Bredford - Bradford

Ushbu maqola aholi punkti haqida. Metropolitan tumani uchun qarang Bredford shahri. Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Bredford (ajralish).
Ushbu maqola G'arbiy Yorkshirdagi Bredford haqida. Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Bredford (ajralish).

Bredford
Shahar va metropolitan tumani
Bredford shahri
Bredford
Taxallus (lar):
"Wool City"[1][2]
Shior (lar):
"Taraqqiyot · Sanoat · Insoniyat"
A map of England coloured pink showing the administrative subdivisions of the country. The Leeds metropolitan borough area is coloured red.
Ichkarida ko'rsatilgan G'arbiy Yorkshir
Bredford Angliyada joylashgan
Bredford
Bredford
Angliya ichida joylashgan joy
Bredford Buyuk Britaniyada joylashgan
Bredford
Bredford
Buyuk Britaniya ichida joylashgan joy
Bredford Evropada joylashgan
Bredford
Bredford
Evropa ichida joylashgan joy
Koordinatalari: 53 ° 48′N 1 ° 45′W / 53.800 ° N 1.750 ° Vt / 53.800; -1.750Koordinatalar: 53 ° 48′N 1 ° 45′W / 53.800 ° N 1.750 ° Vt / 53.800; -1.750
Suveren davlatBirlashgan Qirollik
Ta'sis etuvchi mamlakatAngliya
MintaqaYorkshire va Humber
Tantanali tumanG'arbiy Yorkshir
Metropolitan BoroughBredford shahri
Tarixiy tumanYorkshir
Borough nizomi1847
Shahar holati1897
Bredford shahri. Tuman1974
Ma'muriy shtabBredford shahar hokimligi
Hukumat
• turiMetropolitan tumani
• tanasiBradford Metropolitan tuman kengashining shahri
 • EtakchilikRahbar va kabinet
 • Ijro etuvchiMehnat
 • Lord MayorDorin Li (Laboratoriya laboratoriyasi )
 • Kengash rahbariSyuzan Xinchkliff (Laboratoriya laboratoriyasi )
 • Bosh ijrochiKersten Angliya
Aholisi
 (2019 yil o'rtalarida)
• Jami539,776 (7-o'rin )
• zichlik3341 / kv mil (1,290 / km)2)
• Etnik kelib chiqishi
(2011 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish)[3]
67,44% oq inglizlar
26,83% osiyolik yoki osiyolik inglizlar
1,77% qora yoki qora inglizlar
2.48% Aralash poyga
1,48% xitoy va boshqalar
Demonim (lar)Bredfordian[4]
Vaqt zonasiUTC + 0 (Grinvich vaqti )
• Yoz (DST )UTC + 1 (Britaniya yozgi vaqti )
Pochta indeksi joylari
BD
Kodlarni terish01274
ISO 3166 kodiGB-BFD
NUTS 3 kodiUKE41
ONS kodi00CX (ONS)
E08000032 (GSS)
OS tarmog'iga ma'lumotnomaSE164331
Xalqaro aeroportlarLids Bredford (LBA )
Kengashlar90
Deputatlar
Veb-saytwww.bradford.gov.uk

Bredford /ˈbrædfard/ (Ushbu ovoz haqidatinglang) a shahar va metropolitan tumani yilda G'arbiy Yorkshir, Angliya. Taxminan 8,6 milya (14 km) g'arbda joylashgan Lids va sharqiy tog 'etaklarida joylashgan Pennines. Uning ichida aholi kengash maydoni 2019 yilda 539 776 ga baholandi, bu Bredfordni uchinchi yirik shaharga aylantiradi Yorkshire va Humber mintaqa keyin Lids va Sheffild, shimoliy Angliyaning to'rtinchi, Angliyadagi oltinchi va kattaligi bo'yicha ettinchi Birlashgan Qirollik. Bredford shuningdek G'arbiy Yorkshir shahar maydoni, 2001 yilda 1,5 million aholisi bo'lgan va Buyuk Britaniyada to'rtinchi o'rinda turadi.[5]

Tarixiy jihatdan qismi Yorkshirning G'arbiy Riding, Bredford XIX asrda xalqaro markaz sifatida mashhurlikka erishdi to'qimachilik ishlab chiqarish, ayniqsa jun. Bu edi portlash ning Sanoat inqilobi va eng qadimgi orasida sanoatlashgan "dunyoning jun poytaxti" ga aylanib borayotgan aholi punktlari; bu o'z navbatida "Vulopolis" va "Wool City" taxalluslarini keltirib chiqardi.[6] Hududning ko'mir, temir rudasi va yumshoq suv bilan ta'minlanishi Bredfordning ishlab chiqarish bazasining o'sishiga yordam berdi, bu esa to'qimachilik ishlab chiqarish o'sib borishi bilan aholi portlashiga olib keldi va fuqarolik sarmoyasini rag'batlantirdi; Bredfordda juda ko'p ro'yxat mavjud Viktoriya me'morchiligi shu jumladan, katta italiyalik hokimiyat.[7] Bredford 1847 yilda munitsipal tumanga aylandi va 1897 yilda shahar sifatida o'z ustavini oldi. O'shandan beri mahalliy hokimiyatni isloh qilish 1974 yilda, Bredfordniki shahar chegaralari ichida bo'lgan Bredford shahri metropolitan tumani.

20-asr o'rtalaridan, deindustrializatsiya Bredfordning to'qimachilik sektori va sanoat bazasining pasayishiga olib keldi va shu vaqtdan beri u qolgan mamlakatlarga o'xshash iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy muammolarga duch keldi postindustrial Shimoliy Angliya jumladan, qashshoqlik, ishsizlik va ijtimoiy notinchlik. Bredford Yorkshir va Xumer mintaqalarida sezilarli iqtisodiyotga ega; 10 milliard funt sterlingga teng bo'lgan bu uchinchi o'rinda turadi, bu asosan moliya va ishlab chiqarish sanoatida ta'minlanadi. Bredford birinchi bo'lib sayyohlik yo'nalishi sifatida paydo bo'ldi YuNESKO Film shahri kabi diqqatga sazovor joylar bilan Milliy fan va media muzeyi, Bredford Siti bog'i, Alhambra teatri va Kartrittlar zali.

Tarix

Shuningdek qarang: Bredford xronologiyasi

Toponimika

Bredford nomi Qadimgi ingliz brad va ford keng ford bu o'tish joyiga ishora qilgan Bredford Bek sayt ostidagi Cherkov bankida Bredford sobori, atrofida Saksoniya davrida aholi punkti o'sgan.[8] 1086 yilda "Bradeford" nomi bilan qayd etilgan.[9]

Dastlabki tarix

Keyin qo'zg'olon davomida 1070 yilda Uilyam Fath "s Shimolning Garriingi, manor Bradford yotqizildi chiqindilar[8] va shunday tasvirlangan Domesday kitobi 1086. Keyin u. tarkibiga kirdi Pontefractning sharafi berilgan Ilbert de Leysi Fathga xizmat qilish uchun, uning oilasida manor 1311 yilgacha bo'lgan.[8] Laksi davrida qasrga oid dalillar mavjud.[10] Keyin manor o'tib ketdi Linkoln grafligi, Gauntdan Jon, Toj va oxir-oqibat, 1620 yilda xususiy mulk.[8]

Tomonidan o'rta yosh Bredford Kirkgeyt, Uestgeyt va Ivegeyt markazida joylashgan kichik shaharchaga aylandi.[8][11] 1316 yilda a to'lg'azish tegirmon, barcha manor makkajo'xori maydalangan Soke tegirmoni va bozor. Davomida Atirgullar urushi aholisi tarafini oldi Lankaster uyi. Edvard IV har yili ikkita yarmarka o'tkazish huquqini oldi va shu vaqtdan boshlab shahar obod bo'lishni boshladi. Hukmronligida Genri VIII Bredford ishlab chiqarish markazi sifatida Lidsdan oshib ketdi.[10] Bredford keyingi ikki yuz yil ichida asta-sekin o'sdi jun taniqli savdo-sotiq.

Davomida Fuqarolar urushi shahar uchun garnizon qilingan Parlament a'zolari va 1642 yilda muvaffaqiyatsiz hujumga uchradi Royalist Lidsning kuchlari. Ser Tomas Feyrfaks garnizon qo'mondonligini oldi va kutib olish uchun yurdi Nyukasl gersogi ammo mag'lubiyatga uchradi. Parlament a'zolari Bredfordga chekinishdi va qirolliklar o'z qarorgohini tashkil etishdi Bolling zali shahar taslim bo'lishiga olib boruvchi qurshovga olingan joydan.[10] Fuqarolar urushi sanoatning pasayishiga olib keldi, ammo qo'shilgandan keyin Uilyam III va Meri II 1689 yilda farovonlik qaytishni boshladi.[8] 18-asrning boshlarida ishlab chiqarishning boshlanishi shaharning yangi va yangi rivojlanish bosqichini boshlab berdi kanal va burilish yo'li ishoratlar savdoni rag'batlantirdi.

Sanoat inqilobi

Map of Bradford boundaries in 1835.
Bredford chegaralari 1835.

