Ken Livingstone - Ken Livingstone

Ken Livingstone
Livingstone da Jahon iqtisodiy forumi 2008 yilda
London meri
Ofisda 2000 yil 4 may - 2008 yil 4 may
O'rinbosar	Nikki Gavron (2000–03; 2004–08) Jenni Jons (2003–2004)
Oldingi	Ofis tashkil etildi
Muvaffaqiyatli	Boris Jonson
Buyuk London kengashi rahbari
Ofisda 1981 yil 17 may - 1986 yil 31 mart
O'rinbosar	Illtyd Xarrington (1981–1984) Jon McDonnell (1984–1985) Maykl Uord (1985–1986)
Oldingi	Horace Cutler
Muvaffaqiyatli	Ofis bekor qilindi
Parlament a'zosi uchun Brent Sharq
Ofisda 1987 yil 11 iyun - 2001 yil 14 may
Oldingi	Reg Freeson
Muvaffaqiyatli	Pol Deyli
Kengash a'zosi uchun Buyuk London kengashi
Ofisda 1973 yil 12 aprel - 1986 yil 31 mart
Palata	Norvud (1973–1977) Xakni Nort va Stok Nyu -ington (1977-1986)
Muvaffaqiyatli	Lavozim bekor qilindi
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan	Kennet Robert Livingstone (1945-06-17) 1945 yil 17-iyun (75 yosh) Lambet, London, Angliya, Buyuk Britaniya
Siyosiy partiya	Mustaqil (2018– hozirgi; 2000–03)
Boshqa siyosiy bog'liqliklar	Mehnat (1968–2000; 2003–18)
Turmush o'rtoqlar	Kristin Chapman ​ ​ (m. 1973; div 1982)​ Emma Beal ​ (m. 2009)​ [1]
Bolalar	5
Ta'lim	Filippa Favett o'qituvchilar malakasini oshirish kolleji

Kennet Robert Livingstone (1945 yil 17-iyunda tug'ilgan) - an Ingliz tili rahbari bo'lib xizmat qilgan siyosatchi Buyuk London kengashi (GLC) 1981 yildan kengash tuzilgunga qadar 1986 yilda bekor qilingan va kabi London meri dan 2000 yilda ofisni yaratish qadar 2008. Shuningdek, u parlament a'zosi (deputat) sifatida xizmat qilgan Brent Sharq dan 1987 ga 2001. Ning sobiq a'zosi Mehnat partiyasi, u partiyada edi qattiq chap, g'oyaviy jihatdan a demokratik sotsialistik.

Tug'ilgan Lambet, Janubiy London, ishchilar oilasiga, Livingstone 1968 yilda Leyboristlarga qo'shildi va vakillik uchun saylandi Norvud yilda GLC da 1973, Hackney North va Stoke Newington yilda 1977 va Paddington yilda 1981. O'sha yili GLKdagi Leyboristlar vakillari uni kengash rahbari etib sayladilar. Bunga urinish London metrosi narxlarini pasaytirish, uning rejalari sudda e'tiroz qilindi va noqonuniy deb topildi; qattiq qarshiliklarga qaramay, uning ayollarga va ozchilikning bir necha guruhlariga foyda keltiradigan rejalari muvaffaqiyatli bo'ldi. Asosiy matbuot unga "Red Ken" monikerini o'zining sotsialistik e'tiqodiga murojaat qilgan holda berdi va uni kabi bahsli masalalarni qo'llab-quvvatlashi uchun qattiq tanqid qildi. respublikachilik, LGBT huquqlari va a Birlashgan Irlandiya. Livingstone ning ashaddiy raqibi edi Konservativ partiya Bosh vazir hukumati Margaret Tetcher, bu 1986 yilda GLCni bekor qildi. 1987 yilda Brent East uchun deputat etib saylangan, u bilan chambarchas bog'liq bo'lgan irqchilikka qarshi kampaniyalar. U muvaffaqiyatsiz turdi Mehnat partiyasi rahbari 1992 va 1994 yillarda, ikkinchisida yutqazgan Toni Bler. Livingstone Blerning ashaddiy tanqidchisiga aylandi Yangi mehnat partiyani yaqinlashtirgan loyiha siyosiy markaz va g'olib bo'ldi 1997 yilgi umumiy saylov.

Mehnat partiyasining nomzodi bo'la olmaganidan keyin 2000 yil London meri saylovi, Livingstone muvaffaqiyatli tarzda saylovlarda qatnashdi mustaqil nomzod. London meri lavozimidagi birinchi muddatida u tirbandlik uchun to'lov, Istiridye kartasi va bo'g'inli avtobuslar va hukumatning xususiylashtirishiga qarshi muvaffaqiyatsiz qarshilik ko'rsatdi London metrosi. Shunga o'xshash masalalarda Bler hukumatiga qarshi bo'lganiga qaramay Iroq urushi, Livingstone Leyboristlarning nomzodi sifatida qayta saylanish uchun taklif qilindi. 2004 yilda qayta saylangan, u transport siyosatini kengaytirdi, atrof-muhitga oid yangi qoidalarni joriy qildi va fuqarolik huquqlari siyosatini qabul qildi. London mezbonlik qilish uchun g'olib bo'lgan tanlovni boshlash va nazorat qilish 2012 Yozgi Olimpiada va shaharni katta qayta qurishga kirishdi East End, keyin uning rahbarligi 2005 yil 7 iyuldagi London portlashlari keng maqtovga sazovor bo'ldi. U London meri saylovlarida muvaffaqiyatsiz ishtirok etdi 2008 va 2012, ikkalasini ham konservativ nomzodga yutqazdi Boris Jonson. Qadimgi tanqidchi Isroilning falastinliklarga nisbatan siyosati, uning sharhlari Adolf Gitler bilan munosabatlar Sionizm 2018 yilda Leyboristlik bo'yicha iste'foga chiqishiga olib keldi. 2020 yilda Tenglik va inson huquqlari bo'yicha komissiya uning izohlari yahudiy xalqini qonunga xilof ravishda ta'qib qilishni anglatadi.

Xarakterli Charlz Mur "zamonaviy zamondagi yagona haqiqiy muvaffaqiyatli chap qanot Britaniyalik siyosatchi" sifatida,^[2] Livingstone Londondagi ayollar, LGBT vakillari va etnik ozchiliklar huquqlarini yaxshilashga qaratilgan sa'y-harakatlari uchun maqtovga sazovor bo'ldi, ammo ayni paytda ayblovlarga duch keldi kronizm va antisemitizm va uning aloqalari uchun tanqid qilindi Islomchilar, Marksistlar va Irlandiyalik respublikachilar.

Hayotning boshlang'ich davri

Bolalik va yosh balog'at yoshi: 1945–1967

Livingstone buvisining uyida tug'ilgan Lambet, London janubi, 1945 yil 17-iyunda.^[3] Uning oilasi ishchilar sinfi edi; uning onasi Ethel Ada (qarindoshi Kennard, 1915-1997), tug'ilgan Southwark sifatida o'qitishdan oldin akrobatik raqqosa va ustida ishlash musiqa zali oldin elektron Ikkinchi jahon urushi.^[4][5] Kenning Shotlandiyalik otasi, Robert "Bob" Moffat Livingston (1915-1971) yilda tug'ilgan Dunun ga qo'shilishdan oldin Savdo floti 1932 yilda va kema ustasi bo'lish.^[6][7]

Birinchi marta 1940 yil aprel oyida musiqa zalida uchrashgan Workington, ular uch oy ichida turmush qurishdi. Urushdan keyin er-xotin Ethelning tajovuzkor onasi Zona Ann (Uilyams) bilan yashashdi, uni Livingstone "zolim" deb hisoblagan.^[8] Livingstonning singlisi Lin 2 tug'ilgan¹⁄₂ yillar o'tib.^[9] Robert va Ethel urushdan keyingi yillarda turli xil ishlarni boshdan kechirdilar, avvalgi baliq ovlash trollari va Ingliz kanali paromlar, ikkinchisi esa novvoylarda ishlagan, at Freemans katalogni jo'natish va kinoteatr sifatida.^[10] Livingstonning ota-onasi "ishchilar sinfi" bo'lgan Hikoyalar ", va o'sha paytda ko'plab konservativ saylovchilarga o'xshamagan ijtimoiy konservativ irqchilik va gomofobiyaga qarshi bo'lgan irq va jinsiylik haqidagi qarashlar.^[11] Oila nominal edi Anglikan, garchi Livingstone tashlandiq bo'lsa ham Nasroniylik u 11 yoshida ateist.^[12]

A ga o'tish Tulse tepaligi kengash uyi ko'chmas mulk, Livingstone Sankt-Leonardning boshlang'ich maktabida o'qigan va muvaffaqiyatsiz tugaganidan keyin 11-plyus imtihon, 1956 yilda o'rta ta'limni boshladi Tulse Hill keng qamrovli maktabi.^[13] 1957 yilda uning oilasi Wolfington Road 66-uyda o'z mulkini sotib oldi, G'arbiy Norvud.^[14] Maktabda uyatchan bo'lishdan ko'ra, u bezorilikka duchor bo'lgan va darsni qoldirib ketish muammosiga duch kelgan.^[15] Bir yil uning formasi ustasi edi Filipp Xobsbaum, o'quvchilarini dolzarb voqealarni muhokama qilishga undagan, siyosatdagi eng qiziqarli Livingstone. U otasini g'azablantirish uchun kechki ovqat stolida mavzularni ko'tarib, "munozarali xo'roz kichkina brat" ga aylanganini aytdi.^[16] Uning siyosatga bo'lgan qiziqishini 1958 yildagi Papa saylovlari yanada kuchaytirdi Papa Ioann XXIII - Livingstonega "kuchli ta'sir ko'rsatgan" odam - va 1960 yil Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarida prezident saylovi.^[17] Tulse Hill Comprehensive-da u qiziqish uyg'otdi amfibiyalar va sudralib yuruvchilar, bir nechtasini uy hayvonlari sifatida saqlash; onasi maktab ishlariga e'tibor berishdan ko'ra, "uning uy hayvonlari kaltakesagi va do'stlari" deb tashvishlanardi.^[18] Maktabda u to'rt yoshga to'ldi O darajalari keyinchalik ingliz adabiyoti, ingliz tili, geografiya va san'at sohalarida u keyinchalik "eng oson" deb ta'riflagan. U majburiy bo'lmagan joyda ishlashdan ko'ra ish boshladi oltinchi shakl, bu oltita O-darajani talab qildi.^[19]

1962 yildan 1970 yilgacha u texnik xodim bo'lib ishlagan Chester Bitti saraton tadqiqotlari laboratoriya "Fulxem", ishlatilgan hayvonlarga qarash tajriba.^[20] Texniklarning aksariyati sotsialistlar edi va Livingstone filialni topishda yordam berdi Ilmiy, texnik va rahbar kadrlar birlashmasi kompaniya rahbarlari tomonidan qo'yilgan ishdan bo'shatilishlarga qarshi kurashish.^[21] Livingtonning chap qarashlari Leyboristlar vaziri lavozimiga saylangandan keyin mustahkamlandi Garold Uilson 1964 yilda.^[22] Chester Bittidan bo'lgan do'sti bilan Livingstone sayohat qildi G'arbiy Afrika 1966 yilda Jazoir, Niger, Nigeriya, Lagos, Gana va Togoga tashrif buyurgan. Mintaqaning yovvoyi hayoti bilan qiziqqan Livingstone chaqaloq tuyaqushini Lagos bolalar hayvonot bog'iga sovg'a qilishdan qutqardi.^[23] Uyga qaytib, u bir qator norozilik marshlarida qatnashdi Vetnam urushiga qarshi harakat, tobora siyosatga qiziqish ortib bormoqda va qisqacha a nashriga obuna bo'lishdi libertaristik sotsialistik guruh, Hamjihatlik.^[24]

Siyosiy faollik: 1968–1970 yillar

Livingstone qo'shildi Mehnat partiyasi 1968 yil mart oyida, u 23 yoshida bo'lganida, keyinchalik uni "cho'kayotgan kemaga sichqoncha ko'tarilishining qayd etilgan bir nechta holatlaridan biri" deb ta'riflagan.^[25] O'sha paytda Leyboristlar hukumati AQShni qo'llab-quvvatlashi tufayli ko'plab chapchilar ketayotgan edilar Vetnam urushi, kesmalar Milliy sog'liqni saqlash xizmati byudjet va cheklovlar kasaba uyushmalari; ba'zilari qo'shildi o'ta chap kabi partiyalar Xalqaro sotsialistlar yoki Sotsialistik mehnat ligasi, yoki shunga o'xshash bitta sonli guruhlar Yadro qurolsizlanish uchun kampaniya va Bolalar qashshoqligi bo'yicha harakat guruhi.^[25] Londonda mahalliy saylovlarda ommaviy saylovlarda mag'lubiyatga uchragan Leyboristlar 15 ta okrugni, shu jumladan Livingstonni yo'qotib qo'yishdi Londonning Lambet tumani konservativlar nazorati ostida bo'lgan.^[26] Qarama-qarshi bo'lib, Livingstone, mahalliy saylov kampaniyasi, deb ishongan 1968 yilgi talabalar noroziliklari Leyboristlarga qo'shilish samarasiz edi, chunki u buni Buyuk Britaniyada progressiv siyosiy o'zgarishlarni amalga oshirish uchun eng yaxshi imkoniyat deb bildi.^[27]

Mahalliy mehnat bo'limiga qo'shilish Norvud, u bir oy ichida Norvudning raisi va kotibi bo'lib, o'zlarining ishlarida qatnashdi Yosh sotsialistlar, okrugning Bosh boshqaruvi va Ijroiya qo'mitalarida joy egallash va navbatdagi tuman saylovlari uchun Leyboristlar dasturini tayyorlagan Mahalliy hukumat qo'mitasida o'tirish.^[29] Yaxshi malakaga ega bo'lish umidida u tungi maktabda o'qidi, inson anatomiyasi, fiziologiyasi va gigienasi bo'yicha O-darajaga va Zoologiya bo'yicha A-darajasiga erishdi. Chester Bittidagi ishini tark etib, 1970 yil sentyabr oyida u Filippa Favett nomidagi o'qituvchilar malakasini oshirish kollejida (PFTTC) 3 yillik kursni boshladi. Streatham; uning tashrifi yomon edi va u buni vaqtni "to'liq yo'qotish" deb hisobladi. PFTTC talabalar uyushmasi prezidenti Kristin Chapman bilan romantik munosabatlarni boshlab, er-xotin 1973 yilda turmush qurishdi.^[30]

