Iroq urushi qurbonlari - Casualties of the Iraq War

Oq va qizil bayroqlar Iroq va amerikaliklarning o'limi, o'z navbatida, maysada o'tiradi to'rtburchak ning Vodiy kutubxonasi ustida Korvallis, Oregon, kampus Oregon shtat universiteti. 2008 yildan 2009 yilgacha bo'lgan sayohatchilarning Iroqdagi tanani sanash ko'rgazmasi doirasida (bu bilan bog'liq emas) Iroq tanasini hisoblash loyihasi ), bayroqlar "inson xarajatlari to'g'risida xabardorlikni oshirishga qaratilgan Iroq urushi. "(2008 yil may)

Ning taxminlari Iroqdagi mojaro tufayli qurbonlar (bilan boshlangan 2003 yil Iroqqa bostirib kirish va undan keyin ishg'ol va isyon ) bir nechta shakllarda kelgan va har xil turdagi bu taxminlar Iroq urushi qurbonlar juda katta farq qiladi.

Urush bilan bog'liq o'limlarni taxmin qilish ko'plab muammolarni keltirib chiqaradi.^[1][2] Mutaxassislar aholining tasodifiy namunalaridan ekstrapolyatsiya qilinadigan aholi soniga oid tadqiqotlar va o'lim haqida hisobot bergan va ehtimol yo'qotishlarni sezilarli darajada kamaytiradigan tana sonini ajratib turadilar.^[3] Aholiga asoslangan tadqiqotlar Iroq urushi qurbonlari sonini 2006 yil iyun oyiga qadar 151,000 zo'ravonlik o'limidan (taxminan Iroq oilalari salomatligini o'rganish ) 1,033,000 gacha (uchun 2007 yilda fikrni o'rganish bo'yicha biznes (ORB) so'rovi ). Turli vaqt oralig'ini qamrab olgan boshqa tadqiqotlarga asoslangan tadqiqotlar natijalariga ko'ra 2011 yil iyun oyiga qadar 461,000 o'lim (ularning 60% dan ortig'i zo'ravonlik bilan). PLOS tibbiyoti 2006 yil iyun oyiga qadar 655,000 vafot etgan (ularning 90% dan ortig'i zo'ravonlik bilan) 2006 yil Lansetni o'rganish ). 2009 yil aprel oyiga qadar kamida 110,600 zo'ravonlik o'limini hisobga olgan holda (Associated Press ). The Iroq tanasini hisoblash loyihasi 2020 yil fevraligacha 185000 - 208000 fuqarolarning zo'ravonlik bilan o'limiga oid hujjatlar o'z jadvallarida. Iroq urushida halok bo'lganlarning barcha taxminlari bahsli.^[4][5]

Jadvallar

Quyidagi jadvallarda Iroqda qurbon bo'lganlar to'g'risidagi hisobotlar umumlashtirilgan.

Ilmiy tadqiqotlar:

Tananing soni:

Umumiy nuqtai: manbalarga ko'ra Iroq o'limi taxminlariJabrlanganlarning xulosasi Iroq urushi.Iroqqa bostirib kirishi va o'ldirilishi natijasida o'lganlar sonining taxminiy taxminlari turlicha,^[15] va juda bahsli. Quyidagi qurbonlarning taxminiy hisob-kitoblariga quyidagilar kiradi 2003 yil Iroqqa bostirib kirish va quyidagilar Bosqindan keyingi Iroq, 2003 - hozirgacha.

Umumiy Tasavvur: guruh bo'yicha o'limni taxmin qilish

Iroq xavfsizlik kuchlari (koalitsiya bilan birlashtirilgan)	2003 yil iyunidan 2010 yil 31 dekabrigacha bir necha taxminlarga ko'ra Iroqda 16 623 harbiy va politsiya o'ldirilgan.[41] The Iroq indeksi ning Brukings instituti ISFning umumiy qurbonlarini davom ettiradi.[42] Shuningdek, ISF qurbonlari soni ham mavjud iCasualties.org veb-sayt.[43]
Iroq qo'zg'olonchilari	2003 yil iyunidan 2011 yil 30 sentyabrigacha bir necha taxminlarga ko'ra 26,320-27,000 + iroqlik isyonchilar o'ldirildi.[44]
Ommaviy axborot vositalari va yordam xodimlari	2009 yil 24-fevralda manba sahifalarida keltirilgan raqamlarga ko'ra 136 jurnalist va 51 OAVni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi ishchi xizmat paytida o'ldirildi.[45][46][47] (Qarang Turkum: Jurnalistlar Iroq urushini yoritishda o'ldirilgan.) 2007 yil 21 noyabrdagi ma'lumotlarga ko'ra 94 nafar yordamchi o'ldirilgan, Reuters maqola.[48][49]
AQSh qurolli kuchlari	Iroqda AQSh harbiy xizmatchilarining urush boshlanishidan 2008 yil 24 iyungacha oylik o'limi grafigi.[50] AQSh Mudofaa vazirligining qurbonlar veb-saytiga ko'ra, 2016 yil 29 iyundagi ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, jami 4424 kishi o'lgan (shu jumladan ikkalasi ham) harakatda o'ldirilgan va dushman bo'lmagan) va 31,952 harakat paytida yaralangan (WIA) Iroq urushi natijasida. Ning bir qismi sifatida "Yangi tong" operatsiyasi 2010 yil 1 sentyabrda boshlangan 73 ta o'lim (shu jumladan KIA va dushmanliksiz) va 295 WIA.[51] Yaradorlar, jarohatlanganlar, kasallar, xizmatga qaytganlar (tibbiy xizmat), tibbiy havo transporti talab qiladiganlar, dushmanlik bilan bog'liq bo'lmagan tibbiy havo transportlari, dushmanliksiz jarohatlar, kasalliklar yoki boshqa tibbiy sabablarga ko'ra ma'lumotlarga qarang.[51][52][53][54][55][56][57]
Dushman otashidan koalitsiya o'limi	2011 yil 23 oktyabr holatiga ko'ra[yangilash], dushmanlarning otishmalaridan o'lim koalitsiya harbiylarining 4799 ta umumiy o'limidan 3777 ta.[58]
Boshqa koalitsiya mamlakatlari qurolli kuchlari	Qarang Iroqdagi ko'p millatli kuch. 2009 yil 24 fevral holatiga ko'ra[yangilash], boshqa koalitsiya davlatlarining qurolli kuchlaridan 318 o'lim bo'lgan. Buyuk Britaniyada 179 va boshqa xalqlardan 139 o'lim. Sindirish:[52][53][59] Avstraliya - 2 Ozarbayjon - 1 Bolgariya - 13 Chexiya - 1 Daniya - 7 Salvador - 5 Estoniya - 2 Fidji - 1 Gruziya - 5 Vengriya - 1 Italiya - 33 Qozog'iston - 1 Latviya - 3 Niderlandiya - 2 Polsha - 30 Portugaliya - 1 Ruminiya - 4 Slovakiya - 4 Janubiy Koreya - 1 Ispaniya - 11 Tailand - 2 Ukraina - 18 Buyuk Britaniya - 179
Pudratchilar	Pudratchilar. 2003 yil martidan 2011 yil iyunigacha bo'lgan davrda kamida 1487 o'lim Iroqdagi xususiy pudratchilar o'limi ro'yxati. Ulardan 245 nafari AQShdan.[60][61][62][63][64] Pudratchilar "amerikaliklar, iroqliklar va o'ttizdan ortiq mamlakat ishchilari".[65] 10 569 jarohat olgan yoki jarohatlangan.[60] Pudratchilar "ovqat pishiradi, kir yuvadi, infratuzilmani ta'mirlaydi, hujjatlarni tarjima qiladi, razvedka ma'lumotlarini tahlil qiladi, mahbuslarni qo'riqlaydi, harbiy konvoylarni himoya qiladi, juda mustahkam Yashil zonada suv etkazib beradi va binolarda qorovullik qiladi - ko'pincha juda xavfli vazifalar AQShning ko'pgina shtatlari bajaradigan vazifalar bilan deyarli bir xil qo'shinlar. "[66] 2007 yil 4-iyul, Los Anjeles Tayms maqolada AQSh hukumati tomonidan moliyalashtiriladigan pudratchilar va subpudratchilarning 182 ming xodimi (118 ming iroqlik, 43 ming boshqa, 21 ming AQSh) xabar berilgan.[61][67]

Umumiy nuqtai: manbalar bo'yicha Iroq jarohatlarini taxmin qilish

Iroq urushi uchun qo'shimcha statistika

Qurbonlarning turlariga qarab umumiy ko'rinish(qo'shimcha ma'lumotni quyidagi maqolaning qolgan qismiga qarang)

O'lik

• Iroqliklar:
• Isyonchilarning eng xavfli portlashlari:^[76]
  • 2007 yil 14 avgust. Yuk mashinalarida bombalar - 2007 yil Yazidiylar jamoalarining portlashlari (Iroqning shimoli-g'arbiy qismida):
    • 796 kishi o'ldirilgan.
• Boshqa o'lik kunlar:
  • 2006 yil 23-noyabr, (281 o'ldirilgan) va 2007 yil 18-aprel, (233 o'ldirilgan):
    • "Bog'doddagi 4 ta portlash kamida 183 kishini o'ldirdi ... Mamlakat bo'yicha chorshanba kuni o'lgan yoki o'lik deb topilgan odamlar soni [, 2007 yil 18-aprel,] 2005 yil may oyida Assoshieyted Press hisobotlarni yuritishni boshlaganidan beri Iroqdagi ikkinchi halokatli kun 233 edi avtomashinalarni portlatish, ohak turlar va boshqa hujumlar AP hisobiga ko'ra 2006 yil 23 noyabrda Iroq bo'ylab 281 kishining o'limiga olib keldi. "^[77]