1801 yilda Bredford qishloq edi bozor shaharchasi 6,393 kishidan,[12] bu erda mahalliy uylar va fermalarda jun yigirish va mato to'qish amalga oshirildi. Shunday qilib, Bredford yaqin atrofdan ancha katta emas edi Keighli (5,745) ga nisbatan sezilarli darajada kichik edi Galifaks (8,866) va "Xaddersfild" (7,268).[12] Ushbu kichik shaharcha yaqin atrofdagi uchta shaharcha uchun markaz vazifasini bajargan - Manningxem, Bowling va Ajoyib va Kichik Xorton, qishloqdan qishloq bilan ajratilgan.[12]

Yuqori pechlar taxminan 1788 yilda Xird, Douson Xardi tomonidan tashkil etilgan Past Moor va temir tomonidan ishlangan Bowling temir kompaniyasi Taxminan 1900 yilgacha. Yorkshir temiridan zanjirlar, ilgaklar va lokomotivlar, kollier kataklari va boshqa tog'-kon uskunalari uchun piston tayoqchalari ishlatilgan. The Low Moor kompaniyasi shuningdek qilingan cho'yan va 1929 yilda kompaniya 1500 kishini ish bilan ta'minlagan.[13] Bredford munitsipal tumani 1847 yilda tashkil etilganida, uning chegaralarida 46 ta ko'mir konlari bo'lgan. Ko'mir qazib olish kengayishda davom etdi va 1868 yilda Bredford Yorkshirda ishlab chiqarilgan barcha ko'mir va temirning to'rtdan bir qismiga hissa qo'shganida eng yuqori darajaga etdi.[14]

1841 yilda shaharcha aholisi 34560 kishini tashkil etdi.[15]

1825 yilda jun paxtakorlari kasaba uyushmasi besh oy davom etgan ish tashlashni chaqirdi, ammo ishchilar mashina terish usulini joriy etishga olib keladigan mashaqqatli ishga qaytishga majbur bo'lishdi.[16] Bu Sanoat inqilobi ishlab chiqarish uchun katta miqdordagi import qilingan jun bilan tez o'sishga olib keldi qalbakilashtirilgan Bredford ixtisoslashgan mato va shahar tez orada dunyoning jun poytaxti sifatida tanilgan.[17]

Tugatilishi bilan shaharda doimiy harbiy mavjudlik tashkil etildi Bredford Mur barakasi 1844 yilda.[18]

Bredford suv inshootlari 1881 yilda Wharfedale sxemasini qurib bitkazgan

Bredford sanoat uchun zarur bo'lgan quvvatni ta'minlash uchun mahalliy darajada qazib olinadigan ko'mirni etarli darajada etkazib berdi. Mahalliy qumtosh tegirmonlarni qurish uchun ajoyib manba bo'lib, 1850 yilga kelib 182000 kishi yashaydi.[19] ishchilar jalb qilinganligi sababli shahar tez o'sdi to'qimachilik fabrikalari.[17] Suvning etishmasligi Bredford Deyl sanoatni kengaytirish va shahar sanitariya sharoitlarini yaxshilash bo'yicha jiddiy cheklov edi. 1854 yilda Bredford korporatsiyasi Bredford suv kompaniyasini sotib oldi[20] va Airedale, Wharfedale va. dan yumshoq suv zaxiralarini olib kelish uchun ulkan muhandislik dasturiga kirishdi Nidderdeyl.[21] 1882 yilga kelib suv ta'minoti tubdan yaxshilandi. Shu bilan birga, shahar tashqarisida Hortons va Bowling tomon yo'llar bo'ylab shahar kengayishi sodir bo'ldi va shaharchalar 19-asrning oxiriga kelib doimiy shahar maydoniga aylandi.[11]

Katta ish beruvchi edi Titus tuzi 1833 yilda otasining matolarni birlashtirishga ixtisoslashgan jun biznesini o'z zimmasiga oldi alpaka, tiftik, paxta va ipak. 1850 yilga kelib uning beshta tegirmoni bor edi. Biroq, atrof-muhit ifloslanganligi va ishchilari uchun og'ir sharoitlar bo'lganligi sababli, Tuz Bredfordni tark etib, o'z biznesini unga topshirdi Tuzlar tegirmoni yilda Salter 1850 yilda, u 1853 yilda u ishchilar qishlog'ini qurishni boshladi YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxati.[22]

Genri Ripli Titus Taltning yoshroq zamondoshi edi. U Bowling Dye Works kompaniyasiga tegishli bo'lgan Edvard Ripley va Son Ltdning boshqaruvchi hamkori edi. 1880 yilda bo'yoq ishlari 1000 dan ortiq odamni ish bilan ta'minlagan va Evropadagi eng katta bo'yoqlar deb aytilgan. Salt singari u ham maslahatchi, JP va Bredford deputati bo'lib, ular ishchilar sinfining uy-joy sharoitlarini yaxshilashdan juda xavotirda edilar. U sanoatni qurdi Namunaviy qishloq ning Ripli Vill saytida Filtrlar, Sharqiy bouling bo'yoq ishlariga yaqin.

Lister tegirmoni
Kichik Germaniya

Boshqa yirik ish beruvchilar edi Samuel Lister va uning ahvoli yomon bo'lgan yigiruvchilar va ishlab chiqaruvchilar Lister tegirmoni (Manningem Mills). Lister epitomizatsiya qilingan Viktoriya davri korxona, lekin uning deb taklif qilingan kapitalistik munosabat bildirildi kasaba uyushmalari zarur.[23]Misli ko'rilmagan o'sish 200 dan ortiq zavod mo'ri doimiy ravishda qora, oltingugurtli tutunni chiqarib yuborishi bilan bog'liq muammolarni keltirib chiqardi, Bredford Angliyaning eng iflos shaharchasi sifatida tanildi. Vabo va tifning tez-tez tarqalishi kuzatildi va to'qimachilik ishchilaridan tug'ilgan bolalarning atigi 30 foizi o'n besh yoshga to'ldi. Bu juda yuqori daraja go'dak va yoshlar o'limi mamlakatdagi eng past ko'rsatkichlardan biri bo'lgan o'n sakkiz yoshdan oshgan Bredford aholisining umr ko'rish davomiyligiga hissa qo'shdi.

Ko'pgina yirik shaharlar singari Bredford ham muhojirlar uchun manzil bo'lgan. 1840 yillarda Bredford aholisi Irlandiyadan, xususan qishloqdan kelgan muhojirlar tomonidan sezilarli darajada ko'paygan Mayo[24] va Sligo va 1851 yilga kelib aholining taxminan 10% tug'ilgan Irlandiya, eng katta ulush Yorkshir.[25]Atrofda[26] 19-asrning o'ninchi yillari Irlandlar shahar markaziga yaqin joylashgan sakkizta zich joylashgan joylarda to'plangan. Ulardan biri Bedford Street-ning maydoni edi Filtrlar unda 1861 yilda Irlandiyada tug'ilgan 1,162 kishi bor edi - bu Borough shahrida tug'ilgan barcha Irlandiyaliklarning 19%.[27]

1820 va 1830 yillarda immigratsiya bo'lgan Germaniya. Ko'pchilik edi Yahudiy savdogarlar va ular shahar hayotida faol bo'lishdi. Yahudiylar jamoasi asosan Manningxem shaharcha maydoni,[28] 100 ga yaqin oilani tashkil etgan, ammo Bredfordning asosan to'qimachilik eksport uylaridan jun mahsulotlarini eksport qiluvchi mamlakat sifatida rivojlanishida ta'sir ko'rsatgan. Kichik Germaniya va Bredfordning fuqarolik hayoti. Charlz Semon (1814–1877) bu shaharda samarali to'qimachilik eksport uyini yaratgan to'qimachilik savdogari va xayriyachi bo'lib, u 1864 yilda Bredfordning birinchi chet ellik va yahudiy meri bo'ldi.[29] Jeykob Berrens (1806–1889) shahardan jun mahsulotlarini eksport qilgan birinchi xorijiy to'qimachilik savdogari bo'lib, uning kompaniyasi xalqaro million funtlik biznesga aylandi.[30] Behrens xayriya ishi bilan shug'ullangan, u 1851 yilda Bredford savdo palatasini tashkil etishga ham yordam bergan.[31] Jeykob Mozer (1839 - 1922) - bu muvaffaqiyatli Bradford to'qimachilik eksport uyiga aylangan Edelstein, Moser and Co firmalarining sherigi bo'lgan to'qimachilik savdogari. Mozer xayriya ishi bilan shug'ullangan, u Bredford xayriya tashkiloti jamiyatini va shahar yordam gildiyasini tashkil qilgan. 1910 yilda Mozer Bredfordning birinchi yahudiy lord meri bo'ldi.[32]

Jowett Avtomobillar sakkizta nishoni

To'qimachilikni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun tegirmonlar, To'qimachilik mashinalari bilan ta'minlaydigan shaharda katta ishlab chiqarish bazasi o'sdi va bu turli sohalarda yonma-yon rivojlanib, diversifikatsiyaga olib keldi.[17] The Jowett 20-asrning boshlarida Benjamin va Uilyam Jovett va Artur V Lamb tomonidan tashkil etilgan Motor Company, 50 yil davomida Bredfordda avtoulovlar va furgonlar ishlab chiqargan.[33] Scott mototsikl kompaniyasi sanoati uchun taniqli mototsikl va engil dvigatellarni ishlab chiqaruvchisi edi. Tomonidan tashkil etilgan Alfred Angas Skott 1908 yilda Bradforddagi Scott Engineering Company sifatida 1978 yilgacha Scott mototsikllari ishlab chiqarilgan.

Mustaqil Mehnat partiyasi

Shahar Leyboristlar partiyasining dastlabki tarixida muhim rol o'ynagan. Orqa tarafdagi devoriy rasm Bradford Playhouse yilda Kichik Germaniya tashkil topganligining yuz yilligini eslaydi Mustaqil Mehnat partiyasi 1893 yilda Bredfordda.[34]

Bredford Pals

Polk ranglari

Bredford Pals uchta Birinchi Jahon urushi edi Pals batalyonlari ning Kitchener armiyasi shaharda ko'tarilgan. Uchta batalyonni Britaniya armiyasi egallab olganida, ular rasmiy ravishda 16-chi (1-Bredford), 18-chi (2-Bredford) va 20-chi (zaxira) batalyonlar deb nomlanishdi, Uels shahzodasi (G'arbiy Yorkshir polki).[35]

1916 yil 1-iyul kuni ertalab 16 va 18-batalyonlar Shimoliy Frantsiyadagi xandaqlarini tark etib, hech kimning quruqligi bo'ylab yurishmadi. Bu soatning birinchi soati edi Somme jangining birinchi kuni. Ikki batalonda joylashgan Bredford va Tuman okruglaridan hisoblangan 1394 kishidan 1060 nafari qishloqqa yomon hujum paytida o'lgan yoki yaralangan. Serre-lès-Puisieux.[36]

Uels shahzodasining boshqa Bredford batalyonlari (G'arbiy Yorkshir polki) Somme jangi edi 1/6-batalyon (sobiq Bredford miltiq ko'ngillilari ), qismi Hududiy kuch, asoslangan Belle Vue kazaklari yilda Manningxem va 10-batalyon (boshqa Kitchener bataloni).[37][38] 1/6 batalyon 1915 yilda birinchi marta harakatni ko'rdi Aubers Ridge jangi shimolga Yser kanali yaqin Ypres. Sommening birinchi kunida ular yordamni qo'llab-quvvatlashga urinishganda juda ko'p yo'qotishlarga duch kelishdi 36-chi (Ulster) divizioni.[39][40] Hujumda 10-batalyon qatnashgan Frikourt 1 iyulda Somme shtatidagi har qanday batalyonning eng ko'p talofat ko'rganligi va butun urush davomida bir kun davomida eng yuqori darajadagi qurbonlar ro'yxatiga duch kelgan. Batalonning deyarli 60 foiz talofati o'lim edi.[41][42]

