Xitoyning yovvoyi hayoti - Wildlife of China
Xitoy "s keng va xilma-xil landshaft yovvoyi tabiatning juda xilma-xilligi va mo'l-ko'lligi uchun uy. 17-dan biriga ko'ra megadiverse mamlakatlar dunyoda,[1] Xitoy bir o'lchov bo'yicha 7516 turga ega umurtqali hayvonlar shu jumladan 4 936 baliq, 1269 qush, 562 sutemizuvchi, 403 sudralib yuruvchi va 346 amfibiya turlari.[2] Turlarning soni bo'yicha Xitoy sutemizuvchilar soni bo'yicha dunyoda uchinchi o'rinni egallaydi,[3] sakkizinchi qushlarda,[4] sudralib yuruvchilarda ettinchi[5] amfibiyalarda ettinchi.[6]
Hayvonlarning ko'p turlari endemik Xitoyga, shu jumladan, mamlakatning eng mashhur yovvoyi tabiati turlari ulkan panda. Umuman olganda, Xitoyda sutemizuvchilar turlarining oltidan bir qismi va amfibiya turlarining uchdan ikki qismi mamlakatga xosdir.[3][6]
Xitoyda yovvoyi tabiat dunyodagi eng katta aholi bilan yashash muhitini taqsimlaydi va ularga qattiq bosim o'tkazadi odamlar. Kamida 840 turlar tahdid ostida, zaif yoki mahalliy yo'q bo'lib ketish xavfi ostida Xitoyda, asosan, yashash joylarini yo'q qilish, ifloslanish va oziq-ovqat, mo'yna va ingredientlar uchun brakonerlik kabi inson faoliyati tufayli an'anaviy xitoy tibbiyoti.[7] Yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan yovvoyi tabiat qonun bilan muhofaza qilinadi va 2005 yilga kelib mamlakatda 2349 dan ortiq mavjud qo'riqxonalar, umumiy maydoni 149,95 mln.ni tashkil etadi gektarni tashkil etadi (578,960 kvadrat mil ), Xitoyning butun er maydonining taxminan 15 foizini tashkil etadi.[8]
Sutemizuvchilar
Primatlar
Xitoy 21 kishining uyi primat turlari, shu jumladan gibbonlar, makakalar, yaproq maymunlari, kulrang languralar, burunli maymunlar va lorises. Xitoyning primat turlarining aksariyati xavf ostida. Maymunlar ham, maymunlar ham, ayniqsa gibbonlar va makakalar xitoy madaniyati, xalq dini, san'ati va adabiyotida juda mashhur. Maymun 12 hayvonlardan biridir Xitoy burji.
Faqat maymunlar Xitoyda tug'ilganlar gibbonlar. Gibbonlar daraxtzorlar, ularning uzun qo'llarini ishlatib filiallardan tebranish. Gibbonlarni baland ovozli qo'ng'iroqlari bilan tanib olish mumkin, chunki juftlik juftliklari ko'pincha duet tarzida qo'shiq kuylashadi.
The Xaynan qora tepalikli gibbon eng noyob va yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan maymunlarning ko'pi. Endemik Xaynan oroli, ichida 30 dan kam shaxs qolgan Bawangling milliy tabiiy qo'riqxonasi.[9] Ko'p boshqa gibbonlar singari, erkak Hainan qora tepalikli gibbonlari qora rangga ega, urg'ochilar esa oltin jigarrang. The sharqiy qora tepalikli gibbon deyarli 20 ga yaqin bo'lganida deyarli kam uchraydi Guansi-Chjuan avtonom viloyati qo'shni Vetnamda 30 bilan birga.[9] Ushbu maymunning Xitoyda yashash joyining taxminan 99% yo'qolgan.[9]
The qora tepalikli gibbon ning katta qismida joylashgan Xitoyning janubi-g'arbiy qismida. The Yunnan lar gibbon, ning pastki turi lar yoki oq qo'lli gibbon, Xitoyda yo'q bo'lib ketishi mumkin.[10] Hayvon oxirgi marta tomonidan kuzatilgan zoologlar 1988 yilda va uning chaqirig'i oxirgi marta 2002 yilda mahalliy aholi tomonidan eshitilgan.[10] 2007 yil noyabr oyida Nangunxe milliy tabiat qo'riqxonasida o'tkazilgan so'rovda ushbu gibbondan hech qanday alomat yo'q edi.[10]
The shimoliy oq yonoqli gibbon janubiy cho'lda deyarli yo'q bo'lib ketgan Yunnan bu erda ularni mahalliy odamlar omad taqinchoqlari sifatida va to'quv asbobida yasagan suyaklari uchun ovlashadi va tayoqchalar.[9] 2008 yilga kelib, sakkiz kishi asirga olingan shimoliy oq yonoqli gibonlar Mengyang qo'riqxonasida yashovchi edi.[11] Jismoniy shaxslarning ikkitasi tabiatga qo'yib yuborilgan, ammo baribir sayyohlarga oziq-ovqat berishga ishonishadi.[12] The sharqiy xolok gibbon, qoshlarning yuqorisidagi oq sochlar bilan ajralib turadigan g'arbiy Yunnan, chegara bo'ylab joylashgan Myanma. The g'arbiy xolok gibbon Tibetning janubi-sharqida joylashgan bo'lishi mumkin. Xitoydagi barcha gibbonlar I sinf himoyalangan turlardir.
Eng ko'p topilgan maymunlar Xitoyda makakalar, oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini saqlash va katta qo'shinlarda yashash uchun yonoqlari katta bo'lgan. Oralig'i rezus yoki oddiy makak shimoliy tomondan to shimoliy qismigacha cho'zilgan Taihang tog'lari Shanxi va Xaynangacha.[13] Tibet makakalari kabi turistik joylarda tez-tez uchraydi Emei tog'i va Xuanshan. Dumaloq dumli makakalar aniq qizil yuzlarga ega va butun Xitoy janubida yashaydilar. The Formosan qoyasi makakasi Tayvan uchun keng tarqalgan. Assam makakalari Tibetning janubiy va baland balandliklarida joylashgan Janubi-g'arbiy, va shimoliy cho'chqa dumli makak Yunnan shahrida Makakalar - bu Xitoyda I toifadagi muhofaza qilinadigan turlar, ammo ularning soni keskin kamaydi. Maymun miyasi Guangxi va Guangdong qismlarida noziklik hisoblanadi va makakalar ko'pincha ovqat uchun ovlanadi.[14] The Monpa va Lhoba janubiy Tibet aholisi Assam makakalarini iste'mol qiladi.[14] 1998 yildan 2004 yilgacha Xitoyda rhesus makakalari soni 254 mingdan taxminan 77 minggacha kamaydi.[14] Xuddi shu davrda Tibet makakasi populyatsiyasi 83 foizga kamayib, taxminan 100 ming kishidan atigi 17 mingga etdi.[14]
Burun maymunlar shunday nomlangan, chunki ular faqat burun teshiklari va deyarli burunlari yo'q. Dunyoda beshta turdan to'rttasi Xitoyda, shu jumladan uch turi endemikdir. Hammasi tog 'o'rmonlarida dengiz sathidan 1500–3400 m balandlikda yashaydi. The burunli maymun Sichuan, Hubei va Shaanxi shaharlaridagi pastki turlari bilan eng mashhur va eng keng tarqalgan. The burunli maymun faqat Guyjouda joylashgan 700 ga yaqin odam bilan eng xavfli hisoblanadi. The burun burunli maymun Yunnan va Sharqiy Tibetda aniqlangan 17 ta guruhda yashovchi 1700 ga yaqin odam bor. Myanmadagi kichik burunli maymun 2011 yilda g'arbiy Yunnan shahrida topilgan.
Boshqalar Qadimgi dunyo maymunlari Xitoyda the Fransua langurasi, oq boshli langur, Fayrning yaproq maymuni, yopiq langur va Qisqichbaqa langurasi bo'lib, ular umumiy sifatida tasniflanadi lutunglar va Nepal kulrang langur, deb hisoblanadi a haqiqiy langur. Ushbu turlarning barchasi xavf ostida. Lutunglar, shuningdek, barg maymunlari deb nomlangan, ularning qo'llari nisbatan kalta, uzunroq oyoqlari va uzun dumlari bilan bir qatorda ularning ko'zlari ustidagi sochlari bor.
Fransua langurasi faqat Xitoyning janubi-g'arbiy qismida va Vetnamning shimoliy qismida joylashgan. Oq boshli langur oralig'i ancha kichik - faqat janubiy Guansi va Cát Bà Island Vetnamda. Fayrning yaproq maymuni Yunnan va Hindistonning kattaroq joyidir. Yopiq va Shortrigning langurlari Yunnan-Myanma chegarasida yashaydi. Nepal kulrang languri lutunglardan kattaroq va Tibetning janubida joylashgan.
Maymunlar va maymunlar esa guruhlangan gaplorin yoki "quruq burun" primatlari, lorises bor strepsirrin yoki "ho'l burun" primatlari. Lorislarning ko'zlari katta, mayda quloqlari bor, daraxtlarda yashaydi va tunda faol bo'ladi. The pigmenti sekin loris va Bengal sekin loris ikkalasi ham janubiy Yunnan va Guansida joylashgan va I sinf bilan himoyalangan turlardir.
Yirtqich hayvonlar
Mushuklar
Xitoy katta mushuk turlariga quyidagilar kiradi yo'lbars, qoplon, qor qoploni va bulutli leopar.The yo'lbars 12 hayvonlardan biridir Xitoy burji, va raqamlar Xitoy madaniyati va tarix. Yo'lbars suyaklari ishlatiladi an'anaviy xitoy tibbiyoti va yo'lbars mo'ynasi bezatish uchun ishlatiladi. Hayvon himoyasiz brakonerlik va yashash joylarini yo'qotish. To'rt yo'lbars populyatsiyasi Xitoyda tug'ilgan. Ularning barchasi juda xavfli, qo'riqlanadigan va qo'riqxonalarda yashaydi.
The Sibir yo'lbarsi sodir bo'ladi Shimoli-sharq, bilan chegara bo'ylab Rossiya va Shimoliy Koreya.[15] The Kaspiy yo'lbarsi oxirgi marta Manasi daryosi Havzasi Shinjon-Uyg'ur avtonom viloyati bu aholi hozir bo'lgan 1960-yillarda yo'q bo'lib ketgan.[16] The Janubiy Xitoy yo'lbarsi endemik populyatsiya bo'lib, uning yashash joyi hozirda tog'li hududlarda joylashgan Tszansi, Xunan, Guandun va Fujian. Biroz Hindxitoy yo'lbarslari yashashlari ma'lum bo'lgan Yunnan ularni muhofaza qilish uchun oltita qo'riqxonalar tashkil etilgan.[17]
Uch leopard pastki turlari Xitoyda sodir bo'lgan deb o'ylashadi:
- Leopardlar qayd etilgan Qomolangma milliy tabiat qo'riqxonasi janubda Tibet ga qo'shiladi Hind leopari.[18]
- The Hindistonlik leopard ichida sodir bo'ladi Yunnan viloyati janubiy Xitoyning, bu erda Pearl River shimolda joylashgan leopar populyatsiyasi uchun to'siq yaratadi deb o'ylashadi.[19] 2002 yildan 2009 yilgacha Xitoyning janubiy qismidagi 11 ta qo'riqxonada o'tkazilgan kameralar yordamida tuzilgan leoparlar faqatgina kuzatilgan Changqing milliy tabiiy qo'riqxonasi ichida Qinling Tog'lar, lekin ichkarida emas Sichuan "s Volong qo'riqxonasi va Sichuanning boshqa muhofaza etiladigan hududlari.[20]
- The Amur leopar Shimoliy Xitoy, shu jumladan Jilin Rossiya va Shimoliy Koreya bilan chegarada joylashgan viloyat kamera tuzoqlari Xunchun milliy tabiat qo'riqxonasida.[21][22] Leopardlar Xitoy, Rossiya va Shimoliy Koreya o'rtasida kesib o'tadi Tumen daryosi xalqaro chegarani belgilaydigan baland va uzun tel to'siqqa qaramay.[23] Qabul qiluvchilarning zamonaviy yozuvlari qo'riqlanadigan hududlardan mavjud Xebey, Xenan va Shanxi provinsiyalari va Ningxia avtonom viloyati, lekin emas Gansu viloyati. Leoparlar hali ham paydo bo'ladimi Tsinxay viloyati noaniq. Ushbu tur, ehtimol, yo'q qilingan Xunan, Xubey, Chjetszyan, Fujian, Guansi va Tszansi provinsiyalari. U milliy tanqidiy xavf ostida bo'lganlar ro'yxatiga kiritilgan, ammo xitoylik yovvoyi tabiat biologlari va tabiatni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha mutaxassislar tomonidan kam e'tiborga olinadi.[18] Xitoyning markaziy qismida parchalanib ketgan leopard populyatsiyasi Amur leopariga bo'ysundirildi, chunki Shimoliy Xitoy uchun to'sqinlik qiladigan geografik to'siq yo'q edi. gen oqimi oldin.[24]
Oralig'i qor qoploni bo'ylab cho'zilgan Himoloy, Tibet platosi, Qoraqum tog'lari va Tyan Shan g'arbiy Xitoyda.[25]
The bulutli leopar janubidagi o'rmon mintaqalarida uchraydi Yangtsi daryosi. 1972 yilda Tayvanda mahalliy yo'q bo'lib ketdi.[26]
The Xitoy tog 'mushuki Xitoyga xos bo'lib, shimoliy-sharqiy chekkasida yashaydi Tibet platosi. Bu faqat sharqda qayd etilgan Tsinxay va shimoli-g'arbiy Sichuan.[27] U birinchi marta 2007 yilda kamera-tuzoq yordamida suratga olingan.[28] Bittasi 2015 yil may oyida kuzatilgan va suratga olingan Rueroey o'tloqlar.[29]
Oralig'i Evroosiyo lyuksi o'z ichiga oladi Buyuk Khingan yilda Ichki Mo'g'uliston.[30]The Pallasning mushuki baland balandliklarda sodir bo'ladi Tibet platosi va g'arbiy Xitoyda.[31]The Osiyo yovvoyi mushuki janubning uchta mintaqasida joylashgan Shinjon, Bayingolin mo'g'ul avtonom viloyati, Aksu va Xo'tan. Xitoyning Shinjon cho'l mintaqasida tabiiy yashash joyida tez kamayib bormoqda, chunki asosan paxta savdosi uchun haddan tashqari ko'p ov qilish, so'ngra uni etishtirish, neft va gaz qazib olish va undan foydalanish tufayli yashash joyining qisqarishi. pestitsidlar.[32]
The Osiyo oltin mushuki va leopard mushuk da qayd etilgan Changqing milliy tabiiy qo'riqxonasi ichida Qinling Tangjiahe milliy tabiat qo'riqxonasida tog'lar va Min Tog'lar. Leopard mushuk ham Volong qo'riqxonasi va boshqa muhofaza etiladigan hududlar Qionglai tog'lari va Daliang tog'lari.[20]
Bo'ri, dhole, tulki
The kanidae oilaning Xitoyda bir nechta a'zolari, shu jumladan kulrang bo'ri, teshik, qizil tulki, qorako tulki, Tibet qum tulkisi va Rakun iti. Kanidlarning eng kattasi bo'lgan kulrang bo'ri Xitoyda ikkita kichik turga ega - the Evroosiyo bo'ri, bu topilgan Shinjon, Ichki Mo'g'uliston va mamlakatning shimoliy chekkasidagi Heilongjiang va Tibet bo'ri da yashaydigan Tibet platosi. Ba'zi dastlabki itlar Sharqiy Osiyoda xonakilashtirilgan bo'lishi mumkin va bir nechta xitoy it itlari, shu jumladan shar-pei va chow chow orasida eng qadimiy kul bo'riga DNK o'xshashligi jihatidan.
Dhole bilan chambarchas bog'liq shoqollar va koyot va butun Xitoy bo'ylab topilgan. Tulkilarning eng yirik turlari bo'lgan qizil tulki Xitoyning shimoli-g'arbiy qismidan tashqari har bir qismida uchraydi. Korsak tulki ichida joylashgan shimoliy-sharqiy Xitoy va Tibet qum tulkisi Tibet, Tsinxay, Sichuan, Gansu va Yunnan shaharlarida. Daraxtlarga chiqa oladigan kam sonli kanidlardan biri bo'lgan rakun iti vatani Xitoyning sharqiy va shimoli-sharqida joylashgan.
Tulkilar (shu jumladan mahalliy bo'lmaganlar Arktik tulki ) va rakun itlari junlari uchun etishtiriladi.[33] 2004 yilda Xitoy fermer xo'jaliklarida 1,5 million tulki va shuncha miqdordagi rakun itlari boqilgan.[33]
Pandalar, ayiqlar
The ulkan panda, ehtimol, Xitoyning eng taniqli yovvoyi tabiati turlari, Minning baland tog'li vodiysining oltita qismida yashaydi, Qionglai, Liang, Daxiangling, Yuqori qismidagi Xiaoxiangling va Tsinling tog'lari Yangtsi daryosi 45 okrugga tarqalgan havzasi Sichuan, Gansu va Shensi. Tabiat sharoitida faqat 1600 ga yaqin (Sichuanda 80%) va 300 ga yaqin Xitoy naslchilik markazlari va hayvonot bog'larida asirlikda yashaydilar. Hayvon kamdan-kam uchraydi. Hamma narsa deb tasniflangan bo'lsa-da, ulkan panda dietasi 90% dan ortiq bambukdan iborat. Uning qora va oq ranglari zich o'rmonlarda kamuflyajni ta'minlaydi, ammo kattalar hayvonida tabiiy yirtqichlar yo'q. Gigant pandalarni ko'paytirish juda qiyin; ularning qisqa juftlashish davri bor va yiliga atigi bir yoki ikki bolani tug'diradi. Pandaning ulkan bolasi, har qanday platsenta sutemizuvchisining ota-onasiga mutanosib ravishda eng kichik bola.[34] Gigant panda milliy boylik deb hisoblanadi[35] va yo'q bo'lib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan, davlat qonuni bilan himoyalangan tur. 1970-yillardan buyon ulkan pandalar chet el hayvonot bog'lariga berilgan yoki berilgan diplomatik xayrixohlik harakati.
Xitoyda keng tarqalgan boshqa ayiqlarga quyidagilar kiradi Osiyo qora ayig'i va jigarrang ayiq mamlakatning ko'p qismida joylashgan. Jigarrang ayiqning pastki turlariga quyidagilar kiradi Himoloy jigarrang ayiq va Tibet ko'k ayig'i Tibetda va Ussuri jigarrang ayiq yilda Heilongjiang. The quyosh ayig'i Yunnan shahrida joylashgan. Ayiqlarni, ayniqsa, qora ayiqlarni ham asirga olish uchun o'stirishadi safro an'anaviy xitoy tibbiyotida foydalanish uchun.
The qizil panda - bu ulkan pandadan farqli o'laroq ayiq emas va rakunga o'xshaydi - bu alohida oiladan (Ailuridae) va Sichuan va Yunnanda joylashgan.
Viverridae va Herpestidae
The viverrid va mongoz kichik yirtqich hayvonlarning oilalari Xitoyning janubida, shu jumladan ko'plab a'zolari bilan ifodalanadi binturong, katta hind civeti, kichik hind civeti, Owstonning palma po'stlog'i, maskalangan palma sivi, Osiyo palma sivasi, kichik tishli xurmo po'stlog'i, Qisqichbaqa iste'mol qiladigan mongoz va kichik hindiston monguozi.[36]
Otter, bo'rsiq, qurbaqa, sersuv, bo'rilar
The eng katta oila ning yirtqich sutemizuvchilar ga tegishli suvarilar, bo'rsiq, sersuv, martens va bo'rilar, ularning barchasi Xitoyda joylashgan. Bularning barchasi mustelidlar kalta, dumaloq quloqlari va qalin mo'ynali kalta, mo'ynali hayvonlar, ammo ular hajmi, odati va yashash joyi jihatidan sezilarli farq qiladi.
The sable, suvorlarning bir turi nozik mo'ynalari bilan qadrlanadi, ular jenshen va kiyik shox baxmal bilan birgalikda "Manchuriyaning uchta xazinasi" deb nomlanadi. Sable shimoliy Shinjonning Manchuriya (shimoliy-sharq deb ham ataladi) va Oltoy mintaqasida joylashgan. The olxa suvari g'arbiy Xitoy va sariq tomoqli suvor janubiy Xitoy samur bilan chambarchas bog'liq.
The Sibir qushqo'ri, "sariq kalamush bo'ri" nomi bilan tanilgan, Xitoyda eng keng tarqalgan begona o't hisoblanadi. Bu butun davomida mavjud China Proper va Manchuriya va fermerlardan parrandalarni o'g'irlash bilan tanilgan, ammo kemiruvchilar sonini nazorat qilishga yordam beradi. Sibir tolasining dumidan sochlar yasaladi siyoh cho'tkasi an'anaviy xitoy xattotligi uchun. Bug'doyning boshqa turlariga quyidagilar kiradi eng kam ziravor va turmoq shimolda, sarg'ish qoraqo'tir va orqa chiziqli zirak janubda va tog 'qushqo'ri g'arbda. The dasht polekati Sibir qushqo'nmasidan kattaroq va shimoliy Xitoy bo'ylab topilgan.
Xitoy tilida bo'rilar buqadan kattaroq va ayiqdan kichikroq va ikkala hayvonga o'xshab ketganligi sababli "sable bear" deb nomlanadi. Hayvon g'orlarda va uyalarda yashaydi, ular qazishmaydi, lekin ayiq, tulki va boshqa hayvonlardan oladi. Bobak suvorlari. Bo'rilar - bu oziq-ovqat uchun ayiq va bo'rilarga qarshi kurashadigan shafqatsiz jonzotlar. Ular Xilongjiang va Ichki Mo'g'ulistonning Buyuk Khingan tizmalarida va Shinjonning shimoliy qismidagi Oltoy tog'larida joylashgan bo'lib, ularning soni atigi 200 ga yaqin.
The Evropa suvari Evrosiyo va Xitoyning ko'p qismida joylashgan. Tayvanda deyarli yo'q bo'lib ketgan, ammo ba'zilari orolda topilgan Qarindoshlar, Fujian qirg'og'ida. The Sharqiy mayda tirnoqli otter eng kichik otter turidir va janubiy Xitoy va Tayvanning mangrov va chuchuk suv botqoqlarida yashaydi.[37] The silliq qoplamali suvari Yunnan va Guangdong qismlarida cheklangan.
