Richard Berton - Richard Burton
Richard Berton | |
|---|---|
 Berton ichkariga Xalat (1953) | |
| Tug'ilgan | Richard Valter Jenkins Jr. 1925 yil 10-noyabr Pontridifen, Glamorgan, Uels |
| O'ldi | 1984 yil 5-avgust (58 yoshda) Seligny, Shveytsariya |
| Kasb | Aktyor |
| Faol yillar | 1943–1984 |
| Turmush o'rtoqlar | (m. 1975; div 1976) |
| Hamkor (lar) | Yugoslaviya malikasi Yelizaveta (1974)[1] |
| Bolalar | 3, shu jumladan Keyt Berton |
| Harbiy martaba | |
| Sadoqat |  Birlashgan Qirollik |
| Xizmat / |  Qirollik havo kuchlari |
| Xizmat qilgan yillari | 1944–1947 |
Richard Berton, CBE (/ˈb.rteng/; tug'ilgan Richard Valter Jenkins Jr.; 1925 yil 10-noyabr - 1984 yil 5-avgust) a Uelscha aktyor.[2] Uning uchun qayd etilgan yumshoq baritonli ovoz,[3][4] Berton o'zini dahshatli odam sifatida ko'rsatdi Shekspir aktyori 1950-yillarda va u a Hamletning unutilmas ijrosi 1964 yilda u "tabiiy voris" deb nomlangan Olivier "tanqidchi tomonidan va dramaturgiya Kennet Tynan. Achchiq ichuvchi,[4] Bertonning taxminlariga ko'ra, bu umidlarni bajara olmadi[5] ba'zi tanqidchilar va hamkasblarning hafsalasini pir qildi va uning iste'dodini behuda sarflagan buyuk ijrochi sifatida uning obraziga qo'shdi;[4][6] u baribir u o'zining avlodining eng taniqli aktyorlaridan biri sifatida tan olingan.[7]
Berton nomzodiga nomzod bo'lgan Akademiya mukofoti etti marta, lekin hech qachon Oskar yutmagan. U oluvchi edi BAFTA, Oltin globus va Toni mukofotlari "Eng yaxshi aktyor" uchun. 1960-yillarning o'rtalarida Berton eng yaxshi kassa yulduzlari qatoriga ko'tarildi.[8] 1960-yillarning oxiriga kelib, Berton dunyodagi eng ko'p maosh oladigan aktyorlardan biri bo'lib, 1 million dollar va undan ortiq miqdordagi gonorarlarni hamda plyus tushumining bir qismini oladi.[9] Berton jamoat ongida ikkinchi rafiqasi, aktrisa bilan chambarchas bog'liq bo'lib qoldi Elizabeth Teylor. Er-xotinning notinch munosabatlari kamdan-kam yangiliklardan xabardor emas edi.[10]
Hayotning boshlang'ich davri
Bolalik
Berton Richard Valter Jenkins Jr.-dan 1925 yil 10-noyabrda Dan-y-bont 2-uyda joylashgan uyda tug'ilgan. Pontridifen, Glamorgan, Uels.[11][12] U Richard Valter Jenkins-ning (1876-1957) va Edit Mod Jenkinning (qarindoshi Tomas; 1883-1927) Welsh tilida so'zlashadigan oilada tug'ilgan o'n uch farzandning o'n ikkinchisi edi.[13] Jenkins Sr., oilasi Daddy Ni deb atagan, ko'mir qazib olgan, onasi esa Miner Arms deb nomlangan pabda barmaid bo'lib ishlagan, bu er ham u bilan uchrashgan va eriga uylangan.[14] Biografning so'zlariga ko'ra Melvin Bragg, Richard Dada Ni "kuniga o'n ikki pint odam" bo'lgan, ba'zida bir necha hafta davomida ichkilikbozlik va qimor o'yinlarida qatnashgan va "u menga juda o'xshardi", deb aytgan.[15] U onasini "juda kuchli ayol" va "sochlari oqlangan va yuzi chiroyli dindor ruh" ekanligini esladi.[16]
Richard onasi 31-oktabrda, oilaning o'n uchinchi farzandi Grem tug'ilganidan olti kun o'tgach vafot etganida, ikki yoshda edi.[12] Editning o'limi natijasi edi tug'ruqdan keyingi infektsiyalar; Richard bu "gigienaga beparvolik" tufayli sodir bo'lgan deb hisoblaydi.[17] Biografning so'zlariga ko'ra Maykl Munn, Edit "juda toza edi", ammo ko'mir konlaridan changga tushishi uning o'limiga olib keldi.[18] Edit vafotidan so'ng, Richardning katta singlisi Sesiliya, u "Sis" deb erkalab murojaat qilgan va uning eri Elfed Jeyms, shuningdek, konchi, uni o'z qaramog'iga oldi. Richard Cis, Elfed va ularning ikki qizi Marian va Rianon bilan Caradoc ko'chasidagi 73-uydagi uchta xonali terasli kottejda, Taibax, a shahar atrofi tuman in Port Talbot, uni Bragg "qattiq temir shahar" deb ta'riflaydi, Ingliz tilida so'zlashuvchi, maydalash va maydalash ".[19][20]
Richard Cisga butun umri davomida abadiy minnatdorchilik va mehr bilan munosabatda bo'lib, keyinchalik shunday dedi: "Onam vafot etganda u, mening singlim mening onamga aylandi va men uchun har qanday onadan ko'ra ko'proq ona bo'ldi ... Men ... u bilan nihoyatda faxrlanar edi ... u o'z boshidan boshqa barcha fojialarni his qildi ". Dadam Ni vaqti-vaqti bilan voyaga etgan qizlarining uylariga tashrif buyurar, ammo u yo'q edi.[21] Richardning dastlabki hayotidagi yana bir muhim ko'rsatkich uning 19 yosh katta bo'lgan ukasi Ifor edi. Konchi va regbi ittifoqi o'yinchi, Ifor "uy xo'jaliklarini maqolning qattiq qo'li bilan boshqargan". U yosh Richardda regbiga bo'lgan ishtiyoqni tarbiyalash uchun ham javobgar edi.[22] Richard kriket, tennis va stol tennisi bilan ham shug'ullangan bo'lsa-da, biograf Bragg regbi ittifoqi futbolini uning eng katta qiziqishi deb ta'kidlaydi. Ragbi bo'yicha Richard "u erda Uelsda o'ynagan bo'lar edi" dedi Kardiff qurol parki Hamletdan ko'ra Old Vic ".[23] Welsh regbi uyushma markazi, Bleddin Uilyams Richard "o'yinchi sifatida alohida imkoniyatlarga ega edi" deb ishongan.[24]
Besh yoshdan sakkiz yoshgacha Richard Richardda o'qigan Sharqiy boshlang'ich maktabi u sakkiz yoshdan o'n ikki yoshgacha bo'lgan o'sha maktabning Boys segmentida qatnashgan.[25][26] U 1937 yil mart oyida Port Talbot o'rta maktabiga kirish uchun stipendiya imtihonini topshirdi va uni topshirdi.[27] Biograf Xollis Alpert Daddi Ni ham, Ifor ham Richardning ta'limini "eng muhim ahamiyatga ega" deb hisoblashgan va uni uni Oksford universiteti.[28] Richard o'rta maktabga borgan oilasining birinchi a'zosi bo'ldi.[29] U bolaligidan ajoyib nutq va qo'shiq ovozini namoyish etdi, hatto g'olib chiqdi eisteddfod a sifatida mukofot bola soprano.[25] Port Talbot o'rta maktabida ishlagan davrida,[a] Richard shuningdek, ingliz tili va she'rlarini o'qishga juda katta qiziqish bildirdi Uels adabiyoti.[26][30] U cho'ntak pullarini xabarlar chopish, ot go'ngi tashish va gazeta etkazib berish orqali ishladi.[31]
Filipp Berton yillari
Richard Eisteddfod mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi va uning muvaffaqiyatini takrorlamoqchi bo'ldi. U Sirni kuylashni tanladi Artur Sallivan Biograf Alpert "qiyin kompozitsiya" deb o'ylagan "Orfey o'zining lutasi bilan" (1866). U maktab ustasidan yordam so'radi, Filipp Berton,[b] ammo mashg'ulotlar paytida uning ovozi yorilib ketdi. Ushbu voqea uning Filipp bilan aloqalarini boshlagan.[33] Keyinchalik Filipp shunday deb esladi: "Uning ovozini boshlash qiyin edi, lekin doimiy mashg'ulotlar bilan u juda chiroyli bo'lib qoldi".[34] Richard o'zining teatrga birinchi qadamini irland dramaturgining maktabida yaratilishida kichik rol o'ynadi Jorj Bernard Shou "s Olma savat. U 1941 yil oxirigacha maktabni tark etishga qaror qildi va Elfed kasalligi sababli yaramaganligi sababli konchi sifatida ishlashga qaror qildi. U mahalliy urush davrida ishlagan Kooperativ qo'mita, kupon evaziga materiallarni tarqatish. Shuningdek, u bir vaqtning o'zida o'z kelajagi uchun boshqa kasblarni, shu jumladan boks, din va qo'shiqchilikni ko'rib chiqdi. Aynan shu davrda Richard voyaga etmaganiga qaramay chekishni va ichkilikni boshladi.[35]
Filipp Berton o'zining 1992 yilgi tarjimai holida Richard va Filipp: Burtonlar: Xotiralar kitobi.[36]
U Port Talbot otryadining 499 qismiga qo'shilganda Havo tayyorlash korpusi qismi Qirollik havo kuchlari (RAF) kursant sifatida u eskadron komandiri bo'lgan Filipp bilan yana uchrashdi. Shuningdek, u Meredit Jons tomonidan tashkil etilgan yoshlar drama guruhi - Taibach yoshlar markaziga qo'shildi[c] va po'lat ishchisi va unga aktyorlik asoslarini o'rgatgan havaskor havaskor Leo Lloyd boshchiligida. Richard an rolini o'ynadi qochgan mahkum Lloydning o'yinida, Yepiskopning shamdonlari, bo'limini moslashtirish Viktor Gyugo "s Les Misérables. Butun o'yinda hech qanday dialoglar bo'lmagan, ammo Alpert Richard "o'z rolini taqlid qilganini" ta'kidlagan.[37] Filipp unga radiosining hujjatli filmida / o'yinining moslashuvida ishtirok etdi BBC radiosi, Helmda yoshlar (1942).[38][39] Richardning iste'dodini ko'rib, Jons ham, Filipp ham uni 1942 yil 5 oktyabrda maktabga qayta qabul qilishdi.[40][d] Filipp maktabdagi mavzularda o'z zaryadini qizg'in o'rgatdi, shuningdek, yoshlarning aktyorlik ovozini, shu jumladan tashqi proektsiyasini yaxshilaydigan tashqi ovozli mashqlarni rivojlantirishda ishladi.[42] Richard bu tajribani hayotidagi "eng mehnatsevar va og'riqli davr" deb atadi.[43] Filipp Richardni "hamma maqsadlar uchun o'g'lim. Men unga sodiq edim",[41] keyinchalik Berton Filip haqida yozganida, "Men unga hamma narsadan qarzdorman".[39]
1943 yilning kuzida Filipp Richardni asrab olishni rejalashtirgan edi, ammo u bunga erisha olmadi, chunki u 20 kunlik yoshida, qamoqxonasidan 21 yosh katta bo'lishi kerak edi, bu qonuniy talab. Natijada, Richard Filippning yuridik shaxsiga aylandi palata va o'z familiyasini Filippning o'z familiyasi bilan "Richard Burton" ga o'zgartirdi dalolatnoma bo'yicha so'rovnoma, Richardning otasi buni qabul qildi.[39][44] 1943 yilda Richard Maktab sertifikatlari imtihonidan ustun bo'lganidan keyin universitetga o'qishga kirishga haqli edi. Filipp Richarddan o'qishni iltimos qildi Exeter kolleji, Oksford faol xizmatdan oldin malakali kursantlar uchun RAF tomonidan taklif qilingan olti oylik stipendiya dasturining bir qismi sifatida.[45]
Karyera
Dastlabki martaba va RAFdagi xizmat (1943–1947)
1943 yilda Berton Filipp rejissyorlik qilgan yana bir Shou spektaklidagi maktabda professor Genri Xigginsni o'ynadi, Pigmalion. Bu rol unga maqbul baholarni oldi va dramaturgning e'tiborini tortdi, Emlin Uilyams, Bertonga o'z o'yinida bosh qahramonning katta ukasi Glanning kichik rolini taklif qildi Druidning dam olishi.[46] O'yin debyutda Qirollik sudi teatri, Liverpul 1943 yil 22-noyabrda va keyinchalik premerasi bo'lib o'tdi Sent-Martin teatri, 1944 yil yanvarda Londonda. Berton bu rolni "hech narsaga yaramaydi" deb o'ylardi va u "deyarli deyarli gapirmasdi". Ushbu rolni ijro etgani uchun unga haftasiga o'n funt to'lashdi (2019 yilda 444 funtga teng), bu "konchilar olganidan uch baravar ko'p" edi.[47] Alpertning ta'kidlashicha, spektaklda tanqidiy tanqidlar to'plangan, ammo Jeyms Redfern Yangi shtat arbobi Bertonning o'yinidan xabardor bo'lib, shunday deb yozgan edi: "Baxtli qismda Richard Berton ajoyib qobiliyatini namoyish etdi". Berton Redfernning bitta jumlasi uning hayotini o'zgartirganini ta'kidladi.[48]
Exeter kollejida ishlagan davrida Berton "jinsiy aloqada bo'lgan murakkab puritan" sifatida tanilgan Angelo ichida Oksford universiteti dramatik jamiyati 1944 yilda ishlab chiqarilgan Uilyam Shekspir "s O'lchov uchun o'lchov.[e] O'yinni Bertonning ingliz adabiyoti professori, Nevill Kogill va kollejda tomoshabinlar ishtirokida ijro etildi West End teatri kabi yorituvchilar Jon Gielgud, Terens Rattigan va Binkie Bomont. Bertonning ijrosida, o'rtoq aktyor va do'st, Robert Xardi "U tinglovchilarga bu jimjitlik bilan to'liq buyruq bergan paytlar bo'lgan. Va skripka singari va polni silkitadigan bass bilan kuylaydigan ovoz" deb esladi. Gielgud Bertonning faoliyatini va Bertonning ishini yaxshi biladigan Bomontni yuqori baholadi Druidning dam olishi, agar u hali ham kasb sifatida faoliyat yuritishni xohlasa, RAFdagi xizmatini tugatgandan so'ng "uni qidirib topishni" taklif qildi.[50]
1944 yil oxirida Berton Oksforddagi Exeter kollejida olti oylik stipendiyasini muvaffaqiyatli yakunladi va bo'lib o'tgan RAF tasniflash imtihonlariga bordi. Torquay uchuvchi sifatida o'qitish. U ko'rish qobiliyati pastroq bo'lganligi sababli uchuvchilar mashg'ulotlariga diskvalifikatsiya qilindi va navigator stajyori sifatida tasniflandi.[51] U uch yil davomida RAFda navigator bo'lib xizmat qildi,[52] davomida topshiriqni bajardi 1-darajali samolyotsoz a Uiltshir asoslangan RAF kasalxonasi.[53] Bu davrda Bertonning ichish va chekish odatlari ko'paygan; u aktrisa bilan qisqa muddatli ishda qatnashgan Eleanor Summerfield.[54][f] Berton tomonidan bombardimon zobitining ishonilmagan va noma'lum rolida suratga olingan BBC uchinchi dasturi ning 1946 yilgi radio moslashuvida Qavs ichida, an doston ning Birinchi jahon urushi tomonidan Devid Jons.[55][57][g] Berton 1947 yil 16-dekabrda RAF safidan bo'shatilgan.[52]
Ravishda ko'taring va filmdagi debyut (1948–1951)
1948 yilda Berton London bilan bog'lanish uchun ko'chib o'tdi H. M. Tennent Ltd., u erda yana Bomont bilan uchrashdi, u uni yiliga 500 funt (haftasiga 10 funt) bilan shartnoma tuzdi.[61] Dafna javdar, H. M. Tennent Ltd kompaniyasining kasting direktori, uyining yuqori qavatidagi Bertonga xonalarni taklif qildi Pelham yarim oyi, London uning yashash joyi sifatida.[62][63] Javdar Bertonni yosh zobit sifatida kichik rolga, janob Xiksga qo'shib qo'ydi Anna qal'asi (1948), boshlangan drama Irlandiya.[64]