1/2 va 2/2 G'arbiy minadigan brigadalar, Qirollik dala artilleriyasi (TF), ularning shtab-kvartirasi bo'lgan Vodiy paradi Manningemda, Bredforddagi batareyalar bilan, Galifaks va Heckmondwike.[43] 1/2 brigada 1915 yil aprelda 1/6 batalyon G'arbiy York bilan Frantsiyaga o'tdi. Ushbu hududiy kuch birliklari urush davomida bir-biriga yaqin bo'lib, 49-chi (G'arbiy Riding) divizioni.[44] Ular 1917 yilda 2/6-batalyon, G'arbiy York va 2/2-g'arbiy otliq brigada, RFA, xizmat 62-chi (2-g'arbiy minish) divizioni.[45]

Yaqin tarix

Morrisonsning shtab-kvartirasi Bredfordda

Keyin Ikkinchi jahon urushi muhojirlar kelgan Polsha va Ukraina va 1950 yildan boshlab Bangladesh, Hindiston va ayniqsa Pokiston.[46]

To'qimachilik sanoati 20-asrning ikkinchi qismida tanazzulga yuz tutdi. Shaharda yangi to'qimachilik texnologiyalari ixtiro qilinganligi sababli, innovatsiya madaniyati Bredfordning ustunligi uchun asos bo'lgan; ning eng yaxshi namunasi Samuel Lister. Ushbu innovatsion madaniyat bugungi kunda Bredford iqtisodiyoti bo'ylab avtomobilsozlikdan (Kahn Design) davom etmoqda[47] elektronikaga (Pace Micro Technology ).Wm Morrison supermarketlari tomonidan tashkil etilgan Uilyam Morrison 1899 yilda, dastlab Rouson Market-da tuxum va sariyog 'savdogari sifatida ish yuritgan Wm Morrison (qoidalar) cheklangan.[48]

To'qimachilik ishlab chiqarishda foydalanilmaydigan tegirmonlarning eng buyuklari bu Lister Mill bo'lib, uning bacasini Bredfordning aksariyat joylaridan ko'rish mumkin. Mulkni ishlab chiqaruvchi tomonidan 100 million funt sterlingni ko'p qavatli uylarga o'tkazgandan so'ng, u yangilanish mayoqiga aylandi Urban Splash.[49]

1989 yilda nusxalari Salmon Rushdi "s Shaytoniy oyatlar shaharda yoqib yuborilgan va bir qismi Musulmon jamoat kitobga qarshi kampaniyani olib bordi. 2001 yil iyulda etnik ziddiyatlar yuzaga keldi tartibsizlik va hisobotda Bredford parchalangan deb ta'riflangan[50] va ajratilgan etnik jamoalar shahri.[51]

The Yorkshir qurilish jamiyati shaharda o'zining yangi bosh qarorgohini 1992 yilda ochgan.[52]

2006 yilda Wm Morrison supermarketlari shaharda o'zining bosh qarorgohini ochdi, firma Bredfordda 5000 dan ortiq odam ishlaydi.[53]

2009 yil iyun oyida Bredford dunyodagi birinchi bo'ldi YuNESKO Film shahri va qismiga aylandi Ijodiy shaharlar tarmog'i O'shandan beri.[54] Shahar uzoq vaqtdan beri ikkala filmni va 1896 yilda Manninghamda bo'lib o'tgan Cieroscope ixtirosini o'z ichiga olgan harakatlanuvchi filmlarni ishlab chiqarish texnologiyasini ishlab chiqaradi.[55]

2010 yilda Provident Moliyaviy shaharda yangi shtab-kvartirasini ochdi. Kompaniya 1880 yildan beri shaharda joylashgan.[56]

2012 yilda Britaniya jun marketing kengashi shaharda yangi shtab-kvartirasini ochdi.[57] Shuningdek, 2012 yilda Bredford Siti bog'i 24,5 million funt sterlingga mo'ljallangan parkni ochish uchun shahar markazidagi ko'p sonli favvoralar va stullar bilan o'ralgan oynali basseyn va yurish uchun mo'ljallangan jamoat joyi mavjud.[58]

2015 yilda Broadway ochildi, Bredford markazidagi savdo va dam olish majmuasini qurish uchun 260 million funt sterling sarflandi va unga tegishli Meyer Bergman.

Boshqaruv

Shuningdek qarang: Bredford shahri

Bredford uchta deputat tomonidan namoyish etiladi: saylov okruglari uchun Bredford Sharq (Imron Husayn, Mehnat partiyasi), Bredford janubiy (Judit Kammins, Mehnat) va Bredford G'arb (Naz Shoh, Mehnat partiyasi).

Bredford ichida Yorkshire va Humber Ikkita vakili bo'lgan Evropa saylov okrugi Konservativ MEP, ikkitasi Mehnat va ikkitasi Ukip Yevropa parlamenti deputatlari.[59]

Bredford uchun saylov natijalari Evropa parlamentiga saylov 2009 yil iyun oyida: Konservativ 19,2%, Leyboristlar 29,3%, UKIP 31,1%, Lib Dem 6,25%, Yashil 7.9%.[60]

2014 yilgi saylovlarda bu ko'rsatkichlar konservativlar 16,5% (2009 yildagi saylovdan -8,2%), leyboristlar 39,4% (+ 16,9%), liberal-demokratlar 7,0% (-6,4%), UKIP 24,8% (9,9%), yashil 6,8% edi. (-2,0%), BNP 1,4% (-7,9%), SNP / PC 0,0% (0,0%), Boshqalar 4,0% (-2,3%); jami ovozlar 128,787; saylovchilar soni 342,381; saylovda qatnashganlarning 37,6%.[61]->

150 piksel

Shahar qadimgi tarixida muhim rol o'ynagan Mehnat partiyasi. Orqa tarafdagi devoriy rasm Bradford Playhouse (Lids Yo'lidan ko'rinib turibdi) ning tashkil etilganligining yuz yilligini eslaydi Mustaqil Mehnat partiyasi 1893 yilda va uning shiori "Oddiy tirikchilikdan o'zga boylik yo'q" degan so'zlarini keltiradi.[62]

Bredford gerbining asl nusxasida lotincha so'zlar bo'lgan Labor omnia vincit uning ostida "Mehnat barchani yutadi" degan ma'noni anglatadi.[63] 1974 yilda mahalliy hukumat qayta tashkil etilgandan so'ng 1976 yilda inglizcha "Taraqqiyot, sanoat, insoniyat" shiori bilan yangi gerb bezatilgan edi.

Geografiya

Bredford joylashgan 53 ° 45′00 ″ N 01 ° 50′00 ″ Vt / 53.75000 ° N 1.83333 ° Vt / 53.75000; -1.83333 (53.7500, -1.8333)1. Topografik jihatdan u sharqda joylashgan Moorland mintaqasi Janubiy Penninlar.

Bredford hech qanday katta suv havzasi ustida qurilmagan, ammo uchta vodiyning tutashgan joyida joylashgan, ulardan biri, Bredford Bek qaysi ko'tariladi Moorland g'arbda va uning irmoqlari - Xorton Bek, Vestbruk, Bouling Bek va Istbruk tomonidan shishiriladi. Dastlabki ford joylashgan joyda Bek shimolga burilib, tomonga qarab oqadi Aire daryosi da Shipley. Bredfordeyl (yoki Bredforddeyl) - bu vodiyga berilgan ism (qarang. Firth 1997 y[1]). Ulardan biri sifatida qaralishi mumkin Yorkshire Dales, garchi u shahar orqali o'tayotganda, ko'pincha bunday deb tan olinmaydi. Shahar markazi orqali Bekning kursi kanalizatsiya qilingan va 19-asrning o'rtalaridan beri. 1852 yilda Ordnance tadqiqot xarita[2] u Quyosh ko'prigiga qadar, Tirrel ko'chasining oxirida, so'ngra yon tomondan ko'rinadi Bredford Forster maydonidagi temir yo'l stantsiyasi Kirkgeytda. 1906 yilgi ordnance tadqiqotida,[3] u Tambling Hill ko'chasida, Thornton yo'lidan tashqarida yo'qoladi va Keyp-Stritning shimolida, Vodiy yo'lidan tashqarida ko'rinadi, ammo Queens Road-ga qadar suv o'tkazgichlar mavjud.

The Bredford kanali, 1774 yilda qurilgan bo'lib, shaharni bilan bog'laydi Lids va Liverpul kanali suvini Bredford Bek va uning irmoqlaridan oldi. Ta'minot ko'pincha qulflarni oziqlantirish uchun etarli emas edi va kanalning ifloslangan holati 1866 yilda uning vaqtincha yopilishiga olib keldi: kanal 20-asrning boshlarida iqtisodiy bo'lmaganligi sababli yopildi.

Geologiya

Shaharning asosiy geologiyasi birinchi navbatda uglerodli qumtoshlar. Ular sifat jihatidan qo'pol toshdan tortib, qurilish sifatidagi asal rangidagi toshgacha farq qiladi. Ushbu materialdan foydalanish shahar me'morchiligiga sezilarli ta'sir ko'rsatdi.[64] Shahar shuningdek shimoliy g'arbiy qismida joylashgan Yorkshir ko'mir maydoni asosan uglerod qatlamidan tashkil topgan ko'mir choralari.[65]

Iqlim

Ularning aksariyat qismida bo'lgani kabi Buyuk Britaniya, Bredford a dengiz iqlimi (Köppen: Cfb), mavsumiy harorat chegaralari va umuman yil davomida o'rtacha yog'ingarchilik bilan.[66] Yozuvlar 1908 yildan beri to'plangan Met Office shahar markazidan shimolga yaqin masofada joylashgan Lister Parkdagi ob-havo stantsiyasi. Bu kunlik ma'lumotlarning eng uzoq davom etgan uzluksiz yozuvlaridan biridir. To'liq yozuv bilan kengash veb-saytida tanishishingiz mumkin.[67]

Lister Parkdagi ob-havo stantsiyasining muhofazasi

1990 yil avgust oyida qayd etilgan mutlaq maksimal harorat 32,2 ° C (90,0 ° F) edi.[68] "O'rtacha" yilda eng iliq kun 27,5 ° S (81,5 ° F) haroratga yetishi kerak,[69] jami 6 kun bilan[70] maksimal 25,1 ° S (77,2 ° F) yoki undan yuqori darajaga ko'tariladi.