Sable va martens singari, otter mo'ynasi ham ishlatiladi kiyim-kechak. Sable va wolverines - I sinf himoyalangan turlar. Martens va otterlar II sinf himoyalangan turlardir.
Porsuqlar burundan quyruqgacha cho'zilgan bitta uzun chiziqli yuzlarida o'ziga xos oq chiziqlar bor. The Osiyo porsuqi butun Xitoy bo'ylab va Sharqiy Himoloy bo'ylab joylashgan. The cho'chqa porsuqi cho'chqaga o'xshash tumshug'i bor va Osiyo porsuqiga qaraganda biroz kichikroq. Ferret-bo'rsiq eng kichik porsuqlar va ikki turi Xitoyda yashaydi. The Xitoy ferret-bo'rsiq janubiy Xitoyning ko'p qismida, Yangtze daryosining janubida va Birma ferret-bo'rsiq Yunnanning Laos va Vetnam bilan chegarasi bo'ylab.
Muhrlar, dengiz sherlari
Pinnipedlar shuningdek, yirtqich hayvonlar deb tasniflanadi va o'rtasida bo'linadi quloqsiz yoki haqiqiy muhrlar va quloqli muhrlar. Haqiqiy muhrlarning quloqlari yo'q va orqa qanotlarini tanasi ostiga emaklay olmaydilar. Dengiz sherlarini o'z ichiga olgan quloqli muhrlar, aksincha, quloqlari chiqib turadi va to'rt oyoq-qo'llari bilan quruqlikda "yurish" imkoniyatiga ega.
Xitoyda haqiqiy muhrlarga quyidagilar kiradi soqolli muhr Zhejiang, Fujian va Guangdong qirg'oqlarida joylashgan Sharq va Janubiy Xitoy dengizi, halqali muhr[38] ichida Sariq dengiz va dog'li muhr, bu birinchi navbatda Bohai ko'rfazi va shimoliy Sariq dengiz, ammo Guangdonggacha janubda ko'rilgan. Barcha muhrlar II sinf himoyalangan hayvondir. Dengiz sherlari I sinf himoyasiga ega.
The dog'li muhr Xitoyda nasl beradigan yagona muhr turidir. Uning ko'payadigan joylari qirg'oq bo'ylab joylashgan Liaodong ko'rfazi Bohay ko'rfazida, shu jumladan, og'zidagi daryoda Shuangtaizi daryosi yaqin Panjin va Changxing oroli yaqin Dalian,[39] va Baengnyeongdo Koreyaning EEZdagi qo'riqxonasi.[40] Ushbu muhrlar mo'yna va jinsiy a'zolar uchun ovlangan bo'lib, ulardan foydalanish uchun ishlatilgan afrodizyak.[39] Shuningdek, ularning yashash joylari meliorativ holati, baliq etishtirish va neftni rivojlantirish natijasida katta zarar ko'rdi.[39] Janubiy Koreyaning bir nodavlat tashkiloti Xitoyda muhrlarni himoya qilish bo'yicha jamoatchilik xabardorligini va qo'llab-quvvatlashini oshirishga harakat qilmoqda, Shimoliy Koreya va Janubiy Koreya.[39] Ko'payish joylarini kuzatish uchun qo'riqlash stantsiyalari tashkil etilgan va yovvoyi tabiatni muhofaza qilish idoralari o'zlarining to'rlarida ushlangan tirik muhrlarni topshirgan baliqchiga kompensatsiya berishadi. 2011 yil aprel oyida qirg'oq bo'ylab tezyurar avtomagistralning qurilishi muhrlarning ko'payishiga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatgani sababli to'xtatildi.[41] Sun'iy yo'ldosh kuzatuvlari shuni ko'rsatdiki, nafaqat Sariq dengizda,[42] shuningdek, muhrlar orasida ham ko'chib o'tishlari mumkin Primorsk o'lkasi Rossiyada Sariq dengizgacha, jami 3300 km dan oshadi.[43] Yaqinda tiklanishlar va rekolonizatsiyalar kuzatilmoqda, masalan Shandongin 1999 yil va Miaodao orollari yilda Bohai ko'rfazi 2000 yildan beri.[44]
The shimoliy mo'yna muhri, vaqti-vaqti bilan sharqiy va janubiy Xitoy va Tayvanning janubi qirg'oqlarida paydo bo'lgan.[45] Quloqli muhrlarning eng kattasi bu Steller dengiz sher, birinchi navbatda Arktikada yashovchi, lekin uni Tszyansuda Sariq dengiz sohilida va Liaoningdagi Bohay ko'rfazida ham ko'rishadi. Koreyaning EEZ tarkibidagi Sariq dengizga qo'shni hududlar orasida bu kabi joylarda bo'lishi mumkin Jeju oroli.[46]
The Yapon dengiz sheri 1974 yilda yo'q bo'lib ketgan, bir vaqtlar Sariq dengiz va Bohay ko'rfazida yashagan. Ushbu dengiz sherlari bir vaqtlar .ning pastki turi deb hisoblangan Kaliforniya dengiz sher 2003 yilgacha taksonomistlar ularni alohida turlar qatoriga kiritdilar. Janubiy Koreya Shimoliy-Sharqiy Osiyo suvlariga Kaliforniyadagi dengiz sherlarini tiklash uchun Shimoliy Koreya, Rossiya va Xitoy bilan birgalikda harakat qilishni taklif qildi.
Kitlar, delfinlar, kakliklar
Xitoyda bor turshak ham chuchuk suvda, ham dengizda yashovchi turlar. Deyarli yo'q bo'lib ketgan baji delfini va Xitoy oq delfin I sinf himoyalangan turlardir. Xitoydagi boshqa barcha tsitetsiyanlar II sinf himoyalangan turlardir.
Umuman olganda, Xitoy, Tayvan, Gongkong va Makao suvlarida 22 ta mayda turg'unlar yashaydi, shu jumladan Bayji.[47] Rasmiy ravishda tan olinmagan bo'lsa ham, mavjudligi Irrawaddy delfinlari so'roq qilingan.
Qadimgi Xitoyda kitlarning yozuvlari turlicha bo'lgan va kitlar va akulalarning yozuvlari vaqti-vaqti bilan aralashgan. Davomida Tsin sulolasi, Guangdong, Guangxi va Hainan-da kitlarni ovlash sanoatining tashkil etilishi bilan kitlar bo'yicha ma'lum bilimlar chuqurlashtirildi, ammo ikkala okean va chuchuk suv delfinlari kitlardan turli xil hayvonlar sifatida tasniflangan edilar. Aytishlaricha, sulola davridagi ob-havoning o'zgarishi Sariq va Bohay dengizlarida mayda baliqlarning ko'payishiga sabab bo'lgan va havzalarga ko'plab kitlarni jalb qilgan.[48]
The Xitoy Respublikasi ni imzolaganlardan biri edi Kit ovini tartibga solish to'g'risidagi xalqaro konventsiya. The Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi 1980 yil sentyabrda konventsiyani imzoladi va 1981 yilda uy baliq ovlashga taqiq qo'ydi, shuningdek imzolandi Yovvoyi hayvonlarning ko'chib yuruvchi turlarini saqlash to'g'risidagi konventsiya.
So'nggi paytgacha jonli turg'unlarni kuzatish, shu bilan birga har qanday turga, shu jumladan minke kitlar va undan kichik delfinlar va porfualar juda kam uchraydi Bohai va Sariq dengizlar Xitoy tomonida,[49][50] ammo, minke kitlar va boshqa turlarni tasdiqlashda o'sish[51][52] Sariq dengiz havzasining katta qismida tasdiqlangan[53] ayniqsa atrofida Changxay okrugi suv sifati va unumdorligining yaxshilanishi tufayli baliq ovlash qoidalari va Zhangzi orolida okean fermer xo'jaliklarini yaratish va mahalliy sanoat korxonalari kelgusida istiqbol sifatida kitlarni tomosha qilish uchun sayohatlarni amalga oshirishlari mumkin.[54][55] Tinch okeanlarning qit'a va okean orollarida, shu jumladan Tayvanda zamonaviy taqsimlanishi, balinli kitlarning keskin pasayishi sababli tishli kitlarga nisbatan ko'proq g'arazli.[56][57][58][59]
Bayji
The bayji delfinlar odatiga ko'ra Yichangdan Shanxaygacha bo'lgan Yangtze daryosi va uning irmoqlari va ko'llarining katta qismini qamrab olgan. Bu 2000 yilga oid tarixiy yozuvlarda qayd etilgan. Afsonalarga ko'ra, baji delfini - bu malika reenkarnatsiyasi va "Yangtze ma'budasi" deb nomlangan. Yaqinda 1950-yillarda Xitoyda 6000 ga yaqin bayji delfinlari bo'lgan, ammo ularning soni 1980-yillarga kelib yuzlablarga, 1990-yillarda 100 yoshgacha va 2000-yildan beri o'ndan ozroqqa tushgan.
Yangtze daryosining suv yig'adigan hududi Xitoy va dunyodagi eng zich joylashgan hududlardan biridir. Xitoyning eng uzun daryosi ham kemalar uchun katta magistral hisoblanadi. Suv va shovqin bilan ifloslanish, tijorat baliq ovi va yirik kemalar pervanlari baji uchun asosiy tahdiddir. Binosi Gezhouba to'g'oni 1970-yillarda va Uch Gorges to'g'oni 1990-yillarda delfinlar oqimini oqimga to'sib qo'ydi, daryoning mavsumiy oqimini o'zgartirdi va katta okean kemalari daryoda suzib o'tishga imkon berdi.
1997 yilga kelib daryoda o'tkazilgan tadqiqotlar natijasida atigi 13 ta bayji topilgan. A Daryoning Xitoy-Shveytsariya qo'shma tadqiqotlari 2006 yilda Yichangdan Shanxaygacha hech qanday hayvon topilmadi va turni mavjud deb e'lon qildi funktsional jihatdan yo'q bo'lib ketgan, ya'ni bir nechta shaxslar omon qolishni davom ettirsalar ham, ularning soni ko'payish uchun juda ozdir. So'nggi marta hayvonotshunos tomonidan tasdiqlangan narsa 2004 yilda o'lik bayji delfinining qirg'oqqa yaqinlashishi paytida bo'lgan Nankin.
Baytsi delfinini himoya qilish uchun qo'riqxonalar Yantszeyda tashkil etilgan Xunan, Xubey va Anxuiy kuzatuv va asir markazlari bilan birga viloyat. Asirlikda eng uzoq yashagan baji delfini Qiqi, a delfinarium yilda Vuxan 1980 yildan 2002 yilgacha Tian-e-Chjou Oxbow qo'riqxonasi, dan yaratilgan kamon Yangtzedagi burilish baji uchun asir etishtirish zonasi sifatida ishlab chiqilgan. Bitta baji 1995 yilda u erga yuborilgan, ammo 1996 yilda vafot etgan. Qo'riqxona hozirda ko'paytirish uchun joy hisoblanadi cheksiz porpoise.
Cheksiz porpoise
Ning kamida ikkita kichik turi cheksiz porpoise off kabi qirg'oq suvlarida yashashi ma'lum Dalian[60] Nankin,[61]Nanji orollari dengiz qo'riqxonasi,[62] Jiushan zanjir orollari[63]Veyjou oroli,[64] va da Matsu orollari.[65][66] Yangtzeda chuchuk suv osti turlari yashaydi, Gan va Sian daryolari. Delfinlardan farqli o'laroq, ular dorsal finga ega emaslar. Chuchuk suv toshqini baji kabi tahdidga duch keladi. 2012 yil aprel oyida o'n ikkitasi o'lik holda topilgan Dongting ko'li 44 kun ichida.[67] Qurilishi Poyang ko'li to'g'oni qolgan aholiga jiddiy zarar etkazishi mumkin.[68]
2012 yil holatiga ko'ra Tian-e-Chjou Oksbov qo'riqxonasida 40 ga yaqin qirg'oqbo'yi bor edi, ular Dongting ko'lida 85 ta va 300-400 yilda Poyang ko'li.[67] Chuchuk suvning cheksiz porpoisi, II sinf bilan himoyalangan tur, ulkan pandaga qaraganda kam uchraydi.[67] Ular ham yaxshi mavjud Tonkin ko'rfazi.[69]
So'nggi yillarda, og'zidagi daryolardagi kichik kontsentratsiyalar tasdiqlangan Sariq daryo yilda Lijin okrugi.[70] So'nggi paytlarda turg'un sayg'oqlar topildi, ularning ikkitasi kichik turi bo'lgan Chonming oroli[71] bu erda mahalliy suvlar keskin tiklanishni namoyish etadi[72] suv sifatini yaxshilashga qaratilgan sa'y-harakatlar tufayli.[73]
Okean delfinlari
Sousa, the Xitoy oq delfin (mahalliy deb nomlangan Matsu baliq[74]) ning pastki turi deb hisoblangan Hind-Tinch okeanidagi humpback delfin, shu jumladan, janubiy Xitoyning suvlarida yashaydi Vanshan arxipelagi,[75] Nanji orollari,[62] The Pearl River deltasi va Gonkong, Tonkin ko'rfazi[76] Xaynan oroli atrofida kabi Sanya ko'rfazi,[77] Leyjou yarim oroli,[78] Parasel orollari va boshqalar Pengxu Tayvanning g'arbiy sohillari bo'ylab orollar, materik qirg'oqlari bo'ylab Formosa bo'g'ozi kabi Xiamen va Xiapu okrugi,[79][80][81] va Nanpeng orollari In dengiz qo'riqxonasi Nan'ao okrugi,[82][83] va Sanniang ko'rfazi delfinlar qo'riqxonasi Tsingzhou. Xitoy oq delfin - ning ramzi Gonkong va turlarni barqaror yashash uchun yondashuvlar bilan himoya qilish uchun maxsus qo'riqxona e'lon qilindi delfin tomosha qilish, mahalliy aholi jiddiy xavf ostida bo'lsa-da.
Boshqa okean delfin turlariga quyidagilar kiradi Tinch okeani oq qirrali, yigiruvchi, chiziqli, kalta tumshuqlar, uzun tumshug'i keng tarqalgan, Fraserning, pantropik nuqta, qo'pol tishli, oddiy shish, Hind-Tinch okeanining shishasi va Rissoning delfini.[84][85][86] Rissoning delfinlari - Tayvanning sharqiy qirg'oqlari bo'ylab eng ko'p kuzatiladigan tsetsetlardan biri.[87]
Kitlar
Kitlar tarixiy jihatdan Xitoy va Tayvan suvlarida juda ko'p bo'lgan, ayniqsa qish va bahor fasllarida ular qirg'oqbo'yi hududlariga nasl berish va buzoqlash uchun kelgan. balin kitlari tashqi tinchlikdan ko'chib o'tganlardan tashqari va Yaponiya dengizi iliqroq mavsumda Sariq va Bohay havzalarida ovqatlanish uchun shimolga suzdi.[53] Tayvandagi yirik kitlarning aksariyati 1952 yilgacha qayd etilgan.[81] Imperiya davrida Guandun shahridagi Leyjou yarim oroli bo'yidagi qishloqlar kitlarni ovlashdi va Pekindagi imperatorga kit yog'idan qurbonliklar keltirishdi.[88][89] Boshqa tomondan, boshqa davlatlar singari, masalan, Koreya, Xitoy, Ebis Yaponiyada, Indoneziyada, shu jumladan Hindiston[90] shu jumladan Vetnamda bir paytlar kitlar hurmatga sazovor bo'lgan, qirg'oq odamlari orasida samoviy xudolar "deb qaraladiDengiz qiroli ","Okeandagi ajdarho imperatori "yoki" Ajdaho askarlari "[50] yuqorida aytib o'tilgan Xaynan va Leyjjuni hisobga olmaganda deyarli barcha qirg'oq mintaqalarida, xuddi kitlar ko'rilganda baliqchilar va qayiqlar ularga yo'l ochib, kitlar o'tishini kutishlari kerak edi.[91] Masalan, xitoy mifologiyasida Yu-kiang, dengiz hukmdori, qo'llari va oyoqlari bo'lgan kit ekanligi aytiladi.[92] Tayvandagi mahalliy qabilalar yirik kitlarning mavjudligini va ularning mahalliy afsonalari va folklorlarida kitlarni namoyish etganligini ham tan oldi.[93]
Balin kitlari Xitoy qirg'oqlari yaqinidagi okeandan topilgan ko'k kit, dunyodagi eng katta hayvon, shuningdek Edenniki, Omuraning, Brydnikidir, oddiy minke, fin, sei va dumg'aza kit. Tarixiy jihatdan Sariq va Bohay dengizidagi Sharqiy Xitoy dengizigacha bo'lgan fin kitlarning doimiy va doimiy populyatsiyasi bo'lgan.[94] Minke kitlari ham o'sha mintaqalarda yashovchilar. Braydning kitlari Tayvan va janubiy qirg'oqlar bo'ylab tarixiy aholi hisoblanar edi.
Xitoy EEZ-da, juda xavfli Shimoliy Tinch okeanidagi o'ng kitlar va g'arbiy kulrang kitlar Sharqiy Xitoy dengizi va Sariq dengizda faqat 1970-yillarga qadar, ayniqsa, o'ng kitlar uchun ko'rilgan, kulrang kitlar haqida yozuvlar bo'lgan va 21-asrdagi yagona rekord etuk ayol tasodifan mahalliy baliq ovlarida o'ldirilgan. Pingtan kuni Tayvan bo‘g‘ozi 2007 yilda.[95]
Balin va tishli kitlarga nisbatan quyidagi bayonotlarni aytish mumkin, lekin ularning yurish-turish uslublari tufayli (ayniqsa, sayoz suvlarga bo'lgan ishonch juda katta bo'lganligi sababli ularning daryolar og'ziga va daryolar og'ziga va daryolar ichiga kirib borishi bilan) odamlarga bo'lgan kuchli qiziqishlar) ularni o'ldirish uchun ovchilarni engillashtirdi va boshqa turlarga qaraganda tezroq yo'q qilindi, so'ngra kamburlar. Boshqalar rorquals vaziyatlar ularga juda o'xshash edi, ammo ularning mahalliy yo'q bo'lib ketishi (funktsional jihatdan) 20-asrning oxirida zamonaviy yapon sanoatida sodir bo'ldi.
Bugungi kunda Xitoy suvlarida ekspluatatsiya qilinishdan oldin baliq yoki undan kattaroq tishli kitlarning biologiyasi va tabiiy tarixi juda aniq emas, chunki o'sha paytlarda akademik tadqiqotlar yoki bachadon biologiyasiga yondashuvlar yoki kitlar dengiz sohilidagi Xitoyda baliqlarni ovlash yozuvlari rivojlana boshladi, chunki kitlar kelib chiqishi uchun kam sonli bo'lib, akademik hisob-kitoblar uchun mos bo'lgan, mahalliy baliq ovlari yoki sanoat sohalarida yozuvlar ham olib borilmagan. Buning sababi, ko'chib yuradigan kitlarning mahalliy populyatsiyasi asosiy migratsion kollayderda (Yaponiya arxipelagi) yaqin funktsional qirilib ketish darajasigacha intensiv ravishda ovlanganligi sababli bo'lishi mumkin edi. Yaponiyaning kit ovlash sohalari. Masalan, o'ng kitlarning taqdirini amerikalik Yanki kit ovlash, yapon ommaviy noqonuniy va tadqiqot kiti,[96] va eng dahshatlisi, Sovet Ittifoqining 1960-70 yillarda Yaponiya yordami bilan ommaviy noqonuniy ov qilish.[97]
Ikkala yapon qirg'og'ida ko'chib yurgan kul kitlar koreys hamkasbiga qaraganda erta yo'q qilingan, keyin Koreya yarim orolida ko'chib kelgan boshqa aholi keyinchalik Yaponiya sanoati tomonidan yo'q bo'lib ketishi kerak edi.[98] Hamma zamonlarning eng intensiv ovlari Sharqiy Osiyo suvlarining keng doirasini qamrab olgan deyarli butun yapon baliq ovlash sanoati tomonidan amalga oshirildi EEZ 20-asrda Xitoy, Shimoliy Koreya va Janubiy Koreyaning. Xitoy bo'ylab turli sohalarda kit ovlash stantsiyalari tashkil etilgan Koreys kabi qirg'oq chiziqlari Daya ko'rfazi,[99][100] bugungi kunda kitlar populyatsiyasining jiddiy xavf-xatarlarini keltirib chiqaradi va deyarli barcha turlarning virtual, funktsional ravishda yo'q bo'lib ketishiga yoki Sharqiy va Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo mamlakatlaridagi yirik balinli kitlarning mahalliy zaxiralariga. Kattaroq krakerlarning biron bir borligi ko'pincha yoki hech kim uchun tasdiqlanmagan.[101]
Tishli kitlar delfinlar bundan mustasno sperma, mitti sperma, pigmentli sperma,[102] Baird tumshug'i, Longmanning tumshug'i,[103] Kyuverning tumshug'i,[104] Bleyvnil tumshug'i,[105] ginkgo tishli gaga kitlar,[106] va orca va uchuvchi kitlar (yolg'on qotil, pigme qotili, qovun boshli, qisqa muddatli uchuvchi ).[85] Soxta qotillar hali ham materik Xitoy qirg'oqlarida qolmoqda va ma'lum mintaqalarda muntazam ravishda daryolarga kirib borishi ma'lum.
