Rod Shtayger - Rod Steiger

Rod Shtayger ichkariga kirdi Al Kapone (1959)

Rodni Stiven Stayger (1925 yil 14-aprel - 2002 yil 9-iyul) amerikalik aktyor edi, u tezkor, tez-tez o'zgaruvchan va aqldan ozgan obrazlar obrazi bilan tanilgan. "Gollivudning xarizmatik va dinamik yulduzlaridan biri" deb nomlangan[1] u san'ati bilan chambarchas bog'liq harakat qiluvchi usul, u ijro etgan qahramonlarni o'zida mujassam etgan, bu ba'zida rejissyorlar va sheriklar bilan to'qnashuvlarga olib keldi. U rol o'ynagan Marlon Brando Mobster akasi Charley ichkarida Sohil bo'yida (1954), Sol Noserman nomidagi belgi Lombard (1964) va politsiya boshlig'i Bill Gillespining qarama-qarshi tomoni Sidni Poitier filmda Tunning issiqligida (1967) uni yutgan Eng yaxshi aktyor uchun Oskar mukofoti.

Shtayger tug'ilgan Westhampton, Nyu-York, a o'g'li Vodevillian. U qiyin bolaligini boshidan kechirdi alkogolli 16 yoshida u qochib ketgan onasi Janubiy Tinch okean teatri Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida u aktyorlik faoliyatini 1947 yilda televizion rollar bilan boshladi va televizion o'yinda bosh qahramon obrazi uchun tanqidlarga sazovor bo'ldi. Marti (1953). U o'zining sahnadagi debyutini 1946 yilda, prodyuserligida amalga oshirgan Sizga la'nat, Jek Dalton! Nyuark shahridagi Fuqarolik Repertuar teatrida va keyinchalik kabi asarlarda paydo bo'ldi Odamlarning dushmani (1950), Klifford Odets "s Tungi musiqa (1951), Sorrento orqali chayqalar (1952) va Rashomon (1959).

Shtayger o'zining filmidagi ilk debyutini boshlagan Fred Zinnemann "s Tereza 1951 yilda va keyinchalik kabi filmlarda paydo bo'ldi Katta pichoq (1955), Oklaxoma! (1955), Ko'prik bo'ylab (1957) va Al Kapone (1959). Shtaygerning chiqishidan keyin Lombard 1964 yilda u g'azablangan yahudiyni o'ynagan Holokost omon qolgan, Nyu-York shahrida garov vositasi sifatida ishlagan, u Rossiyadagi opportunistik siyosatchini tasvirlagan Devid Lean "s Doktor Jivago (1965). Tunning issiqligida (1967) beshta g'alaba qozondi Oskar mukofotlari Missisipi politsiyasining boshlig'i sifatida qotilni qidirishda afroamerikalik zobitni (Poitier) hurmat qilishni o'rganganligi uchun maqtovga sazovor bo'lgan Shtayger uchun eng yaxshi film va eng yaxshi aktyor. Keyingi yil u ko'plab gizellarning ketma-ket qotilini o'ynadi Xonimni davolashning iloji yo'q.

1970-yillarda Shtayger ko'proq talabchan rollarni izlash uchun tobora ko'proq Evropa mahsulotlariga murojaat qildi. U tasvirlangan Napoleon Bonapart yilda Vaterloo (1970), meksikalik qaroqchi Serxio Leone "s O'rdak, sen so'rg'ich! (1971), Benito Mussolini yilda Mussolinining so'nggi kunlari (1975) va bezovtalangan ruhoniyni o'ynab o'n yillikni yakunladi Amityvil dahshati (1979). 1980-yillarga kelib yurak muammolari va depressiya Shtaygerning karerasiga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatdi va u kam byudjetga qo'shilishga rozi bo'lib, ish topishga qiynaldi. B filmlar. Uning so'nggi rollaridan biri hakam edi H. Li Sarokin qamoqxona dramasida Bo'ron (1999), uni birlashtirgan Tunning issiqligida direktor Norman Jewison. Shtayger besh marta turmushga chiqdi va qizi bor edi, opera qo'shiqchisi Anna Shtayger va o'g'li Maykl Shtayger. U vafot etdi zotiljam va operatsiyadan asoratlar natijasida buyrak etishmovchiligi o't pufagi 2002 yil 9 iyuldagi o'sma, 77 yoshda, Los-Anjelesda va beshinchi xotini tomonidan tirik qoldi Joan Benedikt Shtayger.

Dastlabki hayot va aktyorlik tarixi

Shtayger ishtirok etdi West Side o'rta maktabi yilda Nyuark, Nyu-Jersi, u erda u aktyorlikka erta qiziqish ko'rsatdi.

Shtayger 1925 yil 14 aprelda tug'ilgan Westhampton, Nyu-York, Lotaringiyaning yagona farzandi (nee Haydovchi) va Frederik Shtayger,[2][3] ning Frantsuzcha, Shotlandiya va Nemis kelib chiqishi.[4][5] Rod a sifatida ko'tarilgan Lyuteran. U hech qachon otasini bilmagan, a Vodevillian Shtaygerning onasi bilan sayohat qiluvchi ashula va raqs jamoasining a'zosi bo'lgan,[5] lekin u iste'dodli musiqachi va raqqosa bo'lgan latino qiyofali kelishgan odam ekanligi aytildi. Biograf Tom Xatchinson uni "soya, qochoq shaxs", Rodni butun hayoti davomida "ta'qib qilgan" va "ko'rinmas huzur va ko'rinmas ta'sir" bo'lgan odam sifatida tasvirlaydi.[6]

Xatchinson Shtaygerning onasini "dabdabali, baquvvat va kichkina, uzun baqaloq sochli" deb ta'riflagan.[7] U yaxshi qo'shiq ovoziga ega edi va deyarli Gollivud aktrisasiga aylandi, ammo oyog'idagi jarrohlik yurish qobiliyatini butunlay yomonlashtirdi, u aktyorlikdan voz kechdi va alkogolga aylandi.[8][9] Natijada, u shou-biznesni tark etdi va o'g'lini tarbiyalash uchun Vestgemptondan uzoqlashdi. Ular bir nechta shaharlarda, shu jumladan, ko'chib o'tishdi Irvington va Bloomfield, joylashishdan oldin Nyuark, Nyu-Jersi.[10] Uning alkogolizmi Shtaygerni juda xijolat qildi va oilani ko'pincha boshqa bolalar va ularning ota-onalari jamoada masxara qilishdi.[11] Besh yoshida uni kapalaklar to'plami bilan o'ziga jalb qilgan pedofil tomonidan jinsiy zo'ravonlik bo'lgan.[12] Shtayger o'zining notinch oilaviy kelib chiqishi haqida shunday dedi: "Agar siz ichkilikbozlik bilan yashagan bolaligingizni va bugungi kunda taniqli aktyor bo'lishni, yoki mehribon, xavfsiz bolaligingizni va taniqli bo'lmaganligingizni boshdan kechirishni tanlasangiz, bu nimani anglatadi? "Nyu-York daqiqasida mehribon, xavfsiz bolalik".[13] Uning hayotining so'nggi 11 yilida Shtaygerning onasi hushyor bo'lib, muntazam ravishda qatnashgan Anonim spirtli ichimliklar uchrashuvlar. Shtayger esladi: "Men u bilan juda faxrlandim. U o'zini o'girgan. U yana tirik keldi".[14]

Bolaligida va o'zining katta kuchi va ommaviyligi tufayli Shtayger "Qoya" nomi bilan mashhur bo'ldi.[2] Onasining ichkilikbozligi ustidan mazax qilishiga qaramay, u maktabda taniqli shaxs va qobiliyatli voleybolchi bo'lgan.[10] U o'spirinlik davrida she'r yozish va aktyorlik mahoratiga qiziqish bildirgan va shu paytlarda bir nechta maktab spektakllarida qatnashgan West Side o'rta maktabi Nyuarkda. Onasi bilan jang qilishdan charchagan,[15] u o'n olti yoshida uyga qochish uchun qo'shilish uchun Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz kuchlari davomida Ikkinchi jahon urushi.

Men ular birinchi odamlarini o'ldirganlarini tushundim. Hayotlarida, dinida, jamiyatida, ota-onalarida hamma narsa ularni o'ldirmaslik uchun shart qilingan edi. Ular o'ldirganlaridan hayratda qoldilar. Buni birinchi tomondan ko'rish shokka tushdi, lekin bu oxir-oqibat men uchun aktyor sifatida juda foydali bo'lganiga qaramay foydalidir. Ko'zning bu ko'rinishi unutilmas edi.[16]

- Shtayger dengiz piyodalari bilan uchrashuvlarini eslab Gvadakanal[16]

U 1942 yil 11-mayda harbiy xizmatga qo'shildi va u erda ta'lim oldi AQSh dengiz o'quv stantsiyasi yilda Nyu -порт, Rod-Aylend. U birinchi bo'lib xizmat qildi USS Benxem (DD-397) Dengizchi sifatida 1-sinf, keyin yangi foydalanishga topshirildi USS Taussig (DD-746) 1944 yil 20-mayda 3-darajali kichik ofitser sifatida.[17] Sifatida xizmat qilayotganda torpedoman kuni yo'q qiluvchilar, u harakatni ko'rdi Tinch okeanining janubiy qismi shu jumladan Ivo Jima jangi.[4] Keyinchalik Shtayger quyidagicha izoh berdi: "Men dengiz flotini yaxshi ko'rardim. Men o'zimni qahramonman deb o'ylaydigan ahmoq edim".[16] Uning urush paytida boshidan kechirganlari, umrining oxirigacha uni ta'qib qilgan, xususan, Ivo Jima urushi paytida amerikaliklarni yo'qotish, shuningdek kemalarning cho'kib ketishi Taussig bortida ayollar va bolalar borligi ma'lum bo'lgan.[17] 1944 yil 17-dekabrda, sohil bo'yida Luzon Filippinda, Shtayger va Taussig duch keldi a kuchli tayfun deb nomlandi Xalsi tayfuni, shamollar yuz tugun (115 milya) va 80 fut (24 m) to'lqinlarga etadi. Natijada, uchta AQSh esminetsi yo'qoldi, ammo Taussig tirik qoldi, Shtayger kemada arqon bog'lab, kemani to'lqinlar qamrab olgani sababli o'zini tekisladi.[17]

