes.^[225][226]

macOS 10.13 Yuqori Sierra

macOS 10.13 High Sierra was released to the public on September 25, 2017.^[227] Yoqdi OS X El Capitan va OS X Mountain Lion, High Sierra is a refinement-based update having very few new features visible to the user, including updates to Safari, Photos, and Mail, among other changes.^[228]

The major change under the hood is the switch to the Apple fayl tizimi, optimized for the solid-state storage used in most new Mac computers.^[229]

macOS 10.14 Mojave

macOS 10.14 Mojave was released on September 24, 2018.^[53] The update introduced a system-wide qorong'i rejim and several new apps lifted from iOS, such as Apple News. It was the first version to require a GPU that supports Metal. Mojave also changed the system software update mechanism from the App Store (where it had been since OS X Mountain Lion ) to a new panel in System Preferences. App updates remain in the App Store.

macOS 10.15 Catalina

macOS 10.15 Catalina was released on October 7, 2019.^[230] Updates included enhanced voice control, and bundled apps for music, video, and podcasts that together replace the functions of iTunes, and the ability to use an iPad as an external monitor. Catalina officially dropped support for 32-bit applications.^[231]

macOS 11 Big Sur

macOS Big Sur was announced during the WWDC keynote speech on June 22, 2020,^[232] and it was made available to the general public on November 12, 2020. This is the first time the major version number of the operating system has been incremented since the Mac OS X Public Beta-versiyasi in 2000. It brings ARM qo'llab-quvvatlash,^[233] new icons, and aesthetic foydalanuvchi interfeysi changes to the system.^[234]

Qabul qilish

Foydalanish ulushi

As of July 2016, macOS is the second-most-active general-purpose desktop client operating system used on the Butunjahon tarmog'i quyidagi Microsoft Windows, with a 4.90% usage share according to statistics compiled by the Vikimedia fondi. It is the second-most widely used desktop operating system (for web browsing), after Windows, and is estimated at approximately five times the usage of Linux (which has 1.01%). Usage share generally continues to shift away from the desktop and toward mobile operating systems such as iOS va Android.^[235]

Malware and spyware

In its earlier years, Mac OS X enjoyed a near-absence of the types of zararli dastur va josuslarga qarshi dastur that have affected Microsoft Windows foydalanuvchilar.^{[236][237][238]} macOS has a smaller usage share compared to Windows,^[239] but it also has traditionally more secure Unix ildizlar. Qurtlar, as well as potential vulnerabilities, were noted in 2006, which led some industry analysts and anti-virus companies to issue warnings that Apple's Mac OS X is not immune to malware.^[240] Increasing market share coincided with additional reports of a variety of attacks.^[241] In early 2011, Mac OS X experienced a large increase in malware attacks,^[242] and malware such as Mac Defender, MacProtector, and MacGuard were seen as an increasing problem for Mac users. At first, the malware installer required the user to enter the administrative password, but later versions installed without user input.^[243] Initially, Apple support staff were instructed not to assist in the removal of the malware or admit the existence of the malware issue, but as the malware spread, a support document was issued. Apple announced an OS X update to fix the problem. An estimated 100,000 users were affected.^[244][245] Apple releases security updates for macOS regularly,^[246] as well as signature files for Xprotect, an anti-malware feature part of Fayl karantini present since Mac OS X Snow Leopard.^[247]

Rag'batlantirish

As a device company, Apple has mostly promoted macOS to sell Macs, with promotion of macOS updates focused on existing users, promotion at Apple Store and other retail partners, or through events for developers. In larger scale advertising campaigns, Apple specifically promoted macOS as better for handling media and other home-user applications, and taqqoslash Mac OS X (especially versions Tiger and Leopard) with the heavy criticism Microsoft received for the long-awaited Windows Vista operatsion tizim.^[248][249]

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar

• macOS - rasmiy sayt
• macOS - rasmiy qo'llab-quvvatlash sahifasi