Lambet Boru kengashining konservativ boshqaruvini echish qiyin bo'lganini anglab, Livingstone Eddi Lopezga an'anaviy leyboristlar rahbarligidan mahrum bo'lgan mahalliy aholi a'zolariga murojaat qilishda yordam berdi. 1968 yilgi talabalar noroziligidan so'ng tashkil etilgan chap maktablarning harakatlari ittifoqi (SAU) bilan hamkorlik qilib, u a'zolarni rag'batlantirdi Brikston filiali Qora panteralar Leyboristlarga qo'shilish.^[31] Uning SAUdagi ishtiroki PFTCC talabalar kasaba uyushmasidan chiqarilishiga olib keldi, u o'rta maktab o'quvchilarini siyosiylashtirish bilan rozi emas edi.^[32]

Lambet uy-joy qo'mitasi: 1971–1973

1971 yilda Livingstone va uning o'rtoqlari Lambet tumanida siyosiy hokimiyatni qo'lga kiritishning yangi strategiyasini ishlab chiqdilar. Shaharning janubidagi marginal o'rindiqlar uchun tashviqot ishlariga e'tibor qaratib, shimolda xavfsiz leyboristlar tashkil etilgan partiya a'zolariga topshirildi. Bosh vazirning konservativ hukumatidan jamoatchilik noroziligi Edvard Xit 1940 yildan beri mehnatning mahalliy hokimiyatning eng yaxshi natijalariga olib keldi; Leyboristlar chap tomoni Lambetda har qanday chekka o'ringa ega bo'lishdi va tuman leyboristlar boshqaruviga qaytdi.^[34] 1971 yil oktyabr oyida Livingstone otasi a yurak xuruji; onasi tez orada ko'chib keldi Linkoln.^[35] O'sha yili Leyboristlar uy-joy qo'mitasi raisi o'rinbosariga Livingstone tomonidan ovoz berishdi Lambet London Borough kengashi, uning mahalliy hokimiyatdagi birinchi ishi.^[36] Uy-joy tizimini isloh qilib, Livingstone va qo'mita raisi Evan Karr ijara narxining ko'tarilishini bekor qildi kengash uyi, Evropaning eng katta minoralari qurilishini vaqtincha to'xtatib, uysiz oilalarni zudlik bilan uy-joy bilan ta'minlashni ta'minlash uchun Family Squatting Group-ni tashkil etdi. cho'ktirish bo'sh uylarda. U sonini ko'paytirdi majburiy sotib olish buyurtmalari xususiy ijaraga olingan mulk uchun, ularni kengash uylariga o'tkazish.^[37] Ular markaziy hukumat tomonidan bekor qilingan islohotlariga qarshilik ko'rsatdilar.^[38]

Livington va so'lchilar leyboristlar ichida fraktsion kurashga kirishib, kuchli mavqega erishish uchun markazchilar bilan kurash olib borishdi. Garchi hech qachon asrab olmasa ham Marksizm, Livingstone bir qator bilan shug'ullana boshladi Trotskiychi Leyboristlar tarkibidagi faol guruhlar; ularni potentsial ittifoqchilar sifatida ko'rib, u bilan do'stlashdi Kris Nayt, Grem Bash va Keyt Veness, sotsialistik Xartiya a'zolari, trotskistlar uyushmasi Inqilobiy Kommunistik Ittifoq bor edi Leyboristlar partiyasiga kirib keldi.^[39] Leyboristlar markazchilariga qarshi kurashda Livstoun Trotskiychining ta'sirida bo'lgan Ted Nayt, uni ingliz qo'shinlarini ishlatishga qarshi chiqishga ishontirgan Shimoliy Irlandiya, ular shunchaki Angliya hukmronligiga qarshi millatchilarning noroziliklarini bostirish uchun ishlatilishiga ishongan.^[40] Livingstone 1973 yil aprel oyida Lambet uy-joy qo'mitasi raisi uchun chap nomzod sifatida qatnashdi, ammo mag'lubiyatga uchradi Devid Stimpson, Livingston va Karrning ko'plab islohotlarini bekor qilgan.^[41]

Buyuk London kengashining dastlabki yillari: 1973–1977

1972 yil iyun oyida Eddi Lopes tomonidan uyushtirilgan kampaniyadan so'ng Livingstone Norvud uchun Leyboristlar nomzodi sifatida tanlandi. Buyuk London kengashi (GLC). In 1973 yil GLC saylovlari, u 11,622 ovoz bilan bu o'rinni qo'lga kiritdi, bu uning konservativ raqibi ustidan yaqqol ustunlik.^[42] Boshchiligidagi Reg Gudvin, GLCda 57 ta o'ringa ega bo'lgan Leyboristlar hukmronlik qildilar, konservatorlar esa 33 ta, 2 ta Liberal partiya. Labor GLC a'zolaridan, taxminan 16 kishi, shu jumladan Livingstone, qat'iy chapparastlar edi.^[43] Norvudni GLKda vakili bo'lgan Livingstone Lambet kengashi a'zosi va Lambet uy-joy qo'mitasi raisining o'rinbosari sifatida davom etib, Lambet kengashining tumanning uysizlari bilan munosabatlarini tanqid qildi. Kengash oq tanli ishchilar oilalariga eng yaxshi uy-joy ajratish bo'yicha kamsituvchi siyosat olib borganini bilib, Livingstone bu erda e'lon qilingan dalillar bilan jamoatchilikka ma'lum bo'ldi. Janubiy London matbuoti.^[44] 1973 yil avgust oyida u kengash Lambet uy-joy qo'mitasidan iste'foga chiqishini tahdid qildi, agar kengash "uzoq vaqtdan beri bergan va'dalarini bajarmagan holda" 76 ta uysiz oilani qayta tiklashga, so'ngra xaroba va haddan tashqari odamlarda qolishga. yarim yashash joyi. Kengash bunga erisha olmaganidan xafa bo'lib, 1973 yil dekabr oyida uy-joy qo'mitasidan iste'foga chiqdi.^[45]

GLC Leyboristlar rahbariyati radikal deb hisoblagan Livingstonega filmlarni tomosha qilish kengashi raisining muhim bo'lmagan lavozimi ajratildi, yumshoq pornografiya. Kengashning aksariyat a'zolari singari, Livingstone ham tsenzuraga qarshi bo'lib, u mavjud bo'lgan sari o'zgargan haddan tashqari pornografiya.^[46] Leyboristlar so'lchilarining tobora ko'payib borayotgan qo'llab-quvvatlashi bilan u 1974 yil mart oyida GLC Leyboristlar guruhi uchun manifestni va kengash va deputatlik o'rindiqlari uchun nomzodlar ro'yxatini tuzish uchun mas'ul bo'lgan Buyuk London Mehnat partiyasining (GLLP) ijroiya hokimiyatiga saylandi.^[47] Uy-joy masalasiga yana bir bor e'tiborini qaratgan holda, u GLC uy-joylarni boshqarish qo'mitasi raisining o'rinbosari bo'ldi, ammo 1975 yil aprel oyida Gudvin ma'muriyatining GLC uy qurilishi byudjetidan 50 million funt sterlingni qisqartirish to'g'risidagi qaroriga qarshi chiqqani uchun ishdan bo'shatildi.^[48] Bilan 1977 yil GLC saylovlari yaqinlashib, Livingstone Norvud o'rindig'ini saqlab qolish qiyinligini tan oldi, buning o'rniga tanlandi Hackney North va Stoke Newington, ishchi kuchi xavfsiz o'rindiq, nafaqaga chiqqanidan keyin Devid Pitt. "Bo'lishda ayblanmoqdagilam sumkasi ", u GLC tarkibida qolgan bir necha chapchi leyboristlar maslahatchilaridan biri bo'lib, u konservativlarning qo'liga o'tgan edi. Horace Cutler.^[49]

Xempstid: 1977-1980

Margaret Tetcher, Konservatorlar partiyasi rahbari (1975–90), Buyuk Britaniyaning bosh vaziri (1979–90)

Tomonga burilib Parlament uylari, Livingstone va Christine ko'chib o'tdi G'arbiy Xempstid, shimoliy London; 1977 yil iyun oyida u mahalliy partiya a'zolari tomonidan Leyboristlar parlamentiga nomzod sifatida tanlangan Xempsted okrugi, urish Vins Kabel.^[50] U shuhrat qozongan Hampstead va Highgate Express munozarali masalani qo'llab-quvvatlashini ommaviy ravishda tasdiqlash uchun LGBT huquqlari, kamaytirishni qo'llab-quvvatlashini e'lon qildi rozilik yoshi 21 dan 16 gacha bo'lgan erkaklarning bir jinsdagi faoliyati uchun, turli jinsdagi rozilik yoshiga mos ravishda.^[51] Siyosatida faol bo'lish Londonning Kamden tumani, Livingstone Camden uy-joy qo'mitasining raisi etib saylandi; tub islohotlarni ilgari surib, u mahalliy aholini kutib olish orqali uy-joy yig'ilishlarini demokratiklashtirdi, ijara haqini bir yilga muzlatib qo'ydi, stavkalar yig'ish tizimini isloh qildi, ijara haqi bo'yicha qarzdorlik tartibini o'zgartirdi va kengash uylarini ko'paytirish uchun majburiy sotib olish buyurtmalarini amalga oshirdi. Ba'zi bir katta hamkasblar qobiliyatsiz va haddan tashqari ambitsiyali deb tanqid qilishdi, ba'zilari uni chap tarafdorlarni mahalliy qo'llab-quvvatlash bazasini ko'paytirish uchun tuman kengashining uyiga ko'chib o'tishga undashda ayblashdi.^[52]

1979 yilda ichki inqiroz Leyboristlarni faol mehnat guruhi - "Mehnat demokratiyasi uchun kampaniya" bilan kurash olib bordi Parlament Mehnat partiyasi partiya boshqaruvida katta so'z uchun.^[53] 1978 yil 15-iyulda Livingstone faollarga qo'shilib, kichik chap qanot guruhlarini Mehnat G'alabasi uchun Sotsialistik Kampaniya (SCLV) sifatida birlashtirishga yordam berdi. Vaqti-vaqti bilan nashr etiladigan qog'oz ishlab chiqarish, Sotsialistik tashkilotchi, Livingstone qarashlari uchun og'iz sifatida,^[54] u Bosh vazirni tanqid qildi Jeyms Kallagan "ishchilarga qarshi sinf" sifatida.^[55] 1979 yil yanvar oyida Angliyada davlat sektori xodimlarining bir qator ish tashlashlari boshlandi, ular "Noqulaylik qish "Kamden Borou shahrida kengash xodimlari kasaba uyushmasi ostida birlashdilar Jamoat xodimlarining milliy ittifoqi (NUPE) ish tashlash haftasiga 35 soatlik cheklov va haftalik ish haqini 60 funtga oshirishni talab qilib, ish tashlashga kirishdi. Livingstone hujumchilarni qo'llab-quvvatladi va Kamden Kengashni talablarini qondirishga undab, oxir-oqibat o'z yo'lini topdi. Kengashlar moliya-sini kuzatgan hukumat tomonidan tayinlangan buxgalter, tuman auditori Yan Pikvel, bu harakat beparvolik va noqonuniy deb da'vo qilib, Kamden Kengashni sudga berdi. Agar aybdor deb topilsa, Livingstone ushbu choralar uchun shaxsan javobgar bo'lib, katta miqdorda to'lashga majbur bo'lar edi qo'shimcha to'lov va besh yil davomida davlat lavozimlarida ishlash huquqidan mahrum qilingan; pirovardida sudya ishni bekor qildi.^[56]

1979 yil may oyida a Buyuk Britaniyada umumiy saylovlar bo'lib o'tdi. Hampstead uchun Leyboristlar nomzodi sifatida turgan Livingstone amaldagi konservator tomonidan mag'lub bo'ldi, Jefri Finsberg. Noqulaylik qishidan zaiflashgan Kallagen hukumati konservatorlarga yutqazdi, uning rahbari, Margaret Tetcher, Bosh vazir bo'ldi. Qat'iy o'ng qanot himoyachisi va erkin bozor advokat, u ishchilar harakati va Livingstone-ning ashaddiy raqibiga aylandi.^[57] Saylovdagi mag'lubiyatdan so'ng, dedi Livingstone Sotsialistik tashkilotchi ayb faqat "Leyboristlar hukumati siyosati" va Kallaghan va Parlament Mehnat partiyasining antidemokratik munosabati bilan, partiyalar demokratiyasini kattalashtirishga va sotsialistik platformaga burilishga chaqirganlikda. Bu SCLV ostida to'plangan ko'plab leyboristlar orasida mashhur xabar edi. Ushbu chap tomon tendentsiyasining asosiy shakli edi Toni Benn 1981 yil sentyabr oyida partiyaning yangi rahbari ostida Leyboristlar rahbarining o'rinbosari etib saylanishni juda sog'inib qolgan Maykl Foot. "Bennite chap" ning boshlig'i Benn Livingstone uchun "ilhom va payg'ambar" bo'ldi; ikkalasi Leyboristlarning eng taniqli chap qanotlari bo'lishdi.^[58]

Buyuk London Kengashi rahbariyati

GLC etakchisiga aylanish: 1979–1981

Bennitlardan ilhomlanib, Livingstone GLCni qabul qilishni rejalashtirgan; 1979 yil 18-oktabrda u "GLCni egallab olish" deb nomlangan Leyboristlar solistlarining yig'ilishini chaqirdi va oylik xabarnomani nashr etishni boshladi London mehnat brifingi. London Leyboristlar partiyasida chap kuchni kuchaytirishga e'tibor qaratib, u sotsialistlarni bo'lajak GLC saylovlarida nomzod sifatida qatnashishga chaqirdi. O'sha saylovda London Leyboristlarini kim boshqarishini tanlash vaqti kelganida, Livingstone o'z ismini qo'ydi, ammo mo''tadillar unga qarshi chiqdilar Endryu Makintosh; 1980 yil aprel oyida bo'lib o'tgan ovoz berishda McIntosh Livingstoneni 14 ta ovoz bilan 13 ga qarshi mag'lub etdi.^[59] 1980 yil sentyabr oyida Livingstone rafiqasi Kristindan ajraldi, ammo ular do'stona munosabatda bo'lishdi. 195 Randolph prospektidagi kichkina kvartiraga ko'chib o'tish, Mayda Vale uy hayvonlari sudralib yuruvchilar va amfibiyalar bilan 1982 yil oktyabrida ajrashgan va munosabatlarni boshladi Keyt Allen, Kamden Kengashi Xotin-qizlar qo'mitasi raisi.^[60]