AQSh harbiy xizmatchilarining Iroqdagi harakatlarida oylik yaradorlarning grafigi.^[57]

Amalda yaralangan

• Iroq urushi sababli 2007 yil 12 yanvar holatiga ko'ra 500 AQSh askari amputatsiya qilingan. Oyoq barmoqlari va barmoqlar hisobga olinmaydi.^[78]
• 2006 yil 30 sentyabr holatiga ko'ra 725 amerikalik askar Iroq va Afg'onistonda olgan jarohatlaridan oyoq-qo'llarini kesib tashladilar.^[79]
• 2006 yilgi tadqiqot Valter Rid tibbiyot markazi, VA kasalxonalarining ko'pchiligiga qaraganda ko'proq tan jarohati olgan askarlarga xizmat qiladi, u erda bemorlarning 62 foizi miya jarohati olgan degan xulosaga keldi.^[80]
• 2003 yil mart oyida AQSh harbiy xizmatchilari harakat paytida yaralangan oyiga o'rtacha 350 stavka bo'yicha. 2007 yil sentyabr oyidan boshlab bu ko'rsatkich oyiga taxminan 675 gacha o'sdi.^[57]

Shikastlangan / kasal bo'lib qolgan

• AQSh harbiylari: soni noma'lum.
  • 2005 yil 18 oktyabr, USA Today maqola xabarlari:
    • "Har to'rtinchi amerikalik askar Iroq urushidan tibbiy yoki ruhiy davolanishni talab qiladigan sog'liq muammolari bilan uyga qaytdi Pentagon Harbiy xizmatchilarning urush zonasini tark etishining birinchi batafsil tekshiruvi. "^[81]
• Iroqlik jangchilar: soni noma'lum

Qochoqlar

• 2006 yil 4-noyabr holatiga ko'ra Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Qochqinlar bo'yicha Oliy Komissari 1,8 million iroqlik qo'shni mamlakatlarga ko'chirilgan va 1,6 million ichki ko'chirilgan, har oyda 100 mingga yaqin iroqlik Suriya va Iordaniyaga qochib ketgan.^[82]

Iroq istilosi qurbonlar

Xabarlarga ko'ra, Franks istilodan ko'p o'tmay 2003 yil 9 aprelgacha 30 ming iroqlik qurbon bo'lganini taxmin qilgan.^[83] Bu raqam 2003 yil oktyabr oyida AQSh mudofaa vazirining intervyusidan olingan Donald Ramsfeld jurnalist bilan Bob Vudvord. Ular tomonidan xabar qilingan raqamlarni muhokama qilishdi Washington Post.^{[qachon? ]} Ammo na raqamni aniq eslaydilar, na o'lim uchun, na o'lim va yaradorlar uchunmi.

2003 yil 28-may, Guardian 5 yillik Iroq urushini yopishda, mazhablararo kurashda bir million odam o'ldirilgan "maqolasi" Bog'dod atrofidagi birliklarda topilgan o'lim ko'rsatkichlaridan 3% dan 10% gacha ekstrapolyatsiya qilish, ulardan biri 13,500 dan 45,000 gacha bo'lganlar orasida halok bo'ldi. qo'shinlar va harbiylar.^[84]

2003 yil 20 oktyabrda Mudofaa alternativalari loyihasi da Hamdo'stlik instituti yilda Kembrij, Massachusets, taxminlariga ko'ra 2003 yil 19 martdan 2003 yil 30 aprelgacha "taxminan 11000 dan 15000 gacha iroqlik, shu jumladan, taxminan 3200-4300 fuqarolik bo'lmagan jangchilar o'lishi" mumkin.^[85][86]

The Iroq tanasini hisoblash loyihasi (IBC) asosiy jangovar bosqichning oxirigacha (2003 yil 1-may) fuqarolar o'limining ko'proq sonini hujjatlashtirdi. 2005 yilgi hisobotda,^[87] yangilangan ma'lumotlardan foydalangan holda, IBC 7299 tinch aholining, birinchi navbatda AQSh havo va quruqlik kuchlari tomonidan o'ldirilganligi to'g'risida hujjatlashtirilganligini xabar qildi. 2003 yil 1 maygacha 17338 fuqarolar jarohati olgan. IBC bu raqamlarni ehtimol past baholaganligini aytadi, chunki: "ko'plab o'limlar rasmiylar va ommaviy axborot vositalari tomonidan qayd etilmaydi yoki qayd etilmaydi."^[19]

Iroq aholisining qurbonlari

Bir askar yaralangan iroqlik bolani Iroqning Ramadi shahridagi Charli tibbiyot markaziga olib bormoqda (2007 yil 20 mart).

Nogiron 28 yoshli iroqlik ayol jangovar harakatlar paytida ikkala oyog'idan mahrum bo'ldi (2006 yil 7 may)

Iroq tanasini hisoblash loyihasi (IBC)

IBC loyihasi mustaqil ingliz-amerika guruhi Iroqning bosib olinishi va bosib olinishi natijasida, shu jumladan koalitsiya harbiy harakatlari natijasida kelib chiqqan tinch aholining o'limi haqida xabar beradi. Iroq qo'zg'oloni va ortiqcha jinoyatchilik natijasida kelib chiqadiganlar. IBC ishg'ol etuvchi hokimiyat ushbu o'limlarning oldini olish uchun javobgar ekanligini ta'kidlaydi xalqaro huquq.

Iraq Body Count loyihasi ma'lumotlari shuni ko'rsatadiki, eng ko'p tinch fuqarolarning o'limiga olib kelgan hujum turi o'g'irlash yoki qo'lga olishdan keyin amalga oshirilgan. Bular fuqarolar o'limining 33 foizini tashkil etdi va aksariyati noma'lum aktyorlar, shu jumladan isyonchilar, mazhablar jangarilari va jinoyatchilar tomonidan amalga oshirildi.^[88]

The Iroq tanasini hisoblash loyihasi (IBC loyihasi) keyingi hisobotlarni o'z ichiga olgan holda, 2003 yil 30 aprelgacha bo'lgan asosiy jangovar bosqichning oxiriga kelib, 7419 tinch aholi, birinchi navbatda, AQSh havo-quruqlik kuchlari tomonidan o'ldirilganligi haqida xabar berdi.^[8][87]

Bu ularning jadvalida kamida 185.194 - 208.167-dagi zo'ravonlik bilan o'lgan fuqarolarning o'limini 2020 yil iyunigacha ko'rsatadi.^[8] Doimo yangilanib turadigan IBC ma'lumotlar bazasi sahifalarida ushbu raqamlar quyidagicha yozilgan: "Yozib olish va hisobotdagi bo'shliqlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, bizning bugungi eng yuqori ko'rsatkichlarimiz ham zo'ravonlik tufayli ko'plab fuqarolar o'limi yo'qolishi mumkin".

Ushbu raqam ommaviy axborot vositalari tomonidan e'lon qilingan urush bilan bog'liq zo'ravonlik tufayli tinch aholi o'limini anglatadi, nodavlat-tashkilot - asoslangan hisobotlar va rasmiy yozuvlar.^[19] IBC loyihasi ommaviy axborot manbalariga ishonganligi sababli haqiqiy o'limlar sonining ozgina foizini hisoblaydi, deb hisoblaydiganlar tomonidan tanqid qilindi.^[30][89] IBC loyihasi direktori, Jon Sloboda, "Biz har doim bizning ishimiz kam hisoblangan, deb aytgan edik, ehtimol siz ommaviy axborot vositalariga asoslangan tahlil barcha o'limlarga olib keladi deb umid qilishingiz mumkin emas."^[90] Biroq, IBC loyihasi ushbu tanqidlarning ko'pini abartılı yoki noto'g'ri ma'lumot sifatida rad etadi.^[91]

IBC yillik loyihalari haqida: "Barcha ko'rsatkichlar IBC ma'lumotlar bazasidagi" maksimal "o'lim ko'rsatkichlaridan olingan. Ammo IBC stavkalari va hisoblari kelgusi oylarda o'sib boradi, chunki ma'lumotlar hali ham IBC ma'lumotlar bazasiga qo'shilmoqda 2006 yil va bu erda yoritilgan boshqa davrlar. "^[92]

IBC loyihasi 2003 yil mart va 2005 yil mart oylari orasida qayd etilgan o'limlar haqida batafsil hisobot chiqardi^[87] unda 24.865 fuqaro o'limi qayd etilgan. Hisobotda ta'kidlanishicha, AQSh va uning ittifoqchilari 24.865 o'limining eng katta ulushi (37%) uchun javobgardir. Qolgan o'limlar ishg'olga qarshi kuchlar (9%), jinoyatchilik (36%) va noma'lum agentlar (11%) bilan bog'liq. Shuningdek, ommaviy axborot vositalari tomonidan foydalaniladigan asosiy manbalar - o'likxonalar, tibbiyot xodimlari, Iroq rasmiylari, guvohlar, politsiya, qarindoshlar, AQSh koalitsiyasi, jurnalistlar, nodavlat tashkilotlar (nodavlat tashkilotlar), do'stlar / sheriklar va boshqalar.