Urushdan keyin GI Bill Nyu-York shahridagi G'arbiy 81-ko'chadagi xonada ijaraga haq to'lagan, oyiga 100 dollardan sal ko'proq daromad olgan va to'rt yillik maktabda o'qigan.[16] Dastlab u moylash mashinalari va pollarni yuvish uchun ish topdi.[11] U, birinchi navbatda, jozibali yosh ayollarning a'zoligi sababli, drama darsiga borishga qaror qildi.[11] Davlat xizmatining kichik teatri guruhi sifatida tanilgan, uni o'sha paytda ishlagan qaramog'ida bo'lganlar va nafaqa oluvchilar idorasi olib borgan.[17] Bu uni ikki yillik kursni boshlashga olib keldi Ijtimoiy tadqiqotlar uchun yangi maktab, nemis muhojiri tomonidan boshqariladi Ervin Piskator.[16] Bir tomosha paytida Shtayger bir necha so'zlarni zo'rg'a aytganidan so'ng, aktyor "yangi, ajoyib fazilat" bilan xitob qildi.[11] O'sha paytdagi yana bir iste'dodli o'quvchi edi Valter Matthau, muassasa "Jinsiy tadqiqotlar uchun nevrotik maktab" deb nomlangan.[16] Shtayger aktyor sifatida o'zining iste'dodini kashf etganidan hayratga tushdi va uni dramatik ustaxonada o'qishni davom ettirishga undadi. Uning aktyor bo'lishni istashining asosiy sabablaridan biri, bolaligida uni kamsitgan, o'z familiyasiga jamoat hurmatini qaytarish edi.[11] Uning yana bir muhim omili shundaki, u "odatdagi ish uchun temperamentga ega emas" va oxir-oqibat ayanchli, zo'ravon ichkilikbozga aylanib ketishi mumkin edi.[18] Uning aktyor sifatida yagona namunasi edi Pol Muni, kimni "eng buyuk" deb o'ylagan bo'lsa,[11] garchi u frantsuz aktyorini ham chuqur hurmat qilgan bo'lsa Garri Baur va biograf Xatchinsonning so'zlariga ko'ra, u hayratga tushgan Charli Chaplin "sajda qilishgacha".[19]

Karyera

Dastlabki martaba va yutuqlari (1946–1956)

Shtayger o'zining sahnadagi debyutini " Sizga la'nat, Jek Dalton! (1946) Nyuarkning Fuqarolik Repertuarlari Teatrida.[20] Buning ortidan u o'qituvchilaridan biridan taklifnoma oldi, Daniel Mann, qatnashish uchun Aktyorlar studiyasi tomonidan tashkil etilgan Elia Qozon 1947 yil oktyabrda. Bu erda, shuningdek Marlon Brando, Karl Malden va Eli Uolach, u o'qigan harakat qiluvchi usul, bu unga chuqur singib ketgan. Malden va Uolach kabi matinée kumiri yo'qligi sababli, u etakchi odam sifatida emas, balki xarakterdagi aktyor sifatida o'z faoliyatini boshladi.[16] Shtaygerning sahna ishi 1950 yilda davom etdi, sahna asarida shaharlik rolida kichik rol o'ynadi Odamlarning dushmani da Musiqiy quti teatri.[21] Broadway-dagi birinchi katta roli paydo bo'ldi Klifford Odets ishlab chiqarish Tungi musiqa (1951), u erda A. L. Rozenberger o'ynagan.[5][22] O'yin bo'lib o'tdi ANTA Playhouse.[5] Keyingi yili u spektaklda telegraf rolini o'ynagan Sorrento orqali chayqalar da ijro etilgan Jon Oltin teatri 1952 yil 11 sentyabrdan boshlangan.[21][23]

Shtaygerning dastlabki rollari, garchi unchalik katta bo'lmagan bo'lsa-da, ayniqsa, 1950-yillarning boshlarida teleseriallarda, u besh yil davomida 250 dan ortiq jonli televizion tomoshalarda paydo bo'lganida.[24] Uni ko'rdi Fred Ko, Tobora unga katta qismlarni beradigan NBC-ning dasturlarni ishlab chiqish bo'yicha menejeri. Shtayger televizorni nima deb hisoblagan repertuar teatri ilgari avlod uchun edi va u turli xil rollarning ko'pligi bilan o'z iste'dodini sinab ko'radigan joy deb bildi. Ko'p o'tmay, u tanqidchilar tomonidan ijobiy tanqidlarni qabul qila boshladi Jon Krosbi, Stayger muntazam ravishda "osonlikcha ishontiruvchi chiqishlar" ko'rsatganiga ishongan.[25] Shtaygerning kreditlari orasida Xavfli (1950–53),[26] Lyuks video teatri (1951),[27] U yerda (1951),[28] Ertaga ertaklar (1952–53),[29] Fors ko'rfazidagi o'yin uyi (1953),[30] Medalyon teatri (1953),[31] Goodyear Television Playhouse (1953),[32] va kabi Shekspir "Romeo va Julietaning birinchi qo'mondonlik ijrosi (1957)" qismidagi Romeo Siz u erdasiz 1954 yilda, direktor ostida Sidney Lumet.[33] U beshta epizodda namoyish etilgan turli xil teatr uylarida namoyish etishni davom ettirdi Kraft teatri (1952-54), bu tanqidchilar tomonidan maqtovga sazovor bo'ldi,[34] oltita epizod Philco Television Playhouse (1951-55) va ikkita epizodi Schlitz Playhouse of Yulduzlar (1957–58).[35][36] Shtayger o'zining katta ekranli debyutini kichik rol bilan amalga oshirdi Fred Zinnemann "s Tereza (1951 yilda otilgan, 1953 yilda chiqarilgan).[5] O'zini "xo'roz" deb ta'riflagan Shtayger Zinnemannni uning yo'nalishini maqtab g'alaba qozondi. Zinnemann Shtayger "juda mashhur, nihoyatda aniq va ajoyib xotiralarga to'la" bo'lganini esladi va ikkalasi ham umr bo'yi bir-birlarini juda hurmat qilishdi.[37]

1953 yil 24-mayda Shtayger bosh rolni o'ynadi Peddi Chayefskiy "s Marti Goodyear Television Playhouse-ning epizodi.[38] Roli dastlab mo'ljallangan edi Martin Ritt, keyinchalik u direktor bo'ldi.[39] Marti yolg'iz va uy qassobining hikoyasi Bronks sevgi izlab. O'yin Shtaygerning jamoatchilik e'tiborini oshiradigan muhim muvaffaqiyat bo'ldi;[11] Tom Stempel Shtayger "uning Marti singari ijrosiga, ayniqsa, bizga Martining og'rig'ini berishda ajoyib intensivlik keltirdi" deb ta'riflagan.[40] Shtayger etti yillik studiya shartnomasini imzolashdan bosh tortganligi sababli, uning o'rnini egalladi Ernest Borgnine filmda Marti G'olib bo'lgan (1955) "Eng yaxshi film" uchun Oskar mukofoti, shuningdek, Borgnine uchun eng yaxshi aktyor Oskar.[41] 1953 yil Shtaygerning yutug'i bo'ldi; u yig'di Sylvania mukofotlari uchun Marti va Vishinskiy singari yilning eng yaxshi to'rtta namoyishi Rudolf Xess ning ikki qismida Siz u erdasiz, gangster Gollandiyalik Shults trillerda va radar operatori sifatida Mening akamning qo'riqchisi.[42]

Steiger bilan Marlon Brando yilda Sohil bo'yida (1954)

Marlon Brandoning Elia Kazan obrazidagi ukasi Charlining "Gent" rolidagi roli uchun Sohil bo'yida (1954), Shtayger nomzodi ko'rsatilgan Eng yaxshi ikkinchi darajali aktyor uchun Oskar mukofoti.[43] Film muallifi Leo Braudy "Brando va Rod Shtayger o'rtasidagi taksich qarama-qarshiligining tinimsiz takrorlangan tasvirlari filmni ramziy qildi" deb yozgan.[44] Taksikab sahnasi tortishish uchun o'n bir soat davom etdi va Brando o'zining avtobiografiyasida ushbu sahnaning uydirma qilinganligi haqidagi mashhur afsonani avj oldirishiga qaramay, juda ko'p yozilgan. Brando, Shtayger yig'lashni to'xtata olmaganligi sababli etti marta qabul qilish kerakligini aytdi, bu Shtayger adolatsiz va noto'g'ri edi.[45] Shtayger Brandoni aktyor sifatida katta hurmat bilan saqlagan bo'lsa-da,[46] u odam sifatida uni yoqtirmasdi va tez-tez Brandoning "sahnani tark etishga moyilligi" filmini suratga olgandan so'ng darhol shikoyat qilardi.[47] Keyinchalik Shtayger: "Biz bir-birimizni umuman tanimas edik. U doim yakkaxon uchar edi va men uni filmdan beri ko'rmagan edim. Men uni shunchaki xoki, va aktyorlar fohishalar deb xafa bo'ldim" dedi.[16] Shtayger, shuningdek, Qozon 1999 yilda Akademiya tomonidan faxriy Oskar bilan taqdirlanganligini bilganida ham noxush javob qaytardi.[24][a] 1999 yilgi intervyusida BBC yangiliklari, Shtayger, ehtimol u bunday qilmasligini aytdi Sohil bo'yida agar u o'sha paytda Qozon tomonidan ta'minlanganligini bilgan bo'lsa Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari faoliyati qo'mitasi kommunist deb gumon qilingan ijrochilar nomlari bilan.[51]