Lambetdagi okrug zali, keyin Buyuk London kengashining uyi

Livingstone GLC Labor g'olibligini qo'lga kiritishga e'tibor qaratdi va Hackney North-dagi xavfsiz o'rindig'ini ichki Londonning chekka joyiga almashtirdi. Paddington; 1981 yil may oyida u 2397 ovoz bilan bu o'rinni egalladi.^[61] Kutler va konservatorlar Livingstone rejalaridan xabardor bo'lib, GLC leyboristlarining g'alabasi Londonni, so'ngra Britaniyani marksistik tarzda egallab olishga olib keladi deb e'lon qilishdi; Konservativ matbuot ushbu voqeani ko'tarib chiqdi Daily Express "Nima uchun biz bu qizil jirkanchlarni to'xtatishimiz kerak" sarlavhasidan foydalangan holda.^[62] Ommaviy axborot vositalarida yoritish samarasiz bo'lib, 1981 yil may oyida bo'lib o'tgan GLK saylovlari Leyboristlarning hokimiyatni egallashiga olib keldi va McIntosh GLC rahbari etib tayinlandi; 24 soat ichida u o'z partiyasining a'zolari tomonidan lavozimidan ozod qilindi va uning o'rniga Livingstone tayinlandi.^[63]

7 may kuni Livingstone o'z tarafdorlarining kokusini chaqirdi; McIntosh rahbariyatiga qarshi chiqish niyatini e'lon qilib, yig'ilganlarni boshqa GLC lavozimlarida turishga taklif qildi. Uchrashuv soat 16:45 da nomzodlarning to'liq ro'yxati bo'yicha kelishib olindi. Soat 5 da McIntosh GLC Labor yig'ilishini o'tkazdi; Ishtirokchilar zudlik bilan etakchilik saylovlarini o'tkazdilar, unda Livingstone 30 ovoz bilan 20 ga qarshi ovoz bilan mag'lub bo'ldi. Keyin butun chap kokuslar slaneti saylandi. Ertasi kuni chap tomon to'ntarishi bekor qilindi Ser Eshli Bramall ustida Ichki London ta'limi boshqarmasi (ILEA), uni o'rniga qo'ydi Bryn Devies; chap guruh endi GLC va ILEA-ni ham boshqargan.^[64]

McIntosh, Leyboristlar chap tarafdorlarning qo'lidan olib ketish xavfi ostida ekanligini ta'kidlab, GLC to'ntarishini noqonuniy deb e'lon qildi.^[65] Asosiy matbuot to'ntarishni tanqid qildi; The Daily Mail Livingstone "chap qanot ekstremist" deb nomlangan va Quyosh unga "Qizil Ken" laqabini berib, uning g'alabasi "London uchun to'la bug 'oldidagi qizil qonli sotsializm" degan ma'noni anglatadi. The Financial Times so'lchilar hukumatni o'z nazorati ostiga olish uchun bunday taktikalardan foydalanishlari mumkinligi to'g'risida "ogohlantirish" berdilar, qachonki "demokratiyamiz eroziyasi boshlanadi".^[66] Tetcher mitingga qo'shilib, Livingstone singari so'lchilarning "vaqti yo'q" deb e'lon qildi parlament demokratiyasi ", lekin ular fitna uyushtirmoqdalar" Ushbu millatga xalqlar zulmni o'rnatish uchun Sharqiy Evropa chetga otishni xohlayman ".^[67]

GLK rahbari: 1981-1983

1981 yil 8-mayda County Hall-ga GLC rahbari sifatida kirib, Livingstone binoni o'zgartirib, o'zgarishlarni boshladi Mason ma'badni yig'ilish xonasiga va GLC a'zolari va yuqori lavozimli ofitserlariga berilgan ko'plab imtiyozlarni bekor qilish.^[68] U fuqarolarga qo'mita xonalarida yig'ilishlarni bepul o'tkazishga imkon beradigan ochiq eshiklar siyosatini boshlab berdi, County Hall esa "Xalq saroyi" laqabini oldi.^[69] Livingstone GLC a'zolari bo'lmaganlar binoning restoranidan foydalanishni boshlaganlarida, ba'zi konservativ GLC a'zolari tomonidan bildirilgan nafratni ko'rib Livingstone katta zavq oldi.^[69] In London mehnat brifingi, Livingstone "London biznikidir! Barcha zamonlarning eng shafqatsiz GLC saylovlaridan so'ng, Leyboristlar partiyasi radikal sotsialistik dastur bo'yicha ishchi ko'pchilik ovozini qo'lga kiritdi" deb e'lon qildi. U ularning vazifasi "Tori [konservativ] hukumati qulatilishi va uning o'rniga chap qanot leybor hukumati kelishi mumkin bo'lgan vaqtgacha ushlab turish operatsiyasini davom ettirish" ekanligini ta'kidladi.^[70] Livingstonening ittifoqchilari orasida ular Tetcher hukumatiga qarshi haqiqiy muxolifatni tashkil etishgan, degan fikr bor edi, Footning Leyboristlar rahbariyati samarasiz deb topildi; ular Benn tez orada uning o'rnini egallashiga umid qilishdi.^[71]

Jamiyatda keng tarqalgan Livingstone GLC rahbariyati noqonuniy, keng tarqalgan ingliz ommaviy axborot vositalari esa qat'iyatli dushman bo'lib qoldi.^[73] Livingstone odatda katta yoshdagilar uchun ajratilgan milliy matbuot e'tiboriga sazovor bo'ldi Parlament a'zolari.^[74] Matbuot bilan suhbat tashkil qilindi Maks Xastings uchun Kechki standart, unda Livingstone mehribon, ammo shafqatsiz sifatida tasvirlangan.^[75] Quyosh's muharriri Kelvin MakKenzi Livingstonega alohida qiziqish ko'rsatdi, unga "axloqsizlik" qazish uchun hisobot guruhini tuzdi; ular boshqa ommaviy axborot manbalari tomonidan masxara qilingan sevimli mashg'ulotlariga, amfibiyalarga bo'lgan qiziqishiga e'tibor qaratib, biron bir shov-shuvli ma'lumotni topa olmadilar.^[76] Satirik jurnal Maxsus ko'z unga "Ken Leninspart" deb nom berilgan, kombinatsiyasi Vladimir Lenin va Germaniyaning chap qanot guruhi Spartak Ligasi,^[77] Livingstone tomonidan mablag 'olgan deb noto'g'ri talqin qilishda davom etmoqda Liviya Jamaxiriya. Livingstone ularni sudga berganidan keyin tuhmat, 1983 yil noyabr oyida jurnal suddan tashqari kelishuvda unga 15000 funt sterling miqdorida tovon puli to'lab, uzr so'radi.^[78]

1982 yil davomida Livingstone GLC boshqaruviga yangi tayinlovlarni amalga oshirdi Jon McDonnell tayinlangan moliya kafedrasi va Valeri Hikmat yangi Xotin-qizlar qo'mitasining raisi Ser Eshli Bramall GLC raisi bo'ldi va Toni McBrearty uy-joy kafedrasi etib tayinlandi. Boshqalar avvalgi lavozimlarida qolishdi, shu jumladan Deyv Vetsel transport kreslosi va Mayk Uord sanoat raisi sifatida; Shunday qilib, biograf Jon Karvel "ikkinchi Livstonston ma'muriyati" deb ta'riflagan narsa yaratildi, bu "yanada tinch va qo'llab-quvvatlovchi muhit" ga olib keldi.^[79] Parlamentga yana bir bor e'tiborini qaratib, Livingstone saylov okrugi uchun Leyboristlar partiyasidan nomzod sifatida tanlanishga intildi Brent Sharq, bu erga u "yaqinlik" his qilgan va uning bir necha do'stlari yashagan. O'sha paytda Brent Sharqiy Leyboristlar partiyasi raqobatbardosh fraksiyalar bilan ajralib turar edi, Livingstone qattiq va yumshoq chap tarafdorlarini qo'llab-quvvatlashga harakat qildi. Mahalliy partiya a'zolari tomonidan sezilarli darajada qo'llab-quvvatlanishiga qaramay, u o'z nomzodiga o'z vaqtida murojaat qilmadi va shu sababli amaldagi markazchi Reg Freeson yana bir bor Brent East uchun Leyboristlar nomzodi sifatida tanlandi. Kengash yig'ilishidagi keyingi ovoz berish natijalari shuni ko'rsatdiki, 52 mahalliy leyboristlar Livingstone uchun ovoz berishgan, faqatgina 2 kishi Freesonga va 3 betaraf qolishgan. Shunga qaramay, 1983 yil Birlashgan Qirollikning umumiy saylovlari, Freeson Leyboristlar uchun Brent Sharq saylov okrugida g'alaba qozondi.^[80] 1983 yilda Livingstone kechqurun televizion chat shou-dasturini taqdim etishni boshladi Janet ko'chasi-Porter uchun London hafta oxiri televideniesi.^[81]

Narxlar yarmarkasi va transport siyosati

1981 yilgi saylovlar uchun Buyuk London Mehnat Manifesti, garchi Makintosh rahbarligida yozilgan bo'lsa-da, 1980 yil oktyabr oyida London Leyboristlar partiyasining maxsus konferentsiyasida aniqlangan bo'lib, unda Livingstonening nutqi transport siyosati to'g'risida hal qiluvchi ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan. Manifestda ish o'rinlarini yaratish va London transport narxlarini pasaytirishga e'tibor qaratilgan va Livingstone ma'muriyati aynan shu masalalarga murojaat qilgan.^[82] Bitta asosiy manifest manifesti sifatida tanilgan va'da edi Narxlar yarmarkasi, kamaytirishga qaratilgan London metrosi tariflar va ularni pastroq narxda muzlatish. Tomonidan amalga oshirilgan tariflarni muzlatish asosida Janubiy Yorkshir metropoliten okrugi kengashi 1975 yilda Leyboristlar tomonidan jamoat transportidan ko'proq londonliklar paydo bo'lishiga va shu bilan tirbandlikni kamaytirishiga umid qilib, mo''tadil va asosiy siyosat deb qaraldi. 1981 yil oktyabrda GLC o'z siyosatini amalga oshirdi va London transportida narxlarni 32 foizga qisqartirdi; harakatni moliyalashtirish uchun GLC Londonni ko'paytirishni rejalashtirgan stavkalar.^[83]

Fares Fair siyosatining qonuniyligi konservativ partiyaning etakchisi Dennis Barkuey tomonidan e'tiroz bildirildi Bromli shahridagi London tumani kengashi, u o'z saylovchilari o'zlarining tumanlarida ishlamagan paytda London metrosida arzonroq narxlarni to'lashlari kerakligini shikoyat qilgan. Dastlab Divizion sud GLC foydasiga qaror qilgan bo'lsa-da, Bromley Borough bu masalani hal qildi Apellyatsiya sudi qaerda uchta sudya - Lord Denning, Lord Adliya Oliver va Lord Justice Watkins - 10-noyabr kuni Bromley Borough foydasiga qaror topib, avvalgi qarorni bekor qildilar. Ular "Fares Fair" siyosati noqonuniy deb e'lon qilishdi, chunki GLC-ga London transportini defitsit bilan boshqarishni tanlashi qat'iyan taqiqlangan edi, garchi bu londonliklarning manfaati uchun bo'lsa ham.^[84] GLC ushbu qaror ustidan apellyatsiya shikoyati bilan sud ishini olib borgan Lordlar palatasi; 17 dekabrda besh qonun lordlari bir ovozdan Bromley Borough Council foydasiga qaror qildilar va Fares Fair siyosatiga doimiy ravishda chek qo'ydilar.^[85] GLC transport boshqaruvi raisi Deyv Vetsel sudyalarga "Ermindagi vandallar" deb belgi qo'ygan, Livingstone esa sud qarorining siyosiy asosga ega ekanligiga ishongan.^[86]

Dastlab GLC Labor guruhlariga sud qarorini bajarishdan bosh tortish va qat'i nazar siyosatni davom ettirish to'g'risida iltimosnoma bilan murojaat qilgan, ammo 32-22 tomonidan ovoz berilmagan; ko'plab sharhlovchilar Livingstone faqat Leyboristlar leyboristlari orasida yuzini saqlab qolish uchun blufing qilgan deb da'vo qilishdi.^[87] Buning o'rniga Livingstone Fares Fair siyosatini qonuniylashtiradigan qonunga o'zgartirish kiritish maqsadida "Narxlarni adolatli tuting" deb nomlangan kampaniya bilan qatnashdi; "To'lay olmayman, to'lamayman" alternativ harakati Livingstone-ni sotuvchi deb aybladi va GLC qonuniyligidan qat'i nazar o'z siyosatini olib borishini talab qildi.^[88] London transportida islohotlarning bir jihati saqlanib qoldi; ning yangi tizimi chiptalar zonalari ichidagi tekis narxlar va inter-modal Sayohat kartasi chipta chiptalar tizimining asosi sifatida davom etmoqda.^[89] Keyinchalik GLC London transport narxlarini eng oddiy 25 foizga pasaytirish umidida yangi choralarni ishlab chiqdi va ularni Livingstone ma'muriyati ish boshlagan paytdagi narxlariga qaytarib berdi; 1983 yil yanvar oyida qonuniy deb topildi va keyinchalik amalga oshirildi.^[90]

