Shekspir pyesalari xronologiyasi - Chronology of Shakespeares plays - Wikipedia

Edmond Malone Shekspir pyesalarining taxminiy xronologiyasini tuzgan birinchi olim edi Shakspirga tegishli bo'lgan pyesalarning yozilish tartibini aniqlashga urinish (1778), ikkinchi nashrida chop etilgan insho Samuel Jonson va Jorj Stivens ' Uilyam Shekspirning pyesalari.

Ushbu maqola mumkin bo'lgan narsalarni taqdim etadi tarkibidagi xronologik ro'yxat o'ynaydi ning Uilyam Shekspir.

Shekspir olimlari bilan boshlangan Edmond Malone 1778 yilda Shekspirning nisbiy xronologiyasini tiklashga urinishgan ijod tashqi vositalar yordamida (masalan, tanqidiy materiallarda ham, shaxsiy hujjatlarda ham Shekspir zamondoshlari o'yinlariga havolalar, boshqa o'yinlardagi kinozalalar, yozuvlar kabi) Statsionarlarning reestri va ijro va nashrga oid yozuvlar) va ichki dalillar (pyesalardagi zamonaviy voqealar haqidagi ishora, Shekspir tomonidan foydalanilgan manbalarning tuzilishi va nashr etilgan sanalari, uslubi va diktsiyasi vaqt o'tishi bilan rivojlanishiga qarab uslubiy tahlil va o'yinlarning mazmuni. zamonaviy teatr va adabiyotda muhit ). Zamonaviy xronologiyalarning aksariyati E.K. Palatalar kitobida chop etilgan "Xronologiya muammosi" da (1930) Uilyam Shekspir: Faktlar va muammolarni o'rganish, jild. Men.

Kirish

Omon qolgan dalillar qismli bo'lgani uchun, aniq va aniq xronologiya mavjud emas, bo'lishi ham mumkin emas. Ijro tarixi ko'pincha cheklangan foydalanishda bo'ladi, chunki ko'plab o'yinlarning birinchi yozilgan ijrosi ushbu o'yin birinchi marta ijro etilganda shart emas edi. Masalan, ning birinchi yozilgan ijrosi Romeo va Juliet 1662 yilgacha emas edi, ammo biz ushbu asar Shekspir hayotida namoyish etilganligini bilamiz.[1] Shunday qilib, ijro tarixi kompozitsiya sanasi haqida ozgina ma'lumot beradi.

Xuddi shunday, xronologiyani aniqlashda birinchi nashr etilgan sanalar ko'pincha nisbatan foydasiz bo'ladi, chunki Shekspir vafot etganidan keyin etti yil o'tgach, taxminan yarim pesalar nashr etilmagan. Birinchi folio (1623), tomonidan tayyorlangan Jon Xemings va Genri Kondell, va tomonidan nashr etilgan Edvard Blount, Uilyam Jaggard va Isaak Jaggard. Spektakl sanalari va nashr etilgan sanalari ham muammoli, chunki ko'plab pyesalar nashr etilishidan bir necha yil oldin namoyish etilgan. Masalan, Titus Andronik 1592 yilda ijro etilgan, ammo 1594 yilgacha nashr etilmagan, Otello 1604 yilda ijro etilgan, ammo 1622 yilgacha nashr etilmagan, Qirol Lir 1606 yilda amalga oshirilgan, ammo 1608 yilgacha nashr etilmagan. Ijro etish va nashr etish sanalari faqat kompozitsiyaning terminal sanalarini aniqlash uchun ishlatilishi mumkin, boshlang'ich sanalari ko'pincha shunchalik spekulyativ bo'lib qoladi.[2]

Bundan tashqari, ba'zi olimlar odatdagi tanishish tizimidan umuman norozi. Taniqli olim shunday qilishi kerak E. A. J. Honigmann, Shekspirning karerasining boshlanishini to'rt-besh yilni 1580-yillarning o'rtalariga, "erta boshlash" nazariyasi bilan orqaga surishga harakat qilgan. Honigmann Shekspirning karerasini shu bilan boshlaganini ta'kidlaydi Titus Andronik 1586 yilda (odatiy maktab - Shekspir Londonga kelgandan so'ng dramalar yozishni boshlagan v.1590).[3][4] Aksariyat olimlar, ko'proq pravoslav xronologiyaga rioya qilishadi,[5] va boshqalar, masalan Gari Teylor va Sidni Tomasning ta'kidlashicha, erta boshlash nazariyasi echimidan ko'ra ko'proq muammolarni keltirib chiqaradi.[6][7]

Grant

E.K. Palatalar

Tomonidan taqdim etilgan xronologiya E.K. Palatalar 1930 yilda quyidagicha:[8]

Zamonaviy To'liq asarlar

Oltita zamonaviy ilmiy nashrlari mavjud Shekspirning to'liq asarlari:

Bundan tashqari, Oksford, Arden, Pelikan va RSC kabi Yangi Kembrij Shekspir, yangi Pingvin Shekspir Signet Klassik Shekspir Dover Wilson Shekspir, Shekspir foliolari va Folger Shekspir kutubxonasi barchasi individual pyesalarning ilmiy nashrlarini nashr etadilar, ammo ularning birortasi ham to'liq hajmda nashr etilmagan.

Arden o'yinlarni alfavit bo'yicha umumiy xronologiyani tuzishga urinmasdan taqdim etadi. Oksford, Daryo bo'yida, Norton va RSC bir-biridan farq qiladigan va faqat taxminiy tanishishni qurishga urinadigan barcha xronologiyalar. Quyidagi ro'yxat quyidagilarga asoslangan Oksford Shekspir: To'liq asarlar (2-nashr) va unga hamroh bo'lganlar Uilyam Shekspir: Matn sherigi (Tahrirlangan tahr.), Stenli Uells va Gari Teylor tomonidan tahrirlangan. Biroq, asosiy xronologiyalarning hech biri boshqalarning ustidan haqiqiy vakolatlarga ega emas.

Xronologiya

Veronaning ikki janoblari (1589–1591)

Dan ajratib oling Frensis Meres ' Palladis Tamia (1598), unda Shekspirning o'n ikkita pyesasiga murojaat qilingan.
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: yilda Frensis Meres ' Palladis Tamia (1598), "deb nomlanganVerona janoblari."
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: Birinchi folio (1623).
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: tomonidan moslashish Benjamin Viktor da bajarilgan Drury Lane 1762 yilda.[9] To'g'ridan-to'g'ri Shekspir matnining dastlabki ma'lum bo'lgan vaqti Kovent Garden 1784 yil 15 aprelda, garchi spektaklga ishora qilinganligi sababli Palladis Tamia, biz buni aniq Shekspir hayotida amalga oshirilganligini bilamiz.[10]
Dalillar: Stenli Uellsning ta'kidlashicha, "dramatik tuzilish qiyosiy darajada ambitsiyasiz va uning ba'zi sahnalari mahorat bilan qurilgan bo'lsa-da, to'rtdan ortiq qahramonlar ishtirok etganlar tajribasizlikni ko'rsatadigan texnikaning noaniqligiga xiyonat qiladi".[11] Shuning uchun asar Londonga kelganidan keyin yaratilgan Shekspirning birinchi asarlaridan biri hisoblanadi v.1590 yil, bu vaqtda u teatr tajribasiga ega emas edi. Bundan tashqari, Launce va Speed ​​o'rtasidagi Launce ma'shuqasining illatlari va fazilatlari to'g'risida bahslashish (3.1.276-359)[12]) qarz olganga o'xshaydi Jon Layli "s Midas, bu 1588 yil oxiri va / yoki 1589 yil boshlarida yozilgan va shu bilan a terminus post quem o'yin uchun.[13] Bu 1589 va 1591 yillar oralig'ida kompozitsiyani tuzish sanasini belgilaydi, shu vaqtgacha Shekspir ishlagan. Genri VI o'ynaydi.[14][15] Oksford Shekspir uchun o'yinning 2008 yilgi nashrida Rojer Uorren, E.A.J.dan keyin. Honigmann, Shekspir Londonga kelguniga qadar, ehtimol 1587 yildayoq asar yozgan bo'lishi mumkin, deb taxmin qilmoqda, garchi u bu nazariyani faqat spekulyativ deb bilsa.[16]

Shrewning taming (1590–1591)

1596 ikkinchi kvartira Shrew
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: o'yinning mumkin bo'lgan versiyasi kiritilgan Statsionarlarning reestri tomonidan Piter Qisqa 1594 yil 2-mayda "Kitob" Shrovning Tayminge "deb nomlangan muttaham tarixchi" deb nomlangan. Spektaklning bugungi yozuvi bugungi kunda mavjud Birinchi folio (1623).
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: nashr etilgan o'yinning mumkin bo'lgan versiyasi kvarto 1594 yilda Yoqimli mutakabbir tarixchi, "Shrewning taming" deb nomlangan (Peter Short tomonidan bosilgan Kutbert Burbi ). Ushbu matn 1596 yilda (yana Burby for Short tomonidan) va 1607 yilda (tomonidan) qayta nashr etilgan Valentin Simmes uchun Nikolas Ling ). O'yin bugungi kunda mavjud bo'lib, birinchi bo'lib nashr etilgan Birinchi folio kabi Shrewning taming.
Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar (nashr): 1594 yil o'rtasidagi aniq munosabatlar to'g'risida ilmiy kelishuvning umumiy etishmasligi mavjud Shrew va 1623 yil Shrew. Dastlab, Shrew uchun Shekspirga tegishli bo'lmagan manba sifatida ko'rilgan Shrew, ma'no Shrew 1594 yil 2-maydan keyin tugatilgan bo'lishi kerak.[17][18] Bu 1850 yilgacha, Semyuel Xiksonning fikriga ko'ra, ustun nazariya bo'lib qoldi Shrew qaysidir ma'noda olingan Shrew.[19][20] Piter Aleksandr Xiksonning asarini o'z asariga aylantirdi xabar qilingan matn /yomon kvarto shuni taqozo etadigan nazariya Shrew 1594 yil 2-maygacha yozilgan bo'lishi kerak.[21][22] Biroq, matnlar o'rtasidagi munosabatlar haqida boshqa nazariyalar mavjud. 1942 yilda R.A. Houk "Ur-Shrew "nazariya, bu pyesalar bir xil (hozir yo'qolgan) manbaga asoslangan turli mualliflar tomonidan bir-biriga mutlaqo bog'liq bo'lmagan ikkita matn.[23] 1943 yilda G.I. Duty bu nazariyani takomillashtirib, shuni ko'rsatmoqda Shrew dastlabki loyihasining xabar qilingan matni edi Shrew.[24] Uning 1998 yilgi nashrida Shrew Stiven Roy Miller yangi Kembrij Shekspir: Dastlabki kvartalar turkumi uchun Shrew ning moslashuvi edi Shrew Shekspirdan boshqasi tomonidan yozilgan.[25] Ushbu masalada tanqidchilar ikkiga bo'lingan.[26][27][28][29]
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: ga binoan Filipp Xenslou kundaligi, deb nomlangan spektakl Shrovenning taminjasi da bajarilgan Newington Butts 1594 yil 11-iyunda. Bu 1594 yil ham bo'lishi mumkin edi Shrew yoki Shekspir Shrew, lekin Admiral's Men va Lord Chemberlenning odamlari, O'sha paytda Shekspirning o'z kompaniyasi bilan teatrda bo'lishgan va shu sababli Shekspirning o'zi ham o'sha erda bo'lgan, olimlar u shunday deb taxmin qilishadi Shrew[30] Shekspirning versiyasi, albatta, ijro etilgan sud oldin Karl I va Henrietta Mariya 1633 yil 26-noyabrda bu erda "likt" deb ta'riflangan.[31]
Dalillar: a terminus ante quem uchun Shrew 1592 yil avgustga o'xshaydi; 3.21 da sahna yo'nalishi "Simon" ni eslatadi, bu 1592 yil 21-avgustda dafn etilgan aktyor Simon Jyellelga tegishli.[32] Shrew sifatida 1593 yildan oldin yozilgan bo'lishi kerak Entoni Chute "s Shorning rafiqasi sarlavhasi bilan yozilgan Go'zallik obro'sizlantirildi (1593 yil iyun oyida nashr etilgan) "U o'zining Keytini chaqiradi va u kelib uni o'pishi kerak" degan satr mavjud. Bu murojaat qilishi kerak Shrew, chunki mos keladigan "o'pish sahnasi" yo'q Shrew.[32] Ikkalasi o'rtasida ham og'zaki o'xshashliklar mavjud Shrew o'yinlar va noma'lum o'yin O'zini bilish qobiliyati (birinchi marta 1592 yil iyun oyida ijro etilgan). Knack ikkalasi uchun ham umumiy bo'lgan bir nechta qismlarga ega Shrew va Shrew, lekin u ham o'ziga xos bir nechta parchalarni oladi Shrew. Bu shuni ko'rsatadiki Shrew 1592 yil iyundan oldin sahnada edi.[33] Biroq, Kier Elam terminalning sana muddatini yanada toraytiradi Shrew 1591 yilgacha, Shekspirning o'sha yili nashr etilgan ikkita manbadan foydalanish ehtimoli asosida; Ibrohim Ortelius 'ning to'rtinchi nashrida Italiya xaritasi Teatrum Orbis Terrarum va Jon Florio "s Ikkinchi mevalar.[34] Hech qanday emas Shrew o'yin 1590 yildan oldin yozilgan bo'lishi mumkin,[35] bu taxminiy tarkib sanasini joylashtiradi Shrew sifatida 1590-1591, bilan Shrew 1592 yil avgustdan biroz oldin yozilgan.