Iroq tanalarini hisoblash (IBC) loyihasi "tijorat ommaviy axborot vositalari va nodavlat notijorat tashkilotlariga asoslangan hisobotlarni va jamoat maydoniga e'lon qilingan rasmiy yozuvlarni o'rganish asosida 2003 yilda Iroqqa bostirib kirgandan beri zo'ravonlikda o'lgan tinch aholi sonini qayd etdi. . Hisobotlar hodisalarga asoslangan aniq hisoblardan tortib shifoxonalar, o'likxonalar va boshqa hujjatli ma'lumotlarni yig'ish agentliklari raqamlariga qadar o'zgarib turadi. " Shuningdek, IBC-ga kirish huquqi berildi WikiLeaks haqida ma'lumot Iroq urushi jurnallari.^[9][93]

Iroq tanasining soni o'lim sonini kam baholagani uchun bir qator olimlar va tadqiqotlar tomonidan tanqid qilindi.^[94][95][96] Lancetning 2013 yilgi maqolasiga ko'ra, Iroq tanasining soni "ommaviy axborot vositalarida va o'likxonada mavjud bo'lgan xabarlarda qayd etilganidek, noharbiy fuqarolarning o'limini passiv ravishda hisoblaydigan, tengsizlar tomonidan ko'rib chiqilmagan, ammo onlayn va ommaviy axborot vositalariga asoslangan yondashuv. Passiv kuzatuvda xabar qilinmagan o'limlarni izlash uchun maxsus harakatlar qilinmaydi.XBK uchun ma'lumot yig'adigan ko'ngilli xodimlar tanqislikni xavf ostiga qo'yishdi, chunki ularning kamligi yoki mustaqil tekshirilmasligi, asl ma'lumot manbalarining o'zgarishi va o'limni past baholash. zo'ravonlikdan ... Tadqiqot doiralarida tasodifiy tasavvurlar bo'yicha klasterlardan namuna olish tadqiqot usullari to'qnashuv sharoitida qat'iyroq epidemiologik usul deb hisoblanadi. "^[97]

Zo'ravonlik bilan o'lim holatlarida bo'lgan IBC jadvali

Quyida 2003 yil boshidan boshlab har oyga bo'lingan IBC loyihasining zo'ravonlik bilan o'lim ko'rsatkichlari keltirilgan. IBC ma'lumotlar bazasi jadvalining tepasida 185,194 - 208,167 "Zo'ravonlik tufayli fuqarolarning o'limi hujjatlashtirilgan" deb yozilgan. Ushbu sahifada yana shunday deyilgan: "Yozib olish va hisobotdagi bo'shliqlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, bugungi kungacha bizning eng yuqori ko'rsatkichlarimiz ham zo'ravonlik tufayli ko'plab fuqarolar o'limi yo'qolishi mumkin".^[8]

Xalq kifasi

Iroq siyosiy partiyasi Xalq kifasi yoki gegemonlikka qarshi kurash (PK) 2003 yil mart va iyun oylari oralig'ida Iroqning kurd bo'lmagan hududlarida o'tkazilgan so'rovnomada 2003 yil iyun oyigacha ushbu hududlarda o'lgan 36533 nafar tinch aholini tashkil etganligini aytdi. PK shahar vakili tomonidan batafsil shaharcha yig'indilar berilgan bo'lsa-da, metodologiya tafsilotlari. juda nozik va xom ma'lumotlar jamoat mulki emas. Ushbu tadqiqot bo'yicha hali batafsil bo'lmagan hisobot bir necha oy o'tgach paydo bo'ldi Al-Jazira veb-sayti va 2003 yil oktyabrgacha bo'lgan qurbonlarni qamrab olgan.^[98]

Iroqlik qochqinlar inqirozi

Iroq o'rta sinfining taxminan 40 foizi qochib ketgan deb hisoblashadi, dedi BMT. Ularning aksariyati muntazam ta'qiblardan qochmoqdalar va qaytishni istamaydilar. Universitet professorlaridan tortib novvoylarga qadar har xil odamlar nishonga olingan militsiyalar, Iroq qo'zg'olonchilari va jinoyatchilar. Ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, 2006 yilning dastlabki to'rt oyida 331 maktab o'qituvchisi o'ldirilgan Human Rights Watch tashkiloti va 2003 yilgi AQSh hujumidan beri kamida 2000 iroqlik shifokor o'ldirilgan va 250 kishi o'g'irlangan.^[99]

Koalitsiyaning harbiy talofatlari

AQShning aksariyat qurbonlari, a FZR 17 harbiy transport samolyotlari, qaytish Dover havo kuchlari bazasi yilda Dover, Delaver. (noma'lum sana)

Qurbonlarning so'nggi raqamlari uchun sahifaning yuqori qismidagi umumiy jadvalga qarang.

Rasmiy hokimiyat Iroq Muvaqqat hukumati 2004 yil 28 iyunda koalitsiya askarlari Iroq bo'ylab shaharlarda hujumga uchragan.

Milliy jamoat radiosi, iCasualties.org, va GlobalSecurity.org saytida Iroq urushida Amerika qo'shinlari o'limining jadvallari oyma-oy bor.^{[15][100][101]}

A AQSh dengiz piyodalari 2003 yil aprelida o'ldirilgan, uni olganidan keyin olib ketilgan Oxirgi marosimlar.

Mojaroda koalitsiya va pudratchilarning umumiy talofati hozirda 1990-1991 yillardagidan o'n baravar ko'pdir Ko'rfaz urushi. Fors ko'rfazi urushida koalitsiya kuchlari 378 ga yaqin o'limga duchor bo'lishdi va Iroq harbiylari orasida o'n minglab odamlar va minglab tinch aholi halok bo'ldi.

Qo'shinlar kasal bo'lib, yaralangan yoki yaralangan

So'nggi raqamlar uchun sahifaning yuqori qismidagi umumiy jadvalga qarang.

2006 yil 29 avgustda, Christian Science Monitor xabar berdi:^[102] "Yangi qurol-yarog 'va harbiy tibbiyotdagi yutuqlar tufayli, masalan, jangovar zonada o'lganlarning yaradorlarga nisbati Vetnamda 24 foizdan Iroq va Afg'onistonda 13 foizga kamaydi. Boshqacha qilib aytganda, o'ldirilganlar soni umumiy talofatlarning foiz darajasi pastroq. "

AQShning yarador xodimlari Iroqdan uchib ketishdi Ramshteyn aviabazasi, Germaniya, davolanish uchun. (2007 yil fevral)

Iroq urushidagi ko'plab AQSh faxriylari sog'liqni saqlash bilan bog'liq bir qator jiddiy muammolar, shu jumladan o'smalar, siydik va najasdagi kunlik qon, jinsiy funktsiya buzilishi, O'chokli, tez-tez mushak spazmlar, va boshqa zaiflashuvchi alomatlarga o'xshash alomatlar "Fors ko'rfazi urushi sindromi "1991 yilgi Fors ko'rfazidagi urushning ko'plab faxriylari tomonidan xabar qilingan. Ba'zilar buni AQShning foydalanishi bilan bog'liq deb hisoblashadi radioaktiv tugagan uran.^[103]

2004 yil iyul oyida nashr etilgan AQSh faxriylari haqidagi tadqiqot Nyu-England tibbiyot jurnali kuni travmatik stress buzilishi (TSSB) va Iroq va Afg'oniston faxriylarining boshqa ruhiy kasalliklari 5 foizdan 9,4 foizgacha (ishlatilgan TSSB ta'rifining qat'iyligiga qarab) joylashishdan oldin TSSB kasalligiga chalinganligini aniqladilar. Joylashtirilgandan so'ng, 6.2 foizdan 19.9 foizgacha TSSB kasalligiga chalingan. TSSBning 10,5 foizga o'sishini anglatuvchi keng ta'rifi uchun (19,9 foiz - 9,4 foiz = 10,5 foiz). Bu Iroqda xizmat qilganidan keyin har 100 ming AQSh askariga TSSBning qo'shimcha 50000 kasalligi. ePluribus Media, mustaqil fuqarolik jurnalistikasi jamoasi, TSSB Xronologiyasida joylashtirilganidan keyin yoki jangovar zonada sodir bo'lgan voqealar haqida xabar berilgan, mumkin bo'lgan yoki tasdiqlangan hodisalarni kuzatib boradi va kataloglaydi.^[104]

Boshqa koalitsiya mamlakatlari qo'shinlari olgan jarohatlar to'g'risida ma'lumot hozircha oson emas, ammo bayonot Xansard 2004 yil 4 oktabr holatiga ko'ra Buyuk Britaniyaning 2703 askari jarohati yoki jarohati uchun Iroqdan tibbiy evakuatsiya qilinganligini va Buyuk Britaniyaning 155 qo'shini jangda birinchi hujumda yaralanganligini ko'rsatdi.^[105]

Leyshmanioz Iroqda joylashgan AQSh qo'shinlari, shu jumladan xabar bergan visseral leyshmanioz.^[106] Tishlab yoyilgan leyshmanioz qum burgalari, yuzlab AQSh askarlarida tashxis qo'yilgan, faqatgina 32 paytida birinchi Fors ko'rfazi urushi.^[107]