Shtayger filmning versiyasida Jud Fray rolini o'ynadi Rodjers va Xammerstayn musiqiy Oklaxoma! (1955), unda u o'z qo'shiqlarini ijro etdi. Bu 1950-yillarning eng yaqin joylarida suratga olingan filmlardan biri bo'lgan Nogales, Arizona 325 kishilik ekipaj va 70 ga yaqin yuk mashinalari bilan.[52] Shtayger buzilgan, hissiy jihatdan izolyatsiya qilingan Judning qaysi televizion kanalini namoyish qildi Tyorner klassik filmlari (TCM) "xarakterdagi murakkablikni musiqiy badjahldan ancha ortib ketgan" deb hisoblaydi.[52] Shtayger buni kuzatdi Jeyms Din, kim borgan rolni sinovdan o'tkazdi Gordon Makrey,[52] uning o'limiga olib keldi deb o'ylagan "o'z nafsiga singib ketgan juda yaxshi bola" edi. Xabarlarga ko'ra, Dekan Shtaygerga o'zining qimmatbaho nusxasini sovg'a qilgan Ernest Xeminguey kitobi Peshindan keyin o'lim va "o'lim" so'zining har bir ko'rinishini ta'kidlagan edi.[16]

Shtayger film boyligi Stenli Shriner Xof rolida Katta pichoq (1955)

Keyinchalik 1955 yilda Shtayger Kolumbiya xo'jayiniga asoslangan holda yoqimsiz kino maqnatini ijro etdi Garri Kon,[53][b] qarama-qarshi Jek Palans va Ida Lupino yilda Robert Aldrich "s film noir Katta pichoq.[24] Shtayger ushbu qism uchun sochlarini oqartirdi, rus aktyoridan rol uchun ilhom izladi Vladimir Sokoloff haqida kitob o'qing Treblinkani yo'q qilish lageri uning fe'l-atvorini yaxshilab tushunish uchun va do'konning parfyumeriya bo'limiga tashrif buyurdi Beverli-Xillz, Kaliforniya, uning xarakterining ayollarga nisbatan nafratini tushunishga harakat qilish.[55] Shtayger va Palans prodyuserlik paytida til topisha olmadilar va bir sahnada Palans bir nechtasini tashladi yozuvlar albomlari u sahnani o'g'irlamoqchi bo'lganini his qilib, umidsizlikda Shtaygerda.[56] Shtayger o'sha yili prokuratura mutaxassisi sifatida tanqidlarga sazovor bo'ldi Otto Preminger "s Billi Mitchellning harbiy sudi, yonida Gari Kuper va Charlz Bikford.[57]

Shtayger "Pinky" obrazini aks ettirgan Columbia Pictures g'arbiy, Jubal (1956) da suratga tushgan Glenn Ford va Ernest Borgnine. Shtaygerning fe'l-atvori - bu chorvador, "masxaraboz baddi",[58] uning sobiq ma'shuqasi Fordning fe'l-atvoriga jalb qilinganida hasad qiladi. Ford Shtaygerni "yaxshi aktyor, ammo haqiqiy g'alati odam" deb hisoblab, prodyuserlik paytida aktyorlik uslubini qo'llashi kerak bo'lgan chuqur majburiyatini kuzatdi.[59] Shtayger bu tajribani yoqtirmasdi va rejissyor bilan tez-tez to'qnashib turardi Delmer Deyvs, Fordning yengiltaklik bilan filmga tushishi uchun kim qulayroq edi.[58] 1956 yil aprel oyida chiqarilgandan so'ng, yozuvchi Turli xillik uning fe'l-atvori aks etgan "yovuz zahar" dan taassurot qoldirdi va "atrofda uzoq vaqtdan beri og'ir ekran bunday nafratli bo'lmaganini" ta'kidladi.[57] Yilda Mark Robson "s Ular qanchalik qiyin tushsa, Shtayger sport jurnalistini yollaydigan (egri boks promouteri) o'ynadi (Xemfri Bogart uning so'nggi rolida).[60] Shtayger Bogartni suratga olish jarayonida "ulkan vakolatlarga" ega bo'lgan "professional" deb atagan.[61]

Kurashgan aktyor (1957–1963)

Steiger bilan Diana Dors yilda Muqaddas xotin (1957)

Shtayger 1957 yilda chiqarilgan uchta filmda suratga tushgan. Birinchisi Jon Farrow film noir Muqaddas xotin, unda u boy odamni o'ynagan Napa vodiysi uylanadigan vintner a femme fatale Filis ismli (Diana Dors ). Filmning asl sharhida, The New York Times Shtaygerning ishlashini "qiziquvchan" deb ta'riflagan, bundan tashqari aktyorning ovoz modulyatsiyasi "Marlon Brandodan Ronald Kolmangacha va orqada".[62] Ishlab chiqarish jarayonida Samuel Fuller "s Ok o'qi, unda u taslim bo'lganidan keyin mag'lubiyatni qabul qilishni rad etadigan konfederativ faxriyni o'ynadi General Robert E. Li da Appomattoks oxirida Amerika fuqarolar urushi, Shtayger jangovar sahnalardan birini otishdan oldin to'pig'ini juda yomon qisib qo'ydi va yugurish u yoqda tursin, yurolmadi. Buning o'rniga Fuller Shtayger joyida yugurish uchun tub amerikalik qo'shimchalardan birini qo'lga kiritdi, shu sababli sahnaga yaqin masofadan turib emas, balki faqat oyoqlarini ko'rsatib otilgan.[63] Shtayger film ortidagi tarixni o'rganib chiqdi va bu belgini irlandiyalik sifatida ijro etishga qaror qildi va u aytganidek "birinchi irland kovboyi" bo'ldi.[64] O'sha yilning oxirida Shtayger ingliz trillerida bosh rolni egalladi Ko'prik bo'ylab unda u kompaniya mablag'larini talon-taroj qilganidan keyin Meksikada yashirinadigan Buyuk Britaniya fuqaroligi bilan nemis konmani rolini o'ynagan. Kinoshunos Dennis Shvartsning ta'kidlashicha, Shtayger "o'zining eng katta o'yinlaridan birini" namoyish etgan.[65]

Shtayger taniqli mobster Al Kapone sifatida

Shtayger qarama-qarshi tomondan 500 ming AQSh dollar miqdorida to'lovni olishni istagan jinoyatchi jinoyatchi obrazini yaratdi Jeyms Meyson va Inger Stivens, yilda Endryu L. Stoun "s Terror yig'la! (1958) uchun Metro-Goldvin-Mayer.[66] Pol Bekli ning Herald Tribune Shtayger "ajoyib lakonik" deb o'ylagan edi,[67] Ammo Dennis Shvarts filmni "qiziqishni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun juda ko'p tasodiflar va uydirma fitna nuqtalari bilan" noto'g'ri o'ylangan urinish "deb rad etdi.[68] Keyingi yili Shtayger paydo bo'ldi Kler Blyum (keyinchalik u kimga uylangan) a Fay va Maykl Kanin bosqichi ishlab chiqarish Akira Kurosava "s 1950 yilgi film, Rashomon, u erda dastlab banditning rolini ijro etgan Toshiro Mifune.[69] Katta muvaffaqiyat, uni tanqidchilar maqtashdi va uchta nomzodga nomzod bo'lishdi Toni mukofotlari. Robert Koulman Daily Mirror Shtaygerning ishlashini "ajoyib hayvonlarcha" deb ta'rifladi, shu bilan birga Kennet Tynan ning Nyu-Yorker aktyorlik Broadway uchun yangi standartlarni o'rnatishga yordam berdi deb o'ylardim.[70] Xuddi shu yili Shtayger taniqli mobsterni tasvirladi Al Kapone ichida shu nomdagi film.[c] Shtayger Kaponening shov-shuvini namoyish etishni juda xohlardi, momaqaldiroq bilan gapirib, tuya junidan qilingan ko'ylagi yelkasiga osib qo'ydi va shlyapasini xushchaqchaqlik bilan kiydi.[72] Mavzuning deglamorizatsiya qilingan tasviri uchun mo'ljallangan film,[73] Shtayger a Laurel mukofoti eng yaxshi erkak dramatik ijrosi uchun nomzodlik. Xattinson bo'lsa ham, muallifi Rod Shtayger: Do'stlik xotiralari, Shtaygerning Kaponeni tasvirlashi ko'proq karikaturaga aylangan,[72] Jorj Anastasiya va Glen Maknov, kitob mualliflari Gangster filmlarining yakuniy kitobi, uni Kaponening eng yaxshi ekran tasvirlaridan biri sifatida tavsifladi.[74]