Genri VI, 2-qism (1591)

1594 kvarto Bahsning birinchi qismi
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: pleyer versiyasi Stantsiyalar ro'yxatiga kiritilgan Tomas Millington 1594 yil 12-martda "York va Lankasterning mashhur ikki xonadonining janjal Xyumfri Xumfreyning o'limi va Suffolk gersogi banishementi va o'limi va produktning fojiali ishi" da'vosining birinchi qismi. Vinchesterning Kardinallasi, Jek Keyd va York Dyuksining Krounga qarshi birinchi isyoni bilan. "
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: asarning kvartoda 1594 yilda nashr etilgan versiyasi Ikkala mashhur York va Lancaster uylari o'rtasida tortishuvning birinchi qismi, yaxshi Dyuk Xamfri vafoti bilan: va Dyuk Suffolkening haydalishi va o'limi va mag'rur Vinchester Kardinalining Tragikall bilan yakunlanishi. Jek Kedning isyoni: va Dyuk Yorkning Krounga birinchi da'vosi (tomonidan bosilgan Tomas Krid Tomas Millington uchun). Ushbu matn 1600 yilda (Valentin Simmes tomonidan Millington uchun) va 1619 yilda qayta nashr etilgan. 1619 yilgi matn 1595 yil bilan chop etilgan oktavo ning Genri VI, 3-qism sarlavha ostida Lancaster va Yorkdagi ikki taniqli uy o'rtasidagi butun tortishuv. Yaxshi Dyuk Humfri, York Dyukan Dyuk va qirol Henri oltmishning fojiali uchlari bilan, Uilyam Jaggardning bir qismi sifatida "Soxta folio "(tomonidan bosilgan Tomas Pavier ). 1623 yil Folio matni 2 Genri VI sarlavha ostida paydo bo'ladi Genri Sixtning ikkinchi qismi, Yaxshi Dyuk Humfri vafoti bilan.
Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar (nashr): olimlar 1594 yil o'rtasidagi munosabatlarning aniq mohiyati to'g'risida bir qarorga kelmaganlar Mojaro va 1623 yil 2 Genri VI. To'rt asosiy nazariya mavjud: Mojaro - bu yomon kvarto, bajarilish asosida xotiradan tuzilgan xabar qilingan matn 2 Genri VI; Mojaro ning dastlabki loyihasi 2 Genri VI; Mojaro ikkalasi ham yomon kvarto va dastlabki qoralama (ya'ni asarning dastlabki loyihasini sahnalashtirishga asoslangan xabar qilingan matn); Mojaro uchun noma'lum manba 2 Genri VI. Dastlab, yomon kvarto nazariyasi odatda olimlar tomonidan qabul qilingan. Birinchi tomonidan taklif qilingan Samuel Jonson ning asl nashrida Uilyam Shekspirning pyesalari (1765), u e'tiroz bildirmaguncha ustun nazariya bo'lib qoldi Edmond Malone yilda Uilyam Shekspirning pyesalari va she'rlari (1790), dastlabki loyiha nazariyasini qo'llab-quvvatladi. 1929 yilda Piter Aleksandr va Madeleine Doran yomon kvarta nazariyasining ustunligini qayta tikladi.[36][37] O'shandan beri olimlar bu borada munozaralarni davom ettirmoqdalar, ammo haqiqiy kelishuvga erishilmadi.[38][39][40] Tomonidan yaratilgan manba nazariyasi Jorj Gottfrid Gervinus yigirmanchi va yigirmanchi-birinchi asrlarda 1849 yilda foydadan xoli bo'lgan.[41]
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: Garchi spektakl Shekspir davrida aniq ijro etilgani ma'lum bo'lsa-da, XVII-XVIII asrlarda sahnada moslashuvlar hukmronlik qilgan. Bunday moslashish eng qadimgi 1681 yilda bo'lgan Jon Kroun ikki qismli o'yin, Oltinchi Genrix, Birinchi qism va Fuqarolar urushi azoblari.[42] 1723 yilda yana ikkita moslashuv amalga oshirildi. Birinchisi Glouzesterning Xumfri gersogi tomonidan Ambrose Philips, ikkinchisi edi Theophilus Cibber "s Qirol Genrix VI: fojea, ikkalasi ham moslashtirilgan sahnalar 2 Genri VI.[43] 1817 yilda yana bir moslashuv, J.H. Merivale "s Richard Dyuk York; yoki York va Lankasterning munozarasi, bu uchta materialdan foydalanilgan Genri VI o'ynaydi, lekin to'g'ridan-to'g'ri bog'liq bo'lmagan hamma narsani olib tashladi York.[44] Shekspirning dastlabki ma'lum mahsuloti 2 Genri VI 1864 yil 23 aprelda edi Surrey teatri, rejissor Jeyms Anderson.[43]
Dalillar: bu ma'lum Haqiqiy fojea (ya'ni 3 Genri VI) 1592 yil iyunga qadar sahnada bo'lgan. Bundan tashqari, ma'lum Haqiqiy fojea albatta davomi edi Mojaro, ma'no Mojaro eng kechi 1592 yil boshlarida ham sahnada bo'lishi kerak. Bundan tashqari, shunday deb o'ylashadi Genri VI, 1-qism 1592 yil mart oyida yangi spektakl edi.[45] Agar Mojaro ilgari 1 Genri VI, teatr dalillari mumkin bo'lgan sana joylashadi 2 Genri VI 1591 sifatida.[46][47]

Genri VI, 3-qism (1591)

Sarlavha sahifasi Robert Yashil "s Groatsworth of Wit, bu sana tuzatishga yordam beradi 3 Genri VI.
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: 1595 yilda oktavoda nashr etilgan asarning versiyasi. 3 Genri VI hech qachon ishchilar ro'yxatiga kiritilmagan.[48]
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: 1595 yilda oktavoda nashr etilgan asarning versiyasi York Dyukning haqiqiy fojiasi va yaxshi qirol Henri Sixtning o'limi, Lancaster va Yorkning ikki uyi o'rtasida butun tortishuvlar (Tomas Millington uchun Peter Short tomonidan bosilgan). Ushbu matn kvartoda 1600 yilda (Uilyam Uayt tomonidan Millington uchun) va 1619 yilda qayta nashr etilgan. 1619 yilgi matn 1594 yildagi kvarto bilan bosilgan. 2 Genri VI sarlavha ostida Lancaster va Yorkdagi ikki taniqli uy o'rtasidagi butun tortishuv. Yaxshi Dyuk Humfri, York Dyukan Dyuk va qirol Henri oltmishning fojiali uchlari bilan, Uilyam Jaggardning "Soxta folio" qismi (Tomas Pavier tomonidan bosilgan). 1623 yil Folio matni 3 Genri VI sarlavha ostida paydo bo'ladi Genrix Sixning uchinchi qismi, York gersogi vafoti bilan.
Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar (nashr): olimlar 1595 yil o'rtasidagi munosabatlarning aniq mohiyati to'g'risida bir qarorga kelmaganlar Haqiqiy fojea va 1623 yil 3 Genri VI. To'rt asosiy nazariya mavjud: Haqiqiy fojea "yomon oktavo" bo'lib, bajarilgan ma'lumotlarga asoslangan xotiradan tuzilgan xabar qilingan matn 3 Genri VI; Haqiqiy fojea ning dastlabki loyihasi 3 Genri VI; Haqiqiy fojea ikkalasi ham yomon kvarto va dastlabki qoralama (ya'ni asarning dastlabki qoralama sahnalashtirilganligi asosida xabar qilingan matn); Haqiqiy fojea uchun noma'lum manba 3 Genri VI. Dastlab, yomon kvarto nazariyasi odatda olimlar tomonidan qabul qilingan. Dastlab Samuel Jonson tomonidan asl nusxasida taklif qilingan Uilyam Shekspirning pyesalari (1765), Edmond Malone tomonidan e'tiroz bildirilgunga qadar u ustun nazariya bo'lib qoldi Uilyam Shekspirning pyesalari va she'rlari (1790), dastlabki loyiha nazariyasini qo'llab-quvvatladi. 1929 yilda Piter Aleksandr va Madlen Doran yomon kvarto nazariyasining ustunligini tikladilar.[36][37] O'shandan beri olimlar bu borada munozaralarni davom ettirmoqdalar, ammo haqiqiy kelishuvga erishilmadi.[38][49] 1849 yilda Georg Gottfrid Gervinus tomonidan yaratilgan manbalar nazariyasi yigirmanchi va yigirmanchi-birinchi asrlarda foydadan xoli bo'lgan.[41]
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: Garchi spektakl Shekspir davrida aniq ijro etilgani ma'lum bo'lsa-da, XVII-XVIII asrlarda sahnada moslashuvlar hukmronlik qilgan. Bunday moslashish eng qadimgi 1681 yilda bo'lib, Jon Krounun ikki qismli pyesasi bilan Oltinchi Genrix, Birinchi qism va Fuqarolar urushi azoblari.[42] 1699 yilda, 3 Genri VI shuningdek, qisman kiritilgan Colley Cibber "s Uchinchi qirol Richardning fojiali tarixi.[50] 1723 yilda Teofil Sibbernikidir Qirol Genrix VI: fojea dan ham moslashtirilgan sahnalar 3 Genri VI.[43] Keyinchalik 1817 yilda J.H. Merivale's Richard Dyuk York; yoki York va Lankasterning munozarasi, bu uchta materialdan foydalanilgan Genri VI o'ynaydi, lekin York bilan bevosita bog'liq bo'lmagan hamma narsani olib tashladi.[44] Shekspirning dastlabki ma'lum mahsuloti 3 Genri VI 1906 yil 4-mayda bo'lgan Shekspir yodgorlik teatri, rejissor F.R. Benson.[51]
Dalillar: yilda Groatsworth of Wit, Robert Grin "bizning patimiz bilan bezatilgan," yo'lbarsning yuragi o'yinchining terisiga o'ralgan "holda u o'zini ham bombardimon qilishga qodir deb o'ylaydigan baland qarg'a bo'sh oyat sizlardan eng yaxshisi va mutlaq bo'lish Johannes fac totum "Shaxs mamlakatdagi yagona Shake-sahnadir." Shubhasiz Shekspirga qaratilgan, bu satrga ishora. 3 Genri VI, York murojaat qilganida Margaret "ayolning terisiga o'ralgan yo'lbarsning yuragi" sifatida (1.4.137). Sifatida Gratsvort 1592 yil 20 sentyabrda Statsionarlar reestrida ro'yxatdan o'tkazildi, bu shuni anglatadiki Haqiqiy fojea 1592 yil 23 iyundan oldin sahnada bo'lishi kerak edi, chunki hukumat London teatrlarini yopilishi sababli vabo. 1592 yil iyunda sahnada bo'lish uchun, ehtimol bu asar 1591 yilda yozilgan.[52][53]

Genri VI, 1-qism (1591–1592)

Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: ehtimol Filipp Xenslovning kundaligida. 1592 yil 3 martda Xenslou "Harey the vj" (ya'ni. Genri VI), bu havola bo'lishi mumkin 1 Genri VI, garchi bu hamma tomonidan qabul qilinmasa ham.[54][55] 1602 yil 19-aprelda Tomchilar Millingtondan "Genri VJning birinchi va ikkinchi partiyasi" filmining Tomas Pavierga huquqlarini o'tkazgan Statsionarlarning reestrida topilgan yozuv, biz bugun chaqirayotgan narsaga ishora qiladi. 2 Genri VI va 3 Genri VI, emas 1 Genri VI.[56] O'yinning birinchi aniq yozuvi shu vaqtgacha bo'lmagan Birinchi folio 1623 yilda.
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: Birinchi folio (1623), kabi Oltinchi Genrixning birinchi qismi.
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: ehtimol 1592 yil 3 martda Atirgul, Filipp Xenslou ko'rganidek. Dastlabki aniq chiqish 1738 yil 13 martda Kovent Gardenda bo'lib o'tgan.[57]
Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar (atribut): ko'plab tanqidchilar o'ylashadi 1 Genri VI muvaffaqiyatli ikki qismli o'yin uchun prekvell sifatida yozilgan bo'lishi kerak, Mojaro va Haqiqiy fojea.[53][58][59] Ehtimol, birgalikda yozilgan Tomas Nashe va / yoki boshqa noma'lum dramaturglar.[60][61][62]
Dalillar: 1592 yil 3 martda Filipp Xenslou "Atirgul" da "Harey the vj" nomli yangi spektaklni ko'rdi, ammo u boshqa ma'lumot bermadi. Avgust oyida Tomas Nashe nashr etdi Pirs Penniless, uning Divelga qilgan iltijolari, unda u yaqinda tomosha qilgan hayajonli tasvirlangan spektaklga ishora qiladi Lord Talbot, asosiy belgi 1 Genri VI. Aksariyat tanqidchilar Nashening Talbotga murojaatini Xenslou ko'rgan o'yinni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi sifatida qabul qilishadi 1 Genri VI. Agar u 1592 yil mart oyida yangi pyesa bo'lgan bo'lsa va agar u trilogiyadagi boshqa ikkita pyesadan keyin yozilgan prekvel deb taxmin qilsak, ehtimol bu asar 1591 yilda yoki 1592 yil boshida yozilgan.[45][60]

Titus Andronik (1591–1592)

1594 kvarto Titus Andronik
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: Filipp Xenslovning kundaligi, 1594 yil 24-yanvar, u erda The Rose-da "titus & ondronicus" spektaklini tomosha qilgani.[63]
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: 1594 yil fevralda kvartoda nashr etilgan Titus Andronikning eng qayg'uli Romain fojiasi, Shekspir pyesasining birinchi ma'lum bosimi (Jon Danter tomonidan Edvard Uayt va Tomas Millington uchun bosilgan). Spektakl 1600 yilda qayta nashr etilgan (bosmaxona tomonidan bosilgan Jeyms Roberts oq uchun) va 1611 (bosma tomonidan bosilgan Edvard Allde Oq uchun). The Folio sarlavha ostida matn paydo bo'ladi Titus Andronikning qayg'uli fojiasi.
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: 1594 yil 24-yanvar kuni tomonidan ijro etilgan Sasseks erkaklar Xenslouning kundaligida yozilganidek, The Rose-da.[64]
Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar (atribut): Titus ehtimol a hamkorlik Shekspir va kamida bitta boshqa dramaturg o'rtasida, ehtimol Jorj Pil.[65][66][67][68]
Dalillar: E.A.J. Honigmann 1586 yil asarni Londonga kelishidan bir necha yil oldin yozilgan Shekspirning birinchi asari deb ta'kidlaydi.[69] Yangi Kembrij Shekspir uchun 1994 yilda nashr etilgan Alan Xyuz xuddi shunday dalilni keltirib, 1588 yil sanasini taklif qiladi.[70] Biroq, aksariyat olimlar 1590 yildan keyingi sanani ma'qul ko'rishadi, garchi ular orasida bu sana nima bo'lishi mumkinligi to'g'risida hech qanday kelishuv mavjud emas. Jak Bertu "Yangi penguen Shekspir" pesasining 2001 yilgi tahririga (tahriri Sonia Massai) kirish qismida, 1591 yilni ilgari suradi;[71] Eugene M. With, Oksford Shekspirning 1984 yilgi nashrida 1592 yilni ta'kidlaydi;[72] Arden Shekspirning 1995 yilgi nashrida Jonathan Bate 1593 yilni ta'kidlaydi.[73] Ma'lumki, bu asar 1592 yil iyunidan kechroq yozilishi ehtimoldan yiroq emas, chunki vabo kasalligi sababli London teatrlari yopilgan edi. Bundan tashqari, uslubiy tahlil shuni ko'rsatdiki Titus Shekspirning vabodan oldingi pyesalar guruhiga kiradi.[74] Agar bu taxmin qilingan bo'lsa Genri VI trilogiya, eng kechi, 1592 yil martigacha yakunlandi Titus yoki undan keyin, yoki ularni tugatayotganda, ehtimol, bir vaqtning o'zida tuzilgan bo'lib, 1591 oxiri / 1592 boshi sanasini nazarda tutadi.[74]

Richard III (1592–1593)