Aktyorlar jamoasi va ekipaj a'zolari bilan gastrol paytida Vinyard Braun "s Qorong'i yoz, Burtonni filmi uchun ekran sinovi uchun Emlin Uilyams chaqirdi, Dolvinning so'nggi kunlari (1949).[65] Berton Uilyams Uilyam uchun maxsus yozgan Garet roli uchun ekran sinovini o'tkazdi va keyinchalik Uilyams unga bir satrni keltirgan telegrammani yuborganida tanlandi. Makkajo'xori yashil rangga ega - "Siz stipendiyani yutdingiz." Bu Bertonni o'zining asosiy filmidagi debyutini olib borishiga olib keldi.[65] Filmni suratga olish 1948 yilning yozida va kuz oyining boshlarida bo'lib o'tdi. Aynan shu filmning suratga olish joylarida Uerton Uilyams tomonidan tanishtirildi. Sybil Uilyams u 1949 yil 5 fevralda Kensington shahridagi ro'yxatga olish idorasida turmushga chiqdi.[66] Dolvinning so'nggi kunlari odatda ijobiy tanqidiy sharhlarga ochildi. Bertonni "aktyorlik olovi, odamga xos muomalasi va tashqi qiyofasi" uchun maqtashgan[67] va kino tanqidchisi Filipp frantsuzcha ning The Guardian buni "ta'sirchan kino debyuti" deb atadi.[68] Sybilga uylangandan so'ng, Berton o'zining yangi manziliga ko'chib o'tdi 6 Lyndhurst Road, Xempstid NW3, u erda 1949 yildan 1956 yilgacha yashagan.[69]
Berton o'z ijrosi uchun olgan mulohazalaridan mamnun Dolvinning so'nggi kunlari, filmning hammuallifi Aleksandr Korda unga haftasiga 100 funt sterling miqdorida shartnoma taklif qildi va u imzoladi. Shartnoma Korda-ga Bertonni boshqa kompaniyalar tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan filmlarga qarz berish imkoniyatini berdi.[70] 1940-yillarning oxiri va 50-yillarning boshlarida Berton turli ingliz filmlarida kichik qismlarda rol o'ynagan Endi Barabbalar (1949) bilan Richard Grin va Ketlin Xarrison, Ismsiz ayol (1950) qarama-qarshi Filis Kalvert, Sohil bo'yi (1950) Harrison bilan; u gazeta muharriri ayg'oqchisi Robert Xemmond kabi katta qismga ega edi Yashil o'sish (1951) bilan birga Blekmanni hurmat qiling.[71] Uning ishlashi Endi Barabbalar tanqidchilarning ijobiy fikrlarini oldi. C. A. Lejeun ning Kuzatuvchi Bertonda "hozirgi paytda Britaniya kinoindustriasi juda zarur bo'lgan etakchi odamning barcha fazilatlari bor edi: yoshlik, tashqi ko'rinish, fotogenik yuz, aniq ogohlik va minimal shov-shuv bilan maksimal kuch sarflash hiyla-nayranglari".[72] Uchun Ismsiz ayol, dan tanqidchi The New York Times Berton Norvegiyalik aviator Nik Chamerd rolida "shunchaki etarli" deb o'yladi.[71][73] Biograf Bragg Bertonning faoliyati uchun sharhlarni Sohil bo'yi "yomon emas" edi va bu ham Yashil o'sish edi a kassa bombasi.[72]
Gielgud Bertonning aktyorligi haqida.[74]
Rye Richardni direktorga tavsiya qildi Piter Glenvill qismi uchun Gefestiya haqida Rattiganning o'yinida Buyuk Aleksandr, Sarguzashtlar tarixi, 1949 yilda. O'yin Glenvill tomonidan boshqarilgan va o'sha paytdagi yangi aktyor rolini ijro etgan Pol Skofild titulli belgi sifatida. Ammo Glenvill uni rad etdi, chunki u Burtonning Skofild bilan taqqoslaganda juda past ekanligini his qildi.[75][h] Rye yana yordamga Bertonni rol ijro etish uchun ko'rikdan o'tkazishga yuborib keldi Xonim kuyish uchun emas, tomonidan ijro etilgan Kristofer Fray va Gielgud tomonidan boshqarilgan. Bosh rollarni Gielgudning o'zi ijro etgan va Pamela Braun, Berton esa o'sha paytlarda unchalik noma'lum bo'lgan aktrisa bilan birga Richard rolida yordamchi rol o'ynagan Kler Blyum.[76][77] Gielgud dastlab Bertonni tanlash borasida shubhali edi va undan keyingi kunida takroriy auditoriyani takrorlash uchun qaytib kelishini so'radi. Berton ushbu rolni ikkinchi marta sinovdan o'tkazganida rol oldi. Ushbu qism uchun unga haftasiga 15 funt to'lashardi, bu Bomont unga to'laganidan besh baravar ko'p edi.[78][men] Qismni olgandan so'ng, Uilyamning yordami bilan ish haqini haftasiga 10 funtdan 30 funtgacha oshirishga majbur qildi, bundan tashqari Korda unga 100 funt to'ladi; Bomont uni ko'p ishontirgandan keyin qabul qildi.[80] Blyum Bertonning tabiiy harakat uslubiga qoyil qoldi va "u shunchaki" ekanligini ta'kidlab, "U taniqli yulduz edi, u o'zi so'roq qilmagan haqiqat" deb aytdi.[81]
Spektakl ochildi Globus teatri 1949 yil may oyida va Londonda bir yil davomida muvaffaqiyatli yurgan.[82] Yozuvchi va jurnalist Samanta Ellis ning The Guardian, o'yinni sharhida fikr tanqidchilari Bertonni uning roli uchun "eng haqiqiy" deb topdilar.[83] Gielgud o'yinni olib bordi Broadway da ochilgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarida Royale teatri 8 noyabr 1950 yil. Teatr tanqidchisi Bruks Atkinson spektakllarni yuqori baholadi va asarning "aql-idrok va skeptikaning qattiq porlashi" ni yuqori baholadi, shu bilan birga Frayni "dahoga tegish" bilan beparvo deb ta'rifladi.[84][85] O'yin Broadway-da 1951 yil 17 martgacha davom etdi va filmni oldi Nyu-York drama tanqidchilari davri uchun mukofot Eng yaxshi xorijiy pyesa 1951 yil[86] Berton uni oldi Teatr olami mukofoti uning ijrosi uchun, uning birinchi katta mukofoti.[77][87]
Berton Frayning yana ikkita pyesasida qatnashdi - Aravali bola va Feniks juda tez-tez. Birinchisi ochilgan Lirik teatr, Hammersmith 1950 yil fevral oyida, ikkinchisi Dolphin teatrida namoyish etilgan bo'lsa, Brayton keyingi oy.[88] Gielgud, u ham boshqargan Aravali bola, Bertonning ushbu spektakldagi roli u ko'rgan "eng chiroyli spektakllardan biri" ekanligini aytdi.[89] Bir oy davomida, Entoni Kvayl, yosh aktyor sifatida yulduzcha qidirib topgan Shahzoda Hal uning moslashuvida Genri IV, I qism va Genri IV, 2-qism ning bir qismi sifatida Shekspir yodgorlik teatri Buyuk Britaniya Festivali uchun mavsum, spektaklni tomosha qilish uchun keldi va Bertonni ko'rishi bilanoq, u odamini topdi va partiyalarni ijro etishga rozi bo'ldi.[90] Ikkala spektakl 1951 yilda Shekspir yodgorlik teatrida ochilgan Stratford-on-Evon turli xil sharhlarga, ammo Berton shahzoda Xel roli uchun maqtovga sazovor bo'ldi va ko'plab tanqidchilar uni "keyingi" deb nomladilar Lorens Olivier ".[91] Teatr tanqidchisi va dramaturg Kennet Tynan uning namoyishi haqida shunday dedi: "Uning shahzoda Xolni o'ynashi, u gapira boshlashi bilanoq qiziqish uyg'otgan spekülasyonlara aylandi; birinchi tanaffusda mahalliy tanqidchilar qabulxonalarda juda yaxshi turishdi."[92] U ham maqtovga sazovor bo'ldi Xemfri Bogart va uning rafiqasi Loren Bakall ikkalasi ham o'yinni ko'rgandan keyin. Keyinchalik Bakall u haqida shunday dedi: "U shunchaki ajoyib edi [...] Boji uni yaxshi ko'rardi. Biz hammamiz shunday qildik".[92] Berton o'zining muvaffaqiyatini o'zining birinchi mashinasini sotib olish bilan nishonladi, a O'n to'rtta standart uchish, deb nomlangan pabda Bogart bilan ichishdan zavqlanishdi Nopok o'rdak.[93] Filipp ham o'z palatasi taraqqiyotidan mamnun bo'lib, o'zini "mag'rur, kamtar va xudoning sirli yo'llaridan hayratda" his qilayotganidan xursand edi.[94]
Berton o'z chiqishlarini davom ettirdi Genri V titulli belgi sifatida va o'ynadi Ferdinand yilda Tempest Shekspir yodgorlik teatri mavsumining bir qismi sifatida. Ikkala rol ham tanqidchilar tomonidan katta qiziqish bilan kutib olinmadi, chunki sharhlovchi "unga dyuym etishmadi" deb aytgan edi, chunki Genri V. Olivier Bertonni o'zi ham xuddi shu rol uchun bir xil tanqidchining sharhini olganiga javoban himoya qildi.[95] Uning 1951 yildagi so'nggi o'yini Orphée ismli musiqachi sifatida bo'lgan Jan Anouilh "s Eurydice qarama-qarshi Doroti Makgayr va boshqa uelslik aktyor Xyu Griffit. Asar asari qayta nomlangan Sevishganlar haqida afsona, ichida ochilgan Plimut teatri, Nyu-York shahri va atigi bir hafta yugurdi, ammo tanqidchilar Bob Frensis bilan birga Bertonga yaxshi munosabatda bo'lishdi Billboard jurnali uni "o'zini qiynoqqa solgan yosh akkordeonchi sifatida juda zo'r" deb topdi.[96][97]
Gollivud va Old Vik (1952–1954)
Berton 1952 yilda bosh rollarni ijro etish bilan boshlagan Noel Uillman ning bosh rolida Emmanuel Robles sarguzasht Montserrat8-aprel kuni Lyric Hammersmith-da ochilgan. O'yin atigi olti hafta davom etdi, ammo Berton yana bir bor tanqidchilarning maqtoviga sazovor bo'ldi. Braggning so'zlariga ko'ra, spektaklni tomosha qilgan ba'zi tanqidchilar uni shu paytgacha Bertonning "eng ishonchli roli" deb hisoblashgan.[98] Tynan Bertonning kapitan Montserrat rolini yuqori baholadi va uning "bu juda uzoq vaqt davom etadigan xafagarchilik ekspozitsiyasidan ko'proq narsa deb o'ylaganingizda hayratlanarli darajada" o'ynaganini ta'kidladi.[99]
Berton Gollivudga kinorejissyor tavsiyasi bilan muvaffaqiyatli o'tdi Jorj Kukor[j] unga bosh rolni berishganda Gotik romantik film, Mening amakivachcham Rohila (1952) qarama-qarshi Olivia de Havilland. Darril F. Zanuk, hammuassisi 20th Century Fox, Korda bilan Bertonni kompaniyaga uchta film uchun qarz berish, shuningdek Bertonga jami $ 150,000 (har bir film uchun $ 50,000) to'lash bo'yicha shartnoma tuzdi.[102] Filmni suratga olish paytida De Havilland Berton bilan yaxshi munosabatda bo'lmadi, uni "qo'pol taneli jozibasi va iqtidori to'liq rivojlanmagan, qo'pol taneli xatti-harakatlariga ega bo'lgan qo'pol donali odam [sicBertonning do'stlaridan biri buni Berton unga yoqimli deb topolmaganligi haqida unga so'zlar aytishi bilan bog'liq deb biladi.[103][k] Filmni suratga olish paytida Bertonga rol o'ynashni taklif qilishdi Mark Antoniy yilda Yuliy Tsezar (1953) ishlab chiqarish kompaniyasi tomonidan, Metro Goldvin Mayer (MGM), ammo Berton jadvaldagi ziddiyatlarning oldini olish uchun uni rad etdi.[104] Keyinchalik rol o'ynadi Marlon Brando buning uchun u a BAFTA mukofoti eng yaxshi xorijiy aktyor uchun va an Akademiya mukofoti uchun nomzod Eng yaxshi aktyor.[104][105][106] 1951 yilga asoslangan shu nomdagi roman tomonidan Dafne du Maurier, Mening amakivachcham Rohila boy amakivachchasi boyligini meros qilib olish uchun xotini tomonidan o'ldirilgan, lekin uning shubhalariga qaramay, uni sevib qolishi bilan gumon qilgan kishi haqida.[107] Filmga chiqqandan so'ng, kassada yaxshi pul ishlagan,[108] va Bertonning ijrosi asosan juda yaxshi baholandi.[100] Bosley Crowther uchun yozish The New York Times, Bertonning hissiy ko'rsatkichlarini yuqori baholadi va uni "eng ko'p olib keluvchi" deb ta'rifladi; u uni "Miss du Maurier ertagining eng zo'r qahramoni" deb atagan.[109] The Los Anjeles Daily News sharhlovchining ta'kidlashicha, "yosh Berton o'zini katta salohiyatli aktyor sifatida ko'rsatadigan shiddatli ijro bilan ro'yxatdan o'tadi". Aksincha, dan tanqidchi Los Anjeles imtihonchisi Bertonni "dahshatli, dahshatli tvid" deb etiketlagan.[100] Film Bertonga sazovor bo'ldi Yilning yangi yulduzi - aktyor uchun "Oltin globus" mukofoti va uning birinchi Oskar mukofoti nominatsiyasi Eng yaxshi ikkinchi darajali aktyor toifasi.[110][111]
1953 yil Bertonning faoliyatida muhim burilish yasadi.[112] U Gollivudga bir vaqtning o'zida keldi studiya tizimi kurashayotgan edi. Televizorning kuchayishi tomoshabinlarni uzoqlashtirdi va studiyalar tomoshabinlarni kinoteatrlarga qaytarish uchun yangi yulduzlar va kino texnologiyalariga e'tibor berishdi.[113] U birinchi bo'lib paydo bo'ldi urush filmi Cho'l kalamushlari bilan Jeyms Meyson Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida Shimoliy Afrika kampaniyasida ingliz kapitanining rolini o'ynab feldmarshal, Ervin Rommel, Mason tomonidan tasvirlangan. Londondagi tanqidchilar tomonidan film umuman yaxshi baholarga sazovor bo'ldi, ammo ular Britaniyaning kampaniyadagi hissasi minimallashtirilganidan shikoyat qildilar.[114] Tanqidchi Turli xillik Jurnal Bertonni "a'lo" deb o'ylardi The New York Times sharhlovchining ta'kidlashicha, uning "qahramonning elektr tasviri" filmni "oddiy, kavalerning kechirimidan ko'ra ko'proq" ko'rinishga olib kelgan.[115][116] Berton va Sybil Meyson va uning rafiqasi bilan yaxshi do'st bo'lishdi Pamela Meyson va 1955 yil iyun oyida o'ynash uchun Burton Buyuk Britaniyaga uyiga qaytib kelguniga qadar ularning qarorgohida turdi Shahzoda Hamlet Old Vic 1953-54 mavsumining bir qismi sifatida.[117] Bu karerasida birinchi marta bu rolni egallashi kerak edi.[88]
Bertonning yilning ikkinchi va so'nggi filmi Injil doston tarixiy drama, Xalat, birinchi bo'lib suratga olingan kinofilm ekanligi bilan ajralib turadi CinemaScope.[118][l] U o'rnini egalladi Tyrone Power, aslida u aslzoda, ammo tanazzulga uchragan rimlik Marcellus Gallio rolida suratga olingan harbiy tribuna xochga mixlangan Rim askarlari otryadiga qo'mondonlik qilgan Iso Masih. Xochga mixlanishning dahshatli tushlari uni ta'qib qilib, oxir-oqibat u o'z konvertatsiyasiga olib keladi. Marselning yunon quli Demetrius (o'ynagan Viktor etuk ) uni ruhiy o'qituvchi sifatida boshqaradi va uning rafiqasi Diana (o'ynagan) Jan Simmons ) uning etakchiligiga ergashadi. Kabi Bibliya eposlari uchun tendentsiya belgilandi Ben-Xur (1959).[112] Asoslangan Lloyd C. Duglas ' 1942 tarixiy roman shu nom bilan, Xalat chiqishi paytida yaxshi kutib olindi, ammo zamonaviy sharhlar unchalik ma'qul bo'lmagan.[120][121] Turli xillik jurnali bosh rol ijrochilarining chiqishlarini "samarali" deb atadi va Berton bilan janglar ketma-ketligini to'ldirdi Jeff Morrow.[122] Crowterher Bertonni Marcellus singari "qat'iyatli, ruhiy va qattiq" ekanligiga ishongan.[123] Jonathan Rozenbaum ning Chikago o'quvchisi deb nomlangan Xalat "taqvodor claptrap".[124] Film 5 million dollarlik byudjetga qarshi 17 million dollar ishlab olib, tijorat muvaffaqiyatiga erishdi va Berton ikkinchi eng yaxshi aktyor nominatsiyasini oldi 26-chi Oskar mukofotlari.[106][125]