Tishli kitlarni qirib tashlash Tayvan qirg'oqlarida keng tarqalgan.[107]
Hozirgi Xitoy qirg'oqlarida katta kitlar juda kam uchraydi, u erda faqat minke kitlarining yoki undan bir nechtasining qoldiqlari saqlanib qolgan. Biroq, kit tomosha qilish sohalari sharqiy sohil bo'ylab mashhur diqqatga sazovor joylarga aylandi Tayvan, ulug'vor jonzotlarni, ayniqsa yozda kuzatish uchun ajoyib imkoniyatlarni taqdim etadi.[108] So'nggi paytlarda sariq dengizda kuzatilgan kitlarni qayta tiklash asosida kuzatuv faoliyatini yo'lga qo'yish imkoniyatlari ko'rib chiqilmoqda.[55] Rorquallarning yirik turlari vaqti-vaqti bilan pelagik suvlarda uchraydi.[109] Kitlar ko'chib o'tmoqda Tsushima bo'g'ozi ehtimol Xitoy suvlari yuqori tezlikda harakatlanadigan kemalar tomonidan urilib yuborilish xavfi ostida.[110]
Yanki va zamonaviy baliq ovi yozuvlari shuni ko'rsatadiki, Xitoyning qirg'oq bo'yidagi turli hududlarda, xususan, bir nechta joylarda balin kitlari uchun tarixiy yozgi va qishlash / bolalash joylari bo'lgan. Quyida balin va bir nechta yirik tishli kitlar bilan mos keladigan, ammo kashf qilinmagan yoki o'rganilmagan mintaqalar va turlarni hisobga olmaganda, ularning bir qismini ko'rsatadigan ro'yxat mavjud.
Balin kitlari
- O'ng kitlar - Sariq dengiz (ayniqsa, orolga qo'shni) Xayyan Dao[111] yaqinroqda iliq va sovuq okean oqimlarining tutashgan joyi mavjud[112] va Xitoyning materik sohillarida turlarning barcha zamonaviy ko'rinishlari jamlangan edi),[113] Shanxay va Zhoushan orollari, Guandun va Xuyan,[113] va Tayvan bo‘g‘ozi sohillari kabi Fujian (masalan,Pingtan oroli ), Pengxu Orollar va Tayvan,[114] va ba'zilari Xaynan va Leytsjouga etib borishdi[89] Xitoyda turlarning birinchi torlari yoqilgan edi Shandun viloyati 2000 yildan 2006 yilgacha.[115] Xitoyda birinchi marta ko'rilgan joy Shenchjen 2015 yilda kuzatuv dumaloq deb e'lon qilingan bo'lsa-da,[116] Yaponiya dengizida kit yashovchisidan keyin birinchi tirik hayvon Namhae yaqin Pusan 2015 yil fevral oyida va bu 1974 yilda Koreyaning EEZ-dagi so'nggi rekordidan keyin turlarning birinchi tasdig'i edi.[117] 1901 yildan boshlab yozuvlar yaqin atrofga jamlangan Amami Oshima shu jumladan 1997 va 2014 yillarda ko'rilgan,[118][119][120][121] va Kyusuning g'arbiy sohilidagi birinchi tasdiqlangan kit portga tushib ketdi Ushibuka, Kumamoto 2014 yilda.[122][123]
- Mumkin bo'lgan qirg'oq zarb qilingan maydonlarni ko'rsatadigan tadqiqotlar asosida, qishlash taqsimotlari, ehtimol, hududlarni o'z ichiga olgan Chjetszyan sohillari ham.[89] Ushbu turdagi hayvonlarning ekspluatatsiya qilinishidan oldin Sariq va Bohay dengizida yozgacha bo'lganligi yoki yo'qligi noma'lum, ammo kopepodlar havzalar ichida va geografik tabiat ba'zi kitlar u erda yozlashgan bo'lishi mumkinligini ko'rsatadi.[124]
- Kulrang va dumaloq kitlar - Sar va Bohay dengizi kabi Tsindao,[125] Zhoushan orollari, Tayvan, Chjetszyan, Guangdong, Nanpong orollari,[82] Liaonin,[126] Fujian, Xailing ko'rfazining janubida,[127] Daya ko'rfazi, Gonkong, Xaynan, Qizhou Liedao orollari (kamtar),[128] Wailuo Makoni,[129] Parasel orollari,[130] va hokazo.[131]
- Bugungi kunda atigi 130 ga yaqin kul kitlar omon qolgan, ammo ba'zi bir so'nggi tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, asl Osiyo aholisi funktsional ravishda yo'q bo'lib ketgan va bu kitlar Saxalin va Kamchatka yaxshi tiklangan sharq aholisidan kelib chiqishi mumkin.[132] Fotoalbom[133] va yozuvlarni ushlab turish[134] Tayvanda va unga qo'shni hududlarda bir vaqtlar qishlash / bolalash joylari bo'lganligini taxmin qiling. Koreys suvlarida eng so'nggi ma'lum bo'lgan rekord - bu juftlikni ko'rish edi Bangeojin, Ulsan 1977 yilda.[135]
- 2011 yilda Xitoy va Yaponiya suvlari o'rtasida Sharqiy Xitoy dengizidagi pelagik suvlar orasida kulrang kitlarning mavjudligi akustik ravishda aniqlandi.[136]
- Xalqning janubiy qirg'oqlarida tarixiy kambag'allarning soni juda oz edi, shuning uchun ekspluatatsiya qilinishidan oldin aholining asl sonini aniqlash qiyin. Bir vaqtlar janubiy qirg'oqlarda yaxshi tashkil etilgan zarb zonasi mavjud edi Bashi kanali atrofida Kenting milliy bog'i yoki Tayvanning janubiy qirg'oqlari va orollarida[137] kabi Syaoliuqiu oroli va Dapeng ko'rfazi. Bugungi kunda ularning soni ushbu hududlarda tasdiqlanmoqda[138][139] va Tayvanning sharqiy qirg'oqlari bo'ylab kitlarni kuzatuvchi kompaniyalar tomonidan olib borilgan kuzatuv harakatlariga qaramay, juda kichik,[140][141] materik qirg'oqlari uchun tushunarli. Tayvanning sharqiy qirg'oqlarida sigir-buzoq juftligini, shu jumladan bir nechta ko'rishlar sodir bo'lgan.[142][143][144][145][146] Kitlar hech bo'lmaganda juda ko'p edi Pingtung Sharqiy sohillarda va hududlarda sporadik shaxslar kuzatilgan va Hualien[147][148][149][150] kabi orollarda Yashil orol[151][152] va Orkide oroli.[153][154][155] Tayvanda birinchi tasdiqlash 1994 yilda Hualien juftligidan iborat edi va chalkashlikdan muvaffaqiyatli qochish Taitung 1999 yilda.[156] 2000 yilda Orxideya orolining atrofida kit ko'rilganidan beri,[157] Yashil orolda va Orkide orolida deyarli har yili kuzatilganligi haqida xabar berilgan, ammo bu suvlarda nisbiy qisqa turishlar tiklanishni ko'rsatmoqda, chunki qishki zarb maydonlari hali bo'lmagan.[158] Atrofda qasoskor kitlarni ikki marta ko'rishgan Gonkong 2009 va 2016 yillarda.[159][160][161] Ehtimol, Sariq dengizida uchta jonivorni, shu jumladan sigir buzoq juftligini ko'rish birinchi marta tasdiqlangan Changxay okrugi 2015 yilda.[52][162][163] Hozir juda oz miqdordagi kitlar Yaponiya dengizi va Tsushima bo'g'ozi va yana Koreya yarim oroliga etib boradi.
- Tarixiy ovlar va kuzatishlar bo'yicha olib borilgan tadqiqotlar asosida ba'zi kulrang kitlar Xitoy bo'ylab yil bo'yi sodir bo'lishi mumkin edi,[127] ehtimol Bohay dengizida yoz.[111] 1933 yildan buyon Xitoy suvlarida kamida 24 ta yozuv bor edi, ular orasida ko'rishlar, torlar va kuzatuvlar mavjud edi.[164] 2011 yilgi namunadagi DNK tahlili shuni ko'rsatadiki, bu ayol g'arbiy populyatsiyada kelib chiqishi mumkin emas. Tarixiy jihatdan Sarg'ish va Bohay havzalarida qamrab olingan kitlar hech qachon yoz bo'lmaganmi yoki yo'qmi noma'lum.
- Bryd yoki Eden kitlari - Tayvan, Fujian va Guangdong orasida Gonkong, Xaynan va Leychjou shaharlarigacha bo'lgan tarixiy yashash joylari va Tonkin ko'rfazi[165][166] yopiq kabi Veyzhou va Syeyang orollari.[167][168][169] Bugun vaqti-vaqti bilan, shu jumladan, uning ichkarisidagi hududlarda ko'rish holatlari bo'lgan Gonkong va Makao[170] Tonkin ko'rfazigacha, va Zhoushan kabi turli hududlardan torlar haqida xabar berilgan edi. Tsushima bo'g'ozi orqali o'tayotgan kitlarning soni hozircha aniq emas, garchi ular ko'p marta kuzatilgan, ayniqsa Yaponiya sohil xavfsizligi.[171] 24 Brayd yoki Eden kitlari koreys tilida ushlangan EEZ 1970-yillarning o'rtalarida,[172] va ulardan biri 1994 yilda Yapon dengizida ko'rilgan.[173]
- Fin kitlari - Sariq va Bohay dengizida tarixiy yashash joylari[174][175] Sharqqa va Janubiy Xitoy dengizlari such as off Paracel Islands, and at least two other local groups, Sea of Japan residents and the group once migrated along the Pacific side of Japanese archipelago, once migrated to Chinese waters[176] The East China Sea group is considered to be either functionally extinct or critically endangered due to being one of main targets by Japanese whaling in 20th century,[177] and today there have been occasional strandings or findings of deceased individuals along sporadic areas from Yellow and Bohai Seas to other parts including southern shores like at Kam District yilda Wenchang,[178] Shanxay (although the whale was speculated to have died in offshore waters),[179][180] Ningbo,[181] and along Hualien.[182][eskirgan manba ] The last of confirmed sightings on Taiwan is unknown although some media and tourism operators claim that migrations still occur,[139][183] and whales might still migrate in pelagic waters. The only modern record among Ryukyu orollari was of a rotten carcass beached on Ishigaki oroli 2005 yilda.[184] The last of known records on Korean Peninsula was in 1973,[172] but there have been recent by-catches along the coasts. Regarding Yellow Sea, a juvenile was accidentally killed along Boryeong 2014 yilda.[185] Some whales still live in Sea of Japan[186] and pass through Tsushima Strait.[171] There had been congregation areas adjacent to Korean Peninsula such as in East Korea Bay va Ulleungdo,[187] although recent occurrences into these locations are of unclear due to locational disorders.
- Fin whales in Yellow Sea could have been a unique form from outer Pacific populations due to their smaller size,[188] and breeding season was mainly in winter.
- Minke whales – Still be present regularly (although very rare to observe live individuals[50][189]) in Yellow and Bohai sea (resident group), Zhoushan,[166] and in any coastal and oceanic island areas (e.g. Zhoushan, Penghu,[190][191] and Parcel Archipelagos). Likely to breed in early to mid – summer,[192] and possibly 4 major migratory routes exists within Yellow and Bohai Seas such as along Liaoning Bay, Bohay bo'g'ozi va Shandun yarim oroli.[193] Off Taiwan, recent sightings and entanglements occurred along east coasts such as at San-Diego,[194][195] Tayvan bo‘g‘ozi,[196] yoki da Hualien.[197] Strandings and by-catches have been in higher rates in Bohai Sea and at the islands of Haiyang[198][199] and Zhangzi.[50][189][200]
- Blue and sei and Omura's whales – largely unknown. At least blues were historically known to visit into Yellow and Bohai Sea[201] and migrate further south to Paracel Islands.[130] One was sighted off Veyjou oroli 2017 yilda.[202]
- Blue whale populations in coastal northwestern Pacific likely became extinct due to heavy exploitation in 20th century along southern Japan especially on Wakayama and Shikoku and Miyazaki[203] where the last known catches in East China Sea (Amami Oshima ) were in 1934.[204] The most recent of recorded stranding on Japanese archipelago other than Ryukyu orollari were in 1950s,[205] and only 3 blue whales have been recorded in Uzoq Sharq Russian waters from 1994 to 2004.[206] Gigantic whales exceeding over 20m in length have been observed in Tsushima Strait in recent years although their exact species are unknown.[171] Bor edi stranding yilda Siqilish 2005 yilda.[178] It is unclear whether or not those whales confirmed in Bohol dengizi in recent years include any remnants of blue whales historically seen in Chinese EEZ,[207] since it was speculated that these whales are piggmi ko'k kitlar from southern hemisphere.[208]
- Historic distributions and occurrences, and current statuses of Sei, Bryde's (offshore form) and Omura's whales in Chinese and Korean waters are unclear, but their known ranges in Chinese waters reach from mid to southern coasts facing East China Sea and Taiwan[139][174] ga Janubiy Xitoy dengizi.[209][210][211] Scientific confirmation of Omura's whales among continental waters was rather recent.[212] Strandings of Omura's whales have been recorded only south from Zhejiang Country.[213] Occasionally, either bryde's or omura's whales have been spotted along east Taiwanese coasts during whales watch cruises,[214][215][216][217] Sightings have been along Taiwanese coasts such as nearby Hualien.[218][219] and there was a case of re-floating stranded bryde's whale along Nantong 2005 yilda.[220]
Toothed Whales
- Sperma kitlari[221] – the only large cetacean still being common in the nation's present waters; being one of the main targets of whale-watching industries along the east coast of Taiwan, as well as islands such as Syaoliuqiu[222] va Spratli orollari.[223] Some might appear around Hainan Islands although their current status in this region is unclear.[224] Occasionally strands on mainland shores even in Yellow and Bohai regions. They don't appear often in mainland's near-shore waters because of their feeding partiality to prefer deep sea canyons. Sperm whales actually do appear in near-shore waters in some cases; at locations where deep waters approach shores, or some particular individuals or groups have learned to come to rest in shallow bays or straits or along beaches. There had been sightings of 9 whales in East China Sea off Korean Peninsula in 1999, and 8 whales off eastern Korean Peninsula in 2004.[187] The last catches were of 5 whales off Ulsan 1911 yilda.[225]
- Baird's beaked whales – The second largest of Odontoceti and being extreme divers after sperm whales. Next to nothing about this species' natural histories and biology in Chinese waters are clear as the species has been considered not to occur, and the locational origin of the skeletal specimen at the Chjetszyan Museum of natural History is unclear.[47] It is a question that whether this species could still be present within Chinese EEZ or not although some groups on Japanese archipelago still survive but in under serious danger by today's commercial whaling activities. Based on archeological reports, these elusive, friendly whales by nature once had been regular among Yellow/Bohai Seas region notably around Lingshan Island off Xuangdao tumani or the mouth of Jiaozhou ko'rfazi va yopiq Dalian at least until mid-16th century, but they were seemingly wiped out by Japanese whalers.[226] Southern limits of their distributions in Chinese waters are unclear while a stranding or a catch was recorded in Zhoushan in 1950s.[227][228] 12 whales were bycaught along eastern Korean Peninsula between 1996 and 2012.[187]
- Longman's beaked whales and other beaked whales – Being one of newly classified and less known species, their overall distributions have been rather unclear. They are the second largest of beaked whales and third largest of toothed whales can be seen in Chinese EEZ. In Chinese waters, either live or deceased records were concentrated on east coast of Taiwan[229] and surrounding waters[103][230] including Lanyu[231][232] and Green Island.[151] Based on studies, presences of other beaked whales, being lesser known as well, have been confirmed to be common around Taiwanese waters, and Taiwan is one of fewer locations where beaked whales have been observed with higher regularities during kit tomosha qilish ekskursiyalar.[233] Stejneger's beaked whales are resident in Sea of Japan, and one of the most commonly recorded ziphiidae species of the Korean Peninsula although their presence within Yellow Sea is rather unclear.[187]
- Orkas – The current status of killer whales along the nation's coasts and surrounding areas is unclear. Sighting is more common along eastern Taiwanese coasts such as off Chenggong[234] while on mainland, they do occur on almost the entire shoreline from Bohai and Yellow Sea in north to Ningbo[235] va Zhoushan arxipelagi in east, and along the southern coasts and islands including Paracel Islands as well.[47] There was a commercial catch on southern Taiwan in 1990s.[47][236] They still occur in few numbers in Korean side of Yellow Sea or nearby such as the sightings of pairs in 2001[237] and 5 or 6 whales off Vando (orol) ichida Dadohaehaesang milliy bog'i 2016 yilda.[238]
- Short-finned pilot whales – So called the "Southern Form" of the species ranges within the Chinese waters. Most of live and deceased records concentrate on eastern coasts of Taiwan.[107][239] Mainland distributions are rather unclear as there had been only one stranding record in Hainan,[47] including regularities of occurrences within Yellow Sea regions, but occasional strandings have been recorded such as at Taeanhaean National Park[240][241] yoki Jeju.[242][243] There was a mass stranding at Nanji Islands in 2004.[244]
- False killer whales – One of few species surviving today in descent numbers on mainland coasts, but in peril; any warmer regions such as Taiwan, Nánpēng Islands,[82] Nanji Island Marine Sanctuary,[62] Matsu orollari,[245] Langyatai on Huangdao District,[246] Dongshan okrugi,[247] Gonkong,[248] Paracel Islands, and so on.
- False killer whales along continental China are known to often enter and swim up large rivers in pods or large numbered schools, reaching more than 30 to 50 km, or individuals can travel further for 220 to 300 km in extreme cases.[47] Rivers and canals in Sianshui okrugi such as Guanhe, Jiangsu, Xuay va Tongyu (通榆河) rivers[249][250] have local legends of "鲸拜龙王" (Worshiped Whale Dragon King), telling that every spring whales gather at river mouths and swim up. In recent years, especially from earlier 2000s, false killer whales have been observed to swim up rivers rather regularly, showing dramatic recoveries[251] and their numbers are rising up once again, up to more than 200 whales.[252] Whales occasionally appear in Jiaozhou ko'rfazi where was once a regular range for the species until in 1980s.[51][253]
Dugongs
Dugongs are marine mammals that feed entirely on vegetation such as dengiz o'tlari. Ular bilan bog'liq manatees in the Western Hemisphere, and are only sireniya species found in Asian waters. Xitoyda,[254] dugongs are found along the coasts of the Guansi-Chjuan avtonom viloyati, qayerda the Hepu Dugong National Nature Reserve, near Beihai, was created in 1992 for their protection, and less frequently in Hainan.[255] Current distributions could be much more restricted than that of pre-exploitation ranges, as once might have been seen in the Sariq dengiz mintaqalar.[256]
They are considered regionally extinct in Taiwan. The dugong is a Class I protected species. They were hunted for their meat in the late 1950s and early 1960s during the Oldinga sakrash. Dugongs are threatened by the loss of seagrass beds from coastal development. Several areas still possess feasible habitats for dugongs today such as the Dongsha Atoll and the west coasts of Xaynan va Leyjou yarim oroli, and Chinese government funded to establish a sanctuary designed for dugong and mangrov conservation ranging from Xepu okrugi ga Shankou yilda Guansi,[257] also to secure local Xitoy oq delfinlari.[258] Individuals distributed among the Beybu ko'rfazidagi iqtisodiy chekka[76] yilda Tonkin ko'rfazi face threats of busy-becoming ship-lanes and polluted waters.
Fil
Osiyo fillari once roamed a large swath of China, but are now confined to the Xishuangbanna va Puer Prefectures of southern Yunnan. Xishuangbana means 12 elephants in the local Tailand tili. In recent years, Chinese demand for ivory has led to a sharp increase in elephant poaching around the world.[259] Thanks to strict enforcement of elephant protection laws with capital punishment for poachers and government financed feeding programs, the population of elephants within China from 1994 to 2014 roughly doubled to nearly 300.[259]
Toq tuyoqli tuyoqlilar
Records and artwork from antiquity indicate that three species of Asian karkidon, Hind, Javan va Sumatran, ko'proq maxsus Northern Sumatran rhinoceros have lived in China.[260] Davomida Shang Dynasty, some 3,000 years ago, rhinoceros ranged as far north as Inner Mongolia.[260] Ning boshiga kelib Xan sulolasi, 2,200 years ago, they had disappeared from the Central Plains of northern China.[260]
Davomida Tang sulolasi, about 1,200 years ago, rhinos were found across southern China and the imperial zoo had a captive breeding program that returned some animals to the wild.[260] Cooler climate in northern China may have caused rhinoceros habitat to shrink, but it was demand for rhino horns for use in traditional Chinese medicine, documented in as early as the Song Dynasty 1,000 years ago, that drove the animal toward extinction.[260]
In Min sulolasi about 650 years ago, rhinoceros were confined to Yunnan and Guizhou, and by the Tsin sulolasi to only Yunnan.[260] The Qing government limited the hunting of rhinos to only officials, and some 300 horns were harvested between 1900 and 1910.[260] The collapse of the Qing Dynasty in 1911 allowed individuals to hunt the animal.[260] The last Sumatran rhino was killed in 1916, the last Indian rhino in 1920 and the last Javan rhino in 1922.[260]
In 2010, a herd of nine southern white rhinoceros were imported from South Africa and shipped to Yunnan where they were kept in a wild animal park for acclimation. In March 2013, seven of the animals were shipped to the Laiyanghe National Forest Park, a habitat where Asian rhinoceros once lived.[261] Two of the African rhinos began the process of being released into the wild on 13 May 2014.[262]
The Prjevalskiy oti, the only species of yovvoyi otlar never to have been domesticated, once roamed free in large parts of northwestern China but became locally extinct in 1957. In the 1980s, herds from Europe have been introduced to habitats in Xinjiang and Gansu.
Boshqa toq oyoqli tuyoqlilar in China are the Mo'g'uliston eshagi va Tibetan wild ass (kiang). The former is endangered while the latter is not. Both are Class I protected species.
Tup tuyoqlilar
Kiyik
China has a great variety of true deer and its close kin the mushk kiyik. The largest deer is the elk da topilgan Katta va Kichik Xingan ranges of the northeast. The moose stands 2 m tall and weighs as much 700 kg. Aksincha, kamroq sichqon kiyiklari of Yunnan, which is just 45 cm in height and weighs 2 kg, is not much bigger than a rabbit.
China has both the wapiti va qizil kiyik, the second and fourth largest deer species, which until 2004 were considered the same species. The elk or wapiti of North America, has four subspecies in Asia – the Oltoy vapiti, Tian Shan wapiti, Manchuriya wapiti va Alashan wapiti – all of which are present in China. The red deer, though quite common in Europe, has subspecies in China that are endangered.
The Yarkand deer lives along the Tarim daryosi in Xinjiang south of the Tian Shan. The Baqtriya kiyiklari lives north of the Tian Shan in northern Xinjiang and Central Asian Republics. The Tibetan red deer, Gansu red deer, Sichuan kiyiklari have been alternatively categorized as subspecies of the elk or the O'rta Osiyo qizil kiyiklari.