1597 kvartira Richard III
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: pleyer versiyasi Stantsiyalar ro'yxatiga kiritilgan Andrew Wise 1597 yil 20 oktyabrda "Qirol Richard Uchinchi fojiasi th Klarens knyazining o'limi. "
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: 1597 yil dekabrda kvartoda nashr etilgan asarning versiyasi Uchinchi qirol Richardning fojiasi. Uning ukasi Klarensga qarshi xiyonatkorona fitnalarini o'z ichiga olgan: begunoh jiyanlarining xayolparastligi: zolim zulm: butun nafratlangan hayoti va eng munosib o'limi bilan (Valentin Simmes tomonidan Endryu Uayz uchun bosilgan). Ushbu matn 1598 yilda (Donishmand uchun Tomas Krid tomonidan), 1603 yilda (yana Kriz uchun Donishmand tomonidan), 1605 yilda (Metyu Loun uchun Krid tomonidan), 1612 yilda (yana Liv uchun Krid tomonidan) va 1622 yilda nashr etilgan. Tomas Purfoot Lawe uchun). The Folio sarlavha ostida matn paydo bo'ladi Richard Uchinchi fojiasi, Earl Richmondning qo'nishi va Bosvort Filddagi Battell.
Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar (nashr): chunki 1597 kvartasi shu qadar sifatli bo'lib, "asl" yomon kvartolarga xos bo'lgan aniq xatolarsiz belgilanadi. Alfred V. Pollard (1597 Romeo va Juliet, 1602 Vindzorning quvnoq xotinlari, 1600 Genri V va 1603 yil Hamlet[75]), olimlar kvarto va 1623 yilgi folio matnlari o'rtasidagi aniq munosabatlar to'g'risida bir qarorga kelmaganlar. Agar Q1 yomon kvarto bo'lsa, u kamdan-kam uchraydigan "yaxshi" yomon kvartordir. F1 Q3 (1605 matn), Q6 (1622 matn) va muallif yomon qog'ozlar,[76] va natijada Q1 va F1 bir-biridan sezilarli darajada farq qiladi. Eng muhimi, F1 Q1da bo'lmagan taxminan 230 ta satrni, F1da F1da bo'lmagan 40 ta satrni o'z ichiga olgan, 2000 dan ortiq matn farqlari mavjud, ba'zi sahnalar boshqacha tartibda joylashtirilgan (shu jumladan, ruhlarning 5.4 ga kirish tartibi) va Q1 F1 dan kam belgilar.[77] Ikkita asosiy nazariya mavjud: kvarto - bu sahna asari asosida xotiradan tiklangan xabar qilingan matn;[78] kvarto - bu ijro matni, asar sahnalashtirilgandan so'ng Shekspirning o'zi yozgan uzoqroq folio matnining tozalangan versiyasidir.[79] Ushbu masala bo'yicha haqiqiy kelishuvga erishilmagan.[80][81]
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: bu asar Shekspir hayotida juda ko'p ijro etilgan va dalillar bu uning eng mashhur pyesalaridan biri bo'lganiga o'xshaydi; bu haqida aytib o'tilgan Palladis Tamia 1598 yilda ("Richard the 3. "), va vaqti bilan Birinchi folio 1623 yilda kvartoda olti marta nashr etilgan va unga kunning ko'plab yozuvchilari murojaat qilgan. Biroq aniq spektakllar haqida juda oz dalillar mavjud. 1602 yilda, Jon Manningxem ko'rishni eslatib o'tadi Richard Burbage Richard rolini o'ynash, ehtimol Globus, bu erda uning ijrosi tomoshabinlarning ayol a'zosini shu qadar hayratga solganki, u shu kecha qiyofasida unga tashrif buyurishini so'ragan Richard.[82] Dastlabki aniq ko'rsatkich Sent-Jeyms saroyi 1633 yil 16 yoki 17 noyabr kunlari tomonidan King's Men.[83]
Dalillar: bu ma'lum Richard III albatta davomi edi Haqiqiy fojea1592 yil 23 iyunda sahnada bo'lgan, shu sababli Richard III taxminan shu davrda yozilgan bo'lishi kerak.[84] Shekspirning xronologiyasiga oid karerasining shu paytidagi umumiy argument shu Richard III ning har biriga qaraganda sezilarli darajada yaxshi o'yin Genri VI juda qattiq tuzilishga, etukroq uslubga va uslubiy nazoratning yuqori darajasiga ega pyesalar. Yozuvidagi bu keskin yaxshilanish uning darslarni o'zlashtirishi bilan bog'liq Senekan fojiasi yozishda Titus, keyin u kiritishi mumkin edi Richard.[85] Bundan tashqari, Oksford Shekspir uchun 2000 yildagi nashrida Jon Jyett bu asar dastlab yozilgan bo'lishi mumkin deb ta'kidlaydi. Lord Strange's Men, lekin Shekspir o'tganidan keyin ba'zi yangi materiallar qo'shdi Pembrokning erkaklari, 1592 yil o'rtalarida tashkil topgan va 1593 yil sentyabrda tarqatib yuborilgan kompaniya. G'alati odamlarning homiysi bu edi Ferdinando Stenli, Derbining 5-grafligi, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri tushish Tomas Stenli, Derbining birinchi grafligi, spektakldagi asosiy obraz. Biroq Shekspir o'zining dastlabki ma'lumotlarini o'zgartirdi (ser Tomas More "s Qirol Richard III tarixi) ushbu xarakterga nisbatan, uni Morega qaraganda ancha qahramonroq va sharafliroq qilib ko'rsatdi. Masalan, Shekspirda Tomas Richardga qarshi batalyonni boshqaradi Bosvort maydonidagi jang, aslida uning akasi bo'lganida Uilyam ularni kim boshqargan. Bu shundan dalolat beradiki, Shekspir Ferdinandoni yodda tutib, kompaniya homiysi ajdodini bila turib maqtagan. Biroq, o'yin Pembrokning erkaklar homiysi ajdodlarini maqtashga ham vaqt ajratadi, Genri Herbert, Pembrokning ikkinchi grafligi. Bosvort jangidan oldin qo'shilgan lordlar ro'yxati Richmond Buning sababi ovoz chiqarib o'qiladi, ulardan ikkitasi "taniqli askar ser Uolter Gerbert" (4.5.9) va "takrorlangan" Pembrok "(4.5.11). Ushbu parcha syujetning qolgan qismi uchun mutlaqo begona bo'lib, deyarli har doim ijroda kesilgan va asl kompozitsiyaga qo'shimcha bo'lishi mumkinligi haqida da'vo qilingan. Pembrok keyinroq Richmond tomonidan tilga olinib, uni so'ragan. jang arafasida maslahatlashish uchun uning chodiriga yuboriladi (5.4.5-8), bu iltimos boshqa hech qachon tilga olinmaydi.Bundan tashqari, Q1da Richmond 5.2 da "uchta lord" tomonidan yonma-yon joylashtirilgan, ammo F1da lordlar hammasi ismli, ulardan biri ilgari eslatib o'tilgan Valter Herbert. Keyinchalik unutilgan Pembrok uchun so'rov ham, noma'lum lordning ma'lum bir tarixiy shaxsga o'zgarishi ham dastlabki kompozitsiyadan keyin qo'shib qo'yishni taklif qiladi. Jyettning ta'kidlashicha, hayotiy maqtov bilan birga Stenli ajdodining Gerbert va Pembrokga nisbatan kamroq integratsiyalangan havolalari kompozitsiyaning taxminiy ichki xronologiyasini yaratadi, unda Shekspir dastlab "G'alati odamlarga" pyesasini yozadi, lekin, ehtimol teatrlarning yopilishi sababli 1592 yil iyun oyida, ushbu o'yin mintaqaviy gastrol safari uchun Pembrokning odamlariga o'tadi va shu paytda u asar endi qo'lida bo'lgan yangi kompaniyaning ajdodlarini maqtagan satrlarni qo'shadi.[86]

Eduard III (1592–1593)

1596 kvartira Eduard III
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: Ketbert Burbi tomonidan 1595 yil 1-dekabrda "Ish yuritishlar ro'yxatiga" kitobda "Edvard Uchinchi va qora tanli shahzoda ularning urushlari to'g'risida" deb yozilgan.th Frauns qiroli Ion. "
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: 1596 yilda kvartoda nashr etilgan Uchinchi - King Edvvardning kampaniyasi (Burby uchun noma'lum holda chop etilgan). Ushbu matn 1599 yilda qayta nashr etilgan (Simon Stafford tomonidan Burby uchun bosilgan).
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: 1596-yilgi kvarto sarlavhali sahifada ushbu asarning 1590-yillarda Londonda namoyish etilganligi ma'lum bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, eng dastlabki yozilgan ijro 1911 yil 6-martgacha bo'lgan Kichik teatr, rejissor Gertruda Kingston va Uilyam Poel. Biroq, ushbu asar spektaklning faqat birinchi yarmini taqdim etdi ( Edvard bilan oshiqlik Solsberi grafinyasi ). Sarlavha ostida ijro etilgan, Qirol va grafinya, u noma'lum XVI asr bilan bitta matinée namoyishida taqdim etildi liturgik drama, Yoqub va Esov.[87] To'liq matnning birinchi ma'lum namoyishi 1986 yil iyun oyida Los-Anjelesdagi Globe Playhouse-da rejissyor Dik Dotterer tomonidan bo'lib o'tgan. Amerikaning Shekspir Jamiyati butun "kanon" ning taqdimoti Shekspir Apokrifasi.[88] Birlashgan Qirollikdagi ushbu birinchi spektaklning 1987 yil iyul oyida, soat Katrid teatr, rejissor Tobi Robertson.[88]
Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar (atribut): birinchi bo'lib 1656 yilda kitob sotuvchilari Richard Rojers va Uilyam Ley Shekspirga tegishli bo'lgan, Shekspirning ushbu asarning muallifligi dastlab tekshirilgan Edvard Kapell 1760 yilda. Mualliflik masalasi hal qilinmagan bo'lsa-da, hozirgi kunda ko'plab olimlar Shekspir asarni yozishda qandaydir tarzda ishtirok etganligi va u Shekspir kanonida munosib o'rin egallaganiga qo'shilishadi. Xususan, agar shunday bo'lsa, argument keltirildi 1 Genri VI Shekspirga tegishli bo'lishi mumkin, shuning uchun ham Eduard III, ba'zi olimlarning ta'kidlashicha, Shekspir atigi 20 foizni yozgan 1 Genri VI,[60] taxminlar uchun Eduard III moyilligi 40% dan[89] barchasiga.[90] Spektakl 2-nashrga kiritilgan Daryo bo'yidagi Shekspir 1996 yilda. 1998 yilda, Giorgio Melchiori Yangi Kembrij Shekspir uchun asarning birinchi mustaqil nashrini tahrir qildi. Shuningdek, pyesa 2-nashrga kiritilgan Oksford Shekspir: To'liq asarlar 2005 yilda Uilyam Montgomeri tomonidan tahrirlangan va 2-nashrida Norton Shekspir Arden Shekspir 2017 yilda Richard Proudfoot va Nikola Bennet tomonidan tahrirlangan ushbu asarning nashrini nashr etdi.
Dalillar: Eduard III bir qator olimlar tomonidan kompozitsiyaning turli xil mumkin bo'lgan sanalari tayinlangan. Masalan, Karl P. Ventersdorf 1589-1590 yillarni ma'qullaydi.[91] Makdonald P. Jekson 1590–1591 yillarda bahs yuritadi.[92] Rojer Prior 1594 yilni tasdiqlaydi.[93][94] Shubhasiz, asar 1595 yil dekabrgacha yozilgan. A terminus post quem 1590 yilni Shekspirning 1590 yildan keyingi mag'lubiyat haqidagi bir necha hisobotlari yordamida tuzatish mumkin Ispaniya Armada 1588 yilda.[95] 1596 kvartoning sarlavhali sahifasida yozilishicha, ushbu asar yaqinda Londonda namoyish etilgan, ammo kompaniya haqida ma'lumot berilmagan. Biroq, MacDonald P. Jekson ham, Richard Proudfoot ham buni ta'kidladilar Eduard III Pembroke's Men repertuarining bir qismi bo'lishi kerak.[96] Bu sarlavha sahifasida amaldagi kompaniyaning yo'qligini tushuntiradi; 1592 yil iyundan 1594 yilgacha bo'lgan teatrlarning yopilishi paytida spektaklni namoyish etgan kompaniya tarqatib yuborilgan (1593 yil sentyabrda Pembrokning odamlari tarqatib yuborilgan). Giorgio Melchiori, Pembroke's Men bilan bog'lanish o'yinni sanada aniqlashga yordam beradi, deb hisoblaydi. Pembrok odamlari tomonidan ijro etilgan Shekspirning barcha spektakllari vaboga qadar bo'lgan; Shrew taming, Mojaro, Haqiqiy fojea, Titus va Richard III. Ushbu o'yinlarning barchasi nisbatan katta gipslarni namoyish etadi, ular platformalar, kamida ikkita eshik va yuqori bosqichga e'tibor beradi. Eduard IIIBiroq, faqat o'nta kattalar aktyorlari va bitta o'g'il bola kerak (eng intensiv sahna 5.1). Jang sahnalari ham o'chiriladi, ayniqsa taqqoslaganda Haqiqiy fojea yoki Richard IIIva qurshov sahnasi (4.2) hech qanday eshik yoki yuqori pog'onani talab qilmaydi. Melchiori tomonidan ushbu dalillar to'g'risida xulosa shuki, spektakl muallifi (lar) u qaerda sahnalashtirilishi kerakligiga ishonchlari komil bo'lmagan va shu sababli uni asosda ijro etadigan kichik kompaniya tomonidan sahnalashtirilishi mumkin bo'lgan tarzda yozgan. bosqich. Bu teatrlarni yopish paytida yozilganligini taxmin qiladi, unda 1592 yil o'rtalari va 1593 yil oxirlari orasida kompozitsiya sanasi qo'yilgan.[97][98]

Xatolar komediyasi (1594)

Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: Frensis Meres Palladis Tamia (1598), "deb nomlanganXatolar."
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: Birinchi folio (1623).
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: ehtimol yoqilgan Aybsizlar kuni, 1594 yil 28-dekabr, soat Gray's Inn (to'rt Londondan biri Sud xonalari ). Ushbu spektakl uchun yagona ma'lum bo'lgan dalillar Gesta Grayorum, Uilyam Kanning uchun 1588-yillarda yozilgan qo'lyozma asosida chop etilgan 1688-yilgi matn, "Purpoole shahzodasi "festival 1594 yil dekabrdan 1595 yil fevralgacha.[99] Matnga ko'ra, "ba'zi bir ajoyib spektakllarni […] sahnaga chiqarishga qaratilgan halokatli urinishlardan so'ng, jentlewomen bilan raqsga tushish va zavqlanishni tejash uchun biron bir hisob qaydnomasini taklif qilmaslik yaxshi edi; va bunday sportdan so'ng Xatolar Komediyasi (kabi) Plautus uning Menaechmus ) O'yinchilar tomonidan ijro etildi. Shunday qilib, Kecha boshlandi va oxirigacha davom etdi, shunchaki chalkashlik va xatolardan; shu sababli, keyinchalik u shunday nomlandi: Xatolar kechasi"Kabi Xatolar komediyasi haqiqatan ham asoslangan Menaechmus, bu deyarli hamma Shekspirning o'z shirkati, yangi tashkil topgan Lord Chemberlenning odamlari tomonidan namoyish etilgan spektaklga havola sifatida qabul qilingan.[100] Dastlabki aniq ijro 1604 yil 28 dekabrda sudda bo'lgan.[101]
Dalillar: an'anaviy ravishda, Xatolar juda erta sanaladi va ko'pincha Shekspirning birinchi komediyasi, ehtimol uning birinchi pyesasi sifatida qaraladi.[102] Biroq, uslubiy va lingvistik tahlil (nisbati oyat nasrga, miqdori qofiya, foydalanish so'zlashuv - oyatda va noyob so'z testi) uni tarkibiga yaqinlashtirdi Richard II va Romeo va Juliet, ikkalasi ham 1594 yoki 1595 yillarda yozilgan.[103][104] Aniqroq aytganda, cheklangan parametr (bu Shekspirning ikkita spektaklidan biri bo'lib, uni kuzatishi mumkin Klassik birliklar ) va asarning qisqarigi (Shekspirning eng qisqa qismi - 1777 qator), qonuniy terminologiyaning juda ko'pligi bilan birga, spektakl Gray's Inn spektakli uchun maxsus yozilgan bo'lishi mumkin. Bu uning tarkibini 1594 yilning ikkinchi yarmida joylashtiradi.[104][105]

Sevgining mehnati yo'qolgan (1594–1595)