- Bertonning Elizabet Teylor haqidagi birinchi taassuroti.[126]
Muvaffaqiyatli Xalat'kassa kollektsiyalarida, Zanuk Bertonga etti yillik, etti rasmli, bir million dollarlik shartnoma taklif qildi, ammo u tasvirni tasvirga olish uchun uyga borishni rejalashtirayotganida, uni xushmuomalalik bilan rad etdi. Hamlet Old Vicda. Zanuk Bertonni shartnomani bekor qilishga majbur qilish bilan tahdid qildi, ammo Berton kamroq majburiy shartnomaga rozi bo'lganda, shuningdek, etti yil va etti million film uchun 1 million dollarlik kelishuvga erishganida, u o'z vazifasidan qaytgandan keyingina boshlanadi. Old Vicning 1953-54 yilgi mavsumi.[127][m] Hodisa yong'in kabi tarqaldi va uning Old Vic-da haftasiga 150 funt sterling miqdorida million dollarlik shartnomani imzolash to'g'risidagi qarori ham minnatdorchilik, ham ajablanib kutib olindi.[129] Bragg, Berton bu ishi bilan studiya tizimiga qarshi chiqdi, agar u o'zi uchun ishsizlik bilan baravar bo'lar edi, deb ishongan.[130] G'iybatchi Xedda Xopper Bertonning Gollivuddagi dastlabki uchta filmidagi muvaffaqiyatini "o'shandan beri eng qiziqarli muvaffaqiyat hikoyasi" deb hisobladi Gregori Pek O'n yillik shartnomalar ".[104][130]
Simmons qarorgohida bo'lib o'tgan ziyofatda Bel Air, Los-Anjeles muvaffaqiyatini nishonlash Xalat, Berton uchrashdi Elizabeth Teylor birinchi marta. O'sha paytda aktyor bilan turmush qurgan Teylor Maykl Uilding va ularning birinchi farzandidan homilador bo'lib, Bertonning "o'zini o'zi bilan to'la bo'lganligi haqidagi birinchi taassurotini esladi. Men u hech qachon gapirishni to'xtatmasligini va unga sovuq baliq ko'zini berganimni eslayman".[131] Hamlet uni dahshatga solib qo'ydi va o'ziga jalb qildi, chunki bu uning Buyuk Britaniya teatridagi ko'plab tengdoshlari, shu jumladan Gielgud va Olivye o'z zimmasiga olgan edi.[132] U bilan kelishib olayotganda u o'zining xavotirini de Havilland bilan bo'lishdi. Bogart ham unga javob qaytarishda unga osonlikcha yordam bermadi: «Men hech qachon o'ynaydigan odamni bilmaganman Hamlet kim o'lmadi, sindirdi. "[133]
Shunga qaramay, Berton "Old Vic" dagi o'ttiz to'qqiz haftalik faoliyatini mashq qilish bilan boshladi Hamlet 1953 yil iyulda Filipp bilan Hamletning xarakterini Bertonning dinamik aktyorlik uslubiga moslashtirish bo'yicha mutaxassislar murabbiyligini taqdim etdi.[134] Berton o'ynagan Blyum bilan yana uchrashdi Ofeliya.[135] Hamlet da ochilgan Majlislar zali yilda Edinburg, Shotlandiya 1953 yil sentyabr oyida Old Vic mavsumi doirasida Edinburg festivalining chekkasi.[136] Asar va Bertonning "Hamleti", umuman olganda, juda yaxshi qabul qilindi, tanqidchilar uning xarakterni "kayfiyatli, jirkanch va beparvo" deb talqin qilishini va u "tire, hujum va verve" ni ta'riflashdi.[137] Bertonning "Hamleti" yosh tomoshabinlar orasida juda mashhur edi, ular spektaklni raqamlar bilan tomosha qilish uchun kelgan, chunki u rolni u tajovuzkorona namoyish etgan. Berton ham minnatdorchilik oldi Uinston Cherchill.[138] Gielgud Bertonning Hamletidan juda ham mamnun emasdi va ikkalasi ham sahna ortida bo'lganida undan so'radilar: "Oldinga boraymi va sog'ayguncha kutib turaymi? ... ah, demoqchimanmi?" Berton maslahatni oldi va Gyelgudning ayrim xususiyatlarini keyinchalik Hamlet rolida o'ziga xos tarzda singdirdi.[139][n] Keyinchalik katta muvaffaqiyatga Rim generali shaklida erishildi Gay Marcius Koriolan yilda Coriolanus. Dastlab, Burton Koriolanusni o'ynashdan bosh tortdi, chunki u personajning kambag'allar va tushkunlikka tushganlarga bo'lgan dastlabki nafratini yoqtirmasdi. Maykl Bentall, bilan birlashishi bilan mashhur bo'lgan Tyron Gutri 1944 yilda ishlab chiqarilgan Hamlet, Bertonni uni qabul qilishga undash uchun Filippdan yordam so'radi. Filipp Bertoni aynan Koriolanning "ikkilamchi emasligi" tufayli uni hayratga soladigan xarakterga aylantirganligini tushuntirish orqali ishontirdi.[141] Berton Coriolanus uchun Hamletdan ham yaxshiroq baho oldi. Xardi Bertonning "Hamleti" ni "juda kuchli" deb o'yladi, lekin "Uning Koriolani men ko'rgan eng yaxshi narsa" deb o'ylardi. Olivye ham buni shu paytgacha ko'rgan eng buyuk Koriolan ekaniga rozi bo'ldi.[142]
Bertonning mavsumdagi boshqa rollari edi Ser Tobi Belch yilda O'n ikkinchi kecha, Kaliban yilda Tempest va Konyak Filippi yilda Shoh Jon.[143] Bertonning beshta pesasining hammasi Bentall tomonidan ishlangan; ushbu o'yinlarning uchtasida Bloom ishtirok etgan.[88] Berton bu qismga kerakli darajada bo'yanish kiritmaganligi sababli Belch "ko'ngli qolgan" deb hisoblangan bo'lsa-da, Kaliban va Filipp Konyak uchun uning sharhlari ijobiy bo'ldi.[144] Alpert, Burtonning ishtiroki bilan "Old Vic" ning 1953-54 yilgi mavsumini tijorat muvaffaqiyatiga aylantirdi.[138] Berton shoirning ashaddiy muxlisi edi Dilan Tomas bolaligidan beri. 1953 yil 9-noyabrda shoirning vafotida u u haqida esse yozdi va 1954 yilda o'zining so'nggi asarlaridan birida BBC radiosida sahna asarini ijro etishga vaqt ajratdi, Sut yog'och ostida, u erda u birinchi ovozni uelslik aktyorlar tarkibida yangradi.[145][146] Bertonni ham o'z ichiga olgan radiopastaning barcha aktyorlari o'z rollarini bepul ijro etishdi.[145] Berton spektakldagi rolini takrorladi 1972 yil filmga moslashish Teylor bilan.[71][146] Berton hikoya qilish bilan ham shug'ullangan Lindsay Anderson "s qisqa hujjatli film yilda karlar uchun qirollik maktabi haqida Margate, Payshanba kuni bolalar (1954).[147]
Filmlardagi muvaffaqiyatsizlik va sahnadagi shon-sharaf (1955-1959)
Old Vic mavsumi tugagandan so'ng, Bertonning Fox bilan tuzgan shartnomasida yana uchta film suratga olinishi kerak edi. Birinchisi O'yinchilar shahzodasi (1955), u erda 19-asr Shekspir aktyori sifatida tanlangan Edvin But, kim edi Jon Uilks But akasi. Maggi Maknamara Edvinning rafiqasi Meri Devlin Butni o'ynagan.[148] Filipp ssenariyni Berton nomiga "sharmandalik" deb o'ylagan.[149] Filmning rejissyori Filipp Dann "U hali buyuk kino yulduzlarining hiyla-nayranglarini o'zlashtirmagan edi Gari Kuper, barchasini kim bilardi. Richardning ovozli sahnadagi shaxsiy magnetizmi kameradan o'tmadi ".[150] Bu Richardni selüloid bo'yicha faoliyati davomida tashvishga solgan jihatlaridan biri edi. Film kassalarda paydo bo'ldi va o'sha paytdan beri "CinemaScope-dagi birinchi flop" deb ta'riflandi.[151] Biroq, Krouter Bertonning Shekspir singari pyesalarini ijro etgan sahnalarini maqtagan Richard III.[152]
Ozod qilinganidan ko'p o'tmay O'yinchilar shahzodasi, Berton rejissyor bilan uchrashdi Robert Rossen, o'sha paytda "Oskar" mukofotiga sazovor bo'lgan filmi bilan yaxshi tanilgan, Hamma qirol odamlari (1949). Rossen Bertonni tarkibga qo'shishni rejalashtirgan Buyuk Aleksandr (1956) eponymous belgi sifatida. Berton Rossenning taklifini, direktor uni unga o'qiganiga ishontirgandan keyin qabul qildi Makedoniya filmning tarixiy jihatdan to'g'ri ekanligiga ishonch hosil qilish uchun ikki yil davomida qirol. Bertonni Fox filmni prodyuserlik kompaniyasiga ijaraga bergan Birlashgan rassomlar, bu unga 100000 dollar (2019 yildagi 940.392 AQSh dollariga teng) miqdorida badal to'lagan. Buyuk Aleksandr asosan ichida qilingan Ispaniya 1955 yil fevral va 1955 yil iyul oylarida byudjet bo'yicha 6 mln. Film Bertonni Bloom bilan birlashtirdi va u u bilan birga suratga olgan birinchi film edi. Bloom rolini o'ynadi Barsin, qizi Frigiya Artabazos II va Aleksandrning uchta xotinidan biri. Fredrik Mart, Danielle Darrieux, Stenli Beyker, Maykl Xordern va Uilyam Skvayr navbati bilan quyilgan Makedoniyalik Filipp II, Olimpiadalar, Attalus, Demosfen va Eskinlar.[153]
Tugagandan so'ng Buyuk Aleksandr, Berton "aqlli epos" ni yaxshi kutib olishiga katta umid bog'ladi va Foxga navbatdagi topshirig'ini bajarish uchun qaytib ketdi, Jan Negulesko "s Ranchipur yomg'irlari (1955). Foksning o'zining 1939 yilgi filmining ushbu remeykida Yomg'ir yog'di, Berton a o'ynadi Hindu Doktor, Lady Edwina Esketni sevib qolgan Rama Safti (Lana Tyorner ), xayoliy Ranchipur shahrining Maharani shahridan taklif qilingan.[154] Berton Belch bilan oldingi kabi xarakterdagi rollarni ijro etish bilan bir xil muammolarga duch keldi.[155] Ranchipur yomg'irlari uch oy oldin, 1955 yil 16-dekabrda chiqarilgan Buyuk Aleksandr 1956 yil 28 martda tarqatilgan.[156][157] Bertonning kutganidan farqli o'laroq, ikkala film ham tanqidiy va tijorat maqsadlarida muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchragan va u bu filmlarda ishtirok etish qarorini qabul qilgan.[154][158] Vaqt jurnal tanqidchisi masxara qildi Ranchipur yomg'irlari va hatto Richardning filmda deyarli sezilmasligini aytishga qadar bordi.[159] A. H. Vayler ning The New York TimesBiroq, Bertonning Aleksandrni ko'rsatishini "jiddiy va shafqatsiz" deb atagan.[160]
Berton "Old Vic" ga qaytib, tomosha qildi Genri V ikkinchi marta. 1955 yil dekabrda Bentall tomonidan boshqarilgan prodyuser yorqin sharhlar uchun ochildi va Berton uchun juda zarur bo'lgan g'alaba bo'ldi.[161] Tynan buni Berton endi "Olivierening navbatdagi vorisi" deb taniqli so'zlar bilan rasmiylashtirdi.[162] Sharhlovchi The Times Bertonning 1951 yilda avvalroq ushbu obrazni ijro etishidagi kamchiliklarni ta'kidlash bilan boshladi:
Janob Bertonning aktyor sifatida o'sishi shundan iboratki, u allaqachon bir necha yil muqaddam barcha kamchiliklarni bartaraf eta oldi ... juda metall bo'lgan narsa po'lat kuchga aylandi, bu jangovar halqaga aylanib, uning yorqin yorqinligiga aylandi. vatanparvarlik oyati. Hozirda yuqori qirollik missiyasining romantik tuyg'usi va uni amalga oshirish imkoniyatlarini aniq bilish paydo bo'ladi ... butun ijro - asosan qoniqarli - tasavvurning nazorati ostida.[163]
1956 yil yanvar oyida London Evening Standard Bertonni unga taqdim etib, uni hurmat qildi Eng yaxshi aktyor uchun teatr mukofoti Genri V obrazi uchun.[164] Genri Vdagi va uning muvaffaqiyati uni "Uels sehrgarlari" deb nomlanishiga olib keldi.[165] Genri V dan keyin Bentallning moslashuvi kuzatildi Otello 1956 yil fevral oyida u rollar orasidagi ketma-ket ochilishlarni almashtirdi Otello va Iago bilan Jon Nevill. Otello sifatida Burton o'zining dinamikligi va tanqidlari uchun maqtovga sazovor bo'ldi, chunki u dialoglari bilan kamroq she'riy edi, u Iago sifatida tan olindi.[166]
Burtonning Old Vic-da bo'lish muddati unga yaqinlashganda qisqartirildi Italiyalik neorealist direktor Roberto Rossellini Fox uchun Dengiz xotini (1957), boshlangan drama Ikkinchi jahon urushi ular sayohat qilgan kema a tomonidan torpedaga tushirilgandan keyin orolda marooned rohiba va uch kishi haqida Qayiq. Joan Kollinz, rohibaning rolini o'ynagan, uning sherigi bo'lgan. Bertonning roli rohiba uchun romantik tuyg'ularni rivojlantiradigan RAF xodimi edi.[159] Rosselliniga Zanuk Berton va Kollinz o'rtasida o'pish sahnalari bo'lmasligi haqida xabar bergan, bu Rossellini g'ayritabiiy deb topgan; bu uning filmdan chiqib ketishiga va uning o'rnini ijrochi prodyuserlardan biri Bob McNaught egallashiga olib keldi.[167][168] Kollinzning so'zlariga ko'ra, Berton filmga nisbatan "pulni tortib olishga va ishga solishga" munosabatda bo'lgan.[169] Dengiz xotini biograf Munnning maoshi filmdan olingan yagona ijobiy xususiyat ekanligini kuzatgan holda muvaffaqiyatli ish emas edi.[170] Filipp buni ko'rib, Bertonning karerasida jarohat uchun yana bir haqoratni qo'shganidan "uyalayotganini" aytdi.[171]
Keyin Dengiz xotini, Berton keyinchalik Britaniya armiyasi kapitani Jim Leyt sifatida paydo bo'ldi Nikolas Rey "s Achchiq g'alaba (1957).[172] Berton Reynikiga qoyil qoldi Sababsiz isyon ko'tarish (1955) va u bilan ishlashdan juda xursand edi,[173] afsuski ijobiy fikrlarga qaramay Achchiq g'alaba shuningdek, tanked.[174][175] 1957 yil o'rtalariga kelib, Bertonda mushukchasida boshqa takliflar qolmadi. U Buyuk Britaniyaga soliqdan o'zboshimchalik bilan surgun qilinganligi sababli qaytib kela olmadi va filmdagi boyliklari kamayib borardi.[173] O'sha paytda edi film prodyuseri va ssenariy muallifi Milton Sperling Bertonga yonma-yon turishni taklif qildi Xelen Xeys va Syuzan Strasberg yilda Patrisiya Moyes "Jan Anoulih o'yinini moslashtirish, Vaqt yodda qoldi (Leocadia asl frantsuzcha versiyasida).[176] Ishni qayta boshlash uchun imkoniyatni sezgan Berton, sevib qolgan shahzoda Albert rolini bajarishga rozi bo'ldi. tegirmon Amanda (Strasberg) deb nomlangan.[173] It was on 10 September 1957, a day before he left for New York, that Sybil gave birth to their first child, Keyt Berton.[172] Vaqt yodda qoldi was well received on its opening nights at Broadway's Morosko teatri va shuningdek Milliy teatr yilda Vashington, Kolumbiya.[177][178] The play went on to have a good run of 248 performances for six months. Burton received his first Toni "Asardagi eng yaxshi aktyor" mukofoti nomination while Hayes won her second Toni "Asardagi eng yaxshi aktrisa" mukofoti for her role as Burton's mother, The Duchess of Pont-Au-Bronc.[179]