GLEB va yadroviy qurolsizlanish

Livingstone ma'muriyati kengash, uning ishchilar pensiya jamg'armasi va moliya bozorlari tomonidan taqdim etilgan mablag'lar hisobiga Londonning sanoat qayta tiklanishiga sarmoya kiritish orqali ish joyini yaratish uchun Buyuk London Enterprise Board (GLEB) ni tashkil etdi. Keyinchalik Livingstone GLC byurokratlari GLEB erishmoqchi bo'lgan narsalarning ko'piga to'sqinlik qilgan deb da'vo qildilar.^[91] Leyboristlar tomonidan amalga oshirilgan boshqa siyosat ham asos solgan. GLC kengashining uy-joylarini sotishni oldini olishga urinishlar asosan muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi, qisman konservativ hukumatning qattiq qarshiliklari tufayli.^[92] ILEA narxlarni pasaytirish haqidagi va'dasini bajarishga harakat qildi maktab ovqatlari poytaxtda 35p dan 25p gacha bo'lgan, ammo maslahatchilar qo'shimcha to'lovni to'lashi va davlat xizmatidan chetlatilishi mumkinligi to'g'risida yuridik maslahat berganidan so'ng o'z rejalaridan voz kechishga majbur bo'ldi.^[93]

Livingstone ma'muriyati bu borada qat'iy pozitsiyani egalladi yadroviy qurolsizlanish, Londonni "yadrosiz zona ". 1981 yil 20-mayda GLC har yili millionlab funt sterlingni yadro urushidan himoya qilish rejalarini to'xtatdi va Livingstonening o'rinbosari Illtyd Harrington" biz ... Armageddonga bema'ni kosmetik usulni taklif qilamiz "deb e'lon qildi. Londonga yadroviy zarba berilgan taqdirda, er osti bunkerlarida omon qolish uchun ajratilgan 3000 siyosatchi va ma'murlarning nomlari.Tetcher hukumati bu harakatlarni qattiq tanqid ostiga olib, Britaniyaning zarurligi haqidagi o'zlarining dalillarini tushuntirib beradigan tashviqot kampaniyasini olib bordi. yadro to'xtatuvchisi qarshi Sovet Ittifoqi.^[94]

Egalitar siyosat

Livingstone ma'muriyati birgalikda shahar aholisining katta qismini tashkil etgan Londonda ozchiliklar hayotini yaxshilash choralarini qo'llab-quvvatladi; nima Reg poygasi "kamalak koalitsiyasi" deb nomlangan.^[96] GLC oz miqdordagi jamoatchilik guruhlarini, shu jumladan London gey o'spirinlar guruhini moliyalashtirishga xarajatlarining ozgina foizini ajratdi, Inglizcha fohishalar jamoasi, Ayollar zo'rlashga qarshi, Lesbian line, Ayolning o'rni va ayollarning huquqlari.^[96] Ushbu guruhlar ijtimoiy o'zgarishlarni boshlashi mumkinligiga ishongan holda, GLC ixtiyoriy tashkilotlarning yillik mablag'larini 1980 yildagi 6 million funtdan 1984 yilda 50 million funtgacha oshirdi.^[97] Ular bunday guruhlarga kreditlar berib, asarlari keng yorliqli bo'lgan Sheba Feminist Publishers-ga kredit berish uchun matbuot tanqidiga uchragan. pornografik.^[98] 1981 yil iyulda Livingstone etnik ozchiliklar qo'mitasi, politsiya qo'mitasi va gey va lesbiyan ishchi partiyasini tashkil qildi va 1982 yil iyun oyida Xotin-qizlar qo'mitasi ham tashkil etildi.^[97] Ishonish Metropolitan politsiyasi irqchi tashkilot bo'lish uchun u tayinladi Pol Boateng politsiya qo'mitasini boshqarish va kuchlar faoliyatini nazorat qilish.^[99] Politsiyani o'ta siyosiy tashkilot deb hisoblagan holda, u ochiqchasiga ta'kidlagan edi: "Saylov paytida politsiya xonadonlarini tuval qilganingizda, ular Tetcherni biroz pushti deb hisoblaydigan konservatorlar yoki ular Milliy front."^[99]

Konservatorlar va asosiy matbuot bu choralarni asosan tanqid qilishdi, ularni "ular" deb atagan narsalarning simptomatikasi deb hisoblashdi.loony chap "Bular faqat" chekka "manfaatlarga xizmat qiladi", deb da'vo qilishgan, ularning tanqidlari ko'pincha namoyish etilgan irqchi, gomofob va seksist tuyg'u.^[100] Bir qator jurnalistlar Livingstone va "chap qanot" ni obro'sizlantirish uchun uydirmalar uydirdilar, masalan GLC o'z ishchilarini faqat Nikaraguanani ichishga majbur qildi deb da'vo qilishdi. kofe bilan birdamlikda mamlakat sotsialistik hukumati va bu Haringey kengashi rahbar Berni Grant "qora axlat layneri" va qofiya atamalaridan foydalanishni taqiqlagan ediBaa Baa qora qo'ylar ", chunki ular irqiy jihatdan befarq deb qabul qilingan.^[101] Writing in 2008, BBC reporter Andrew Hosken noted that although most of Livingstone's GLC administration's policies were ultimately a failure, its role in helping change social attitudes towards women and minorities in London remained its "enduring legacy".^[102]

Republicanism, Ireland and the Labor Herald

Invited to the Uels shahzodasi Charlz va xonim Diana Spenserning to'yi da Aziz Pol sobori in July 1981, Livingstone – a respublika tanqidiy monarxiya – wished the couple well but turned down the offer. He also permitted Irlandiya respublikasi protesters to hold a vigil on the steps of County Hall throughout the wedding celebrations, both actions that brought strong press criticism.^[103] His administration supported the People's March for Jobs, a demonstration of 500 anti-unemployment protesters who marched to London from Northern England, allowing them to sleep in County Hall and catering for them. Costing £19,000, critics argued that Livingstone was illegally using public money for his own political causes.^[104] The GLC orchestrated a propaganda campaign against Thatcher's government, in January 1982 erecting a sign on the top of County Hall – clearly visible from the Parlament uylari – stating the number of unemployed in London.^[105]

In September 1981, a weekly newspaper, the Labor Herald, was announced with Livingstone, Ted Nayt and Matthew Warburton as co-editors.^[106] It was published by a press owned by the Trotskyist Ishchilar inqilobiy partiyasi (WRP), who had financed it with funding from Libya and other countries in the middle east.^[107] Evidence is lacking to indicate Livingstone knew about the funding at the time.^[108][109] Livingstone's commercial relationship with WRP leader Gerri Xili was controversial among British socialists, many of whom disapproved of Healy's reputation for violence.^[110] In the newspaper in 1982, perceiving a neglect by Labour of the Israel-Palestine conflict, Livingstone wrote of "a distortion running right the way through British politics" because "a majority of Jews in this country supported the Labour Party and elected a number of Jewish Labour MPs".^[111] The Labor Herald folded in 1985, after Healy was accused of being a sex offender and he was expelled from the WRP.^[112]

Tarafdori Irlandiyaning birlashishi, Livingstone had connections with the left-wing Irish republican party Sinn Feyn and in July, met with the mother of an imprisoned Muvaqqat Irlandiya respublika armiyasi (IRA) militant Tomas Makelvi, then taking part in the 1981 yil Irlandiyada ochlik e'lon qilindi. That day, Livingstone publicly proclaimed his support for those prisoners on hunger strike, claiming that the British government's fight against the IRA was not "some sort of campaign against terrorizm " but was "the last colonial war." He was criticised for this meeting and his statements in the mainstream press, while Prime Minister Thatcher claimed that his comments constituted "the most disgraceful statement I have ever heard."^[114] Soon after, he also met with the children of Yvonne Dunlop, an Irish Protestant who had been killed in McElwee's bomb attack.^[115]

On 10 October, the IRA bombed London's "Chelsi" barakasi, killing 2 and injuring 40. Denouncing the attack, Livingstone informed members of the Kembrij universiteti Tory islohotlar guruhi that it was a misunderstanding to view the IRA as "criminals or lunatics" because of their political motives and that "violence will recur again and again as long as we are in Ireland." Mainstream press criticised him for these comments, with Quyosh labeling him "the most odious man in Britain". In response, Livingstone proclaimed that the press coverage had been "ill-founded, utterly out of context and distorted", reiterating his opposition both to IRA attacks and British rule in Northern Ireland.^[116] Anti-Livingstone pressure mounted and on 15 October he was attacked in the street by members of unionist militia, The Friends of Ulster. In a second incident, Livingstone was attacked by far right skinheads shouting "commie bastard" at the Three Horseshoes Pub in Hampstead.^[117] Known as "Green Ken" among Ulster ittifoqchilari, Unionist paramilitary Maykl Stoun ning Ulster mudofaa assotsiatsiyasi plotted to kill Livingstone, only abandoning the plan when he became convinced that the security services were monitoring him.^{[118][119][120]}

Livingstone's willingness to meet publicly with Irish republican leader Gerry Adams (above, pictured in 2001), caused outrage within his own party and the British press

Livingstone agreed to meet Gerri Adams, Sinn Féin President and IRA-supporter, after Adams was invited to London by Labour members of the Troops Out campaign in December 1982. The same day as the invitation was made, the Irlandiya milliy ozodlik armiyasi (INLA) bombed The Droppin Well bar yilda Ballykelly, County Londonderry, killing 11 soldiers and 6 civilians; in the aftermath, Livingstone was pressured to cancel the meeting. Expressing his horror at the bombing, Livingstone insisted that the meeting proceed, for Adams had no connection with the INLA, but Conservative Home Secretary Villi Uaytlov banned Adams' entry to Britain with the 1976 Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act.^[121] In February 1983, Livingstone visited Adams in his constituency of G'arbiy Belfast, receiving a hero's welcome from local republicans.^[122] In July 1983, Adams finally came to London by invitation of Livingstone and MP Jeremi Korbin, allowing him to present his views to a mainstream British audience through televised interviews.^[123] In August, Livingstone was interviewed on Irish state radio, proclaiming that Britain's 800-year occupation of Ireland was more destructive than the Holokost; he was publicly criticised by Labour members and the press.^[123] He also controversially expressed solidarity with the Marksist-leninchi hukumati Fidel Kastro in Cuba against the U.S. economic embargo, in return receiving an annual Christmas gift of Cuban rum from the Cuban embassy.^[124]

Courting further controversy, in the Folklend urushi of 1982, during which the United Kingdom battled Argentina for control of the Folklend orollari, Livingstone stated his belief that the islands rightfully belonged to the Argentinian people, but not the military junta then ruling the country.^[125] Upon British victory, he sarcastically remarked that "Britain had finally been able to beat the hell out of a country smaller, weaker and even worse governed than we were."^[126] Challenging the Conservative government's militarism, the GLC proclaimed 1983 to be "Peace Year", solidifying ties with the Yadro qurolsizlanish uchun kampaniya (CND) in order to advocate international yadroviy qurolsizlanish, a measure opposed by the Thatcher government.^[127] In keeping with this pacifistic outlook, they banned the Hududiy armiya from marching past County Hall that year.^[128] The GLC then proclaimed 1984 to be "Anti-Racism Year".^[129] In July 1985, the GLC twinned London with the Nicaraguan city of Managua, then under the control of the socialist Sandinista milliy ozodlik fronti.^[130] The press continued to criticise the Livingstone administration's funding of volunteer groups that they perceived represented only "fringe interests". As Livingstone biographer Andrew Hosken remarked, "by far the most contentious grant" was given in February 1983 to a group called Babies Against the Bomb, founded by a group of mothers who had united to campaign against nuclear weapons.^[131]

Members of London Labour groups chastised Livingstone for his controversial statements, believing them detrimental to the party, leading Labour members and supporters to defect to the Sotsial-demokratik partiya (SDP).^[132] Many highlighted Labour's failure to secure the seat in the 1981 Kroydon Shimoliy G'arbiy qo'shimcha saylov as a sign of Labour's prospects under Livingstone.^[133] Some called for Livingstone's removal, but Michael Foot's assistant Una Cooze defended Livingstone's position.^[134] Television and radio outlets invited Livingstone for interviews; described by biographer John Carvel as having "one of the best television styles of any contemporary politician", Livingstone used this medium to speak to a wider audience, gaining widespread public support, something Carvel attributed to his "directness, self-deprecation, colourful language, complete unflappability under fire and lack of pomposity", coupled with popular policies like Fares Fair.^[135]

Abolition of the GLC: 1983–1986

The 1983 yilgi umumiy saylov proved disastrous for Labour, as much of their support went to the Social Democrat-Liberal Alliance, and Thatcher entered her second term in office. Foot was replaced by Nil Kinnok, a man Livingstone considered "repellent".^[137] Livingstone publicly attributed Labour's electoral failure to the leading role that the party's capitalist wing had played, arguing that the party should promote a socialist program of "national reconstruction", overseeing the nationalisation of banks and major industry and allowing for the investment in new development.^[138]

Considering it a waste of rate payer's money, Thatcher's government was keen to abolish the GLC and devralmoq control to the Greater London tumanlar, stating its intention to do so in its 1983 electoral manifesto.^[139] Ish bilan ta'minlash bo'yicha davlat kotibi Norman Tebbit lambasted the GLC as "Labour-dominated, high-spending and at odds with the government's view of the world"; Livingstone commented that there was "a huge gulf between the cultural values of the GLC Labour group and everything that Mrs Thatcher considered right and proper."^[140] The government felt confident that there was sufficient opposition to Livingstone's administration that they could abolish the GLC: according to a MORI poll in April 1983, 58% of Londoners were dissatisfied and 26% satisfied with Livingstone.^[141]

Attempting to fight the proposals, the GLC devoted £11 million to a campaign led by Reg poygasi focusing on press campaigning, advertising, and parliamentary lobbying. The campaign sent Livingstone on a party roadshow conference in which he convinced the Liberal and Social Democratic parties to oppose abolition. Using the slogan "say no to no say", they publicly highlighted that without the GLC, London would be the only capital city in Western Europe without a directly elected body.^[142] The campaign was successful, with polls indicating majority support among Londoners for retaining the Council, and in March 1984, 20,000 public servants held a 24-hour strike in support.^[143] The government nevertheless remained committed to abolition, and in June 1984 the House of Commons passed the Mahalliy hokimiyat to'g'risidagi qonun 1985 yil with 237 votes in favour and 217 against.^[144] Livingstone and three senior GLC members resigned their seats in August 1984, to force byelections on the issue of abolition, but the Conservatives declined to contest them and all four were comfortably re-elected on a low turnout.^[145]