1598 kvarto Sevgining mehnati yo'qolgan
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: asar 1598 yilda kvartoda nashr etilgan, ammo aniq sanasi noma'lum, chunki u o'sha paytda Stantsiyalar ro'yxatiga kiritilmagan edi.[106] Shuningdek, 1598 yilda, Robert Tofte uning asaridagi asar haqida eslatib o'tdi sonnet ketma-ketligi Alba. Bir necha oy ichida melankolik sevgilisi; "Sevgi mehnatini yo'qotdi, Men bir marta ko'rganman, shunday pyesa / Y'klipled, shuning uchun mening dardimga chaqirdi. "Nashr qilingan sana Alba noma'lum, chunki u ham reestrga kiritilmagan. Bundan tashqari, ushbu asar Meresda qayd etilgan. Palladis Tamia (7 sentyabrda ro'yxatdan o'tgan, 10 oktyabrga bag'ishlangan holda). Ushbu uchtadan qaysi biri asarning birinchi rasmiy yozuvini tashkil etishi aniq noma'lum.
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: 1598 yilda kvartoda nashr etilgan "Loues" deb nomlangan yoqimli mutakabbir komediya yutqazdi, Shekspir asarining nomini sarlavha sahifasiga kiritish uchun ma'lum bo'lgan birinchi bosma nashr (Uilyam Rayt Kutbert Burbi uchun bosgan).[107] Biroq, "Yangi tuzatilgan va ko'paytirilgan" eslatmasi tufayli, avvalgi nashr mavjud bo'lishi kerakligi ma'lum bo'lib, u yo'qolgan ko'rinadi.[103]
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: kvartoning sarlavha sahifasiga ko'ra, o'yin sahnada namoyish etilgan Qirolicha Yelizaveta 1597 yilgi Rojdestvo bayrami kunlari, boshqa ma'lumot berilmaydi. Eng aniq ijro 1605 yil 8-15 yanvar kunlari bo'lib o'tdi Daniya onasi, ikkalasida ham Genri Vriothesli, Sautgemptonning 3-grafligi yoki Robert Sesil, Solsberining birinchi grafligi uyi.[108]
Dalillar: shubhasiz, asar 1597 yilgi Rojdestvo tomonidan yozilgan, ammo sanani yanada qisqartirish qiyin kechdi, aksariyat harakatlar uslubiy dalillarga qaratildi. An'anaga ko'ra, bu Shekspirning eng dastlabki o'yinlaridan biri sifatida qaraldi. Masalan, Charlz Gildon 1710 yilda yozgan; "chunki bu eng yomoni Shekspir'O'yinlar, yo'q deb o'ylayman, eng yomonini aytishim mumkin, bu uning birinchi deb o'ylamayman. "[109] O'n sakkizinchi asrning aksariyat qismida, u 1590 yilga qadar, Edmond Malone 1778 yilda tuzilgan xronologiyaga qadar 1590 yilga to'g'ri keladi.[110] 1930 yil xronologiyasida E.K. Chambers o'yinni Malone ruxsat berganidan bir oz murakkabroq deb topdi va 1595 yilga yozib qo'ydi.[111] Bugungi kunda aksariyat olimlar 1594–1595 yillarga to'g'ri keladi va o'yin ko'pincha "lirik pyesalar" bilan birlashtirilgan; Richard II, Romeo va Juliet va Yoz kechasi tushi, qofiyadan unumli foydalanganligi sababli. Ushbu to'rtta pyesa Shekspirning qofiya bilan tajriba o'tkazgan davridagi karerasini namoyish etadi iambik beshburchak standart bo'sh oyatning muqobil shakli sifatida; Richard II boshqa har qanday tarixiy asarga qaraganda ko'proq qofiyalangan oyatga ega (19,1%), Romeo va Juliet boshqa har qanday fojiadan ko'proq (16,6%) va Sevgi ishi va Yoz kechasi boshqa komediyalarga qaraganda ko'proq (mos ravishda 43,1% va 45,5%).[112] To'rttasi ham 1594-1595 yillarga to'g'ri keladi.[113] Buni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun, Chumolilar Oras 'pauza testi o'yinni keyin joylashtiradi Richard IIIOdatda 1592 yilga tegishli. Bundan tashqari, Gari Teylor 1594 yil dekabrdagi Grey Inn mehmonxonasida (xususan, moskvalikda) aytilishlariga oid taxminlarni topadi. maska 5.2-da), shuningdek, Geoffrey Bulloughning Navarra qirolining satirik taqdimoti (erkin asoslangan Genariya Navarre, kim xursand bo'lganidan keyin qasamyodni buzish bilan bog'liq edi Protestantizm 1593 yilda) Genri tomonidan qilingan suiqasddan omon qolgan 1594 yil dekabrdan keyingi sanani ma'qullaydi Jan Chatel. Bularning barchasi 1594 yil oxiridan 1595 yil boshigacha bo'lgan kunni taklif qiladi.[103][114][115]

Sevgi mehnatining yutug'i (1595–1596)

Kristofer Xant spektakllar ro'yxati; pastki yozuvda "Mehnatni yutadi yutdi" deb yozilgan.
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: Frensis Meres Palladis Tamia (1598), "deb nomlanganSevgi mehnati g'alaba qozondi."
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: 1603 yilgacha; formati va aniq sanasi noma'lum.
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: spektaklning yozib olingan spektakllari yo'q, lekin unda aytib o'tilganligi Palladis Tamia strongly suggests it was performed.
Additional information (existence): there are only two known references to this play. One is in Meres' Palladis Tamia, the other is a fragment of Kristofer Xant 's inventory, listing sixteen "ludes and tragedyes" sold from 9 to 17 August 1603. The list includes four Shakespearean plays; Venetsiya savdogari, Shrewning taming, Sevgining mehnati yo'qolganva Sevgi mehnatining yutug'i. Up until 1953, only Meres' reference was known, until Hunt's two pages of handwriting were discovered in the backing of a copy of Tomas Gataker "s Certaine Sermones. The discovery was handed over to T.W. Baldwin, who published his findings in 1957 in Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Won. Baldwin argues that the title of the play suggests it was a sequel to Sevgining mehnati yo'qolgan, which is partially supported by the unusually open-ended nature of that play (the main characters all vow to meet again in a year's time). However, whether the play ever existed has been debated, with some critics speculating that it is simply another name for one of Shakespeare's known plays, a situation similar to Genri VIII, which was originally performed with the title Hammasi haqiqat. As Meres refers to Veronaning ikki janoblari, Xatolar komediyasi va Venetsiya savdogari, prior to the discovery of the Hunt reference, a common suggestion was Shrewning taming, but as Hunt mentions this play, it could not be Sevgi mehnatining yutug'i. Hech narsa haqida juda ko'p narsa, Sizga yoqqanidek, Troilus va Cressida va Hammasi yaxshi have also been cited as possibilities, with Hammasi yaxshi the most favoured. However, these plays all tend to be dated later than 1598 (although the argument is that Sevgi mehnatining yutug'i is an early draft). As there are no other pre-1598 Shakespearean comedies with which to equate it, it seems certain that the play did exist, that it was performed and published, but that it has since been lost.[116]
Dalillar: the play's position in the chronology is based purely on the speculation that it was a sequel to Sevgining mehnati yo'qolgan.[103]

Richard II (1595)

Robert Devereux, Esseksning ikkinchi grafligi, tomonidan Kichikroq Marcus Gheeraerts (1596). In 1601, Devereux staged the earliest definite production of Richard II.
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: entered into the Stationers' Register by Andrew Wise on 29 August 1597 as "the Tragedye of Richard the Second."
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: published in quarto in 1597 as The Tragedie of King Richard the second (printed by Valentine Simmes for Andrew Wise). This text was republished twice in 1598 (on both occasions by Simmes for Wise), 1608 (by William Wright for Matthew Lawe) and 1615 (again by Wright for Lawe). The Folio text appears under the title The life and death of King Richard the Second.
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: possible performance on 9 December 1595 at Sir Edward Hoby uyi. On that date, Hoby's wife, Margaret Carey, daughter of Genri Keri, 1-baron Xunsdon (chief patron of the Lord Chamberlain's Men), wrote a letter to Robert Cecil inviting him to supper and to see "K. Richard present him self to your vewe." This could be a reference to a private performance of Richard II, especially because of the Hunsdon connection with Shakespeare's company. However, some scholars argue that "K. Richard" could be a painting, not a play, whilst others argue there is no evidence that even if it is a play, it necessarily refers to Richard II, suggesting it could refer to Richard III or to another play entirely. There is no complete consensus on this issue, although most scholars do tend to favour the Richard II nazariya.[117] The earliest definite performance was at the Globe on 7 February 1601, organised by Robert Devereux, Esseksning ikkinchi grafligi. This performance was probably intended to inspire his supporters on the eve of his qurolli isyon qirolicha Elizabethga qarshi.[118][119]
Dalillar: Richard II is usually seen as one of the 'lyrical plays', along with Sevgining mehnati yo'qolgan, Romeo va Juliet va Yoz kechasi tushi; four plays in which Shakespeare used rhymed iambic pentameter more than anywhere else in his career. The four plays also include elaborate jazolash, ritorik patterning, a general avoidance of colloquialisms and a high volume of metrik regularity. All four of these plays tend to be dated to 1594–1595.[113] Also important in dating the play is Samuel Daniel "s Fuqarolar urushlarining dastlabki to'rtta kitobi, which was entered into the Stationers' Register on 11 October 1594, and published in early 1595. Although some scholars have suggested that Daniel used Shakespeare as a source, which would mean the play was written somewhat earlier than 1594, most agree that Shakespeare used Daniel, especially in some of the later scenes, meaning the play could not have been written earlier than 1595.[120][121]

Romeo va Juliet (1595)

1599 second quarto of Romeo va Juliet
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: version of the play published in quarto in 1597. The play was not entered into the Stationers' Register at the time, not appearing until 22 July 1607.[122]
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: version of the play published in quarto in 1597 as An excellent conceited tragedie of Romeo and Iuliet (printed by John Danter for Cuthbert Burby). A revised version, "newly corrected, augmented and amended," was published in 1599 as The Most Excellent and Lamentable Tragedie of Romeo and Iuliet (printed by Thomas Creede for Burby). This text was republished in 1609 (by John Windet uchun Jon Smetvik ) and 1622 (by William Stansby for Smethwick). The Folio text appears under the title The Tragedie of Romeo and Juliet.
Additional information (publication): the 1597 quarto text has traditionally been considered a bad quarto,[123] and was one of the original texts in relation to which Alfred W. Pollard coined the term.[75] However, in his 2007 edition of the quarto text for the New Cambridge Shakespeare: The Early Quartos series, Lukas Erne argues that although the text does exhibit many signs of memorial reconstruction, there is also evidence of authorial revision, and he believes the Q1 text is a closer representation of the play as it would have been performed at the time than either the longer Q2 or the 1623 Folio text (which was set from Q2).[124]
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: 1 March 1662 at Linkolnning Inn Fields tomonidan ijro etilgan Duke's Company. Samuel Pepys wrote of the production (the first since the reopening of the theatres ), "it is the play of itself the worst that ever I heard in my life, and the worst acted that ever I saw these people do."[1]
Dalillar: as there is virtually no external evidence (other than the quarto text which establishes 1597 as a terminus ante quem) with which to date the play, most arguments tend to centre on references within the play to topical events, publication dates of Shakespeare's influences, and stylistic evidence. A much discussed possible topical allusion is the Hamshira 's reference to an earthquake which took place eleven years previously (1.3.24-36). The specificity of this reference has led many scholars to argue that Shakespeare must have been referring to a real earthquake. Dastlab, Tomas Tirvitt suggested the 1580-yilgi Dover Boğazidagi zilzila, which would place the composition of the play in 1591.[125] Sidney Thomas, on the other hand, argues it may refer to a quake on 1 March 1584, mentioned in Uilyam Kovel "s Polimanteiya, which was published in 1595 and with which Shakespeare was apparently familiar. This would suggest a date of composition of 1595.[126] Influences on the play include Samuel Daniel's Complaint of Rosamund (1592) and John Eliot's Ortho-epia Gallica (1593), suggesting the play could not have been composed earlier than 1593.[127] A colloquialism-in-verse test places it closest to Richard II, Ants Oras' pause test places it immediately after Sevgining mehnati yo'qolgan and immediately prior to Yoz kechasi tushi, and a rare word test links it most closely to Sevgining mehnati yo'qolgan.[127] Stylistically, the play is also firmly situated within the 'lyrical plays', which are all dated 1594–1595.[113] This would correspond to the 1584 earthquake (assuming Shakespeare had in mind a particular quake at all), and suggest a main composition date of 1595. However, in her 2000 edition of the play for the Oxford Shakespeare, Jill L. Levenson argues that the play was most likely composed over several years, possibly covering a span as wide as 1593–1599.[128]

Yoz kechasi tushi (1595)

1619 "Soxta folio " title page of Yoz kechasi tushi
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: Francis Meres' Palladis Tamia (1598); referred to as "Yoz oylari tungi orzu."
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: published in November or December 1600 as A Midsommer nights dreame (printed by Richard Bradock for Thomas Fisher). This text was republished in 1619, with a title page date of 1600 and the name of the printer James Roberts. However, this reprint was part of William Jaggard's "False Folio" (printed by Thomas Pavier). The play had never been printed by Roberts.[129]
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: possibly on 1 January 1604 at court, when Dadli Karleton, 1-viscount Dorchester ga xabar bergan Jon Chemberlen the acting of a masque "of Robin goode-fellow."[130] The first definite performance took place on 29 September 1662 at Drury Lane, as reported by Samuel Pepys, who described it as "the most insipid ridiculous play that ever I saw in my life."[131]
Dalillar: stylistically, Midsummer Night is very much part of the 'lyrical plays', which would suggest a date of composition in 1594 or 1595.[113] A strong argument that it was written immediately after Romeo va Juliet is the nature of Piramus va Bube, which features a pair of ill-fated lovers who arrange to meet in secret and which ends with the heroine killing herself over the body of her dead love. In his 1979 edition of the play for the second series of the Arden Shakespeare, Harold F. Brooks argues that Shakespeare used the source story from Ovid "s Metamorfozalar first to examine the tragic potential and then to exploit its comic and farcical elements in his next play.[132] A possible topical allusion is the line "the death/Of learning, late decreased in beggary" (5.1.52-53), which could refer to the spate of deaths of popular playwrights in the early 1590s; Robert Greene in 1592, Kristofer Marlou 1593 yilda va Tomas Kid 1594 yilda.[133] That the play culminates with the marriage of Teyus va Hippolyta has led some to theorise it may have been written specifically for a wedding, with the most likely candidates being either the marriage of Uilyam Stenli, Derbining 6-grafligi va Elizabeth de Vere on 26 January 1595, or that of Sir Thomas Berkeley va Elizabeth Carey on 19 February 1596. That the second is the more likely of the two is due to the fact that Elizabeth's grandfather was Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon and her father was Jorj Keri, 2-baron Xunsdon, successive patrons of the Lord Chamberlain's Men. If the play was written for a wedding in February 1596, it was most likely composed in 1595.[134] However, there is no solid evidence to suggest that the play was in fact written for a wedding, and most scholars are in agreement that stylistic evidence alone is sufficient to date the play to v.1595.[133]

Shoh Jon (1596)

1611 quarto of The First and Second Part of the troublesome Raigne of King John of England, falsely attributed to "W.Sh."
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: Francis Meres' Palladis Tamia (1598), referred to as "King Iohn."
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: Birinchi folio (1623), as The life and death of King Iohn.
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: although numerous references to the play throughout the seventeenth century indicate that it was performed with some frequency and success, there is no definite record of any specific performance.[135][136] The first documented performance was on 26 February 1737, produced by Jon Rich Drury Lane-da.[137]
Dalillar: Shoh Jon can be a difficult play to date due to the lack of any real external evidence or internal topical allusions. Scholars have instead been forced to rely on stylistic evidence, and speculation regarding the play's relationship with the anonymous two-part play The Troublesome Reign of King John (v.1589), which was published in 1611 and 1622 under Shakespeare's name. Shoh Jon was obviously in existence by 1598, as it is mentioned in Palladis Tamia, and most scholars agree that Shakespeare used Troublesome Reign as a source, meaning it must have been written after 1589.[138] In his 1954 edition of the play for the second series of the Arden Shakespeare, however, E.A.J. Honigmann argues that Troublesome Reign is actually an adaptation of Shakespeare's Shoh Jon based on the recollections of a performance, and hence Shoh Jon was written prior to 1589.[139][140] Although most scholars disagree with Honigmann on this point,[141] the exact nature of the relationship between the two plays remains open to question.[142][143] Stylistic evidence serves to locate the play in the mid-1590s. Both a rare word test and Ants Oras' pause test place it after Richard II. A colloquialism-in-verse test places it prior to the two Genri IV o'ynaydi. All three of these plays were definitely written during the 1590s, suggesting Shoh Jon must also have been written in that decade.[141] Furthermore, Barron Brainerd's statistical analysis of Shakespeare's plays places Shoh Jon just past the mid-way point of the decade, after Richard II va undan oldin Genri IV, 1-qism.[144]