In 1958, Burton appeared with Yvonne Furneaux yilda DuPont oyining shousi 's 90-minute television adaptation of Emili Bronte klassik roman Wuthering balandliklari kabi Xitliff.[180] Rejissyor tomonidan suratga olingan film Daniel Petri,[181] aired on 9 May 1958 on CBS with Burton garnering plaudits from both the critics and Philip, who thought he was "magnificent" in it.[182][183]
Burton next featured as Jimmy Porter, "an angry young man" role, in the film version of Jon Osborne o'yin Jahl bilan orqaga qarang (1959), a gritty drama about middle-class life in the British Midlands, directed by Toni Richardson, again with Claire Bloom as co-star. Biographer Bragg observed that Jahl bilan orqaga qarang "had defined a generation, provided a watershed in Britain's view of itself and brought [Osborne] into the public prints as a controversial, dangerous figure".[184] Burton was able to identify himself with Porter, finding it "fascinating to find a man who came presumably from my sort of class, who actually could talk the way I would like to talk".[185] The film, and Burton's performance, received mixed reviews upon release.[186] Biographer Alpert noted that though reviews in the UK were favourable, those in the United States were more negative.[187] Crowther wrote of Burton: "His tirades are eloquent but tiring, his breast beatings are dramatic but dull and his occasional lapses into sadness are pathetic but endurable."[188] Geoff Endryu ning Taym-aut; turib qolish; tanaffus magazine felt Burton was too old for the part,[189] va Turli xillik reviewer thought "the role gives him little opportunity for variety".[190] Contemporary reviews of the film have been better and it has a rating of 89% on the review aggregator website Rotten Pomidor.[191] Jahl bilan orqaga qarang is now considered one of the defining films of the Britaniyaning yangi to'lqinlari cinema, a movement from the late 1950s to the late 1960s in which working-class characters became the focus of the film and conflict of ijtimoiy sinflar markaziy mavzu.[192] Jimmy Porter is also considered as one of Burton's best on-screen roles;[193] he was nominated in the Best Actor categories at the BAFTA va Oltin globus Awards but lost to Piter sotuvchilari uchun Men yaxshiman Jek (1959) va Entoni Frantsiosa uchun Karyera (1959) respectively.[194][195] Though it didn't do well commercially, Burton was proud of the effort and wrote to Philip, "I promise you that there isn't a shred of self-pity in my performance. I am for the first time ever looking forward to seeing a film in which I play."[196] Filmni suratga olish paytida Jahl bilan orqaga qarang, Burton did another play for BBC Radio, participating in two versions, one in Welsh and another in English, of Welsh poet Sonders Lyuis ' Bred, which was about the 20 iyul fitnasi. Burton voiced one of the conspirators, Tsezar von Hofacker.[197]
Broadway, Hamlet and films with Elizabeth Taylor (1960–1969)
In 1960, Burton appeared in two films for Warner Bros., neither of which were successful: Bramble Bush which reunited him with his Wuthering balandliklari director Petrie, and Vinsent Sherman ning moslashuvi Edna Ferber "s Muz saroyi.[198] Burton called the latter a "piece of shit".[187] He received a fee of $125,000 for both films.[198] Burton's next appearance was as the stammering dunyoviy, Jorj Holyoake in BBC's documentary-style television adaptation of John Osborne's A Subject of Scandal and Concern.[199][200] According to Osborne's biographer Luc Gilleman, the film garnered little attention.[201] Burton returned to the United States for the filming of Jon Frankenxaymer 's television adaptation of Ernest Xeminguey "s Beshinchi ustun. He also provided narration for 26 episodes of Mardlik yillari, an Amerika teleradiokompaniyasi (ABC) series based on Winston Churchill's memoirs.[202]
Burton made a triumphant return to the stage with Moss Xart 's 1960 Broadway production of Camelot kabi Qirol Artur.[203] The play, written by Alan Jey Lerner va Frederik Lyu, bor edi Julie Andrews fresh from her triumph in Mening adolatli xonim o'ynash Ginever va Robert Gyulet kabi Lanselot completing the love triangle.[204] Roddi McDowall played the villainous Mordred.[205] Hart first came up with the proposal to Burton after learning from Lerner about his ability to sing. Burton consulted Olivier on whether he should take the role, which came with a stipend of $4,000 a week. Olivier pointed out this salary was good and that he should accept the offer.[187] The production was troubled, with both Loewe and Hart falling ill and the pressure was building due to great expectations and huge advance sales. The show's running time was nearly five hours. Burton's intense preparation and competitive desire to succeed served him well.[206] He immediately drafted Philip, who revised the musical's script and cut its running time to three hours while also incorporating three new songs.[207] Burton was generous and supportive to everyone throughout the production and coached the understudies himself. According to Lerner, "he kept the boat from rocking, and Camelot might never have reached New York if it hadn't been for him".[206] Burton's reviews were excellent, with the critic from Vaqt magazine observing that Richard "gives Arthur the skillful and vastly appealing performance that might be expected from one of England's finest young actors".[208] Broadway theatre reviewer Valter Kerr noted Richard's syllables, "sing, the account of his wrestling the stone from the sword becomes a bravura passage of house-hushing brilliance" and complemented his duets with Andrews, finding Burton's rendition to possess "a sly and fretful and mocking accent to take care of the humor [sic] without destroying the man".[208]
However, on the whole the play initially received mixed reviews on its opening at the Majest teatri on Broadway and was slow to earn money.[208] Advance sales managed to keep Camelot running for three months until a twenty-minute extract was broadcast on Ed Sallivan shousi[o] bu yordam berdi Camelot achieve great success, and an unprecedented three-year run overall from 1960 to 1963.[209] Its success led to Burton being called "The King of Broadway", and he went on to receive the Toni mukofoti musiqiy filmning eng yaxshi aktyori.[209][210] The original soundtrack of the musical topped the Billboard charts throughout 1961 after its release at the end of 1960.[211] Jon F. Kennedi, who was then the President of the United States, reportedly enjoyed the play and invited Burton to the oq uy tashrif uchun.[212] In 1962, Burton appeared as Officer David Campbell, an RAF fighter pilot in Eng uzun kun, which included a large ensemble cast featuring: McDowall, Jorj Segal, Genri Fonda, Jon Ueyn, Mel Ferrer, Robert Mitchum, Rod Shtayger va Shon Konneri.[213][214] The same year he provided narration for the Jack Howells hujjatli Dilan Tomas. The short won the Eng yaxshi hujjatli qisqa metrajli mavzu da 35-chi Oskar mukofotlari marosim.[215][216]
Amalga oshirgandan keyin Camelot for six months, in July 1961, Burton met producer Valter Vanger who asked him to replace Stiven Boyd as Mark Antony in director Jozef L. Mankievich "s magnum opus Kleopatra.[217] Burton was paid $250,000 for four months work in the film (equivalent to $2,087,772 in 2019). The gigantic scale of the film's troubled production, Taylor's bouts of illness and fluctuating weight, Burton's off-screen relationship with the actress, (which he gave the sardonic nickname "Le Scandale") all generated enormous publicity;[218][p] Hayot magazine proclaimed it the "Most Talked About Movie Ever Made".[224] Fox's future appeared to hinge on what became the most expensive movie ever made until then, with costs reaching almost $40 million.[217] During filming, Burton met and fell in love with Elizabeth Taylor, who was then married to Eddi Fisher. According to Alpert, at their first meeting on the set while posing for their publicity photographs, Burton said, "Has anyone ever told you that you're a very pretty girl?" Taylor later recalled, "I said to myself, Oy gevalt, here's the great lover, the great wit, the great intellectual of Wales, and he comes out with a line like that."[225] Bragg contradicts Alpert by pointing out that Burton could not stand Taylor at first, calling her "Miss Tits" and opined to Mankiewicz, "I expect she shaves"; he saw her simply as another celebrity with no acting talent. All that changed when, in their first scene together, Burton was shaky and forgot his lines, and she soothed and helped him; it was at this instance, according to Taylor, that she fell for him.[226] Soon the affair began in earnest; both Fisher and Sybil were unable to bear it. While Fisher fled the sets for Gstaad, Sybil went first to Céligny and then headed off to London.[227] Olivier, shocked by Burton's affair with Taylor, cabled him: "Make up your mind, dear heart. Do you want to be a great actor or a household word?". Burton replied "Both".[228][229]
Kleopatra was finally released on 11 June 1963 with a run time of 243 minutes, to polarising reviews.[222][230][q] The Vaqt magazine critic found the film, "riddled with flaws, [lacking] style both in image and in action" and that Burton "staggers around looking ghastly and spouting irrelevance".[222][232] In a contradictory review, Crowther termed the film "generally brilliant, moving, and satisfying" and thought Burton was "exciting as the arrogant Antony".[233] Richard Brodi ning Nyu-Yorker commented positively on the chemistry between Burton and Taylor, describing it as "entrancing in the movie’s drama as it was in life".[234] Kleopatra grossed over $26 million, becoming one of the highest-grossing films of 1963.[222] It was not enough to prevent Fox from entering bankruptcy. The studio sued Burton and Taylor for allegedly damaging the film's prospects at the box office with their behaviour, but it proved unsuccessful.[235] Kleopatra was nominated for nine Academy Awards, winning for Eng yaxshi ishlab chiqarish dizayni, Eng yaxshi kostyum dizayni va Eng yaxshi vizual effektlar.[236]
The film marked the beginning of a series of collaborations with Taylor, in addition to making Burton one of the Top 10 box office draws until 1967.[237] Burton played her tycoon husband Paul Andros in Entoni Asquit "s V.I.P.lar (1963), an ansambl aktyorlari film described by Alpert as a "kind of Grand Hotel story" that was set in the VIP lounge of London Xitrou aeroporti;[238] it proved to be a box-office hit despite mixed reviews.[239] It was after V.I.P.lar that Burton became considerably more selective about his roles; he credited Taylor for this as he simply acted in films "to get rich" and she "made me see what kind of rubbish I was doing".[240] Burton divorced Sybil in April 1963 after completing V.I.P.lar while Taylor was granted divorce from Fisher on 6 March 1964.[4][241] Taylor then took a two-year hiatus from films until her next venture with Burton, Sandpiper (1965).[4][242] The super juftlik, dubbed "Liz and Dick" by the press, continued starring together in films in the mid-1960s, earning a combined $88 million over the next decade and spending $65 million.[243] Regarding their earnings, in a 1976 interview with Lester David and Jhan Robbins of Kitob, Burton stated that "they say we generate more business activity than one of the smaller African nations" and that the couple "often outspent" the Greek business tycoon Aristotel Onassis.[244]
In 1964, Burton portrayed Tomas Beket, Canterbury arxiepiskopi who was martyred by Angliyalik Genrix II, ichida filmni moslashtirish of Jean Anouilh's historical play Bket. Both Alpert and historian Aleks fon Tunzelmann noted Burton gave an effective, restrained performance, contrasting with co-actor and friend Piter O'Tul 's manic portrayal of Henry.[245][246] Burton asked the film's director, Peter Glenville, not to oust him from the project like he had done for Sarguzashtlar tarixi before accepting the role of Becket.[246][247] Yozish Christian Science Monitor, Peter Rainer labelled Burton as "extraordinary".[248] Kennet Turan ning Los Anjeles Tayms appreciated Burton's on-screen chemistry with O'Toole and thought his portrayal of Becket served as "a reminder of how fine an actor Burton was".[249] The film received twelve Oscar nominations, including Best Actor for both Burton and O'Toole; they lost to Harrison for Mening adolatli xonim (1964).[250] Burton and O'Toole also received nominations for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama at the 22-Oltin Globus mukofotlari, with O'Toole emerging victorious.[251] Burton's triumph at the box office continued with his next appearance as the defrocked clergyman Dr. T. Lawrence Shannon in Tennessi Uilyams ' Iguana kechasi (1964) directed by Jon Xuston; the film was also critically well received.[252][253] Alpert believed Burton's success was due to how well he varied his acting with the three female characters, each of whom he tries to seduce differently: Ava Gardner (the randy hotel owner), Syu Lion (the nubile American tourist), and Debora Kerr (the poor, repressed artist).[212] Muvaffaqiyat Bket va Iguana kechasi LED Vaqt magazine to term him "the new Mr. Box Office".[254]