Baxtsiz hodisalar va beparvolik

Mudofaa vazirligining ma'lumotlariga ko'ra 2008 yil avgust holatiga ko'ra o'n oltita amerikalik askar Iroqda tasodifiy elektr toki urishidan halok bo'lgan.^[108] Dushxonada bitta askar elektr toki urgan, boshqasi suzish havzasida elektr toki urgan. KBR, mas'ul pudratchi, xodimlar tomonidan xavfli amaliyotlar to'g'risida ogohlantirildi va fosh etilgandan keyin tanqid qilindi.^[109]

Tungi chiziq tortishuv

Ted Koppel, mezbon ABC "s Tungi chiziq, 2004 yil 30 aprelda o'zining butun namoyishini Iroqda shu paytgacha vafot etgan 737 AQSh askarlaridan 721 nafarining ismlarini o'qishga bag'ishladi. (Shou qolgan o'n oltita ismni tasdiqlay olmadi.) Eshittirish "AQShning Iroqdagi harakatlariga putur etkazish uchun ishlab chiqilgan siyosiy kun tartibidan kelib chiqqan", deb da'vo qilmoqda. Sinclair Broadcast Group ettita ABC-ni taqiqlash to'g'risida qaror qabul qildi tarmoqqa ulangan stantsiyalar u namoyishni efirga uzatishni nazorat qiladi. Eshittirishni tsenzuralash to'g'risidagi qaror ikkala tomonning, shu jumladan qurolli kuchlar a'zolarining, urushga qarshi bo'lganlarning tanqidiga uchradi. MoveOn.org, va eng muhimi Respublika AQSh senatori Jon Makkeyn, bu harakatni "vatanparvar bo'lmagan" va "jamoatchilikka qo'pol zarar etkazgan" deb qoralagan.^{[110][111][112]}

Amputelar

Ampute AQSh askari (2007 yil fevral)

2007 yil 18 yanvar holatiga ko'ra Iroq urushi sababli kamida 500 amerikalik amputant bor edi. 2016 yilda ularning soni 1650 AQSh qo'shinlari bo'lishi taxmin qilingan.^[113] 2007 yildagi hisob-kitoblarga ko'ra, amputantlar 22,700 AQSh harbiy xizmatchilarining 2,2 foizini tashkil qiladi (5% yaralari xizmatga qaytishiga xalaqit bergan askarlar uchun).^[78]

Shikast miya shikastlanishi

2009 yil mart oyiga qadar Pentagon Iroq va Afg'oniston mojarolarida qatnashgan AQShning 360 ming nafar faxriysi azob chekishi mumkinligini taxmin qildi shikast miya shikastlanishi (TBI), shu jumladan ixtisoslashtirilgan yordamni talab qiladigan doimiy alomatlari bo'lgan 45,000 dan 90,000 faxriylarga.^[114]

2007 yil fevral oyida bitta mutaxassis VA tashxis qo'yilmagan TBI soni 7500 dan yuqori ekanligini taxmin qildi.^[115]

Ga binoan USA Today, 2007 yil noyabr oyiga kelib, Iroq va Afg'onistondagi jang paytida yaralanganlar toifasiga kiritilmagan holda miyasida shikastlanish alomatlari bo'lgan 20000 dan ortiq AQSh harbiylari bor edi.^[116]

Ruhiy kasalliklar va o'z joniga qasd qilish

Top AQSh armiyasi psixiatr Polkovnik Charlz Xog, 2008 yil mart oyida uchinchi safarbarlikdagi qo'shinlarning qariyb 30 foizi jiddiy aziyat chekkanligini aytdi ruhiy salomatlik muammolar va bu bir yil jangovar ekskursiyalar o'rtasida etarli vaqt bo'lmagan.^[117]

2007 yil 12 mart, Vaqt maqola^[118] da chop etilgan bir tadqiqot haqida xabar berdi Ichki kasalliklar arxivi. Iroq va Afg'oniston urushlaridan qaytgan 103,788 nafar faxriylarning taxminan uchdan bir qismi AQSh Veteranlar ishlari departamenti 2001 yil 30 sentyabrdan 2005 yil 30 sentyabrgacha bo'lgan muassasalarda ruhiy kasallik yoki psixo-ijtimoiy buzuqlik kabi tashxis qo'yilgan uysizlik va oilaviy muammolar, shu jumladan oiladagi zo'ravonlik. Tashxis qo'yilganlarning yarmidan ko'pi, 56 foizi, bir nechta kasalliklarga chalingan. Eng keng tarqalgan kombinatsiya edi travmadan keyingi stress buzilishi va depressiya.

2008 yil yanvar oyida AQSh armiyasi 2007 yilda askarlar orasida o'z joniga qasd qilish darajasi 1980 yilda armiya hisoblashni boshlagandan beri eng yuqori ko'rsatkich bo'lganligini xabar qildi. 2007 yilda 121 o'z joniga qasd qilish holatlari bo'lib, bu o'tgan yilga nisbatan 20 foizga sakragan. Shuningdek, 2007 yilda 2100 ga yaqin o'z joniga qasd qilish va o'zini yaralashga urinishlar bo'lgan.^[119] Boshqa manbalarda yuqori taxminlar keltirilgan.^[120]

Vaqt jurnali 2008 yil 5 iyunda xabar bergan:

Armiyaning beshinchi ruhiy salomatlik bo'yicha maslahat guruhi hisobotida keltirilgan ma'lumotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, o'tgan kuzda o'tkazilgan AQSh qo'shinlari bo'yicha o'tkazilgan anonim so'rovga ko'ra, Iroqdagi jangovar qo'shinlarning taxminan 12% va Afg'onistondagi 17% qatnashmoqda. retsept antidepressantlar yoki uyqu tabletkalari ularni engishga yordam berish uchun. ... Afg'oniston va Iroqdagi askarlarning taxminan uchdan bir qismi, kerak bo'lganda ruhiy kasalliklar bo'yicha mutaxassisni ko'rishlari mumkin emasligini aytishadi. O'tgan yili Iroqdagi qo'shinlar soni 30 mingga ko'payganida, armiya ruhiy sog'liqni saqlash xodimlari soni bir xil bo'lib qoldi - taxminan 200 kishi - maslahat berish va ularga g'amxo'rlik qilish yanada qiyinlashdi.^[117]

Xuddi shu maqolada Vaqt shuningdek, retsept bo'yicha giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilishning ba'zi sabablari haqida xabar berdi:

So'rov shuni ko'rsatadiki, urush narxini yaqindan ko'rish va bu borada juda ko'p narsani qila olmaslik hissi, ruhiy bezovtalik urug'ini ekadigan "kuchli qo'rquv, ojizlik yoki dahshat" hissiyotlariga hissa qo'shadi. "Do'stim haydovchining holatida tankda suyultirilgan edi, men hammasini ko'rdim", bu odatiy sharh edi. Yana biri: "ulkan f______ bomba do'stimning boshini mendan 50 metr masofada uchirib yubordi." Bunday o'chmas sahnalar - va keyingisi qachon va qaerda bo'lishini o'ylash - minglab askarlarni antidepressantlarni qabul qilishga majbur qilmoqda, deydi harbiy psixiatrlar. Buning sababini tasavvur qilish qiyin emas.^[117]

Ushbu faxriylar orasida qayd etilgan shaxslararo zo'ravonlik, travmatizmdan keyingi stress, ruhiy tushkunlik va giyohvand moddalarni suiiste'mol qilish darajasi ortib ketganligi sababli, ruhiy salomatlik mutaxassislari tomonidan qaytib kelgan faxriylarning chaqaloqlari va bolalarining emotsional salomatligi va rivojlanishiga ta'siri to'g'risida tashvish bildirildi.^{[121][122][123]} Bundan tashqari, jismoniy shikastlanishlar va yo'qotishlarning stressli ta'siri asosiy g'amxo'rlik qiluvchi uchun katta stressni keltirib chiqaradi, bu unga yoki uning ota-onasiga, shuningdek, er-xotinning farzandlariga bevosita ta'sir qilishi mumkin.^[124] Harbiy oilalarning jangovar ta'sir qilish va boshqa urush bilan bog'liq jarohatlardan keyingi ruhiy salomatlik ehtiyojlari, qaytib kelgan askarning ruhiy salomatligini uning oilasi qaramog'idan ajratib turadigan harbiy sog'liqni saqlash tizimi tomonidan etarli darajada hal etilmagan deb o'ylangan. ulardan odatda shartnoma asosida, fuqarolik tomonidan boshqariladigan parvarishlash tizimi qamrab olinadi.^[122][121]

Iroq qo'zg'olonchilarining qurbonlari

AQSh harbiylariga ko'ra 2003 yilda 597 qo'zg'olonchi o'ldirilgan.^[125] 2004 yil yanvaridan 2009 yil dekabrigacha (2004 yil may va 2009 yil mart oylarini hisobga olmaganda) koalitsiya askarlarining frontdagi xabarlari asosida 23 984 nafar isyonchi o'ldirilganligi taxmin qilinmoqda.^[126] Taxminlarga ko'ra yo'qolgan ikki oy ichida 2004 yil may oyida 652 kishi o'ldirilgan,^[9] va 45 kishi 2009 yil mart oyida o'ldirilgan.^[127] 2010 yilda yana 676 isyonchi o'ldirilgan.^[128] 2011 yil yanvar va martdan oktyabrgacha 451 qo'zg'olonchi o'ldirildi.^{[129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137]} Ushbu taxminlarning barchasiga asoslanib, 2003 yildan boshlab 2011 yil oxirigacha 26405 nafar isyonchi / militsiya yo'q qilindi.