Muvaffaqiyatdan keyin Al Kapone, Shtayger kazinning yer osti omboridan 4 million dollar frantsuz frankini o'g'irlash uchun kapirni uyushtirgan murakkab o'g'ri Pol Meysonni o'ynadi. Monte-Karlo, ichida Genri Xeteuey heist film Etti o'g'ri (1960).[75] Bosley Crowther ning The New York Times filmga ijobiy baho berib, "asabiylashadigan nozik syujet" va Shtayger va uning sherigi "eng puxta rollari" ni maqtab, Edvard G. Robinson.[76] Keyingi yil u qamoq psixiatrining psixologik jinlarini davolashga harakat qildi Styuart Uitman ning xarakteri Mark. Shtaygerning ishi shunchalik ishonarli ediki, film namoyish etilgandan so'ng, unga psixiatriya muassasasidan qo'ng'iroq qilishdi, uni boshqaruv kengashlarining birida qatnashishni iltimos qilishdi.[77] Mark Evropa filmlarini ishlab chiqarishda rol o'ynadi Dunyo mening cho'ntagimda yonma-yon Nadja Tiller.[78] Shtayger ushbu davrda tobora ko'proq Italiyada va Frantsiyada filmlarda o'ynadi. U nafaqat Evropada aktyor sifatida katta ishonch va hurmatga ega ekanligiga ishongan, balki o'sha paytda u erda tarqalgan eng qulay suratga olish jadvalini ma'qullagan.[79]

Shtayger Eng uzun kun (1962)

1962 yilda Shtayger Broadwayda paydo bo'ldi Mobi Dik - mashq qilingan, da Ethel Barrymore teatri,[80] shuningdek, olimni qidiradigan detektivda o'ynash (Alan Ladd ning) mugger in Filipp Likok "s G'arbiy ko'chasi, 13 Columbia Pictures uchun.[81] Shtayger katta ansambl tarkibida esminets komandirining kichik rolini o'ynadi Eng uzun kun, shu jumladan Jon Ueyn, Richard Todd, Robert Mitchum, Richard Berton, Shon Konneri va Genri Fonda.[82] Hamkasblar Richard Bertonning so'zlariga ko'ra, Shtayger unga o'sha paytda moliyaviy muammoga duch kelganini va yuzini ko'targanini xususiy ravishda tan olgan, bu esa Berton uni "yalang'och eshak teshigining yarmi" ga o'xshatgan deb o'ylagan.[83] Keyingi yil Shtayger shafqatsiz o'ynadi Neapolitan er tuzuvchi va shahar kengashi a'zosi Edoardo Nottola, u o'zining siyosiy kuchidan keng miqyosda shaxsiy foyda olish uchun foydalanadi shahar atrofi ko'chmas mulk shartnomasi, yilda Franchesko Rosi Italiyaning ishlab chiqarishi, Shaharni topshiradi (1963).[84] Biograf Franchesko Bolzonining so'zlariga ko'ra, Rosi Shtaygerni italiyalik filmga suratga olgan, chunki u erni ishlab chiqaruvchi qismdan "katta imkoniyatlarga ega bo'lgan boy tarjimonni" istagan.[85]

Asosiy film maqtovi (1964-1969)

Xo'sh, ular hech qachon ketishmadi. Sidney Lumet tomonidan suratga olingan "Garov brokeri" mustaqil edi, "Serjant" ham. Ular shunchaki kuchliroq qaytib kelmoqdalar, chunki ochko'zlik oxir-oqibat devorga tushib qoldi va buni isbotlagan narsa shundaki, bu kichik mustaqil filmlarning nominatsiyalarga sazovor bo'lishi va mukofotlarga sazovor bo'lishi, bu erda millionlab dollarlik filmlar hech narsa qilmagan va bu ularni chindan ham larzaga keltirgan. Men har doim byudjet qanchalik katta bo'lsa, tasavvur kamroq bo'ladi, deb aytgan bo'lardim. Qadimgi kunlarda, ular dizaynerlarga ega edilar, agar ular jangovar kemani yaratishi kerak bo'lsa, bir oz to'r va bir oz taxta olib, uni yasashadi. Endi tasavvur yo'q. Agar ular hozirda qirg'in qilmoqchi bo'lsalar, ular hukumatni chaqirishadi va haqiqiyini olishadi. Endi hech qanday qiyinchiliklar mavjud emas; ular uy dekorativlari.

- Shtayger paydo bo'lganida mustaqil filmlar[16]

Ko'p o'tmay Shaharni topshiradi, Shtayger boshqa italyan filmida suratga tushishga rozi bo'ldi, Befarqlik vaqti (1964), unda u qarama-qarshi rol o'ynagan Klaudiya Kardinale va Shelli Uinters.[86] Shtaygerning kuchli ijrosi ta'sir qilmagan bo'lsa-da, rejissyor o'rtasidagi kelishmovchiliklar sabab bo'ldi Franchesko Maselli va prodyuser Franko Kristaldi, biri sof siyosiy film bo'lishini xohlasa, ikkinchisi erotik subplot va Kardinale bilan munosabatlariga ahamiyat berishni xohlaydi.[87] Sidney Lumetning jozibali dramasida Lombard (1964), Shtayger achchiq-achchiq, hissiy jihatdan chekilgan omon qolgan odamni o'ynadi Holokost Nyu-York shahrida yashovchi. TCM xodimi Richard Xarland Smitning ta'kidlashicha, o'sha paytda Shtaygerning martabasi pasayib ketgan va bu qismni olishdan oldin u "o'n yil davomida konsertlar to'lash uchun kurashish" kerak edi.[81] Shtayger 50 ming AQSh dollar miqdoridagi pasaytirilgan to'lovga rozi bo'ldi. U o'qidi Edvard Lyuis Uollantning romani xarakterga nisbatan yaqin tushunchani rivojlantirish uchun stsenariyni ko'p marotaba namoyish etdi va uning xarakterini yanada realistik va jamiyatdan uzoqlashtirishi uchun chiziqlarini kamaytirishni talab qildi.[11] Lumet Shtayger ishlab chiqarish paytida haddan tashqari dramatiklikka moyil edi, deb o'yladi: "Albatta, Rodda ritorikaning zaif tomonlari bor, lekin siz u bilan gaplashishingiz mumkin. Men bu yolg'iz yahudiy hissiyot cho'qqisiga chiqa olmasligini tushuntirdim; hayot va odamlar tomonidan. U topishi kerak bo'lgan imon boshqa odamlarga bo'lgan, chunki Xudo unga xiyonat qilgan. "[88]

Shtayger film haqida quyidagilarni aytib o'tdi: «Menimcha, mening eng yaxshi ishim Lombard. Ko'chada o'lik bolani topadigan so'nggi sahna. O'ylaymanki, bu mening iste'dodim bilan, nima bo'lishidan qat'iy nazar, eng yuqori lahza. "[8] U bu iqlimiy sahnaga ilhom bag'ishladi, unda u o'z umidsizligini jimgina qichqiriq orqali ko'rsatadigan ko'rinadi Pikasso "Gernika ", urushda vayron bo'lgan qishloq aholisi tasvirlangan. Sesil Uilson ning Daily Mail Shtaygerning fe'l-atvori "insonga etkazilgan barcha azoblarni qamrab olgandek" deb yozgan.[89] Garchi film tortishuvlarga sabab bo'lsa va ayblanayotgan bo'lsa ham antisemitizm,[d] Shtayger o'zining eng yaxshi aktyorlik mukofotiga sazovor bo'lgan o'yinlari bilan keng e'tirof etildi Berlin xalqaro kinofestivali va uning "Oskar" da ikkinchi eng yaxshi aktyor nominatsiyasi.[24] Shtayger "Oskar" mukofotiga sazovor bo'lgan spektaklni ishlab chiqarganiga shunchalik ishonar ediki, yutqazganda hayratda qoldi Li Marvin.[88][e]

Shtayger ichkariga Lombard (1964)

1965 yilda Shtayger zararli embalmer o'ynadi Toni Richardson komediya Sevgan kishi, dafn marosimi haqida Los Anjeles, asosida 1948 yil qisqa satirik roman tomonidan Evelin Vo.[92] Uning filmdagi jingalak sochli ko'rinishi ko'krak büstü asosida yaratilgan Apollon u bir marta Richardson bilan uchrashayotganda ko'rgan.[93] Shtayger Bosley Crowther-ni xafa qildi The New York Times, uning xarakterini qo'zg'atuvchi kim topdi.[94] Uning keyingi roli, Komarovskiy, rossiyalik siyosatchi va zo'rlagan "yovuz fursatchi" Julie Kristi ning xarakteri Devid Lean "s Doktor Jivago (1965), uning sevimlilaridan biri edi.[95] Aktyorlar tarkibidagi atigi ikki amerikalikdan biri bo'lgan Shtayger dastlab buyuk ingliz aktyorlari bilan ishlashdan qo'rqardi Ralf Richardson va Alek Ginnes,[96] va film tugagandan so'ng u amerikalik sifatida ajralib turmaganidan mamnun edi.[11] Film 1960-yillarning eng katta xalqaro kassa tiraji bo'ldi,[97] dunyo bo'ylab 200 million dollar ishlab topdi.[98] O'shandan beri u biri sifatida tan olingan eng buyuk filmlar va 1998 yilda asl nusxadagi 39-eng yaxshi Amerika filmi sifatida tanlangan AFIning 100 yilligi ... 100 ta film ro'yxati Amerika kino instituti.[99]

Sidni Poitier, bu erda ko'rilgan Tunning issiqligida (1967), Shtayger va Spenser Treysi u birga ishlagan eng yaxshi aktyorlar bo'lish.