Absolyut minimal harorat 1940 yil yanvar oyida -13.9 ° C (7.0 ° F) ni tashkil etdi. Ob-havo stantsiyasining shahar atrofi balandligi juda past haroratlarning noma'lumligini anglatadi. Odatda yilning 41,4 kechasi havo sovuqligini qayd etadi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Yog'ingarchilik yiliga o'rtacha 870 mm (34 dyuym) atrofida bo'lib, 139 kunga 1 mm dan oshadi.[71]

Yiliga 1250 soatdan kam bo'lmagan quyosh nuri kam, chunki Shimoliy Angliyada tog'li hududlar orasida joylashgan ichki hududni kutish mumkin. Barcha o'rtacha ko'rsatkichlar 1981-2010 yillarda kuzatuv davriga to'g'ri keladi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Bradford uchun ob-havo ma'lumoti (Lister Park )[a], balandlik: 134 m (440 fut), 1981-2010 normalar, haddan tashqari 1908 yil - hozirgi kunga qadar
OyYanvarFevralMarAprelMayIyunIyulAvgustSentyabrOktyabrNoyabrDekabrYil
Yuqori darajani yozing ° C (° F)14.6
(58.3)		18.4
(65.1)		21.7
(71.1)		23.9
(75.0)		26.7
(80.1)		30.0
(86.0)		33.9
(93.0)		32.2
(90.0)		27.2
(81.0)		25.6
(78.1)		17.1
(62.8)		15.8
(60.4)		33.9
(93.0)
O'rtacha yuqori ° C (° F)6.6
(43.9)		6.8
(44.2)		9.2
(48.6)		11.8
(53.2)		15.3
(59.5)		17.8
(64.0)		20.1
(68.2)		19.6
(67.3)		16.9
(62.4)		13.1
(55.6)		9.3
(48.7)		6.8
(44.2)		12.8
(55.0)
Kundalik o'rtacha ° C (° F)4.0
(39.2)		4.1
(39.4)		6.0
(42.8)		8.0
(46.4)		11.1
(52.0)		13.8
(56.8)		16.1
(61.0)		15.7
(60.3)		13.4
(56.1)		10.0
(50.0)		6.6
(43.9)		4.2
(39.6)		9.4
(48.9)
O'rtacha past ° C (° F)1.4
(34.5)		1.3
(34.3)		2.8
(37.0)		4.3
(39.7)		7.0
(44.6)		9.9
(49.8)		12.1
(53.8)		11.8
(53.2)		9.8
(49.6)		6.9
(44.4)		3.9
(39.0)		1.7
(35.1)		6.1
(43.0)
Past ° C (° F) yozib oling−13.9
(7.0)		−13.3
(8.1)		−11.1
(12.0)		−10.6
(12.9)		−3.0
(26.6)		0.6
(33.1)		5.0
(41.0)		2.8
(37.0)		0.3
(32.5)		−4.1
(24.6)		−7.8
(18.0)		−13.1
(8.4)		−13.9
(7.0)
O'rtacha yog'ingarchilik mm (dyuym)92.7
(3.65)		66.0
(2.60)		67.2
(2.65)		64.3
(2.53)		53.7
(2.11)		71.0
(2.80)		57.9
(2.28)		68.6
(2.70)		65.3
(2.57)		85.1
(3.35)		86.7
(3.41)		94.3
(3.71)		872.8
(34.36)
O'rtacha oylik quyoshli soat42.065.296.3130.7163.9153.2163.1152.9119.489.354.334.31,264.6
Manba: Office bilan uchrashdim[b][72]
  1. ^ Ob-havo stantsiyasi Bredford shahar markazidan 3 km uzoqlikda joylashgan.
  2. ^ Ma'lumotlar Met Office-ning 1981-2010 yillardagi oylik uzoq muddatli ma'lumotlaridan hisoblab chiqilgan.

Yashil belbog '

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Janubiy va G'arbiy Yorkshir Yashil Belt

Bredford a atrofida yashil kamar tuman va atrofdagi tumanlarni qamrab olgan mintaqa. Bu kamaytirish uchun joyida shaharlarning kengayishi, shahridagi shaharlarning oldini olish G'arbiy Yorkshir shahar maydoni kelgusi yaqinlashishdan qoniqish, chekka jamoalarning o'ziga xosligini himoya qilish, rag'batlantirish jigarrang maydon qayta ishlatish va yaqin atrofdagi qishloqlarni saqlash. Bunga belgilangan hududlarda nomuvofiq rivojlanishni cheklash va ruxsat berilgan binoga nisbatan qattiqroq sharoitlar qo'yish orqali erishiladi.[73]

Yashil belbog 'shahar bo'ylab qishloqlarni ajratib turadigan Bredford qurilgan hududni o'rab oladi. Kabi yirik chekka jamoalar Bingli, Uilsden, Kottingli va Tornton shuningdek, yashil kamar zonasidan ozod qilingan. Biroq, yaqin atrofdagi kichik qishloqlar, qishloqlar va qishloq joylari Bruntvayt, Kilxem, Denxolm darvozasi, Laycock Esholt, Mikletvayt, Goose Eye, Stenberi, Xaynvort, Tong va Harecroft belgilanishi bilan "yuviladi".[73] Chegaradagi ko'pgina yarim qishloq erlari ham kiritilgan. 2017 yilda maydon qariyb 23890 gektarni (238,9 km) tashkil etdi2; 92,2 kvadrat milya).[74]

Yashil kamarning yordamchi maqsadi - dam olish va bo'sh vaqtni o'tkazish uchun qiziqish,[73] Park land, shu jumladan qishloq landshaft xususiyatlari, yashil maydonlar va inshootlar bilan; Northcliffe parki va o'rmonlari; Xiton Vuds; Chellow Dene o'rmonlari va suv omborlari; Horton Bank dala bog'i; Norr tepaligi; Gilstead dam olish parki; Tosh doirasi Shipley Glen tomonidan qolgan; Bracken Hall; Aire daryosi vodiysi; Lids va Liverpul kanali; va Leeds Country Way.

Demografiya

Asosiy maqola: Bredford demografiyasi
2011 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olishdan Bredford Metropolitan Tuman Kengashi hududida aholi zichligi

2011 yilda Buyuk Britaniyada o'tkazilgan aholini ro'yxatga olishda Bredford 522 452 kishini tashkil qildi.[75] 106680 kishi edi uy xo'jaliklari Bredfordda va aholi zichligi kvadrat kilometrga 4560 nafar aholi (11,820 / sqm mil) to'g'ri keldi. Har 100 ayolga 92,9 erkak to'g'ri kelgan.[76] Bredford Londondan tashqarida eng yosh, eng tez o'sayotgan aholiga ega.[77]

Aholini ro'yxatga olish shuni ko'rsatdiki, Bredford aholisining 67,44% (352,317) kishi Oq, 26.83% (140,149) Osiyo, 2.48% (12,979) Aralash poyga, 1.77% (9,267) Qora va boshqa irqlardan 1,48% (7,740).[78]

Aholining 22,1% Britaniya Janubiy Osiyo (26,83% tarkibiga kiritilgan Osiyo yuqoridagi rasmda), uchinchi eng yuqori foiz Janubiy osiyoliklar bitta aholi punktida Angliya va Uels (shaharning orqasida "Lester" 29,9% va London minorasi Hamletlar tumani Barcha yashovchi osiyoliklarning deyarli yarmi Yorkshire va Humber markaziy palatalari bilan, Bredfordda yashaydi Bredford Mur, Shahar, Kichik Xorton, Manningxem va Toller Osiyo aholisining ko'pchiligiga ega, ammo Bredfordning chekka qismlari Tornton va Allerton, Bo'sh va Takli, Ekklesill, Vibsi, Uayk, Kleyton, Ajralish, Tong va Royds asosan bor oq populyatsiyalar.[79]

Bredford: Etnik kelib chiqishi: 2011 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish[80]
Etnik guruhAholisi%
Oq352,31767.5
Osiyo yoki osiyolik inglizlar140,14926.8
Aralashgan12,9792.5
Qora yoki qora inglizlar9,2671.8
Arab3,7140.7
Boshqa etnik guruh4,0260.8
Jami522,452100

Milliy statistika idorasining 2009 yil iyun oyida e'lon qilingan mintaqaviy tendentsiyalari hisoboti shuni ko'rsatdiki, Bredfordning ayrim qismlari mamlakatda eng yuqori darajadagi mahrumlikdan aziyat chekmoqda, Bredfordning boshqa hududlari esa mamlakatda eng kam mahrum bo'lganlar.[81][82] Kichkintoylar o'limi mamlakat o'rtacha ko'rsatkichidan ikki baravar ko'p[83] va umr ko'rish davomiyligi boshqa qismlarga qaraganda bir oz pastroq tuman.[84]

Uzoq muddatli sog'liqni saqlash tadqiqotlari Bredfordda tug'ilgan 2007-2011 yillarda shaharda tug'ilishni o'rganib chiqdi va tug'ma nuqsonlar darajasi 3 foizni tashkil etdi, bu mamlakat o'rtacha ko'rsatkichidan 1,7 foizga teng. Etakchi sabab 37% bo'lganligi aniqlandi qarindoshlik nikohi avvalgi avlodga qaraganda keng tarqalgan ingliz janubiy osiyoliklari orasida. Bunga 34 yoshdan oshgan onalardan tug'ilgan bolalar sabab bo'lgan.[85]

Iqtisodiyot

Shuningdek qarang: Bredfordda joylashgan kompaniyalar ro'yxati

Bredfordning to'qimachilik sanoati ko'p yillar davomida tanazzulga uchragan va shahar deustustiallashgan. Bredfordning ba'zi joylari Buyuk Britaniyada eng yomon ijtimoiy mahrumlik darajasiga kiradi,[86] chetlatish cho'ntaklari keng tarqalganligi va ayrim bo'limlarda ishsizlik darajasi 25% dan oshganligi,[50] Bredfordning boshqa hududlari Buyuk Britaniyada eng kam mahrum bo'lganlar qatoriga kiradi.[87] Iqtisodiyot taxminan £ funtga teng9.5 milliardni tashkil etdi, bu Bredford iqtisodiyotini mintaqadagi asosiy kuchga aylantiradi va 2018 yilga kelib 10 milliard funtdan oshishi kutilmoqda,[88] mintaqaning ishlab chiqarish hajmining 8,4% atrofida o'z hissasini qo'shdi va tumanni Yorkshir va Xumberda (Lids va Sheffilddan keyin) uchinchi o'rinda turadi. Iqtisodiyot diversifikatsiya qilindi va shaharda bir qancha yirik kompaniyalar, xususan moliya sohasi joylashgan (Yorkshir qurilish jamiyati, Provident Moliyaviy, Santander Buyuk Britaniya ), to'qimachilik (Britaniya jun marketing kengashi, Bulmer and Lumb Group), kimyoviy moddalar (BASF, Nufarm UK), elektronika (Arris International, Filtronic), muhandislik (NG Bailey, Powell Switchgear) va ishlab chiqarish, (Denso Marston, Bailey Offsite, Belgilar kartalari Buyuk Britaniya va Seabrook kartoshka xirmoni ). Supermarketlar tarmog'i Morrisonlar suv ta'minoti korxonasi singari bosh ofisi ham Bredfordda joylashgan Yorkshir suvi.[89]