Venetsiya savdogari (1596–1597)

Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: entered into the Stationers' Register by James Roberts on 22 July 1598 as "a booke of the Marchaunt of Venyce or otherwise called the Iewe of Venyce."
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: published in quarto in 1600 as The Excellent History of the Merchant of Venice. With the extreame crueltie of Shylocke the Jewe towards the sayd merchant, in cutting a just pound of his flesh: and the obtayning of Portia by the choyse of three chests (printed by James Roberts for Thomas Heyes ). This text was republished in 1619, with a title page date of 1600 and the name of the printer James Roberts. This reprint was part of William Jaggard's "False Folio" (printed by Thomas Pavier).[145]
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: although the title page of the 1600 quarto indicates the play was performed in the latter years of the sixteenth century, the earliest recorded performance was by the King's Men at Whitehall saroyi uchun Qirol Jeyms on 10 February 1605. James liked the play so much that he asked for it to be performed again two days later, on Shrove seshanba.[146]
Dalillar: the play was obviously in existence by 1598. However, other evidence places its date of composition as probably 1596 or very early 1597. An important topical allusion is Salarino's reference to "my wealthy Endryu docked in sand" (1.1.28). This is thought to refer to the San-Andres, ispan galleon that ran aground in Kadis in June 1596 after a surprise attack under the command of Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex. The ship was subsequently captured, renamed the Avliyo Endryu and incorporated into the Qirollik floti. However, she remained in the news throughout 1596. Upon arriving in England, she nearly ran aground on the Temza daryosi. In August, she served as a qo'shin davomida Orollarga sayohat, and upon returning to a stormy England in October, Essex refused to allow her to sail past the Goodwin Sands, a location also referred to by Salarino (3.1.4-5). All of this suggests the play was written in the latter half of 1596 or very early 1597, when audiences would have been most perceptive to the Endryu ma'lumotnoma.[147] It has also been theorised that the play may have been written to capitalise on the enormous success of Christopher Marlowe's Malta yahudiysi. Garchi Maltada had been written in 1589 or 1590, it remained extremely popular throughout the 90's, and was revived on stage in 1596 when it was performed eight times by the Lord Admiral's Men.[148][149]

Genri IV, 1-qism (1596–1597)

1598 quarto of Genri IV, 1-qism
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: entered into the Stationers' Register by Andrew Wise on 25 February 1598 as "a booke intituled The historye of Henry the IIIJth with his battaile of Shrewsburye against Henry Hottspurre of the Northe with The conceited mirthe of Sir John Ffalstoff."
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: two quarto texts were published in 1598. Only a fragment of one (designated Q0) has survived, running from 1.3.201-2.2.105.[150][151] The other copy (Q1) was published under the title The History of Henrie the Fourth, with the battell at Shrewsburie between the King and Lord Henry Percy, surnamed Hotspur of the North, with the humorous conceits of Sir John Falstaffe (printed by Peter Short for Andrew Wise). This text was republished in 1599 (by Simon Stafford for Wise), 1604 (by Valentine Simmes for Matthew Lawe), 1608 (by John Windet for Lawe), 1613 (by William White for Lawe) and 1622 (by Thomas Purfoot for Lawe). The Folio text appears under the title The First Part of Henry the Fourth, with the Life and Death of Henry Sirnamed Hot-spurre.
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: possibly on 6 March 1600 at the house of George Carey, 2nd Baron Hunsdon for the Flemish ambassador. In a letter dated 8 March from Rowland Whyte ga Robert Sidni, "Lester" ning 1-grafligi, Whyte mentions that Hunsdon employed the Lord Chamberlain's Men to perform a play called "Sir John Old Castlle."[152] Dastlab, Falstaff was called Sir John Oldcastle, but Shakespeare was pressured into changing the name.[153] "Sir John Old Castlle" could be a reference to Ser Jon Oldkastl tomonidan Entoni Munday, Maykl Dreyton, Richard Xetvey va Robert Uilson, the fact that Hunsdon was using Shakespeare's own company, rather than the rival Lord Admiral's Men, suggests the play referred to was in fact 1 Genri IV. Another possible performance took place on or around 14 February 1613, when either 1 Genri IV yoki Genri IV, 2-qism (or both) were performed at court as part of the celebrations for the marriage of Malika Yelizaveta ga Frederik V, saylovchilar palatinasi. A play performed under the title Hotspur is thought to refer to 1 Genri IV.[154] The first definite performance was on 1 January 1625 at Whitehall as The First Part of Sir John Falstaff.[155][156]
Dalillar: as with Richard II, the play uses Samuel Daniel's Fuqarolar urushlarining dastlabki to'rtta kitobi as a source, meaning it could not have been written earlier than 1595. The fact that it is a direct sequel to Richard II would further limit the date of composition to no later than 1597 as Shakespeare would not have wanted to wait too long to capitalise on the success of the previous play.[157] The controversy regarding the Oldcastle character also helps date the play. Shakespeare was pressured into changing the name by the descendants of the historical Sir Jon Oldkastl, ayniqsa Uilyam Bruk, 10-baron Kobem va uning o'g'li Genri. William served as Lord Chamberlain from August 1596 to March 1597, and only in that period would he have had the authority to demand the alteration of a play which he found objectionable. This could indicate an initial performance in late 1596 or early 1597, suggesting composition took place roughly around the same time.[158][159]

Vindzorning quvnoq xotinlari (1597)

1602 quarto of Vindzorning quvnoq xotinlari
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: entered into the Stationers' Register by John Busby on 18 January 1602 as "A booke called An excellent and pleasant conceited commedie of Sir John Faulstof and the merry wyves of Windesor."
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: version of the play published in quarto in 1602 as A most pleasaunt and excellent conceited Comedie, of Syr John Falstaffe, and the merrie Wives of Windsor. Entermixed with sundrie variable and pleasing humours, of Syr Hugh the Welch knight, Justice Shallow, and his wise cousin M. Slender. With the swaggering vaine of Auncient Pistoll, and Corporall Nym (printed by Thomas Creede for Arthur Johnson). This text was republished in 1619 as part of William Jaggard's "False Folio" (printed by Thomas Pavier).
Additional information (publication): the 1602 quarto text has traditionally been considered a bad quarto,[160] and was one of the original texts in relation to which Alfred W. Pollard coined the term.[75] The quarto text is 1620 lines, compared to the 2729 line Folio matn. 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4 and much of 5.5 are absent from Q1, 3.4 and 3.5 are transposed and numerous speeches within individual scenes are also transposed.[161] In his 1910 edition of the quarto text, VW. Greg wrote "my own study of Quvnoq xotinlar has led me to doubt whether any limit can be set to the possible perversion which a text may suffer at the hands of a reporter."[162] However, more recent editions of the play, such as Devid Kreyn 's 1997 edition for the New Cambridge Shakespeare and Giorgio Melchiori's 2000 edition for the third series of the Arden Shakespeare, have questioned the likelihood of memorial reconstruction being wholly responsible for the text, arguing for a more complex provenance.[163][164]
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: on 4 November 1604, in the banqueting hall of Whitehall Palace, performed by the King's Men for Charles I.[165]
Dalillar: writing in 1702, Jon Dennis claimed Shakespeare wrote the play in fourteen days at the behest of Queen Elizabeth. 1709 yilda, Nikolas Rou claimed Elizabeth commissioned Shakespeare to write the play, because she liked the character of Falstaff so much in 1 Genri IV that she wanted to see him in love. Neither claim is given much weight by scholars today.[166] The composition of the play definitely postdates the Oldcastle controversy concerning 1 Genri IV, as the character is, and seemingly, always was, called Falstaff in Quvnoq xotinlar.[167] One area examined by scholars in an effort to date the composition of the play is where in the plot of the Anriad the narrative of Quvnoq xotinlar is supposed to take place. 1 Genri IV was definitely written by early 1597. Genri V was completed by September 1599. 2 Genri IV was written at some point between these two. Exactly where Quvnoq xotinlar fits into the sequence is unknown, but attempts to date the composition of the play by locating the plot within the overall Anriad have proved fruitless. Syujeti Quvnoq xotinlar does not fit into the plot of the Anriad in any chronological or logical sense; there are continuity problems no matter where in the sequence one locates the play. For example, Falstaff and Xotinim tezda don't know one another at the start of Quvnoq xotinlar, whereas in 1 Genri IV, they have known one another for over thirty years.[168] John Jowett, editor of the play for the Oksford Shekspir: To'liq asarlar, argues it is not supposed to fit into the Anriad at all, it is "essentially an Elizabethan comedy, the only one that Shakespeare set firmly in England. The play is full of details that would have been familiar to Elizabethan Londoners, and the language is colloquial and up to date."[169] Textual evidence and topical allusions led John Leslie Hotson to argue the play was specifically commissioned for a performance on Sankt-Jorj kuni (23 April) 1597, as part of the celebrations for the Garter Feast (an annual meeting of the Garter buyrug'i ). Hotson believes the play was commissioned for the Feast by George Carey, 2nd Baron Hunsdon, who had recently succeeded his father as patron of Shakespeare's Lord Chamberlain's Men and was to be one of the newly elected knights. Hotson contends the play was his contribution to the festivities.[170] If one accepts this theory, it suggests that Shakespeare interrupted his composition of 2 Genri IV to hastily compose Quvnoq xotinlar after Hunsdon's commission. This is important because traditionally, Quvnoq xotinlar has been dated v.1600, a date supported by verse analysis. However, verse makes up very little of the play, and if Shakespeare was writing extremely fast, the reliability of the test would be compromised.[157] Scholars who accept the theory that Shakespeare stopped writing 2 Genri IV yozmoq Quvnoq xotinlar theorise that he did so somewhere between 3.2 and 4.2.[171][172]

Genri IV, 2-qism (1597–1598)

1600 quarto of Ben Jonson "s Every Man out of His Humour, which contains an allusion to 2 Genri IV.
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: entered into the Stationers' Register by Andrew Wise and Uilyam Asli on 23 August 1600 as "the seconde parte of the history of Kinge Henry the iiijth with the humours of Sir Iohn Ffallstaff." Jointly entered with Hech narsa haqida juda ko'p narsa.[173]
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: published in quarto in 1600 as The second part of Henrie the fourth, continuing to his death, and coronation of Henrie the fift. With the humours of Sir John Falstaffe, and swaggering Pistoll (printed by Valentine Simmes for Andrew Wise and William Aspley) The 1623 Folio text appears under the title The Second Part of Henry the Fourth, Containing his Death: and the Coronation of King Henry the Fift.
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: probable performance took place on or around 14 February 1613, when either 1 Genri IV yoki 2 Genri IV (or both) were performed at court as part of the celebrations for the marriage of Princess Elizabeth to Frederick V, Elector Palatine. A play performed under the title Sir Iohn Falstaffe is thought to refer to 2 Genri IV. It is unlikely to refer to 1 Genri IV as a play under the name Hotspur would seem to indicate that play. Additionally, a list of plays under consideration for court performance in 1620, compiled by Jorj Bak, Revels ustasi, mentions the "Second part of Falstaffe not plaid theis 7. yeres." This would seem to confirm the 1613 performance as 2 Genri IV, as, due to the lack of republication of the initial 1600 quarto text, it is known that 2 Genri IV was not nearly as popular as 1 Genri IV (which was republished five times prior to 1623).[154]
Dalillar: as a sequel to 1 Genri IV va prequel uchun Genri V, the play was obviously written at some point between the two. We know that 1 Genri IV was probably written by early 1597 at the latest, and that Genri V was written by September 1599, so 2 Genri IV can be dated from early 1597 to September 1599. There is some tentative evidence to narrow the date further, however. For example, the fact that Falstaff seems to have been called Falstaff from the very inception of 2 Genri IV would suggest the play was written after the censoring of 1 Genri IV in 1596/1597.[158] The fact that the 25 February 1598 Stationers' Register entry for 1 Genri IV does not identity it as the first part of a two-part play has led some scholars to speculate that 2 Genri IV could not have been completed by that date.[157] There is also a reference to the character of Justice Shallow in Ben Jonson "s Every Man out of His Humour, which was first acted in 1599, indicating the play was well enough known by then for an audience to understand the allusion. All of this seems to place the date of composition as somewhere in late 1597/early 1598.[174][175]

Hech narsa haqida juda ko'p narsa (1598–1599)

Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: mentioned in the Stationers' Register on a flyleaf dated 4 August 1600 as "The cōmedie of muche A doo about nothinge." Grouped with Genri V, Sizga yoqqanidek and Ben Jonson's Har bir inson o'z hazilida under the heading "to be staied." Who wrote the note, the exact nature of the grouping of plays, and the meaning of "to be staied" is unknown, but is thought to have been an attempt by the Lord Chamberlain's Men to prevent unauthorised printing of the plays listed.[176][177] The play was formally entered into the Register by Andrew Wise and William Aspley on 23 August as "Muche a Doo about nothing." Jointly entered with 2 Genri IV.[173]
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: published in quarto in 1600 as Much adoe about Nothing (printed by Valentine Simmes for Andrew Wise and William Aspley).
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: on or around 14 February 1613, when the play was performed at court as part of the celebrations for the marriage of Princess Elzabeth to Frederick V, Elector Palatine.[178]
Dalillar: the play is not mentioned in Meres' Palladis Tamia, which tentatively suggests it had not been performed by September 1598. Although it has been suggested that Juda ko'p bo'lishi mumkin Sevgi mehnatining yutug'i, the discovery of the list written by Christopher Hunt in 1603 refutes this possibility, as Hunt mentions Sevgi mehnatining yutug'i uch yildan keyin Juda ko'p had been published under its own name.[178] Furthermore, the quarto text includes the name "Kempe" as a speech heading throughout 4.2. This is universally recognised as referring to Uilyam Kempe, the leading comic actor of the Lord Chamberlain's Men, with the inference being that the role of Dogberry was specifically written for him. However, Kempe left the Lord Chamberlain's Men sometime in early 1599, suggesting the play must have been written before then. This suggests a date of composition in late 1598 and/or early 1599.[179]

Genri V (1599)

1600 quarto of Genri V
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: mentioned in the Stationers' Register on a flyleaf dated 4 August 1600 as "Henry the ffift." Grouped with Hech narsa haqida juda ko'p narsa, Sizga yoqqanidek and Ben Jonson's Har bir inson o'z hazilida under the heading "to be staied." Who wrote the note, the exact nature of the grouping of plays, and the meaning of "to be staied" is unknown, but is thought to have been an attempt by the Lord Chamberlain's Men to prevent unauthorised printing of the plays listed.[176][177] Genri V was formally entered into the Register by Thomas Pavier on 14 August as "The historye of Henrye the vth wth the battell of Agencourt."
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: version of the play published in quarto in 1600 as The cronicle history of Henry the fift, with his battell fought at Agin Court in France. Togither with Auntient Pistoll (printed by Thomas Creede for Thomas Millington and John Busby). This text was republished in 1602 (by Creede for Thomas Pavier) and 1619, as part of William Jaggard's "False Folio" (printed by Pavier). The 1619 text is falsely dated 1608. The 1623 Birinchi folio text appears under the title Ellik Genri hayoti.
Additional information (publication): the 1600 quarto text has traditionally been considered a bad quarto,[180] and was one of the original texts in relation to which Alfred W. Pollard coined the term.[75] However, in his 2000 edition of the quarto text for the New Cambridge: The Early Quartos series, Andrew Gurr argues that although the text was partially constructed from memory, it also represents a performance text, an abridged version of the Folio text constructed by the Lord Chamberlain's Men specifically for performance.[181]
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: 7 January 1605 at court, performed by the Lord Chamberlain's Men for King James.[182]
Dalillar: Shekspirning barcha asarlari, Genri V ehtimol hozirgi kunga qadar eng oson. Xor tomonidan 1599 yil Irlandiya ekspeditsiyasi Essex grafligi Robert Devereux (5.0.29-34) bu asar katta ehtimol bilan 1599 yil 27 martda (Esseks Irlandiyaga ketganida) va 1599 yil 24 sentyabrda (u sharmandalik bilan qaytib kelganida) yozilgan degan ma'noni anglatadi.[182][183][184]