Biroq, bu raqam haqiqat bilan taqqoslaganda past bo'lishi mumkin; isyonchilar bir-biri bilan to'qnashgan va kasallik tufayli o'ldirilganlar hisobga olinmaydi. AQSh harbiylari va Iroq hukumati tomonidan e'lon qilingan raqamlar o'rtasida ziddiyatlar mavjud edi. Masalan, AQSh harbiylarining 2005 yilda o'ldirilgan qo'zg'olonchilar soni 3247 kishini tashkil qiladi, bu Iroq hukumatining 1734 raqamidan farqli o'laroq, ammo tinch aholi halok bo'lishidan qo'rqish soni kamaytirildi.^[138] Iroq vazirliklari ma'lumotlariga ko'ra 2007 yilda 4544 jangari yo'q qilingan,^[139] AQSh harbiylari esa 6747 kishi vafot etgan deb da'vo qilmoqda. Shuningdek, 2008 yilda 2028 qo'zg'olonchi o'ldirilganligi xabar qilingan^[140] va 2009 yilda, iyun oyidan tashqari, 488 o'ldirilgan Iroq Mudofaa vazirligi.^[141] Bu raqamlar, shuningdek, AQSh harbiylarining 2008 va 2009 yillarda o'ldirilgan 3984 ga yaqin harbiy taxminiga mos kelmaydi.^[142]

AQSh harbiylari va Iroq Mudofaa vazirligi tomonidan taqdim etilgan raqamlar, shu jumladan xudkush terrorchilar

• 2011 - 451 (fevral va avgust oylarini hisobga olmaganda)
• 2010 – 676
• 2009 yil - 488 (iyundan tashqari)
• 2008 – 2,028
• 2007 yil - 6747 (AQSh harbiylari), 4544 (Iroq Mudofaa vazirligi)
• 2006 – 3,902
• 2005 yil - 3247 (AQSh harbiylari), 1.734 (Iroq Mudofaa vazirligi)
• 2004 – 6,801
• 2003 – 603

Bundan tashqari, 2009 yil 22 avgust holatiga ko'ra, taxminan 1719 xudkush-terrorchilar o'ldirilganligi haqida ham xabar berilgan edi.

• 2009–73
• 2008 – 257
• 2007 – 442^[143]
• 2006 – 297^[143][144]
• 2005 – 478^[145]
• 2004 – 140^[145]
• 2003 yil (avgustdan dekabrgacha) - 32^[146]

Jami - 21.221–26.405 nafar isyonchi halok bo'ldi

2006 yil 28 sentyabrda Al-Qoida lideri urushda 4000 chet ellik qo'zg'olonchi o'ldirilganligini da'vo qildi.^[147]

2008 yil 6 iyunda Iroq armiyasining rasmiy vakili, urush boshlanganidan beri 2008 yil apreligacha o'ldirilgan isyonchilar orasida 6000 ga yaqin Al-Qoida jangarilari borligini aniqladi.^[148]

Isyonchilar o'limini taxmin qilish qiyin.^[149][150]

AQSh harbiy kuchlari hibsga olingan, hibsga olingan yoki asirga olingan gumon qilingan isyonchilar soni to'g'risida ham xabar berishdi. 2003 yil iyunidan 2007 yil avgustigacha AQSh harbiylari hibsga olinganlarning soni 18752 kishiga nisbatan 119 752 kishini tashkil etganligini xabar qilishdi.^[151]

Pudratchining qurbonlari

2007 yil iyul oyiga kelib, Mehnat vazirligi Iroqda pudratchilarning 933 o'limini qayd etdi.^[152] 2007 yil aprelga qadar Iroqni tiklash bo'yicha maxsus bosh inspektor stated that the number of civilian contractor deaths on US-funded projects in Iraq was 916.^[62] 2007 yil yanvar oyida Xyuston xronikasi reported that the Pentagon did not track contractor deaths in Iraq.^[153] In January 2017, an estimated 7,761 contractors had been injured in Iraq, but their nationality was not known.^[153] By the end 2006, civilian contractors suffered "3,367 injuries serious enough to require four or more days off the job."^[154] The Labor Department had these numbers because it tracked workers' compensation claims by injured workers or families of slain contractors under the federal Defense Base Act.^[153]

Health outcomes

By November 2006, there were reports of a significant deterioration of the Iraq health care system as a result of the war.^[155][35]

2007 yilda an Iraqi Society of Psychiatrists va JSSV study found that 70% of 10,000 primary school students in the Shaab section of north Baghdad are suffering from trauma-related symptoms.^[156]

Subsequent articles in Lanset va Al-Jazira have suggested that the number of cases of birth defects, saraton, tushish, kasalliklar va erta tug'ilish dan keyin keskin ko'paygan bo'lishi mumkin birinchi va ikkinchi Iroq urushlari, due to the presences of depleted uranium and chemicals introduced during American attacks, especially around Falluja, Basra and Southern Iraq.^[97][157]

Total Iraqi casualties

Estimates of the total number of Iraqi war-related deaths are highly disputed. Ga binoan Kit Krauz ning Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland, "the consensus seems to be that around 150,000 people died violently as a result of the fighting between 2003 and 2006."^[158]

Turli xil taxminlar

In December 2005 President Bush said there were 30,000 Iraqi dead. Oq uy vakili Scott McClellan later said it was "not an official government estimate", and was based on media reports.^[159][160]

The United Nations reported that 34,452 violent civilian deaths occurred in 2006, based on data from morgues, hospitals, and municipal authorities across Iraq.^[31]

For 2006, a January 2, 2007, Associated Press article reports: "The tabulation by the Iraqi ministries of Health, Defence and Interior, showed that 14,298 civilians, 1,348 police and 627 soldiers had been killed in the violence that raged across the country last year. Associated Press figure, gleaned from daily news reports from Baghdad, arrived at a total of 13,738 deaths."^[161] Avstraliyalik reports in a January 2, 2007, article: "A figure of 3700 civilian deaths in October '[2006]', the latest tally given by the UN based on data from the Health Ministry and the Baghdad morgue, was branded exaggerated by the Iraqi Government."^[162] Iraqi government estimates include "people killed in bombings and shootings but not deaths classed as 'criminal'." Also, they "include no deaths among the many civilians wounded in attacks who may die later from wounds. Nor do they include many people kidnapped whose fate remains unknown."^[162]

A June 25, 2006, Los Anjeles Tayms article, "War's Iraqi Death Toll Tops 50,000",^[163] reported that their estimate of violent deaths consisted "mostly of civilians" but probably also included security forces and insurgents. It added that, "Many more Iraqis are believed to have been killed but not counted because of serious lapses in recording deaths in the chaotic first year after the invasion, when there was no functioning Iraqi government, and continued spotty reporting nationwide since." Here is how the Times got its number: "The Baghdad morgue received 30,204 bodies from 2003 through mid-2006, while the Health Ministry said it had documented 18,933 deaths from 'military clashes' and 'terrorist attacks' from April 5, 2004, to June 1, 2006. Together, the toll reaches 49,137. However, samples obtained from local health departments in other provinces show an undercount that brings the total well beyond 50,000. The figure also does not include deaths outside Baghdad in the first year of the invasion."

Iraq Living Conditions Survey (2004)

A study commissioned by the Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Taraqqiyot Dasturi (UNDP), called the Iraq Living Conditions Survey (ILCS), sampled almost 22,000 households across all Iraqi provinces. It estimated 24,000 war-related violent deaths by May 2004 (with a 95 percent confidence interval from 18,000 to 29,000). This study did not attempt to measure what portion of its estimate was made up of civilians or combatants. It would include Iraqi military killed during the invasion, as well as "insurgents" or other fighters thereafter.^[164] This study has been criticized for various reasons. For more info see the section in Lansetda Iroq urushi paytida halok bo'lganlar haqida so'rovlar that compares the Lancet and UNDP ILCS studies.

Lanset (2004)

The 2004 yil oktyabr Lanset o'rganish^[165] done by public health experts from Jons Xopkins universiteti and published on October 29, 2004, in Lanset medical journal, estimated that 100,000 "excess" Iraqi deaths from all causes had occurred since the U.S. invasion began. The study did not attempt to measure how many of these were civilian, but the study's authors have said they believe that the "vast majority" were non-combatants, based on 7% of the casualties being women and 46% being children under the age of 15 (including Falluja data). To arrive at these excess death figures, a survey was taken from 988 Iraqi households in 33 clusters throughout Iraq, in which the residents were asked how many people lived there and how many births and deaths there had been since the war began. They then compared the death rate with the average from the 15 months before the war. Iraqis were found to be 1.5 times more likely to die from all causes after the invasion (rising from 0.5% to 0.79% per year) than in the 15 months preceding the war, producing an estimate of 98,000 excess deaths. This figure excluded data from one cluster in Falluja, which was deemed too much of an outlier for inclusion in the national estimate. If it included data from Falluja, which showed a higher rate of violent deaths than the other 32 clusters combined, the increased death rate would be raised from 1.5 to 2.5-fold, violent deaths would be 58 times more likely with most of them due to air-strikes by coalition forces, and an additional 200,000 fatalities would be estimated.^[166]

Iraqiyun estimate (2005)