Shtayger sahnaga qaytishni niyat qilgan va unda bosh qahramon rolini ijro etish uchun imzolagan edi Bertolt Brext "s Galiley, da Linkoln markazining repetitorlik kompaniyasi 1967 yil aprel oyida, ammo u kasal bo'lib qolganida ishlab chiqarish bekor qilindi.[100] Shtayger Politsiya boshlig'i Bill Gillespining obrazi uchun eng yaxshi aktyor Oskariga sazovor bo'ldi Tunning issiqligida, qarama-qarshi Sidni Poitier. U qotilni qidirayotgan janubiy politsiya boshlig'ining rolini o'ynagan. Qora tanlilarga nisbatan xurofot bilan u xulosa qilib, aybdor Virjil Tibbs (Poitier), afroamerikalik, onasi oldiga borganidan keyin shaharni kesib o'tgan, keyinchalik u qotillik bo'yicha tajribali detektiv bo'lib chiqdi. Filadelfiya. Filmda ikkala odamning o'zaro munosabatlari va jinoyatni ochishda kuchlarni birlashtirishi haqida so'z boradi, chunki Shtayger Gillespi dastlab jinoyatchi deb qabul qilgan qora tanli odamga katta hurmat ko'rsatishni o'rganadi.[101] Shtayger "Qirol" ismli janublik bilan dengiz flotidagi tajribasidan foydalangan holda, uning talaffuzini yodga oldi.[16] Poitier Shtayger va Spenser Treysi u o'zi bilan birga ishlagan eng yaxshi aktyor bo'lish uchun 1995 yilda: "U juda yaxshi, u meni hech qachon bilmagan sumkalarimni qazishga majbur qildi" deb ta'kidlagan edi.[102] A. D. Merfi Turli xillik Shtaygerning ishlashini "ajoyib" deb ta'riflab, shunday deb yozgan edi: "Shtaygerning qaqshatqich Diksi mutaassibligidan, Poyerni hurmat qilishni o'rganadigan odamga aylanishi qotillikning adashgan echimiga o'xshaydi."[103] Shtayger ko'plab boshqa mukofotlarga sazovor bo'ldi, shu jumladan a BAFTA,[104] a Oltin globus,[105] a Laurel mukofoti va eng yaxshi aktyor uchun mukofotlar Milliy kinoshunoslar jamiyati va Nyu-York kinoshunoslari to'garagi.[106][107]

1968 yilda Shtayger qarama-qarshi ketma-ket qotil o'ynadi Jorj Segal yilda Jek Smayt qora komediya triller Xonimni davolashning iloji yo'q.[24] Film davomida u turli niqoblarni, jumladan Irlandiyalik ruhoniy, Nyu-York politsiyachisi, nemis santexnik va gomoseksual sartaroshni tanib olishdan qochish va qurbonlarini tinchlantirish uchun ularni bo'g'ib o'ldirishdan oldin oladi. va peshonalariga bir juft lablarini g'aroyib qizil lab bo'yog'i bilan bo'yash. Film va Shtaygerning ijrosi tanqidchilar tomonidan yuqori baholandi Vinsent Kanbi ning The New York Times Shtaygerning "hammy kabi chiroyli taqiqlanmagan ijrosi" ni ta'kidlab,[108] va uchun yozuvchi Taym-aut; turib qolish; tanaffus uni "o'ziga xos tarzda yorqin" deb ta'riflagan Bostondagi bo'g'uvchi, o'g'lini onalik fikri bilan qoldirgan buyuk aktrisaning o'g'li ".[109] Keyinchalik, 1968 yilda Shtayger repressiya qilingan geyni o'ynadi ofitser qarama-qarshi Jon Fillip Qonuni yilda Jon Flinn "s Serjant uchun Warner Bros.-Seven Art unga erishgan Devid di Donatello mukofoti eng yaxshi chet el aktyori uchun.[110] Mukofotga sazovor bo'lishiga qaramay, kino tanqidchisi Pauline Kael ning Nyu-Yorker ayniqsa, Shtaygerni gomoseksual sifatida tanlanishiga tanqidiy munosabatda bo'lgan va o'zini "o'z doirasidan butunlay tashqarida" deb bilgan, shu bilan Shtayger uning samarasiz ekanligiga rozi bo'lgan.[111]

Shtayger ilmiy fantastika suratida yaqinda sobiq rafiqasi Kler Blyum bilan qisqa mo''tadil tatuirovka qilingan erkak rolida ishtirok etdi. Tasvirlangan odam (1969). Film tanqidiy va tijorat muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'ldi,[112] va Rey Bredberi, ssenariy muallifi: "Rod unda juda yaxshi edi, lekin u yaxshi film emas edi ... ssenariy dahshatli edi", dedi.[113] O'sha yili Shtaymer Bloom bilan birga omadga erishdi Piter Xoll ingliz dramasi Uchtasi ikkitasi ketmaydi, yosh sayyoh bilan xotinini aldagan irlandiyalikni o'ynash. Ga kiritilgan Berlin xalqaro kinofestivali va 1969 yilda Buyuk Britaniyaning kassalarida eng mashhur 19-filmga aylandi.[114][115]

Tarixiy rollar va pasaygan boyliklar (1970-1981)

Shtaygerga bosh rolni taklif qilishdi Patton (1970), ammo urushni ulug'lashni istamagani uchun uni rad etdi.[116] Keyin rol berildi Jorj C. Skott, uning ishlashi uchun eng yaxshi aktyor Oskariga sazovor bo'ldi. Shtayger bu rad javobini o'zining "kareradagi eng bema'ni harakati" deb atadi,[117] "Men baland otimga minib oldim. Men o'zimni pasifist deb o'ylardim" dedi.[118] Buning o'rniga u tasvirni tanladi Napoleon Bonapart qarama-qarshi Kristofer Plummer yilda Sergey Bondarchuk "s Vaterloo (1970), Sovet Ittifoqi va Italiya birgalikda ishlab chiqarish. Bir sharhlovchi shunday deb yozgan edi: "Men ajoyib g'urur bilan tomosha qildim, yo'q, bu to'g'ri so'z emas, g'ayrat bilan, Rod Shtaygerning Vaterloudagi Napoleon rolidagi rolini"[119] adabiy tanqidchi esa Daniel S. Burt Shtaygerning Napoleonini "g'ayrioddiy talqin" deb ta'riflaydi, uni Plummernikiga qaraganda unchalik ishonchli emas deb topadi Vellington.[120]

1971 yilda Shtayger qarama qarshi shovinistik katta ovchi, kashfiyotchi va urush qahramoni rolini o'ynadi Susanna York Mark Robsonnikida Tug'ilgan kuningiz bilan, Wanda iyun,[121] yonma-yon turishga rozi bo'lishdan oldin Jeyms Koburn Meksikalik qaroqchi Xuan Miranda sifatida Serxio Leone "s O'rdak, sen so'rg'ich! muqobil ravishda nomlangan Bir musht dinamit.[122][123] Leone dastlab uning obrazidan jiddiy norozi edi, chunki u o'zining xarakterini jiddiy qilib ijro etdi, Sapata o'xshash raqam.[124] Natijada, Shtayger va Leone o'rtasida ziddiyat kuchayib ketdi, shu jumladan bitta voqea Shtaygerning Xuanning peshtoqi yo'q qilingan sahnani suratga olish paytida ketishi bilan tugadi. Film tugagandan so'ng, Leone va Shtayger yakuniy natijadan mamnun edilar va Shtayer Leoni rejissyorlik mahorati uchun maqtadi.[125] Shtayger roli uchun tanlangan Maykl Korleone yilda Frensis Ford Koppola "s Cho'qintirgan ota (1972), filmning moslashuvi Italiyalik amerikalik muallif Mario Puzo "s 1969 yil shu nomdagi roman, ammo Puzo Shtayger bu qism uchun juda keksa ekanligini his qildi va uni rad etdi.[126]

Shtayger qishloqda o'ynadi Tennessi patriarx va ukasi Jeff Bridges, Robert Rayanning xarakteriga zid ravishda, yilda Lolly-Madonna XXX (1973), turli xil sharhlarga ega.[127][128] Keyinchalik o'sha yili u salla kiygan nemis zobiti Gyenter fon Lutz sifatida tanlandi Duccio Tessari Italiya urush komediyasi Qahramonlar, qarama-qarshi Rod Teylor,[129] va qarama-qarshi tomonda "og'zaki sitsiliyalik mafiya" Evgenio Djannini sifatida paydo bo'ldi Jan Mariya Volonte "s Baxtli Luciano Francesco Rosi'sida shu nomdagi film.[130]

1975 yilda Shtayger Italiya diktatorining obrazini yaratdi Benito Mussolini yilda Karlo Lizzani "s Mussolinining so'nggi kunlari, ijobiy tanqidni qabul qildi.[131] U paydo bo'ldi Klod Chabrol frantsuzcha rasm Nopok qo'llar bilan aybsizlar, boy alkogolli er Lui Vormser rolini o'ynagan Romy Shneyder belgi Julie Wormser.[132] Tanqidchilar uni yomon qabul qilishdi va Shtayger o'zi hayratda qoldirgan rejissyorni achchiq umidsizlik bilan topdi.[133] U Chabrolning aloqa etishmasligi va ishlab chiqarishdan chetda qolishi, sahnalarda gaplashish o'rniga sahnada shaxmat o'ynashni afzal ko'rgani uchun u juda tanqid qildi.[134] Vinsent Kenbi The New York Times "sovunli operadan biroz ko'proq narsa" deb rad etib, shunday deb yozgan edi: "Spektakllar bir xilda - shafqatsiz. Janob Shtayger mashg'ulotlar bilan shug'ullanish bo'yicha o'zining avvalgi rekordlarini ortda qoldirdi. Ekrandagi birinchi daqiqalarda u (1) mast bo'ladi , (2) hushtak chaladi, (3) tushunishni iltimos qiladi, (4) yig'laydi va (5) yolg'iz uxlashga yotadi. "[135]Keyinchalik o'sha yili Shtayger rol o'ynadi Irlandiya respublika armiyasi portlatishni rejalashtirgan terrorchi Parlament uylari yilda Don Sharp britaniyalik triller Xennessi.[136] Jon Simon Nyu-York jurnali shunday yozgan edi: "Rod Shtayger o'ynagan bu Xennessi hamkasbi a kabi qiziqarli va yoqimli Gay Foks qo'g'irchoq. "[137]