Yuliy Tsezar (1599)

Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: qayd etilgan Kichik Tomas Platter 1599 yil 21 sentyabrdagi kundalik.
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: Birinchi folio (1623), kabi Ivlivs Sezar fojiasi.
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: 1599 yil 21-sentabrda Tomas Platter o'zining kundaligida "Men partiyam bilan suv bo'ylab ketdik; somondan qilingan uyda biz birinchi imperatorning fojiasini ko'rdik. Yuliy Tsezar, juda yoqimli, taxminan o'n besh belgi bilan ijro etilgan. "Bu deyarli butun dunyo bo'ylab spektaklga mos yozuvlar sifatida qabul qilingan Yuliy Tsezar yaqinda ochilgan Globe teatrida.[185]
Dalillar: shubhasiz, spektakl 1599 yil sentyabrga qadar tugatilgan va yangi teatrning ochilish o'yinlari sifatida tuzilgan bo'lishi mumkin. Boshqa dalillar ham uni 1599 yil bilan bog'lashga xizmat qiladi. Masalan, spektaklning yo'qligi Palladis Tamia 1598 yil sentyabrgacha bajarilmaganligini taxmin qiladi. Bundan tashqari, aniq qarzdorlik Jon Devis ' Nosce teipsum 1.2.51-58 da, ikkinchisi esa Samuel Danielsga Musofilus 3.1.111-116 da 1599 yilda spektaklni aniqlashga yordam beradi. Musofilus o'sha yilning 9 yanvarida ish yuritish registriga kiritilgan va Nosce teipsum 14 aprelda. Ikkalasi ham birinchi marta 1599 yilda nashr etilgan bo'lib, 1599 ni shunday tuzatgan terminus post quem. Jonsonning asaridagi ikkita ishora Har bir inson o'z hazilidan, 1600 yil 8-aprelda ro'yxatdan o'tgan, 1600-ni tuzilishning mumkin bo'lgan so'nggi sanasi sifatida tuzatadi.[186][187] Bundan tashqari, matn tahlili asarni chambarchas bog'lagan Genri V, albatta 1599 yilda yozilgan. Beshinchi akt prologida Genri V, xor "antiqa Rim" ga ishora qiladi, ""plebeylar "va" Qaysarni mag'lub etish "(5.0.26-28), demak, Shekspir keyingi o'yini haqida allaqachon o'ylagan bo'lishi mumkin. Qaysar eng yaqin Genri Vva oyat-so'zlashuv testi uni o'rtasida joylashtiradi Genri V va Sizga yoqqanidek.[188]

Sizga yoqqanidek (1599–1600)

Uilton uyi; mumkin bo'lgan erta sahnalashtirilgan joy Sizga yoqqanidek.
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: 1600 yil 4-avgustdagi flyleaf-da Statsionarlarning reestrida "As yo yt kabi. "bilan guruhlangan Hech narsa haqida juda ko'p narsa, Genri V va Ben Jonsonniki Har bir inson o'z hazilida "stay" deb nomlangan. Yozuvni kim yozganligi, spektakllar guruhlanishining aniq mohiyati va "stayga tushish" ma'nosi noma'lum, ammo Lord Chemberlenning odamlari ro'yxatdagi spektakllarni ruxsatsiz bosib chiqarishni oldini olishga urinish bo'lgan deb o'ylashadi.[176][177] Spektakl 1623 yilga qadar rasmiy ravishda reestrga kiritilmagan Birinchi folio.[189]
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: Birinchi folio (1623).
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: ehtimol 1599 yil 20 fevralda Richmond bog'i qirolicha Yelizaveta uchun. Dalillar Lord Chemberlenning odamlariga uchta noma'lum spektakllar uchun to'lashdan kelib chiqadi Avliyo Stiven kuni 1598, Yangi yil kuni 1599, va Shrove seshanba 1599 (ya'ni 20 fevral). Juliet Dusinberre ishonadi Touchstone's havola pancakes (1.2.50-51) bunga dalil keltiradi Sizga yoqqanidek 20 fevral kuni namoyish etilgan noma'lum spektakl edi.[190][191] Yana bir mumkin bo'lgan erta chiqish 1603 yil dekabrda bo'lib o'tgan bo'lishi mumkin Uilton uyi. 1865 yilda, Uilyam Jonson Kori Uiltonga tashrif buyurganida, unga maktub kelganligini aytdi Pembrok grafinyasi o'g'liga, Uilyam Gerbert, Pembrokning 3-grafligi, uni Solsberidan qirol Jeymsni olib kelishini so'rab, u tomoshani ko'rishi mumkin Sizga yoqqanidek uyda. 24-noyabrdan 12-dekabrgacha Uiltonda istiqomat qiluvchi Jeyms keldi. Garchi Kori xatni o'zi ko'rmagan bo'lsa-da va u hech qachon topilmagan yoki tasdiqlanmagan bo'lsa ham, dekabr oyida noma'lum o'yin uchun Lord Chemberlenning odamlariga to'lash to'g'risidagi yozuv mavjud bo'lib, u Uiltonda biron bir voqea sodir bo'lganligini taxmin qiladi, ammo u shundaymi yoki yo'qmi Sizga yoqqanidek aniqlashning iloji yo'q ko'rinadi.[192][193] A Charlz Jonson deb nomlangan asarni qayta yozish O'rmondagi sevgi, 1723 yil 9-yanvarda Drury Lane-da ijro etilgan.[194] Shekspir matnining dastlabki aniq ijrosi 1740 yil 20 dekabrda Drury Leynda bo'lgan.[195]
Dalillar: Sizga yoqqanidek tashqi dalillarning etishmasligi sababli olimlarni dolzarb tashbehlarga, boshqa asarlarga o'xshashliklarga va uslubiy tahlillarga tayanishga majbur qilganligi sababli hozirgi kungacha qiyin o'yin. Shubhasiz, u 1600 yil avgustga qadar yakunlangan. Bu haqda aytilmagan Palladis Tamia, bu 1598 yil sentyabrdan 1600 yil avgustgacha bo'lgan vaqtni tuzishi mumkin edi. 1600 yilda, Tomas Morley uni nashr etdi Birinchi kitob, bu sahifa qo'shig'ining 5,3 dan o'zgarishini o'z ichiga oladi Sizga yoqqanidek. Kirish ma'lumotlariga ko'ra Havo, Morley kitobni 1599 yil yozida tuzgan. Shekspir Morlidan, Morley Shekspirdan qarz olganmi yoki ular hamkorlik qilganmi, noma'lum, ammo munosabatlarning aniq tabiatidan qat'i nazar, ushbu parcha yoz oylari orasida yozilgan degan fikrni bildiradi. 1599 va 1600 yil boshlari.[196] Mumkin bo'lgan dolzarb iboralar, shuningdek, 1599/1600 yilda asarni topadi. Masalan, "ahmoqlar jim bo'lib qolgan jumboq" (1.2.82-83) qatoriga tegishli bo'lishi mumkin 1599 yil iyun oyida kitoblarni yoqish va Jak "Butun dunyo sahnasi "monolog (2.7.139-166) bu yangi ochilgan Globe teatri shioriga mumkin bo'lgan havola;"Totus mundus agit histrionem"(" butun dunyo o'yin maydonchasi "), olingan Petronius.[188] Globe 1599 yil 21-sentabrga qadar eng kech, ehtimol 1599 yil 16-mayda ochilgan.[197] Stilistik tahlil asarning aynan qayerga mos kelishini aniqlash nuqtai nazaridan noaniqligini isbotladi, ammo uning tarkibini asr boshiga qadar topishga xizmat qildi va aksariyat tadqiqotchilar 1599 yildan 1600 yilgacha bo'lgan taxminiy sana bilan rozi bo'lishdi.[198]

Hamlet (1599–1601)

The Qizil ajdaho, ustiga birinchi yozilgan ijro Hamlet bo'lib o'tdi.
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: 1602 yil 26-iyulda Jeyms Roberts tomonidan "Ishchilar ro'yxatiga" Hamlett shahzodasi Daniyaning qasosi "kitobi" deb kiritilgan.
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: 1603 yilda kvartoda nashr etilgan asarning versiyasi Daniyaning Hamlet shahzodasi fojiali tarixchisi (Nikolay Ling va Jon Trundell uchun Valentin Simmes tomonidan nashr etilgan). 1604/1605 yilda "Simmes for Ling" tomonidan nashr etilgan "haqiqiy va mukammal Coppiga ko'ra" yangi bosilgan va deyarli kattaroq kattalashtirilgan qayta ishlangan matn "nashr etilgan. Ushbu matn 1611 yilda qayta nashr etilgan (tomonidan Jorj Eld Jon Smetvik uchun) va 1622 yil (Smetvik uchun Uilyam Stansbi tomonidan). The Folio sarlavha ostida matn paydo bo'ladi Daniya shahzodasi Hamlet fojiasi.
Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar (nashr): the 1603 kvarto matn yomon kvarto deb hisoblanadi,[199] va Alfred V. Pollard ushbu atamani yaratgan o'ziga xos matnlardan biri edi.[75] 1603 kvarto (Q1), 1604/1605 kvarto (Q2) va 1623 Folio (F1) matnlar bir-biridan sezilarli darajada farq qiladi. Q1 taxminan 2200 qatorni, Q2 esa taxminan 3800 qatorni tashkil qiladi.[200] F1 Q2 dan 230 qatorga qisqartirilgan, lekin Q1 yoki Q2 da bo'lmagan 77 qatorni o'z ichiga oladi.[201] Uchta matn o'rtasidagi og'zaki, grammatik va uslubiy farqlar minglab. Q1, Q2 va F1 bir-biridan juda farq qiladi, chunki Kembrij ham, Arden ham asarning ikkita alohida nashrini chiqargan; Kembrij 1985 yilda Filipp Edvards tomonidan tahrir qilingan standart ilmiy nashrlarini nashr etdi. 1998 yilda ular bunga ergashgan Kvartos seriyasining bir qismi sifatida 1603 kvartoning ilmiy nashrida Ketlin O. Iras tomonidan tahrir qilingan. Xuddi shu tarzda, 2006 yilda Arden asarning ikkita nashrini nashr etdi; standart nashr (nazorat matni sifatida Q2dan foydalaniladi) va ikkinchi nashr, sarlavha ostida Hamlet: 1603 va 1623 yillarning matnlari, ikkala nashr ham Ann Tompson va Nil Teylor tomonidan tahrirlangan. Uchta matn o'rtasidagi munosabatlarning aniq mohiyati hali ham muhokama qilinmoqda.[202][203][204] Muammo ham mavjud Ur-Hamlet, Shekspir tomonidan ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan manba, endi yo'qolgan. Ba'zi olimlar buni his qilishadi Ur-Hamlet (agar u ilgari mavjud bo'lgan bo'lsa, ko'pchilik shubhalanadi), ehtimol, dastlabki qoralama edi.[205]
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: 1602 yil iyulda Statsionarlarning reestriga kiritilgan yozuvda ushbu asar "loli tomonidan amalga oshirilgan latli: Chamleylin uning xizmatkorlari" bo'lganligi aytilgan. Birinchi chorakning sarlavha sahifasida Londonda, soat Kembrij va Oksford universitetlar, "va boshqa joylarda". Biroq, ushbu spektakllarning birortasi haqida yozuv yo'q. O'yinning birinchi aniq namoyishi "deb nomlangan kemada bo'lib o'tdi Qizil ajdaho, 1607 yil 5-sentyabrda Afrika qirg'og'ida langarga qo'yilgan. Buning dalili Tomas Rundall tomonidan keltirilgan Shimoliy-Sharq tomon sayohatlar haqida rivoyatlar: 1496–1631 (1849). Rundall kapitan jurnalidan ko'chirmalarni o'z ichiga oladi Uilyam Kiling homiyligidagi uchta kemani boshqargan East India kompaniyasi 1607 yil mart oyida Angliyadan Hindistonga jo'nab ketgan, ammo deyarli darhol ajralib ketgan. The Qizil ajdaho, Keeling flagmani, bo'ronlar ostida qoldi va olti hafta davomida hozirgi Serra-Leone hududiga langar tashladi. Kilingning so'zlariga ko'ra, ekipaj ijro etgan Hamlet 5 sentyabr va "31 sentyabr" (ehtimol 1 oktyabr) kechalarida va Richard II 30 sentyabrga o'tar kechasi. Keeling-ning jurnalga yozilishining haqiqiyligi to'g'risida ba'zi tortishuvlar bo'lgan. Rundallning kitobidan oldin Kilingning jurnali 1625 yilda nashr etilgan, ammo havolalar Hamlet va Richard II muharrir tomonidan kiritilmagan, Samuel Purchas. Uning 1898 yilgi kitobida, Shekspir hayoti, Sidni Li to'liq da'vo qildi Qizil ajdaho epizod, ehtimol, qalbaki edi Jon Peyn Kollier va 1950 yilda, Sidney Race, tegishli sahifalar asl jurnalda etishmayotganligini aniqladi va kema ekipaji Shekspirning ikkita eng qiyin asarini o'zlashtirishga qodir emasligini ta'kidladi. Biroq, Uilyam Foster 1900 yildan buyon butun jurnal yo'qligini, faqatgina tegishli sahifalarni emas, balki yo'qligini ta'kidladi va u Racega qarshi bo'lib, ekipaj har bir asarning qisqartirilgan va tahrir qilingan versiyalarini ijro etganini ta'kidladi.[206] Bugungi kunda olimlarning fikri shundaki, yozuv haqiqiydir.[207] O'yinning Angliyadagi eng qadimgi namoyishi 1619 yilgi Rojdestvo kuni sudda bo'lib o'tdi.[208]
1603 kvarto Hamlet
Dalillar: chunki uchta versiyasi Hamlet 1603, 1604/1605 va 1623 yillarda paydo bo'lgan, bir-biridan juda farq qiladi, chunki o'yin bilan tanishish juda qiyin. 1987 yilda nashr etilgan Oksford Shekspir uchun o'yinda (nazorat matni sifatida F1dan foydalaniladi), G R. Xibbard yozadi "aynan qachon Hamlet tuzilishi qisman bunga bog'liq Hamlet ko'rib chiqilmoqda, chunki spektakl uch xil shaklda mavjud. "[209] Hamlet dastlab 1599 yil sentyabrdan 1602 yil iyulgacha (u ish yuritish registrida ro'yxatdan o'tkazilganda) yozilgan. The terminus post quem 1599 yil sentyabr oyiga mos yozuvlar bilan o'rnatiladi Yuliy Tsezar (3.2.96-97), eng yozilgan ijro 1599 yil sentyabrda bo'lib o'tgan.[210][211] Yana bir muhim ichki dalil topilgan Rozenkrantz va Gildenstern ga xabar bering Hamlet "savolning tepasida qichqiradigan va eng zolim bilan qarsak chaladigan bolalarning kichkintoylari" (2.2.335-337). Ehtimol, bu Chapel bolalari, da o'ynagan yosh o'g'il bolalarning o'yin kompaniyasi Qora tanlilar ularni katta yoshdagi aktyorlik kompaniyalarining haqiqiy raqibiga aylantiradigan muvaffaqiyat bilan.[212][213] Keyingi izohda, "ikkala tomonda ham ko'p ishlar qilish kerak edi; va millat ularni janjalga tortish gunohi yo'q. Bir muncha vaqt, shoir va o'yinchi borganiga qadar, tortishuv uchun pul taklif qilinmadi. degan savolga manjetlar "(2.2.348-352) ga tegishli deb o'ylashadi Teatrlar urushi bir tomondan Ben Jonson o'rtasida va Jon Marston va Tomas Dekker boshqa tomondan. Mojaro 1599 yilda Marston Krisoganusning xarakteri bilan Jonsonni masxara qilganidan boshlandi Histriomastiks. Jonson bunga javoban Marstonning uslubini kinoya qildi Har bir inson o'z hazilidan, turli xil yozuvchilar bir-birlarini masxara qilgan bir qator o'yinlarga olib keldi. "Mojaro" 1601 yilda, Dekker Jonsonni Horasning xarakteri bilan masxara qilganida tugadi Satiromastix, o'sha paytda Jonson va Marston yarashishgan ko'rinadi.[214] Bola aktyorlari haqida ham, Teatrlar urushi haqida ham 1600–1601 yillarda yozilgan sana taxmin qilinadi. Bundan tashqari, uning 1598 nusxasida Jefri Chauser, Gabriel Harvi marginal notada Shekspirning "deb yozgan"Lucrece & uning Daniya shahzodasi Hamletning fojiasiHarvi, Esseks grafini tirik ekanligi haqida eslatib o'tadi, bu uning eslatmani 1601 yil 25 fevralgacha, Esseks qatl etilishidan oldin yozganligini anglatadi. Bu sana torayganday tuyuladi. 1599 yil sentyabrdan 1601 yil fevralgacha bo'lgan davrda. Ammo hamma olimlar ham Xarvi notasidan tanishish maqsadida foydalanish mumkin, deb qabul qilmaydilar, chunki bu asosan uning paydo bo'lishi bilan bog'liq. Tomas Uotson (d.1592) va Edmund Spenser (d.1599) ikkalasi ham tirik, ammo eslatib o'tmoqdalar Jon Ouen 1607 epigramma, bu yozuvning qachon yozilganligini aniqlab bo'lmaydi.[215] Shuningdek, uslubiy dalillar, odatda, 1600 yoki 1601 yillardagi kompozitsiya sanasini tasvirlovchi sifatida keltirilgan, keyinchalik 1605 yilgacha va ehtimol undan keyin qayta ko'rib chiqilgan. Ushbu tanishish, umuman olganda, umuman qabul qilinmagan.[216]