Shaharning eng yirik ish beruvchilardan biri Provident Financial plc, ixtisoslashgan moliyaviy xizmatlar guruhi Uyda yig'iladigan kredit (HCC) va egalik qiladi Vanquis banki qaysi takliflar kredit kartalar. Bu ro'yxatda keltirilgan London fond birjasi va tarkibiy qismidir FTSE 100 indeksi. Kompaniya 1880 yilda Joshua Kelley Waddilove tomonidan oilalarga arzon kredit berish uchun tashkil etilgan G'arbiy Yorkshir.[90] U 23000 metr balandlikdagi 250.000 kvadrat metrga ko'chib o'tdi2), 45 million funt, flagman shtab-kvartirasi shahar uchun yuzlab ish o'rinlarini yaratish shahar markazidagi bino. Binoda 200 o‘rinli yotoqxona ham joylashgan Jurys Inn mehmonxona.[91]

2011 yil oktabr oyida Bredford shahar markazini, shu jumladan uzoq vaqtdan beri ishlamay kelayotgan Broadway savdo markazini qayta tiklash rejalariga turtki berildi, chunki Bredford Kengashi hukumatdan 17,6 million funt sterling miqdorida mintaqaviy o'sishni moliyalashtirdi, bu esa 35 million funt sterlingga teng o'sishni ta'minlashga to'g'ri keladi. zona "bo'lib, unda kompaniyalar odamlarga o'qish va ish joylarini olishlariga yordam berish evaziga ish stavkalarini engillashtiradilar.[92]

2012 yil aprel oyida chakana gigant Freeman Grattan Holdings yangi bosh ofis ochish va Bredford markazida 300 ga yaqin xodimni joylashtirish bo'yicha shartnomani imzoladi. Pochta orqali buyurtma berish va onlayn sotuvchi ofis xodimlarini Grattan 1934 yildan beri mavjud bo'lgan Lidget Green bazasidan, II darajadagi ro'yxatdagi sobiq jun omboriga chekkasida joylashgan. Kichik Germaniya.[93]

Xarid qilish

Broadway Bredforddagi asosiy chakana savdo inshootidir. Bunga kiradi Debenxemlar, Marklar va Spenser, Keyingisi, Superdry, Shuh, H&M, Xaadi, 70 dan ortiq birliklar orasida Kiko (tovar), Menkind. Unda 1300 ta avtoturargoh mavjud.[94]

Kirkgeyt Savdo Markazi - Bredford shahar markazidagi savdo majmuasi. Bunga kiradi Primark, Yangi ko'rinish, Bank, V H Smit, Botinkalar, Boyz,[95] SportsDirect.com, Deichmann va F. Xindlar uning 65 do'konida, shuningdek yopiq bozor va 550 avtoulov to'xtash joylarida. Yaqinda markaz millionlab funt sterlingni qayta ta'mirdan o'tkazdi va 1960 yilgi binoning fasadini yangilash rejalashtirildi, chunki u uzoq kutilgan 260 million funt sterlingdan iborat raqobatni kutmoqda. Vestfild rivojlanish 2015 yil 5-noyabrda ochilgan.[96][97][98][99]

Forster Square savdo parki 1995 yilda ochilgan va unga qo'shni Forster maydonidagi temir yo'l stantsiyasi. Bu 20 dan ortiq yirik chakana va oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini o'z ichiga oladi Keyingisi, TK Maxx, Harveys, Asda Living, Kiyim, Tovuslar, Klarks, JD Sport, Kori, DFS, Metro, McDonald's va Kosta kofe.[100]

Sunbridge Uells Bu er osti chakana savdo majmuasi bo'lib, unda restoran, bar va chakana savdo bo'limlari mavjud. Majmua Bredford markazida joylashgan Viktoriya tunnellari qatorida qurilgan.[101]

Belgilangan joylar

Shuningdek qarang: Bradford shahridagi binolarning ro'yxati I sinf
Bolling zali

Bredfordning eng qadimgi binosi bu ibodathona, hayotining aksariyat qismi cherkov cherkovi bo'lgan. Boshqa ozgina O'rta asrlar binolar alohida saqlanib qolgan Bolling zali muzey sifatida saqlanib qolgan.

The Jun almashinuvi, Bredford

Bir oz jarima bor Viktoriya binolari: tegirmonlarning mo'lligidan tashqari, mavjud hokimiyat (Angliya hukmdorlarining haykallari bilan, shu jumladan g'ayrioddiy) Oliver Kromvel ), sobiq Jun almashinuvi va Undercliffe'dagi katta Viktoriya qabristoni. Kichik Germaniya 19-asrdan beri nomini olgan shahar markazidan sharqdagi ajoyib Viktoriya tijorat tumani Nemis yahudiy ko'pchilikning ayrimlaridan biznes yuritgan muhojirlar sanab o'tilgan binolar. Bir necha o'n yillik parchalanishdan so'ng ofis va uy-joylardan foydalanish muvaffaqiyatli o'zgartirildi. Qog'oz zali 1990-yillarda buzilishdan xalos bo'lgan va ta'mirlangan va 2005 yil o'rtalarida Kichik Germaniyadagi taniqli Eastbrook zalida ta'mirlash boshlangan. Bu hashamatli kvartiralar sifatida ochildi Shahzoda Charlz 2008 yil kuzida.[102] Bredfordda ham bir qator bor me'moriy jihatdan tarixiy mehmonxonalar shahar markaziga ikkita temir yo'l liniyasining tashkil etilishidan, orqada Viktoriya davri marta. Victoria mehmonxonasi va Midland mehmonxonasi jun savdosi avj olgan davrda shaharga ishbilarmon sayohatchilarni joylashtirish uchun qurilgan.

Ko'pgina shaharlar singari, Bredford ham bir qator taniqli binolarni yo'qotdi ishlab chiquvchilar 1960 va 1970 yillarda: ayniqsa o'sha paytda motam tutganlar Oqqush Arkadasi va eski Kirkgate bozori. So'nggi yillarda o'sha davrdagi ba'zi binolar buzib tashlandi va o'rnini egalladi: Viloyat uyi, Yuz yillik maydon yonida, 2002 yilda nazorat ostida bo'lgan portlash natijasida buzib tashlandi,[103] va Forster House 2005 yilda bir qismi sifatida olib tashlangan Broadway rivojlanishi.

Bredfordning asosiy san'at galereyasi buyuk Edvardianda joylashgan Kartrittlar zali yilda Lister Park. The Milliy fan va media muzeyi kino va filmlarni nishonlaydi va London tashqarisida eng ko'p tashrif buyuradigan muzeydir. Uning tarkibida Imax kino Kubbi brokkoli Kino va Pictureville Kino - Devid Puttnam tomonidan Britaniyadagi eng yaxshi kinoteatr sifatida tasvirlangan.[104]

The Bredford Alhambra tez-tez sahnalari West End va Broadway musiqiy.

Shuningdek, shaharda The Sent-Jorj zali - Buyuk Britaniyadagi eng qadimgi va butun Evropada eng qadimgi uchinchi kontsert zali bo'lgan 1853 yildan buyuk katta kontsert zali.[iqtibos kerak ] The Alhambra teatr, 1914 yilda Frank Laidler teatri impresiori uchun qurilgan va keyinchalik Moss Empire guruhiga tegishli bo'lgan (Osvald Stoll va Edvard Moss ). Teatr 1986 yilda yangilangan.

Shahar okrugida 37 ta bog 'va bog' mavjud. Lister Park, qayiqchali ko'l va Mug'al suv bog'lari bilan 2006 yil uchun Britaniyaning eng yaxshi parki deb topildi.[105] Bowling parki Sharqiy bouling har yili mahalliy Afrika va Karib dengizi madaniyatini nishonlaydigan Bredford karnavalining joylashgan joyi.

Bredford Siti bog'i Mela-ni o'z ichiga olgan Bredford festivalining uyi, Buyuk Britaniyaning har qanday shahridagi eng katta texnogen suv inshootini o'z ichiga olgan Bredford qalbidagi olti akrlik (2,4 gektar) jamoat maydonidir - 4000 m.2 100 metrdan ortiq favvoralarni o'z ichiga olgan (43 000 kvadrat fut) ko'zgu hovuzi, shu jumladan Buyuk Britaniyaning barcha shaharlaridagi eng balandi 30 metr (100 fut). Oyna hovuzi quritilganida, City Park karnavallar, bozorlar, teatr tomoshalari, namoyishlar va jamoat festivallari kabi tadbirlarni o'tkazishga qodir. 2010 yil fevral oyida 24 million funt sterlingli loyiha ustida ish boshlandi va 2012 yil mart oyida City Park rasmiy ravishda ochildi, minglab odamlar katta ochilish marosimiga tashrif buyurishdi.

Shahar bog'idagi Mirror Pool

The Bredford Odeon ilgari Gaumont va Nyu-Viktoriya teatri, 1930 yilda musiqiy xona va kinoteatr sifatida 3000 kishidan ortiq bino sifatida qurilgan va o'sha paytda London tashqarisidagi eng yirik kinoteatr edi. (Yana bir Odeon, har doim Odeon kinoteatrlari 1938 yilda shaharda qurilgan va 1969 yilda buzib tashlangan.) ro'yxatdagi Alhambra teatri yonidagi tabiatni muhofaza qilish zonasida turib, 2000 yilda yopilgan va buzilib, o'rniga kvartira va Langtree ishlab chiqaruvchisiga sotilgan. ofis bloki. Odeon ushbu takliflar bo'yicha juda ko'p tortishuvlarga sabab bo'ldi, jamoatchilik tomonidan 10 ming imzo bilan murojaatnoma shaklida qo'llab-quvvatlandi va davom etayotgan kampaniyalar uni yangilash uchun. 2012 yil mart oyida Bredford G'arbiy uchun muvaffaqiyatli saylov kampaniyasida, Jorj Galloway Odeonni qayta tiklashni birinchi o'ringa qo'yganini aytib, keyinchalik Bosh vazirga murojaat qildi Devid Kemeron aralashmoq.[106] Arxitektura tarixchisi Jonatan Foyl, aktrisalar Imelda Staunton va Jenni Agutter va rejissyor Maykl G'olib barchasi kampaniyani qo'llab-quvvatladilar.