The GLC was formally abolished at midnight on 31 March 1986, with Livingstone marking the occasion by holding a free concert at Festival zali.^[146] In his capacity as former leader of the GLC, Livingstone was invited to visit Australia, Israel, and Zimbabwe in the following months by leftist groups in those countries, before he and Allen undertook a 5-week Himalayan trek to the base camp of Everest tog'i.^[147]

Parlament a'zosi

The Houses of Parliament, where Livingstone served as MP

Livingstone defeated Reg Freeson in the selection process to represent Labour for the north-west London constituency of Brent Sharq ichida 1987 yilgi umumiy saylov.^[148] When the election came, he narrowly defeated Conservative candidate Harriet Krouli to become Brent East's MP, while Thatcher retained the Premiership for a third term.^[149] Livingstone found the atmosphere of the Parlament uylari uncomfortable, labeling it "absolutely tribal",^[150] and asserting that "It's like working in the Tabiiy tarix muzeyi, except not all the exhibits are stuffed."^[151] There was much hostility between him and the Parliamentary Labour Party, who allocated him a windowless office with fellow leftist MP Garri Barns.^[152] He took on Maureen Charleson as his personal secretary, who would remain with him for the next 20 years.^[153]

Uning ichida birinchi nutq to Parliament in July 1987, Livingstone used deputatlik imtiyozi to raise a number of allegations made by Fred Xolroyd, avvalgi Maxsus razvedka xizmati operativ Shimoliy Irlandiya. Despite the convention of maiden speeches being non-controversial, Livingstone alleged that Holroyd had been mistreated when he tried to expose MI5 til biriktirish bilan Ulster sodiq paramilitaries in the 1970s. Thatcher denounced his claims as "utterly contemptible".^[154] In September 1987 Livingstone was elected to Labour's Milliy Ijroiya Qo'mitasi (NEC), although he was voted off in October 1989, to be replaced by Jon Preskott.^[155] As Kinnock tried to pull Labour to the centre, Livingstone worked to strengthen its socialist elements.^[156] He refused to pay the controversial ovoz berish solig'i until it was revoked, and was one of the 55 Labour MPs to oppose British involvement in the Ko'rfaz urushi 1991 yil yanvarda.^[157] Conversely, he supported NATO intervention in the Balkans, and the bombing of Serbia.^[158]

In 1992 yilgi umumiy saylov, Jon Major led the Conservatives to a narrow victory, resulting in Kinnock's resignation as Labour leader. Livingstone put his name forward, with Berni Grant as his deputy, but they were not elected, with Jon Smit va Margaret Beket taking the positions.^[159] After Smith died in May 1994, Livingstone again put his name forward as a potential leader, but withdrew it due to a lack of support. Buning o'rniga, Toni Bler was selected, with Livingstone predicting that he would be "the most right-wing leader" in Labour history.^[160] Blair and his supporters sought to further expunge leftist elements and taking it to the centre, thus creating "Yangi mehnat ", bilan Piter Mandelson asserting that figures like Livingstone represented "the enemy" of reform.^[161] Throughout 1995, Livingstone unsuccessfully fought Blair's attempts to remove Clause Four (promoting nationalised industry) from the Labour constitution, which he saw as a betrayal of the party's socialist roots.^[162] In 1996, he warned of the growing influence of Spin shifokorlari in the party, and called for Blair to sack Alastair Kempbell after a High Court judge criticised Campbell in a libel trial.^[163] Nevertheless, Blair led Labour to a katta g'alaba ichida 1997 yilgi umumiy saylov, resulting in the formation of the first Labour government since 1979.^[164] In December 1997, Livingstone joined a Labour revolt against Blair's attempts to cut benefits to yolg'iz onalar and, in March 1998, publicly criticised Gordon Braun for advocating "an awful lot of Thatcherite nonsense" and attempting to privatise the London Underground through the PPP sxema.^[165] In 1997 he was re-elected to the NEC, beating Mandelson to the position.^[166]

Livingstone continued his association with members of Trotskyite group Sotsialistik harakat, with the group's leader Jon Ross becoming his most important adviser, teaching him about economics.^[168] Investing in an advanced £25,000 computer, he and Ross used the machine to undertake complex economic analysis, on the basis of which they began publishing the Socialist Economic Bulletin 1990 yilda.^[169] Two other members of the group, Redmond O'Neill and Simon Fletcher, also became trusted advisers.^[170] When Socialist Action founded a campaign group, the Irqchilikka qarshi ittifoq, Livingstone came to be closely associated with it. They campaigned on the racist murder of Stephen Lawrence and the rise of the far right British National Party, but were disadvantaged by an ongoing rivalry with the Natsistlarga qarshi liga.^[171]

As his political significance waned, Livingstone gained more work in the media, commenting that the press "started to use me only once they thought I was harmless".^[172] To receive these outside earnings, he founded a company known as Localaction Ltd.^[173] In 1987 he authored an autobiography for HarperCollins, If Voting Changed Anything They'd Abolish It,^[174] wrote articles for the London Daily News,^[175] uchun turdi BBC radiosi 2 disk-jockey Jimmi Yang, and served as a judge for that year's Whitbread mukofoti.^[176] 1989 yilda, Unvin Ximen published his second book, Livingstone's Labour: A Programme for the 90s, in which he expressed his views on a variety of issues,^[177] while that same year he was employed to promote "Qizil Lester" cheese in adverts for the Milliy sut kengashi and to appear in adverts for Britaniya ko'mir yonma-yon Edvina Kurri.^[178] In October 1991 Livingstone began writing a column for Rupert Merdok 's right-wing tabloid Quyosh, a controversial move among British socialists.^[179] In his column, he often discussed his love of amphibians and campaigned for the protection of the ajoyib tepalik, on the basis of which he was appointed vice president of the London zoologiya jamiyati 1996–97 yillarda.^[180] He subsequently wrote a food column for Esquire va keyin Kechki standart, also making regular appearances on the BBC quiz show Have I Got News For You?.^[181] In 1995, Livingstone was invited to appear on the track "Ernold Same "guruh tomonidan Xiralashish.^[181]

London meri

Mayoral election: 2000

hokimiyat, opened 2002, specially built for the Buyuk London ma'muriyati and mayor in Southwark

By 1996, various prominent public figures were arguing for the implementation of directly-elected mayors for large UK cities like London.^[182] The idea of a London mayor of a Buyuk London ma'muriyati (GLA) had been included in Labour's 1997 election manifesto, and after their election a referendum was scheduled for May 1998, in which there was a 72% yes vote with a 34% turnout.^[183] With the first mayoral election scheduled for May 2000, in March 1998 Livingstone stated his intention to stand as a potential Labour candidate for the position.^[184]

Blair did not want Livingstone as London Mayor, claiming the latter was one of those who "almost knocked [the party] over the edge of the cliff into extinction" during the 1980s.^[185] He and the Labour spin doctors organised a campaign against Livingstone to ensure that he was not selected, with Campbell and Salli Morgan unsuccessfully attempting to get Oona qiroli to denounce Livingstone.^[186] They failed to convince Mo Mavlam to stand for the mayorship, and instead encouraged the reluctant Frank Dobson to stand.^[187] Recognising that a 'one member, one vote' election within the London Labour Party would probably see Livingstone selected over Dobson, Blair ensured that a third of the votes would come from the rank-and-file members, a third from the trade unions, and a third from Labour MPs and Yevropa parlamenti deputatlari, the latter two of which he could pressure into voting for his own preferred candidate, something that Dobson was deeply uncomfortable with.^[188] Information on the Blairite campaign against Livingstone became public, costing Dobson much support; nevertheless, due to the impact of the MPs and MEPs, Dobson won the candidacy with 51% to Livingstone's 48%.^[189]

Livingstone proclaimed Dobson to be "a tainted candidate" and stated his intention to run for the Mayoralty as an independent candidate. Aware that this would result in his expulsion from Labour, he publicly stated that "I have been forced to choose between the party I love and upholding the democratic rights of Londoners."^[190] The polls indicated clear support for Livingstone among the London electorate, with his campaign being run by his Socialist Action associates.^[191] He gained the support of a wide range of celebrities, from musicians like Fatboy Slim, Pushti Floyd, Birodarlar kimyoviy, and Blur, artists like Damin Xirst va Treysi Emin, and those from other fields, among them Ken Loach, Jo Brand va Kris Evans, the latter of whom donated £200,000 to the campaign; half of what Livingstone required.^[192] In March 2000, Livingstone agreed to make a public apology to the House of Commons, after he was criticised over his failure to properly register outside interests worth more than £150,000.^[193] Saylov took place on 4 May 2000,^[194] at which Livingstone came first with 58% of first and second-preference votes; Konservativ nomzod Stiven Norris came second and Dobson third.^[195] Livingstone started his acceptance speech with "As I was saying before I was so rudely interrupted 14 years ago..."^[196]

First mayoral term: 2000–04

Livingstone now had "the largest and most direct mandate of any politician in British history",^[197] receiving an annual salary of £87,000.^[198] It was the Mayor's job to oversee a number of subordinate bodies, including the Metropolitan politsiyasi, London uchun transport (TfL), the London taraqqiyot agentligi, va London yong'in xizmati, and in doing so he was granted a number of executive powers.^[199] He would be scrutinised by the elected London assambleyasi, whose first chairman was Trevor Fillips, a Labour politician who had a reciprocated dislike of Livingstone.^[200] Livingstone was permitted twelve principal advisers, many of whom were members of Socialist Action or people whom he had worked with on the GLC.^[201] Ross and Fletcher became two of his closest confidants, with Livingstone commenting that "They aren't just my closest political advisers... they're also mostly my best friends."^[202] In 2002, he promoted six of his senior aides, resulting in allegations of kronizm from Assembly members.^[203] The Mayoral office was initially based in temporary headquarters at Romney House in Marsham Street, Vestminster,^[204] while a purpose-built building was constructed in Southwark; muddatli hokimiyat, it was officially opened by Queen Yelizaveta II in July 2002, with Livingstone commenting that it resembled a "glass testicle."^[205]

Much of Livingstone's first two years were devoted to setting up the Mayoral system and administration.^[206] He also devoted much time to battling New Labour's plans to upgrade the London metrosi system through a davlat-xususiy sheriklik (PPP) program, believing it to be too expensive and tantamount to the privatisation of a state-owned service. He furthermore had strong concerns about safety; PPP would divide different parts of the Underground among various companies, something that he argued threatened a holistic safety and maintenance program. These concerns were shared by the Temir yo'l, dengiz va transport ishchilari milliy ittifoqi (RMT) va Lokomotiv muhandislari va o't o'chiruvchilar assotsiatsiyasi (ASLEF) trade union, who went on strike over the issue, being joined on the piket chizig'i by Livingstone.^[207] Uchrashuv Bob Kili as transport commissioner, the duo argued that the upgrade should be carried out in state hands through a public bond issue, as had been done in the case of the Nyu-York metrosi. They launched court cases against the government over PPP in 2001–02, but were ultimately unsuccessful, and the project went ahead, with the Underground being privatised in January 2003.^[207]

Livingstone's administration introduced the fleet of articulated "bendy buses" to replace the Routemasters

Although he had initially stated that he would not do so, Livingstone's administration sought to phase out use of the Routemaster buses, the design for which dated to the 1950s. Although iconic, they were deemed hazardous and responsible for a high number of deaths and serious injuries as passengers climbed onto them, also being non-wheelchair accessible and thus not meeting the requirements of the Nogironlarni kamsitish to'g'risidagi qonun 1995 y. The process was gradual, with the last Routemaster being decommissioned in December 2005.^[208] The Routemasters were replaced by a new fleet of 103 bo'g'inli avtobuslar, known colloquially as "bendy buses", which were launched in June 2002. While the Routemasters fitted 80 people on at one time, the articulated buses fitted up to 140 passengers, however they were deemed dangerous for cyclists.^[209] Attempting to reduce London's environmental impact, Livingstone created the London Hydrogen Partnership and the London Energy Partnership in his first term as Mayor of London.^[210] The Mayor's Energy Strategy, "green light to clean power," committed London to reducing its emissions of karbonat angidrid by 20%, relative to the 1990 level, by 2010.^[210]

Livingstone sought to remove the pigeons from Trafalgar maydoni; he tried to evict seed sellers and introduced hawks to scare the pigeons off.^[211] He pedestrianised the north side of the Square, transforming it into a public space with a cafe, public toilets, and a lift for the disabled.^[212] He introduced an annual Avliyo Patrik kuni festival to celebrate the contributions of the Irish to London,^[213] and revived London's free irqchilikka qarshi kurash music festival, now called Rise: London United, later attributing London's 35% decrease in racist attacks to this and other anti-racist policies.^[214] Continuing his support for LGBT rights, in 2001 he set up Britain's first register for same-sex couples; while falling short of legal marriage rights, the register was seen as a step towards the Fuqarolik sherikligi to'g'risidagi qonun 2004 yil.^[215]

Livingstone's relationship with Kate Allen ended in November 2001, although they remained friends.^[216] He then started a relationship with Emma Beal, together having two children, Thomas (born December 2002) and Mia (born March 2004).^[217] At a May 2002 party in Tufnell parki, Livingstone got into an argument with Beal's friend Robin Hedges, a reporter for the Kechki standart. Hedges subsequently fell from a wall, bruised his ribs and went to hospital; the press claimed that Livingstone had pushed him, although he insisted that he did not. Liberal-demokratlar on the London Assembly referred the matter to the Angliya uchun standartlar kengashi, who ruled that there was no evidence for any wrongdoing on Livingstone's behalf.^[218]

London tirbandligi uchun to'lov belgi

As proposed in their election manifesto, in February 2003 Livingstone's administration introduced a tirbandlik uchun to'lov covering 8 square miles in central London, charging motorists £5 a day for driving through the area. It was introduced in an attempt to deter traffic and reduce congestion; Livingstone himself took the London Underground to work, and tried to inspire more Londoners to use public transport rather than cars. The policy was strongly opposed by businesses, resident groups, the roads lobby and the Labour government; many commentators recognised that, if opposition resulted in the policy being abandoned, it could lead to the end of Livingstone's political career.^[219] O'sha yili Siyosiy tadqiqotlar assotsiatsiyasi named Livingstone 'Politician of the Year' due to his implementation of the 'bold and imaginative' scheme.^[220] The scheme resulted in a marked reduction on traffic in central London, resulting in improved bus services, and by 2007, TfL could claim that the charge had reduced congestion by 20%.^[221][222] To further encourage the use of public transport, in June 2003, the Istiridye kartasi system was introduced,^[223] while bus and Underground journeys were made free for people aged 11 to 18.^[224]