W. C. Maydonlar: Shtaygerning uni tasvirlashi tanqidchilar tomonidan yomon qabul qilindi.

Keyingi yili Shtayger komik aktyorning obrazini yaratdi W. C. Maydonlar ichida Artur Hiller biopik, W. C. Fields va men, uchun Universal rasmlar. The ssenariy ga asoslangan edi xotira tomonidan Karlotta Monti, hayotining so'nggi 14 yilida Fildsning ma'shuqasi bo'lgan, tomonidan yozilgan Bob Merril. Shtayger ushbu rolga tayyorgarlik ko'rish uchun Fields haqida ko'p o'qidi va uning karerasi va shaxsiy hayoti to'g'risida ensiklopedik bilimlarni rivojlantirdi. U o'zining xarakteristikasini uning ijrosi atrofida asoslashi haqida xulosa qildi Bank Dik (1940) .[11] Bir kuni Fildsning ma'shuqasi Monti sahnaga chiqdi va u barchaga qisqacha minnatdorchilik bildiradigan sahnani tomosha qildi. U buni ma'qullamasligi uchun asabiylashib, sahnadan keyin Monti bilan uchrashganidan so'ng, yig'lab yubordi va "Vudi, Vudi, Vudi, Mening Vudim" deb laqab bilan aytdi, bu faqat Fildsga juda yaqin odamlar tomonidan ishlatilgan.[11] Shtaygerning suratga qo'ygan energiyasiga qaramay, aktyorning so'nggi so'nggi filmlari singari, tanqidchilar uni yomon qabul qilishdi. Kenbi buni "dahshatli" deb atadi va Shtaygerning Fildlarni tasvirlashini "xarakterning mumi qo'g'irchog'i" deb ta'rifladi.[138] Lucia Bozzola The New York Times keyinchalik Shtaygerning Filds obrazini "ajoyib" deb atagan, shuningdek, uning Gollivuddagi faoliyati "shubhasiz 1950 va 60-yillarning balandliklaridan tushgan".[24]

Shtayger o'ynadi Pontiy Pilat yilda Franko Zeffirelli televizor kichkintoylar Nosiralik Iso (1977). Steysi Kich, kim tasvirlangan Barabbalar, Shtayger bilan ishlash imkoniyatidan quvonchini izhor etib, uni "saxiy va mulohazali" deb ta'rifladi.[139] 1978 yilda Shtayger Norman Jewison-da senator rolini o'ynadi F.I.S.T., qarama-qarshi Silvestr Stallone, Klivlend omborlari ishchilarining rolini o'ynagan, bu davlatlararo yuk tashuvchilar federatsiyasi deb nomlangan xayoliy tashkilotning kasaba uyushma rahbariyatiga jalb qilingan.[140] Sevgi va o'qlar, o'sha yil oxirida, Shtayger mafiya boshlig'i sifatida paydo bo'lgan, yomon qabul qilingan; Rojer Ebert uni "ta'qiblar, qotilliklar, jumboqli uchrashuvlar va ajralishlar va umidsiz ravishda chalkashtirgan hodgepodge va Shtaygerning [Charlz] Bronsonning dahshatli darajada kam ishlangan sahnalari bilan galma-galda haddan tashqari haddan tashqari ta'sir qilgan sahnalari" deb rad etdi.[141] Keyingi yili Shtayger Richard Berton va Robert Mitchumga qarama-qarshi general sifatida rol o'ynadi Endryu V. Maklaglen urush filmi Kashfiyot, ustiga o'rnatilgan G'arbiy front.[142] Yilda Amityvil dahshati (1979), Shtayger bezovtalangan ruhoniy sifatida paydo bo'lib, u marosimni bajarishga taklif qilingan jinni chiqarish perili uyda. Yana Shtayger ortiqcha ish tutishda ayblandi; Janet Maslin ning The New York Times "janob Shtayger qo'ng'iroq qiladi va yig'laydi va hamma narsani haddan tashqari oshirib yuboradi. Hatto u telefonni 12 yoki 15 marta chalishdan oldin ko'tarmaydi."[143] Polin Kael Shtaygerning "ruhiy azoblari kamera ob'ektivini sindirish uchun etarli" deb o'ylagan.[144]

Benito Mussolini: Shtayger uni ikkinchi marta 1981 yilda Liviya tomonidan moliyalashtirilgan ekranda namoyish etdi Cho'l sheri.

1980 yilda Shtayger ikkitasini oldi Xorijiy aktyorning eng yaxshi spektakli uchun Genie mukofoti rollari uchun nominatsiyalar Klondayk isitmasi va Baxtli yulduz, ikkala Kanadadagi ishlab chiqarish. Klondayk isitmasi ga asoslangan Jek London ning sayohati San-Fransisko uchun Klondayk 1898 yilda oltin konlari.[145] Shtayger Mussolini rolini qayta ko'rib chiqdi Cho'l sheri tomonidan moliyalashtirilgan ishlab chiqarish Muammar Qaddafiy va qaysi biri rol ijro etgan Entoni Kvinn kabi Badaviylar qabila rahbari Omar Muxtor, Ikkinchi Jahon urushidan oldingi yillarda Italiya armiyasiga qarshi kurash. Xabarlarga ko'ra, Italiya hukumati 1982 yilda filmni taqiqlagan, chunki bu armiyaga zarar etkazishi mumkin[146] va bu Qaddafiyning 2009 yilgi davlat tashrifiga qadar Italiya televideniesida namoyish etilmadi. Britaniyada tanqidlarga sazovor bo'ldi va u erda o'zining jangovar sahnalari sifati uchun maqtovlar eshitildi.[147] Keyinchalik 1981 yilda Shtayger g'olib bo'ldi Montreal Jahon kinofestivali eng yaxshi aktyor uchun mukofot oq soqolli pravoslavlarning tasviri uchun ravvin Reb Sonders Jeremi Kagan "s Tanlangan.[148][149] Janet Maslin, Shtaygerning "sekin, prokat etkazib berish" egalik qilishdan ko'ra "karaxt" bo'lganligini izohladi.[150] tanqidchi bo'lsa ham Turli xillik buni "biroz zolim, ammo mehribon patriarx kabi ajoyib ijro" deb o'ylardi.[151]

B-filmlar va tanqid (1982-1994)

Undan keyin ochiq yurak jarrohligi 1979 yilda 1980-yillar davomida klinik depressiya va sog'liq muammolari Shtaygerning karerasiga bevosita ta'sir qildi va u tez-tez murojaat qildi B-filmlar, kam byudjetli, mustaqil ishlab chiqarishlar va televizion mini-seriallar. U ushbu davrda "Menga taklif qilingan hamma narsani" qabul qilganini tan oldi va u suratga tushgan filmlarning aksariyati ajoyib emasligini bilar edi, ammo muammolariga qaramay o'zining kuchli ish odobini namoyish etishni xohladi.[152] Keyinchalik u 1980-yillarda paydo bo'lgan kambag'al filmlardan afsuslandi va u ko'proq sahna ishlarini qilgan bo'lishini xohladi.[153] U aktyorlik bilan shug'ullanmaganida, u yanada chuqurroq tushkunlikka tushib qoldi, ammo bu uning aktyorlik faoliyati yomon tomonga burilib, endi qiyin emasligi uni ko'proq bezovta qildi.[154] Asosiy studiya prodyuserlari uning muammolaridan ehtiyot bo'lishgan va uni majburiyat deb hisoblashgan.[24] Steiger spoke about the experience to a younger colleague while advising: "Never tell anyone if you've got heart problems, kid. Never."[155] His reputation as a fine character actor remained intact, and Joel Hirschhorn at the time considered his talent to be "as strong as ever".[156]

In 1984, Steiger starred as a detective assigned to investigate the murder of a Chicago psychoanalyst (Rojer Mur ), a man whom he detests from a previous case, in Bryan Forbes "s Yalang'och yuz. Richard Christianen ning Chicago Tribune referred to it as a "wimpy suspense movie shot in Chicago in the fall of 1983, [that] doesn't do much good for the city or for anyone connected with it", and considered Steiger to be "acting in his high hysteria gear", who "snarls and whines and overacts".[157] Steiger took a break from cinema in the mid-1980s, during which he appeared in the Yorkshire Television mini seriyali Glory Boys (1984) bilan Entoni Perkins,[158][159] va Gollivud xotinlari (1985) bilan Enji Dikkinson.[160] Shtayger va Perkins ishlab chiqarish jarayonida o'zaro to'qnash kelishgan Glory Boys. Shtayger kattaroq treylerda turib olgani va Shtayger undan sahnalarni o'g'irlamoqchi bo'lganini his qilgani Perkinsdan xafa bo'ldi, Shtayger esa Perkinsni "o'zi olib ketayotgan kimyoviy moddalar juda jirkanch va jirkanch" deb o'yladi, u unga achindi va ishondi filmning muvaffaqiyatiga tahdid solayotgan edi.[161] Steiger also performed on Joni Mitchell 1985 yilgi albom It yeyish it, where he provided the voice of an evangelist in the song "Tax Free".[162]

Steiger in 1978 for the premiere of F. I. S. T.