Yodgorliklar

Transport

Bredford Forster maydonidagi temir yo'l stantsiyasi

O'tgan asrlarda Bredfordning Bredfordeylda joylashganligi shimoldan tashqari aloqalarni qiyinlashtirdi. Shunga qaramay, Bredfordga transport tizimlari yaxshi xizmat ko'rsatmoqda. Bredford avval rivojlanayotgan bilan bog'langan turniket tarmoq 1734 yilda,[iqtibos kerak ] qachon birinchi Yorkshir o'rtasida turniket qurilgan "Manchester" va Lids orqali Galifaks va Bredford.

Bugun Bredfordga bir necha kishi murojaat qilmoqda magistral yo'llar, A647 orqali Lids va Galifaks o'rtasida Kvinsberi, A650 o'rtasida Ueykfild va Keighli, A658 ga Harrogate va A6036 orqali Galifaksga Raf.

The M606, turtki M62 avtomobil yo'li, Bredfordni milliy avtomagistral tarmog'i bilan bog'laydi. Dastlab to'g'ridan-to'g'ri shahar markaziga borishni rejalashtirgan bo'lsa-da, u tugaydi halqa yo'li.

The Bredford kanali dan 4 milya (6,4 km) masofada joylashgan Lids va Liverpul kanali da Shipley. U Bredfordni bilan bog'lash uchun qurilgan ohaktosh karerlar ning Shimoliy Yorkshir, ikkala tomonidagi sanoat shaharchalari Pennines va Liverpool va Goole portlari. U 1774 yilda ochilgan, 1866 yilda yopilgan, 1871 yilda ochilgan va 1922 yilda nihoyat yopilgan. Shahar markazini qayta tiklashning muhim qismi sifatida uni qayta qurish rejalashtirilgan.

Ga kirish Bredford almashinuvi

The Lids va Bredford temir yo'li ochildi Forster maydonidagi temir yo'l stantsiyasi 1846 yil 1-iyulda Shipley orqali Lidsga xizmat ko'rsatish bilan. Stansiya 1850-yillarning boshlarida va 1890 va 1990 yillarda qayta qurilgan.

The Lankashir va Yorkshir temir yo'li o'rtasida, 1850 yil 9-mayda Dreyk ko'chasida stantsiyani ochdi "Manchester" va Lids. The Buyuk Shimoliy temir yo'l da uchinchi terminal ochildi Adolphus ko'chasi 1854 yilda, lekin stantsiya markazdan juda uzoq edi va ikkita kompaniya qo'shma stantsiya qurdilar, Bredford birjasi 1867 yilda ochilgan.[107] Adolphus ko'chasi tovar terminali bo'lib qoldi. 1973 yilda Almashinuv shoxobchasi boshqa joyda tiklandi va 1983 yilda qayta nomlandi Bredford almashinuvi va yonida qurilgan avtovokzal. Forster maydoni va Bredford almashinuvi stantsiyalari G'arbiy Yorkshir metrosining bir qismidir.

Bredford trolleybus Leeds Road-da, Greengates, 1971 yil may.

Bredford temir yo'l terminallari o'rtasida bog'lanish uchun ko'plab sxemalar mavjud edi. O'tgan asrning 60-yillarida shahar markazining katta darajada qayta qurilishi terminini ulash imkoniyatini yaratdi, ammo ta'qib qilinmadi va katta binolar 90-yillarda barpo etildi. Terminini ulashda asosiy qiyinchilik bu balandlikdagi katta farqdir: Bredford Qavvari temir yo'l me'yorlari bo'yicha tik bo'lgan uzun qiyalikning oxirida, ammo Forster maydonidan ancha balandroq. Ushbu gradient temir yo'l qurilishida misli ko'rilmagan edi va Forster maydonining shahar markazidan uzoqroqqa ko'chirilishi, o'tishni amalga oshirishi mumkin bo'lgan qo'shimcha joy yaratdi.

A tramvay tizim Bredford korporatsiyasi tomonidan 1882 yilda boshlangan. Dastlab transport vositalari mavjud edi otga tortilgan ammo ular bilan almashtirildi bug 'bilan boshqariladi tramvaylar 1883 yilda va elektr 1898 yildagi transport vositalari. 1911 yil 20 iyunda Britaniyada birinchi trolleybus tizimlar bir vaqtning o'zida ochildi Bredfordda, Laisterdyke va Dadli Xill o'rtasida va Lidsda.[108] Bredforddagi va Britaniyadagi so'nggi xizmat 1972 yil 26 martda o'z faoliyatini to'xtatdi.[108][109] O'nta Bredford trolleybuslari saqlanib qolgan Sandtoft trolleybus muzeyi.[110] 1974 yilda Bredfordning shahar avtobuslari qabul qilib olindi G'arbiy Yorkshir metrosi. Birinchi Bredford va Arriva Yorkshir ba'zi yo'nalishlardan foydalangan holda, Bredforddagi avtobuslarning bosh operatorlari boshqariladigan avtobuslar.

Lids Bredford aeroporti shaharning shimoliy sharqida 6 milya (9,7 km). Bredford va Lids kengashlari birgalikda aeroportni 1931 yilda ochishgan. So'nggi yillarda tez sur'atlarda kengayish kuzatilmoqda va bu aviakompaniyaning iqtisodiyot asosidir. Jet2.com. 2007 yil may oyida qo'shma kengashlar aeroportni sotdilar Bridgepoint Capital 145,5 million funt evaziga. Bridgepoint aeroportni obodonlashtirishga 70 million funt sterling sarmoya kiritilishini va 2015 yilga kelib yo'lovchilar sonini 7 milliondan oshishini e'lon qildi.[111]

Ta'lim

Shuningdek qarang: Bredforddagi maktablar ro'yxati
Bredford grammatika maktabi

Bredford grammatika maktabi XVI asr o'rtalarida cherkov cherkovi yaqinida mavjud bo'lib, Qirollik Xartiyasi tomonidan Ozod sifatida qayta tiklangan Grammatika maktabi ning Charlz II 1662 yilda.[112]

Bredford universiteti

The Bredford universiteti 10 mingdan ziyod o'quvchiga ega bo'lgan talaba uni qabul qildi Qirollik xartiyasi 1966 yilda, ammo o'z tarixini 1860-yillarda tashkil topganida izlaydi Bredford to'quv, dizayn va qurilish maktablari. Hozirda universitet texnologiya va menejment fanlari, optometriya, farmatsiya, tibbiyot fanlari, hamshiralik ishlari, arxeologiya va zamonaviy tillarni o'z ichiga olgan keng doiralarni qamrab oladi. Uning Tinchlik tadqiqotlari bilan tashkil etilgan bo'lim Quaker support in 1973, was for a long time the only such institution in the UK.

In terms of nationally recognised leading areas of research there are various departments such as Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, Bradford School of Pharmacy, Peace Studies, Archaeology, Engineering, Management, Centre for Skin Sciences amongst others. The university balances academic research and teaching quality with a strong tradition of social inclusion. The Bredford universiteti was ranked second in the UK for graduate employment by the Times Higher Education Supplement in 2005.[113]

In December 2010 the university was named as the greenest in the UK for the second year running.[114]

The Old Building at Bredford kolleji founded in 1832

The Bredford universiteti menejment maktabi was in 2011 rated the 14th best business school in the UK by the Financial Times.[115]Bredford kolleji developed from the 19th-century technical college whose buildings it inherited. It offers further and higher educational courses and is an Associate College of Lids Metropolitan universiteti and is the UK's largest provider of higher-education courses outside the university sector, with 23,000 students and 1,800 staff.[116] It absorbed the Art School whose most famous alumnus is Devid Xokni.

Whilst in Bradford after 1892, Margaret MakMillan ga qo'shildi Fabian Jamiyati va Mustaqil Mehnat partiyasi. Working with her sister, Rachel, she set about improving the welfare of children living in the kechqurunlar, and campaigned for free school meals. A memorial college to Margaret McMillan was opened in 1952.[117]

Yaqinda Ofsted reports rank many Bradford schools as amongst the UK's finest.[116]

Din

Shuningdek qarang: Bredford sobori va Al-Mahdi masjidi
Bredford sobori

Two carved stones, probably parts of a Saksoniya preaching cross, were found on the site of Bredford sobori. They indicate that Christians may have worshipped here since Yorklik Paulinus came to the north of England in AD 627 on a missiya aylantirish Nortumbriya. U va'z qildi Dyuusberi and it was from there that Bradford was first evangelised. The vicars of Bradford later paid dues to that cherkov. The most prominent Christian church in Bradford is Bredford sobori, dastlab Parish cherkovi ning St Peter. The parish was in existence by 1283, and there was a stone church on the rock shelf above Bradford Beck by 1327. The Bredford yeparxiyasi qismidan yaratilgan Ripon yeparxiyasi in 1919, and the church became a cathedral at that time. Ko'pchilik Rim katolik churches that are found within the city are a legacy of the large Irland population that migrated to Bradford in the 19th century.[iqtibos kerak ]

Bredford Lakshmi Narayan hind ibodatxonasi

The city has a sizeable Indian community and the Lakshmi Narayan mandir which opened in April 2008[118] eng kattasi Hindu temple in northern England.[119] There is a Hindu temple and community centre on Thornton Lane[120] and smaller house-based mandirs, as shown in the List of Hindu Temples in England.

