Kristofer Riv - Christopher Reeve

Janubiy Afrikadagi pichoq ishlab chiqaruvchisi uchun qarang Kris Riv.

Kristofer Riv
Figaro nikohidagi qulaylik. Ochilish kechasi 1985.jpg
Ochilish kechasidan keyin tinchlaning Figaroning nikohi da Maydon teatri doirasi, Nyu-York, 1985 yil
Tug'ilgan
Kristofer D'Olier Riv

(1952-09-25)1952 yil 25 sentyabr
Nyu-York shahri, BIZ.
O'ldi2004 yil 10 oktyabr(2004-10-10) (52 yoshda)
Kisco tog'i, Nyu-York, BIZ.
Ta'limKornell universiteti (BA )
Juilliard maktabi (GrDip )
Kasb
  • Aktyor
  • yozuvchi
  • direktor
Faol yillar1970–2004
Ma'lum
Balandligi6 fut 4 dyuym (1,93 m)
Kengashi a'zosiKristofer va Dana Riv fondi
Turmush o'rtoqlar
​
(m. 1992)​
Hamkor (lar)Gae Ekston (1978-1987)
Bolalar3
Ota-ona (lar)F. D. Riv
Barbara Pitni Riv (nee Qo'zichoq)
OilaFranklin D'Olier
(katta bobo)
Mahlon Pitni
(katta bobo)
MukofotlarEmmi mukofoti (1997), ekran aktyorlari gildiyasi mukofoti (1998), Gremmi mukofoti (1999), Lasker mukofoti (2003)
Veb-saytwww.christopherreeve.org

Kristofer D'Olier Riv[1] (1952 yil 25 sentyabr - 2004 yil 10 oktyabr) filmda bosh rolni ijro etgani bilan tanilgan amerikalik aktyor, rejissyor va faol. Supermen (1978) va uning uchta davomi.

Nyu-Yorkda tug'ilgan va Nyu-Jersidagi Prinstonda o'sgan Riv to'qqiz yoshida aktyorlik va teatrga bo'lgan ishtiyoqni kashf etdi. U o'qigan Kornell universiteti va Juilliard maktabi va Broadway-da 1976 yilda debyut qildi. Uning taniqli chiqishlaridan so'ng Supermen va Supermen II, Riv aksiya filmlaridagi ko'plab rollardan voz kechdi, buning o'rniga kichikroq filmlarda ishlashni va murakkabroq personajlar bilan o'ynashni tanladi. Keyinchalik u tanqidiy jihatdan muvaffaqiyatli filmlarda paydo bo'ldi Bostoniyaliklar (1984), Street Smart (1987) va Kunning qoldiqlari (1993) va pyesalarda Beshinchi iyul Broadway va Aspern hujjatlari Londonning Vest-End shahrida.

1995 yil 27-may kuni Rivzi ot sporti musobaqasi paytida otdan uloqtirilganda bo'ynini sindirdi. Jarohat uning yelkasidan pastga falaj qildi va u nafas olish uchun ventilyatorga bog'liq edi. Riv nogironlar kolyaskasidan rejissyorlik bilan ijodiy ishiga qaytdi Glamingda (1997) va televizion remeykda rol o'ynaydi Orqa oyna (1998). Shuningdek, u Supermen mavzusidagi teleseriallarda bir necha bor ishtirok etdi Smallville va ikkita avtobiografik kitob yozgan, Hali ham men va Imkonsiz narsani o'zi yo'q. Faoliyati davomida Riv a BAFTA mukofoti, a Ekran aktyorlari gildiyasi mukofoti, an Emmi mukofoti va a Grammy mukofoti.

1980-yillardan boshlab, Riv atrof-muhit va inson huquqlari sabablari va ifoda erkinligi uchun badiiy erkinlik uchun faol edi. Voqea sodir bo'lganidan keyin u lobbichilik qildi orqa miya shikastlanishini o'rganish, shu jumladan inson embrioni ildiz hujayralarini tadqiq qilish va nogironlarni sug'urtalashni yanada yaxshilash uchun. Uning targ'ibot ishi etakchini o'z ichiga olgan Kristofer va Dana Riv fondi va Riv-Irvin tadqiqot markazining asoschilaridan biri.[2] Riv 2004 yil 10 oktyabrda 52 yoshida vafot etdi.

Dastlabki hayot va ta'lim

Riv 1952 yil 25 sentyabrda Nyu-York shahrida, jurnalist Barbara Pitni Lambning o'g'li; va Franklin D'Olier Riv (1928–2013), o'qituvchi, roman yozuvchisi, shoir va olim. Uning ko'pgina oilalari Amerikada 17 asrning boshlaridan beri bo'lgan,[3] boshqa ajdodlarimiz esa Frantsuz zodagonlari.[4] Uning otasi bobosi, polkovnik Richard Genri Riv edi Bosh ijrochi direktor ning Iqtisodiy moliyaviy (u prudentsial hayot sug'urtasi kompaniyasi deb nomlanganda) 25 yildan ortiq vaqt davomida.

Rivning otasi a Princeton universiteti a uchun o'qiyotgan bitiruvchi Magistrlik darajasi yilda Ruscha da Kolumbiya universiteti Kristofer tug'ilishidan oldin. Tug'ilgani badavlat bo'lishiga qaramay, Franklin Riv yozda dokda ishlagan longshoremenlar. Rivning onasi talaba bo'lgan Vassar kolleji yilda Poughkeepsie, lekin o'tkazildi Barnard kolleji u oilaviy aloqa orqali tanishgan Franklin bilan yaqinroq bo'lish. 1953 yil 6 oktyabrda tug'ilgan Benjamin ismli boshqa o'g'li bor edi.[5]

Franklin va Barbara 1956 yilda ajrashgan va u ikki o'g'li bilan birga yashagan Prinston, Nyu-Jersi, u erda ular Nassau ko'chasi maktabida qatnashgan. Keyinchalik o'sha yili Franklin Riv Xelen Shmidingerga, a Kolumbiya universiteti aspirant. Barbara Pitni Qo'zi Tristam B. Jonsonga uylandi, a birja vositachisi, 1959 yilda. Jonson Kristofer va uning ukasi Benjaminni Prinston shahridagi Kunduzgi maktabga o'qishga qabul qildi, keyinchalik u Miss Fine-ning qizlar uchun maktabiga qo'shilib, birgalikda ta'lim olib boradi. Prinston kunduzgi maktabi.[6] Akademik, sport va sahnada juda yaxshi natijalarga erishish; u edi faxriy yorliq va futbol, ​​beysbol, tennis va xokkey o'ynagan. Princeton Day School-ning xokkey bo'yicha taklifnoma turniridagi sport mahorati Riv sharafiga berilgan.

Riv otasi Franklin bilan qiyin munosabatda bo'lgan. U 1998 yilda otasining "farzandlariga bo'lgan muhabbati har doim ishlashga bog'liq bo'lib tuyulgan" deb yozgan[7] va u o'zini otasining roziligini olish uchun yoshidan kattaroq harakat qilishni talab qildi.[8] 1988-1995 yillarda ikkalasi bir-birlari bilan zo'rg'a gaplashishdi, ammo ular Rivening falaj qilgandan keyin yarashishdi.[9]

Riv aktyorlikka bo'lgan ishtiyoqini 1962 yilda to'qqiz yoshida operettaning havaskor versiyasiga qo'shilgach topdi Qo'riqchi Yeomeni; bu ko'plab talabalar o'yinlarining birinchisi edi.[10] 1968 yil o'rtalarida, o'n besh yoshida, Riv qabul qilindi shogird da Uilyamstaun teatr festivali yilda Massachusets shtatidagi Uilyamstaun. Boshqa shogirdlar asosan kollej o'quvchilari edi, ammo Rivning yoshi kattaroq bo'lishi va etukligi unga boshqalar bilan moslashishga yordam berdi. Bir ustaxonada u sahnani o'ynadi Ko'prikdan ko'rinish tomoshabinlar oldida taqdim etish uchun tanlangan. Spektakldan keyin aktrisa Olimpiya Dukakis unga dedi: "Men hayronman. Sizda juda ko'p iste'dod bor. Buni aralashtirmang."[11] Keyingi yozda Riv Garvard Yozgi Repertuar Teatr Kompaniyasiga ishga qabul qilindi Kembrij haftasiga $ 44 evaziga. U rus dengizchisini o'ynagan Garovga olingan shaxs va Belyayev Mamlakatda bir oy. Taniqli teatr tanqidchisi Elliot Norton o'zining spektaklini Belyayev "hayratlanarli darajada samarali" deb atadi. Asarda 23 yoshli bosh aktrisa Rivning birinchi romantikasi bo'lib chiqdi. Karnegi Mellonni bitirgan hamkasbi bilan uchrashuvi u ertalab soat ettida yotoqxonasiga kutilmaganda tashrif buyurganida va u bilan Rivni topganida tugadi. Bir necha oydan so'ng, yosh o'rtasidagi farq muammoga aylanganda, munosabatlar buzilib ketdi.[12]