The Iraqi non-governmental organisation, Iraqiyun, estimated 128,000 deaths from the invasion until July 2005.^[32] A July 2005 United Press International (UPI) article said the number came from the chairman of the Iraqiyun humanitarian organization in Baghdad, Dr. Hatim al-'Alwani. He said 55 percent of those killed were women, and children aged 12 and under. The UPI article reported: "Iraqiyun obtained data from relatives and families of the deceased, as well as from Iraqi hospitals in all the country's provinces. The 128,000 figure only includes those whose relatives have been informed of their deaths and does not include those were abducted, assassinated or simply disappeared."^[167] A 2010 book by Nicolas Davies reported the Iraqiyun estimate, and that Iraqiyun was affiliated with the political party of Interim President Ghazi Al-Yawer. Davies wrote: "The report specified that it included only confirmed deaths reported to relatives, omitting significant numbers of people who had simply disappeared without trace amid the violence and chaos."^[168][169]

Lanset (2006)

The October 2006 Lancet study by Gilbert Burnham (of Johns Hopkins University) and co-authors^[32][33] estimated total excess deaths (civilian and non-civilian) related to the war of 654,965 excess deaths up to July 2006. The 2006 study was based on surveys conducted between May 20 and July 10, 2006. More households were surveyed than during the 2004 study, allowing for a 95% ishonch oralig'i of 392,979 to 942,636 excess Iraqi deaths. Those estimates were far higher than other available tallies at the time.^[170]

The Burnham et al. study has been described as the most controversial study in survey research on armed conflict,^[171] and its findings have been widely disputed in the academic literature.^{[172][173][174][175][176][177][178][179]} Shortly after publication, the study's estimate and methodology came under criticism from a number of sources, including the United States government, academics, and the Iraq Body Count.^[180] At the time, other experts, praised the methodology of the study.^{[181][182][183]} Jon Tirman, who commissioned and directed the funding for the study defended the study.^{[184][185][186][187][188]} A 2008 systematic review of casualty estimates in the Iraq War in the journal Conflict and Health concluded that the highest quality studies have used "population-based methods" that have "yielded the highest estimates.^[189] A 2016 study described the Lanset study as seen "widely viewed among peers as the most rigorous investigations of Iraq War–related mortality among Iraqi civilians," and argued that part of the criticism "may have been politically motivated."^[190]

A number of peer-reviewed studies criticized the Lancet study on the basis of its methodology and exaggerated casualty numbers.^{[191][192][193][194][195][196][197][198][199][174][200][201][202]} The authors of the Lancet study were also accused of ethical breaches in terms of how the survey was conducted and in how the authors responded to requests for data and information.^{[197][198][172][200]} In 2009, the lead author of the Lancet study was censured by American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) for refusing to provide "several basic facts about" the study.^[203] AAPOR had over a 12-year period only formally censured two other individuals.^[200][172] In 2012, Michael Spagat noted that six peer-reviewed studies had identified shortcomings in the Lancet study, and that the Lancet authors had yet to make a substantive response to the critiques.^[200] According to Spagat, there is "ample reason" to discard Lancet study estimate.^[200] Columbia University statistician Endryu Gelman said in 2014 that "serious flaws have been demonstrated" in the Lancet study,^[204] and in 2015 that his impression was that the Lancet study "had pretty much been discredited".^[205] Joshua Goldstein, professor emeritus of International Relations at American University, wrote that critics of the study "have argued convincingly that the sample method was biased."^[206] According to University of Delaware sociologist Joel Best uning kitobida Stat-Spotting: A Field Guide to Identifying Dubious Data, "it seems likely that [the Lancet estimate] was too large".^[207] Conflict scholars Nils Petter Gleditsch, Erik Melander and Xenrik Urdal said there were "major biases" in the study, leading to oversampling of households affected by violence.^[177]

A 2008 study in the Tinchlik tadqiqotlari jurnali found that the 2006 Lancet study may have considerably overestimated Iraq War casualties, that the study made "unusual" methodological choices, and called on the 2006 Lanset study authors to make all of their data available.^[191] The 2008 study was awarded "Article of the Year – 2008" by the Tinchlik tadqiqotlari jurnali, with the jury of Lars-Erik Cederman (ETH Zürich), Jon Hovi (University of Oslo) and Sara McLaughlin Mitchell (University of Iowa) writing that the "authors show convincingly that previous studies which are based on a cross-street cluster-sampling algorithm (CSSA) have significantly overestimated the number of casualties in Iraq."^[192] American University political scientist Thomas Zeitzoff said the Tinchlik tadqiqotlari jurnali study showed the Lancet study to be "wildly inaccurate" due to its reliance on information from biased samples.^[208]

Michael Spagat criticized the 2006 Lancet study in a 2010 article for the journal Mudofaa va tinchlik iqtisodiyoti. Spagat wrote that he found "some evidence relating to data fabrication and falsification" and "this evidence suggests that this survey cannot be considered a reliable or valid contribution towards knowledge about the extent of mortality in Iraq since 2003".^[197] Spagat also chided the Lancet study for "ethical violations to the survey's respondents including endangerment, privacy breaches and violations in obtaining informed consent".^[197] In a letter to the journal Ilm-fan, Spagat said that the Lancet study had failed replication in a study by the WHO (the Iraq Family Health Survey).^[198] Spagat noted that the lead author of the 2006 study had been censured by the American Association for Public Opinion Research for "repeatedly refusing to disclose the corresponding information for his survey".^[198]

The Iraq Family Health Survey published by WHO researchers in Nyu-England tibbiyot jurnali found that the 2006 Lanset study results "considerably overestimated the number of violent deaths" and that the results are highly improbable.^[199] In comparing the two studies, peace researcher Kristine Eck of Uppsala universiteti notes that the IFHS study which covered the same period as the Lancet survey "was based on a much larger sample (9,345 households compared to Burnham et al's 1,849) in far more clusters (1,086 clusters compared to Burnham et al's 47)."^[171] In comparing the two studies, Joachim Kreutz of Stockholm University and Nicholas Marsh of PRIO said the IFHS study produced "a more reliable estimate."^[209] Oxford University political scientist Adam Roberts wrote that the IFHS study was "more rigorous."^[201]

Burnham, Edward J. Mills, and Frederick M. Burkle noted that the IFHS's data indicated that Iraqi mortality increased by a factor of 1.9 following the invasion, compared to the factor of 2.4 found by Burnham et al., which translates to some 433,000 excess Iraqi deaths (violent and non-violent). Timothy R. Gulden considered it implausible that fewer than one-third of these excess deaths would have been violent in nature. Francisco J. Luquero and Rebecca F. Grais argued that the IFHS's lengthy survey and use of IBC data as a proxy for particularly dangerous areas likely resulted in an underestimate of violent mortality, while Gulden hypothesized that respondents may have been reluctant to report violent deaths to researchers working with the Iraqi government.^[210] In a similar vein, Tirman observed that the Iraqi Health Ministry was affiliated with Shi'ite sectarians at the time, remarking that there was evidence that many violent deaths may have been recategorized as "non-violent" to avoid government retribution: "For example, the number of deaths by auto accidents rose by four times the pre-invasion rate; had this single figure been included in the violent deaths category, the overall estimate would have risen to 196,000."^[211] Gulden even commented that "the IFHS results are easily in line with the finding of more than 600,000 violent deaths in the study by Burnham et al." However, the authors of the IFHS rejected such claims: "Because the level of underreporting is almost certainly higher for deaths in earlier time periods, we did not attempt to estimate excess deaths. The excess deaths reported by Burnham et al. included only 8.2% of deaths from nonviolent causes, so inclusion of these deaths will not increase the agreement between the estimates from the IFHS and Burnham et al."^[210]

A graph in the Lanset article purportedly demonstrating that its conclusions are in line with violence trends measured by the IBC and Defense Department used cherry-picked data and had two Y-axes;^[212][213] the authors conceded that the graph was flawed, but the Lanset never retracted it.^[214][215]

Iraq Health Minister estimate (2006)

In early November 2006 Iraq's Health Minister Ali ash-Shemariy said that he estimated between 100,000 and 150,000 people had been killed since the March 2003 U.S.-led invasion.^{[35][36][216][217]} The Taipei Times reported on his methodology: "Al-Shemari said on Thursday [, November 9, 2006,] that he based his figure on an estimate of 100 bodies per day brought to morgues and hospitals – though such a calculation would come out closer to 130,000 in total."^[36] Washington Post reported: "As al-Shemari issued the startling new estimate, the head of the Baghdad central morgue said Thursday he was receiving as many as 60 violent death victims each day at his facility alone. Dr. Abdul-Razzaq al-Obaidi said those deaths did not include victims of violence whose bodies were taken to the city's many hospital morgues or those who were removed from attack scenes by relatives and quickly buried according to Muslim custom."^[217]

From a November 9, 2006, International Herald Tribune maqola:^[35]

Each day we lost 100 persons, that means per month 3,000, per year it's 36,000, plus or minus 10 percent", al-Shemari said. "So by three years, 120,000, half-year 20,000, that means 140,000, plus or minus 10 percent", he said, explaining how he came to the figures. "This includes all Iraqis killed – police, ordinary people, children", he said, adding that people who were kidnapped and later found dead were also included in his estimate. He said the figures were compiled by counting bodies brought to "forensic institutes" or hospitals.

From a November 11, 2006, Taipei Times maqola:^[36]

An official with the ministry also confirmed the figure yesterday [November 10, 2006], but later said that the estimated deaths ranged between 100,000 and 150,000. "The minister was misquoted. He said between 100,000–150,000 people were killed in three-and-a-half years", the official said.