The sambar kiyik, the third largest deer species, is found throughout southern China, and on the islands of Hainan and Taiwan. They live near water and are called "water deer" in Chinese. They should not be confused for the Xitoy suv kiyiklari, a smaller deer which are found in the Yangtze Delta region. The water deer is the only species of true deer without antlers.
Water deer, tup kiyik va muntjacs are small deer with long upper canines that protrude like tusks. Muntjacs are known for their soft hide and tender meat. The Hind muntjak is found throughout southern China. The range of the Reeve's muntjac extends north to Gansu and to Taiwan. Feaning muntjac are found in eastern Tibet and the Gongshan muntjac in neighboring Yunnan. The tukli jabhali muntjak is endemic to the mountains at the juncture of Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Fujian and is a protected species. The tup kiyik, a close relative of the muntjac, is found throughout central China.
Deer is prized in China for the velvet of their antlers. Antler velvet is rich in growth hormone and is used in traditional Chinese medicine.[263] The most valuable antler velvet comes from the sika kiyiklari which is raised on farms. Several subspecies of the sika deer, including the Shanxi sika va North China sika may have become extinct in the wild and survive exclusively in captivity. The Sichuan sika kiyiklari, another subspecies, was discovered in 1978 and lives in mountains of northern Sichuan and southern Gansu. The Formosan sika kiyiklari is endemic to Taiwan.
Kiyik, which are found in the forests of the Greater Khingan range in northern Inner Mongolia, are domesticated by the ethnic Ewenki va Oroqen odamlar.[264] The Oroqen call themselves, "people who use the reindeer." One branch of the Ewenki rely on reindeer to haul goods through swampy forests. They use reindeer milk and meat for nourishment, hides for clothing and tents, and antlers for medicine and income. The Kyrgyz people, who now reside in Central Asia and western Xinjiang, used to live in northeast Asia and regard the sika deer as a holy animal.[265] According to Kyrgyz legend, the Kyrgyz Bugu tribe descended from a mother deer.[266]
The sika deer is protected as a Class I endangered species by the state, though it is classified by the Xalqaro tabiatni muhofaza qilish ittifoqi (IUCN) kabi eng kam tashvish. Another Class I protected deer is the Thorold's or white-lipped deer. This large deer with a population of about 15,000 that is endemic to Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, Tibet and Yunnan, is considered zaif IUCN tomonidan. The Chinese population of Eldning kiyiklari, a Class I protected species that is also considered xavf ostida by IUCN, is found only on the island of Hainan. O'nlab yillar davomida Hindchitoy cho'chqa kiyiklari was believed to be extinct in China until a fawn was discovered in 2007 in the Yongde Daxueshan National Wildlife Reserve. The Indochinese hog deer is also protected by the state.
Perhaps the most remarkable endangered deer species in China is Pere Devidning kiyiklari. This deer, colloquially known as the sibuxiang or the "Four-Not-Look-Alike", is said to have the hooves of an ox, antlers of a deer, neck of a camel and tail of a donkey, but does not look like any one animal. According to Chinese legend, this animal helped the ancient sage Tszyan Ziya ag'darish tyrant king ning Shang Dynasty 4,000 years ago and became a symbol of good fortune. Chinese emperors kept the sibuxiang ham chaqirdi milu in imperial hunting parks, even as the animal became extinct in the wild, perhaps as early as 2,000 years ago. By 1866, when Father Armand Devid identified the animal, there were only 200–300 remaining in the Nanhaizi Royal Park yilda Pekin. A few animals were sold to zoos in Europe before 1894, when the park was flooded and some of the animals escaped only to be hunted and eaten. The last of the animals in China died during the chaos of the Bokschining isyoni. 1898 yilda, Herbrand Rassel, Bedfordning 11-gersogi assembled a herd of 18 animals from European zoos and bred them at his estate, Voburn Abbey Angliyada. In 1985, 22 deer from this herd was reintroduced back to the Nanhaizi Park in Beijing and in 1986 another 39 were sent to Dafeng, in northern Jiangsu on the Sariq dengiz. In 1998, eight animals in the latter herd were introduced into wilderness of the Dafeng Milu National Wildlife Reserve. By 2013, the reserve had 196 Père David's deer.[267]
The Sibir kiyiklari, once plentiful in the Northeast and favored as game meat, has also become a protected species. Hunting of roe deer was banned in 2000.[268]
Mushk kiyiklari va mouse-deer resemble small deer but are not true deer. They do not have antlers or facial scent glands. Male musk deer have scent glands that secrete kiyik mushk, which is used for perfume, incense and medicine. Of the seven musk deer species in the world, six are found in China and five are endangered: the Anhui mushk kiyiklari va mitti mushk kiyiklari of central China, the Alp mushk kiyiklari of western China, the white-bellied musk deer va qora mushk kiyiklari Tibet. The Sibir mushk kiyiklari in the northeast is considered vulnerable. The lesser mouse-deer is found in southern Yunnan.
Antilop
The grasslands, plateau and deserts of northern and western China are home to several species of antilop. The Mo'g'ul jayroni, also known as the Zeren or yellow sheep, can run at speeds of up to 90 km/h and gather in herds by the thousands. They used to be spread over much of northern China but are now confined largely to Inner Mongolia. The Tibetan gazelle or goa antelope, is slightly smaller than the Mongolian gazelle, and lives on the Tibet platosi. The Prjevalskiyning jayroni, whose males have distinctive horns that curl outward and then inward at the top, are extremely rare and endemic to a small region around Tsinxay ko'li on the northeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau. The goitered gazelle is about the same size as the Mongolian gazelle and is found throughout the Gobi sahrosi.
The Tibet antilopasi, also known as chiru, is taller than the gazelles and has longer horns. It is endemic to the Tibetan Plateau and is endangered. The animal is poached for its fine wool, which is made by Kashmiriy weavers into the Shaxtosh shol Film Kekexili: Tog 'patrul xizmati documents efforts to protect the animal from poaching. The Tibetan antelope was one of the maskotlar uchun 2008 yil yozgi Olimpiya o'yinlari.
The saiga antelope 's horns are used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat a variety of ailments including the common cold.[269] Despite its status as a Class I protected species, the saiga antelope has been poached to extinction in the Dzungar Basin of northern Xinjiang and is critically endangered in Central Asia and Russia. Chinese police routinely interdict large batches of smuggled horns into Xinjiang.[270] Attempts have been made to reintroduce the saiga antelope to habitats in China.[271]
Goat antelopes
Serows, gorals va takin are called antelope by the Chinese, and echki antilopasi by western taxonomists.
The largest of these goat antelope is the takin, a relative of the musk ox. It lives in highlands from the eastern foothills of the Himalayas to the Qinling and shares habitat with the giant panda in Sichuan and Shaanxi. The takin is a Class I protected species.
Serows are smaller than takins but significantly larger than gorals. Both serows and gorals live in rainy mountainous regions and are excellent climbers. Serows have shorter and coarser wool than gorals. The materik serov is spread across southern China. The range of the Xitoy goral is even broader, extending to Korea in the northeast. The long-tailed goral lives in the northeast, along the borders with Russia and North Korea. The Himoloy serov, Himoloy goral va qizil goral are found in southern Tibet. The Tayvan serovi is endemic to Taiwan.
Mountain sheep and goat
The arxar or mountain sheep, the Asian cousin of the North American katta shoxli qo'ylar has nine subspecies, seven of which are found in northern and western China, including the Marko Polo qo'ylari, qaysi Venetian traveler reported observing in the Pomir tog'lari.
The Himalayan blue sheep, with much smaller horns than the argali, are agile climbers on Himalayan cliffs. The dwarf blue sheep is found in western Sichuan. The Himoloy tahri, discovered in China in 1974, is a Class I protected species with perhaps only 500 animals in southern Tibet.
The Sibir echkisi, the largest and heaviest goat, is found in the Tyan Shan range of Xinjiang.
Cattle, camel, pig
There are large numbers of domesticated gaur, yak va Baqtriya tuya in China but in the wild, they are Class I protected species. The gaur or Indian bison is the tallest species of cattle and found in southern Tibet and Yunnan. Domesticated gaur, called gayal, is raised by farmers in Yunnan. Yaks are the largest animals on the Tibet platosi. Wild yaks are larger than domestic yaks and slightly smaller than the gaur. They can tolerate extremely cold climate, climb steep slopes, and ford fierce rapids. Yaks are the imost important animal for Tibetan herders, who eat yak meat and milk for food, burn yak dung as fuel, spin yak hair into fabric, make yak hide leather and use yaks to transport and plow fields. Bactrian camels have two humps and can go a month or longer without drinking water. A thirsty Bactrian camel can drink 135 liters (30 gallons) in only 13 minutes.[272] They can withstand extremely hot and cold weather and have broad hooves that do not sink in desert. Bactrian camels are known as the "boats of desert" – for millennia, they were used to carry goods along the Silk Road. Wild camels are critically endangered and found in the Gobi va Taklamakan Deserts.
The yovvoyi cho'chqa, undan farm-raised pigs was domesticated some 8,000 years ago in China, remains common in the Chinese wilderness. On occasion, boars will interbreed with farm-raised pigs. The Manchurian wild boar is the largest of the wild boar species. The Formosan wild boar is a subspecies endemic to Taiwan.
Pangolin
The pangolin, a scaly chumolilar that feed on ants and termites and curl into a ball when threatened, is prized in China for its flesh, which is considered a delicacy and scales, which used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat among other ailments, inadequate lactation in breast-feeding mothers.[273] The Xitoy pangolini is found throughout southern China, Hainan and Taiwan and the Sunda pangolin g'arbiy Yunnan. In Chinese, the pangolin is called "that which wears mountain armor" and the animal is believed by local shamans to hold magical powers such that hunters must utter incantation before killing them to ward off bad luck.[274] As a Class II protected species, trading of wild pangolins is prohibited, but poaching and illegal trade remains rampant. The pangolin can be farm-raised, but pangolin farms must generally also raise termites to feed the livestock.[275] In recent years, Chinese customs have intercepted large shipments of pangolin from Southeast Asia and Africa.
Kemiruvchilar
Kirpin
The kirpin, deb nomlangan haozhu or "pig with long thin hair" in Chinese, should not be confused with kirpi, ciwei or the "thorned creature". Porcupines are rodents and hedgehogs belong to a separate order. Uch turi Qadimgi dunyo cho'chqasi are found in China: the Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine, Hind po'stlog'i va Malayya kirpini. Many parts of the porcupine including the brain, organs, fat, quills and even the feces can be used to make traditional Chinese medicine. Porcupines are raised on farms.[276]
Qunduz
20-asrning boshlarida Evroosiyo qunduzi was hunted to near extinction for its fur and kastoreum, a scent gland secretion used to make perfume and medicine. Though the global population has rebounded, the animal remains a Class I protected species. The Bulgan Beaver Nature Reserve in Qinggil tumani shimoliy Shinjon, manbasida Irtish va Ulungur daryosi bilan chegara bo'ylab Mo'g'uliston, was created in 1980 to protect the beaver. In 2007, there were 145 beaver colonies with an estimated population of 500–600 beavers in the reserve.[277]
Sincaplar
Sincaplar deyiladi songshu or "pine rodent" in Chinese but not all species live in trees. The squirrel family includes tree squirrels, uchadigan sincaplar, tuproqli sincaplar, rock squirrels, marmotlar va chipmunks, which are all found in China, often in great variety.
The qizil sincap common in Europe and the qora ulkan sincap of Southeast Asia are found, respectively, in the northern and southern parts of China. Boshqalar daraxt sincap species include the Pallasniki, inornate, Phayre's, Irravaddi, Andersonniki, orange-bellied Himalayan, Perny's long-nosed, red-hipped, Asian red-cheeked, Himalayan striped, Maritime striped va Svinxoning chiziqli sincapi.
Uchar sincaplar are found in almost every part of China, from the Himalayas to the tropical island of Hainan to the rural outskirts of Beijing. Flying squirrel species include the groove-toothed, complex-toothed, hairy-footed, particolored, Hind xitoylari, qizil gigant, red and white giant, spotted giant, Indian giant, Chinese giant, Japanese giant, Bhutan giant, Sibir, Yunnan giant (petaurista yunnanensis) va Hodgson's giant. Several are endemic to China.
Flying squirrels are timid creatures that are active at nighttime and use the patagium, a membrane connecting the fore and hind limbs to glide from trees. They do not build nests and live in caves or rock crevices.[278] They also defecate at specific locations, which facilitates the harvest of their fecal pellets.[278] The pellets are made into wulingzhi, a traditional Chinese medicine used to facilitate blood flow and ease pain.[278] Flying squirrel pellets can accumulate on the floor of caves for years and not rot.[279] Several species of flying squirrels are farm-raised to produce wulingzhi.[278]
The yivli tishli uchar sincap, also known as the North Chinese flying squirrel, is endemic to eastern Hebei Province and the suburbs of Beijing in Shimoliy Xitoy va shimoliy Sichuan. The murakkab tishli uchuvchi sincap is endemic to southern China.
Erdagi sincaplar, rock squirrels, marmotlar va chipmunks belong to the same tribe within the squirrel family.
In China, ground squirrels are found in arid regions of the north and west where the animals live in burrels. Ground squirrel species include the Alashan, Daurian, qizil yonoq, long-tailed va sariq tuproqli sincap.
Two species of rock squirrels are endemic to China, the Pere Devidning toshli sincapi, which is found across a wide swath of the country from the mountains around Beijing to Gansu and Sichuan, and the Forrestning toshli sincapi, found only in the mountains dividing the Yangtsi va Mekong daryosi Yunnan shimoli-g'arbiy qismida suv havzasi.
The Sibir chipmunk, tashqarida joylashgan yagona chipmunk turlari Shimoliy Amerika, Xitoyda oltita kichik turga ega, ularning barchasi mamlakatning shimoliy qismlarida. Hayvon uy hayvonlari va uning nozik go'shti, mayin mo'ynasi va an'anaviy xitoy tibbiyoti uchun ingredientlar uchun o'stiriladi.
The marmot, deb nomlangan hanta xitoy tilida "quruqlik" yoki "quruq otter" degan ma'noni anglatuvchi quruq sincaplar bilan bog'liq, ammo kattaroq, quyruqlari qisqaroq va ko'proq ijtimoiy hayvonlardir. Ular mushuk kattaligida o'sishi va katta koloniyalarda yashashi mumkin. To'rt tur Xitoyda, mamlakatning shimoliy va g'arbiy chekkalarida joylashgan: kulrang, uzun dumli, Himoloy va Tarbagan. Ulardan tarbagan marmot - yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan, III sinf muhofaza qilinadigan tur. Marmotlar shuningdek, oziq-ovqat va mo'yna uchun dehqonchilikda etishtiriladi.
Kemiruvchilarga sakrash
Oilaga tegishli bo'lgan sakrash kemiruvchilarining xilma-xilligi Dipodidae Xitoyda topish mumkin. Bunga quyidagilar kiradi jerboalar va sakrash sichqonlar, deb nomlangan tiaoshu, "sakrash kemiruvchi" va qayin sichqoni, deb nomlangan jueshu, "tushayotgan kemiruvchi" yoki "oyoq osti kemiruvchi". Jerboalar, sakraydigan sichqonlar va qayin sichqonlarining orqa oyoqlari uzun, ular ikki oyoqli pozitsiyadan sakrash uchun ishlatilishi mumkin.
Zokorlar, bambuk kalamushlari
Zokorlar va bambuk kalamushlari qisqa oyoq-qo'llari bo'lgan er osti burmali tombul va mo'ynali kemiruvchilar.
Zokorlarning qazish uchun old oyoqlari kuchli. Zokor suyaklari an'anaviy xitoy tibbiyotida qo'llaniladi va yo'lbars suyaklarini almashtirishi mumkin. The Xitoy zokor, Rotshildning zokori va Smitning zokori Xitoyga xosdir. Xitoy zokorlari Shimoliy Xitoydan Tsingxaydan Pekinga uzaygan, Rotshild va Smit zokorlari Gansu, Shensi, Xubey va Tsinxayga cheklangan. The yolg'on zokor va Transbaikal zokor Xitoy va Rossiya va Mo'g'uliston bilan chegaradosh mintaqada joylashgan.
Dunyodagi barcha to'rtta bambuk kalamush turlari Xitoyda uchraydi: Xitoy bambuk kalamush Yantszining janubida, bambuk kalamush Xitoyning janubi-g'arbida, katta bambuk kalamush yilda Xishuangbanna janubiy Yunnan va kamroq bambuk kalamush va g'arbiy Yunnan. Katta bambuk kalamushning vazni 5 kg ni tashkil qilishi mumkin. Bambuk kalamush go'shti oqsilga boy va kam yog'li. Bambuk kalamush moyi kuygan yaralarni davolashda ishlatilishi mumkin.
Zokor ham, bambuk kalamush ham mo'ynasi, go'shti va tibbiyotda ishlatilishi uchun fermada etishtiriladi.
Hamsterlar, lemmings, voleslar
Dunyoning 25 turidan taxminan yarmi hamsterlar Xitoyda joylashgan. Ularning aksariyati Shinjon, Gansu va Ichki Mo'g'uliston cho'llarida yashaydilar. Ba'zilar topilgan aniq mintaqaning nomi bilan nomlangan, masalan Xitoy, Mo'g'ul, Gansu, Xitoycha chiziqli, Tibet mitti, Xam mitti va Jungari hamsteri, va ba'zilari ularning asoschisi tomonidan, masalan Kempbellning mitti, Roborovskiy va Sokolovning mitti. Boshqalarga quyidagilar kiradi kul mitti, uzun dumli mitti, katta dumaloq hamster va qora qorinli hamster. Xitoylik hamster va Roborovski hamsterlari uy hayvonlari sifatida ko'paytirilib, butun dunyo bo'ylab uylarda topilgan *.Evroosiyo suv burg'usi (Arvikola amfibiusi)
Kirpi
The Amur kirpi (Erinaceus amurensis) Xitoyning Manchuriya shahridan yog'moqda.
Sichqonlar va kalamushlar
- Jigarrang kalamush
- Xitoy yotoqxonasi (Chaetocauda sichuanensis)
- Sichuan niviventer ("Niviventer" ustunligi)
- Yunnan hadromis (Hadromys yunnanensis)
Hares
- Xitoy quyoni (Lepus sinensis)
- Xaynan quyoni
- Manchuriyalik quyon
Har xil kemiruvchilar
- Xitoycha mol (Anourosorex squamipes)
- Gloverning pikasi (Ochotona gloveri)
- Ajoyib gerbil (Rhombomys opimus)
- Katta mol (Mogera robusta)
- Shimoliy xiyonat (Tupaia belangeri)
- Qisqa dumli gimnastika (Hylomys suillus)
Yarasalar
Uzluksiz parvozga qodir yagona sutemizuvchi hayvonlar - kemiruvchilardan keyin sutemizuvchilar soni bo'yicha ikkinchi o'rinda turadi. Ular keng bo'linadi mikrobatlar, ishlatadigan echolokatsiya navigatsiya qilish va hasharotlarni ovlash va megabatlar, mevalar va nektar bilan boqish uchun katta ko'zlarga va o'tkir hidga tayanadi. Ko'rshapalaklar butun Xitoy bo'ylab juda ko'p va xilma-xillikda uchraydi va ular omadni ramziy ma'noga ega bo'lgan hayvonlar hisoblanadi. G'orlardan yig'ilgan kaltakesak najasi an'anaviy xitoy tibbiyotida qo'llaniladi.
Megabatlar
Megabats, shuningdek, mevali ko'rshapalaklar deb nomlanadi uchar tulkilar, eng katta ko'rshapalak turlari. To'rt tur Xitoyda uchraydi, barchasi alohida populyatsiyada: katta uchadigan tulki Shaansida, Hind uchar tulki Tsingxayda, Ryukyu uchayotgan tulki Tayvanda va Layl uchayotgan tulki Yunnan shahrida.[280] Katta uchadigan tulkining vazni 0,65-1,1 kg (1,4-2,4 lb), qanotlari esa 1,5 m gacha (4 fut 11 dyuym).
Geoffroyning rozetkasi va Leschenault-ning rozetkasi, ikkalasi ham itga o'xshash mevali ko'rshapalaklar, Xitoyda ekolokatsiya qila oladigan yagona megabatlardir.[280] Tomoqlari bilan ultratovush hosil qiluvchi mikrobatlardan farqli o'laroq, rousettes sonik tovush to'lqinlarini tilni chertish bilan hosil qiladi.
Boshqa mevali ko'rshapalaklar turlarini o'z ichiga oladi kattaroq va kamroq qisqa burunli mevali ko'rshapalak, Blanfordning mevali ko'rshapalagi va g'or nektar ko'rshapalagi. Meva yarasalari ba'zan mevali dehqonlar tomonidan zararkunanda hisoblanadi va ularni Guangdong, Guangxi va Xaynan qismlarida ovlashadi va iste'mol qilishadi.[281] Ular, shuningdek, tropik mevali daraxtlarning ayrim turlarini changlatishga yordam beradi.[282]
Mikrobatlar
Vesper ko'rshapalaklar
Vesper yoki kechki ko'rshapalaklar Xitoyda kamida 45 turga ega bo'lgan eng katta ko'rshapalaklar oilasini o'z ichiga oladi. A'zolar kiradi sichqoncha quloqli yarasalar, uzun quloqli yarasalar, pipistrelles, tugunchalar va barbastelles.
Myotis yoki sichqoncha quloqli ko'rshapalaklar - nozik va mo'ynali quloqlari bo'lgan yarasalar. Dunyodagi 90 ga yaqin turdan taxminan beshdan biri Xitoyda uchraydi.
The sichqoncha qulog'iga qaraganda kamroq, hovuz ko'rshapalagi, Daubentonning yarasasi, Nattererning yarasasi va mo'ylovli ko'rshapalak Evroosiyo bo'ylab tarqalgan. Boshqalari esa janubiy Xitoy va Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoda, jumladan, iliqroq mintaqalarda yashaydilar katta myotis, Szechvan myotis, Birma mo'ylovli ko'rshapalak va Xorsfildning yarasasi yoki shimoliy Xitoy va Shimoliy-Sharqiy Osiyodagi vaqtinchalik mintaqalar Uzoq Sharq myotis, qardosh myotis va Ikonnikovning yarasasi. Hojsonning ko'rshapalagi o'ziga xos oltin mo'ynasi bilan tanilgan, Afg'oniston, Hindiston, Xitoyning markaziy qismida, Xitoyning janubi-sharqida, Manchuriya, Tayvan, Koreya va Indoneziyada bir-biriga bog'liq bo'lmagan populyatsiyaga ega. The Pekindagi sichqoncha quloqchasi sharqiy Xitoyga xos bo'lgan va uzun oyoqli myotis janubiy Xitoy va Gonkongga xosdir.