Ishlab chiqarish jarayonida Bket, Burton went to watch Gielgud perform in the 1963 stage adaptation of Tornton Uaylder 's 1948 novel, Mart oylari. There he was confronted by Gielgud who asked what Burton planned to do as a part of the celebration of Shakespeare's quatercentenary. Burton told him he was approached by teatr prodyuseri Aleksandr H. Koen qilmoq Hamlet Nyu-York shahrida. Burton had accepted Cohen's offer under the condition that Gielgud would direct it, which he convened to him. Gielgud agreed and soon production began in January 1964 after Burton had completed his work in Bket va Iguana kechasi.[255][r] Taking into account Burton's dislike for wearing period clothing, as well as fellow actor Xarli Granvil-Barker ’s notion that the play was best approached as a "permanent rehearsal", Gielgud decided for Hamlet to be performed in a 'rehearsal' version with an incomplete set with the actors performing wearing their own clothes. Unaccustomed to this freedom, the cast found it hard to select the appropriate clothes and wore different attire day by day. After the first performance in Toronto, Gielgud decreed that the actors must wear capes as he felt it "lacked colour". In addition to being the play's director, Gielgud appeared as the Ghost of Hamlet's father.[257] According to Gielgud's biographer Jonathan Croall, Burton's basic reading of Hamlet was "a much more vigorous, extrovert" version of Gielgud's own performance in 1936.[258] Burton varied his interpretations of the character in later performances; he even tried a homosexual Hamlet.[259]
When the play debuted at the Lunt-Fontanna teatri in New York City, Burton garnered good reviews for his portrayal of a "bold and virile" Hamlet.[260] Xovard Taubman ning The New York Times called it "a performance of electrical power and sweeping virility", noting that he had never known or seen "a Hamlet of such tempestuous manliness".[261] Tanqidchi Vaqt magazine said that Burton "put his passion into Hamlet's language rather than the character. His acting is a technician's marvel. His voice has gem-cutting precision."[262] Walter Kerr felt that though Burton carried "a certain lack of feeling" in his performance, he appreciated Burton's "reverberating" vocal projections.[262] The opening night party was a lavish affair, attended by six hundred celebrities.[263] The play ran for 137 performances, beating the previous record set by Gielgud himself in 1936.[lar] The most successful aspect of the production, apart from Burton's performance, was generally considered to be Xyum Kronin ning ishlashi Polonius, winning him the only Toni mukofoti he would ever receive in a competitive category. Burton himself was nominated for his second Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play but lost to Alek Ginnes for his portrayal of the poet Dylan Thomas.[264][267] The performance was immortalised in a film that was created by recording three live performances on camera from 30 June 1964 to 1 July 1964 using a process called Electronovision;[268] it played in US theatres for a week in 1964.[269] The play was also the subject of books written by cast members Uilyam Redfild and Richard L. Sterne.[270]
Alfred Dreyk, kim o'ynadi Shoh Klavdiy, on how Burton made variations to the character of Hamlet.[271]
Burton helped Taylor make her stage debut in A Poetry Reading, a recitation of poems by the couple as well as anecdotes and quotes from the plays Burton had participated in thus far. The idea was conceived by Burton as a benefit performance for his mentor Philip, whose conservatory, the Amerika musiqiy va dramatik akademiyasi, had fallen short of funds.[272] A Poetry Reading opened at the Lunt-Fontanne on 21 June 1964 to a packed house;[273] the couple received a standing ovation at the end of their performance.[274] Burton remarked on Taylor's performance, "I didn't know she was going to be this good."[272][t]
Keyin Hamlet came to a close in August 1964, Burton and Taylor continued making films together. The first film after their marriage, Sandpiper, was poorly received but still became a commercially successful venture.[277] According to Bragg, the films they made during the mid-1960s contained a lot of innuendos that referred directly to their private lives.[278] Burton went on to star opposite Claire Bloom and Oskar Verner yilda Sovuqdan kelgan josus (1965), a Cold War espionage story about a British Intelligence agent, Alec Leamas (Burton), who is sent to East Germany on a mission to find and expose a mole working within his organisation for an East German Intelligence officer, Hans-Dieter Mundt (Piter van Eyk ). Martin Ritt, the film's director and producer, wanted Burton's character to exhibit more anonymity, which meant no display of eloquent speeches or intense emotional moments.[279][280] Bragg believed this decision worried Burton, as he had generated his reputation as an actor with those exact traits, and wondered how the film's would turn out.[281] Ritt, a non-drinker, was displeased with Burton's drinking habits as he felt it "lacked a certain discipline" and expected the same level of commitment from him as everyone else during filming.[282] In spite of their differences, Alpert notes that the film transpired well.[283] Based on the 1963 novel shu nom bilan tomonidan Jon le Carré, Sovuqdan kelgan josus garnered positive reviews,[280] with Fernando F. Croce of Eğimli jurnali describing Burton's performance as more of "tragic patsy than swashbuckler" and believed his scenes with Werner "have sharp doses of suspicion, cynicism and sadness".[284] Deyv Kehr ning Chikago o'quvchisi called the film "Grim, monotonous, and rather facile", he found Burton's role had "some honest poignancy".[285] Turli xillik thought Burton fitted "neatly into the role of the apparently burned out British agent".[286] Burton also made a brief appearance the same year in Clive Donner komediya Yangi Pussikat nima? as a man who meets the womaniser Michael James (O'Toole) in a bar.[287]
In 1966, Burton and Taylor enjoyed their greatest on-screen success in Mayk Nikols "s film versiyasi ning Edvard Albi "s qora komediya o'ynash Virjiniya Vulfdan kim qo'rqadi?,[202][288] in which a bitter erudite couple trade vicious barbs in front of their guests, Nick (George Segal) and Honey (Sendi Dennis ).[289] Burton wanted Taylor for the character of Martha "to stop everyone else from playing it".[290] He didn't want anyone else to do it as he thought it could be for Elizabeth what Hamlet was for him.[291] Burton was not the first choice for the role of George. Jek Lemmon was offered the role initially, but when he turned it down, Warner Bros. president Jek L. Uorner agreed on Burton and paid him $750,000.[292] Nichols was hired to helm the project at Taylor's request, despite having never directed a film.[293] Albee preferred Bette Devis and James Mason for Martha and George respectively, fearing that the Burtons' strong screen presence would dominate the film. Instead, it proved to be what Alpert described as "the summit of both Richard's and Elizabeth's careers".[294]
The film's script, adapted from Albee's play by Ernest Lehman, broke new ground for its raw language and harsh depiction of marriage.[295] So immersed had the Burtons become in the roles of George and Martha over the months of shooting that, after it was wrapped up, he and Taylor found it difficult not to be George and Martha, "I feel rather lost."[296] Later the couple would state that the film took its toll on their relationship, and that Taylor was "tired of playing Martha" in real life.[297] Virjiniya Vulfdan kim qo'rqadi? garnered critical acclaim, with film critic Stenli Kauffmann ning The New York Times calling it "one of the most scathingly honest American films ever made". Kaufman observed Burton to be "utterly convincing as a man with a great lake of nausea in him, on which he sails with regret and compulsive amusement", and Taylor "does the best work of her career, sustained and urgent".[298] Uning sharhida Nyu-York Daily News, Kate Cameron thought Taylor "nothing less than brilliant as the shrewish, slovenly. blasphemous, frustrated, slightly wacky, alcoholic wife" while noting that the film gave Burton "a chance to display his disciplined art in the role of the victim of a wife's vituperative tongue".[299] Biroq, Endryu Sarris ning Qishloq ovozi criticised Taylor, believing her performance "lack[ed] genuine warmth" but his review of Burton was more favourable, noting that he gave "a performance of electrifying charm".[300] Although all four actors received Academy Award nominations for their roles in the film, which received a total of thirteen nominations, only Taylor and Dennis went on to win.[301] Both Burton and Taylor won their first BAFTA Awards for Best British Actor and Best British Actress respectively; the former also for his role in Sovuqdan kelgan josus.[302]
Burton and Taylor next performed a 1966 Oksford o'yin uyi moslashish Kristofer Marlou "s Doktor Faust; the couple did the play to benefit the Oxford University Dramatic Society and as a token of Burton's gratitude to Nevill Coghill.[303] Burton starred as the titular character, Doctor Faustus while Taylor played her first stage role as Troyalik Xelen, a non-speaking part.[304] The play received negative reviews but Burton's and Taylor's performances were reviewed constructively. Irving Uordl ning The Times called it "University drama at its worst" while the American newspaper columnist Jon Krosbi, in his review for Kuzatuvchi, lauded Burton's speech where he asks God to be merciful, stating that: "It takes a great actor to deliver that speech without wringing a strangled sob of laughter out of one. But Burton did it."[305] The play nevertheless made $22,000 dollars, which Coghill was happy with.[306] Doktor Faust edi ekran uchun moslashtirilgan the following year by both Burton and Coghill, with Burton making his directorial debut. He also co-produced the film with Taylor and Coghill; it was critically panned and was a box office failure.[307] The couple's next collaboration was Franco Zeffirelli's lively version of Shekspir "s Shrewning taming (1967).[308][309] The film was a challenge for Burton, who had to chase Taylor on rooftops, noting that he was "permitted to do extreme physical things that wouldn't have been allowed with any other actress". Zeffirelli recalled that Taylor, who had no prior experience performing in a Shakespeare play, "gave the more interesting performance because she invented the part from scratch". Of Burton, the director felt he was, to an extent, "affected by his knowledge of the classics".[308] Shrewning taming also became a notable critical and commercial success.[310] He had another quick collaboration with Zeffirelli narrating the documentary, Florensiya: halokat kunlari, which was about the 1966 flood of the Arno that devastated the city of Florensiya, Italiya; the film raised $20 million for the flood relief efforts.[311] By the end of 1967, the combined box office gross of films Burton and Taylor had acted in had reached $200 million.[312] According to biographers John Cottrell and Fergus Cashin, when Burton and Taylor contemplated taking a three-month break from acting, Hollywood "almost had a nervous breakdown" as nearly half the U.S. cinema industry's income for films in theatrical distribution came from pictures starring one or both of them.[313] Later collaborations from the Burtons like Komediyachilar (1967), which was based on Grem Grin "s 1966 novel of the same name, and the Tennessee Williams adaptation Boom! (1968) were critical and commercial failures.[314]