Kornell

O'qishni tugatgandan so'ng Prinston kunduzgi maktabi 1970 yil iyun oyida Riv o'yinlarda rol o'ynagan Boothbay, Men. U Nyu-York shahriga teatrda martaba topish uchun borishni rejalashtirgan. Oxir oqibat, ammo onasining maslahati bilan u kollejga hujjat topshirdi. U qabul qilindi Princeton universiteti, Kolumbiya universiteti, Braun universiteti, Kornell universiteti, Shimoli-g'arbiy universiteti va Karnegi Mellon universiteti. Rivning aytishicha, u Kornellni, avvalambor, Nyu-York shahridan uzoq bo'lganligi sababli va onasi va o'gay otasiga va'da berganidek, darhol kollejni tugatishga qarshi aktyor sifatida ishlash vasvasalari tufayli tanlagan.[13] Riv Korneldagi teatr bo'limiga qo'shildi va o'ynadi Pozzo yilda Godotni kutmoqdaman, Segismundo Hayot - bu orzu, Hamlet yilda Rozenkrantz va Gildenstern o'lgan va Poliksenlar Qish ertagi.[14]

Uning kechi birinchi kurs talabasi yil Riv Nyu-York shahrining kashf etgan kuchli agenti Stark Xesseltindan xat oldi Robert Redford kabi aktyorlarni kim namoyish etgan Richard Chemberlen, Maykl Duglas va Syuzan Sarandon. Gesseltin Rivni ko'rgan edi Mamlakatda bir oy va uning vakili bo'lishni xohladi. Riv juda hayajonlandi va nima deyilganiga ishonch hosil qilish uchun xatni qayta o'qiy boshladi. Riv maktabga sabrsiz edi va o'z faoliyatini davom ettirishni xohlar edi. Ikkalasi uchrashdi, ammo Riv Gesseltinning onasi va o'gay otasiga kollejni tugatish haqidagi va'dasini qat'iyan qo'llab-quvvatlaganiga hayron bo'ldi. Ular maktabni tashlab ketish o'rniga, Riv yozda ta'tilga ish topish uchun kasting agentlari va ishlab chiqaruvchilar bilan uchrashish uchun oyiga bir marta Nyu-Yorkka keladi, deb qaror qildilar.[15]

Riv Gesseltine tomonidan uyushtirilgan tanishlar va tinglovlarga ijobiy javob oldi, ammo bir nechta kerakli imkoniyatlardan voz kechishga majbur bo'ldi, chunki ular maktab tugamasdan boshlandi. O'sha yozda u prodyuserlikda gastrolda bo'lgan Qirq karat bilan Eleanor Parker.[15] Keyingi yil Riv San-Diego Shekspir festivali bilan to'liq yozgi shartnomani oldi, unda rollar ijro etildi Edvard IV yilda Richard III, Fenton Vindzorning quvnoq xotinlari va Dumain ichkarida Sevgi mehnati yo'qolgan da Old Globe teatri.[16]

Kollejning uchinchi yilidan oldin Riv uch oylik ta'tilga chiqdi. U uchib ketdi Glazgo va Buyuk Britaniya bo'ylab teatr tomoshalarini tomosha qildilar. Aktyorlar unga ilhom berishdi va u ko'pincha namoyishlar tugaganidan keyin barlarda ular bilan suhbatlashdi. U aktyorlarga yordam berdi Old Vik ular uchun gazetani ovoz chiqarib o'qib, o'zlarining amerika aksanlari bilan. Keyin u Parijga uchib ketdi, u erda butun umri davomida frantsuz tilida ravon gaplashdi: u uchinchi sinfdan Kornelda ikkinchi yiligacha o'qigan. U ko'plab spektakllarni tomosha qildi va o'zini sevgilisi bilan uchrashish uchun Nyu-Yorkka qaytib kelishidan oldin madaniyatga sho'ng'idi.[17]

Juilliard

Evropadan AQShga qaytib kelgandan so'ng, Riv faqat aktyorlik bilan shug'ullanishni afzal ko'rdi, garchi Kornell Universitetida bitirishni yakunlash uchun bir nechta umumiy talablar mavjud edi. U teatr direktori Jim Klauzni ishontirishga muvaffaq bo'ldi dekan San'at va fan kollejining teatri mutaxassisligi sifatida u ko'proq yutuqlarga erishishi mumkin edi Juilliard (4-guruh, 1973-1975) Nyu-Yorkda Kornelga qaraganda. Uning "Juilliard" dagi birinchi yili "Kornell" dagi katta yili deb hisoblashiga kelishib oldilar.[18]

1973 yilda taxminan 2000 talaba Juilliard birinchi sinfida 20 ta joy uchun tanlov o'tkazdilar. Rivning tinglovi 10 nafar professor-o'qituvchilar oldida, shu jumladan John Houseman, kim g'alaba qozongan Akademiya mukofoti uchun Qog'oz ta'qib qilish. Rahatla va Robin Uilyams Juilliard ning Advanced Programma uchun tanlangan yagona talabalar edi.[19] Ular birgalikda bir nechta darslarga ega edilar, ularda ular yagona talabalar edilar. Ularning ichida lahjalar Edit Skinser bilan dars olib borgan Uilyams barcha shevalarni tabiiy ravishda o'zlashtirishda qiynalmadi, Riv esa bu borada juda sinchkov edi. Uilyams va Riv yaqin do'stlikni rivojlantirishdi.[20]

Jon Xouzmen bilan uchrashuvda Rivga: "Janob Riv. Sizning jiddiy klassik aktyorga aylanishingiz juda muhim. Albatta, ular sizga boshqa biron bir narsa qilish uchun bir oz pul taklif qilmasalar", deyishdi.[21] Shunda uy egasi unga maktabni tark etib, aktyorlik kompaniyasiga qo'shilish imkoniyatini taqdim etdi, masalan Kevin Kline, Patti LuPone va David Ogden Stiers. Reeve rad etdi, chunki u hali uni qabul qilmagan edi bakalavr diplomi Juilliarddan.[22]

1974 yil boshida Reeve va boshqa Juilliard talabalari Nyu-York shahrida ekskursiya qildilar o'rta maktab tizim va bajarilgan Sevgi davosi. Bitta spektaklda qahramon rolini o'ynagan Riv qilichini juda baland chiqarib, tasodifan uning ustidagi bir qator chiroqlarni yo'q qildi. Talabalar qarsak chalishdi va xursand qilishdi. Keyinchalik Riv bu uning faoliyatidagi eng katta olqishlash ekanligini aytdi.[23] Juilliarddagi birinchi yilini tugatgandan so'ng, Riv Kornellni '74 sinfida a San'at bakalavri daraja.

Karyera

Erta martaba

1975 yil oxirida u tanlov uchun tanlov o'tkazdi Broadway o'ynash Gravitatsiya masalasi. Katarin Xepbern uning tanlovini tomosha qildi va uni spektaklda o'zining qahramonining nabirasi sifatida namoyish etdi. Xepbernning ta'siri ostida CBS tarmoq, Riv seriyali opera jadvallarini ishlab chiqdi Hayotga muhabbat va ikkalasini ham bajara olishi uchun o'yin. Uning bandligi tufayli u konfet barlarini yeydi va ovqatlanish o'rniga kofe ichdi va shu sababli charchagan va to'yib ovqatlanmaslik. Spektaklning birinchi kechasi Riv sahnaga kirib, birinchi qatorini aytdi va keyin darhol hushidan ketdi. Xepbern tomoshabinlarga o'girilib: "Bu bola xudoga yaramas ahmoq, u etarlicha qizil go'sht yemaydi", dedi. The o'qimaganlik Riv uchun o'yinni tugatdi va shifokor uni davoladi. Shifokor Reevega yanada sog'lom ovqatlanishni tavsiya qildi. U o'yin davomida butun yil davomida qoldi va unga juda yaxshi baho berildi.[24]