O'n ikkinchi kecha (1601)

Edvard Rayt Dunyo jadvali Merkatorning proektsiyasi " (v. 1599), nashr etilgan Richard Xakluyt ning 1600 nashri Asosiy navigatsiya ... va asarda havola qilingan deb o'ylardim.
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: 1602 yil 2-fevralda Jon Manningemning kundaligi.
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: Birinchi folio (1623), kabi O'n ikki kecha, Yoki xohlagan narsangiz.
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: Jon Manningxem sahnada namoyish etilgan o'yinni ko'rdi O'rta ma'bad kuni Shamlar (2 fevral) 1602. Amaldagi kompaniya ro'yxatga olinmagan, ammo Lord Chemberlenning odamlari deb o'ylashadi.[217]
Dalillar: shubhasiz, asar 1602 yil fevralga qadar yakunlangan edi. Ammo Jon Lesli Xotson bu asar ilgari, ehtimol 1600 yil oxirida yozilgan deb o'ylaydi. Epifaniya bayrami (6-yanvar) 1601 yil, Lord Chemberlenning odamlari Uaytxollda qirolicha Yelizaveta va uchun spektakl namoyish etgani ma'lum Virginio Orsini, Brachiano gersogi. Biroq, rasmiy yozuvlarda spektaklga tayyorgarlik to'g'risida ko'plab ma'lumotlar mavjud bo'lsa-da, asarning nomi hech qachon tilga olinmaydi. Noma'lum o'yinning rasmiy tavsifida "u eng yaxshi boy kiyimlar bilan jihozlangan bo'lishi, musiqa va raqslarning xilma-xilligi va o'zgarishi hamda janob hazratlariga eng ma'qul bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan narsalar" buyurilgan. Xotson 1601 yildagi noma'lum o'yin bo'lgan deb hisoblaydi O'n ikkinchi kecha, sarlavhasi O'n ikkinchi kecha tantanalari qaysi ko'prik Rojdestvo va epifaniya.[218] Aksariyat olimlar bu masalada Xotson bilan rozi emaslar, ammo tavsif shunchaki osonlikcha sig'ishi mumkinligiga ishonishadi Juda ko'p kabi O'n ikkinchi kechava Shekspirning xarakterini nomlashdan ko'ra ko'proq bahslashmoqda Orsino asarni tomosha qilayotgan gersogning sharafiga, ehtimol u yozuvni yozishdan oldin Dyuk bilan uchrashgandan keyin ismini olgan.[219] Mavjud tashbehlar faqat $ 1599 $ ni tuzatish uchun xizmat qiladi terminus post quem. Mariya kengaytirilgan yangi xaritaga murojaat qiladi Hindiston "(3.2.74). Bu ehtimolga tegishli Edvard Raytniki "Dunyo jadvali Merkatorning proektsiyasi "ichida Navigatsiya paytida aniqlangan xatolar1599 yilda nashr etilgan,[220] yoki, ehtimol, ikkinchi nashrga Richard Xakluyt "s Ingliz millatining asosiy navigatsiyalari, sayohatlari va kashfiyotlari, o'sha yili nashr etilgan.[221] "Ga ikkita murojaatyumshoq "(2.5.170 va 3.4.269) o'sha paytda bo'lgan Fors shohiga ishora qiladi Abbos I. 1599 yilda, ser Entoni Shirli Fors safarlaridan qaytib, 1600 yilda o'z xotiralarini nashr etib, katta muvaffaqiyatlarga erishgan edi. Bu asrning boshlarida kompozitsiyaning yana bir dalilidir.[222] Biroq, Feste "Mening elementimdan" iborasidan qochish, chunki "element" so'zi "to'kilgan" (3.1.58) Tomas Dekkerga havola bo'lishi mumkin. Satiromastix, bu "mening elementimdan" iborasini uch marta masxara qiladi. Satiromastix birinchi bo'lib 1601 yilda ishlangan, ya'ni agar ma'lumotni qabul qilsa, 1601 kompozitsiyaning iloji boricha eng erta sana bo'lishi kerak.[223]

Troilus va Cressida (1600–1602)

1609 Qb nashri Troilus va Cressida
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: 1603 yil 7-fevralda Jeyms Roberts tomonidan "Kantselyariya registriga" Troilus va Kressaning kitobi "sifatida kiritilgan.
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: 1609 yilda asarning ikki xil versiyasi kvartoda nashr etilgan. Qa sarlavhasi ostida nashr etilgan Troylus va Kresseydaning tarixchisi. Qb sarlavhasi ostida nashr etilgan Troylus va Kresseidning mashhur tarixchisi. Licia shahzodasi Pandarusning mag'rurlik bilan o'z sevgisining boshlanishini ajoyib tarzda ifodalaydi. Ikkala Qb va Qb Richard Bonian va Genri Uolli uchun Jorj Eld tomonidan chop etilgan. Asarning ikkala versiyasi boshqa sarlavha sahifasidan tashqari bir xil va o'quvchiga eslatma Q ga qo'shilganb.[224] The Folio sarlavha ostida matn paydo bo'ladi Troylus va Kressida fojiasi.
Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar (nashr): Troilus va Cressida Shekspir olimlari orasida ko'plab noma'qul savollarga javob topmaganligi sababli erishdi. Masalan, ushbu asar Shekspir davrida hech qachon namoyish etilganmi yoki yo'qmi noma'lum. Qa uni "Globusdagi qirol odamlari" tomonidan amalga oshirilgan deb da'vo qilmoqda, ammo Qb "Qirol odamlari" haqidagi ma'lumotni chiqarib tashlaydi va uning o'rniga "Haqiqatliroq yozuvchi, euer o'quvchisiga. Newes" nomli yozuvni qo'shadi, bu asar hech qachon sahnalashtirilmagan. Aftidan Q qachona matbuotda edi, printerlarga spektakl ijro etilmaganligi haqida xabar berildi va shu sababli ular bekor qilingan sarlavha varag'ini va o'quvchiga eslatmani tayyorladilar, bu uni hech qachon jamoatchilikka namoyish qilinmaganligi sifatidir. ("hech qachon sahna bilan mahkamlanmagan, bema'ni palmalar bilan hech qachon qarsak chalmagan"). Ammo qaysi matn to'g'ri ekanligi noma'lum - Qa yoki Qb. E.A.J. Honigmann bu asar 1601 yil boshida yozilgan, ammo qo'rquv tufayli u hech qachon aktyorlik qilmagan, chunki u Essex grafligi Robert Devereuxga simpatiya bilan qarashgan bo'lishi mumkin.[225]
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: Troilus va Cressida hech qachon sahnada, hatto Shekspir davrida ham mashhur bo'lmagan. Ma'lumki, eng erta ijro - bu moslashuv Jon Drayden, deb nomlangan Troilus va Kressida, yoki haqiqat juda kech topildida sahnalashtirilgan Dyuk teatri 1679 yilda.[226] Da ishlash ko'rsatkichi mavjud bo'lsa-da Smock Alley 1700 yilgacha Dublinda ushbu mahsulot Shekspirning asl matni yoki 1734 yil oxirida tiklangan Draydenning moslashtirilishi noma'lum.[227] Shekspir matnining eng qadimgi ishlab chiqarilishi, 1898 yil 23 aprelda nemis tilida juda ko'p tahrirlangan erkaklar tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan. Stäststheater am Gärtnerplatz Myunxenda.[228][229] Birlashgan Qirollikdagi ushbu birinchi spektaklning 1907 yil 1 iyunda namoyish etilgan Buyuk Qirolicha ko'chasi teatri, rejissyor Charlz Fray, zamonaviy liboslarda havaskor va professional aktyorlar aralashmasidan foydalangan holda.[230]
Dalillar: uning dastlabki ijro tarixi aniq bo'lmaganidek, pyesa yaratilgan sana ham. 1598 raqamini a sifatida tuzatish mumkin terminus post quem, Shekspir aniq ishlatgan Jorj Chapman "s Gomer Illiadasining etti kitobi manba sifatida 1598 yil aprelda Stantsiyalar ro'yxatiga kiritilgan. Ba'zi olimlar ushbu teatrni teatrlar urushi bilan bog'lashga urinishgan, xususan "Prologue qurollangan" (l.23) ga murojaat qilishgan. Jonsonning prologiga kinoya Shoir (1601), unda shubhasiz g'azablangan Jonson o'zining haqoratchilariga qarshi g'azablanadi. Biroq, prolog Troilus ikkala Q ga kiritilmagana yoki Qb, uni dramaturglar o'rtasidagi janjallarga bevosita bog'lashni qiyinlashtirmoqda.[231] Uslubiy dalillar ham aniq emas. Noyob so'z testi unga eng yaqin joyni joylashtiradi Hamlet. Chumolilar Orasning pauza sinovi uni keyinroq qo'yadi Genri IV va undan oldin Otello, lekin o'yin ikkalasi o'rtasida qaerda joylashganligini aniq aniqlay olmayapti. So'zlashuvda so'zlashuv testi uni keyinroq qo'yadi Hamlet va undan oldin O'n ikkinchi kecha. Metrik tahlil uni keyin joylashtiradi Hamlet va O'n ikkinchi kecha lekin oldinroq O'lchov uchun o'lchov va Otello. Bularning barchasi 1600 va 1602 yillar oralig'ida tuzilish sanasini, ammo aniq tartibini ko'rsatadi Hamlet, O'n ikkinchi kecha va Troilus va Cressida yozilganligini aniqlash imkonsiz ko'rinadi.[223]

Ser Tomas More (1592–1595; Shekspirning ishtiroki, 1603–1604)

XONIM sahifasi Ser Tomas More, deb ishonilgan Shekspirning qo'lyozmasi.
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: ning kundaligida Tomas Xirn, 1728 yil 17 yanvarda Xirn "12 oktyabrda o'tgan Mr Myurrey[232] menga ingichka qarz berdi folio Qog'oz XONIM a-da qilingan yoki ekilgan Vellum Muqova; wch u nomlangan, Ser Tomas Murning booki. Buni men o'qib chiqdim. Bu vafotidan ko'p o'tmay, ishonamanki, "Pley" yoki "Intermediya" xarakterida yozilgan. U erdan aniq ko'rinib turibdiki, ser Tomas qanday buyuk, dono, yaxshi va xayrixoh odam edi, ammo unda tarixning o'ziga xos xususiyati yo'q, lekin biz allaqachon bilgan narsalar. Bu asl nusxa, ko'p joylarda g'alati gol urilgan va boshqalarda shunday o'zgartirilganki, ba'zi narsalarni ishlab chiqarish qiyin ".[233]
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: 1844, tahrirlangan Aleksandr Days Shekspir jamiyati uchun. Nom ostida nashr etilgan Ser Tomas Mori, o'yin; endi birinchi bosilgan.
Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar (atribut): Shekspirning tarkibida ishtirok etganligi Ser Tomas More endi umuman kelishib olindi.[234] Asarning birinchi yirik ilmiy nashri tomonidan nashr etilgan Manchester universiteti matbuoti 1990 yilda Vittorio Gabrieli va Giorgio Melchiori tomonidan tahrirlangan "Revels Plays" banner ostida. 2011 yilda Arden Shekspir John Jowett tomonidan tahrirlangan to'liq ilmiy nashrini ham nashr etdi (u asarning 2-nashri uchun pyesani ham tahrir qilgan) Oksford Shekspir: To'liq asarlar Revels Plays nashri subtitr bilan "Entoni Munday va boshqalarning pyesasi. Qayta ko'rib chiqilgan Genri Chetl, Tomas Dekker, Tomas Xeyvud va Uilyam Shekspir. "Arden" nashrida "Entoni Munday va Genri Chetlning asl matni" sarlavhasi mavjud. Tsenzurasi Edmund Tilni. Hand C. tomonidan koordinatsiya qilingan reviziyalar Genri Chetl, Tomas Dekker, Tomas Xeyvud va Uilyam Shekspir tomonidan qayta ko'rib chiqilgan. "MS Entoni Mundayning qo'lyozmasidagi qo'pol qog'oz. Tsenzuraga oid yozuvlar Revellar ustasi Edmund Tilney tomonidan kiritilgan. Reviziyalar Chettle (Hand A), Dekker (Hand E), Heywood (Hand B) va, ehtimol Shekspir (Hand D) tomonidan tuzilgan.[235] Qo'l C - noma'lum professional teatr yozuvchisi, u o'zgarishlarning ustiga bir nechta izohlar yozgan.[236] Shekspir qo'l yozuvi va uslubiy tahlil asosida 6-sahna ustida ishlagan deb taxmin qilinadi. U 8-sahnada ham ishlagan bo'lishi mumkin, garchi bu faqat stilistik tahlilga asoslangan bo'lsa-da, chunki 8-sahna faqat Hand C tomonidan yozilgan nusxada mavjud.[235] Shekspirning nomi birinchi marta asar tomonidan bog'langan Richard Simpson 1871 yilda. Bir yildan so'ng, Jeyms Speding Simpsonning ba'zi da'volarini ishlab chiqdi va rad etdi, ammo oxir-oqibat Hand D Shekspirning fikri bilan rozi bo'ldi.[237] 1923 yilda, Shekspirning qo'li ser Tomas Morning asarida yirik olimlarning kvintetasini ko'rdi (Alfred V. Pollard, VW. Greg, E. Maunde Tompson, J. Dover Wilson va RW xonalari ) Shekspir atributini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. Shubhasizki, D qo'lining mavjud bo'lgan misollar bilan juda o'xshashligi Shekspirning qo'lyozmasi va agar shunday bo'lsa emas uning qo'lyozmasi, bu qo'lyozmasi saqlanib qolgan har qanday zamonaviy dramaturgning qo'lyozmasi emas. Shunday qilib, zamonaviylarning aksariyati paleograflar D qo'l Uilyam Shekspirniki ekanligiga ishonaman.[238]
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: bu asar Shekspir davrida namoyish etilganmi yoki yo'qmi noma'lum, garchi uning tsenzurasi muammolari tufayli bu ehtimoldan yiroq bo'lsa. Dastlabki qayd etilgan ko'rsatkich Birkbek, London universiteti 1922 yil dekabrda talabalar tomonidan ijro etilgan va ingliz tili bo'limi a'zolari tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan.[239]
Dalillar: original asar an'anaviy ravishda Munday va Chettle tomonidan 1592 yildan 1595 yilgacha yozilgan deb ishoniladi. Asarning dastlabki sahnalarida tasvirlangan "Yomon May kuni ", 1517 yil may oyida Londonda musofirlarga qarshi qo'zg'olonga berilgan nom. Chet elliklarga qarshi tartibsizliklar, shuningdek, 1593 va 1595 yillarda sodir bo'lgan, so'ngra boshliqlar qatl etilgan. Asarda, Genri VIII tartibsizliklarni qo'zg'atuvchilarga nisbatan nisbatan rahmdil bo'lganligi bilan tasvirlangan, 1595 yilda qirolicha Yelizaveta bunday yumshoqlikni ko'rsatmagan. Nazariya shuni anglatadiki, biron bir dramaturg avvalgi monarx bilan taqqoslaganda, hozirgi monarxni bila turib shunday salbiy ko'rinishda tasvirlaydigan asar yozmagan bo'lar edi va Munday vaqti-vaqti bilan hukumatning ayg'oqchisi bo'lganligi sababli, u buni qilish ehtimoli ham kamroq bo'lar edi. Bu dastlabki tuzilish sanasini 1595 yil qatl etilishidan oldin, lekin ehtimol qayta paydo bo'lganidan keyin belgilaydi ksenofobiya 1592 yilning kuzida.[240] Tilneyning tartibsizliklar va ularning oqibatlarini tasvirlashga qarshi bo'lgan aniq e'tirozlari, u ushbu masalalar hali ham nozik deb hisoblangan paytda, u asarni qabul qilganligini ko'rsatmoqda.[241][242] Ushbu tsenzuraga oid muammolar tufayli, 1603 yilda qirolicha Yelizaveta vafotidan keyin, Tilneyning e'tirozlari kamroq og'irlik tug'dirgunga qadar, ehtimol bu asar chetga surilgan. Qayta ko'rib chiqishlar shu payt amalga oshirildi, garchi Munday ishtirokisiz.[243][244] Qayta ko'rib chiqish ishlarining bir nechta jihatlari 1603-1604 yillarni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. Masalan, qo'shimchalar tomonidan taqiqlangan yigirma etti so'zlarni o'z ichiga oladi Aktyorlarning suiiste'mollarini cheklash uchun harakat qiling (1606), bu ushbu sanadan keyin qo'shilishi ehtimoldan yiroq emas. Shuningdek, Chetlning qayta ko'rib chiqilgan ishida sudga uchta murojaat mavjud (13.64-bet)[245]), ehtimol Shoh (Sc.13.78-80) va "Lord Spend-All's Stuart's" (Sc.13.110) bu 1603 yilda hokimiyat tepasiga kelgan Jeyms Iga tegishli bo'lishi mumkin. Shuningdek, Chettle bilan bir necha o'xshashliklar mavjud. Gofman fojiasi (1602-1604 yillarda yozilgan).[246] 6-sahnaning uslubiy tahlili ham ushbu sanani qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. Makdonald P. Jeksonning so'z boyligini va oyatlardagi pauzalarni tekshirishi materialni bir-biriga joylashtiradi O'n ikkinchi kecha va Makbet.[247] So'zlashuvda so'zlashuv testi uni keyinroq qo'yadi O'n ikkinchi kecha va Troilus va Cressida.[248]