Sichqoncha quloqli ko'rshapalaklarning aksariyati hasharotlardir. Rikketning katta oyoqli ko'rshapalagi, u bo'ylab taqsimlanadi China Proper Laosga kirib, suv yaqinida yashaydi va baliq bilan oziqlanadi. The katta oyoqli ko'rshapalak Tayvan suv hasharotlarini suv yuzasida ovlaydi.
Pipistrellar va ularning qarindoshlari - bu parvoz qilayotgan kapalaklar kabi uchib yuradigan mayda ko'rshapalaklar. The oddiy pipistrelle og'irligi atigi 3,5 dan 8,5 g gacha (0,12 dan 0,30 oz) va qanotlari 18-25 sm (7,1 dan 9,8 dyuym) gacha. Xitoyda topilgan boshqa pipistrelllarga quyidagilar kiradi eng kam pipistrelle, Kelaartniki, Popa tog'i, Savining, shokolad qora zarhal va Xitoy pipistrelle. Xitoy tilida pipistrellar deyiladi fuyi "yashirin qanot" ma'nosini anglatadi. Pipistrellning go'shti, qoni, miyasi va najasi an'anaviy xitoy tibbiyotini tayyorlash uchun ishlatilishi mumkin. Miya husnbuzarni davolash uchun teriga surtiladi va xotirani yaxshilash uchun yutiladi.[283]
Noktullar pipistrellar bilan chambarchas bog'liq, ammo hajmi jihatidan ancha kattaroq bo'lishi mumkin. The Xitoy noktulasi mamlakatning janubiy yarmida va Tayvanda tarqalgan bo'lib, uning og'irligi xitoylik pipistrellega nisbatan uch-to'rt baravar ko'pdir. Xitoy tilida "tog 'ko'rshapalaklari" nomi bilan tanilgan noktullar g'orlarda va tosh toshlarida, shuningdek an'anaviy uylarning parda ostida yashaydi. Noctulalarning axlati tibbiy maqsadlarda to'planadi. Xitoyda boshqa noktul ko'rshapalaklarga quyidagilar kiradi umumiy tugun, kamroq tugun va qushdek tuguncha.
Barbastellalar xitoy tilida keng quloqli yarasalar deyiladi. Oralig'i Osiyo barbastelle Misrdan Xitoy orqali Yaponiyagacha cho'ziladi. 2001 yilda xitoylik zoolog qishloq tog'larida barbastelning yangi turini kashf etdi Pekin.[284] Ushbu ko'rshapalak g'orda topilgan Fangshan tumani bu erda yana to'rtta ko'rshapalak turi - Rikketning katta oyoqli, katta sichqoncha quloqli, katta taqa va naycha burunli ko'rshapalaklar ham yashaydi.[285] The Pekin barbastelle (Barbastella beijingensis) DNKning o'ziga xosligi bilan ajralib turdi va 2007 yil 23-mayda, 300-yilligiga bag'ishlangan tur sifatida tanildi Karl Linney.[284] 2012 yilga kelib, ushbu turdagi boshqa populyatsiyalar Pekindan tashqarida topilmadi.
Uzun quloqli yarasalar tanasi kabi deyarli o'sishi mumkin bo'lgan ulkan quloqlarga ega va Xitoyda bir nechta turlar bilan ifodalanadi (masalan.) Plecotus kozlovi, Plecotus ognevi...). The kattaroq va kamroq bambuk ko'rshapalaklar ulkan bambukning bo'sh kurtaklari ichida qo'ng'izlar tomonidan yeyilgan teshiklardan o'tishni afzal biling. Teshiklari kichik bo'lgani uchun, bambuk ko'rshapalaklar ham mayda. Uzunligi 4 sm (1,6 dyuym) va vazni 3,5 - 5,8 g (0,12 dan 0,20 oz) gacha bo'lgan kattalar kichik bambuk ko'rshapalagi a dan katta emas bumble bee.
Uyda ko'rshapalaklar shu jumladan Gobi katta jigarrang ko'rshapalak, shimoliy ko'rshapalak, qalin quloqli ko'rshapalak, serotinli ko'rshapalak shuningdek pipistrellar, noktulalar va barbastellar bilan chambarchas bog'liqdir. Boshqa qarindoshlar bu keng subfamily o'z ichiga oladi Tickellning yarasasi, ajoyib kechki ko'rshapalak, arlequin yarasasi, katta Osiyo sariq ko'rshapalagi, rangli rangli ko'rshapalak va Osiyo rangli rangli yarasalar.
Naychali burunli ko'rshapalaklar burunlari boshqa vespers va huni shaklidagi quloqlarga qaraganda uzunroq. Xitoy turlariga quyidagilar kiradi kattaroq, oz, dumaloq quloq, Xattonnikidir va qorong'i naycha burunli ko'rshapalak. Qorong'i naycha burunli ko'rshapalak Xitoyning shimoli-sharqidagi Heilongjiang va Jilin uchun keng tarqalgan. Pekindagi naycha burunli yarasalar havo qo'ng'izlari bilan oziqlanadi.[285]
The bo'yalgan ko'rshapalak va Xardvikning junli ko'rshapalagi, shuningdek, vesper ko'rshapalaklar, janubiy Xitoy o'rmonlarida yashaydi.
Uzoq qanotli ko'rshapalaklar
Uzoq qanotli ko'rshapalaklar Xitoyda the umumiy va g'arbiy egilgan qanotli yarasalar. Oddiy egilgan qanotli yarasalar katta koloniyalar hosil qilib, yuzlab kilometrlarga ko'chib o'tishlari mumkin.
Erkin yarasalar
Erkin yarasalar, boshqa ko'rshapalalardan farqli o'laroq, qanot membranalaridan ajralgan dumlari bor. Turlarga quyidagilar kiradi Evropaning erkin dumaloq yarasasi, La Touche-ning erkin quyrug'i va ajinlar labidagi erkin dumaloq ko'rshapalak.
Soxta vampir
The katta soxta vampir ko'rshapalagi Guangxi - bu kemiruvchilar, baliqlar, hasharotlar va mayda ko'rshapalaklar bilan oziqlanadigan yirtqich hayvon. U kichikroq "haqiqiy" vampir ko'rshapalaklar Janubiy Amerika.
Sac qanotli ko'rshapalaklar
Sac qanotli ko'rshapalaklar qanotlari ostida ko'tarib yuradigan qoplarga o'xshash bezlar bor feromonlar, juftlarni jalb qilish uchun chiqarilgan. Dunyoda taxminan 51 ta qanotli yarasalardan faqat qora soqolli qabr yarasasi Xitoyda joylashgan.
Taqir yarasalari
Taqir yarasalari deyiladi "xrizantema yarasalar "xitoy tilida, chunki ularning yuzlarida gul barglari singari ochiladigan taqa shaklidagi terining burmalari bor. Ushbu burun barglari taqa yarasasining ekolokatsiya uchun ultratovush signallarini chiqishiga yordam beradi. Xitoyda uchraydigan turlarga kattaroq, kamida, shoh, katta quloq, qalbaki, Xitoylik rufus, kichik yapon, Blyt's, Osgoodniki, Pearsonniki, Tomasniki va Dobsonniki. Podshoh va Osgoodning taqa yarasalari Xitoyning janubi-g'arbiy qismida keng tarqalgan bo'lib, olimlarning fikriga ko'ra SARS koronavirusi Xitoyda taqa yarasalarida paydo bo'lishi mumkin.[286][287][288]
Taqirquloqlar bilan chambarchas bog'liq dumaloq barglar shu jumladan ajoyib dumaloq barg, oraliq dumaloq barg, Pomona va Prattniki, Sharqiy Osiyo dumsiz bargli burun yarasasi va Stolitskaning uchburchak ko'rshapalagi.
Qushlar
Xitoy avifaunasiga jami 1314 tur kiradi, shulardan 52 turi endemik, ikkitasi bo'ldi tanishtirdi odamlar tomonidan, va 55 noyob yoki tasodifiy. Ro'yxatda keltirilgan turlardan biri qirilib ketgan Xitoyda va turlar soniga kiritilmagan. Sakson etti tur dunyo miqyosida tahdid ostida.
Qirg'ovullar
Kranlar va boshqa suzuvchi qushlar
Sudralib yuruvchilar
Xitoyda sudralib yuruvchilar juda ko'p, shu jumladan Xitoy timsoli va Yangtze gigant softshell toshbaqasi.
Timsohlar
- Xitoy timsoli (Alligator sinensis)
Kertenkeleler
- Xitoy timsoh kaltakesagi (Shinisaurus timsoh)
- Xitoy suv ajdaho (Physignathus cocincinus)
Toshbaqalar va toshbaqalar
- Uzaygan toshbaqa (Indotestudo elongata)
- Kantorning ulkan softshell toshbaqasi (Pelochelys cantorii)
- Yangtze gigant softshell toshbaqasi (Rafetus swinhoei)
Ilonlar
- O'tkir burunli ilon (Deinagkistrodon akutusi)
- Zar ilon (Natrix tessellata)
- Ikkita dog'li kalamush (Elaphe bimaculata)
- Mamushi (Gloydius blomhoffii)
- Grass ilon (Natrix natrix)
- Tog'li pitviper (Ovophis monticola)
- Jerdonning ilonlari (Protobothrops jerdonii)
- Bambukdan yasalgan ilon (Trimeresurus gramineus)
- Mangshan pitviperi (Trimeresurus mangshanensis)
- Motuo bambuk pitviperi (Trimeresurus medoensis)
- Shteynegerning quduq iloni (Trimeresurus stejnegeri)
Amfibiyalar
Xitoyda amfibiyaning 346 turi yashaydi.[2] Xitoyning amfibiya xilma-xilligi Qadimgi dunyodagi boshqa mamlakatlardan kattaroqdir va u butun dunyoda 5-o'rinni egallaydi. Xitoyning amfibiya faunasi keng tarqalgan, umuman tahdid qilinmaydigan turlarning muhim elementini o'z ichiga oladi, ammo amfibiya turlarining 27,3% yo'q bo'lib ketgan yoki tahlikaga tushib qolgan, chunki xitoylik amfibiyalarning tabiatini muhofaza qilish ishlari yaqinda boshlanganligi sababli, amfibiyalarga tahdidlar haqidagi mavjud ma'lumotlar etarli emas. .[289] Xitoyda bir nechta amfibiya turlari juda cheklangan geografik tarqalishlarga ega.[290]
Qurbaqalar
Haqiqiy qurbaqalar (Ranidae )
- Amolops aniqiaoensis
- Amolops bellulus
- Amolops chunganensis
- Amolops gerbillus
- Amolops granulosus
- Amolops hainanensis
- Amolops jinjiangensis
- Amolops kangtingensis
- Amolops liangshanensis
- Amolops lifanensis
- Amolops loloensis
- Amolops mantzorum
- Amolops medogensis
- Amolops monticola
- Amolops ricketti
- Amolops torrentis
- Amolops viridimaculatus
- Amolops wuyiensis
- Babina adenopleura
- Babina hainanensis
- Babina lini
- Babina pleuraden
- Chevron dog'li jigarrang qurbaqa
- Sharqiy oltin qurbaqa
- Emei musiqa qurbaqasi
- Glandirana minimasi
- Glandirana tientaiensis
- Xuanren qurbaqasi
- Imienpo stantsiyasining qurbaqasi
- Jonsning yivli barmog'i
- Koreyaning jigarrang qurbaqasi
- Odorrana andersonii
- Odorrana anlungensis
- Odorrana chapaensis
- Odorrana xloronota
- Odorrana exiliversabilis
- Odorrana grahami
- Odorrana graminea
- Odorrana hejiangensis
- Odorrana kuangwuensis
- Odorrana lungshengensis
- Odorrana margaretae
- Odorrana mutschmanni
- Odorrana schmackeri
- Odorrana tiannanensis
- Odorrana versabilis
- Odorrana wuchuanensis
- Pelophylax fukienensis
- Pelophylax hubeiensis
- Pelophylax lateralis
- Pelophylax nigromaculatus
- Pelophylax tenggerensis
- Pelophylax terentievi
- Yassi jigarrang qurbaqa
- Rana amurensis
- Rana chensinensis
- Rana omeimontis
- Rana sangzhiensis
- Rana weiningensis
- Rana zhengi
Dikroglossidae
- Xitoyning qutulish mumkin qurbaqasi
- Konkav quloqli torrent qurbaqasi
- Doichang qurbaqasi
- Fejervarya limnocharis
- Fejervarya moodiei
- Fejervarya multistriata
- Limnonectes longchuanensis
- Nanorana arnoldi
- Nanorana blanfordii
- Nanorana burreti
- Nanorana conaensis
- Nanorana feae
- Nanorana liebigii
- Nanorana makulozasi
- Nanorana medogensis
- Nanorana pleskei
- Nanorana polunini
- Nanorana to'rtburchagi
- Nanorana taihangnica
- Nanorana noaniq
- Nanorana ventripunctata
- Nanorana yunnanensis
- Shimoliy qurbaqa
- Kuhl daryosi qurbaqasi
- Quasipaa verrucospinosa
- Quasipaa boulengeri
- Quasipaa exilispinosa
- Quasipaa jiulongensis
- Quasipaa shini
- Quasipaa spinozasi
- Quasipaa yei
- Dumaloq tilli suzuvchi qurbaqa
Ceratobatrachidae
Daraxt qurbaqalari
- Annam daraxtining qurbaqasi
- Oddiy xitoy daraxt qurbaqasi
- Hyla sanchiangensis
- Hyla zhaopingensis: faqat Zhaoping okrugi, Guansi
- Hylarana cubitalis
- Hylarana guentheri
- Hylarana hekouensis
- Hylarana latouchii
- Hylarana macrodactyla
- Hylarana maosonensis
- Hylarana menglaensis
- Hylarana milleti
- Hylarana nigrovittata
- Hylarana spinulosa
Oddiy xitoy daraxt qurbaqasi - Hylarana taipehensis
- Yaponiya daraxt qurbaqasi
- Xitoy uchadigan qurbaqa
- Chiromantis vittatus
- Feihyla palpebralis
- Gracixalus gracilipes
- Gracixalus jinxiuensis
- Gracixalus medogensis
- Gracixalus nonggangensis
- Kurixalus naso
- Kurixalus odontotarsus
- Kurixalus verrucosus
- Raorchestes longchuanensis
- Raorchestes menglaensis
- Rakophorus burmanus
- Rakophorus chenfui
- Rakophorus dorsoviridis
- Rakophorus dugritei
- Rakophorus feae
- Rakofor hui
- Rhacophorus hungfuensis
- Rakofor kiosi
- Rakophorus maximus
- Rakophorus nigropunctatus
- Rakophorus omeimontis
- Rhacophorus puerensis
- Rakophorus rodopusi
- Rakophorus tuberculatus
- Rakophorus yaoshanensis
- Romerning daraxt qurbaqasi
Microhylidae
- Calluella yunnanensis
- Boreal qazish qurbaqasi
- Kalophrynus interlineatus
- Kalophrynus menglienicus
- Kaloula nonggangensis
- Kaloula rugifera
- Kaloula verrucosa
- Microhyla berdmorei
- Mikrohyla fissipes
- Microhyla heymonsi
- Mikrohyla pulchra
- Micryletta inornata
- Mikrohyla butlari
Axlat qurbaqalari
- Brachitarsophrys carinense
- Brachitarsophrys feae
- Brachytarsophrys popei
- Buergeria oxycephala
- Leptolalax alpinus
- Leptolalax liui
- Leptolalax oshanensis
- Leptolalaks qo'ziqorinlari
- Leptolalaks tengxongensis
- Leptolalaks ventripunctatus
- Megophrys binchuanensis
- Megofrizlar brachykolos
- Megophrys cheni
- Megophrys huangshanensis
- Megophrys lini
- Megofriz
- Megophrys parva
- Megophrys sangzhiensis
- Megophrys shuichengensis
- Megophrys wawuensis
- Oreolalax chuanbeiensis
- Oreolalax granulozi
- Oreolalax jingdongensis
- Oreolalax liangbeiensis
- Oreolalax lichuanensis
- Oreolalax major
- Oreolalax multipunctatus
- Oreolalax nanjiangensis: faqat Nanjiang okrugi, Sichuan
- Oreolalax omeimontis
- Oreolalax pingii
- Oreolalax popei
- Oreolalax puxiongensis
- Oreolalax rodostigmatus
- Oreolalax rugosus
- Oreolalax schmidti
- Oreolalax weigoldi
- Oreolalax xiangchengensis
- Scutiger boulengeri
- Skutiger qisqartiradi
- Scutiger chintingensis
- Scutiger glandulatus
- Scutiger gongshanensis
- Scutiger jiulongensis
- Scutiger liupanensis
- Scutiger maculatus
- Scutiger mammatus
- Scutiger muliensis: faqat Muli, Sichuan
- Scutiger ningshanensis
- Scutiger nyingchiensis
- Scutiger pingwuensis
- Scutiger sikimmensis
- Scutiger tuberculatus
- Scutiger wanglangensis
Buta qurbaqalari (Rakophoridae )
- Liuixalus hainanus
- Liuixalus ocellatus
- Theloderma kwangsiense: faqat Dayaoshan qo'riqxonasi (大 瑶山 自然保护区), Guansi
- Philautus kempii
- Polypedatlar impresusi
- Megafefali polipedatlar
- Mutip polipedatlar
- Theloderma asperum
- Theloderma kwangsiense
- Theloderma moloch
- Theloderma rhododiscus
Tuzli suv qurbaqalari
Xitoy dengiz suviga qisqa muddatli ekskursiyalarga bardosh bera oladigan taniqli 144 zamonaviy amfibiyalardan biriga ega.
Qurbaqalar
Haqiqiy qurbaqalar (Bufo )
- Ailao qurbaqasi
- Osiyo qurbaqasi
- Bufo kriptotimpanik
- Bufo sahifasi
- Bufo tuberculatus
- Bufo wolongensis: faqat Volong qo'riqxonasi, Sichuan
- Koreys suvi qurbaqasi
- Pseudepidalea pewzowi
Shoxli qurbaqalar (Ksenofrizlar )
- Qavariq dumli shoxli qurbaqa
- Qavariq venali shoxli qurbaqa
- Buyuk piebald shoxli qurbaqa
- Jingdong shoxli qurbaqa
- Kuatun shoxli qurbaqa
- Mangshan shoxli qurbaqa
- Medog shoxli qurbaqa
- Dawei tog'i shoxli qurbaqa
- Nankiang shoxli qurbaqa
- Boettgerning shoxli qurbaqasi
- Glandular shoxli qurbaqa
- Omei shoxli qurbaqa
- Xenophrys daweimontis: faqat Daweyshan qo'riqxonasi (大 围 山 自然保护区), Liuyang, Xunan
- tikanli barmoqli shoxli qurbaqa
- Vuliangshan shoxli qurbaqa
- Wushan shoxli qurbaqa
- Jangning shoxli qurbaqasi
Boshqa qurbaqalar
- Mo'g'uliston qurbaqasi
- Bombina maxima
- Duttaphrynus himalayanus
- Duttaphrynus melanostictus
- Leptobraxium ailaonicum
- Leptobraxium boringii
- Leptobraxium hainanense
- Leptobraxium leishanense
- Leptobraxium liui
- Kichik shoxli qurbaqa
- Ophryophryne mikrostomasi
- Ophryophryne pachyproctus
- Sharqiy olovli qurbaqa
- qo'pol teri shoxli qurbaqa
- Shoxli qurbaqani shakllantirish
- tikanli barmoqli shoxli qurbaqa
Salamanderlar va Nyutlar
- Amji salamanderi
- Qora tugma
- O'rta Osiyo salamandri
- Chenggong yong'in qorin
- Chiala tog 'salamandri
- Xitoy gigant salamandri (Andrias davidianus)
- Xitoy yong'in qorni
- Xitoylik siğil yangi
- Chinxay mittisi
- Chuxiong olovli qorinli triton
- Sibir salamandri
- Cynops wolterstorffi: faqat Kunming Siti, Yunnan
- Dayang Nyuton
- Fischerning tirnoqli salamandri
- Yong'in qorni
- Guabang Shan salamandri
- Guangxi siğil yangi
- Guychjou salamandri
- Xaynan tugmachasi
- Gonkong urushli yangi
- Jinfo tog 'salamandri
- Koreys salamanderi
- Kuankuoshui salamander
- Pachyhynobius shangchengensis
- Paramesotriton labiatus
- Paramesotriton maolanensis
- Paramesotriton yunwuensis
- Puxiong salamander
- Shuicheng salamander
- Sibir salamandri
- Spot-quyruqli siğil
- Belgilangan eshkak quyruq
- Taliang tugmachasi
- Wanggao siğili yangi
- Wenxian knobby newt
- G'arbiy Xitoy tog 'salamandri
- Xingan salamander
- Sariq dog'li salamander
- Yiu salamander
- Yunnan ko'lidagi yangi
- Zhijin siğil yangi
Sezilyanlar
- Banna sezilian (Ichthyophis bannanicus)
Baliq
Faqatgina chuchuk suvda Xitoyda 1000 dan ortiq baliq turlari mavjud. Hozirgacha eng xilma-xil tartib sipriniformalar, undan keyin siluriformalar. Yangtsi mamlakatdagi eng boy daryo havzasi bo'lib, unda 350 dan ortiq chuchuk suv baliqlarining qattiq turlari (shuningdek, bir nechta sho'r yoki sho'r suv).[292] Ularning yuqori foizlari endemik mamlakatga va ko'pchilik jiddiy tahdid ostida. Boshqalar orasida, bu qo'rqishadi Xitoy paddlefish, shuningdek, Yunnan ko'llarining bir nechta turlari (xususan Dian, Erxay, Fuxian va Yilong ), allaqachon yo'q bo'lib ketgan.[293] Xitoyda bundan ham ko'proq narsa bor g'or baliqlari dunyodagi boshqa mamlakatlardan ko'ra turlari.[294]
Xitoyda mo''tadildan tropik okeangacha bo'lgan uzun qirg'oq chizig'i bilan dengiz baliqlarining ko'p turlari mavjud Tinch okeani cod.