Riv va Xepbern juda yaqinlashdilar. U: "Siz katta yulduz bo'lasiz, Kristofer va qariganimda meni qo'llab-quvvatlang." U javob berdi: “Men kuta olmayman bu Uzoq. "Ba'zi g'iybat ustunlari ikkalasi o'rtasidagi romantikani mish-mish qilishdi. Riv shunday dedi:" U oltmish etti yoshda edi va men yigirma ikki yoshda edim, lekin men bu juda sharaf deb o'ylar edim ... Men ishonamanki, men bolaga juda yaqin edim. yoki nabirasi uning yonida bo'lishi mumkin edi. "Rivning aytishicha, adabiyot professori bo'lgan va ko'plab spektakllarda qatnashgan otasi Xepberni eng ko'p maftun etgan odam edi. Asar ko'chib o'tganida Los Anjeles 1976 yilda Riv - Xepbernning ko'nglini qoldirgan holda - maktabni tark etdi. Spektakl tugagandan so'ng ular yillar davomida aloqada bo'lishdi. Keyinchalik Riv yaqinroq bo'lmagani va shunchaki oldinga va orqaga xabar yuborganidan afsuslandi.[24]

Rivning Gollivud filmidagi birinchi roli 1978 yil dengiz dengizidagi falokat filmida kichik suvosti zobiti sifatida juda kichik qismi bo'lgan. Kulrang Lady pastga. Keyin u asarda rol o'ynadi Mening hayotim da Circle Repertory Company do'stingiz bilan Uilyam Xurt.[25]

Supermen

Kristofer Riv Supermen rolida

Davomida Mening hayotim, Stark Xesseltin Rivga unga bosh rolni ijro etish uchun ovoz berishini so'raganligini aytdi Klark Kent /Supermen katta byudjetli filmda Supermen (1978). Lin Stalmaster, kasting rejissyori, Rivning rasmini va rezyumeni qoziqning tepasiga uch marta qo'ydi, faqat prodyuserlar uni har safar uloqtirishlari kerak edi. Stalmasterning qat'iyatli iltijolari, rejissyor o'rtasidagi uchrashuv Richard Donner, ishlab chiqaruvchi Ilya Salkind va Reeve kelishib olindi.[26] Uchrashuvdan ertasi kuni Rivga 300 betlik ssenariy yuborildi. U ssenariy mavzuni jiddiy qabul qilgani va Richard Donnerning shiori ekanligidan juda xursand bo'ldi aniqlik. Riv a uchun Londonga uchib ketdi ekran sinovi va yo'lda bu haqda aytilgan Marlon Brando o'ynash uchun ketayotgan edi Jor-El va Gen Hackman o'ynash uchun ketayotgan edi Leks Lyutor. Riv hali ham ko'p imkoniyatga ega deb o'ylamagan. Londonga uchadigan samolyotda u rolga bo'lgan munosabati qanday bo'lishini tasavvur qildi. Keyinchalik u shunday dedi: "1970-yillarning oxiriga kelib, erkaklar qiyofasi o'zgardi ... Endi erkak yumshoqlik va zaiflik ko'rsatishi mumkin edi. Men yangi Supermen o'sha zamonaviy erkak qiyofasini aks ettirishi kerak deb o'ylardim". U Klark Kent obrazini asos qilib olgan Kari Grant uning rolida Chaqaloqni tarbiyalash. Ekran sinovidan so'ng uning haydovchisi: "Men sizga buni aytmasligim kerak, lekin sizda bu qism bor", dedi.[27]

Supermenni tasvirlash 24 yoshli aktyor uchun juda qiyin bo'lar edi. Uning bo'yi 193 santimetrdan 6 fut 4 ga teng edi, ammo jismoniy qiyofasi ingichka edi. Riv og'ir atletika bo'yicha sobiq ingliz chempioni bo'lgan ikki oylik mashg'ulotlar rejimidan o'tdi Devid Prouz nazorat qilingan. O'quv rejimi ertalab yugurishdan iborat edi, so'ngra ikki soat og'ir atletika va to'qson daqiqa batut. U o'zining "ingichka" (86 kg) ramkasiga o'ttiz funt (14 kg) mushak qo'shib qo'ydi. Keyinchalik u bundan ham yuqori yutuqlarga erishdi Supermen III (1983), ammo uchun Supermen IV: Tinchlik uchun izlanish (1987), u ko'proq e'tiborni sog'lomroq bo'lishiga qaror qildi yurak-qon tomir jismoniy mashqlar.[28] Rivning bunga erisha olmagan sabablaridan biri Supermen IV favqulodda holat edi appendektomiya u 1986 yil iyun oyida edi.[29][30]

Riv hech qachon Supermen yoki kulgili kitob muxlisi bo'lmagan Supermening sarguzashtlari yulduzcha Jorj Rivz. Riv bu rolni munosib taklif qildi, chunki bu ikki tomonlama rol edi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, "Klark va Supermen o'rtasida stilistik jihatdan bir-biridan farq bo'lishi kerak. Aks holda, sizda biron bir belgi uchun stakan bor".[31][32]

Ning rejissyor nashrining sharhlar qismida Supermen II: Richard Donner Kes, ijodiy maslahatchi Tom Mankievich Rivning u bilan qanday qilib Supermenni o'ynash, keyin esa Klark Kentni o'ynash haqida gaplashgani haqida gapirdi. Keyin Mankievich Rivni to'g'rilab, unga doimgidek ekanligini aytdi har doim Supermenni o'ynagan va u Klark Kent bo'lganida, "Klark Kentni o'ynagan Supermenni o'ynagan". Mankievich buni Reeve uchun rol ichidagi rol sifatida tavsifladi.

Maxsus effektlar uchun kompyuterlardan foydalanmasdan suratga olingan film birinchi bo'lib odamning uchib ketishini real tarzda namoyish etishga urindi. Roy Fild, filmning optik nazoratchisi, "Supermenni uchish uchun ko'plab texnikalar ishlatilgan, ammo barchaning eng yaxshi maxsus effekti Kristofer Rivning o'zi edi. Biz juda erta ekanligini bilib oldik, u a planer uchuvchisi, tanasini aerodinamik ravishda ushlab turishi mumkin edi. Shunday qilib, u jabduqqa o'tirgandan so'ng, barcha zarbalar jonlana boshladi ».[33]

Film dunyo bo'ylab 300 218 018 dollar ishlab oldi (inflyatsiya uchun tuzatilmagan).[34] Reeve o'zining ishlashi uchun ijobiy baholandi:

  • "Kristofer Rivning butun ijrosi zavq bag'ishlaydi. Bema'ni ko'rinishga ega, yuzi bolta pichog'idek o'tkir va kuchli, uning dovdirab turadigan, qaqshatqich Klark Kent va qodir qudratli Supermen shunchaki gallantriya va aybsizlikning ikkita uslubidir". - Newsweek
  • "Kristofer Riv o'zining birinchi yirik filmi Klark Kent / Supermenning roli asosida bir zumda xalqaro yulduzga aylandi. Film sharhlovchilari - film haqidagi fikrlaridan qat'iy nazar - Rivning ikkilangan obrazini maqtashda deyarli bir ovozdan. shaxslar o'rtasida oldinga va orqaga o'tishda juda ishonarli ". - Starlog

Uning ijrosi uchun Riv a yutdi BAFTA mukofoti - etakchi film rollariga eng umidli yangi kelgan uchun. Riv Supermenni "men filmda klassik rol o'ynash uchun eng yaqin imkoniyat, afsonaviy o'lchamdagi narsaga eng yaqin ifoda" deb ta'rifladi.[35] Uning sherigi Margot Kidder vafotidan keyin dedi Supermen Reeve "u mazmunli ish qilganini bilar edi. U buni juda yaxshi bilar edi va bu roldan juda xursand edi."[36]

Riv o'zining taniqli maqomidan bir nechta xayriya maqsadlarida foydalangan. Orqali Make-A-Wish Foundation, u kasal bo'lib qolgan bolalarga tashrif buyurdi. U butun dunyo bo'ylab xayriya tashkilotining Direktorlar kengashiga qo'shildi Bolalarni qutqaring. 1979 yilda u yengil atletika bo'yicha murabbiy sifatida xizmat qilgan Maxsus Olimpiada yonma-yon O. J. Simpson.[37]

Sequels

Ko'p narsa Supermen II bilan bir vaqtda suratga olingan birinchi film. Darhaqiqat, filmning dastlabki rejasi ikkala qismni o'z ichiga olgan uch soatlik epos bo'lishi kerak edi. Kadrlarning aksariyati suratga olingandan so'ng prodyuserlar rejissyor bilan kelishmovchilikka duch kelishdi Richard Donner pul va maxsus effektlarni o'z ichiga olgan turli masalalar bo'yicha va ular o'zaro kelishib olishgan. Film rejissyori Richard Lester, ilgari ishlab chiqaruvchilar bilan ikki qismli ishlagan Uch mushketyor (1973) va To'rt mushketyor (1974), Donner o'rnini egalladi. "Lester" ssenariysini o'zgartirib, bir nechta kadrlarni qayta suratga oldi. Aktyorlar tarkibi baxtsiz edi, ammo keyinchalik Riv Lesterni yoqtirganini va o'ylab ko'rganini aytdi Supermen II serialning eng sevimlisi bo'lish.[38] Richard Donnerning versiyasi Supermen II, sarlavhali Supermen II: Richard Donner Kes, kuni ozod qilindi DVD 2006 yil noyabr oyida va Rivning xotirasiga bag'ishlangan.