In 1969, Burton enjoyed a commercial blockbuster with Klint Istvud in the World War II aksion film Burgutlar jur'at etadigan joy;[312] he received a $1 million fee plus a share of the film's box office gross.[315] According to his daughter Kate Burton, “He did that one for us kids, because we kept asking him, 'Can you do a fun movie that we can go see?'"[316] Eastwood thought the script "terrible" and was "all exposition and complications".[317] He asked the film's producer Elliott Kastner and its screenwriter Alister Maklin to be given less dialogue, later remarking "I just stood around firing my machine gun while Burton handled the dialogue."[317][318] Burton enjoyed working with Eastwood and said of the picture that he "did all the talking and [Eastwood] did all the killing".[318] Burton's last film of the decade, Ming kunning onasi (1969) for which he was paid $1.25 million, (equivalent to $8,714,837 in 2019)[319] was commercially successful but garnered mixed opinions from reviewers.[320][321] Noted British film critic Tom Milne ning Taym-aut; turib qolish; tanaffus magazine believed that Burton "plays throughout on a monotonous note of bluff ferocity".[322] Aksincha, Vinsent Kanbi ning The New York Times appreciated Burton's portrayal of the English monarch, noting that he "is in excellent form and voice—funny, loutish and sometimes wise".[323] Ming kunning onasi received ten nominations at the 42-chi Oskar mukofotlari, including one for Burton's performance as Angliyalik Genrix VIII, which many thought to be largely the result of an expensive advertising campaign by Universal studiyalar.[324][325] Xuddi shu yili, Zinapoya in which he and his "Cleopatra" co-star Rex Harrison appeared as a bickering homosexual couple, received negative reviews and was unsuccessful.[326][327]
Later career and final years (1970–1984)
In 1970, on his 45th birthday, Burton was ceremonially honoured with a CBE at Buckingham Palace; Taylor and Cis were present during the ceremony. He attributed not having a knighthood to changing his residence from London to Céligny to escape taxes.[328] From the 1970s, after his completion of Ming kunning onasi, Burton began to work in mediocre films, which hurt his career.[202] This was partly due to the Burtons' extravagant spending, his increasing addiction to alcohol, and his claim that he could not "find any worthy material that is pertinent to our times".[202][328] He recognised his financial need to work, and understood in the Yangi Gollivud era of cinema, neither he nor Taylor would be paid as well as at the height of their stardom.[329] Some of the films he made during this period include: Moviy soqol (1972), Hammersmith chiqib ketdi (1972), Battle of Sutjeska (film) (1973), Klansman (1974) va Exorcist II: Bid'atchi (1977).[71] His last film with Taylor was the two-part melodrama Uning ajrashishi, ajrashishi (1973).[180] He did enjoy one major critical success in the 1970s with film versiyasi of his stage hit Teng,[330] g'olib Oltin globus mukofoti as well as garnering an Academy Award nomination.[331][332] Public sentiment towards his perennial frustration at not winning an Oscar made many pundits consider him the favourite to finally win the award, but he lost to Richard Dreyfuss yilda Xayr qiz.[333]
In 1976, Burton received a Grammy mukofoti toifasida Bolalar uchun eng yaxshi yozuv for his narration of Kichkina shahzoda tomonidan Antuan de Sent-Ekzuperi.[334] His narration of Jeff Ueynning "Dunyolar urushi" ning musiqiy versiyasi became such a necessary part of the concept album that a hologram of Burton was used to narrate the live stage show (touring in 2006, 2007, 2009 and 2010) of the musical.[335] In 2011, however, Liam Nison was cast in the part for a "New Generation" re-recording, and replaced Burton as the hologram character in the stage show.[336]
Burton had an international box-office hit with Yovvoyi g'ozlar (1978), an adventure tale about mercenaries in Africa. The film was a success in Europe but had only limited distribution in the United States owing to the qulash of the studio that distributed it.[337] U filmlarga qaytdi The Medusa Touch (1978), Circle of Two (1980), and the title role in Vagner (1983).[338] His last film performance as O'Brayen yilda O'n to'qqiz sakson to'rt (1984) was critically acclaimed though he was not the first choice for the role. Film rejissyorining so'zlariga ko'ra, Maykl Radford, Paul Scofield was originally contracted to play the part, but had to withdraw due to a broken leg; Sean Connery, Marlon Brando and Rod Steiger were all approached before Burton was cast. He had "heard stories" about Burton's heavy drinking, which had concerned the producers.[339]
At the time of his death, Burton was preparing to film Yovvoyi g'ozlar II, davomi Yovvoyi g'ozlar, which was eventually released in 1985. Burton was to reprise the role of Colonel Faulkner, while Laurence Olivier was cast as Rudolf Xess. After his death, Burton was replaced by Edvard Foks, and the character changed to Faulkner's younger brother.[340][341]
Shaxsiy hayot
Burton was married five times, twice consecutively to Taylor.[342] From 1949 until 1963, he was married to Sybil Williams, with whom he had two daughters, Kate (born 1957) and Jessica Burton (born 1959).[198] His marriages to Taylor lasted from 15 March 1964 to 26 June 1974 and from 10 October 1975 to 29 July 1976. Their first wedding was at the Ritz-Carlton mehmonxonasi Monrealda.[343] Of their marriage, Taylor proclaimed, "I'm so happy you can't believe it. This marriage will last forever."[344] Their second wedding took place sixteen months after their divorce, in Chobe milliy bog'i Botsvanada. Taylor and Eddie Fisher adopted a daughter from Germany, Maria Burton (born 1 August 1961), who was re-adopted by Burton after he and Taylor married. Burton also re-adopted Taylor and producer Mayk Todd 's daughter, Elizabeth Frances "Liza" Todd (born 6 August 1957), who had been first adopted by Fisher.[241][345]
The relationship Burton and Taylor portrayed in the film Virjiniya Vulfdan kim qo'rqadi? was popularly likened to their real-life marriage.[iqtibos kerak ] Burton disagreed with others about Taylor's famed beauty, saying that calling her "the most beautiful woman in the world is absolute nonsense. She has wonderful eyes, but she has a ikki iyak and an overdeveloped chest, and she's rather short in the leg."[346] In August 1976, a month after his second divorce from Taylor, Burton married model Suzy Miller, the former wife of Formula 1 Champion Jeyms Xant;[347] the marriage ended in divorce in 1982. From 1983 until his death in 1984, Burton was married to make-up artist Sally Hay.
In 1957, Burton had earned at total of £82,000 from O'yinchilar shahzodasi, Ranchipur yomg'irlari va Buyuk Aleksandr, but only managed to keep £6,000 for personal expenses due to taxation regulations imposed by the then-ruling Konservativ partiya. As a result, he consulted with his lawyer, Aaron Frosch, who suggested he move to Shveytsariya where the tax payment was comparatively less. Burton acceded to Frosch's suggestion and moved with Sybil in January 1957 to Seligny, Switzerland where he purchased a villa.[348] In response to criticism from the British government, Burton remarked: "I believe that everyone should pay them —except actors."[173] Burton lived there until his death.[349] In 1968, Burton's elder brother, Ifor, slipped and fell, breaking his neck, after a lengthy drinking session with Burton in Céligny. The injury left him paralysed from the neck down. His younger brother Graham Jenkins opined it may have been guilt over this that caused Burton to start drinking very heavily, particularly after Ifor died in 1972.[350]
In a February 1975 interview with his friend David Lewin he said he "tried" homosexuality. He also suggested that perhaps all actors were latent homosexuals, and "we cover it up with ichish ".[351] 2000 yilda, Ellis Amburn 's biography of Elizabeth Taylor suggested that Burton had an affair with Olivier and tried to seduce Eddie Fisher, although this was strongly denied by Burton's younger brother Graham Jenkins.[352]
Burton was a heavy chekuvchi. In a December 1977 interview with Sir Lyudovik Kennedi, Berton kuniga 60-100 dona sigaret chekayotganini tan oldi.[353] Uning ukasining so'zlariga ko'ra, Grem Jenkinsning 1988 yilgi kitobida aytilgan Richard Berton: Mening akam, u kuniga kamida yuz sigaret chekdi.[354] Uning otasi, shuningdek, ichkilikboz bo'lgan, o'g'lining iste'dodi, yutuqlari va obro'sini tan olishdan bosh tortgan.[355] O'z navbatida, Berton katta yoshdagi Berton vafot etganidan keyin otasining dafn marosimida qatnashishdan bosh tortdi miya qon ketishi 1957 yil yanvar oyida 81 yoshida.[356]
Shaxsiy qarashlar
1974 yil noyabrda, Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida Uinston Cherchill va boshqa hokimiyatdagi aql-idrokiga shubha ostiga qo'ygan ikkita gazeta maqolasini yozgani uchun Bertonga BBC prodyuserlaridan doimiy ravishda taqiq qo'yildi - Berton Yaponiyadagi barcha yaponlarni yo'q qilishga va'da bergani uchun ularni "jirkanch" tarzda yomon ko'rgani haqida xabar berdi. sayyora.[357] Ushbu maqolalarning nashr etilishi Cherchillning yuz yilligi bo'lgan vaqtga to'g'ri keldi va Berton uni yaxshi ma'noda o'ynaganidan keyin paydo bo'ldi. Taqdir bilan yurish, Cherchilllar oilasining katta yordami bilan.[iqtibos kerak ] Siyosiy jihatdan Berton umrbod yashagan sotsialistik, garchi u hech qachon yaqin do'sti Stenli Beyker kabi siyosat bilan qattiq shug'ullanmagan. U demokrat senatorga qoyil qoldi Robert F. Kennedi[iqtibos kerak ] va bir marta u bilan sonnet-iqtiboslar tanloviga qatnashdi.[358] 1973 yilda Berton o'ynashga rozi bo'ldi Iosip Broz Tito u Yugoslaviya etakchisiga qoyil qolgani uchun film biografiyasida. Filmni suratga olish paytida Yugoslaviya u o'zini jamoat oldida a kommunistik u "kapitalistlardan farqli o'laroq, men boshqa odamlarni ekspluatatsiya qilmayman", chunki filmlar uchun katta miqdordagi pul topish va chap qanot qarashlari o'rtasida hech qanday ziddiyat yo'qligini aytdi.[359]
1976 yilda Berton nomaqbul maqola yozganida, u yana tortishuvlarga duch keldi Kuzatuvchi yaqinda vafot etgan do'sti va uelslik tspian Stenli Beyker haqida zotiljam 48 yoshida; maqola Beykerning bevasini, uning erini madaniyatsiz ayol xayolparasti sifatida tasvirlashi bilan xafa qildi.[360]
Melvin Bragg, uning eslatmalarida Richard Berton: Hayot, deydi Burton Laurens Olivierga 1970 yilda o'z filmini suratga olish rejalarini (bajarilmagan) aytgan Makbet Bu Olivierga mablag 'topa olmaganligi sababli zarar etkazishini bilgan holda, Elizabeth Teylor bilan o'zining sevimli film versiyasi o'n yildan ko'proq vaqt oldin.
Berton o'zining diniy qarashlariga binoan ateist bo'lgan va shunday deb aytgan edi: "Qani endi men qandaydir Xudoga ishonsam edi, lekin ishonmayman".[361]
Berton aktyor va dramaturgga qoyil qolgan va ilhomlangan Emlin Uilyams. U o'g'lini ish bilan ta'minladi, Bruk Uilyams, uning shaxsiy yordamchisi va maslahatchisi sifatida va unga Berton bosh rollarni o'ynagan ba'zi filmlarda kichik rollar berilgan.[362]
Sog'liqni saqlash muammolari
Xabar berishlaricha, Berton alkogol ichgan, 1974 yilda u haddan tashqari ichkilikdan vafot etgan. Biograf Robert Sellersning so'zlariga ko'ra, "70-yillarning o'rtalarida u ichkilikbozlik avjiga chiqqan paytda u kuniga 3-4 dona qattiq shisha ichimlikni taqillatgan".[363]
Otish paytida o'zini o'ldirib o'ldirishga yaqin bo'lganidan keyin Klansman (1974), Berton quritilgan da Seynt Jonning sog'liqni saqlash markazi yilda Santa-Monika, Kaliforniya. Aytishlaricha, Berton filmni suratga olayotganda mo''tabar bo'lgan va uning ko'p sahnalari tik turolmagani uchun u bilan o'tirgan yoki yotgan holda suratga olinishi kerak edi. Ba'zi sahnalarda u so'zlarini xiralashgan yoki nomuvofiq gapiradigan ko'rinadi.[364] Keyinchalik Berton filmni suratga olishni eslay olmasligini aytdi. Kostar O. J. Simpson "U harakat qilolmaydigan paytlar bo'lar edi" dedi.[365]
Kundaliklariga ko'ra, Berton foydalangan Antabuse u Teylor bilan nikohini buzganlikda ayblagan ortiqcha spirtli ichimliklarni iste'mol qilishni to'xtatish uchun. Bertonning o'zi yaqinda hayotdan ko'z yumish arafasida turgan vaqt haqida shunday degan edi: "Meni besh yil adolatli o'ldirishdi. Men u erda bo'lganman John Barrymore va Robert Nyuton. Ularning arvohlari mening yelkamga qarab turishardi ".[6] Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, u "sahnadan tashqariga chiqqanda paydo bo'ladigan tekislik, eskirgan, bo'sh va zerikarli o'limni yoqish uchun" tasalli berish uchun shishaga murojaat qilgan.[363] 1988 yil Melvin Bragg tomonidan yozilgan biografiyada Bertonni butun hayoti davomida qiynagan ko'plab sog'liq muammolari batafsil tavsiflangan. Yoshligida Burton yulduzli sportchi bo'lgan va o'zining sport qobiliyati va kuchi bilan tanilgan.[366]
41 yoshga kelib, u shu paytgacha sog'lig'i yomonlashgan edi, chunki uning tan olishicha uning qo'llari ingichka va zaif edi. U azob chekdi bursit, ehtimol noto'g'ri davolanish tufayli og'irlashishi mumkin, artrit, dermatit, siroz jigar va buyrak kasalliklari, shuningdek, qirq yoshlar o'rtalarida rivojlanib borishi aniq mo''tadil. Spirtli ichimliklarni iste'mol qilganligi sababli, bu qancha bo'lganini, Bertonning so'zlariga ko'ra, Berton davolanishni istamaganligi sababli aniqlash mumkin emas. alkogolizm. 1974 yilda Berton klinikada olti hafta davomida uchta shishani ichgan davrini tiklash uchun yotgan aroq bir kun. U ham edi chekuvchi, uning kattalar hayotining ko'p qismi uchun kuniga uchdan beshta paketgacha bo'lgan iste'mol. Sog'liqni saqlash muammolari uni 58 yoshida vafot etguniga qadar qiynashda davom etdi.