Umurtqasiz hayvonlar
Chuchuk suv Qisqichbaqa
Xitoyda 250 dan ortiq turli xil turlari yashaydi chuchuk suv qisqichbaqalari (oilalar Potamidae va Gecarcinucidae ), ularning aksariyati endemiklar. Shunday qilib, bu chuchuk suv qisqichbaqalariga eng yuqori turlarga boy mamlakatdir.[295] Eng ko'zga ko'ringan avlodlar Sinopotamon[296], Longpotamon,[296] Hindchinamon[297] va Nanxaypotamon.[298]
Mollyuskalar
Kelebeklar
Centipedes
Yo'qolib borayotgan turlari
Shuningdek qarang
- Xitoyning yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan va muhofaza qilinadigan turlari ro'yxati
- Xitoyda hayvonlarning farovonligi va huquqlari
- Xitoy sutemizuvchilar ro'yxati
- Tayvan sutemizuvchilar ro'yxati
- Gonkong sutemizuvchilar ro'yxati
- Xitoy amfibiyalarining ro'yxati
Izohlar va ma'lumotnomalar
- ^ "Biologik xilma-xillik bo'yicha hisobot". Environment.gov.au. 2009. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2008 yil 8-dekabrda. Olingan 27 aprel 2010.
- ^ a b "Xitoy: umurtqali hayvonlarning turlari bo'yicha 2015 yil - statistika". Statista.com. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ a b IUCN tashabbuslari - sutemizuvchilar - ma'lumotlarni tahlil qilish - Geographic Patterns 2012. IUCN. Olingan 24 aprel 2013 yil. Ma'lumotlar Tayvandagi turlarni o'z ichiga olmaydi.
- ^ Qushlarning turlari eng ko'p bo'lgan mamlakatlar. Mongabay.com. 2004 yil ma'lumotlari. Qabul qilingan 24 aprel 2013 yil.
- ^ Eng ko'p sudralib yuruvchi turlarga ega mamlakatlar. Mongabay.com. 2004 yil ma'lumotlari. Qabul qilingan 24 aprel 2013 yil.
- ^ a b IUCN tashabbuslari - amfibiyalar - Ma'lumotlarni tahlil qilish - Geographic Patterns 2012. IUCN. Olingan 24 aprel 2013 yil. Ma'lumotlar Tayvandagi turlarni o'z ichiga olmaydi.
- ^ IUCN Qizil ro'yxatiga eng xavfli bo'lgan turlari eng ko'p bo'lgan 20 ta mamlakat. 5 mart 2010. Qabul qilingan 2013 yil 24 aprel.
- ^ "Tabiat qo'riqxonalari". China.org.cn. Olingan 2 dekabr 2013.
- ^ a b v d [1] Kirish 30-may, 2020-yil
- ^ a b v [2] 2010 yil 18-avgust
- ^ Fan Pengfey va Xuo Sheng (2009). "Shimoliy oq yonoqli gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) Xitoyda yo'q bo'lish yoqasida " (PDF). Gibbon jurnali. 5: 44.
- ^ Fan & Peng (2009) 49 yoshda
- ^ Cawthon Lang KA. 2005 yil 20 iyul. Dastlabki ma'lumotlar: Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) taksonomiya, morfologiya va ekologiya. Qabul qilingan 1 iyul 2014 yil.
- ^ a b v d "中国 境内 非法 贩卖 猴子 调查 - 环保 - 人民网". People.com.cn. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ Goodrich, J .; Lynam, A .; Mikel, D.; Vibisono, X.; Kavanishi, K .; Pattanavibool, A .; Xtun, S .; Tempa, T .; Karki, J .; Jala, Y .; Karant, U. (2015). "Panthera yo'lbarsi". IUCN xavf ostida bo'lgan turlarining Qizil ro'yxati. IUCN. 2015: e.T15955A50659951. doi:10.2305 / IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15955A50659951.uz. Olingan 23 oktyabr 2018.
- ^ Jekson, P .; Nowell, K. (2011). "Panthera yo'lbarsi ssp. virgata". IUCN xavf ostida bo'lgan turlarining Qizil ro'yxati. IUCN. 2011: e.T41505A10480967. doi:10.2305 / IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T41505A10480967.uz.
- ^ "最 凶猛 的 陆地 哺乳动物 印度 虎 - 度 哥 世界 之 最". Dugoogle.com. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2014 yil 14-iyulda. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ a b Laguardiya, A .; Kamler, J. F .; Li, S .; Chjan, C .; Chjou, Z.; Shi, K. (2017). "Leoparlarning hozirgi tarqalishi va holati Panthera pardus Xitoyda ". Oryx. 51 (1): 153–159. doi:10.1017 / S0030605315000988.
- ^ Mitthapala, S .; Seidensticker, J .; O'Brayen, S. J. (1996). "Leopardlarda filogeografik pastki ko'rinishni tan olish (Panthera pardus): molekulyar genetik variatsiya ". Tabiatni muhofaza qilish biologiyasi. 10 (4): 1115–1132. doi:10.1046 / j.1523-1739.1996.10041115.x.
- ^ a b Li, S., Vang, D., Lu, Z. va Mc Shea, VJ (2010). "Pandalar bilan yashaydigan mushuklar: ulkan panda oralig'idagi yovvoyi felidlarning holati, Xitoy". Mushuk yangiliklari. 52: 20–23.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)
- ^ Xiao, V.; Feng, L .; Chjao X .; Yang, H.; Dou, H.; Cheng, Y .; Mou, P.; Vang, T .; Ge, J. (2014). "Amil yo'lbarsi, Amur leoparlari va ularning tuyoqlilar o'ljasining Xunchun milliy tabiat qo'riqxonasida, Jilinda tarqalishi va ko'pligi". Bioxilma-xillik bo'yicha fan. 22 (6): 717–724. doi:10.3724 / SP.J.1003.2014.14184.
- ^ Yang, H.; Chjao X .; Xan, B .; Vang, T .; Mou, P.; Ge, J .; Feng, L. (2018). "Xitoyning shimoli-sharqidagi Amur qoplonlarining makonga oid vaqt naqshlari: yo'lbarslar, o'lja va odamlarning ta'siri". Sutemizuvchilar biologiyasi. 92: 120–128. doi:10.1016 / j.mambio.2018.03.009.
- ^ Nam, S. (2005). "Chegaraoldi hududda ekotizimni boshqarish: Tuman daryosining transchegaraviy biosfera qo'riqxonasini qurish" (PDF). Xitoy atrof-muhit seriyasi. 7: 83–88. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2015 yil 3 oktyabrda. Olingan 13 sentyabr 2018.
- ^ Kitchener, A.C .; Breitenmoser-Vürsten, S.; Eyzirik, E .; Gentri, A .; Verdelin, L.; Uilting, A .; Yamaguchi, N .; Abramov, A. V .; Christianen, P .; Driskoll, C .; Duckworth, J. W.; Jonson, V.; Luo, S.-J .; Meyxard, E .; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J .; Seymur, K .; Bruford, M .; Groves, C .; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K .; Timmons, Z .; Tobe, S. (2017). "Felidae-ning qayta ko'rib chiqilgan taksonomiyasi: IUCN mushuklari bo'yicha mutaxassislar guruhining mushuklarni tasniflash bo'yicha maxsus guruhining yakuniy hisoboti" (PDF). Mushuk yangiliklari (11-maxsus son): 73-75.
- ^ Makkarti, T .; Mallon, D.; Jekson, R .; Zler, P .; Makkarti, K. (2017). "Panthera uncia". IUCN xavf ostida bo'lgan turlarining Qizil ro'yxati. 2017: e.T22732A50664030. doi:10.2305 / IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T22732A50664030.uz.
- ^ Grassman, L .; Lynam, A .; Mohamad, S .; Duckworth, J. W.; Borax J .; Uilkoks, D .; Gimirey Y.; Rza, A. va Rahmon, H. (2016). "Neofelis tumanligi". IUCN xavf ostida bo'lgan turlarining Qizil ro'yxati. 2016: e.T14519A97215090. doi:10.2305 / IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T14519A97215090.uz.
- ^ U L., Garsiya-Perea R., Li M., Vey F. (2004). "Endemik xitoylik tog 'mushukining tarqalishi va saqlanish holati Felis bieti". Oryx. 38: 55–61. doi:10.1017 / s0030605304000092.CS1 maint: bir nechta ism: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola)
- ^ Yin Y., Drubgyal N., Achu, Lu Z., Sanderson J. (2007). "Xitoy tog 'mushukining tabiatidagi birinchi fotosuratlar". Mushuk yangiliklari (47): 6–7.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)
- ^ Frensis, S., Muzika, Y. (2015). Ruoergai o'tloqlarida Xitoy tog 'mushuki. Kichik yovvoyi mushuklarni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha yangiliklar 1 (1): II.
- ^ Guo, K .; Liu, X.; Bao, X .; Xu, J.; Vang, S .; Chjan, V.; Chjao, Y .; Jiang, G. (2017). "Buyuk Khingan tog'larida, Xitoyning shimoli-sharqida sutemizuvchilarni yig'ish uchun yashash joylarini tanlash va ularning turlararo o'zaro ta'siri". Yovvoyi tabiat biologiyasi: 1–8.
- ^ Ross, S.; Barashkova, A .; Farxadiniya, M. S .; Appel, A .; Riordan, P .; Sanderson, J. & Munxtsog, B. (2016). "Otokolobus manuli". IUCN xavf ostida bo'lgan turlarining Qizil ro'yxati. IUCN. 2016: e.T15640A87840229. doi:10.2305 / IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15640A87840229.uz.
- ^ Abduqodir, A .; Xon, B.; Masuda, R .; Ohdachi, S. (2010). "Osiyo yovvoyi mushuki (Felis silvestris ornata) endi Shinjonda (Xitoy) "eng kam tashvish" turi emas " (PDF). Pokiston yovvoyi tabiat jurnali. 1 (2): 57–63.
- ^ a b Xsie-Yi, Yi-Chiao, Yu Fu, Mark Rissi va doktor Barbara Maas QIZIQ FUR? Xitoy mo'yna sanoati haqida hisobot Arxivlandi 2014 yil 27 mart Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. Careforthewild.com. Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ Ginnesning rekordlar kitobi 2013 yil, Sahifa 050, qattiq qopqoqli nashr. ISBN 9781904994879
- ^ Yangiliklar, ABC. "ABC News". ABC News. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2008). "Family Viverridae, Family Herpestidae". Smitda A. T .; Xie, Y. (tahrir). Xitoy sutemizuvchilar uchun qo'llanma. Prinston: Prinston universiteti matbuoti. 404-415 betlar. ISBN 9781400834112.
- ^ "金门 发现 两只 濒临 绝种 的" 欧亚 水獭 "幼兽". news.ifeng.com. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ Chjou, Kaiya (1986). "Xitoy qirg'og'ida sayr qilayotgan halqali muhr va boshqa pinnipedlar". Acta Theriologica Sinica. 6 (2): 107–113. Olingan 7 sentyabr 2015.
- ^ a b v d Yashil Koreya Yunayted: 1000 ta muhr uchun brakonerlik, dog'li muhrlarni yig'ish. Green-korea.tistory.com. 2011 yil 15 sentyabrda olingan.
- ^ Khonj 겨레 생태 웹진 물 물 숲 - 멸종 위기 물범, 왜 백령도 로 올까. Ecotopia.hani.co.kr. Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ "要 高速公路 还是 要 斑 海豹？ - 要 高速公路 还是 斑 海豹？？ -？". env.people.com.cn. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ 정부, 황해 점박이 물범 살리기 y y. Newshankuk.com (2015 yil 21-dekabr). 2016-08-29 da qabul qilingan.
- ^ 점박이 물범, 연해주 서 중국 발해만 까지 이동. yonhapnews.co.kr
- ^ 海豹 群 现身 渤海湾 庙 群岛 附近 附近 水域 Arxivlandi 2016 yil 5-iyun kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. Bioon.com (2005 yil 19-aprel). 2016-08-29 da qabul qilingan.
- ^ "濒危 物种 数据库 - 中华人民共和国 濒危 物种 科学 委员会". Cites.org.cn. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ '멸종 선언' 바다 사자 의 안타까운 죽음. yonhapnews.co.kr
- ^ a b v d e f Kaiya Z., Leatherwood S., Jefferson A.T. (1995). "Xitoy suvlarida mayda dengiz suvlari yozuvlari: sharh" (PDF). Osiyo dengiz biologiyasi. 12: 119–139. Olingan 6 yanvar 2015.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)
- ^ 沙, 2012, 地 方志 中 的 鲸鱼 资源 研究, Xitoyning Okean universiteti, S932.4; K29
- ^ 大连 马 栏 河 入 海口 疑似 海豚 市民 伸长 杆 捞 (图) _ 新闻 频道 _ 新浪 辽宁 _ 新浪 网. Ln.sina.com.cn. Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ a b v d 摄影 者 大连 獐子 岛 拍到 此前 此前 蹲守 20 天 (图) _ 新浪 辽宁 _ 新浪 网. Ln.sina.com.cn (2015 yil 14 sentyabr). 2016-08-29 da qabul qilingan.
- ^ a b 青岛 海水 水质 变 好 引来 "深海 贵客" 鲸鱼 群 嬉水 胶州湾 (组图). News.sina.com.cn. Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust
- ^ a b 海 又 现 鲸鱼 回 是 好 几条 Arxivlandi 2016 yil 9-iyun kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. Hilizi.com (8 oktyabr 2015). 2016-08-29 da qabul qilingan.
- ^ a b 世界 唯一 双胞胎 鲸鱼 标本 藏身 大连 Arxivlandi 2016 yil 10-iyun kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. Hilizi.com (2012 yil 9-yanvar). 2016-08-29 da qabul qilingan.
- ^ 獐子 岛 附近 海域 现 摄影 爱好者 航拍 下 (图). chinanews.com (2015 yil 14-sentabr)
- ^ a b 獐子 岛 海洋 牧场 生态 环境 持续 优化 Arxivlandi 2016 yil 24-iyun kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. Ccstock.cn (2015 yil 23-iyul). 2016-08-29 da qabul qilingan.
- ^ 鯨 豚 - kitlar va delfinlar. (PDF). Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ å ¢ ¾ä¸ åœ ‹å®¶å ¬åœ’æµ · åŸŸå“ ºä¹³é¡žå ‹• ç ‰ © ç› ¸èª¿æŸ ¥ ã €. (PDF). Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ 墾丁 國家 公園 鄰近 海域 豚 類 生物 調查 研究. (PDF). Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ 黑潮 鯨 豚 - 海洋 環境 與 生態 研究所 Arxivlandi 2016 yil 7 aprel kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. (PDF). Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ "大连 ： 十余 江豚 水中 撒欢 被 者 拍 个 正 着 着 - 乐 游 天下 - 国 搜 社区]. Forum.chinaso.com (2015-08-28). Olingan vaqti: 2016-08-29. 南京 成群拜 新年 吸引 各地 游客 来 拍摄 ". Forum.chinaso.com. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.[doimiy o'lik havola ]
- ^ "南京 成群 江豚 拜 新年 吸引 游客 来 拍摄". news.jstv.com. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ a b v 2011. 中国 南部 沿海 生物 多样性 保护 宣言 Arxivlandi 2017 yil 6 mart Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ 2007. 省级 海洋 生态 自然保护区 韭 山 列岛
- ^ 许海鸥. 2012 yil. 幼 鲸 数次 搁浅 北海 游客 和 民警 接力 营救 (图). 南国 早报. 2017 yil 2-aprelda olingan
- ^ Jefferson AT, Vang YJ (2011). "Tugallanmagan toshbaqalar (jins) taksonomiyasini qayta ko'rib chiqish Neofokena): Ikki turning mavjudligi " (PDF). Dengiz hayvonlari va ularning ekologiyasi jurnali. 4 (1): 3–16. Olingan 5 yanvar 2015.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)
- ^ Vang YJ, Yang C.S., Vang LB, Vang SL (2010). "Ikki xil qirrali kakliklarni farqlash (Neofokena fosenoidlari va N. asiaeorientalis) simpatiya sohalarida ". Sutemizuvchilar. 74 (3): 305–310. doi:10.1515 / mamm.2010.029. S2CID 84577975. Olingan 5 yanvar 2015.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)
- ^ a b v "Arxivlangan nusxa". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 5-yanvarda. Olingan 10 iyul 2014.CS1 maint: nom sifatida arxivlangan nusxa (havola)
- ^ Chen S. .. 2017 yil. Suv sxemasi Yangtsi daryosidagi toshbaqalarga yo'q bo'lib ketish xavfini tug'dirmoqda, deya ogohlantiradi olim. South China Morning Post. 2017 yil 28 sentyabrda olingan
- ^ Qian Zhu Q., Tadasu K. Yamada, Peilie Vang (2004). "Xitoyda biologik xilma-xillik va shilimshiqlarni saqlash" (PDF). S. Akiyama S.; va boshq. (tahr.). Osiyo va Tinch okean qirg'og'ida kollektsiya qurish va tabiiy tarixni o'rganish bo'yicha 5 va 6-simpoziumlar materiallari, Milliy ilmiy muzey monografiyalari 24. Olingan 6 yanvar 2015.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)
- ^ “渤海 河神” 再现 黄河 口 利津 刁 口 港 出现 成群 海 猪 (图) - 搜狐 新闻. News.sohu.com. Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ Meiping Y .. 2017 yil. Olimlar kamdan-kam uchraydigan porpoise podani topdilar. The Shanxay Daily. 2017 yil 25-iyulda olingan
- ^ Jian Y .. 2017 yil. Songjiang suvi shunchalik toza. Shanxay Daily. 2017 yil 25-iyulda olingan
- ^ Jian Y .. 2015 yil. Ish shahar atrofi uchun toza suv bilan boshlanadi. Shanxay Daily. 2017 yil 25-iyulda olingan
- ^ Ralf, Iris (2014). "Tayvanda baland bo'yli finlar va ertaklar: shilimshiq ekspluatatsiya, neftni qayta ishlash zavodlari va Mobi-Dik". Ekokritizm jurnali. 6 (1): 1.
- ^ 廖伟 群, 张 加 恭, 黄慧萍 (2000). "万 山 群岛 的 旅游 资源 开发 利用 研究". B热带ng - Tropik geografiya. 20 (12): 1-6. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2016 yil 4-iyun kuni. Olingan 8 may 2016.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)
- ^ a b Chjou, Kayiya; Sinrong Xu; Jinsong Tang (2003). "Xitoyning Beybu ko'rfazidagi Dugong holatini o'rganish, hindistonlik kambur delfin haqida so'zlar bilan (Sousa plumbea)". Acta Theriologica Sinica. 23 (1): 20–26. Olingan 7 sentyabr 2015.
- ^ 2016. 海南 海洋 生态 保护 良好 ， 大型 珍稀 海洋 动物 的 "乐园" Arxivlandi 2017 yil 5 mart kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. 2017 yil 7 martda olingan
- ^ "近千 头 中华白海豚 栖息 广东 湛江 雷州 湾". Guangdong.kaiwind.com. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2017 yil 11 fevralda. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ "福建 霞浦 海域 现 6 只 动物 专家 称 是 中华白海豚 (图) _ 中新网 泉州 新闻". Qzcns.com. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ "中华白海豚 - 国家 海洋局 第三 海洋 鲸 豚 馆". cebxmucom.s719.000pc.net. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ a b Chen, H.-H .; Li, D.-J. (2011). Tayvanda Xitoyning oq delfinini saqlashni institutsionalizatsiya qilish bo'yicha tadqiqot (Magistrlik dissertatsiyasi). Dengiz ishlari instituti - Sun Yatsen nomidagi Milliy Universitet.
- ^ a b v 2016. 汕头 南 澎 青 罗湾 保护 区 ： “美人 鱼” 和 精灵 们 的 海域
- ^ "中华人民共和国 农业部". Moa.gov.cn. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ 李树青, 林平 (1999). "中国 沿海 的 黎 氏 海豚". 《中国 动物 科学研究 —— 中国 动物 学会 第十四 届 会员 代表 大会 及 动物 学会 学会 65 周年 会 论文集》 1999 yil: CNKI - Xitoy milliy bilim infratuzilmasi. Olingan 8 sentyabr 2015.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)
- ^ a b Kaiya, Chjou; Terivud, Stiven; Jefferson, Tomas A. (1995). "Xitoy suvlarida mayda dengiz suvlari yozuvlari: sharh" (PDF). Osiyo dengiz biologiyasi. 12: 119–39.
- ^ "福建 古雷海 域 现 数百 只 海豚 海面 跳芭蕾" (图) _ 新闻 _ 腾讯 网 ". news.qq.com. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ Tayvan xazinasi - bajariladigan ishlar - kitlarni tomosha qilish. Tour.taitung.gov.tw (2016 yil 18-iyul). 2016-08-29 da qabul qilingan.
- ^ "Arxivlangan nusxa". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2014 yil 14-iyulda. Olingan 10 iyul 2014.CS1 maint: nom sifatida arxivlangan nusxa (havola)
- ^ a b v Yaxshi PC, Johnston WD (2009). "Shimoliy Tinch okeanining o'ng kitlarini (Eubalaena japonica) bolalash uchun optimal yashash joylarini fazoviy modellashtirish" (PDF). Shimoliy Tinch okeani tadqiqot kengashi loyihasi 718 Yakuniy hisobot. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2015 yil 5-yanvarda. Olingan 5 yanvar 2015.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)
- ^ Cousteau YJ, Paccalet Y., Ives Paccale Y., 1988, 'Jak Kusto, kitlar', ISBN 0810910462, Irwin Professional Publishing, 2016 yil 2-may kuni olingan
- ^ 謝 婧, 下 園 知 弥, 宮 崎 克 則 (2015). "明清 時代 の 中国 に お る 鯨 資源 の 利用" (PDF). 西南 学院 大学 博物館 研究 紀要 第 3 号: 9–14. Olingan 25 oktyabr 2015.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)
- ^ Siebert, Charlz (2011). NRDC Kitlarning maxfiy dunyosi. Molli Beyker tomonidan tasvirlangan (tasvirlangan tahrir). Solnomalar. 15-16 betlar. ISBN 9781452105741.