Lester boshqargan Supermen III, 1983 yilda chiqarilgan, yakka. Riv ishlab chiqaruvchilarga ishongan Aleksandr Salkind, uning o'g'li Ilya Salkind va Per Shpengler kamaydi ishonchlilik ning Supermen III uni aylantirib Richard Prayor komediya va shu sababli uni unchalik yaxshi bo'lmagan filmga aylantirish. U Richard Donnerni sog'inib, ishongan Supermen III"s faqat juda yaxshi element avtomobil edi axlatxona Evil Supermen ichki jangda Yaxshi Klark Kent bilan jang qiladigan sahna.[38] Rivning Yovuz Supermenni tasvirlashi juda yuqori baholandi, garchi film tanqid ostiga olingan bo'lsa. Har qanday salbiy sharh Supermen IIIammo, uning vorisi oladigan umuman salbiy qabul bilan taqqoslaganda hech narsa emas edi.

Supermen IV: Tinchlik uchun izlanish 1987 yilda chiqarilgan. Keyin Supermen III, Riv Supermen bilan qilganiga qasamyod qildi.[39] Biroq, u ssenariyni qisman ijodiy nazorat qilish sharti bilan to'rtinchi filmdagi rolni davom ettirishga rozi bo'ldi. The yadroviy qurolsizlanish fitna uning g'oyasi edi. Kanonim filmlari xarakteriga ko'ra ishlab chiqarish huquqlarini sotib oldi Supermen dan Aleksandr Salkind va uning o'g'li Ilya Salkind, 1980-yillarning o'rtalarida filmlar seriyasining asl prodyuserlari.[40] "Cannon Films" kam byudjetli, kambag'al aktyorlik va ssenariysi past ekstremal filmlar bilan mashhur edi.[41] Ular byudjetni qisqartirdilar Supermen IV yarmidan 17 million dollargacha. Film ham tanqidiy muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi va ham kassadan umidsizlik, eng past daromadga ega bo'lish Supermen filmi hozirgi kungacha. Keyinchalik Riv aytdi: "kamroq gapirilgan Supermen IV qanchalik yaxshi bo'lsa. "[38] Rivning Gae Ekston bilan bo'lgan munosabatlaridagi ikkala bolasi ham yadro odam "tornado" yaratgandan so'ng, Supermen qizi Aleksandra o'ynagan qizni qutqargan va uni o'g'li Metyu o'ynagan akasi bilan birlashtirgan o'chirilgan sahnada akkreditatsiyasiz ko'rinishlarga ega edi. Smallville.

Riv beshdan biriga erishgan bo'lar edi Supermen belgi huquqlari qaytarilganidan keyin film Aleksandr Salkind, Ilya Salkind va Per Shpengler agar aytilgan filmning byudjeti xuddi shunday hajmga ega bo'lsa Supermen: Film. Garchi 1980-yillarning oxirida bunday filmni yaratish imkoniyati mavjud bo'lsa ham Kanonim filmlari ketdi bankrot, Reeve hech qachon skript olmagan.[42]

1993 yilda, Riv avtohalokatidan ikki yil oldin, Salkindlar huquqlar yana Supermen xarakteriga, bu safar Warner Bros. umuman olganda. "Supermening beshinchi nomli filmi bo'lishi kerak edi Supermen qayta tug'ilgan, lekin studiya almashinuvi tufayli dahshatli kassa [Supermen IV] oldi, va ... Rivz [voqea sodir bo'lgan] voqea, u hech qachon kun yorug'ini ko'rmagan. "[43]

1980–1986

Rivning 1978 yildan keyingi birinchi roli Supermen 1980 yil sayohat sirida bo'lgan /romantik xayol Vaqtning biron bir joyida. 20-asrning boshlarida mashhur sahna aktrisasi bo'lgan Richard Kollierning romantik aktrisasi Elis Makkenaning rolini o'ynang Jeyn Seymur. Film suratga olingan Mackinac oroli yordamida Grand Hotel 1979 yil o'rtalarida va Rivning eng sevimli filmi bo'lgan.

Film tugagandan so'ng, reja cheklangan suratga olish va og'zaki so'zlarni tuzish edi, ammo dastlabki sinovlar yaxshi o'tkazildi va studiya keng plyonka to'g'risida qaror qabul qildi, natijada bu noto'g'ri strategiya ekanligi isbotlandi. Dastlabki sharhlar filmni haddan tashqari sentimental va melodramatik deb baholagan va aktyorlarning ish tashlashi Riv va Seymurning reklama qilishiga to'sqinlik qilgan. Film tezda yopildi Jan-Per Dorlyak nomzodi ko'rsatildi "Oskar" mukofoti eng yaxshi liboslar dizayni uchun 1980 yilda. Tijorat nuqtai nazaridan muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lgan bu film Rivning jamoatchilik uchun birinchi umidsizligi edi.

Biroq, deyarli 10 yil o'tgach Vaqtning biron bir joyida chiqarilgan, boshqa davr filmlari suratga olinishni boshlagan bir paytda u diniy film sevimli, kabel tarmoqlarida namoyish tufayli va video ijarasi; uning mashhurligi o'sib, ijodiy guruhning ishonchini tasdiqladi. INSITE, Xalqaro Tarmoq Vaqtning biron bir joyida Meraklılar, yulduzga homiylik qilish uchun mablag 'yig'ishdi Gollivudning Shon-sharaf xiyoboni 1997 yilda Reeve uchun. Jeyn Seymur Rivning shaxsiy do'stiga aylandi va 1996 yilda uning sharafiga egizak o'g'illaridan biriga Kristofer nomini berdi.[44] Grand Hotel va Mackinac Island orollari kino muxlislari uchun mashhur sayyohlik maydoniga aylandi.

O'sha yili Riv mehmonga tashrif buyurdi Kuklalar shousi qaerda u ijro etgan "Quyoshning sharqida (va Oyning g'arbiy qismida) "pianinoda Miss Piggy, kim bor edi ezish unga. Riv mavjudligini rad etdi Supermen ammo butun epizodda super kuchlarni namoyish etdi. Keyin u hali tugallanmagan prodyuserda suratga olishni davom ettirish uchun qaytib keldi Supermen II.

Tugatgandan so'ng Supermen II, Riv va uning oilasi Londonni tark etishdi va uy ijaraga olishdi Gollivud tepaliklari. Ko'p o'tmay, Riv Gollivuddan charchagan va oilani olib ketgan Massachusets shtatidagi Uilyamstaun, u erda muvaffaqiyatli o'yinda etakchi rol o'ynagan Old sahifa, rejissor Robert Allan Akerman. Yilning oxirida Reeve nogiron bo'lib o'ynadi Vetnam faxriysi yilda Lanford Uilson o'yin Beshinchi iyul Broadway-da ajoyib sharhlarga.[45] Rolga tayyorgarlik ko'rish uchun unga qanday qilib yurish kerakligi haqida amputant murabbiylik qilgan sun'iy oyoqlari.[45]

1982 yilda Riv aktyorlik doirasini yanada kengaytirdi va sevgilisi va ustozi haqida shubhali motivlar bilan hiyla-nayrang boshlovchi dramaturgni o'ynadi. Maykl Keyn, yilda Sidney Lumet shubhali qorong'u komediya film Dehtraprap tomonidan sahnalashtirilgan Ira Levin. Film yaxshi kutib olindi. Xuddi shu yili Riv qisman buzilgan katolik ruhoniysi Jon Flahertining paytida qiyin qarorlarni qabul qilganini tasvirladi Ikkinchi jahon urushi yilda Monsignor. Rivning aytishicha, bu unga "men ilgari o'ynagan obrazlarga qaraganda hayoti ancha murakkab bo'lgan, aniq ham yaxshi, ham yomon bo'lmagan axloqiy jihatdan noaniq" rolini o'ynash imkoniyatini berdi.[46] Riv filmning muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lishini yomon tahrirda aybladi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, "film - bu sizga ishonish qiyin bo'lgan bir qator shafqatsiz voqealar. Ular diqqat markazida bo'lmaganligi sababli va ular asoslanmagan va tushuntirilmaganligi sababli, ular kulgiga aylanishadi".[46]