The patron saint of Bradford is Sent-Blez because of his patronage of wool combing, and his statue features on the Wool Exchange in the centre of the city. There is also a statue of the saint in St Cuthbert's Catholic Church, Wilmer Road, also noted as the location of the famous Stations of the Cross by Erik Gill.[121][122]

The Sikh community has six gurudvaralar shaharda. The Sikh festival of Vaisaxi is celebrated on 14 April. Sikhs travel to each of the gurudwaras in the city in a procession called a nagar kirtan.[123]

Ichki makon Bradford Tree of Life Synagogue

The Yahudiy community was strong in the middle to late 19th century and built Bredford islohotlari ibodatxonasi in Manningham. This, "The oldest reform synagogue outside London",[124] tomonidan tashkil etilgan Nemis yahudiylari who had moved to Bradford for the wool trade. According to historian Sharman Kadish, "The city of Bradford was unique in that it boasted a reform synagogue before it acquired an orthodox one".[125] 1881 yilda Rossiya yahudiylari made their home in Bradford, having fled their homeland, and founded an orthodox synagogue.[126]In 2011 the Jewish population was 299.[127]

Bradford: Religion: 2011 Census[128]
DinAholisi%
Nasroniy239,84345.9
Musulmon129,04124.7
Din yo'q108,02720.7
E'lon qilinmagan32,5496.2
Sikh5,1251.0
Hindu4,8820.9
Buddist1,0000.2
Yahudiy2990.1
Boshqa din1,6860.3
Jami522,452100

The district has a tradition of nomuvofiqlik which is reflected in the number of chapels erected by Jamiyatchilar, Baptistlar va Metodistlar. The city was a centre of the Uy cherkovi movement in the 1980s, and the Christian charity Xristianlar qashshoqlikka qarshi shaharda tashkil etilgan. Other house churches in the city include El-Shaddai xalqaro nasroniy markazi and the World Outreach Church. Bradford is also home to the LIFE Cherkovi Buyuk Britaniya, a large nonconforming Church, that has around 3,000 members.[129]

Madaniyat

The Milliy fan va media muzeyi hosts the Bradford International Film Festival annually in March.In June 2009 Bradford was designated the world's first YuNESKO City of Film for its links to the ishlab chiqarish and distribution of films, its media and film museum and its "cinematographic legacy". "Becoming the world's first City of Film is the ultimate celebration of Bradford's established and dynamic history in film and media," said Colin Philpott, director of Bradford's National Media Museum. "Bilan UNESCO City of Film designation, Bradford will now go on to achieve inspirational projects in film." Simon Bofoy from Bradford, the Oscar-winning screenwriter of Yalang'och millioner, said the city had played a crucial role in the story of kino and deserved to be recognised.[130]

The Milliy fan va media muzeyi, Bredford

Bradford has developed a relationship with Bollivud, xosting International Indian Film Festival 2007 yilda mukofotlar.

The Bradford Animation Festival is the UK's longest-running animatsiya festival. Held each November, the festival hosts an array of screentalks, workshops and special events. The festival culminates in the annual BAF Awards which celebrate new animation from around the world.[131]

The Kottingli Fairy photographs taken by Elsi Rayt and two of the cameras used are on display in the Kodak Gallery in the National Science and Media Museum in Bradford.

There are four theatres in Bradford. The Alhambra also has a smaller studio theatre in the same complex. Ular tomonidan boshqariladi Bredford shahri Metropolitan District Council. The Theatre in the Mill is a small studio theatre at the Bredford universiteti, which presents student and community shows and small-scale touring professional work. The Bradford Playhouse is a privately run venue with a medium-sized proscenium theatre and a small studio.

Among the professional theatre companies based in Bradford are Kala Sangam, satirik madcap comedy troop, Komedy Kollective, Lost Dog (based at Theatre in the Mill) and Bo'shliq haqida o'ylang, one of the longest established, who have always worked with a mixture of nogiron and able-bodied performers. Groups and organisations teaching theatre include The Asian Theatre School, Bradford Stage and Theatre School and Stage 84. There are also a number of amateur theatre groups.

Sent-Jorj zali is a concert hall dating from 1853 making it the oldest concert hall in Britain and the third oldest in Europe.[iqtibos kerak ] Bredford festivali xorlar jamiyati was founded to perform at the inaugural Bradford Musical Festival that took place in August of that year,[132] and the choir is still a part of the musical life of the city. The Xall orkestri have been regular visitors over the years, as have a wide range of popular musicians, bands, entertainers, comedians and theatrical productions.In 2017 an £8.2 million renovation scheme of St George's Hall was started, after completion it is planned for the concert venue to re-open in late 2018.[133]

Sent-Jorj zali

Kinoteatrlar have been replaced by vast entertainment complexes with multi-screen cinemas. The Leisure Exchange in the city centre has a 16 screen Cineworld. Da Tornberi, on the outskirts is the Odeon Lids-Bredford with 13 screens which replaced the old Odeon next to the Alhambra which is the continuing focus of protests by Bradfordians who do not wish to see the old building demolished.[134] The University of Bradford also has a cinema run by the Students' Union, operating from the University's Great Hall.[135]

Nightlife in Bradford has traditionally centred on Manor Row and Manningham Lane. More recently, several clubs and pablar have opened in the West End of Bradford, around the Alhambra teatri, turning what was a previously fairly quiet area into one that is often crowded and vibrant at night. North Parade has also seen several new themed bars open and is at the heart of the Independent Quarter of the city.[136] Sunbridge Uells is an underground leisure and retail complex which opened in Bradford city centre in 2016.

Sunny day at the City Park

Bradford was one of the first areas of the UK to get a local commercial radio station Pennine radiosi in September 1975. Today this is G'arbiy Yorkshirning zarbasi va Pulse Classic Gold. 2006 yildan boshlab Bradford Community Broadcasting based in the city centre has broadcast on full-time Community Radio licence around Bradford and the Aire Valley, whilst the University radio station Ramair broadcasts to the student population. Bradford's only television station AAP TV caters for Bradford's large Asian community. The Telegraf va Argus is Bradford's daily newspaper, published six days each week from Monday to Saturday.

The Bredford Mela is now part of the bigger Bradford Festival which takes place in June.[137] So'z mela bu Sanskritcha for 'a gathering' or 'to meet'. In the UK, melas provide an opportunity for communities to come together to celebrate and share their cultures. Mela festivals include a combination of bozorlar, funfairs, food and drink, arts and workshops, children's activities, strolling entertainment and a variety of music and dance performances on a number of stages. Bradford held the first mela in Europe in September 1988 and it is presently held in Bradford City Park.

Bredford Siti bog'i has the largest city centre water feature in the UK.[138]

The city also has a history of skeytbord culture, in Ian Glasper's 2012 book Armed with Anger, the city was described as "West Yorkshire's amalda skate capital".[139]

Muzeylar va badiiy galereyalar

Kartrittlar zali

Bradford is home to the acclaimed Milliy fan va media muzeyi (previously the National Museum of Photography, Film & Television) which celebrates cinema and movies, and is the most visited museum outside London. It contains the UK's first IMAX teatr, Kubbi brokkoli Cinema, and the Pictureville kinoteatri - tomonidan tasvirlangan Devid Puttnam as the best cinema in Britain.[104]

Bredford sanoat muzeyi was established in 1974 at Moorside Mills, a spinning mill in Ekklesill. The Museum celebrates and explains the significant achievements in Bradford's industrial past, from textiles and printing to the manufacture of motor cars.[140]

A mile from the city centre is Bolling zali Museum, a part o'rta asrlar building which offers visitors a journey through the lives and times of the families for which it provided a home for over five hundred years. Rooms are furnished and decorated to give a taste of life at different periods of the house's history.[141]

Bradford's main art gallery is housed in Kartrittlar zali yilda Lister Park. Bradford 1 Gallery is a city centre san'at galereyasi opened in October 2007 in a new building in Centenary Square. The gallery shows four temporary ko'rgazmalar yil.[142]

Taassurotlar galereyasi is an independent contemporary photography gallery with a temporary exhibitions programme showing on average six exhibitions each year. The gallery moved from York to Centenary Square, Bradford, in 2007.

Musiqa

Bradford is the home town of rock bands, Yangi model armiya, Anti System, Smokie, Janubiy o'lim kulti, Kult, The Scene, Redwire, Shantel Makgregor, Bir daqiqalik sukunat, 45-chi chandiqlar, Terrorvision, Mening o'layotgan kelinim va Hip Hop guruh O'yin-kulgi.

Qo'shiqchi-qo'shiq mualliflari Tasmin Archer, Natalya o'ldiradi va Kiki Dei —the first white British artist to be signed by Motown, also hails from the City.

Since the 1980s, Bradford has proved influential within the UK's pank-rok scene, primarily due to the 1 in 12 Club, a music venue and anarxist ishchilar kooperativi and members club. 1980s groups such as Tomoq og'rigi, Anti System and late-era Qiyomat all based themselves around the club,[143] as did 1990s groups such as Voorhees and Ironside.[139]

2002 yilda Garet Geyts came second in the first series of Pop Idol and went on to achieve 4 UK number one singles before enjoying success in Musiqiy teatr. Kimberly Walsh achieved major success after winning a place in the girl band Ovozli qizlar yilda Popstars: Raqiblar later in the same year, and in 2010 Zayn malik came third in X omil with his boy band Bitta yo'nalish, who in March 2012 became the first British group to go straight to the top of the US music charts with their debut album.[144]

The guitar player and composer Allan Xoldvort was born in Bradford in 1946.[145]

Curry Capital of Britain

In 2013 Bradford was again crowned "Curry Capital of Britain" after seeing off other strong contenders such as Glazgo va "Vulverxempton". Bradford scored highly not just for the quality of food and service offered by each of the restaurants, but also for food hygiene, a deep understanding of the curry restaurant sector and its success in collectively raising funds for food charity The Curry Tree, which seeks to alleviate the plight of the poor in South East Asia. The judges were also particularly impressed by Bradford's International Food Academy and Jeymi oziq-ovqat vazirligi, which teaches the districts residents how to cook quick, simple, healthy and cost-effective meals.[146]

Sport

Bradford has a long sporting tradition, and Bredford Bulls, formerly Bradford Northern, is one of the most successful regbi ligasi clubs in the world, winning the World Club Championship three times since 2002 and seven times winners of the Regbi futbol ligasi chempionati. Bradford Bulls play at the Grattan stadioni, Odsal, formerly Odsal Stadium. The city is also home to a number of rugby union clubs—Bradford Salem are based in the Heaton area and Wibsey RFC can be found to the south of the city centre. The Richard Dann Sports Centre is located close to the Odsal and the sports facilities at the university are also open to the public at certain times.

Bredford Siti Vodiy paradi futbol stadion

Bredford Siti futbol klubi was formed in 1903. James Whyte, a sub-editor of the Bredford kuzatuvchisi bilan uchrashdi Futbol assotsiatsiyasi representative, John Brunt, in January to discuss plans, and in May, Manningham RFC, a regbi ligasi team decided to change codes to futbol assotsiatsiyasi.[147] The Futbol Ligasi subsequently elected Bradford City to the league, with a total of 30 votes to replace Donkaster Rovers,[148] because it saw the invitation as a chance to introduce football to the rugby-dominated county.[149] Eight years after the club was elected to the league, City won the Angliya kubogi and recorded the highest league position in its history.[150] Ular hozirda raqobatlashmoqda Futbol Ligasi, ingliz futbolining uchinchi pog'onasi. The ground suffered one of the worst all-time sporting disasters keyin 56 people died da Vodiy paradi on 11 May 1985.[151] A second club from the city, Bredford Park xiyoboni ichida o'ynagan futbol ligasi until it dropped out in 1970, then went into liquidation in 1974. The club now plays in the Shimol milliy ligasi degan ma'noni anglatadi Bredford derbisi has not been played in years. Bradford Park Avenue hosted county cricket for Yorkshir as well as football.