Steiger appeared in the Argentine-American film Issiqlikni ushlang (1987), a martial arts picture about a Brazilian drug baroness who smuggles drugs into the United States inside her breast implants.[163] Direktorning so'zlariga ko'ra Fred Olen Rey, it was pulled from distribution within a week of release.[164] In 1988, Steiger and Yvonne De Karlo played a spooky elderly couple with developmentally delayed children in John Hough dahshatli film Amerika gotikasi. Universally panned by the critics, Keyn Jeyms ning The New York Times wrote: "Mr. Steiger addresses the camera as if he were reciting Shakespeare, he is truly, straightforwardly, hilariously bad."[165] During the last year of the decade he played authority figures, including a mayor in Yanvar odam,[166] and as Judge Prescott in Tennesi valsi.[167] Although Steiger admitted that his performance in Yanvar odam was "way over the top", he enjoyed the experience, thereby marking a positive turning point after a period of clinical depression.[168]

In 1990, Steiger starred in Hurmatli erkaklar, a crime drama film adaptation of William Shakespeare's play Makbet. He played a character based on Qirol Dunkan, qarama-qarshi Jon Turturro as Mike Battaglia (Makbet ), who plays a Mafia hitman who climbs his way to the top by killing Steiger's character. The film was critically panned, with Roger Ebert awarding it one star out of four, describing the concept as a "very, very bad idea".[169] Steiger played another mobster, Sem Giankana, two years later in the miniseries Sinatra (1992).[170]

Steiger portrayed a reverend living in a small town in the Amerika janubi in the macabre Savdogar Fil suyagi kino ishlab chiqarish Achinarli kafening balladasi (1991), bosh rollarda Vanessa Redgrave va Keyt Karradin. The film met with generally lukewarm reviews, though it was entered into the 41-Berlin xalqaro kinofestivali.[171] Steiger auditioned for the part of an elderly Irishman in Ron Xovard "s Uzoq va uzoq, bosh rollarda Tom Kruz va Nikol Kidman. Steiger, who had long been bald, was ordered by Howard to wear a wig to the audition. He resented the fact that Howard insisted on taping the audition, which he believed to be a form of humiliation for actors, serving as after-dinner entertainment for the Hollywood executives. Steiger never forgave Howard, whom he referred to as a "cocksucker", for rejecting him for the part and giving it to Kiril Kusak.[172]

In 1993, Steiger portrayed an aging ginekolog who terrorizes his urban neighbors in a rural community in Burlington, Vermont yilda Qo'shni. Dennis Schwartz considered it to have been one of Steiger's creepiest roles, though he thought that the poor script had rendered the role awkward and "mildly entertaining in the sense that Steiger is asked to carry the film and hams it up".[173] The following year, Steiger agreed to play the role of a Cuban mob boss opposite Sylvester Stallone and Sharon Stoun yilda Luis Llosa triller Mutaxassis, citing its purpose as a "$40 million commercial" to show a new generation that he existed.[61] Critics panned the film, which has a four percent approval rating on Rotten Pomidor based on 27 reviews as of July 2015.[174] The role earned Steiger a Eng yomon yordamchi aktyor uchun Oltin malina mukofoti nomination, and the film was listed in Rasmiy filmlar uchun rasmiy qo'llanma "Hech qachon yuz bergan eng zavqli 100 ta yomon film" dan biri sifatida.[175]

Later work and final years (1995–2002)

Steiger in 1995

Keyingi Mutaxassis (1994), Steiger appeared in Tom Klensining op markazi (1995), a film that was edited down into a TV miniseries,[176] and featured in a Kolumbo televizion film, G'alati yotoq yo'ldoshlari.[177] The following year, he took a minor role as Doc Wallace in the Deyl Rozenbloom oilaviy drama Shilo. He reprised the role three years later in davomi.[178] Also in 1996, Steiger played a "jingoistic top general" who "petitions the president to go nuclear in the middle of a global crisis" in the ensemble production of Mars hujumlari!.[179]

In 1997, Steiger played Tony Vago, the mob boss of Vinsent Gallo ning xarakteri Kiefer Sutherland "s Haqiqat yoki oqibatlar, N.M., a gritty noir about a drug heist gone wrong.[180] Steiger played judges in Antonio Banderas komediya-dramasi Alabamada aqldan ozgan and in the prison drama, Bo'ron,[181][182] both in 1999, the latter of which tells the story of former middleweight boxer Rubin Karter, who was wrongly convicted of a triple homicide in a bar in Paterson, Nyu-Jersi.[183] Bo'ron reunited Steiger with Norman Jewison, who had directed him in Tunning issiqligida.[184] Steiger portrayed H. Li Sarokin, the judge responsible for freeing Carter. Sarokin thought it was a "marvellous film" that was Oscar-worthy, but found Steiger's portrayal as overacted and a "little arrogant and pompous".[185]

After a minor role as a "bombastic priest" in Kunlarning oxiri (1999),[24] Steiger was one of the lead actors in Burt Reynolds "s Oxirgi ishlab chiqaruvchi (2000), a film about a washed-up, veteran producer (Reynolds) who tries to re-enter the movie business by producing a new film.[186] Steiger's last film role was as the billiard zali manager, Nick, in Poolhall Junkies (2002);[187] it was poorly received by critics.[188][189]

Shaxsiy hayot

Aktrisa Kler Blyum, in 1958, who was married to Steiger for ten years

Steiger was married five times: he married actress Sally Gracie (1952–1958),[190] aktrisa Kler Blyum (1959–1969),[190] secretary Sherry Nelson (1973–1979),[190][191] singer Paula Ellis (1986–1997)[190][192] va aktrisa Joan Benedikt Shtayger (married 2000 until his death).[190] He had a daughter, opera singer Anna Shtayger (born in 1960) by Bloom, and a son, Michael Steiger (born in 1993), from his marriage to Ellis.[190] Jurnalist bilan suhbatda Kennet Passingham, Steiger stated that Bloom was "all I ever wanted in a woman", and that "maybe our marriage was better than most because we were both established when we met".[193] The couple bought a home in Malibu, Kaliforniya, a community that appealed to Steiger but which Bloom found boring. They also purchased an apartment in Manhattan and a cottage in Geyvey okrugi, ga yaqin joyda Jon Xuston uy.[89] Financial considerations led Steiger to sell their New York apartment in the mid-1970s.[194] It upset him greatly when his marriage with Bloom ended in 1969 and that she quickly remarried Broadway producer Xillard Elkins the same year, a man whom Steiger had entrusted to care for her while he was away shooting Vaterloo.[195] Steiger was also close friends with actress Elizabeth Teylor.[117][196]

Steiger was outspoken on Makkartizm. He was particularly critical of Charlton Xeston 's stance on weapons, and publicly referred to him as "America's favorite fascist".[16] In one clash in a column in the Los Anjeles Tayms, Steiger responded to a letter sent by Heston saying that he was shocked that the American Film Institute had not honored Elia Kazan because of his testimony to the House Un-American Activities Committee. Steiger wrote that he was "appalled, appalled, appalled" at actors and writers who had been forced to drive cabs because they were blacklisted and had even committed suicide as a result. Heston did not reply.[197]

Steiger suffered from depressiya uning hayotining ko'p qismida. He described himself as "incapacitated for about eight years with clinical depression" before his Oscar win for Tunning issiqligida.[16] His career problems from the 1970s onwards were often exacerbated by health issues. He underwent open-heart surgery in 1976 and again in 1979 and struggled with obesity,[198] though certain roles, such as Napoleon, required him to intentionally gain weight.[199] After the decline of his third marriage in 1979, a deep depression, partly a side effect of his surgery, during the 1980s negatively affected his career.[51] He became increasingly reclusive during this period, often confining himself to his apartment, watching Amerika futboli bir necha soat davomida. He said of the experience: "You begin to lose self-esteem. You don't walk, you don't shave and if no one was watching you'd go to the bathroom right where you were sitting". He would lie in bed at night thinking "You'll never act again. Why bother? You're no good".[200] Despite these challenges, Steiger continued to act into the 1990s and early 2000s.[24] In one of his final interviews, he stated that there was a stigma wrongfully attached to sufferers of depression and that it was caused by a chemical imbalance, not a mental disease. He commented: "Pain must never be a source of shame. It's a part of life, it's part of humanity."[11]

O'lim

Steiger died of zotiljam and kidney failure at the age of 77, as a result of complications from surgery for a o't pufagi o'sma on July 9, 2002, in a Westside hospital in Los Angeles. U dafn qilindi O'rmon maysasi - Gollivud tepaliklari qabristoni.[190] Film Shiloni qutqarish, released in 2006, was dedicated to his memory.[201]

Aktyorlik uslubi

Steiger was one of Hollywood's most respected character actors.[iqtibos kerak ] Hutchinson described him as "one of Hollywood's most charismatic and dynamic stars".[1] Yet for Hutchinson, Steiger remained "out of sympathy with Hollywood" during his career, believing that accomplished actors often struggle to find challenging films as they got older.[202] Steiger was an "effusive talent" according to Lucia Bozzola of The New York Times,[24] and was particularly known for his intense portrayal of offbeat, often volatile and crazed characters.[4][203][3] Keyin Sohil bo'yida (1954), Steiger became somewhat typecast for playing tough characters and villains,[204] and grew increasingly frustrated playing the "Mafia heavy or a near-psychopath" during the 1970s, roles which he could play menacingly, but provided little opportunity for him to showcase his talent.[205] G'iybatchi Louella Parsons hailed him as "the Screen's No.1 Bad Man", while the newspaper London Evening News referred to him as "the man you would love to hate if you had the courage".[206] A 1960 publication by Dean Jennings of Shanba kuni kechki xabar referred to Steiger as an "angry, hot-tempered newcomer of prodigious acting talents, [who] works best only at emotional white heat", and remarked that he found it "stimulating to carry theatrical fantasy into his private life".[207] Pauline Kael found his performances so powerful that she believed he "often seems to take over a picture even when he isn't in the lead".[202] Jurnal Filmlar va suratga olish, surveying his career in 1971, reporting that his talent "developed steadily through films good and bad", and that the secret of his success was that he stayed grounded, citing a 1956 interview where he said "I pity the player who can't keep his feet on the ground. It's too easy to trade on success and forget that no performer can stand still."[208]