A car rental company's "Red Ken's Tax Paid" car sticker: a negative comment on the congestion charge

In 2002, Livingstone came out in support of a proposal for the 2012 Olympic Games to be held in London. He insisted however that the Games must be held in the East End, and result in an shahar regeneratsiyasi program centred on the Li vodiysi. He gained the support of Labour's culture secretary Tessa Jouell, who convinced the government to back the plans in May 2003.^[225] 2004 yil may oyida Xalqaro olimpiya komissiyasi put London on the shortlist of potential locations for the Games, alongside Paris, Madrid, Moscow, and New York City; although Paris was widely expected to be the eventual victor, London would prove successful in its nomination.^[226] Another major development project was launched in February 2004 as the London Plan, in which Livingstone's administration laid out their intentions to deal with the city's major housing shortage by ensuring the construction of 30,000 new homes a year. It stressed that 50% of these should be deemed "affordable housing" although later critics would highlight that in actuality, the amount of "affordable housing" in these new constructions did not exceed 30%.^[227]

Livingstone had no control over government policy regarding immigration, which had resulted in a significant growth in foreign arrivals coming to London during his administration; from 2000 to 2005 London's population grew by 200,000 to reach 7.5 million.^[228] He did not oppose this, encouraging racial equality and celebrating the city's multikulturalizm.^[229] Livingstone condemned the UK's involvement in the Iroq urushi and involved himself in the Urushni to'xtating kampaniya.^[230] In November 2003, he made headlines for referring to AQSh prezidenti Jorj V.Bush as "the greatest threat to life on this planet," just before Bush's official visit to the UK. Livingstone also organised an alternative "Peace Reception" at City Hall "for everybody who is not George Bush," with anti-war Vetnam faxriy Ron Kovich faxriy mehmon sifatida.^[231]

Livingstone's success with the congestion charge and rejuvenation of Trafalgar Square led the Labour leadership to reconsider their position on him, with Blair re-admitting him to the party and asking that he stand as their Mayoral candidate for the 2004 election. Livingstone accepted, and Labour Mayoral candidate Nikki Gavron volunteered to take a subordinate position as his deputy.^[232] In campaigning for the election, Livingstone highlighted his record: the congestion charge, free bus travel for under 11s, 1000 extra buses, and 5000 extra police officers, whereas his main competitor, the Conservative Steven Norris, campaigned primarily on a policy of abolishing the congestion charge.^[233] Livingstone continued to court controversy throughout the campaign; in June 2004 he was quoted on Guardian 's website as saying: "I just long for the day I wake up and find that the Saudiya Qirolligi oilasi are swinging from lamp-posts and they've got a proper government that represents the people of Saudiya Arabistoni ", for which he was widely criticised.^{[234][235][236]} That same month, he came under criticism from sectors of the left for urging RMT members to cross picket lines in a proposed Underground strike because the latest offer had been "extremely generous", leading RMT general secretary Bob qarg'a to step down as a TfL board member.^[234] In 2004 yil London meri saylovi, Livingstone was announced as the winner on 10 June 2004. He won 36% of first preference votes to Norris's 28% and Liberal Democrat Simon Xyuz 's 15%. When all the candidates except Livingstone and Norris were eliminated and the second preferences of those voters who had picked neither Livingstone nor Norris as their first choice were counted, Livingstone won with 55% to Norris's 45%.^[237][238]

Second mayoral term: 2004–08

Livingstone attends the 2007 Aziz Patrik kuni celebrations in London.

Orasida Terrorizmga qarshi urush and threat from Al-Qoida, Livingstone sought to improve ties with London's Muslim community, agreeing to meet with Islomchi kabi guruhlar Buyuk Britaniya musulmonlar uyushmasi alongside moderate organisations.^[239] In July 2004, he attended a conference discussing France's ban on the burka at which he talked alongside Islamist cleric Yusuf al-Qaradaviy. Livingstone described al-Qaradawi as "one of the most authoritative Muslim scholars in the world today" and argued that his influence could help stop the radicalisation of young British Muslims. Jewish and LGBT organisations criticised Livingstone for this, citing al-Qaradawi's record of antisemitic and homophobic remarks, with the meeting leading to an argument between Livingstone and former supporter Piter Tatchell.^[240] Livingstone continued to champion the Palestinian cause in the Israel-Palestine conflict, in March 2005 accusing Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon of being a "harbiy jinoyatchi " responsible for the 1982 Sabra va Shatila qirg'ini.^[241]

During his second term, Livingstone continued his support for London's bid to host the 2012 Olympic Games, playing a crucial role in securing vital Russian support for the bid. On 6 July 2005, in a ceremony held in Singapur attended by Livingstone, London was announced as the victor, resulting in widespread celebration.^[242] The following day, British-born Islamist suicide bombers undertook three attacks on the Underground and another on a bus, killing 52 civilians. Livingstone gave a speech from Singapore denouncing the attackers as terrorists, before immediately returning to London.^[243] Informing the BBC that Western foreign policy was largely to blame for the attacks,^[244] his response to the situation was widely praised, even by opponents.^[245] Qo'rqish Islomofobik backlash against the city's Muslim minority, he initiated an advertising campaign to counter this, holding a rally for inter-community unity in Trafalgar Square.^[246] A second, failed suicide bombing attack took place on 21 July,^[247] and in the aftermath police officers shot dead a Brazilian tourist, Jan Sharl de Menez, whom they mistook for a bomber. Police initially misrepresented the killing, resulting in widespread condemnation, although Livingstone defended the actions of Metropolitan Police commissioner Yan Bler.^[248]

Keyinchalik 2005 yil London portlashlari, Livingstone initiated a campaign to celebrate London's multikulturalizm

While leaving a City Hall LGBT reception in February 2005, Livingstone objected to an Kechki standart photographer "harassing" other guests. Qachon Kechki standart journalist Oliver Finegold introduced himself as working for the paper, Livingstone asked if he had been "a German war criminal." When Finegold said that he was Jewish, Livingstone said he was "just like a concentration camp guard, you are just doing it because you are paid to, aren't you?" and asserted that he (Finegold) worked for the "reactionary bigots... who supported fascism" at the Daily Mail.^[249][250] Garchi Kechki standart initially did not deem the comments newsworthy, they were leaked to Guardian, resulting in accusations of antisemitism against Livingstone from the Britaniya yahudiylarining deputatlar kengashi.^[251] There were many calls for Livingstone to apologise, including from Tony Blair, the London Assembly, a Holocaust survivors group and his deputy Gavron (the daughter of a Holocaust survivor), but Livingstone refused, citing what he said was a hate campaign of almost a quarter of a century against him by newspapers, particularly Associated Newspapers, publisher of the Kechki standart va Daily Mail, and their long record of bigotry and racism.^[252] The Angliya uchun standartlar kengashi deb so'radi Adjudication Panel for England to deal with Livingstone on the issue, who in February 2006 found him guilty of bringing his office into disrepute and suspended him from office for a month. Livingstone and others argued that an unelected board should not have the power to suspend an elected official.^[253][254] In October 2006 at the Oliy adliya sudi, Adolat Kollinz overturned the decision to suspend Livingstone.^[255][256]

Livingstone denied he was antisemitic, holding regular meetings with Jewish groups and introducing public Hanuka celebrations in Trafalgar Square in December 2005.^{[257][258][259]} He was again described as antisemitic in March 2006 for asserting, after conflict over a major building project, that Indian-born Jewish businessmen Dovud va Simon Ruben should "go back to Iran and see if they can do better under the ayatollahs". He said later that he did not know they were Jewish.^[260][261] He refused to apologise to the Reubens at the time, instead offering "a complete apology to the people of Iran for the suggestion that they may be linked in any way to the Reuben brothers".^[262] The GLA rejected the accusation of misconduct against Livingstone over the incident in June 2006,^[260] but he did make a general apology for causing offence to Jews in previous years in December that year.^[261]

2006 yil mart oyida Livingstone 1961 yil sharoitida tirbandlik to'lovini to'lashdan bosh tortgan chet el elchixonalarini tanqid qildi Diplomatik aloqalar to'g'risida Vena konventsiyasi. Uning tanqidlari AQSh diplomatiga qaratilgan Robert Tuttle, uni "chiselling little firer" deb qoraladi, uning elchixonasi u qarzdor deb hisoblagan 1,5 million funtni to'lashdan bosh tortmoqda.^[124] 2007 yil fevral oyida Livingstone ma'muriyati tirbandlik zonasini g'arbga qarab kengaytirib, ikki baravarga oshirdi Kensington va Chelsi, rezident guruhlarning qarshiliklariga qaramay.^[263] 2007 yil oktyabr oyida hukumat bunga erishishga rozi bo'ldi Xoch panjarasi, London markazida poezd liniyasini qurish uchun 16 milliard funt sterlinglik loyihani bog'lash Berkshir ga Esseks.^[264] Shu bilan birga, Livingstone, hozirgi paytda yer osti qismini boshqaradigan kompaniyalardan biri bo'lganida, davlat va xususiy sheriklikka qarshi ilgari qarshi bo'lganida o'zini oqladi. Metronet, xizmatni himoya qilish uchun davlat aralashishi kerak bo'lgan 2007 yil iyulida qulab tushdi.^[265] Livingstone, shuningdek, Londonda osmono'par binolar qurilishini mamnuniyat bilan kutib oldi va uning merligi davrida, shu jumladan 15 ta bino qurilishi uchun imkoniyat yaratib berdi. 30 Sent-Meri bolta va Shard. U buni ofisga bo'lgan talabni to'ldirish uchun zarur deb hisoblagan, ammo tanqid qilingan, eng muhimi, tanqid qilingan Uels shahzodasi Charlz, tarixiy osmonlarni saqlashdan tashvishda.^[266]

Londonning roli uchun Livingstone tomonidan hissiy kechirim transatlantik qul savdosi

2006 yil may oyida Livingstone Venesuela Prezidentini kutib oldi Ugo Chaves Londonga, uning uchun City Hall-da tadbir o'tkazmoqda. Konservatorlar bunga qarshi chiqishdi va Chavesga tegishli ekanligini aytishdi demokratik sotsialistik hukumat plyuralistik demokratiyani buzgan edi.^[267] Livingstone Chavesni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi Venesuela axborot markazining prezidentligini qabul qilishga kirishdi.^[268] 2006 yil noyabr oyida Livingstone Lotin Amerikasiga Chavesni ziyorat qilish uchun bordi, bu safar u va uning atrofidagilar Kubada 29000 funt sterling evaziga qolishdi; ko'plab ingliz manbalari ushbu tashrifni soliq to'lovchilarning pullarini behuda sarflash deb ta'rifladilar.^[269] 2007 yil avgustda Livingstone neftga boy Venesuela bilan kelishuvga erishgani e'lon qilindi; Chaves hukumati TfLga yiliga 16 million funt sterling miqdorida bepul neft etkazib berar edi, ular 250 ming londonlik uchun imtiyozli yarim avtobus narxlarini subsidiyalash uchun foydalanardi. Buning evaziga London transportni boshqarish bo'yicha tajriba, shuningdek, videokuzatuv va chiqindilarni boshqarish kabi boshqa xizmatlarni taqdim etadi.^[270][271]

Livingstone birinchi "ni tashkil etishga yordam berdiMaydonda hayit "Trafalgar maydonidagi islomni yod etish marosimi Ramazon hayiti festival 2006 yil oktyabr oyida.^[272] 2007 yil may oyida Livingstone Nyu-York shahriga tashrif buyurish uchun tashrif buyurdi C40 atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish masalalari bilan shug'ullanadigan yirik jahon shaharlari konferentsiyasi. Konferentsiyaning etakchi arboblaridan biri, u boshqa shaharlarni atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish choralari sifatida tirbandlik uchun to'lovlarni qabul qilishga chaqirdi.^[273] 2007 yil avgust oyida u transatlantik qul savdosidagi roli uchun London nomidan xalq oldida kechirim so'radi. U yilligini tanladi Gaiti inqilobi buni amalga oshirish kerak edi va uning ko'z yoshlari bilan so'zlagan nutqida aytilishicha, bu boy oqlarning xayrixohligi emas, balki qullikdagi odamlarning qarshiligi savdo-sotiqning tugashiga olib kelgan.^[274]

Bir hafta o'tgach, u marosimning ochilish marosimida qatnashdi Nelson Mandelaning haykali yilda Parlament maydoni, u bilan uchrashgan joyda Nelson Mandela.^[275] 2007 yil iyun oyida u rejalashtirilgan 200 million funtni tanqid qildi Temza suvini tuzsizlantirish zavodi da Bekton, bu "noto'g'ri yo'l qo'yilgan va Buyuk Britaniyaning atrof-muhit siyosatidagi retrograd qadam" deb nomlangan birinchi Buyuk Britaniya bo'lar edi va "biz odamlarni ko'proq emas, kam suv ishlatishga undashimiz kerak".^[276] 2007 yil oktyabr oyida, London kengashlari Livingstone rivojlanayotgan London chiqindilari va chiqindilarni qayta ishlash kengashiga rahbarlik qilish va 6 million funt sterling miqdorida mablag 'ajratish to'g'risidagi va'dasidan qaytganini ta'kidladi, chunki "hukumat unga boshqaruvni mutlaqo ta'minlay olmadi".^[277]

Livingstone konservativ nomzoddan mag'lub bo'ldi Boris Jonson (o'ngdagi rasm, 2006 yil)