Ishdan chiqqan Bredford Dyuklar tezyurar yo'l team raced at Odsal. Speedway was staged at Greenfields Stadium in the pioneer days, when it was known as the Autodrome in the early 1960s. Odsal opened its doors in 1945 and continued in the late 1950s. It entered a team in the 1960 Provincial League then fell dormant until the 1970s when it re-opened. The track staged a Speedway World Final. The speedway team rode under a number of names—probably the longest running was Bradford Northern—in common with the Rugby League team. This was changed to Bradford Barons—emulating the more successful Halifax Dukes. Eventually the Halifax team was brought to Bradford under the name Bradford Dukes.

Djo Jonson is a retired professional snooker player from Bradford who won the Snooker bo'yicha 1986 yilgi jahon chempionati.[152]

The Bradford Dragons are the city's basketball team, competing in the second tier Ingliz basketbol ligasi Division 1. The team are coached by Chris Mellor and play their home games at Bredford kolleji. The team are having a strong season, and are on courseto reach the post season playoffs.

City of Sanctuary

After a campaign in 2008, Bradford was recognised as a 'City of Sanctuary' on 18 November 2010. Bradford is "a place where a broad range of local organisations, jamiyat guruhlar va imon jamoalar, shuningdek mahalliy hukumat are publicly committed to welcoming and including people seeking sanctuary." The city has a history of welcoming and including newcomers from throughout the world. An example of this was Bradford's purchase of the Carlton Hostel building in 1939 as part of a Kindertransport scheme, made possible through donations from both Bradford's Jewish community and non–Jews,[153] uyga Nemis yahudiy qochoq bolalar Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida.[154][155]

Davlat xizmatlari

Bredford Qirollik kasalxonasi

There are two major hospitals in Bradford: Bredford Qirollik kasalxonasi va Sent-Lyuk kasalxonasi. Both are teaching hospitals and are operated by Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS trust. Over the years the Trust has subsumed a number of smaller hospitals; these include Woodlands Orthopaedic Hospital, Northern View and Bierley Hall.

Bradford is the focus of one of the UK's largest ever birth cohort studies, known as Bredfordda tug'ilgan. Partly supported by European funding, it is the result of close collaboration between the Bredford universiteti, NHS and other institutions in West Yorkshire. It will track the lives of all the babies born in the city from 2006 to 2008 and aims to provide a wealth of data, allowing health researchers the opportunity to investigate many different aspects of health and wellbeing.

Jinoyat

Bradford has been the scene of some high-profile crimes such as the shooting of Bradford PC Sharon Beshenivskiy while responding to a burglary in the city.[156] In May 2010, Stephen Griffiths was charged with the Bredford qotilliklari.[157]

The Manningham Riot occurred between 10 and 12 June 1995, in Manningxem va 2001 yil Bredford poygasidagi tartibsizliklar began on 7 July 2001 as a result of tension between etnik ozchilik communities and the city's white majority, stoked by the Natsistlarga qarshi ligasi va Milliy front.[158][159] There were 297 arrests; 187 people charged with riot, 45 with violent disorder leading to 200 jail sentences totalling 604 years.[160]

Bradfordians

Asosiy maqola: List of people from Bradford

Only a few particularly notable names are listed here.

Ser Uilyam Rotenshteyn photo by George Charles Beresford, 1902

Among Bradford born people who made significant contributions to the arts were Devid Xokni, painter, draughtsman, printmaker, stage designer and photographer, who was born in the city and educated at Bredford grammatika maktabi.[161] Frederik Delius (1862–1934) was a composer born to a family of German descent in the city[162] va J.B.Priestli (1894–1984) was a novelist and playwright. Ser Uilyam Rotenshteyn was a painter, draughtsman and writer on art who was principal of the Qirollik san'at kolleji 1920 yildan 1935 yilgacha.[163] In the genre of classical music Rodni do'sti is an English violinist, born (1940), In 1964 he became the youngest ever leader of the London filarmonik orkestri.[164] In the field of science and medicine, Friederich Wilhelm Eurich (1867–1945), professor of forensic medicine and bacteriologist, did much to conquer kuydirgi in the wool trade.

Ser Edvard Appleton

Ser Edvard Appleton (1892–1965), discoverer of the ionosfera edi a Nobel mukofoti g'olib.[165] Professor Robert Turner (1923–1990) was a pathologist who came to Bradford from Belfast, and pioneered the use of kimyoviy terapiya in the treatment of cancer at the Bredford Qirollik kasalxonasi.

In the field of industry, Sir Jacob Behrens (1806–1889) was an Anglo–German textile merchant who was instrumental in Bradford becoming a major exporter of woollen goods.[166]

A social reformer who campaigned against child labour, Richard Oastler (1789–1861), is commemorated by a statue in Northgate[167] and the Oastler Shopping Centre located close to the Kirkgate Shopping Centre W.E. Forster (1818–1886), was MP for Bradford and, commemorated by statue, is the namesake of Forster Square.[168]

In recent pop culture the former participant of X omil, Zayn malik, former member of successful[169][170] bolalar guruhi Bitta yo'nalish, was born and raised in Bradford.[171] Amerika kino yulduzi Aasif Mandvi grew up in Bradford.[172]

Ommaviy madaniyatda

The city has a rich heritage in film production and many films and Televizor productions have been filmed in the city. Films using Bradford as a location include Yuqoridagi xona (1959), Billi yolg'onchi (1963) and the television adaptation of the Qizil minish tomonidan ishlaydi Devid tinchligi first broadcast in 2009.[173]

Bradford was the location for the films Yanks (1979), bosh rollarda Richard Gir, Temir yo'l bolalari (1970) bosh rollarda Jenni Agutter, a children's film shot around Xovort shu jumladan Bronte Parsonage haqida Viktoriya davri children whose father goes missing and Ertak: Haqiqiy voqea (1997) bosh rollarda Xarvi Keytel hikoyasi asosida Kottingli parilari.

In the BBC political satire Ajoyib xonim Pritchard (2006), the Prime Minister considers a proposal to move Parliament to Bradford, as it is closer to the geographic centre of the country than London. The Buttershaw area of the city featured in the film Rita, Syu va Bob Too (1987), in which two 16-year-old girls were involved in a love triangle with a wealthy married man (played by Jorj Kostigan ). The film was created by local Andrea Dunbar, and was initially unpopular with local residents due to its negative image of the area, but has since earned itself a good reputation in the local community as Buttershaw's claim to fame.[174][175]

Bradford features in the film Monty Pythonning Hayot ma'nosi (1983) with footage filmed in Lister Park.[176] 2008 yil Spooks aylantirish uchun BBC Uch, Spooks: Kod 9, was filmed in the city.[177]

Bradford is also in the film Sharq - Sharq. Oak Lane is shown in the film when the family visit the city.[178]

Bradford was the focus of a 2012 4-kanal hujjatli, Make Bradford British, which examined the level of integration between the city's Christian and Muslim communities.[179]

2 seriyasi Sindikat, which aired in 2013 on BBC One, featured a syndicate involving workers at a public hospital in Bradford.

1993 yilgi romanida Tosh sovuq, the main character Link is from Bradford.

Mott Hoople mention Bradford in their song "All the way from Memphis": "Now it's a mighty long way down rock'n'roll, through the Bradford Cities and the Oreoles".

Mekonlar (who formed in nearby Lids ) mention Bradford in the song "Ghosts of American Astronauts": "Up in the hills above Bradford / Outside the napalm factory".

The award-winning 2013 film Xudbin gigant takes place in and around Bradford.[180]

Bradford features under the name of "Broadbeck" in the best-selling 1912 novel Windyridge by Bradford novelist Villi Rili.[181]

Xalqaro munosabatlar

Bradford is twinned with a number of places around the world:[182]

Shuningdek qarang

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Bibliografiya

  • Bredford korporatsiyasi (1856) Bredford suv inshootlarini Bredford korporatsiyasiga topshirish bilan bog'liq aktlar.
  • Cudworth, William (1882) Bradford Corporation haqida tarixiy eslatmalar. Old Bradfordian Press qayta nashr etilgan
  • Kudvort, Uilyam (1888) Vorstedopolis. Memfisning eski umumiy kitoblari qayta nashr etildi
  • Cudworth, William (1891) Bolton va Bowling tarixi. Tomas Brear va Co Bredford
  • Cudworth, William (1891) Sanoat sinflarining holati. Bradford Observer-dan maqolalar to'plami. Mountain Press 1977 tomonidan qayta nashr etilgan

Qo'shimcha o'qish

  • ^ Allen, C. (2003). Adolatli adolat: Bredforddagi bezovtaliklar, hukm va ta'sir. London: Islomofobiya va irqchilikka qarshi forum.
  • ^ Lister, Derek A. J. (2004). Bredfordning o'zi. Satton. ISBN  978-0-7509-3826-6. OCLC  56460838.
  • ^ Adams, Piter J. (2001). Ordnance Survey 1: 10560 County County Series Map: Yorkshire Sheet 216. Meros kartografiyasi. ISBN  978-1-903004-34-0. OCLC  63800551. Bu 1847–1850 yillarda o'rganilgan va 1852 yilda nashr etilgan, ammo ma'lum (noma'lum) tafsilotlar yangilangan holda har xil sanalarda qayta nashr etilgan. Heritage Cartography-ning zamonaviy nashri asl nusxadan "qayta chizilgan" va sarlavhali Bredford 1849, ammo ko'rsatilgan temir yo'llar bu kamida 1854 yilda chop etilganligini ko'rsatadi.
  • ^ Firth, Gari (1997). Bredford tarixi. Fillimor. ISBN  978-1-86077-057-9. OCLC  44633113.
  • Uilmott, Elvira (1987). Viktoriya Bredfordining Riburn xaritasi. Riburn. ISBN  978-1-85331-004-1. OCLC  63989031. Xaritaning o'zi Bredford shahrining rejasi ... Dixon va Xindl tomonidan qayta ko'rib chiqilgan va tuzatilgan, 1871.
  • Richardson, C. (1976). Bredford geografiyasi. Bredford universiteti. ISBN  0-901945-19-6.

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