D3 Systems poll (2007)

From February 25 to March 5, 2007, D3 Systems [17] conducted a poll for the BBC, ABC News, ARD va USA Today.^{[218][219][220][221][222][223]}

ABC News reported: "One in six says someone in their own household has been harmed. ... 53 percent of Iraqis say a close friend or immediate family member has been hurt in the current violence. That ranges from three in 10 in the Kurdish provinces to, in Baghdad, nearly eight in 10."^[219]

The methodology was described thus: "This poll... was conducted February 25 – March 5, 2007, through in-person interviews with a random national sample of 2,212 Iraqi adults, including oversamples in Anbar viloyat, Basra shahar, Kerkuk va Sadr Siti section of Baghdad. The results have a 2.5-point error margin."^{[219][221][224]}

There was a field staff of 150 Iraqis in all. That included 103 interviewers, interviewing selected respondents at 458 locales across the country.^[221] "This poll asked about nine kinds of violence (car bombs, snipers or crossfire, kidnappings, fighting among opposing groups or abuse of civilians by various armed forces)."^[221]

Question 35 asked: "Have you or an immediate family member – by which I mean someone living in this household – been physically harmed by the violence that is occurring in the country at this time?" Here are the results^[221] in percentages:

17% of respondents reported that at least one member of the household had been "physically harmed by the violence that is occurring in the country at this time." The survey did not ask whether multiple household members had been harmed.

Opinion Research Business (ORB) survey (2007, 2008)

A September 14, 2007, estimate by Opinion Research Business (ORB), an independent British polling agency, suggested that the total Iraqi violent death toll due to the Iraq War since the U.S.-led invasion was in excess of 1.2 million (1,220,580). These results were based on a survey of 1,499 adults in Iraq from August 12–19, 2007.^[27][28] ORB published an update in January 2008 based on additional work carried out in rural areas of Iraq. Some 600 additional interviews were undertaken and as a result of this the death estimate was revised to 1,033,000 with a given range of 946,000 to 1,120,000.^[26][225]

Participants of the ORB survey were asked the following question: "How many members of your household, if any, have died as a result of the conflict in Iraq since 2003 (ie as a result of violence rather than a natural death such as old age)? Please note that I mean those who were actually living under your roof."

This ORB estimate has been strongly criticised as exaggerated and ill-founded in peer ko'rib chiqildi adabiyot.^[226][200] According to Carnegie Mellon University historian Jay D. Aronson, "Because this was a number that few people could take seriously (given the incredible magnitude of violence that would have had to take place daily for such a number to be even remotely possible), the ORB study has largely been ignored."^[202]

Iraq Family Health Survey (IFHS, 2008)

The Iroq oilalari salomatligini o'rganish published in 2008 in Nyu-England tibbiyot jurnali surveyed 9,345 households across Iraq and was carried out in 2006 and 2007. It estimated 151,000 deaths due to violence (95% uncertainty range, 104,000 to 223,000) from March 2003 through June 2006.^[199]

The study was done by the "Iraq Family Health Survey Study Group", a collaborative effort of six organizations: the Federal Ministry of Health, Bag'dod; Kurdistan Ministry of Planning, Erbil; Kurdistan Ministry of Health, Erbil; Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology, Baghdad; World Health Organization Iraq office, Amman, Iordaniya; Jahon Sog'liqni saqlash tashkiloti, Jeneva.^[199]

The Associated Press and Health Ministry (2009)

In April 2009, the Associated Press reported that Iraq Health Ministry had recorded (via death certificates issued by hospitals and morgues) a total of 87,215 violent deaths of Iraqi citizens between January 1, 2005, and February 28, 2009. The number excludes thousands of missing persons and civilians whose deaths were unrecorded; the government official who provided the data told the AP that if included, the number of dead for that period would be 10 to 20 percent higher.^[6][7]

The Associated Press used the Health Ministry tally and other data (including counts of casualties for 2003–2004, and after March 1, 2009, from hospital sources and media reports, in major part the Iraq Body Count) to estimate that more than 110,600 Iraqis were killed from the start of the war to April 2009. Experts interviewed by the AP found this estimate to be credible and an "important baseline" although necessarily an estimate because of unrecorded deaths, especially in inaccessible areas. While mass graves discovered over time shed more light on deaths in the Iraq War, the AP noted that "how many remain will never be known."^[6][7]

PLOS tibbiyoti (2013)

A 2013 study by Hagopian et al. yilda PLOS tibbiyoti estimated that 461,000 Iraqis died as a result of the Iraq War.^[4] The study used a similar methodology as the 2006 Lancet study and had the lead author of the 2006 study as one of the 12 authors.^[227] According to one of the authors, Amy Hagopian, half of the casualties not resulting from violence were due to inadequate treatment of cardiovascular disease.^[228] Upon the study's publication, Michael Spagat, a critic of the 2006 Lancet study, said that the 2013 study seemed "to fix most of the methodological flaws of the 2006 paper".^[227] Spagat however noted that he found the large confidence interval of the 2013 study disconcerting.^[227] Other critics of the 2006 Lancet study mirrored Spagat's views, noting that the 2013 study was an improvement but that the large confidence interval was concerning.^[228]

A 2017 study by Spagat and Van Weezel replicated the 2013 study by Hagopian et al. and found that the 500,000 casualty estimate by Hagopian et al. was not supported by data.^[229] Spagat and Van Weezel said that Hagopian et al. made many methodological errors.^[229] Hagopian et al. defended their original study, arguing that Van Weezel and Spagat misunderstood their method.^[94] Van Weezel and Spagat answered, saying that the response by Hagopian et al. "avoids the central points, addresses only secondary issues and makes ad hominem attacks."^[230]

Hisobni hisoblash

Some studies estimating the casualties due to the war in Iraq say there are various reasons why the estimates and counts may be low.

Morgue workers have alleged that official numbers underestimate the death toll.^[231] The bodies of some casualties do not end up in morgue and thus may go unrecorded.^[232] 2006 yilda, Washington Post reported: "Police and hospitals often give widely conflicting figures of those killed in major bombings. In addition, death figures are reported through multiple channels by government agencies that function with varying efficiency."^[217]

A January 31, 2008 Perspective in the Nyu-England tibbiyot jurnali contains the following discussion of undercounting Iraqi civilian casualties in household surveys:

... sometimes it was problematic or too dangerous to enter a cluster of households, which might well result in an undercount; data from the Iraq Body Count on the distribution of deaths among provinces were used to calculate estimates in these instances. If the clustering of violent deaths wasn't accurately captured, that could also increase uncertainty. The sampling frame was based on a 2004 count, but the population has been changing rapidly and dramatically because of sectarian violence, the flight of refugees, and overall population migration. Another source of bias in household surveys is underreporting due to the dissolution of some households after a death, so that no one remains to tell the former inhabitants' story.^[233]

Washington Post noted in 2008 that

research has shown that household surveys typically miss 30 to 50 percent of deaths. One reason is that some families that have suffered violent deaths leave the survey area. ... Some people are kidnapped and disappear, and others turn up months or years later in mass graves. Some are buried or otherwise disposed of without being recorded. In particularly violent areas, local governments have effectively ceased to function, and there are ineffective channels for collecting and passing information between hospitals, morgues and the central government.^[25]

The 2006 yil oktyabr Lanset o'rganish^[32][33] aytadi:

Chetga Bosniya, we can find no conflict situation where passive surveillance [used by the IBC] recorded more than 20% of the deaths measured by population-based methods [used in the Lanset studies]. In several outbreaks, disease and death recorded by facility-based methods underestimated events by a factor of ten or more when compared with population-based estimates. Between 1960 and 1990, newspaper accounts of political deaths in Guatemala correctly reported over 50% of deaths in years of low violence but less than 5% in years of highest violence.^[32]

The report describes no other specific examples except for this study of Guatemala.

Xuan Koul wrote in October 2006 that even though heavy fighting could be observed, none of the Iraqi casualties in the skirmishes were reported on, which suggests undercounting.^[234]

A July 28, 2004, fikr qismi tomonidan Robert Fisk tomonidan nashr etilgan Mustaqil reports that "some families bury their dead without notifying the authorities."^[235]

Stiven Soldz, who runs the website "Iraq Occupation and Resistance Report", wrote in a February 5, 2006, article:^[236]

Of course, in conditions of active rebellion, the safer areas accessible to Western reporters are likely to be those under US/Coalition control, where deaths are, in turn, likely to be due to insurgent attacks. Areas of insurgent control, which are likely to be subject to US and Iraqi government attack, for example most of Anbar province, are simply off-limits to these reporters. Thus, the realities of reporting imply that reporters will be witness to a larger fraction of deaths due to insurgents and a lesser proportion of deaths due to US and Iraqi government forces.

An October 19, 2006, Washington Post maqola^[180] hisobotlar:

The deaths reported by officials and published in the news media represent only a fraction of the thousands of mutilated bodies winding up in Baghdad's overcrowded morgue each month. ... Bodies are increasingly being dumped in and around Baghdad in fields staked out by individual Shiit militsiyalar va Sunniy insurgent groups. Iraqi security forces often refuse to go to the dumping grounds, leaving the precise number of bodies in those sites unknown. Civilian deaths, unlike those of American troops, often go unrecorded.