Livingstone yana Leyboristlar partiyasida nomzod sifatida turishni niyat qilgan 2008 yil London meri saylovi, bu safar konservativ nomzodga qarshi Boris Jonson.^[278] Kampaniya boshlanishida Livingstone Jonsonni boshqalarga qaraganda jiddiyroq qabul qildi va uni "mening siyosiy kareramda duch keladigan eng dahshatli raqib" deb atadi.^[279] Mehnat kampaniyasining aksariyat qismi Jonsonni o'tmishda qabul qilingan irqchi va gomofobik sharhlar uchun tanqid qilish atrofida bo'lib o'tdi, garchi Jonson uning mutaassibligini rad etgan bo'lsa-da.^[280] Livingstone shuningdek, agar u uchinchi muddatda g'olib chiqsa, u eng kam ifloslantiruvchi transport vositalari uchun tirbandlik uchun to'lovni 25 funt sterlinggacha ko'tarishini va shuningdek, velosiped sxemasini joriy etishni taklif qildi. Vélib ' Parijdagi tizim.^[281] Saylov kampaniyasi doirasida Livingstone, 2008 yilga kelib, Metropoliten politsiyasi 35000 zobitga ega bo'lganligini ta'kidladi, bu 2000 yildagiga qaraganda 10 ming kishiga ko'proq bo'lib, uning merligi davrida jinoyatchilik darajasi pasayganligini ta'kidladi.^[282] Shunga qaramay, yaqinda to'dalarni o'ldirish avj olgan edi, 2007 yil davomida 27 o'spirin o'ldirilgan, bu Jonsonning kampaniyasi tomonidan ishlatilgan va Jonson ma'muriyati yoshlar jinoyati va ijtimoiy-axloqiy xatti-harakatlarga nisbatan qattiqroq bo'lishini ta'kidlagan.^[283]

2007 yil dekabrda qachon Kechki standart jurnalist Endryu Gilligan Livingstone-ning yaqin maslahatchilaridan biri, Li Jasper, u bilan bog'liq bo'lgan qora tanli jamoalarni moliyalashtirish uchun London taraqqiyot agentligining kamida 2,5 million funt sterlingini ishlatgan. Livingstone Yasperning yonida turdi va da'vo qildi Kechki standart kampaniya irqchi edi, ammo oxir-oqibat Jasperni to'liq tergov o'tkazilayotganda to'xtatib turishga rozi bo'ldi.^[284] 2009 yil iyul oyida tuman auditori Maykl Xovort-Madenning ishi bo'yicha mustaqil hisobotida "mablag'larni noqonuniy ishlatish" haqida hech qanday dalil topilmadi, ammo moliyaviy hujjatlardagi "sezilarli" kamchiliklar qayd etildi.^[285] Saylov 2008 yil may oyida bo'lib o'tdi va taxminan 45 foiz ovoz beruvchilar ishtirok etdi, Jonson 43,2 foiz va Livingstone 37 foiz birinchi ovoz oldi; ikkinchi ustun ovozlar qo'shilganda Jonson 53,2% bilan Livingstone 46,8% ovoz bilan g'olib chiqdi.^[286]

Hokimiyatdan keyingi martaba

Muvaffaqiyatsiz saylov: 2008–2014

Yangi saylangan shahar meri Jonson Livingstone va uning "juda katta yutuqlari" ga hurmat bajo keltirdi va yangi ma'muriyat "meriyaga Londonga bo'lgan shaffof muhabbatingiz foyda ko'rishni davom ettirish yo'lini kashf etishi" mumkinligiga umid qildi.^[287] Jonson ma'muriyati, shunga qaramay, Livingstonning bir qator siyosatini bekor qildi, masalan, Venesuela nefti bilan tuzilgan shartnomani bekor qildi.^{[288][289][290][291]} Venesuelaga "biz va'da qilgan maslahat" ni berish niyatidamiz,^[288][291] Livingstone 2008 yil avgustida shaharsozlik sohasida maslahat berishni e'lon qilgan edi Karakas.^{[288][289][290][291]} Livingstone yigirma yil ichida bu "bo'lishi mumkinligini bashorat qildibirinchi dunyo shahar ",^[291] va "ichki va xalqaro miqyosda juda keng aloqalar tarmog'ida" yordam berishga umid qildi.^[290]

2009 yil yanvar oyida Livingstone javob berdi G'azo urushi ga qo'ng'iroq qilib Yevropa Ittifoqi va Buyuk Britaniya "begunoh arablarni qatl etish va muntazam ravishda o'ldirish" ga noroziligini bildirish uchun Isroildagi elchilarini chaqirib olishdi.^[293][294] 2009 yil sentyabrdan 2011 yil martgacha Livingstone kitoblarni ko'rib chiqish dasturini taqdim etdi Epilog Eron davlati homiyligidagi xalqaro yangiliklar kanali uchun Televizorni bosing, buning uchun u Eronlik surgun guruhlarining tanqidiga uchradi.^[295][296] 2010 yil iyul oyida u nutq so'zladi Darham konchilarining gala-marosimi, ishchilar sinfining madaniyatini maqtash.^[297] Shuningdek, u ushbu nutqni yangi xarajatlarni qisqartirish uchun ishlatgan koalitsion hukumat, ular kerak emasligini da'vo qilishdi.^[298]

2010 yil sentyabr oyida Livingstone yaqinda saylanganlar tomonidan e'lon qilingan davlat xarajatlarini qisqartirishni tanqid qildi Konservativ -Liberal-demokrat Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, faqatgina London uchun yiliga 45 milliard funt sterlingni tashkil etgan koalitsiya hukumati va «Margaret Tetcherning eng dahshatli orzularidan tashqarida», shuningdek poytaxt bo'ylab keng bo'linish va qashshoqlikka olib kelishi bilan tahdid qilmoqda.^[299] 2011 yil may oyida Livingstone buni "dahshatga solganini" aytdi Usama bin Laden AQSh maxsus kuchlari tomonidan "pijamasida" va "bolasi oldida" otib o'ldirilgan edi va agar G'arb demokratiyasining qadriyatlari Bin Laden sudga berilsa va uning so'zlariga qarshi chiqsa edi.^[300]

Livingstone 2012 yilgi hokim Boris Jonsonga qarshi meri nomzodi sifatida Leyboristni himoya qildi. Saylov "yaxshilik va yomonlik o'rtasidagi oddiy tanlov" deb hazillashganda, uning saylov kampaniyasi tanqidlarga sabab bo'ldi,^[301] va yahudiy leyboristlar tarafdorlari uni antisemitizmda ayblaganlarida, asosan boy odam ekan, yahudiylar jamoasi unga ovoz bermaydi. U izoh berishini rad etdi, ammo baribir kechirim so'radi. U yana shunday javob berdi: "Men siyosatni kuzatib borgan 40 yil ichida ko'rgan har bir psixologik tadqiqotlar odamlarning qanday ovoz berishini ularning daromad darajasi belgilaydigan asosiy omilni ko'rsatadi. Va buni aytish antisemitizmga tegishli emas".^{[302][303][304]}

Jonsonning saylovoldi kampaniyasida Livingstone aybdor deb ta'kidlangan soliq to'lashdan bo'yin tovlash, buning uchun Livingstone Jonsonni "yalang'och yuzli yolg'onchi" deb atagan.^[305] Siyosatshunos Endryu Krisning fikriga ko'ra, Livingstone kampaniyasi Londonning kelajagi to'g'risida muqobil va ilg'or tasavvurni taqdim etish o'rniga Jonsonga qaratilganidan zarar ko'rgan,^[306] Bundan tashqari, o'nlab yillar davomida jamoatchilik e'tiborida Livingstone saylovchilar tomonidan juda tanish va siyosiy jihatdan charchagan shaxs sifatida qaraldi.^[307] 2012 yil 4 mayda Livingstone Jonson tomonidan mag'lubiyatga uchradi. Livingstone 992,273 ovoz va Jonson 1054,811 ovoz olgan ikki nomzod o'rtasida faqat 62,538 ovoz farq bor edi. Livingstone ommaviy axborot vositalarining tanqisligini tanqid qildi va siyosatdan ketishini e'lon qildi.^[308][309] U Jonsonga nisbatan tanqidiy munosabatda bo'ldi. 2014 yil aprel oyida u Jonson yaqinda Konservativ partiyaning etakchisiga aylanishiga ishongan va Leyboristlarga "qattiqqo'l o'ng mafkurachi bilan ish tutyapman deb xato qilmaslikni", balki "o'zlari muomala qilayotgan faktga diqqatni jamlashni" maslahat berdi. shunchaki u erda bo'lishni xohlaydigan juda dangasa otish bilan ".^[310]

Korbinning Leyboristlar rahbariyati: 2015–2020

Radio 4-dan keyin Livingstone Savollaringiz bormi? 2016 yilda dastur

2015 yil may oyida Livingstone ma'qulladi Sodiq Xon uchun Leyboristlarga nomzod bo'lish 2016 yil London meri saylovi,^[311] va iyul oyida tasdiqlangan Jeremi Korbin ichida 2015 yil Leyboristlar partiyasiga rahbarlik saylovi.^[312] Korbin Leyboristlar etakchisi etib saylanganidan so'ng, Livingstone uning taniqli ittifoqchilaridan biri edi; 2015 yil noyabr oyida Corbyn Livingstoneni Leyboristlarning mudofaa tekshiruvini birgalikda chaqirishga tayinladi Mariya burguti.^[313] Soyaning mudofaa vaziri Kevan Jons Livingstone mudofaa haqida kam ma'lumotga ega va bu partiyaning obro'siga putur etkazadi degan fikrni bildirdi. Livingstone bunga javoban Jons - o'zi haqida gapirgan deb da'vo qildi klinik depressiya - "psixiatriya yordami" kerak. Jons xafa bo'ldi va Livingstone dastlab kechirim so'rashni rad qilganda, keyinchalik Korbinning da'vati bilan buni qildi.^[314]

Televizion chiqishidan so'ng Livingstone 2005 yilgi London portlashlari aybdorlari o'z harakatlarini Buyuk Britaniyaning Iroq urushidagi ishtiroki uchun qasos sifatida amalga oshirganini aytganidan keyin yana bir tanqidga duch keldi.^[315][316] 2016 yil mart oyida Livingstone yana $ a $ ni taqqoslash orqali tortishuvlarga sabab bo'ldi to'siq fondi menejerning Leyboristlar deputatiga 16,800 funtlik xayriya mablag'lari Dan Jarvis^[317] ga "Jimmi Savile bolalar guruhini moliyalashtirish ";^[318] keyinchalik Livingstone o'zi Bermudda joylashgan Meditor deb nomlangan to'siq fondidan nutq so'zlash uchun 8000 funt sterling olgani va bu ikkiyuzlamachilikda ayblanishiga olib keldi. Livstonston "ikkilamchi standartlar" emas, balki "har xil standartlar", deb javob berdi, chunki u shaharning iqtisodiyotga ko'proq sarmoya kiritishi zarurligini xonaga aytishi kerak bo'lgan nutq so'zlagani uchun pul to'ladi to'siq fondi menejeridan siyosiy xayriya olishdan.^[319]

Mehnat partiyasidan chetlashtirish

Livingstone 2016 yil aprel oyida Leyboristlar partiyasidan to'xtatilgan, chunki u a partiyadan keyin "partiyani obro'sizlantirishga" ayblangan edi BBC radiosi London "Gitler 1932 yilda saylovda g'olib bo'lganida, yahudiylarni Isroilga ko'chirish kerak degan siyosat bor edi. U aqldan ozguncha sionizmni qo'llab-quvvatlagan va olti million yahudiyni o'ldirgan".^{[320][321][322]} Livingstone Leyboristlar partiyasidan deputatni to'xtatib qo'yishni muhokama qilish uchun taklif qilingan edi Naz Shoh, ma'lum bo'lganidan keyin Shoh satirik xaritani yuborgan Facebook Isroilni Qo'shma Shtatlarga ko'chirish kerakligini taklif qilmoqda.^[323] Livingstone Shohning deputat bo'lishidan oldin qilingan postlarini tasvirlab berdi 2015 yilgi umumiy saylovlar, "qo'pol va haddan tashqari", ammo antisemitik bo'lmaganligi sababli, u hech qachon Laborda antisemitizmga duch kelmaganligini qo'shdi.^[321][324] Livingstone Gitler va sionizm haqidagi da'vosini havola qilib himoya qildi Lenni Brenner "s Diktatorlar davrida sionizm,^[325] va ko'plab sharhlovchilar Livingstone-ni nazarda tutgan deb taxmin qilishdi Haavara shartnomasi o'rtasida Natsistlar Germaniyasi va Germaniyaning sionistik federatsiyasi.^{[326][327][328][329]} Livingstonning bayonotlari tarixchilar tomonidan tarixiy deb tan olingan, shu jumladan Timoti Snyder, Rojer Murxoz va Endryu Roberts^[330][331] garchi siyosatshunos Norman Finkelshteyn "Livingstone, ehtimol etarlicha aniq bo'lmagan va nuansga ega bo'lmagan" bo'lsa-da, uning sharhlari Gitlerning sionizmga nisbatan dastlabki ambivalentsiyasini aks ettirgan.^[332]

Livingstone Jeremy Corbynning Leyboristlar partiyasiga nomzodini qo'llab-quvvatladi.