- ^ 正 掙扎 擱淺 ， 還是 準備 遨遊 大海 的 鯨魚？ | Mata Tayvan. Pure-taiwan.info (2014 yil 25 mart). 2016-08-29 da qabul qilingan.
- ^ Mizroch, Salli A.; Rays, Deyl V.; Tsvayfelxofer, Denni; Waite, Janice; Perryman, Ueyn L. (2009). "Shimoliy Tinch okeanidagi fin kitlarining tarqalishi va harakatlari". Sutemizuvchilarni ko'rib chiqish. 39 (3): 193. doi:10.1111 / j.1365-2907.2009.00147.x.
- ^ Nima bor Xiamen.Teglar> Pingtan kulrang kit Arxivlandi 2017 yil 25-iyun kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. 24-noyabr kuni olindi. 2014 yil
- ^ Braunell RL kichik; Clapham PJ; Miyashita T va Kasuya T (2001). "Shimoliy Tinch okeanining o'ng kitlarini saqlash holati". Cetacean tadqiqotlari va menejmenti jurnali (2-maxsus son): 269-286.
- ^ Berzin A .; Ivashchenko V.Y.; Clapham J.P.; Brownell L. R.Jr. (2008). "Sovet kit ovi to'g'risida haqiqat: xotira" (PDF). DigitalCommons @ Nebraska universiteti - Linkoln. Olingan 6 yanvar 2015.
- ^ Weller, D .; va boshq. (2002). "G'arbiy kul kit: o'tmishdagi ekspluatatsiya, hozirgi holat va yuzaga kelishi mumkin bo'lgan tahdidlarni qayta ko'rib chiqish". 4 (1). J. Cetacean Res. Boshqarish: 7-12. Iqtibos jurnali talab qiladi
| jurnal =(Yordam bering) - ^ Jefferson A.T .; Hung K.S. (2007). "Gonkong dengiz sutemizuvchilarining yangilangan, izohli tekshiruv ro'yxati". Sutemizuvchilar (Qo'lyozma taqdim etildi). 71 (3): 105–114. doi:10.1515 / MAMM.2007.021. S2CID 85370234.
- ^ Rokvell D.H., 2009 yil, Rimda bo'lganingizda, kitlar qilganidek qiling!
- ^ Xitoyda atrof-muhit nazorati ostida chuqur qazish Arxivlandi 2016 yil 6 aprel Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Peilie W., Shen-han T., Hong-mei Y. (dekabr 2007). "Fujian provinsiyasining Zhangpu shahridagi pigmiy spermatozoidlaridan kit".. Baliqchilik fani: CNKI - Xitoy milliy bilim infratuzilmasi. Olingan 7 sentyabr 2015.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)
- ^ a b J. - C., Yang C.- W., Chen J.- Y., Lin T.- J., Brownel L.R. Jr., Chou S.- L. "Tayvandan ikki Longmanning tumshug'i kitlari (Indopacetus pacificus)" (PDF). Xalqaro kit ovlash komissiyasining 64-konvensiyasi - SC64 / SM / 32. Olingan 16 yanvar 2015.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)
- ^ Peilie W., Jia-bo H., Zhi-qiang M., Zhao-hui W., Jun L. (avgust 2010). "Tszyansu (Xitoy) dagi Lyusi baliq ovi maydonlaridan Kuvierning tumshug'i kiti yozuvlari". Baliqchilik fani: CNKI - Xitoy milliy bilim infratuzilmasi. Olingan 7 sentyabr 2015.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)
- ^ Peilie W., Shen-han T., Hong-mei Y. (2006 yil oktyabr). "Bainvilning tumshug'i kitining (Mesoplodon densirostris) Xuian qirg'og'i bo'ylab, Fujian viloyati, Xitoy". Baliqchilik fani: CNKI - Xitoy milliy bilim infratuzilmasi. Olingan 7 sentyabr 2015.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)
- ^ Peilie W., Zhiqiang M., Wenbin G., Zhichuang L., Zhaohui W. (fevral 2009). "Xitoyning qirg'oq suvlarida tumshuqli kitlar". Xitoy yovvoyi tabiat jurnali: CNKI - Xitoy milliy bilim infratuzilmasi. Olingan 7 sentyabr 2015.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)
- ^ a b "Arxivlangan nusxa" (PDF). Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2016 yil 6 martda. Olingan 2 mart 2016.CS1 maint: nom sifatida arxivlangan nusxa (havola)
- ^ Kitlarni tomosha qiluvchi ekologik sayohatlar Kirish 10-iyul, 2014-yil
- ^ P3269780- 目擊 鯨魚 -2 分 39 秒 -.MOV. YouTube.com (2012 yil 7-may). 2016-08-29 da qabul qilingan.
- ^ Tsuji K., Kagami R., Shakata K., Kato H. (2013). "Rating 沿岸 域 に お け る 高速 船 船 航路 上 の 出現 出現 状況 分析" (PDF). 129-yil 2013-yil 11-sentabr, 8-kun, 9-iyun kuni 8-martgacha bo'lib o'tdi.. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2015 yil 13-yanvarda. Olingan 13 yanvar 2015.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)
- ^ a b 我国 沿海 鲸类 （一） —— 须 鲸 篇 （下） _ 科学 公园 _ 【传送门】. Chuansong.me. Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ "Arxivlangan nusxa". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 7 martda. Olingan 5 mart 2016.CS1 maint: nom sifatida arxivlangan nusxa (havola)
- ^ a b "濒危 物种 数据库 鳀 鳀 露 脊 鲸 Eubalaena japonica (Lacépède, 1818)" ".中华人民共和国 濒危 物种 科学 委员会. p. The CITES. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2014 yil 25 dekabrda. Olingan 6 yanvar 2015.
- ^ Klumov S.K., Skarf JE (1962). "Gladkie (Yaponskie) kiti Tixago Okeana (Tinch okeanidagi o'ng kitlar)" (PDF). Tr. Inst. Okeanol. Akad Nauk SSR. 58: 202–97.
- ^ Vang Y .. Li V..Werebeek V. K .. 2014 yil. Rasmiy hujjatlarda ko'rib chiqilganidek, 2000-2006 yillarda Xitoyda suvda yashovchi sutemizuvchilarning torlari, kuzatuvlari va shikastlanishlari: "Strandings" umummilliy dasturi uchun ishonchli dalil. Dengiz siyosati 51 (2015). 242-250 betlar. DOI: 10.1016 / j.marpol.2014.07.016. ResearchGate. 26 mart 2017 yilda qabul qilingan
- ^ 新闻 聚焦. 2015 yil. 近 深圳 海域 再现 座 头 鲸. The Tencent videosi. 2017 yil 1-aprelda olingan
- ^ TheBusanilbo 'Btube' (2015). "세계 희귀종 '긴 수염 고래' 위험 에서 가까스로 탈출". p.YouTube. Olingan 12 fevral 2015.
- ^ Oki K., 2014 yil. 1/28 セ ミ ジ ラ !!!!. Qabul qilingan 15 avgust 2017 yil
- ^ SG CLUB (2014). "奄 美 の 海 に 現 た セ ミ ク ジ ラ". p.YouTube. Olingan 15 avgust 2017.
- ^ Oki K., 2014 yil. Amami kit va delfinlar uyushmasi. Qabul qilingan 15 avgust 2017 yil
- ^ 奄 美 新聞, 2014. 奄 美 大 島 沖 セ ミ ク ジ ラ Arxivlandi 19 oktyabr 2014 da Arxiv.bugun. Qabul qilingan 15 avgust 2017 yil
- ^ Š 日n th j新聞, 2014. 深 漁港 に 姿 を 現 し 、 潮 を 吹 く ジ ラ。 奥 は ハ イ ヤ 大橋 大橋 天 天 市 牛 深 町 撮 影 影 影 影 成 26 年 03 月 28 日 日 日 熊 熊 熊 ラ イ ラ リ リ リ. Qabul qilingan 15 avgust 2017 yil
- ^ mare32321 (2014). "牛 深 港 に 迷 い ん だ ク ジ ラ". p. YouTube. Olingan 15 avgust 2017.
- ^ Monsarrat, Sofi; Pennino, M. Graziya; Smit, Tim D.; Rivz, Rendall R.; Meynard, Kristin N.; Kaplan, Devid M.; Rodriges, Ana S.L. (2016). "Yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan Shimoliy Atlantika o'ng kitining oldindan o'ldirilishining ko'pligini fazoviy aniq baholash". Tabiatni muhofaza qilish biologiyasi. 30 (4): 783–91. doi:10.1111 / cobi.12664. PMID 26632250.
- ^ 青岛 近 现代 老 照片 值得 珍藏 珍藏！. Toutiao.com (2016 yil 12-yanvar). 2016-08-29 da qabul qilingan.
- ^ Vang, Peilie (1984). "Kul kit tarqalishi (Eschrichtius gibbosus) Xitoy qirg'og'ida ". Acta Theriologica Sinica. 4 (1): 21–26. Olingan 7 sentyabr 2015.
- ^ a b Weller, Devid V. va boshq. (2013 yil yanvar) Kulrang hudud: Tinch okeanning shimoliy qismida joylashgan kitlar masalasi (PDF ko'chirib olish mumkin). Researchgate.net (2015 yil 7-may). 2016-08-29 da qabul qilingan.
- ^ 中华人民共和国 濒危 物种 科学 委员会. 濒危 物种 数据库 - 座 头 鲸 Megaptera novaeangliae (Borovskiy, 1781). 2017 yil 8 martda olingan
- ^ Peilie W., Zhi-chuang L. (2009 yil dekabr). "Xitoy suvlaridagi g'arbiy kul kitning tarixiy yozuvlari va hozirgi holati". Baliqchilik fani: CNKI - Xitoy milliy bilim infratuzilmasi. Olingan 7 sentyabr 2015.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)
- ^ a b 黄 晖;董志军;练 健 生 (2008 yil 6-noyabr). 西沙群岛 珊瑚礁 生态 系统 自然保护区 的 建立. Zh带ng y地ng - Tropik geografiya. 28. Olingan 7 yanvar 2015.
- ^ "濒危 物种 数据库 灰 灰 鲸 Eschrichtius robustus (Lilljeborg, 1861)" ". The CITES.org.中华人民共和国 濒危 物种 科学 委员会. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2014 yil 25 dekabrda. Olingan 6 yanvar 2015.
- ^ Kato H., Kishiro T., Nishiwaki S., Nakamura G., Bando T., Yasunaga G., Takaaki Sakamoto T., Miyashita T. (2014). "Yaponiyadagi G'arbiy Tinch okeanidagi kulrang kitlarni saqlash va tadqiq qilish holati to'g'risidagi hisobot, 2013 yil may - 2014 yil aprel". Iqtibos jurnali talab qiladi
| jurnal =(Yordam bering)CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola) - ^ Tsay, Cheng-Xsiu; Fordis, R. Evan; Chang, Chun-Syan; Lin, Liang-Kong (2014 yil aprel). "Tayvandan to'rtinchi davr fotoalbom kitlari". Paleontologik tadqiqotlar. 18 (2): 82–93. doi:10.2517 / 2014PR009. S2CID 131250469.
- ^ Brownell, RL, Donovan, GP, Kato, H., Larsen, F. *, Mattila, D., Reeves, RR, Rock, Y., Vladimirov, V., Weller, D. & Zhu, Q., Tabiatni muhofaza qilish rejasi G'arbiy Shimoliy Tinch okeani kul kitlari uchun (Eschrichtius robustus), 2010 yil (iqtibos cheklangan)
- ^ Kim VH, Sohn H., An Y-R., Park JK, Kim ND, Doo Xe An HD. (2013). "2003 yildan 2011 yilgacha Koreya suvlari bo'ylab kulrang kitlarni ko'rish bo'yicha tadqiqot hisoboti". Cetacean tadqiqot instituti Milliy baliqchilik ilmiy-tadqiqot instituti. Iqtibos jurnali talab qiladi
| jurnal =(Yordam bering)CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola) - ^ "Akustik ma'lumotlardan Sharqiy Xitoy dengizidagi g'arbiy kulrang kitlar faoliyati: Doktor Brendon Sautall uchun memorandum1" (PDF). Iucn.org. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ Acebes V.M.J., 2009 yil, Filippindagi kit ovi tarixi, Hindiston-Tinch okeanida baliqchilikni ekspluatatsiya qilishning tarixiy istiqbollari, Osiyo tadqiqot markazi, Merdok universiteti
- ^ 鯨魚 噴水 奇景 墾丁 民眾 驚嘆. News.cts.com.tw (2013 yil 23-iyul). 2016-08-29 da qabul qilingan.
- ^ a b v "〈南部〉 恆春 鯨魚 噴水 萬里 桐 居民 驚喜". The Liberty Times. 2015. Olingan 9 yanvar 2015.
- ^ GO! GO! 賞 鯨 網. Whalewatching.org.tw. Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ [HD. 畫質 畫質] 鯨 世界 賞 鯨 生態 旅遊 介紹. YouTube. Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ ba ha. 2014 yil. 2014.12.24 yil 龜山 島 船 釣 ~ 遇到 鯨魚. YouTube. 2017 yil 6-oktabrda olingan
- ^ 2017.鯨 」喜 連連 大 翅 鯨 母子 現 蹤 東 海岸. 21 aprel 2017 yilda qabul qilingan
- ^ 2017. 噴氣 直直 向上！ 翅 鯨 現身 花蓮 外海. The Liberty Times. 21 aprel 2017 yilda qabul qilingan
- ^ 徐庭揚. 2017 yil. 翅 鯨 花蓮 外海 噴水 、 擺 尾 抓住 遊客 的 目光. The United Daily News. 21 aprel 2017 yilda qabul qilingan
- ^ Liberty Times. 2017 yil. 暌違 14 大 翅 鯨 現 蹤 花蓮 外海. 21 aprel 2017 yilda qabul qilingan
- ^ 個人 報 - PChome 電子 報. Mychannel.pchome.com.tw (2003 yil 28-may). 2016-08-29 da qabul qilingan.
- ^ 2012/02/22 大 翅 鯨 @ 晉 領 號 - 台 東 成功 港 賞 鯨 豚 :: 隨意 窩 Xuite 日誌. Blog.xuite.net (2012 yil 22 fevral). 2016-08-29 da qabul qilingan.
- ^ 大 翅 鯨 Humpback butun. dolphin-wan.com.tw
- ^ 生態 保育 電子 報. Mychannel.pchome.com.tw. Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ a b ç¶ å³¶æµ · éŸŸé¯¨è ± šå ‹• ç ‰ © ç› ¸èª¿æŸ ¥. (PDF). Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ 2015/1/5 朝 溫泉 today 溫泉 旁 遇見 大 翅 鯨魚. YouTube. Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ Lin, Joys (2000 yil 8 aprel) Chuqur suvli serenader mahalliy ko'rsatkichlarni beradi Arxivlandi 2016 yil 11 mart kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. taiwantoday.tw
- ^ 的 公共 電視 ─ 寶貝 海洋 ~ 發現 我們 的 島. Web.pts.org.tw. Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ 2011 yil 鯨 年 要做 的 事 @ ARKILA :: 痞 客 邦 PIXNET ::. Utmost.pixnet.net. Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ 余欣怡, 愛 唱歌 的 大 翅 鯨 Arxivlandi 2016 yil 6 aprel Orqaga qaytish mashinasi, Dengizchilik fanlari kolleji, Sun Yat-Sen nomidagi Milliy universitet
- ^ (xitoy tilida) 尋 鯨 記. Ourisland.pts.org.tw. Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ 滔滔 - Okean aytadiki, 2015 yil, 追逐 鯨魚 的 人 ： 專訪 台灣 第 水下 水下 豚 豚 攝影師 金磊
- ^ 郭美華, 2016 yil, 西 灣 現 瀕危 座 頭 鯨
- ^ 【蘋 民 直擊】 【出沒 注意】 西貢 釣友 吳 吳 生 ： 好 勁 呀. Hk.apple.nextmedia.com (1970 yil 1-yanvar). 2016-08-29 da qabul qilingan.
- ^ 留恋 香港 玩 多 阵 西贡 海域 再现 鲸鱼 行踪. Hk.on.cc Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ 钓鱼 爱好者 在 长海县 海域 鲸鱼 一家 四 口 国庆 游. wedalian.com (2015 yil 6-oktabr)
- ^ 大连 长 海 又见 鲸鱼 亲！ 三条！ 四条 Arxivlandi 2016 yil 2 iyun kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ Qisqa eslatma: 2011 yilda Xitoydan Tayvan bo'g'ozida Bycaught (kulrang kit) tushunchalari (Eschrichtius robustus) (PDF ko'chirib olish mumkin). Researchgate.net. Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ 中华人民共和国 濒危 物种 科学 委员会. [濒危 物种 数据库 - 鳀 鲸 Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1879]. The CITES. 6 yanvarda olingan. 2015 yil
- ^ a b Van Pei Ley (王丕 王丕). 1984 yil. 中国 近海 鲸类 的 分布.辽宁 省 海洋 水产 研究所 (Liaoning okeani va baliqchilik ilmiy tadqiqot instituti).中国 知网 (CNKI.NET). 6 yanvarda olingan. 2015 yil
- ^ "鲸鱼 宝宝 再次 造访 的 海域！ 新闻 新闻 资讯 - 中国 涠洲岛 网".. Cnwzd.com. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 4-noyabrda. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ 北海 涠洲岛 海域 出现 一条 鲸鱼 到访 到访。 Arxivlandi 2016 yil 4-noyabr kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
- ^ "广西 北海 涠洲岛 附近 发现 一条 大 鲸鱼". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2017 yil 11 fevralda. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ "蘋果 日報 - 2011-02-24 - 三 米 長 布氏 鯨 闖 港海".. Littlemudfrog. 2011. p.YouTube. Olingan 13 yanvar 2015.
- ^ a b v "Maritime Information and Communication System – 福岡海上保安部 – 海洋生物目撃情報". Japanese Coast Guard. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 11 yanvarda. Olingan 11 yanvar 2015.
- ^ a b "Marine Life – On the whales". Exposea.com. p. 23. Olingan 11 yanvar 2015.
- ^ The Doopedia. 브라이드고래 [Bryde's whale, Balaenoptera edeni]. Retrieved on 19 April 2017
- ^ a b 我国沿海鲸类（一）——须鲸篇（上）_科学公园_【传送门】. Chuansong.me. Retrieved on 29 August 2016.
- ^ Sina tashrif buyuruvchilar tizimi. Weibo.com. Retrieved on 29 August 2016.
- ^ Mizroch A.S., Rice W.D., Zwiefelhofer D., Waite J., Perryman L.W. (2009). "Distribution and movements of fin whales in the North Pacific Ocean". Sutemizuvchilarni ko'rib chiqish. 39 (3): The Wiley Onlayn kutubxonasi. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2009.00147.x.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)
- ^ Ishikawa H., Watanabe T. (2014). "A catalogue of whales and dolphins recorded in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan" (PDF). 下関鯨類研究室報告 No.2 (2014). Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2015 yil 9-yanvarda. Olingan 9 yanvar 2015.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)
- ^ a b "鲸豚搁浅事件列表". The Sanya Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering at The Chinese Academy Of Sciences. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 19-yanvarda. Olingan 19 yanvar 2015.
- ^ 杨彦宇. 2017 yil. 上海死亡鲸鱼被解剖 开始标本制作. The China News Service. Retrieved on 1 April 2017
- ^ Yanxun H.. Yaling M.. Huijie Z.. 2017. 浦东附近海域发现的鲸鱼可能是长须鲸. The Sinmin oqshomidagi yangiliklar. Retrieved on 28 April 2017
- ^ 胡一敏. 2007 yil. 宁波近年捕获的最大个长须鲸. The Sinxua yangiliklar agentligi. Retrieved on 1 April 2017
- ^ 2004. 誤闖流刺網 長鬚鯨枉死. Retrieved on 1 April 2017
- ^ "驚喜！ 恆春萬里桐見5分鐘鯨魚噴水秀". Apple Daily (Tayvan). 2015. Olingan 9 yanvar 2015.
- ^ Dolphin and Whale Save Project, 八重山周辺海域における鯨類ストライディングデータ（通過目撃等含む）
- ^ {사진추가재업} 오늘 잡힌 서해 괴물고래 (레벨:4) 로또독식. Retrieved on 17 August 2017
- ^ Yamada T., ed. (2009). "新潟県佐渡郡沢崎鼻沖種不明ナガスクジラ属クジラ目視". Milliy tabiat va fan muzeyi. p.海棲哺乳類情報データベース. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2013 yil 5-yanvarda. Olingan 11 yanvar 2015.
- ^ a b v d Chang K.; Zhang C.; Park C.; va boshq., tahr. (2015). Oceanography of the East Sea (Japan Sea). Springer International Publishing. p. 380. ISBN 9783319227207. Olingan 8 sentyabr 2015.
- ^ Peilie W. (March 1978). "Studies on the baleen whales in the Yellow Sea". Acta Zoologica Sinica: CNKI – The China National Knowledge Infrastructure. Olingan 7 sentyabr 2015.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)
- ^ a b 2015. 大连獐子岛-大海寻鲸 鲸鱼嬉水实拍. Tencent Video. Retrieved on 6 October 2017
- ^ "Arxivlangan nusxa". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 4-iyun kuni. Olingan 20 may 2016.CS1 maint: nom sifatida arxivlangan nusxa (havola)
- ^ 澎湖發現大型鯨魚擱淺 腐臭多時無法辨識. News.ltn.com.tw (8 April 2016). Retrieved on 2016-08-29.
- ^ Peilie, Wang (1985). "Studies on the breeding habits of the minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in the Yellow Sea". Xitoy Okeanologiya va Limnologiya jurnali. 3: 37–47. doi:10.1007/BF02852901. S2CID 87137210.
- ^ "The Assessment of Minke Whales off the coast of Yellow Sea Eco-region in China : Huang" (PDF). Bioindustry.nodai.ac.jp. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2016 yil 11 martda. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ 鯨奇三貂灣. Kongaliao-water-terrace.blogspot.jp. Retrieved on 29 August 2016.
- ^ 卯澳灣的『鯨』喜嬌客. A0930621465.pixnet.net (17 March 2013). Retrieved on 2016-08-29.
- ^ 迷航鯨魚入台中港. Blog.sina.com.tw (25 April 2013). Retrieved on 2016-08-29.
- ^ 2010.0121「鬚鯨一場」 @ ARKILA :: 痞客邦 PIXNET ::. Utmost.pixnet.net. Retrieved on 29 August 2016.