Keyin Rivga 1984 yilda Basil Ransom rolini taklif qilishdi Bostoniyaliklar yonma-yon Vanessa Redgrave. Reeve odatdagidek bir film uchun bir million dollardan ko'proq mablag 'ajratgan bo'lsa-da, prodyuserlar unga buning o'ndan birini to'lashga qodir edi. Rivning hech qanday shikoyati yo'q edi, chunki u faxrlanadigan rolni bajarganidan xursand edi. Film kutilganidan oshib ketdi va kassada yaxshi deb topildi art House filmi. The New York Times uni "ekran uchun hali yaratilgan adabiy asarning eng yaxshi moslashuvi" deb atadi.[45] Katarin Xepbern Rivga qo'ng'iroq qilib, filmda "mutlaqo ajoyib" va "maftunkor" ekanligini aytdi. U hozirda 1985 yilgi versiyasini suratga olishini aytganida Anna Karenina, u: "Oh, bu dahshatli xato", dedi.[47]

Riv litsenziyaga ega uchuvchi edi va yakka uchib o'tdi Atlantika ikki marta. Filmni suratga olish paytida Supermen III, u o'zi bilan poyga qildi yelkanli samolyot bo'sh vaqtlarida. U "Tiger Club" safida xizmat qilgan aviatorlar guruhiga qo'shildi Qirollik havo kuchlari ichida Britaniya jangi. Ular unga Birinchi Jahon urushi jangovar samolyotlarida soxta janglarda qatnashishga ruxsat berishdi. Filmning prodyuserlari Aviator uning uchuvchi ekanligini va u qanday uchishni bilishini bilmasdan unga yaqinlashdi Stearman, filmda ishlatilgan samolyot. Reeve bu rolni osonlikcha qabul qildi. Film suratga olingan Kranjska Gora va Riv butun o'zini o'zi ijro etdi kaskadyorlar.[48]

1984 yilda Reeve paydo bo'ldi Aspern hujjatlari bilan Vanessa Redgrave. Keyin u Toni rolini o'ynadi Qirollik oilasi va graf asarning zamonaviy qiyofasida Figaroning nikohi.[49]

1985 yilda Riv televizion hujjatli filmni namoyish etdi Dinozavr! Hujjatli filmda aytilganidek, bolaligidan dinozavrlarga qiziqib qolgan, u o'zi joylashgan samolyotda Nyu-Yorkka uchib, Amerika Tabiat tarixi muzeyi. Shuningdek, 1985 yilda, DC komikslari kompaniyaning 50 yillik yubiley nashrida mukofotlanganlardan biri sifatida Rivni nomladi DC-ni ajoyib qilgan ellikta uning ishi uchun Supermen filmlari seriyasi.[50]

1986 yilda u hali ham o'ziga yoqadigan stsenariylarni topishda qiynalgan. Ssenariy nomlangan Street Smart ko'p yillar davomida o'z uyida yotgan va uni qayta o'qiganidan keyin u edi Kanonim filmlari yashil chiroq yonadi. U qarama-qarshi rol o'ynadi Morgan Freeman, uning birinchi nomzodi kim edi Akademiya mukofoti film uchun. Film juda yaxshi baholarga sazovor bo'ldi, ammo kassalarda yomon namoyish etildi, ehtimol Kanonim filmlari to'g'ri bajarilmadi reklama qilish u.[51]

1987–1989

Filmni suratga olishdan so'ng Supermen IV 1987 yil fevral oyida Riv va Ekston ajralib, Riv qaytdi Nyu York.[52] A depressiya etti va uch yoshli bolalari bo'lmasdan, u komediya o'ynash unga yaxshi bo'lishi mumkin deb qaror qildi. Unga rahbarlik berildi Kanallarni almashtirish. Burt Reynolds va Ketlin Tyorner filmni suratga olish paytida janjal kelib chiqdi, bu esa Rivni vaqtini yanada chidab bo'lmas holga keltirdi. Keyinchalik Riv filmda o'zini ahmoq qilganini va ko'p vaqtini Reynolds va Tyorner o'rtasida hakamlik qilish bilan o'tkazganini aytdi. Film yomon ishladi va Riv bu film yulduzi karerasini yakunlaganiga ishondi. U keyingi yillarni asosan spektakllar o'ynash bilan o'tkazdi. U sinovdan o'tgan Richard Gir rol Sohibjamol ayol lekin tashqariga chiqdi tinglash chunki ularda yarim ko'ngilli kasting rejissyori to'ldirilgan edi Julia Roberts.[53]

Kristofer Riv, Frank Gifford, Ronald Reygan ning 15 yilligi sharafiga ziyofatda va piknikda Maxsus Olimpiada Diplomatik qabul xonasida dastur 1983 yil may

1980-yillarning oxirida Riv yanada faollashdi. U chavandozlik mashg'ulotlarini olib, haftaning besh-olti kunini birlashtirilgan mashqlar musobaqalarida qatnashish uchun mashq qildi. U yelkanli qayiq qurdi, Dengiz farishtasi, va suzib ketdi Chesapeake ga Yangi Shotlandiya.

1990–1994

1990 yilda Riv Amerikadagi fuqarolar urushi filmida suratga tushgan Atirgul va shoqol, u o'ynagan Allan Pinkerton, rahbari Prezident Linkoln yangi maxfiy xizmat. Oktyabr oyida Reevega Lyuisning qismi taklif qilindi Kunning qoldiqlari. Ssenariy u o'qigan eng zo'rlaridan biri edi va u ikkilanmasdan ishtirok etdi. Film bir zumda klassik deb topildi va sakkizta Oskar mukofotiga nomzod bo'ldi.[54]

1990-yillarning boshlarida Riv televizorda uchta rol o'ynagan, u erda u yovuz odam sifatida tanilgan.[55] Ularning eng e'tiborlisi shu edi Tunda zarba, unda Riv Nyu-York shahrida yosh bolani o'g'irlab ketgan bolani tahqirlovchi rolini o'ynagan. Film ijobiy baholarga munosib baholandi.[56][57] Riv kichik yoshdagi bolalarning ota-onalari uchun filmni tomosha qilishni juda muhim deb bildi.[55] Boshqa televizion filmda, O'lim gunohlari (1992), Reeve ikkinchi marta katolik ruhoniysi rolini o'ynadi, bu safar ketma-ket qotilning aybini eslatuvchi rolini tan oldi. Montgomeri Clift yilda Hitchcock "s Men tan olaman.

1990-yillarda Riv uchun skriptlar qabul qilindi Piketsli to'siqlar va Chikagodagi umid va so'radi CBS agar u o'zining televizion seriyasini boshlamoqchi bo'lsa. Bu Los-Anjelesga ko'chib o'tishni anglatardi, bu esa uni Londonda yashaydigan bolalaridan ham uzoqlashtirishi mumkin edi. Massachusetsda, Riv a olishi mumkin Konkord va ularni har doim ko'rishingiz mumkin. U takliflarni rad etdi. Ammo Riv sayohatlar qilishga qarshi emas edi; u bordi Nyu-Meksiko otmoq So'zsiz, birgalikda ijro etgan Maykl Kiton. Reeve keyin ketdi Reys otmoq John Carpenter film La'natlanganlarning qishlog'i, 1960 yilda xuddi shu nomdagi Britaniyalik filmning remeyki. Ushbu sarlavhali ushbu ikkala film 1957 yilgi romanga asoslangan Midwich kukulalari tomonidan Jon Vindxem.

Uning avariyasidan sal oldin Riv falajdagi politsiyachining rolini o'ynagan HBO kino Shubhadan yuqori. U tadqiqot olib bordi reabilitatsiya kasalxona Van Nuys va nogironlar aravachasiga mashinalarga kirish va chiqish uchun qanday foydalanishni o'rgandilar.

1995 yilda Reevega etakchilik qilishni taklif qilishdi O'g'irlab ketilgan. Shuningdek, u o'zining birinchi katta ekranli filmini, romantik komediyasini suratga olishni rejalashtirgan Menga rostini ayting. Ikkala reja ham 1995 yilda uni falaj qilib qo'ygan ot minishda sodir bo'lgan avariya natijasida bekor qilindi.