20 dan ortiq leyborist deputatlar Livingstone-ni to'xtatib turishni va Londonning Leyboristlar shahar meri etib saylanishini talab qilishdi Sodiq Xon uni chiqarib yuborishga chaqirdi.^[325] Jon Lansman, pro-Corbyn asoschisi Momentum guruhi, Livingstoneni siyosatdan butunlay ketishga chaqirdi.^[320] Leyboristlar deputati Jon Mann omma oldida Livingstone bilan to'qnashdi va uni "yolg'onchi" va "fashistlarning apologi" da aybladi.^[333] Keyingi intervyusida Livingstone Gitler haqida ham, u xafa qilgan yahudiylar uchun ham pushaymonligini bildirdi, ammo "men haqiqatni aytganim uchun kechirim so'ramayman", deb qo'shimcha qildi.^[334][335] Ikki sobiq yahudiy qiz do'sti bo'lganligi sababli uni antisemit deb atash "bema'nilik" ekanligini aytdi,^[336] va u onalik yahudiy nasabiga ega bo'lishi uchun.^[337][338] Livingstone, "Isroil siyosatini antisemitik deb tanqid qilgan kishini bulg'ash uchun Isroil lobbisi tomonidan yaxshi uyushtirilgan kampaniya" borligini aytdi.^[339]

Corbyn Livingstone-ni haydab chiqarish to'g'risida qarorni a tomonidan qabul qilinishini e'lon qildi Milliy Ijroiya Qo'mitasi (NEC) ichki so'rov; Livitstoun "qanday qilib haqiqat jinoyatga aylanishi mumkin?" Deya uni oqlashini talab qildi.^[340] 2017 yil aprel oyida Leyboristlar milliy konstitutsiyaviy qo'mitasi Livingstone partiyani obro'siz holatga keltirdi, deb ta'kidladi va uning faoliyatini yana bir yilga to'xtatib turishni buyurdi.^{[341][342][343]} Mehnat rahbarining o'rinbosari Tom Uotson NEC Livingstoneni haydab chiqarishga qaror qilmaganligi "tushunarsiz" ekanligini ta'kidladi;^[344] Livingbining "etkazilgan zararni tan olmaganligi yoki kechirim so'ramaganligi" dan ko'ngli qolgan Korbin, NECning yangi tergovi dastlabki to'xtatib qo'yilgandan so'ng qilgan izohlarini ko'rib chiqishini aytdi.^[345][346] To'xtatilish muddati tugagan sari,^[347][348] 2018 yil mart oyida Milliy Ijroiya Qo'mitasi Livingstonening to'xtatib turish muddatini muddati tugagan bosh kotib bilan uzaytirdi Iain McNicol qaror qabul qilishdan oldin turishdan oldin imzolash.^[349]

Livingstone 2018 yil 21 mayda Leyboristlar partiyasidan iste'foga chiqishini e'lon qildi va uning to'xtatib qo'yilishi bilan bog'liq masalalar chalg'itishga aylanganini aytdi. Uning advokatlari, agar u chiqarib yuborilgan bo'lsa, apellyatsiya shikoyati berish uchun kamida ikki yil kerak bo'ladi degan xulosaga kelishdi. Biroq, u Korbin boshchiligidagi istiqbolli leyboristlar hukumatini qo'llab-quvvatladi.^[350]

LBC telekanalining xabar berishicha, Livingstone surishtiruvda, ommaviy axborot vositalarining qiziqishi bilan to'lib toshgan paytlarda, Korbin rahbar bo'lganidan so'ng, u Corbyn shtabi a'zolaridan unga qanday javob berishini so'ragan.^[351]

2019 yil aprel oyida, Jodugarga qarshi mehnat guruhning faxriy prezidenti bo'lganligini e'lon qildi.^[352]

2020 yil oktyabr oyida Tenglik va inson huquqlari bo'yicha komissiya Livingstonening Shoh ishi bilan bog'liq izohlari ostida noqonuniy ta'qibni tashkil qilganligini aniqladi Tenglik to'g'risidagi qonun 2010 yil va Leyboristlar ta'qib uchun qonuniy javobgar bo'lganligi sababli, NEC a'zosi sifatida u partiyaning agenti bo'lgan. Komissiya, shuningdek, uning intizomiy ishi rahbarlar idorasi tomonidan aralashuvga uchraganligini aniqladi.^[353]

Siyosiy qarashlar

Leyboristlar partiyasi tarkibida Livingstone chap qanot bilan tekislangan.^[355] Tarixchi Alvin Vetner Tyornerning ta'kidlashicha, Livingstonning siyosatdagi barcha yondashuvi shunchaki davlat xizmatlarini ko'rsatish atrofida emas, balki jamiyatning o'zini o'zgartirishga intilgan; uning so'zlari bilan aytganda, u "keksa oq tanlilar umumiy boshqaruv qo'mitalariga kelib, axlat yig'ish haqida gaplashish" tushunchasidan uzoqlashmoqchi edi.^[356] Biograf Jon Karvel, jurnalist Guardian, Livstonstunning siyosiy motivatsiyasi "ko'proq ishtirok etuvchi, kooperativ jamiyat uchun asosiy istak" ekanligini ta'kidlab, uni "hokimiyatning kontsentratsiyasiga va ... barcha shakllarda - iqtisodiy, irqiy va jinsiy ekspluatatsiya" ga qarshi turishga undadi.^[357] Biroq, Livingstone moliya siyosatiga bo'lgan munosabatini "monetarist ":" Men GLC rahbari bo'lganimdanoq monetarist edim. Biz har yili qarzni to'ladik. Bizda mutlaqo qat'iy qoidalar bor edi. "^[358]

Livingstone o'zini a sotsialistik. 1987 yilda u "siyosat mening dinim. Bu mening axloqiy doiram. Men sotsialistik jamiyat mohiyatan eng yaxshi narsa deb hisoblayman va bu imonga o'xshaydi" deb ta'kidlagan.^[359] 2007 yilda u "men biron kun ham asosiy ishlab chiqarish vositalari xususiy shaxslarga tegishli degan fikr ... krepostnoylar er bilan bog'lab qo'yilgani kabi antidemokratik deb qaralishiga ishonaman. Ammo men o'sha kun kelganda tirik bo'lma ".^[360] Livingstone har doim ingliz chap tomonida birlashgan sotsialistik jabhada harakat qilgan va parchalanish va raqobatbardosh guruhlarni shakllantirish tendentsiyasini, odatda, siyosiy nazariya, sotsialistik hamjamiyat orasida.^[361] Garchi rad etsa ham Marksizm, siyosiy faoliyati davomida u marksistik o'ta chap guruhlar bilan birga ishlagan va "ko'cha siyosati" bilan shug'ullangan.^[362] U marksistik guruhlar bilan ishlamagan, masalan Sotsialistik ishchilar partiyasi va Inqilobiy Kommunistik partiya, Leyboristlar partiyasini yo'q qilishni targ'ib qilib, sotsializm uchun oldinga siljish yo'li sifatida, ularning e'tiqodlarini o'ziga ishonmaydigan deb hisoblaydi.^[363] Livingstone doimiy ravishda Isroil hukumatining harakatlariga qarshi bo'lib kelgan. 2005 yilgi intervyusida u Isroilning mavjudligiga qarshi emasligini, aksincha ekanligini aytdi Ariel Sharon hukumat; u 1986 yilgi mamlakatga tashrifi chog'ida uning chap qanot siyosatchilari bilan yaxshi munosabatda bo'lganligini esladi.^[364]

Livingstone sotsializmning har qanday o'ziga xos g'oyaviy oqimi ostida ta'riflanganligini doimiy ravishda rad etdi.^[365] Buni tan olgan holda, 2000 yilda Leyboristlar partiyasining sobiq rahbari Nil Kinnok Livingstone faqat "kennist" deb ta'riflanishi mumkin deb ta'kidladi.^[354] Livstonstunning siyosatni tushunishi uning o'qishlaridan kelib chiqadi hayvonlar harakati va antropologiya; inson turlarining tabiiy ravishda rivojlanib borayotganligi haqidagi g'oyani rad etish (shunga o'xshash sotsialistlar tomonidan ilgari surilgan qarash Fabian Jamiyati ), Buning o'rniga Livingstone, insoniyat jamiyati rivojlanish davrida yuz bergan ulkan ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy o'zgarishlarni haligacha o'zaro kelishmoqda, degan fikrni qabul qildi. qishloq xo'jaligi davomida Neolitik. A ekanligini ta'kidlash a ovchi tirikchilik tartibi inson uchun ko'proq tabiiydir, u zamonaviy jamiyat omon qolish uchun ovchilarni yig'uvchi ko'plab qadriyatlarni - ya'ni o'zaro hamkorlik va iste'molchilarga emas, balki odamlarning munosabatlariga ahamiyat berishni qabul qilishi kerak, deb hisoblaydi.^[366]

Shaxsiy hayot

Tarixchi Alvin U.Tyorner Livingtonning "iste'dodli kommunikator va o'z-o'zini publitsist" bo'lganligini ta'kidlab, uning "zararli hazil tuyg'usi" yordamida raqiblarini dovdiratishga qodir edi.^[356] Biograf Jon Karvel bu fikrlarni takrorlab, Livingstone "jamoat oldida so'zlash qobiliyatiga" ega ekanligini ta'kidladi.^[367] Biograf Endryu Xoskenning ta'kidlashicha, Livingstone bilan ishlaganlarning aksariyati uni "yaxshi delegat, hal qiluvchi va qo'llab-quvvatlovchi" hamda "do'stona va kamtar hamkasb" bo'lgan ajoyib xo'jayin deb sharhlashgan.^[368] Jenni Makkartni, muxbir Tomoshabin, "shaxsan unga yoqmasligi qiyin. Uning fe'l-atvorida dabdabalik yo'qligi, kulishga moyilligi va g'oyaviy qoldiqlarga bo'lgan muhabbati xotirjam, ba'zida esa g'alati uslubga ittifoq qiladi: bu ko'rinishda qog'ozga nisbatan qattiqroq. "^[369] Yilda Guardian, jurnalist Xyu Muir Livinstounni "atrofda eng baxtli, atrofdan bezovtalanadigan" va shuningdek "kechirim so'rashdan nafratlanadigan ... ayniqsa [buni talab qilganda] ... ommaviy axborot vositalari yoki siyosiy raqiblar kimga hurmat qilmasa ".^[370]

Millat masalasida Livingstone Britaniyadan ko'ra ingliz deb bilishini ta'kidladi, garchi uning otasi Shotlandiya edi va u Buyuk Britaniyaning davomiyligini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.^[369] Garchi Livingston nomidan nasroniylik oilasida tarbiyalangan bo'lsa-da, o'n bir yoshida diniy e'tiqoddan voz kechdi ateist. 2005 yilgi intervyusida u "mumbo-jumbo" ni ratsional fan foydasiga rad etganini izohladi.^[12] U bog'dorchilik va parvarish va naslchilik uchun ishtiyoqi bilan mashhur yangilar. U G'arbiy mitti tirnoqli qurbaqani tug'dirgan birinchi odam edi Gimenoxirus pardalari asirlikda^[371][372] Livingstone - ashaddiy muxlis Cho'qintirgan ota filmlar ichidagi jinoiy tashkilotlarning harakatlari siyosat dunyosiga juda o'xshashligini aytib, film franshizasi.^[373]

Oila

Livingstone bir necha bor o'z oilaviy hayotini maxfiy saqlashga urinib ko'rdi va "Men shaxsiy hayotim jamoat mulki emas deb o'ylayman va har qanday jurnalist ... uyda o'tsa, unga qo'pol munosabatda bo'laman" deb izoh berdi.^[374] Uning beshta farzandi borligi ma'lum bo'ldi.^[375] Livingstone 1973 yilda Kristin Pamela Chapman bilan turmush qurgan; 1982 yilda nikoh ajralish bilan tugagan. Taxminan o'sha paytda u bilan aloqada bo'lgan Keyt Allen, endi direktor Xalqaro Amnistiya Buyuk Britaniyada; juftlik 2001 yil noyabr oyida ajralib chiqqan.^[376] Keyin u o'zining ofis menejeri Emma Beal bilan munosabatlarga kirishdi; ularning birga o'g'li va qizi bor.^[377] Livingstone va Beal 2009 yil 26 sentyabrda Mappin pavilyonida turmush qurishgan London hayvonot bog'i. Ular yashaydilar Shimoliy London.^[1]

Livingstone shuningdek, 2000 yilgacha uch farzandni otalagan; bir onadan o'g'il, ikkinchisidan ikki qiz.^[377] Maqolaga ko'ra, Livingstone Kate Allen bilan aloqada bo'lganida, bolalar ikki xil ayoldan tug'ilgan Decca Aitkenhead:

O'zining xotirasida u qanday qilib qadimgi do'sti bo'lganligini, u farzand ko'rishni xohlaganini, ammo uning vaqti tugashidan qo'rqayotganini tasvirlaydi. "Biz hech qachon ishqiy munosabatda bo'lmaganmiz, lekin men uning ajoyib ona bo'lishini bilish uchun uni juda yaxshi bilardim va shuning uchun men uning bolalarining otasi bo'lishni xohlaganimni aytdim." 1990 yilda bir qizi, ikkinchisi 1992 yilda tug'ilgan. Keyin yana bir do'sti farzand ko'rishni istashini aytdi: "Va biz farzand ko'rishga rozi bo'ldik". Ularning o'g'li 1992 yilda qizidan bir necha hafta ichida tug'ilgan.^[378]

Meros va ta'sir

Livingstone butun faoliyati davomida jamoatchilik fikrini polarizatsiya qildi,^[379] va tavakkalchi sifatida keng tan olindi.^[282] Uni qo'llab-quvvatlovchilar uni "Xalq Ken" i va "siyosatchilarga qarshi siyosatchi" deb ta'riflab, u aksariyat ingliz siyosatchilariga etishmayotgan London ishchilar sinfi bilan umumiy aloqada bo'lishini ta'kidladilar.^[380] U Londondagi ozchilik guruhlarining maqomini yaxshilaganligi uchun keng tan olindi.^[381] U Londonning "yaqin bilimlari" bilan Siti Xollda "dahshatli operator" deb tan olindi.^[382] Faoliyati davomida u ham tanqidlarga uchragan. Merlik davrida u bir necha bor ayblovlarga duch keldi kronizm tanlagan yordamchilarini boshqa xodimlardan ustun qo'ygani uchun.^[203] Uning tarafdorlaridan biri, Atma Singx, Livingstone rahbarligi ostida shahar hokimiyatida bezorilik madaniyati keng tarqalgan deb izoh berdi, garchi u erda boshqa ko'plab xodimlar buni rad etishgan.^[383]

1980-yillarda, Rasmni tupurish tomonidan yaratilgan Livingstone-ning xayoliy versiyasi namoyish etildi Garri Enfild.^[181] 1990 yilda BBC ko'rsatuvi Komikslar "nomli epizod ishlab chiqardi.GLC: Qirg'in davom etmoqda ... "unda Robbi Koltreyn ning xayoliy tasvirini bergan Charlz Bronson Gollivud filmida Livingstone rolini o'ynash.^[181] Keyt Bush epizod uchun "Ken" qo'shig'ini yozdi, keyinchalik uning singli uchun B tomoni sifatida chiqdi "Sevgi va g'azab ".^[384]

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar

Bibliografiya

Tashqi havolalar

• Progressive London
• BBC profili
• Ken Livingstone : Rebel Mayor (5 May
• The Observer Profile: Ken Livingstone – Capital chap by Jay Rayner, published in Kuzatuvchi, 2005 yil 10-iyul
• Ken Livingstone speaker profile
• Compendium of articles about Ken Livingstone
• Portraits of Ken Livingstone da Milliy portret galereyasi, London
• "Archival material relating to Ken Livingstone". Buyuk Britaniya milliy arxivlari.