- ^ 长海县海洋岛发现一头死鲸 – 大连新闻 – 大连新闻/大连话教程/半岛晨报电子版/大连门户网站——大连海力网 Arxivlandi 2016 yil 8 mart kuni Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. Hilizi.com (6 July 2015). Retrieved on 2016-08-29.
- ^ "海洋岛渔民发现疑似一头虎鲸". hyd.0411hd.com. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ 鲸肉 – 中国自然保护区生物标本资源共享平台. Papc.cn (27 February 2013). Retrieved on 2016-08-29.
- ^ Mr.Z., Charlie (2008). "我国的渤海里有没有鲸鱼". p.Sogou – Wenwen. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 3-yanvarda. Olingan 6 yanvar 2015.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)
- ^ "超近距离接触！涠洲岛有游客近距离看到鲸鱼出水，伸手就能摸到-北海时事开讲-北海365网(beihai365.com)". Beihai365.com. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ "第 2 章 こうちの生きもの Faunas of Kouchi Prefecture" (PDF). 生物多様性×こうち戦略. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2015 yil 10-yanvarda. Olingan 13 yanvar 2015.
- ^ Miyazaki, Nobuyuki; Nakayama, Kiyomi (1989). 奄美大島近海における鯨類の記録 [Records of Cetaceansin the Waters of the Amami Island] (PDF). Memoirs of the National Science Museum (yapon tilida). 22: 235–249. ISSN 0082-4755. Olingan 13 yanvar 2015.
- ^ Yamada T., Watanabe Y. "Marine Mammals Stranding DataBase – Blue Whale". The Milliy tabiat va fan muzeyi. Olingan 6 yanvar 2015.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)[doimiy o'lik havola ]
- ^ Chernyagina AA, Burdin AM, Artyuxin YB, Danilin DD, Lobkova LE, Tokranov AM, Artyuxin YB, Gerasimov N., Lobkov E.G., Zagrebelnyi SV, Nikanor AP, Fil VI, Shulejko TS, Chernyagina OA, Gimelbrant DE, Kirichenvan VE, Seli O. (2013). Spravochnik-opredelitel redkix va oxranyaemyx vidov jivot- nyx va rasteniy Kamchatskogo kraya (PDF). Kamchatka filiali FGBUN Tinch okeani geografiya instituti, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy: Kamchatpress. ISBN 978-5-9610-0216-4. Olingan 9 iyun 2014.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)
- ^ Bohol dengizidagi Rorquallarning qaytishi, Filippin.. (PDF). Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ Bauvens, Jou. (2014 yil 12 aprel) Pigmiy ko'k kitlarni yo'ldosh orqali kuzatib borish. Sciencythoughts.blogspot.jp. 2016-08-29 da qabul qilingan.
- ^ "Janubiy Xitoy dengizidagi dengiz sutemizuvchilarni aniqlash bo'yicha qo'llanma". Xitoy Fanlar akademiyasining Sanya chuqur dengiz ilmiy va muhandislik instituti. Olingan 19 yanvar 2015.
- ^ (xitoy tilida) 巨鯨 屍 擱淺 紅 石門. Orientaldaily.on.cc. Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ 城 大 師生 花 9 個 分屍 塊 骨 煲 20 次 自創 肉骨茶 油 法 製 角 島 鯨 標. Hk.apple.nextmedia.com (1970 yil 1-yanvar). 2016-08-29 da qabul qilingan.
- ^ Vang, H. G.; Fan, Z. Y .; Shen, X .; Peng, Y. J. (2006). "Xitoyning qirg'oq suvlaridan kitlarning yangi rekord turlarining tavsifi". Baliqchilik fani. 25 (2): 85–87.
- ^ [3][o'lik havola ]
- ^ 鬚 鯨 現身 花蓮 海域 13 "來 首次 記錄. News.ltn.com.tw (2016 yil 30 aprel). 2016-08-29 da qabul qilingan.
- ^ 小 鬚 鯨 現身 歷年 徘徊 最 久. Udn.com. Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ 20110711 石梯 港 外 鬚 鯨. YouTube.com (2011 yil 11-iyul). 2016-08-29 da qabul qilingan.
- ^ 20110819 布氏 鯨. YouTube.com. Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ 20110711 石梯 港 外 鬚 鯨. YouTube (2011 yil 11-iyul). 2016-08-29 da qabul qilingan.
- ^ 20110819 布氏 鯨. YouTube. Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ 间 百年 间 18 间 搁浅 记录 记录 2005 yil 11 米. Ntjoy.com (2016 yil 17-fevral). 2016-08-29 da qabul qilingan.
- ^ Peilie W., Shuqing L. (mart 1990). "Xitoyning qirg'oq mintaqalarida sperma kitlarining tarqalishi". Baliqchilik fani: CNKI - Xitoy milliy bilim infratuzilmasi. Olingan 7 sentyabr 2015.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)
- ^ "幸運！ 搭 交通 船 到 遇見「 鯨 」喜 - 生活 - 自由 時報 電子 報".. News.ltn.com.tw. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ opheliaH. 2017 yil. 2017 yil 5-月 最新 航拍 更新】 出海 偶遇 鲸鱼 & 海 警 船 和 我们 的 船 相伴 航行 航行 全记录 游记 来 蚂 蜂窝, 更多 旅游 攻略 攻略 最新 游记. 23 sentyabr 2017 yilda qabul qilingan
- ^ "海南 周边 常见 的 几种 鲸 豚 物种". Xitoy Fanlar akademiyasining Sanya chuqur dengiz ilmiy va muhandislik instituti. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 19-yanvarda. Olingan 19 yanvar 2015.
- ^ JoongAng Ilbo. 2004. マ ッ コ ウ ク ジ 、 ９０ 年 ぶ り に に 東海 出現. 2017 yil 17-avgustda olingan
- ^ Kamio A. (1942). "Santo yarim orolining janubi-sharqidagi tarixdagi baxtsiz hodisalar to'g'risida". Yaponiyaning geografik sharhi. 18 (7): 605–609. doi:10.4157 / grj.18.605.
- ^ Huogen W., Yu W. (may 1998). "Sharqiy Xitoy dengizidan Baird tumshug'i kiti". Baliqchilik fani: CNKI - Xitoy milliy bilim infratuzilmasi. Olingan 7 sentyabr 2015.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)
- ^ Kasuya T. (jp ). 2017. Yaponiyaning kichik dengiz baliqlari: ekspluatatsiya va biologiya. "13.3.2 Mintaqaviy taqsimot va aholi tarkibi". CRC Press. 25 sentyabr 2017 yilda qabul qilingan
- ^ Wang J. Y .. Yang S. C .. 2006. Tayvanning 2004 va 2005 yillarda sodir bo'lgan g'ayritabiiy ketetsan hodisalari. (Pdf). Cetacean Research and Management jurnali 8. s.283-292. 2017 yil 2-aprelda olingan
- ^ Pitman, Robert L.; Palacios, Daniel M.; Brennan, Patrisiya L. R.; Brennan, Bernard J.; Balcomb, Kennet C.; Miyashita, Tomio (1999 yil aprel). "Tropik Hind-Tinch okeanidagi shishani kitni ko'rish joylari va ehtimoliy kimligi: Indopacetus pacificus?". Dengiz sutemizuvchilar haqidagi fan. 15 (2): 531–549. doi:10.1111 / j.1748-7692.1999.tb00818.x.
- ^ 號 外！ 號 外！ 大 擱淺 蘭嶼 紅 頭 灘 (11/20 04:54 更新) @ 夏天 ~ 等 我 回來 :: 痞 客 邦 PIXNET ::. Simagaga1972.pixnet.net. Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ Syaman L., 2013 yil, 朗 氏 緣 鯨 擱淺. YouTube
- ^ 鯨魚 (1/1) - d851408 相簿 相簿 @ 隨意 窩 Xuite 相簿. Photo.xuite.net. Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ 東 海岸 再現 「鯨」！ 上百 隻 短 肢 領航 鯨 現 蹤 蹤 - 生活 - 自由 時報 電子 報. News.ltn.com.tw (2015 yil 18-avgust). 2016-08-29 da qabul qilingan.
- ^ China.com. 2017 yil. 渔民 误 捕 2 条 4 米 长 虎 鲸 送往 机构 作 研究 (组图). 2017 yil 3 oktyabrda olingan
- ^ Kaiya Z., Leatherwood S., Jefferson A.T. (2002). Perrin F.V .; Rivz R.R .; Dolar L.L.M .; va boshq. (tahr.). "Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi mayda dengiz dengizlari va Dyugonlari biologiyasi va uni saqlash bo'yicha ikkinchi seminarning hisoboti" (PDF). CMS Texnik Seriyasining Ko'chib yuruvchi turlar to'g'risidagi konventsiyada nashr etilishi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2016 yil 4 martda. Olingan 6 yanvar 2015.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)
- ^ (koreys tilida) 45권5í˜¸ë‚´ì§ € 6.indd. (PDF). Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ "'윌리 '주인공 범고래 무리 다도해 에 등장 ". yangiliklar.kmib.co.kr. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ Cheng, Ing (2014). "Qisqa qanotli uchuvchi kitning" janubiy shakli "(Globicephala macrorhynchus) Tayvan orolidan Tropik g'arbiy Tinch okeanida ". Raffles byulleteni of zoology. 62: 188–199.
- ^ (koreys tilida) 심해 성 들쇠 고래, 서 해서 죽어 나는 까닭 은. Media.daum.net. Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ 서 "들쇠 고래 '2" 죽은 채 발견. Nifs.go.kr. Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ 연구소> 수산 연구> 고래 관련 자료 Arxivlandi 2016 yil 6 mart Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. Nifs.go.kr. Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ 멸종 위기 '들쇠 고래' 제주 연안 에서 '최초' 발견. Jejusori.net. Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ 2004. 遇险 南 麂 大 沙滩 可能 搁浅 和 集体 自杀
- ^ "Tabiiy suv havzasi". Lienchiang okrugi hukumati. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 3-yanvarda. Olingan 3 yanvar 2015.
- ^ 2004. 伪 虎 鲸 群 昨 "逛" 琅琊台 200 多人 目睹 20 多 只 鲸鱼 嬉戏 场面. Tsingdao yangiliklari. 5 mart 2017 yilda qabul qilingan
- ^ 东山岛 海钓 鲸鱼 戏水. Tencent videosi. 2017 yil 6-oktabrda olingan
- ^ "近百 伪 虎 鲸 于 香港 码头 游弋 专家 称 罕见 (组图)". The China News Service. 2014. p.People Daily. Olingan 6 yanvar 2015.
- ^ 陈霞, 朱殿平 (2014). "连云港 灌 河水 怪 谜 踪: 地 方志 记载 4 次 大 鱼吃 人".. pp.People Daily va 连网. Olingan 6 yanvar 2015.CS1 maint: mualliflar parametridan foydalanadi (havola)
- ^ "Sharqiy Xitoy kanalida kitlar ko'rildi". p. Xalqaro veb-sayohatlar - Xitoyga sayohatlar. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2008 yil 3 aprelda. Olingan 6 yanvar 2015.
- ^ "大批 鯨魚 群 再次 回游 江蘇 灌 河". China Network Television. 2001. p.People Daily. Olingan 6 yanvar 2015.
- ^ 劉克 (2002). "200 多 鯨魚 結 隊 灌 河 兩岸 數千 群眾 觀看 喝彩". p.People Daily. Olingan 6 yanvar 2015.
- ^ 一个 男人 在 流浪. 2017 yil. 「北 冥 有 鲲 古人 见过 鲸 么？. Chihu. 2017 yil 3 oktyabrda olingan
- ^ Vang, Pili; Jianyun Sun (1986). "Dugongning Xitoy qirg'oqlarida tarqalishi". Acta Theriologica Sinica. 6 (3): 175–181. Olingan 7 sentyabr 2015.
- ^ Vang, Pili; Jiabo Xan; Chjiang Ma; Nianbin Vang (2007). "Xitoyning Xaynan provintsiyasidagi dugong resurslari holati bo'yicha so'rov". Acta Theriologica Sinica. 27 (1): 68–73. Olingan 7 sentyabr 2015.
- ^ Sariq dengiz | WWF Arxivlandi 2016 yil 10 mart Orqaga qaytish mashinasi. Wwf.panda.org. Qabul qilingan 2016 yil 29-avgust.
- ^ "Hepu dengiz otlari namoyish saytining qisqacha bayoni" (PDF). Olingan 15 mart 2015. Iqtibos jurnali talab qiladi
| jurnal =(Yordam bering) - ^ "海 广西 合浦 儒艮 国家级 自然保护区 中华白海豚 保护 联盟". Cutv.com. 2014 yil. Olingan 15 mart 2015.
- ^ a b Jeykobs, Endryu (2014 yil 26 aprel) "Xishuangbana jurnali: fil suyagini qadrlaydigan mamlakatda yovvoyi fillar xavfsiz joy topishadi". NY Times
- ^ a b v d e f g h men 蔚 刚强. "中国 近代 已 灭绝 的 十五 种 动物 排行 中国 _ 中国 国情 _ 中国 网". guoqing.china.com.cn. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ Patrik Skalli, "Karkidonlar Yunnanga qaytadan kirishdi". GoKunming.com 2 aprel 2013 yil
- ^ "13 、 中央 电视台 新闻 频道 - [新闻 直播 间] 云南 普洱 ： 白 犀牛 今天 进行 _ 拍 客 _ 网易 视频".. v.163.com. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ "Kiyik shox baxmal - bu nima, u qanday ishlaydi?" National Geographic 2013 yil 20-yanvar
- ^ "独特 的 鄂温克 驯鹿 文化 _ 中国 网". China.com.cn. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ "柯尔克孜 族 象征 图案 ： 梅花鹿 (组图)". Travel.sina.com. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ "Qirg'iziston afsonalari: bugu qabilasi". Advantour.com. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ "Arxivlangan nusxa". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2014 yil 14-iyulda. Olingan 26 iyun 2014.CS1 maint: nom sifatida arxivlangan nusxa (havola)
- ^ 3139. "黑龙江 狍子 种群 有所 恢复 - 时政 - 人民网". Politics.people.com.cn. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.CS1 maint: raqamli ismlar: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola)
- ^ "Arxivlangan nusxa". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2014 yil 17-iyulda. Olingan 26 iyun 2014.CS1 maint: nom sifatida arxivlangan nusxa (havola)
- ^ 网易. "新疆 霍尔果斯 海关 破获 一起 羚羊 角 走私案 _ 网易 新闻". yangiliklar.163.com. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2018 yil 7-yanvar kuni. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ "Arxivlangan nusxa". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 4 martda. Olingan 26 iyun 2014.CS1 maint: nom sifatida arxivlangan nusxa (havola)
- ^ National Geographic "Bactrian Camel Camelus bactrianus". Animals.nationalgeographic.com (1970 yil 1 yanvar). 2016-08-29 da qabul qilingan.
- ^ "Arxivlangan nusxa" (PDF). Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2014 yil 14-iyulda. Olingan 11 iyul 2014.CS1 maint: nom sifatida arxivlangan nusxa (havola)
- ^ Koggins, Kris (2003). Yo'lbars va pangolin: Xitoyda tabiat, madaniyat va tabiatni muhofaza qilish. Gavayi universiteti matbuoti. 1-2 bet. ISBN 978-0-8248-2506-5.
- ^ "穿山甲 的 人工 养殖 - 其它 - 中国 养殖 网". Chinabreed.com. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ "桃源县 源 林 豪猪 养殖 专业 堆 金 豪猪 养殖 场 - 豪猪 - 豪猪 养殖 - 豪猪 养殖 基地 - 豪猪 养殖 技术 - 豪猪 销售". Djhzc.com. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ Hongjun Chua va Zhigang Jianga, Xitoy-mo'g'ul qunduzining tarqalishi va saqlanishi Kastor tolasi birulai Xitoyda. Oryx / 43-jild / 02-son / 2009 yil aprel, 197–202-betlar
- ^ a b v d "Arxivlangan nusxa". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2014 yil 14-iyulda. Olingan 11 iyul 2014.CS1 maint: nom sifatida arxivlangan nusxa (havola)
- ^ "鼯鼠 基本 介绍". Zjjhello.com. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ a b Smit, Endryu T., tahrir. (2010). Xitoy sutemizuvchilar uchun qo'llanma. Yan Xie, Robert S. Xoffmann, Darrin Lunde, Jon MakKinnon, Don E. Uilson, V. Kris Vozenkraft. Prinston universiteti matbuoti. 332-33 betlar. ISBN 9781400834112.
- ^ "人民网 - 是是非非 说 果 蝠". People.com.cn. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ "Arxivlangan nusxa". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 8 oktyabrda. Olingan 16 sentyabr 2014.CS1 maint: nom sifatida arxivlangan nusxa (havola)
- ^ "李时珍 认为 山鸡, 雀, 鸽, 秧鸡, 鹧鸪, 伏 翼 有 什么 功用 - binging - 百年 养生 网". bencaogangmu.100yangsheng.com. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ a b 卢倩 仪. "中国 哺乳动物 新 物种 ： 北京 宽 耳 蝠 _ 中国 国情 _ 中国 网". guoqing.china.com.cn. Olingan 6 yanvar 2018.
- ^ a b (Xitoycha) Ma Jie, Valter Metzner, Liang Bing va boshq. "同 地 共 栖 四种 蝙蝠 和 回声 定位 信号 的 差异 及其 生态 位 分化" Acta Zoologica Sinica 50(2):145–150, 2004
- ^ Xitoylik ko'rshapalaklar SARS virusining manbai bo'lishi mumkin Global sog'liqni saqlash masalalari Vol. 12 № 5 2013 yil sentyabr / oktyabr
- ^ Li, V.; Zhengli, S .; Men, Y .; va boshq. (2005). "Ko'rshapalaklar - bu SARSga o'xshash koronaviruslarning tabiiy suv omborlari". Ilm-fan. 310 (5748): 676–679. doi:10.1126 / science.1118391. PMID 16195424. S2CID 2971923.
- ^ Lau, S .; Vu, P.; Li, K .; va boshq. (2005). "Xitoylik taqa yarasalarida koronavirusga o'xshash og'ir o'tkir respirator sindrom". Milliy fanlar akademiyasi materiallari. 102 (39): 14040–14045. doi:10.1073 / pnas.0506735102. PMC 1236580. PMID 16169905.
- ^ Feng X .; Lau, M .; Styuart, S .; Chanson, J .; Koks, N .; Fisman, D. (2007). "Xitoyda amfibiyalarni saqlashga bo'lgan ehtiyoj: sharh". Xitoyda ilm-fan S seriyasi: Hayot fanlari. 50 (2): 265–276. doi:10.1007 / s11427-007-0021-5. PMID 17447035. S2CID 20039638.
- ^ Youhua, C .; Junfeng, B. (2007). "Xitoyning amfibiya turlarining biogeografiyasi va qaynoq nuqtalari: qo'riqxonani tanlash va saqlashga ta'siri" (PDF). Hozirgi fan. 92 (4): 480–489.
- ^ Xopkins, Garet R.; Brodi, Edmund D. (2015). "Amfibiyalarning sho'rlangan yashash joylarida paydo bo'lishi: sharh va evolyutsion istiqbol". Herpetologik monografiyalar. 29 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1655 / HERPMONOGRAPHS-D-14-00006. S2CID 83659304.
- ^ Ye, S .; Li, Z.; Liu, J;, Chjan, T.; va Xie, S. (2011). Xitoyning Yangtze daryosi havzasida baliqlarning tarqalishi, endemizmi va saqlanish holati. 41-66 betlar: Ekotizimlar Bioxilma-xillik, InTech. ISBN 978-953-307-417-7.
- ^ Vang Vang, Li Du, Yang Lassoy, Xasan (2013). "Xitoyning Yunnan shahridagi uchta plato ko'lida qon tomirlari gidrofitlari va baliq turlariidagi olti yillik o'zgarishlar". Biologik xilma-xilliklar. Konservator. 22 (13–14): 3197–3221. doi:10.1007 / s10531-013-0579-0. S2CID 18819902.CS1 maint: bir nechta ism: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola)
- ^ Ma, L .; va Y.-H. Chjao (2012). Xitoyning g'or baliqlari. Pp. 107—125 yilda: White, W.B.; va D.C.Cuvier, muharrirlar. G'orlar entsiklopediyasi. Elsevier. ISBN 9780123838322
- ^ Kamblidj, Nil; Ng, Piter K. L.; Yeo, Darren C. J.; Naruse, Toxu; Meyer, Kirstin S.; Esser, Lara J. (2011). "Xitoyning chuchuk suvli qisqichbaqalarining xilma-xilligi, endemizmi va saqlanishi (Brachyura: Potamidae va Gecarcinucidae)". Integral Zoologiya. 6 (1): 45–55. doi:10.1111 / j.1749-4877.2010.00228.x. ISSN 1749-4877. PMID 21392361.
- ^ a b Shih, Xsi-Te; Xuang, Chao; Ng, Piter K. L. (2016 yil 15-iyul). "Sinopotamon Bott, 1967 yilda, Xitoydan yangi tarqatilgan (Crustacea: Decapoda: Potamidae) keng tarqalgan tarqalgan chuchuk suvli Qisqichbaqa turini qayta baholash". Zootaxa. 4138 (2): 309–31. doi:10.11646 / zootaxa.4138.2.5. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 27470766.
- ^ Naruse, Toxu; Chia, Jing En; Chjou, Xianmin (2018 yil 7-sentabr). "Biologik xilma-xillik bo'yicha tadqiqotlar natijasida Xitoyning Yunnan provinsiyasidan chiqqan sakkizta yangi chuchuk suv qisqichbaqasi turlari (Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae) aniqlandi". PeerJ. 6: e5497. doi:10.7717 / peerj.5497. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6130254. PMID 30210939.
- ^ Shih, Xsi-Te; Chjou, Sian-Min; Chen, Guo-Xiao; Chien, I-Chu; Ng, Piter K. L. (2011 yil 1 mart). "Sharqiy Osiyo chuchuk suvi qisqichbaqasi Nanhaipotamon (Decapoda: Potamidae) filogenezi va biogeografiyasiga ta'sir ko'rsatadigan so'nggi vikariant va tarqoq hodisalar". Molekulyar filogenetik va evolyutsiyasi. 58 (3): 427–438. doi:10.1016 / j.ympev.2010.11.013. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 21095233.
Turkum
Osiyo portali