1995–2004

1996 yilda Riv rivoyat qildi HBO film Achinmasdan: Qobiliyatlar haqida film. Film g'olib bo'ldi Emmi mukofoti "Ajoyib Axborot Maxsus" uchun. Keyin u filmda kichik rol o'ynadi Ertangi kunga qadam.[58]

1997 yilda Riv rejissyorlik debyutini HBO film Glamingda bilan Robert Shon Leonard, Glenn Yoping, Vupi Goldberg, Bridget Fonda va Devid Strathairn. Film to'rttasida g'olib bo'ldi Cable Ace mukofotlari va "Emmi" mukofotining beshta nomzodi, shu jumladan "Miniseriyalar uchun maxsus rejissyor yoki maxsus". Dana Riv: "O'zining sevgan ishida ishlayotganda uning dunyoqarashi, sog'lig'i, umumiy farovonlik tuyg'usida bunday farq bor, bu ijodiy ish", dedi.[59] 1998 yilda Reeve prodyuserlik qildi va rol o'ynadi Orqa oyna, qayta tuzish Alfred Xitkok "s 1954 yilgi film. U a uchun nomzod edi Oltin globus va yutdi a Ekran aktyorlari gildiyasi mukofoti uning ishlashi uchun.

1998 yil 25 aprelda, Tasodifiy uy Rivning tarjimai holini nashr etdi, Hali ham men. Kitob o'n bir hafta davomida Nyu-York Tayms Eng yaxshi sotuvchilar ro'yxati va Riv yutdi a "Eng yaxshi og'zaki so'zlar albomi" uchun "Grammy" mukofoti.[60] 2000 yilda u uzoq muddatli kontsertlarda mehmonlar bilan uchrashdi PBS seriyali Susam ko'chasi.

2003 yil 25 fevralda Reeve teleserialda paydo bo'ldi Smallville kabi Doktor Virgil Svann epizodda "Rozetta ". Ushbu epizodda doktor Svann olib keladi Klark Kent (Tom Uelling ) u qayerdan kelib chiqishi va o'z kuchlaridan insoniyat farovonligi uchun qanday foydalanishi haqida ma'lumot. Riv va Vellingning sahnalarida 1978 yillarga oid musiqiy signallar mavjud Supermen: Film, tomonidan tuzilgan Jon Uilyams va tomonidan tartibga solingan Mark Snow. Ushbu epizod oxirida Reeve va Welling qisqa vaqt ichida paydo bo'lib, odamlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashni taklif qildi Kristofer Riv falaj fondi. "Rosetta" reytinglar tarixini o'rnatdi JB tarmoq.[61] The muxlislar jamoasi epizodni juda yaxshi baholashlar bilan kutib oldi va uni serialning hozirgi kungacha eng yaxshi filmlari qatoridan joy oldi.[62] Riv ham paydo bo'ldi Smallville epizod "Meros ", unda u yana sahna aktyori bilan uchrashdi Jon Glover, kim o'ynadi Lionel Lyutor shouda.

2004 yil aprel oyida, Tasodifiy uy Rivning ikkinchi kitobini nashr etdi, Imkonsiz narsani o'zi yo'q. Ushbu kitob qisqaroq Hali ham men va Rivning dunyoqarashi va ularni shakllantirishda yordam bergan hayot tajribalariga e'tibor qaratadi. Bundan tashqari, 2004 yilda Reeve filmni boshqargan Javob film Bruk Ellison haqidagi hikoya. Film haqiqiy voqeaga asoslangan Bruk Ellison, birinchi to'rtburchak bitirmoq Garvard universiteti.[63] Bu vaqt ichida Riv animatsion filmni boshqargan Hammaning Qahramoni. Bu uning orzu qilingan loyihalaridan biri edi va u filmni suratga olish jarayonida vafot etdi. Uning rafiqasi Dana yordam bergan, o'g'li Uill esa filmda aktyorlar ishtirokchisi bo'lgan. Dana va Uillda ham kichik rollar bo'lgan Bruk Ellison haqidagi hikoya.[64]

Riv tomonidan rad etilgan rollar

Birinchi Supermen filmidan so'ng, Riv Gollivud prodyuserlari uni aksiyalar yulduzi bo'lishini istashlarini tushundi. Keyinchalik u: "Men ushbu janrdagi ssenariylarning aksariyatini yomon tuzilgan deb topdim va bosh rollarni badanini kuchli bo'lgan har bir kishi osonlikcha ijro etishi mumkinligini his qildim" dedi. Bundan tashqari, u taklif qilingan boshqa filmlar uchun haqligini his qilmadi va bosh rollardan bosh tortdi Amerikalik Gigolo, Garpning fikriga ko'ra dunyo, Splash, Halokatli jozibadorlik, Toshni romantikalash, O'ldiradigan qurol, va Tana issiqligi. Katarin Xepbern tavsiya etiladi Devid Lean roli uchun Fletcher xristian yilda Bounty, ning film versiyasi Bounty-ga qarshi qo'zg'olon yulduzcha Entoni Xopkins. Buni ko'rib chiqqandan so'ng, Riv noto'g'ri deb qaror qildi va film oxir-oqibat suratga olindi Mel Gibson.[65] 1995 yilda sodir bo'lgan baxtsiz hodisadan so'ng, Riv Mason Vergerning rolini rad etdi Gannibal, oxir-oqibat o'ynagan Gari Oldman.[66]

Shaxsiy hayot

Aloqalar

Dastlabki ikkitasini suratga olish paytida Supermen Angliyadagi filmlar, Riv modeler ijrochi Gae Exton bilan o'n yillik munosabatlarni boshladi.[67] Ularning o'g'li bor edi, Metyu Ekston Riv, 1979 yil 20-dekabrda va 1983 yil dekabrda qizi Aleksandra Ekston Riv. Ikkalasi ham Angliyaning London shahrida tug'ilgan.[48] 1987 yil fevral oyida Riv va Gey Ekton o'z farzandlarini birgalikda saqlash bilan do'stona ravishda ajralib ketishdi va Riv Nyu-Yorkka qaytdi. Metyu va Aleksandra Londonda onalari bilan qolishdi va ko'pincha ta'tillarini Riv bilan o'tkazdilar.

1987 yil iyun oyida Riv kelajakdagi rafiqasi bilan uchrashdi Dana Morosini, qo'shiqchi va aktrisa. 1991 yilga kelib ular birga yashaydilar, ammo Riv ota-onasining alamli ajrashishi va boshqa oiladagi muvaffaqiyatsiz nikohlarini eslab, o'zini o'zi majburlay olmadi. Ular deyarli ajralishganidan so'ng, Riv bir yillik terapiyani boshladi, birinchi navbatda, nikoh haqidagi qo'rquvi bilan gaplashish uchun. Keyin bir kuni kechki ovqat paytida u "shunchaki vilkalarimni qo'ydi va menga uylanishini so'radi".[68] Ular 1992 yil aprel oyida turmush qurishgan,[68] va ularning o'g'li Uilyam o'sha yilning 7 iyunida tug'ilgan. Er-xotin Rivning o'limigacha baxtli turmush qurdilar.

Otliq va shikastlanish

Riv o'z ishtirokini boshladi ot minish 1985 yilda filmga minishni o'rganganidan keyin Anna Karenina. Dastlab u edi allergik otlarga, shuning uchun u oldi antigistaminlar. U mashq qildi Martaning uzumzori va 1989 yilga kelib u boshladi tekislash. Tez orada uning allergiyasi yo'qoldi.[69] Uning oyog'i shikastlangan jarohatlar o'spirinlik paytida chang'i chang'isida yurgan va keyinchalik u tasvirlab bergan avtohalokatda uchta qovurg'ani sindirib, oyoq jarohatlari bilan birga Tonight Show 1987 yil mart oyida.