A product of the Actors Studio, Steiger is closely associated with method acting, embodying the characters he played. Writer James F. Scott notes that during his career, he "many times put aside his own personality to think his way into an alien psyche".[209] Steiger once said:

I don't like the term Method, but for the sake of argument method acting is a means to an end. It is something that helps you get involved in the part personally so that you can communicate with the audience. No matter what, the American actor of the fifties changed acting the world over. Montgomeri Clift was perhaps the actor who started it, Brando caused the sensation and [James] Dean made it a cult.[16]

Steiger was so devoted to his craft that during the 1970s he turned to many foreign productions, especially in Italy, to obtain the sort of roles he desired, but often clashed with directors over his method acting techniques.[24] In one of his last interviews, Steiger said: "What is the greatest thing an artist in any profession can give to a person?—that would be a constructive, warm memory. Because that gets into your brain and therefore into your life, so to speak. And that's it, when somebody says to me 'I'll never forget', that's worth more to me than five Academy Awards, I'm in that person's life".[11]

Robert De Niro (pastki) modeled his performance in Qo'lga olinmaydigan narsalar (1987) on Steiger's (yuqori) portrayal of Al Capone.

Film writer Paul Simpson notes how closely Steiger prepared for his roles, and how he "effortlessly" recreated the mannerisms of figures such as Mussolini, in a "compelling take on an enigmatic figure".[131] Judith Crist of Nyu York jurnal, ko'rib chiqish O'rdak, sen so'rg'ich!, commented that Steiger was "totally without mannerisms, always with manner", and stated that his "silences are stunningly effective".[210] Roger Ebert later echoed this statement, concurring that Steiger lacked mannerisms, writing, "When he gets a character worth playing with, he creates it new from the bottom up, out of whole cloth. I don't know how he does it. It's almost as if he gets inside the skin of the guy he's playing and starts being that person for a while".[211] Steiger said: "I always tried to do things different. If I got a role which was similar to another I'd try to do it a little different."[11] His explosive screen performances were an influence on many later actors, including Robert De Niro, who used Steiger's portrayal of Al Capone as a reference for his own performance in Qo'lga olinmaydigan narsalar (1987).[24] Elvis Presli was highly impressed with Steiger's "powerful and wrenching performance" in Lombard.[212]

Despite Steiger's acclaim as an actor, he was frequently accused of overacting and won his fair share of critics, particularly during the 1970s and 1980s. His acting was so dynamic at times that critics found him excessive and overbearing,[141][157] and even uncomfortable or laughable to watch.[165][173] Steiger once clashed with Armenian director Rouben Mamoulian, during a theatrical production of Oklaxoma!, as he was intolerant of Steiger's "unusual acting technique". Steiger ignored the director's concerns that he was mumbling his lines, and when he began chomping loudly on an apple during a scene with Gordon MacRae, Mamoulian exclaimed: "Get out of my theater. Get out of my life!", and fired him.[213] Even Kazan found several of the Actors Studio's techniques disagreeable, preferring "more humor and verve and less self-indulgence, self-pity and self-awareness".[214] Kazan felt that Steiger often displayed a competitive edge as an actor and tried to steal scenes from his co-stars. Steiger rejected these claims, insisting that he was merely "trying to take the medium of acting to as far as I can go, and that why I sometimes go over the edge".[204]

Several co-stars found working with Steiger difficult; Uorren Oates, according to director Norman Jewison, viewed Steiger as "somebody who had a tendency to go over the top" during the making of Tunning issiqligida.[215] Writer Richard Dyer highlights the contrast in the film between the acting styles of Steiger and Poitier, with "Poitier's stillness and implied intensity" and "Steiger's busy, exteriorised method acting".[216] Humphrey Bogart, Steiger's co-star of Ular qanchalik qiyin tushsa, referred to Steiger's method acting as the "scratch-your-ass-and-mumble school of acting".[217] Director Robert Aldrich notes that Steiger had a habit of changing his lines, which often confused his co-stars. Aldrich stated: "Usually I lie awake at nights trying to think of ways to improve an actor's performance. With Steiger, the problem is to try and contain him".[218] Steiger was particularly aggressive towards director Kenneth Annakin during the making of Ko'prik bo'ylab, insisting on rewriting most of the script and changing many of the lines to better fit Steiger's idea of the character. Annakin stated that he had "never known an actor to put so much thought and preparation into a performance" as Steiger.[219] Hutchinson revealed that Steiger often suffered from panic during filming and that fear of failure haunted him throughout his life, but fear also provided him with a source of strength in his acting.[220]

Filmografiya va teatr kreditlari

Asosiy maqola: Rod Steiger on screen and stage

Mukofotlar va nominatsiyalar

Asosiy maqola: List of awards and nominations received by Rod Steiger

Izohlar

  1. ^ Elia Kazan had been a member of the Communist Party in the 1930s; in 1952, Kazan was called before the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari faoliyati qo'mitasi which was investigating Communistic influence. Kazan supplied the committee with the names of eight people in the entertainment industry who were also members of the Communist Party in the 1930s. The names and information were used to create a blacklist for those working in the theatre which was similar to the Gollivudning qora ro'yxati for entertainers working in motion pictures, radio and television. Many of those whose names wound up on one of the blacklists had their careers and lives ruined because of it. An argument was made by those who were against any type of blacklist that Kazan's supplying the names of the eight people had to do with monetary concerns and that he could have refused to reveal anyone's name. Kazan's friend, Artur Miller, who had also been a member of the Communist Party, was brought before the committee in 1956. Miller refused to mention any names at the hearing.[48] For his refusal, Miller was declared in contempt of Congress and given a fine and a prison sentence on May 31, 1957. His US passport was also revoked.[49] Miller was cleared of the charges in August 1958.[50]
  2. ^ Frank Sinatra biograf Kitti Kelley describes Cohn as a figure notorious for being the "nastiest man in Hollywood", who kept an autographed portrait of dictator Mussolini in his office during World War II.[54]
  3. ^ Steiger refused the producers' first offer to star in this film because he had thought that the initial screenplay inappropriately romanticized Capone and criminality, which led to him turning down the picture on three occasions. According to Sean Axmaker of TCM, Steiger only agreed to play the role on condition that the producers rewrite the script.[71]
  4. ^ The film caused considerable controversy among both Jewish and African-American communities. Several Jewish organizations propagated a boycott of the film due to "its uncompromising presentation of the Jewish pawnbroker which they felt encouraged anti-Semitism". A number of Black groups also accused the film of advocating racial stereotypes of the inner city, due to its portrayal of pimps, prostitutes and drug addicts.[88][90]
  5. ^ The Academy loss was a major wake up call for him. Steiger scolded himself for it: "Listen, jackass, never take happiness, never take your talent, for granted. Never in any walk of life, take for granted your capabilities. Each minute a second of life is a challenge—so sit still, schmuck, and let this be a lesson to you. Happiness has to be earned and respected. Rewards must never be taken for granted".[91]

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ a b Xatchinson 1998 yil, Google Books Introduction.
  2. ^ a b Wise & Rehill 2007, p. 241.
  3. ^ a b Vries, Lloyd (July 9, 2002). "Actor Rod Steiger dies". CBS News. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2016 yil 24 aprelda. Olingan 24 aprel, 2016.
  4. ^ a b v French, Phillip (July 14, 2002). "Steiger brought a sense of pain, guilt and authenticity to his characters". Guardian. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2015 yil 28 sentyabrda. Olingan 14 iyul, 2015.
  5. ^ a b v d e "Rod Steiger". Daily Telegraph. 19 iyul 2002 yil. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2007 yil 9-noyabrda. Olingan 23 iyul, 2015.
  6. ^ Xatchinson 1998 yil, p. 25.
  7. ^ Xatchinson 1998 yil, p. 26.
  8. ^ a b "Private Screenings Rod Steiger". Tyorner klassik filmlari. 2014 yil 2-may. Olingan 31 iyul, 2015.
  9. ^ "Rod Steiger explains his mother's alcoholism". Ottava fuqarosi. 1985 yil 14 fevral. Olingan 23 iyul, 2015.
  10. ^ a b Xatchinson 1998 yil, p. 27.
  11. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m n "Rod Steiger Interview by Matias A. Bombal". MAB Archives. 2000 yil oktyabr. Olingan 24 iyul, 2015.
  12. ^ Xatchinson 1998 yil, p. 32.
  13. ^ Bey & Bey 2007, p. 11.
  14. ^ Fantle va Jonson 2009 yil, p. 141.
  15. ^ Robe 1986, p. 250.
  16. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m n Sallivan, Kris (2011 yil 20-noyabr). "Hech qachon qahramoningizni uchratmang. Agar u Rod Shtayger bo'lmasa". Sabotage Times. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2015 yil 24 iyuldagi. Olingan 23 iyul, 2015.
  17. ^ a b v d Wise & Rehill 2007, p. 242.
  18. ^ Xatchinson 1998 yil, p. 33.
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