Avstraliyalik reported in January 2007 that Iraqi government casualty estimates do not count deaths classed as 'criminal', deaths of civilians who get wounded and die later from the wounds, or kidnap victims who have not been found.^[162]

The Iroq tanasini hisoblash loyihasi (IBC) stated in November 2004 that "we have always been quite explicit that our own total is certain to be an underestimate of the true position, because of gaps in reporting or recording".^[237]

Systematic underreporting by U.S.

An April 2005 article by Mustaqil^[238] hisobotlar:

A week before she was killed by a suicide bomber, humanitarian worker Marla Ruzicka forced military commanders to admit they did keep records of Iraqi civilians killed by US forces. ... in an essay Ms Ruzicka wrote a week before her death on Saturday and published yesterday, the 28-year-old revealed that a Brigadier General told her it was "standard operating procedure" for US troops to file a report when they shoot a non-combatant. She obtained figures for the number of civilians killed in Baghdad between February 28 and April 5 [2005], and discovered that 29 had been killed in firefights involving US forces and insurgents. This was four times the number of Iraqi police killed.

The December 2006 report of the Iroqni o'rganish guruhi (ISG) found that the United States has filtered out reports of violence in order to disguise its perceived policy failings in Iraq.^[239] A December 7, 2006, McClatchy gazetalari maqola^[239] reports that the ISG found that U.S. officials reported 93 attacks or significant acts of violence on one day in July 2006, yet "a careful review of the reports for that single day brought to light more than 1,100 acts of violence." The article further reports:

The finding confirmed a September 8 McClatchy Newspapers report that U.S. officials excluded scores of people killed in car bombings and mortar attacks from tabulations measuring the results of a drive to reduce violence in Baghdad. By excluding that data, U.S. officials were able to boast that deaths from sectarian violence in the Iraqi capital had declined by more than 52 percent between July and August, McClatchy newspapers reported.

From the ISG report itself:

A murder of an Iraqi is not necessarily counted as an attack. If we cannot determine the source of a sectarian attack, that assault does not make it into the database. A roadside bomb or a rocket or mortar attack that doesn't hurt U.S. personnel doesn't count.^[239]

Casualties caused by criminal and political violence

U.S. Army medics lift a wounded Iraqi police officer into an ambulance (March 2007)

In May 2004, Associated Press completed a survey^[232] of the morgues in Bag'dod and surrounding provinces. The survey tallied violent deaths from May 1, 2003, when President Bush declared an end to major combat operations, through April 30, 2004.

From the AP article:

In Baghdad, a city of about 5.6 million, 4,279 people were recorded killed in the 12 months through April 30, [2004], according to figures provided by Kais Hassan, director of statistics at Baghdad's Medicolegal Institute, which administers the city's morgues. "Before the war, there was a strong government, strong security. There were a lot of police on the streets and there were no illegal weapons", he said during an AP reporter's visit to the morgue. "Now there are few controls. There is crime, revenge killings, so much violence." The figure does not include most people killed in big terrorist bombings, Hassan said. The cause of death in such cases is obvious so bodies are usually not taken to the morgue, but given directly to victims' families. Also, the bodies of killed fighters from groups like the al-Mahdi Army are rarely taken to morgues.

Accidental trauma deaths from car accidents, falls, etc. are not included in the numbers. The article reports that the numbers translate to 76 killings per 100,000 people in Baghdad, compared to 39 in Bogota, Colombia, 7.5 in Nyu-York shahri, and 2.4 in neighboring Jordan. The article states that there were 3.0 killings per 100,000 people in Baghdad in 2002 (the year before the war). Morgues surveyed in other parts of Iraq also reported large increases in the number of homicides. Karbala, south of Baghdad, increased from an average of one homicide per month in 2002 to an average of 55 per month in the year following the invasion; yilda Tikrit, north of Baghdad, where there were no homicides in 2002, the rate had grown to an average of 17 per month; shimoliy viloyatida Kerkuk, the rate had increased from 3 per month in 2002 to 34 per month in the survey period.^[232]

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar va ma'lumotnomalar

Ushbu maqola foydalanish tashqi havolalar Vikipediya qoidalari yoki ko'rsatmalariga amal qilmasligi mumkin. Iltimos ushbu maqolani yaxshilang olib tashlash orqali haddan tashqari yoki noo'rin tashqi havolalar va kerak bo'lganda foydali havolalarni aylantirish izohlarga havolalar. (2013 yil avgust) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

(Yuqoridagi ikkita ma'lumot qismida qo'shimcha havolalar mavjud emas.)

Faqat AQSh harbiylari qurbonlar

• "Yiqilgan yuzlar", Washington Post AQSh harbiy xizmatchilarining "Iroq Ozodligi" (OIF) operatsiyasidan vafot etganlarning ma'lumotlar bazasi Doimiy erkinlik operatsiyasi (OEF)
• "Iroqda vafot etganlarga qarash", The New York Times interfaol
• AQSh harbiy talofatlari, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Mudofaa vazirligi
• "Bushning Iroq botqog'ida AQShning harbiy o'limi", jadval
• Iroqdagi AQSh qurbonlari, globalsecurity.org
• Iroq va Afg'onistonda yaralangan AQSh harbiy xizmatchilari: yugurish jurnali.
• "Mudofaa vazirligi tomonidan e'lon qilingan AQSh urush qurbonlari 2003-2007". 2003 yildan boshlangan va har kuni yangilanadigan buyurtma bo'yicha AQSh harbiylarining qurbonlari ro'yxati.
• Amerikalik beva ayol loyihasi - manbalar.
• "Binafsha qalblar" - hujjatli intervyular AQSh harbiylarining qurbonlari. Ingliz tilida inglizcha subtitrlar etishmayotgan Golland tilida juda qisqa qism.
• Prozak, Paxil, Zoloft, Velbutrin, Seleksa, Effexor, Valium, Klonopin, Ativan, Restoril, Xanax, Adderall, Ritalin, Xoldol, Risperdal, Serokel, Ambiyen, Lunesta, Elavil, Trazodon urushi. 2011 yil 6 fevral. Jenifer Katta tomonidan. Nyu York jurnal.

Koalitsiya (shu jumladan AQSh va pudratchilar) nafaqat qurbonlar

• 2003 yildan beri AQSh va koalitsiya qurbonlari bo'lgan CNN ro'yxati
• USAID: Iroqda biz uchun qancha pudratchimiz borligini bilmaymiz. "ePluribus Media bir necha bor FOIA so'rovlarini Iroqdagi pudratchilar bilan bog'liq qator mavzularda yuborgan."

Faqat Iroqlik qurbonlar

• Les Roberts seminar da London gigiena va tropik tibbiyot maktabi, 2005 yil 13 aprelda; yuklangan https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o5vD_Ub2K_c 2006 yil 25 oktyabrda.
• Konetta, Karl (2004 yil 18 fevral). "O'lganlarning yo'q bo'lib ketishi: Iroq, Afg'oniston va" yangi urush "g'oyasi Mudofaa alternativalari loyihasi.
• Shvarts, Maykl (2007 yil 6-iyul). "Iroqqa qarshi urush: Qo'shma Shtatlar har oyda 10 ming iroqlikni o'ldirayaptimi? Yoki ko'proqmi?". AlterNet.
• "Iroqda fuqarolik o'limi bosqindan keyin keskin ko'paymoqda". Jons Xopkins nomidagi jamoat salomatligi maktabi. 2004 yil 28 oktyabr.
• Korb, Lourens J.; Biddl, Stiven (2007 yil 25 sentyabr). "Iroqdagi raqamlar tomonidan zo'ravonlik: ishonchli ma'lumotlarmi yoki shak-shubhali statistika?". Xalqaro aloqalar bo'yicha kengash.
• Fuqarolik mojarolarida o'limni taxmin qilish: Iroqdan saboq. 2007 yil iyun oyida ishchi hujjat Tabiiy ofatlar epidemiologiyasini tadqiq qilish markazi

Tasodifiy fotosuratlar

• Kamiya, Gari (2005 yil 23-avgust). "Iroq: Ko'rinmagan urush". Salon.com. Fotosuratlar.
• "Urushga erishish. Yo'qolgan askarlarni halokatli qidirish". Slayd-shou fotograf Maykl Kamber tomonidan rivoyat qilingan. 2007 yil 23-may. The New York Times. Maqola: "O'rtoqlar izlayotgani kabi, halokatli bomba Havocni tashladi". Damin G'ori tomonidan.
• Fotogalereya: 2006 yil 23 noyabrda Bag'doddagi o'lim va halokat. Der Spiegel.

Umumiy va turli xil

• "Ish haqi bo'yicha film", Iroqdagi qurbonlar haqida 2 daqiqalik veb-film Amerika do'stlariga xizmat ko'rsatish qo'mitasi
• "Ochiq ko'zlar", urushning inson xarajatlari to'g'risida sayohat ko'rgazmasi
• "Iroq: Jurnalistlar xavf ostida - 2003 yil mart oyidan beri Iroqda xizmat paytida o'ldirilgan jurnalistlarning statistik profilini", Jurnalistlarni himoya qilish qo'mitasi
• "Gumanitar ssenariylar", Bosqinchilik natijasida 100,000 to'g'ridan-to'g'ri va 400,000 bilvosita yo'qotishlarni bashorat qilgan BMTning ichki eslatmasi, 2002 yil 10-dekabr
• "iraqimemorial.org", onlayn ma'lumotlar bazasi va Iroqda tinch aholi orasida qurbon bo'lganlarni yodga olish bo'yicha takliflar va loyihalarning sayohat ko'rgazmasi