Riv 12 yoshli amerikalikni sotib oldi zotli filmni suratga olish paytida "Bak" laqabli "Eastern Express" ismli ot La'natlanganlarning qishlog'i. U 1994 yilda Bak bilan birga mashg'ulot olib borgan va 1995 yilda tayyorgarlik darajasidagi tadbirlarni o'tkazishni va 1996 yilda dastlabki bosqichga o'tishni rejalashtirgan. Garchi Riv dastlab ushbu musobaqada qatnashish uchun ro'yxatdan o'tgan bo'lsa. Vermont, uning murabbiyi uni Hamdo'stlik bog'idagi ot sporti markazidagi Hamdo'stlik kiyinish va birlashgan mashg'ulotlar assotsiatsiyasining final bosqichiga borishga taklif qildi. Kalpeper, Virjiniya. Riv 27-o'rinda to'rtinchi o'rinni egalladi kiyinish, uning krosi bo'ylab yurishdan oldin. U 16 va 17-chi sakrashlardan xavotirda edi, ammo uchinchi sakrashga unchalik ahamiyat bermadi, bu odatiy ravishda "W" harfi kabi shakllangan uch metr-uch to'siq edi.[70]

1995 yil 27 mayda Rivning oti rad etish. Guvohlarning so'zlariga ko'ra, ot uchinchi to'siqdan sakrashni boshlagan va to'satdan to'xtab qolgan. Riv otdan ushlab, oldinga yiqilib tushdi jilovlar. Uning qo'llari jilovga o'ralgan va jilov va bit otdan tortib olindi. U avval boshini to'siqning narigi chekkasiga tushirdi va uni sindirdi birinchi va ikkinchi umurtqalar. Bu servikal o'murtqa shikastlanish, qaysi falaj uni bo'ynidan pastga,[71] nafasini ham to'xtatdi. Tez tibbiyot xodimlari uch daqiqadan so'ng etib kelishdi va darhol uning o'pkasiga havo kiritish choralarini ko'rishdi. U vertolyot bilan kasalxonaga etkazilishidan oldin u avval mahalliy kasalxonaga etkazilgan Virjiniya universiteti tibbiyot markazi.[72] Keyinchalik, u avtohalokatni eslamagan.

Kasalxonaga yotqizish

Besh kundan so'ng, Rivni qattiq davolashgan va aldangan, u to'liq hushiga keldi. Uning shifokori unga birinchi va ikkinchi bachadon umurtqalari vayron bo'lganligi va umurtqa pog'onasi shikastlanganligini tushuntirdi.[73] U bo'ynidan shol bo'lib, a holda nafas ololmadi ventilyator. Biroq, u miyaga hech qanday zarar etkazmagan.

Jarohati jiddiyligi to'g'risida xabardor bo'lgan Rivning birinchi fikrlari uning hayotini buzganligi, oilasiga og'irlik bo'lishi va eng yaxshisi "sirg'alib ketish" edi. U xotini Danaga og'zini ochdi: "Balki meni qo'yib yuborishimiz kerak". U ko'z yoshlari bilan javob qaytardi: "Siz nima qilishni xohlasangiz, men uni qo'llab-quvvatlayman, chunki bu sizning hayotingiz va sizning qaroringiz. Ammo shuni bilishingizni istaymanki, men nima bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, uzoq vaqt davomida siz bilan birga bo'laman. Siz hali ham sizsiz Va men seni yaxshi ko'raman. " Keyinchalik u "savdo ayyorligi" deb ta'riflagan narsada, ayol unga yana ikki yil ichida o'lishni xohlasa, buning uchun unga qandaydir yo'l topishlarini aytdi.[74]

Ushbu suhbatdan so'ng va ular unga qanchalik muhtoj ekanliklarini ko'rgan bolalarining tashriflari bilan Riv hayotni saqlab qolish operatsiyasi va davolanishga rozi bo'ldi zotiljam.[75] U hech qachon o'z joniga qasd qilishni boshqa variant deb bilmagan.[76][77]

Riv ichki azoblarni boshidan kechirdi ICU, ayniqsa, tunda u yolg'iz bo'lganida. 1995 yil iyun oyida bosh suyagini umurtqa pog'onasiga bog'lash bo'yicha operatsiyasi "o'ylash qo'rqinchli edi ... Men operatsiyadan omon qolish uchun atigi ellik ellik imkoniyatim borligini allaqachon bilar edim ... Keyin, ayniqsa, ayanchli daqiqada, eshik ochilib ochildi va shoshilinch ravishda ruscha lahzada gapiradigan ko'k rangli skrabli shlyapa va sariq jarrohlik ko'ylak va ko'zoynaklar bilan o'tirgan odam. " Erkak o'zini a proktolog va ijro etish uchun ketayotgan edi rektal imtihon Reeve-da. Bo'lgandi Robin Uilyams, filmdagi xarakterini reprising To'qqiz oy. Reeve wrote: "For the first time since the accident, I laughed. My old friend had helped me know that somehow I was going to be okay."[78] In addition to visits from friends and family, Reeve received over 400,000 letters from all of the world, which gave him great comfort during his recovery.[79]

Doktor John A. Jane performed surgery to repair Reeve's neck umurtqalar. He put wires underneath both laminalar and used bone from Reeve's hip to fit between the C1 and C2 umurtqalar. He inserted a titanium pin and fused the wires with the vertebrae, then drilled holes in Reeve's skull and fitted the wires through to secure the skull to the o'murtqa ustun.[79]

Reabilitatsiya

After a month in the hospital, Reeve spent five months at the Kessler Rehabilitation Center yilda West Orange, Nyu-Jersi to continue with his recovery and learn skills such as operating his electric yudum-puf nogironlar aravachasi by blowing air through a straw. Uning tarjimai holida Hali ham men, he described initially not wanting to face the reality of his new disability. Getting used to sitting strapped into a wheelchair, or taking a shower, were initially terrifying. Reeve developed a deep fondness for many of the staff at Kessler, and through conversations with the other patients gradually started to see himself as being part of the disabled community.[80]

For the first few months after the accident, Reeve relied on a ventilyator, which was connected to his neck through a traxeostomiya naychasi, for every breath. With therapy and practice, he developed the ability to breathe on his own for up to 90 minutes at a time.[81]

Reeve exercised for up to four or five hours a day, using specialized exercise machines to stimulate his muscles and prevent mushak atrofiyasi va osteoporoz.[82] He believed that intense physical therapy could qayta tiklash The asab tizimi, and also wanted his body to be strong enough to support itself if a cure for paralysis was found. Starting in 2000, he started to regain the ability to make small movements in his fingers and other parts of his body, and by 2002 reported that he could sense hot and cold temperatures on 65% of his body. Reeve's doctors were shocked by his improvements, which they attributed to his intensive exercise regimen.[83][84]

Life with paralysis

In December of 1995, Reeve moved back to his home in Pound Ridge, Nyu York. By two years after the accident, Reeve said that he was "glad to be alive, not out of obligation to others, but because life was worth living."[75] Reeve continued to require round-the-clock care for the rest of his life, with a team of ten nurses and aides working in his home.[85]

In the aftermath of the accident, Reeve went through intense grief. He gradually resolved to make the best of his new life, with a busy schedule of activism, film work, writing and promoting his books, public speaking, and parenting. In 1998, he said in an interview:

Who knows why an accident happens? The key is what do you do afterwards. There is a period of shock and then grieving with confusion and loss. After that, you have two choices. One is to stare out the window and gradually disintegrate. And the other is to mobilize and use all your resources, whatever they may be, to do something positive. That is the road I have taken. It comes naturally to me. I am a competitive person and right now I am competing against decay. I don’t want osteoporosis or muscle atrophy or depression to beat me.[67]

In another interview, Reeve said he drew on the self-discipline he had gained in his early years in the theater:

Nobody wants another actor. There's too many of them now already... To keep believing in yourself in spite of those kinds of obstacles is certainly good preparation for what I'm going through now.[86]

Diniy qarashlar

For most of his life, Reeve did not identify with any religion.[87] He attended his stepfather's Presbyterian church as a young teenager.[87] In 1975, he briefly explored Sayentologiya but opted out of becoming a member. He subsequently voiced criticism of the organization.[88][89]

Reeve described his wedding in 1992 as his “first act of faith.” After his accident, many well-wishers suggested that prayer would make him feel better, but he did not find it helpful. “I wondered what was wrong with me,” he later wrote. “I had broken my neck and become paralyzed, possibly forever, but still hadn’t found God.”[90]

Uning 2004 yilgi kitobida Nothing is Impossible: Reflections on a New Life, Reeve said that he and his wife had regularly attended Unitar services, starting in his late forties.[90] In the years that followed the accident, he had gradually come to believe that:

Spirituality is found in the way we live our daily lives. It means spending time thinking about others. It’s not so hard to imagine that there is some kind of higher power. We don’t have to know what form it takes or exactly where it exists; just to honor it and try to live by it is enough... As these thoughts unfolded in the process of learning to live my new life, I had no idea that I was becoming a Unitarian.[90]

Faollik

In the 1980s, Reeve campaigned for Senator Patrik Liti and made speeches throughout the state. He served as a board member for the Charles Lindbergh Fund, which promotes environmentally safe technologies. He lent support to causes such as Xalqaro Amnistiya, Tabiiy resurslarni himoya qilish kengashi va Odamlar Amerika yo'li uchun. As a pilot with the Environmental Air Force he gave government officials and journalists aerial tours over areas of environmental damage.[91]