O'lim
Berton 58 yoshida vafot etdi miya ichi qon ketishi 1984 yil 5-avgustda Shveytsariyaning Seligny shahridagi uyida, keyinchalik u dafn etilgan.[4] Garchi uning o'limi to'satdan bo'lsa-da, uning sog'lig'i bir necha yillardan beri yomonlashib bormoqda va u doimiy va qattiq bo'yin og'rig'idan azob chekdi. 1970 yil mart oyidayoq unga jigar kattalashganligi to'g'risida ogohlantirish berilgan va unga tashxis qo'yilgan siroz va buyrak kasalligi 1981 yil aprelda. Berton Dylan Tomasning she'rlari nusxasi bilan dafn etilgan.[367] U va Teylor birgalikda dafn qilishni muhokama qilishgan; uning bevasi Sally Bertonning yonidagi uchastkani sotib olib, Teylorning o'sha erda ko'milishini oldini olish uchun, ikkalasining ustiga katta tosh toshini o'rnatdi.[iqtibos kerak ]
Berton 4,58 million AQSh dollarlik ko'chmas mulkni tark etdi. Uning mol-mulkining asosiy qismini ko'chmas mulk, uchta mamlakatga sarmoyalar va san'at asarlari tashkil etdi. Uning mol-mulkining asosiy qismi beva ayolga vasiyat qilingan.[368]
Hurmat
Kinoteatrga qo'shgan hissasi uchun Berton vafotidan keyin filmga qo'shildi Gollivudning Shon-sharaf xiyoboni 2013 yilda a kinofilmlar yulduzi 6336 da joylashgan Gollivud bulvari.[369] Teatrga qo'shgan hissasi uchun Berton filmga qo'shildi Teatr shon-sharaf zali.[370]
Filmografiya, boshqa ishlar va mukofotlar
Mukofot nominatsiyalari asosida tanlangan asarlar
Izohlar
- ^ Hozir Diffrin maktabi.[26]
- ^ Filipp Port Talbot o'rta maktabida arifmetikadan va ingliz tilidan dars berdi, shuningdek, maktab uchun spektakllar o'tkazdi.[32]
- ^ Jons Richardning O'rta maktabga kirish uchun stipendiya sinovidan o'tishiga yordam bergan.[25]
- ^ Elfed Richardni maktabga qaytishiga qarshi edi, chunki uni yuborishga qodir emasdilar. Richard qasos qilib, u endi qaytib kelmasligini aytib, uydan chiqib ketdi. U 1942 yildan 1943 yilgacha Filippda bir yil qoldi.[41]
- ^ Dastlab, Burton "namoyish etish va o'qish orqali Coghillni hayratga solganidan keyin Anjeloning talabasi sifatida joylashtirilgan.Bo'lish yoki bo'lmaslik " yakkaxon dan Uilyam Shekspir "s Hamlet. Anjeloning rolini o'ynashi kerak bo'lgan RAF xodimi yana faol xizmatga chaqirildi va bu rol uchun Berton tanlandi. Filipp Burtonga Anjeloni qanday o'ynash haqida maslahat xatlari yuborgan va mashg'ulotlarni nazorat qilish uchun Londonga kelgan.[49]
- ^ Burton Summerfield bilan Emlin Uilyamsning ikkita versiyasida ishlagan, Makkajo'xori yashil rangga ega uchun BBC.[53] Birinchisi, 1945 yil 27 yanvarda efirga uzatilgan radio moslashuv, boshqasi televizion moslashtirish edi BBC televideniesi Filmning premyerasi 1946 yil 15 sentyabrda bo'lib o'tdi. Berton va Summerfild ikkala versiyada ham mos ravishda Morgan Evans va Bessi Uotti rollarini ijro etishdi.[55][56] Biograf Alpertning so'zlariga ko'ra, Summerfield-ning ota-onasi Bertonga "mahalliy pabda" va uning Summerfield bilan tushgan fotosuratini ko'rsatganda uni ma'qullamagan. Filipp ham, Bertonni teatrda yo'l olayotganda xotini bilan og'irlashishini istamadi [sic ]".[52]
- ^ Berton 1948 yildagi radio prodyuserda Xususiy Tomas ismli boshqa rol uchun o'z ovozini berdi Qavs ichida tomonidan Duglas Kliverdon.[58][59]
- ^ Dastlab Glenvill Bertonga ushbu rolni sahnada yolg'iz o'zi tanlanganidan keyin topshirgan. Skofild bilan sahnani mashq qilar ekan, Glenvill Bertonni "jismonan noto'g'ri" deb topdi va u iste'dodi tufayli uni rad qilmadi.[75]
- ^ Braggning yozishicha, Frining o'zi aralashgan va Gielgudni o'yinda Bertonni o'ynashga ishontirgan. Gielgudning ta'kidlashicha, u kasting jarayonini yakunlash uchun «shoshilayotgani» uchun Berton qanday tanlanganini yaxshi eslamagan. Gielgud Bertonni "juda hayratlanarli" deb topdi va u juda "orzu qilingan shahzoda" edi.[79]
- ^ Jorj Kukor dastlab film prodyuseri va ssenariy muallifi tomonidan tayinlangan Nunnally Jonson rahbarlik qilmoq Mening amakivachcham Rohila, ammo film ssenariysi bo'yicha Jonson bilan fikrlarning xilma-xilligi sababli tark etdi.[100] Genri Koster uning o'rniga tayinlangan.[101]
- ^ Biograf Alpert De Havilland Bertonni ham to'ldirganini eslatib, uning "kichkintoyning fazilati bilan uyg'unligi" haqida gapirib berdi.[103]
- ^ Filmni CinemaScope-da suratga olish to'g'risida qaror Fox tomonidan javob sifatida qabul qilingan Cinerama, 1952 yilda film bilan taqdim etilgan yana bir keng ekranli jarayon, Bu kinerama.[119]
- ^ Alpert shartnomaning amal qilish muddatini o'n yillik va o'nta rasm sifatida eslatib o'tadi, shuningdek, uning miqdori 1 million dollarni tashkil qiladi.[128]
- ^ Gielgudning tarjimai holi Jonatan Krool Gielgudning noroziligiga, Bertonning Hamlet obrazini "Gielgudga ongsiz ravishda taqlid qilish" degan so'zlari sabab bo'lishi mumkin.[140]
- ^ Sallivan Lerner va Liv bilan intervyu olishni xohlar edi, vaqtni to'liq sarflashni va'da qildi Camelot bunga rozi bo'lishdi.[208]
- ^ Dastlab film boshqarilishi kerak edi Arman amerikalik kinorejissyor Rouben Mamoulian. Asosiy fotosurat 1960 yilda Londonda boshlangan, ammo keng tarqalgan ob-havo sharoiti tufayli bir necha marta to'xtatilishi kerak edi.[219] Elizabeth Teylor Angliya iqlimiga moslasha olmaslik uning doimiy kasal bo'lib qolishiga olib keldi va ishlab chiqarishni yanada kechiktirdi.[219] 1961 yil mart oyida u o'limga olib keladigan ish bilan shug'ullangan zotiljam, bu talab qilingan traxeotomiya bajarilishi kerak. Tuzalgandan keyin Fox ishlab chiqarishni Rimga ko'chirdi.[220] Mamulian ishdan bo'shatildi va Jozef L. Mankievich Teylorning talabiga binoan yollangan.[221][222] Stiven Boyd va Piter Finch, kim o'ynadi Mark Antoniy va Yuliy Tsezar o'z navbatida kutilayotgan boshqa loyihalarda konsentratsiya qilishdan bosh tortdilar. Ikkilik o'rnini Berton va egalladi Reks Xarrison.[220] Filmni suratga olish 1962 yil iyul oyida nihoyasiga yetdi.[223]
- ^ Dastlab film olti soat davom etgan va Mankievich filmni ikki qismga, ikkalasi ham uch soatga chiqarishni o'ylagan. Zanuk bu fikrni rad etdi va filmni o'zi to'rt soatga qisqartirish orqali montaj qildi. Alpertning ta'kidlashicha, Zanuk filmni qanchalik tahrir qilgan bo'lsa, Bertonning ekrani shunchalik kamayib ketgan. Berton va Teylor Mankievichni qo'llab-quvvatladilar, avvalgi rejissyor "birinchi yaxshi epik filmni yaratgan bo'lishi mumkin" degan edi. Mankievic Bertonning sahnalarini tahrirlash to'g'risida "U ajoyib ijro etdi, uning aksariyati hech qachon ko'rinmaydi".[231]
- ^ O'Tulning Berton qanday ishlashga kelganligi haqidagi versiyasi Hamlet Gielgud davrida biroz boshqacha edi, ammo Alpertning so'zlariga ko'ra ziddiyatli emas. Uning versiyasida u va Berton ikkalasi ham Hamletni Londonda yoki Nyu-Yorkda Gielgud va Olivye boshchiligida o'ynashni qaror qilishgan, rejissyor va joylashishni tanlash uchun ikkita tanga tashlangan. Birinchi zarbani Berton qo'lga kiritdi va Gielgud va Nyu-York shahrini tanladi, O'Tul esa Olivye va Londonni tanlab, ikkinchi to'pni yutdi.[256]
- ^ Esa Playbill jurnal 137 ta spektakllar sonini,[264] Croall, 138 tomoshada davom etganini aytadi.[265] Alpert va Bragg buni mos ravishda 136 va 134 deb ta'kidlashadi.[266]
- ^ Ular o'qigan ba'zi she'rlar metafizik shoir Endryu Marvell "Uning qo'pol xo'jayiniga ", T. S. Eliot "Xonimning portreti "," Ilon "tomonidan yozilgan D. H. Lourens va Tomas Xardi satira "Xaroba xizmatkor ".[275] Berton, shuningdek, yakka o'zi ijro etdi Sent-Krispin kuni ma'ruzasi qismi Genri V. Er-xotin o'qishlarini yakunladilar 23-Zabur, Teylor ingliz tilida, Berton esa Welsh tilida qiroat qilmoqda.[276]
Adabiyotlar
- ^ [1]
- ^ Nekrolog Turli xillik, 1984 yil 8-avgust
- ^ Klark, Jerald (1984 yil 20-avgust). "Shou-biznes: tartibsizlikning ko'payadigan shahzodasi". Time jurnali. 124 (8). Olingan 30 sentyabr 2013.
- ^ a b v d e f Mourin, Dovd (1984 yil 6-avgust). "58 yoshli Richard Berton - o'lik; Rakish sahnasi va ekran yulduzi". The New York Times. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2016 yil 30 aprelda. Olingan 30 aprel 2016.
- ^ Kalfatovich, Meri C. (2005). Amerika milliy biografiyasi: 2-qo'shimcha. Nyu-York, NY: Oksford universiteti matbuoti. p. 64. ISBN 978-0195222029.
- ^ a b Sellers, Robert (2009). Hellraisers: Richard Berton, Richard Xarris, Piter O'Tul va Oliver Ridning hayoti va minganlik davri.. Nyu-York, NY: Tomas Dunne kitoblari. p.145. ISBN 978-0312553999.
- ^ Lesli Brill (1997 yil 13 oktyabr). Jon Xyustonning film ijodi. Kembrij universiteti matbuoti. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-521-58670-2.
- ^ "Kviglining eng yaxshi o'nta kassa chempioni (1932-xozirgacha)". Toni Barns jurnali. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2013 yil 3 oktyabrda. Olingan 29 sentyabr 2013.
- ^ "Richard Berton (I) uchun biografiya". Internet-filmlar uchun ma'lumotlar bazasi. Olingan 29 sentyabr 2013.
- ^ "Richard Burton: Hayot, 1957-1970". Richard Burtonning rasmiy veb-sayti. 2012 yil. Olingan 20 may 2014.
- ^ Bragg 1988 yil, 6-8 betlar.
- ^ a b "Pontridifen". Richard Burton muzeyi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 14 aprelda. Olingan 14 aprel 2016.
- ^ Bragg 1988 yil, 6-7 betlar; Parish 2011 yil, p. 26; Jedlicka 2011 yil, p. 83.
- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, p. 23; Bragg 1988 yil, p. 5.
- ^ Bragg 1988 yil, p. 3.
- ^ Bragg 1988 yil, p. 3; Munn 2014, p. 12.
- ^ Bragg 1988 yil, p. 7.
- ^ Munn 2014, p. 15.
- ^ Bragg 1988 yil, 7, 10, 11 betlar; Munn 2014, p. 15.
- ^ "Richard Bertonning shaxsiy buyumlari to'plami". Richard Burton muzeyi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 15 aprelda. Olingan 15 aprel 2016.
- ^ Bragg 1988 yil, 7, 10-betlar.
- ^ Bragg 1988 yil, 12-13, 17-betlar; Jenkins va Rojers 1993 yil, p. 7.
- ^ Bragg 1988 yil, p. 17.
- ^ Bragg 1988 yil, p. 18.
- ^ a b v Alpert 1986 yil, p. 26.
- ^ a b v "Richard Berton izlari" (PDF). visitnpt.co.uk. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2016 yil 15 aprelda. Olingan 15 aprel 2016.
- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, p. 26; Bragg 1988 yil, p. 17-18.
- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, 24-25 betlar.
- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, 24-26 bet.
- ^ Bragg 1988 yil, p. 21.
- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, p. 25.
- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, 27-28 betlar.
- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, p. 27.
- ^ Bragg 1988 yil, p. 37.
- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, 29-30 betlar.
- ^ Bragg 1988 yil, p. 33; Berton 1992 yil, p. 184.
- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, p. 30-31; Bragg 1988 yil, p. 40; Munn 2014, p. 26.
- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, p. 30.
- ^ a b v Jenkins, Grem (1995 yil 11 fevral). "Obituar: Filipp Berton". Mustaqil. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2016 yil 16 aprelda. Olingan 16 aprel 2016.
- ^ Ferris 1981 yil, p. 42; Alpert 1986 yil, 31-32 betlar.
- ^ a b Alpert 1986 yil, p. 34.
- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, p. 32; Bragg 1988 yil, p. 38.
- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, p. 32.
- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, p. 35; Bragg 1988 yil, p. 41.
- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, p. 35; Munn 2014, p. 41.
- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, 35-37 betlar.
- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, 38-39 betlar.
- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, p. 39; Bragg 1988 yil, p. 44.
- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, p. 40; Bragg 1988 yil, p. 50.
- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, 40-41 betlar; Bragg 1988 yil, 50-51 betlar.
- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, p. 41; Bragg 1988 yil, p. 51.
- ^ a b v Alpert 1986 yil, 44-bet.
- ^ a b Alpert 1986 yil, 43-bet.
- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, 41-43 betlar.
- ^ a b "Richard Berton BBC radio va televidenie yozuvlari". Richard Burton muzeyi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 17 aprelda. Olingan 17 aprel 2016.
- ^ "BBC televizion ro'yxatlari - 1946 yil 15 sentyabr". BBC Genom. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2016 yil 17 aprelda. Olingan 17 aprel 2016.
- ^ "BBC televizion ro'yxatlari - 1946 yil 26-dekabr". BBC Genom. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2016 yil 17 aprelda. Olingan 17 aprel 2016.
- ^ "BBC televizion ro'yxatlari - 1948 yil 11-noyabr". BBC Genom. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2016 yil 17 aprelda. Olingan 17 aprel 2016.
- ^ "BBC televizion ro'yxatlari - 1948 yil 30-noyabr". BBC Genom. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2016 yil 17 aprelda. Olingan 17 aprel 2016.
- ^ Richard Berton BBC Uels intervyu 1977 yil [2]
- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, p. 45; Bragg 1988 yil, p. 56; Munn 2014, p. 51.
- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, p. 45.
- ^ Xollis Alpert, BURTON, 45-bet [3]
- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, p. 45; Bragg 1988 yil, p. Ilovalar: Teatr.
- ^ a b Bragg 1988 yil, p. 63.
- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, 46-48 betlar.
- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, p. 49.
- ^ Frantsuz, Filipp (2013 yil 24-fevral). "Dolvinning so'nggi kunlari". The Guardian. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2016 yil 17 aprelda. Olingan 17 aprel 2016.
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- ^ Munn 2014, p. 258.
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- ^ Gussov, Mel (2011 yil 23 mart). "Elizabet Teylor, umr bo'yi ekran yulduzi, 79 yoshida vafot etdi". The New York Times. Olingan 23 mart 2011.
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- ^ Alpert 1986 yil, 75, 77-betlar; Bragg 1988 yil, 106, 112-betlar.
- ^ Kerradis, Fil (2014 yil 5-avgust). "Richard Bertonning o'limi". BBC. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2017 yil 8 yanvarda. Olingan 8 yanvar 2017.
- ^ Bragg 1988 yil, 257–258, 411-betlar.
- ^ Ferris 1981 yil, 249-250 betlar; Bragg 1988 yil, p. 258.
- ^ "Bertonning gey bo'lganiga da'vo qilayotgan g'azab". BBC. 10 aprel 2000 yil. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2017 yil 8 yanvarda. Olingan 31 avgust 2009.
- ^ "Richard Burton 1977 yilgi intervyu". YouTube. 2013 yil 5-noyabr. Olingan 3 iyul 2017.
- ^ Jenkins, Grem (1988). Richard Burton, mening akam. Jozef. p. 197. ISBN 0718130103. Olingan 24 oktyabr 2018.
- ^ "Richard Berton". dilshod.co.uk.
- ^ "Richard Berton". everything2.com.
- ^ Munn, Maykl, Richard Burton: futbolchilar shahzodasi, Skyhorse Publishing Inc., 2008. Qarang: 214-bet Bertonning diatibi va Uinston Cherchillda.
- ^ Xotorn, Meri. "Hamma haqiqiy sevgi o'lishi kerak: Richard Bertonning kundaliklari". Nyu-Yorker. Kond Nast. Olingan 21 avgust 2014.
- ^ Ferris, Pol Richard Berton (1981).[sahifa kerak ]
- ^ [4]Melvin Bragg, Boy: Richard Bertonning hayoti, 1988, ISBN 978-1-4447-5846-7
- ^ Richard Burton (2012). Kris Uilyams (tahrir). Richard Bertonning kundaliklari. Yel universiteti matbuoti. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-300-19231-5. Olingan 30 sentyabr 2013.
Qandaydir bir Xudoga ishonishni istardim, lekin ishonmayman.
- ^ Bruk Uilyams obituariyasi. Mustaqil. 11 iyun 2005 yil. 2011 yil 5 martda olindi.
- ^ a b Reyner, Jon. "Do'zaxni dramatik Richard Burton uslubida ko'tarish". Milliy jamoat radiosi. Olingan 29 sentyabr 2013.
- ^ Lents, Robert J. (2000). Li Marvin: Uning filmlari va karyerasi. McFarland. p. 148. ISBN 0-7864-2606-3.
- ^ Keyxill, Tim (1977 yil 8 sentyabr). "O.J. Simpson: mavsum uchun odam". Rolling Stone.
- ^ Bragg 1988 yil, p. Kitobning muqovasi.
- ^ "Berton dafn qilindi". Vashington Post. Olingan 26 noyabr 2018.
Tobut Uelsning milliy ramzi bo'lgan ajdar shaklidagi qizil va oq gullar bilan bezatilgan. Uelslik dramaturg Emlin Uilyamsning o'g'li Bertonning xudojo'yi Bruk Uilyams Tomasning she'rlarini o'qidi va shoir asarlaridan iborat kitobni tobutga qo'ydi.
- ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1984/11/19/world/richard-burton-left-a-4.5-million-estate.html
- ^ "Richard Berton - Gollivudning Shon-sharaf xiyoboni". walkoffame.com. Olingan 1 may 2016.
- ^ "Broadway's Best". The New York Times. 5 mart 1985 yil.
Bibliografiya
- Bertonning asarlari
- Berton, Richard (1964). Rojdestvo tarixi. Uilyam Morrou.
- Burton, Richard (2012). Uilyams, Kris (tahrir). Richard Bertonning kundaliklari. Yel universiteti matbuoti. ISBN 9780300192315.
- Asosiy ishlar
- Alpert, Xollis (1986). Berton. Nyu-York shahri: G. P. Putnamning o'g'illari. ISBN 978-0-399-13093-9.
- Bragg, Melvin (1988). Richard Berton: Hayot. Boston: Kichkina, jigarrang va kompaniya. ISBN 978-0-316-10595-8.
- Kottrel, Jon; Kashin, Fergus (1971). Richard Burton, juda yaqin. Yuqori Egar daryosi, Nyu-Jersi: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-780908-0.
- Ferris, Pol (1981). Richard Berton. Nyu-York shahri: Qo'rqoq, Makkenn va Geoghegan. ISBN 978-0-698-11106-6.
- Munn, Maykl (2014 yil 20 mart). Richard Berton: O'yinchilar shahzodasi. London: Aurum Press. ISBN 978-1-78131-373-2.
- Ikkinchi darajali ishlar
- Babula, Uilyam (1981). Shekspir 1935-1978 yillarda ishlab chiqarilgan: tanlangan katalog. London: Garland fani. ISBN 978-0-824-09814-8.
- Berton, Alan; Chibnall, Stiv (2013 yil 11-iyul). Britaniya kinosining tarixiy lug'ati. Lanxem, Merilend: Qo'rqinchli matbuot. ISBN 978-0-81-088026-9.
- Berton, Filipp (1992). Richard va Filipp: Burtonlar: Xotiralar kitobi. London: Piter Ouenning noshirlari. ISBN 978-0-7206-0855-7.
- Cashmore, Ellis (2016 yil 25-fevral). Elizabeth Teylor: ommaviy iste'mol uchun shaxsiy hayot. London: Bloomsbury nashriyoti. ISBN 978-1-6289-2069-7.
- Croall, Jonathan (2000). Gielgud - Teatr hayoti, 1904–2000. London: Metxuen nashriyoti. ISBN 978-0-8264-1403-8.
- Erskine, Tomas L.; Uels, Jeyms Maykl; Tibbetts, Jon C. (2000). Video versiyalari: Videodagi o'yinlarning filmga moslashuvi. Westport, Konnektikut: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-30185-8.
- Gilleman, Lyuk (2014 yil 4-fevral). Jon Osborne: Vituperative Artist. Nyu-York shahri: Yo'nalish. ISBN 978-1-3178-4281-1.
- Xarper, Sem; Smit, Jastin (2011 yil 30-noyabr). 1970-yillarda Britaniya kino madaniyati: zavq chegaralari. Edinburg: Edinburg universiteti matbuoti. ISBN 978-0-7486-5428-4.
- Hischak, Tomas S. (2009 yil 16 mart). Broadway o'yinlari va musiqiy asarlari: 2007 yilgacha 14000 dan ortiq shoularning tavsiflari va muhim faktlari. Jefferson, Shimoliy Karolina: McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-3448-0.
- Xirsxorn, Kliv (1979). Warner Bros. Story. Nyu-York shahri: Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-5175-3834-0.
- Egasi, Noddi (2014 yil 18 sentyabr). Noddiga ko'ra dunyo: rok-rollarda va undan tashqarida o'rganilgan hayot saboqlari. London: Hachette. ISBN 978-1-47211-565-2.
- Jedlicka, Davor (2011 yil 11-iyun). Affinograflar: Shaxslarni, juftlarni, oilalarni va uy xo'jaliklarini baholashning dinamik usuli. Nyu-York shahri: Springer Science + Business Media. ISBN 978-1-44199-395-3.
- Jenkins, Devid; Rojers, Syu (1993). Richard Berton: Birodar esladi. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Asr. ISBN 978-0-712-65768-6.
- Kashner, Sem; Shoenberger, Nensi (2010). G'azablangan sevgi: Elizabeth Teylor, Richard Berton va "Asrning nikohi". Nyu-York shahri: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-156284-6.
- MakKenzi, S. P. (2016 yil 28-yanvar). Britaniyadagi jang ekranda:? Ozmi? Britaniya kino va televizion dramasida. Nyu-York: Bloomsbury nashriyoti. ISBN 978-1-4742-2847-3.
- Makgilligan, Patrik (2002 yil 19-avgust) [1999]. Klint: Hayot va afsona. Nyu-York shahri: Sent-Martin matbuoti. ISBN 978-0-312-29032-0.
- Morley, Sheridan (2010 yil 11-may). Jon Gielgud: Vakolatli biografiya. Nyu-York shahri: Simon va Shuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-1617-3.
- Monako, Jeyms (1991). Film entsiklopediyasi. Nyu-York shahri: Perigee kitoblari. ISBN 978-0-399-51604-7.
- Parish, Jeyms Robert (2011 yil 6-yanvar). Gollivudning g'ayrioddiy kitobi: Amerikaning kino va televidenie butlarining umuman shafqatsiz, aksariyat fojiali va har doim majburiy haddan ziyodligi.. Xoboken, Nyu-Jersi: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-11803-902-1.
- Radner, Xilari; Luckett, Moya (1999). Singling singlisi: 1960-yillarda jinsiy hayotni namoyish etish. Minneapolis: Minnesota universiteti matbuoti. ISBN 978-0-8166-3351-7.
- Ryall, Tom (2013 yil 19-iyul). Entoni Asquit. "Manchester": Manchester universiteti matbuoti. ISBN 978-0-7190-6452-4.
- Schoch, Richard; Uilyams, Gari Jey (2011 yil 31 mart). "Edvin But: ular Hamning Hamletini ko'rganlarida nimalarni ko'rdilar". Macready, Booth, Terry, Irving: Buyuk Shekspir:: 6-jild. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4411-6656-2.
- Sterne, Richard L. (1967). Jon Gielgud "Hamlet" da Richard Bertonni boshqaradi: repetitsiya jurnali. London: Tasodifiy uy. ISBN 978-0-4351-8352-3.
- Tomas, Toni (1983). Olivia de Havilland filmlari. Nyu-York shahri: Citadel Press. ISBN 978-0-8065-0988-4.
- Tynan, Ketlin (2012 yil 29 fevral). Tynan xatlari. London: tasodifiy uy. ISBN 978-1-44649-918-4.
- Walker, Aleksandr (1990). Elizabeth: Elizabeth Teylorning hayoti. Nyu-York shahri: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-3769-2.
- Uili, Meyson; Bona, Damin (1986). Oskar ichida: Oskar mukofotlarining norasmiy tarixi. Nyu-York shahri: Ballantinli kitoblar. p.434. ISBN 978-0-3453-4777-0.
Qo'shimcha o'qish
- Shipman, D. Buyuk kino yulduzlari: Xalqaro yillar, Angus va Robertson 1982 yil. ISBN 0-207-14803-1
Tashqi havolalar
- Richard Bertonning rasmiy veb-sayti
- Richard Berton da Internet Broadway ma'lumotlar bazasi
- Richard Berton da Internet-Broadway ma'lumotlar bazasi
- Richard Berton kuni IMDb
- Richard Berton da TCM filmlar uchun ma'lumotlar bazasi
- Richard Berton da BFI "s Screenonline
- Dik Kavett shousida Richard Berton, 2009 yil 17-iyul
| Erining Elizabeth Teylor | ||
|---|---|---|
| Oldingi Eddi Fisher | Elizabeth Teylorning eri (nikoh buyrug'i bilan) 1964–1974; 1975–1976 | Muvaffaqiyatli Jon Uorner |