In late 1987, in Santyago, Chili, mamlakat diktator, Augusto Pinochet, threatened to execute 77 actors. Ariel Dorfman asked Reeve to help save their lives. Reeve flew to Chile and helped lead a protest march. A cartoon then ran in a newspaper showing him carrying Pinochet by the collar with the caption, "Where will you take him, Superman?" For his heroics, he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Bernardo O'Higgins Order, the highest Chilean distinction for foreigners. Shuningdek, u an Obie mukofoti[92] va yillik Walter Brielh Human Rights Foundation mukofot.[93]

In 1989, Reeve's friend Ron Kumush boshladi Ijodiy koalitsiya, a liberal organization aiming to teach celebrities how to speak knowledgeably about political issues. Reeve was an early member of the group, along with Syuzan Sarandon, Alek Bolduin va Blythe Danner.[94] The groups initiatives included environmental issues and defending the Milliy San'at Jamg'armasi, which was under attack from conservative Republicans who objected to taxpayer-funding of art that they considered offensive [95] Reeve was elected as a co-president of the Creative Coalition in 1994. The organization's work was noticed nationwide, and the Demokratik partiya asked Reeve to run for the United States Congress. He replied, "Run for Congress? And lose my influence in Washington?"[95]

In 1996, ten months after the injury that paralyzed him, Reeve appeared at the 68-chi Oskar mukofotlari to a long standing ovation. He used the occasion to encourage Gollivud to make more films on social issues, saying, "Let’s continue to take risks. Let’s tackle the issues. In many ways our film community can do it better than anyone else."[96][97]

Nogironlikning faolligi

Shuningdek qarang: Orqa miya shikastlanishini o'rganish

Reeve left the Kessler Rehabilitation Center feeling inspiration from the other patients he had met. Chunki ommaviy axborot vositalari was constantly covering him, he decided to use his name to put focus on orqa miya shikastlanishi. In 1996, he also hosted the Paralimpiya yilda Atlanta va so'zga chiqdi Demokratik milliy konventsiya. He traveled across the country to make speeches. For these efforts, he was placed on the cover of TIME on August 26, 1996.[98]

Reeve's first effort to change disability legislation was in supporting a 1997 bill that would raise the lifetime "cap" on insurance payments from the standard $1 million to $10 million per person. For catastrophically injured people with one insurance policy, the $1 million limit often lasts just a few years. The bill was narrowly defeated.[99] In 1999, he supported the Work Incentives Improvement Act, which allows people to continue to receive disability benefits after they return to work. This bill passed.[100]

Reeve was elected Chairman of the American Paralysis Association and Vice Chairman of the National Organization on Disability. He co-founded the Reeve-Irvine Research Center, which is now one of the leading spinal cord research centers in the world.[101] In 1999, the American Paralysis Association and another foundation that Reeve had founded were merged into the Christopher Reeve Foundation,[102] which aims to speed up research through funding and to use grants to improve the quality of the lives of people with disabilities. The Foundation to date has given more than $65 million to research and more than $8.5 million in quality-of-life grants.[103][104] Of Christopher Reeve, Irvin UC said, "in the years following his injury, Christopher did more to promote research on spinal cord injury and other neurological disorders than any other person before or since".[105]

Reeve served as a board member for several organizations that aim to improve quality of life for people with disabilities.[100]

Reeve discussing stem cell research at a conference at MIT, 2003 yil 2 mart

Reeve lobbied for expanded federal funding on embrional ildiz hujayralarini tadqiq qilish to include all embryonic stem cell lines in existence and for self-governance to make open-ended scientific inquiry of the research.[106] Prezident Jorj V.Bush limited the federal funding to research only on human embryonic stem cell lines created on or before August 9, 2001, the day he announced his policy, and allotted approximately $100 million for it. Reeve initially called this "a step in the right direction", admitting that he did not know about the existing lines and would look into them further. He fought against the limit when scientists revealed that an early research technique that involved mixing the human stem cells with mouse cells contaminated most of the old lines.[107]

In 2002, Reeve lobbied for the Insonni klonlash Prohibition Act of 2001,[108] bu imkon beradi somatik hujayralarni yadro uzatish research, but would ban reproductive cloning. He argued that stem cell implantation is unsafe unless the stem cells contain the patient's own DNK and that because somatic cell nuclear transfer is done without fertilizing an egg, it can be fully regulated.[109] In June 2004, Reeve provided a videotaped message on behalf of the Genetics Policy Institute to the delegates of the Birlashgan Millatlar in defense of somatic cell nuclear transfer, which a world shartnoma was considering banning.[110] In the final days of his life, Reeve urged Kaliforniya saylovchilar to vote yes on 71-taklif,[111] which would establish the Kaliforniya regenerativ tibbiyot instituti and would allot $3 billion of state funds to stem cell research.[112] Proposition 71 was approved less than one month after Reeve's death.

In July 2003, Christopher Reeve's continuing frustration with the pace of ildiz hujayrasi research in the U.S. led him to Isroil,[113] a country that was then, according to him, at the center of research in spinal cord injury.[114][115] Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs invited him to seek out the best treatment for his condition. During his visit, Reeve called the experience "a privilege" and said, "Israel has very proactive rehab facilities, excellent medical schools and teaching hospitals, and an absolutely first-rate research infrastructure."[114][116] Israelis were very receptive to Reeve's visit, calling him an inspiration to all and urging him never to give up hope.[114]

Sog'liqni saqlash muammolari va o'lim

Reeve suffered from Astma va allergiya bolalikdan. At age 16, he began to suffer from alopesiya areata, a condition that causes patches of hair to fall out from an otherwise healthy head of hair. Generally, he was able to comb it over and often the problem disappeared for long periods, but he wore a wig for the third and fourth Supermen filmlar.[117] Later in life, the condition became more noticeable after he became paralyzed, and he shaved his head.[118]

More than once he had a severe reaktsiya to a drug. In Kessler, he tried a drug named Sygen which was theorized to help reduce damage to the spinal cord. The drug caused him to go into anafilaktik shok, and his heart stopped. He claimed to have had an tanadan tashqari tajriba and remembered saying, "I'm sorry, but I have to go now," during the event. In his autobiography, he wrote, "and then I left my body. I was up on the ceiling...I looked down and saw my body stretched out on the bed, not moving, while everybody—there were 15 or 20 people, the doctors, the EMTs, the nurses—was working on me. The noise and commotion grew quieter as though someone were gradually turning down the volume." After receiving a large dose of epinefrin, he woke up and stabilized later that night.[119]

In 2002 and 2004, Reeve survived several serious infections believed to have originated from his ilik. He recovered from three that could have been fatal.[iqtibos kerak ]

In early October 2004, he was being treated for an infected bosim yarasi that was causing sepsis, a complication he had experienced many times before. On October 4, 2004, he spoke at the Chikagodagi reabilitatsiya instituti on behalf of the Institute's work; it was his last reported public appearance.[120] On October 9, 2004, Reeve attended his son Will's hockey game. That night, he went into yurak xuruji after receiving an antibiotik uchun infektsiya. He fell into a koma va olib borildi Shimoliy Vestchester kasalxonasi yilda Kisco tog'i, Nyu-York. Eighteen hours later, on October 10, 2004, Reeve died at the age of 52.[121] No official autopsy was performed on the actor.[122] However, both Reeve's wife Dana and his doctor John McDonald believed that an adverse reaction to a drug caused Reeve's death.[122][123]

Uning jasadi yondirilgan Fernkliff qabristoni, and his ashes were scattered.[124] A memorial service for Reeve was held at the Unitar cherkov yilda Westport, Konnektikut, which both Reeve and Dana had attended.[125][126] Another private memorial service held at the Juilliard School three weeks later was attended by more than 900 people, with speakers that included Robin Uilyams, Meril Strip va Glenn Yoping.[127]

Meros

Reeve's widow, Dana Riv, headed the Christopher Reeve Foundation after his death. Although a non-smoker, she was diagnosed with o'pka saratoni on August 9, 2005. She died at age 44 on March 6, 2006, and the foundation was subsequently renamed the Kristofer va Dana Riv fondi.[128]

Reeve's children Matthew, Alexandra, and William all serve on the board of directors for the Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation, while Will is also a reporter for ABC News. In 2015, Alexandra and her husband welcomed a son, Christopher Russel Reeve Givens.[129]

Shuningdek qarang

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Bibliografiya

  • Rivojlaning, Kristofer Imkonsiz narsani o'zi yo'q, Tasodifiy uy, 2004 yil. ISBN  0-345-47073-7
  • Rivojlaning, Kristofer. Hali ham men, Random House, 1998. ISBN  0-679-45235-4

Tashqi havolalar

Bilan bog'liq ommaviy axborot vositalari Kristofer Riv Vikimedia Commons-da