O'lchov uchun o'lchov (1603–1604)

Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: Revels hisob kitobidagi yozuv 1604 yil 26-dekabrda "Shaxberd" tomonidan "Mesur uchun Mesur" spektaklini qayd etadi.
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: Birinchi folio (1623).
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: 1604 yil 26-dekabrda Whitehall saroyidagi ziyofat zalida Qirol odamlari tomonidan.[249]
Dalillar: shubhasiz, asar 1604 yil dekabrgacha yozilgan. Ichki dalillar, mahalliy ishora shaklida 1603–1604 yillarga to'g'ri keladi. Masalan, 1.1.68-73, shoh Jeymsning 1603 yil iyun oyida aniq bo'lgan olomonni yoqtirmasligini taxmin qilishi mumkin.[250] Yana bir misol 4.3.8 da topilgan ("kampirlarning hammasi o'lik edi"). Bu 1603 yil may oyida muhim muammoga aylangan Londonni qamrab olgan vabo haqida gap boradi.[251] 1.2-yilda Lusio ikki janob bilan yaqinda tinchlik o'rnatish imkoniyatini muhokama qiladi, bu esa askarlarni ishg'oldan mahrum qiladi, so'ngra darhol "muqaddas pirat" ga murojaat qiladi (1.2.1-7). Bu Qirol Jeymsning 1604 yil yozida muzokara o'tkazishga urinishlariga tegishli bo'lishi mumkin tinchlik shartnomasi qaroqchilar faoliyatini sezilarli darajada kamaytiradigan Ispaniya bilan.[252][253] Agar bu ishora aniq bo'lsa, u kompozitsiya sanasini 1603 yil yozidan 1604 yil oxirigacha bo'lgan joyga qo'ygan bo'lar edi. Ushbu sana uslubiy tahlil bilan tasdiqlangan. Ham she'riy so'zlashuv testi, ham metrik sinov joyi O'lchov keyin O'n ikkinchi kecha va Troilus, lekin oldinroq Hammasi yaxshiva noyob so'z testi uni eng yaqin bog'laydi Hammasi yaxshi.[251]

Otello (1603–1604)

1622 kvarto Otello.
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: Revels hisob kitobidagi yozuv 1604 yil 1-noyabrda "Shaxberd" tomonidan "Venesiya mavri" asarining ijro etilishini qayd etadi.
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: 1622 yilda kvartoda nashr etilgan asarning versiyasi Otello tragdi, Venetsiya Mur (tomonidan bosilgan Nikolas Okes uchun Tomas Uolli ). The Folio matn deyarli bir xil nom bilan paydo bo'ladi; Otello fojiasi, Venetsiya Mur.
Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar (nashr): 1622 yilgi kvarto matni odatda yomon kvarto deb hisoblanmasa ham,[254] u sezilarli darajada farq qiladi Folio matn; F1 Q1da bo'lmagan 160 ga yaqin satrga ega va Q1 F1da bo'lmagan o'n ikki qatorga ega. Ba'zi jumlalarda so'z tartibi, shuningdek, butun o'yin davomida bir nechta nuqtalarda farq qiladi.[255] Skott MakMillin 2001 yilda "Yangi Kembrij Shekspir: Dastlabki kvartalar" turkumiga bag'ishlangan Q1 nashrida kvartoni spektaklni ijro etayotgan aktyorlarni tinglayotgan professional teatr yozuvchisi yaratgan deb ta'kidlaydi va shu ma'noda u sof ijro matni sifatida ifodalanadi. bo'lishi mumkin.[256]
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: 1604 yil 1-noyabrda Whitehall saroyidagi ziyofat zalida Qirol odamlari tomonidan.[257]
Dalillar: shubhasiz, bu asar 1604 yil noyabrga qadar yozilgan va odatdagidek u 1603-1604 yillarga to'g'ri keladi. Ushbu uchrashuvning muhim elementi Shekspirning manbalardan foydalanishidir. Masalan, "ning minalaridek kuyish oltingugurt "(3.3.331)," bir butun va mukammal xrizolit "(5.2.143) va" Ko'z yoshlar kabi tez tomchilar Arab daraxtlari / Ularning shifobaxsh saqichi (5.2.349-350) haqida hamma taxmin qiladi Filimon Golland ning tarjimasi Katta Pliniy "s Naturalus Historia, 1601 yilda nashr etilgan.[258] Bundan tashqari, Shekspir ehtimol haqida ma'lumot olgan Turklarning Kiprga bosqini (1.3, 2.1 va 2.2 da topilgan) dan Richard Knolz ' Turklarning umumiy tarixio'z ichiga olgan maktub Xususan, u Knollesda muhokama qilingan venesiyalik qo'mondon Anjelus Sorianusdan dengizchi hisobotida (1.3.16) eslatib o'tilgan Signor Angelo ismini olgan bo'lishi mumkin. Shuningdek, dengizchining turk taktikasini tavsifi, "The Usmoniylar, muhtaram va mehribon, / Rhodes oroliga qarab o'z vaqtida boshqarish, / Oradan keyingi flotga zarar etkazilganmi "(1.3.34-36), Knollesning turk flotining qamal oldidan qilgan harakatlari ta'rifidan kelib chiqqan bo'lishi mumkin. ning Nikosiya.[259][260] Bu, ehtimol, 1603 yil sentyabrni taxmin qiladi terminus post quem.[257] Mumkin terminus ante quem Filip Xenslou Tomas Dekker va Tomas Midlton qismi 1 uchun Halol fohisha, bu "vahshiy Murdan ko'ra vahshiyroq" qatorini o'z ichiga oladi. Shekspirga aniq murojaat qilish uchun etarli darajada aniq bo'lmasa-da, ma'lum Otello paydo bo'lishidanoq juda mashhur edi va bunday ma'lumotnoma o'sha paytda tinglovchilar uchun mantiqiy bo'lar edi.[261] Shuningdek, ushbu asar yangi qirolni xushnud etish uchun yozilgan bo'lishi mumkin, deb aytilgan Jeyms I. Jeyms Turkiya tarixiga qiziqqan va 1591 yilda u haqida she'r yozgan. Lepanto jangi. She'r 1603 yilda u taxtga qo'shilgandan keyin qayta nashr etildi va oxir-oqibat ushbu jangga sabab bo'lgan voqealar qatorida sahna ko'rinishi shoh uchun alohida qiziqish uyg'otishi kerak edi.[262] Bu 1603-1604 yillarni ham qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. Biroq, H.C. Xartning 1928 yilda nashr etilgan "Arden Shekspir" ning birinchi seriyasi uchun pyesa, E.A.J. Honigmann o'yinni 1601 yil o'rtalaridan 1602 yil o'rtalariga kelib, uning yomon kvartosiga ta'sir qilgan deb hisoblaydi. Hamlet (1602 yil iyulgacha mavjud). Masalan, u "Montano" ismining "Reynaldo" bilan almashtirilganligini keltiradi. Montano faqat boshqa o'yinda uchramaydi Otello, va Honigmann ishlagan aktyorga ishonadi Hamlet Q1 Reynaldo bilan o'ynagan, ammo avvalroq Montanoni o'ynagan Otellova nomlarni ongsiz ravishda aralashtirib yubordi.[263] Bundan tashqari, MacDonald P. Jeksonning o'yinlar joylarini pauza tahlili Otello eng yaqin Hamlet, Troilus va Cressida, O'n ikkinchi kecha va O'lchov uchun o'lchov, shu tartibda. Ushbu to'rtta o'yin uchun "o'rtacha sana" - 1602 yil.[264] Ammo 2006 yilda Oksford Shekspir tomonidan nashr etilgan ushbu asarda Maykl Nil Honigmann va Jeksonning dalillarini muhokama qiladi, ularni asosli, ammo to'liq ishonarli emas deb topadi va oxir-oqibat 1602-1603 yillardagi "murosaga kelish kuni" ga qaror qiladi.[265]

Hammasi yaxshi (1604–1605)

Samuel Teylor Kolidj tomonidan Vashington Allston (1814). Ning tarkibi haqidagi Kolidj nazariyasi Hammasi yaxshi XIX asrning ko'p qismida qabul qilingan.
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: Statsionarlarni ro'yxatga olish yozuvida qayd etilgan Birinchi folio 1623 yil 8-noyabrda.
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: Birinchi folio (1623).
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: da Goodman's Fields 1741 yilda "Shekspir tomonidan yozilgan va uning davridan beri ishlamagan" deb hisob-kitob qilinadi.[266]
Dalillar: 1595 yildan 1607 yilgacha bo'lgan taxminlarga ko'ra bugungi kunga qadar taniqli qiyin o'yin.[267] Displeyning sanasi bilan bog'liq bo'lgan nomutanosiblikka misol sifatida 1997 yilda qayta ishlangan nashrida Uilyam Shekspir: Matn sherigi dan Oksford universiteti matbuoti 1604-1605 yillar oralig'ida sahnaga qo'yilgan Otello va Afinalik Timon.[268] Biroq, 2-nashr Oksford Shekspir: To'liq asarlar 2005 yilda xuddi shu muharrirlar tomonidan tuzilgan Matn sherigi, sana 1606-1607, orasiga qo'yib qo'ying Antoniy va Kleopatra va Perikl, Tir shahzodasi.[269] Sana bilan bog'liq bo'lgan ilmiy mutatsiyaning yana bir misoli Hammasi yaxshi bu Edmond Malone. 1778 yil xronologiyasida Malone kelib chiqqan nazariyani qabul qildi Tomas Persi va tomonidan rivojlangan Richard Farmer bu Hammasi yaxshi edi Sevgi mehnatining yutug'iva shu tariqa pesa 1598 yilda yozilgan. Ammo, vafot etguniga qadar Malone o'z fikrini o'zgartirdi va Uchinchi Variorum tahrir qilingan 1821 yilgi nashr Jeyms Bosuell Malone eslatmalariga asoslanib, u 1606 yilga kelib, piyodalarga qarshi uslubiy tahlil asosidaPuritan 1,3 yilda satira, u Shoh Jeymsning ko'ngilxushligi uchun yozilgan deb o'ylagan.[270] Uchrashuv muammolarini hal qilishga urinib ko'rgan yana bir olim Samuel Teylor Kolidj. 1813 yilda u "spektakl bizga etib kelganidek, shoir hayotining ikki xil va aniq davrlarida yozilgan" degan nazariyani shakllantirdi.[267] Jon Peyn Kollier tomonidan batafsil ishlab chiqilgan ushbu nazariya XIX asr davomida keng qabul qilingan, aksariyat olimlar 1590-yillarning o'rtalarida kompozitsiyaning boshlang'ich davri va 1600-yillarning o'rtalarida ikkinchi davri haqida bahslashishgan.[270] Bahsning asosi shundaki, spektaklda uslubiy va tematik aloqalar namoyish etilgan Hamlet va O'lchov uchun o'lchov, ba'zi bo'limlar etuk emas deb topilgan va ko'proq topilgan material turiga o'xshash Ikki janob, Shrew taming yoki Xatolar komediyasi. Ko'pincha Helenning 1.1 va.-Dagi bokiralik haqidagi munozarasi etuk emas deb keltirilgan qofiyalar 2.1 va 2.2. Xuddi shu tarzda, Parollni ba'zilar Falstaff uchun dastlabki tadqiq sifatida ko'rishgan va Clown ko'pincha Launcega o'xshash bo'lgan Ikki janob; kulgili, lekin syujetga juda yaxshi qo'shilmagan.[271] Ammo, hozirgi zamon stipendiyalari, avvalgi olimlarga qaraganda, asarni yanada murakkab va jiddiyroq ko'rishga moyil bo'lib, kompozitsiyaning ikki davr nazariyasini rad etdi.[271][272] Asarda dolzarb tashbehlar eng yaxshi darajada kamdan-kam uchraydi, aksariyat olimlar tomonidan tan olingan yagona kinoya 1.3.94-95 ("katta yurakning qora xalati ustiga kamtarlikning ortiqcha qismini kiyib oling"), deganidir. ijro etilishi ortiqcha 1604 yilda.[273] Uslubiy jihatdan nodir so'z testi o'yinni eng chambarchas bog'laydi O'lchov uchun o'lchov. So'zlashuvda so'zlashuv testi uni keyinroq qo'yadi O'lchov va Otello lekin oldinroq Afinalik Timon. Metrik test uni keyinroq joylashtiradi O'lchov va Otello lekin oldinroq Lear.[268] Agar kimdir qo'shimcha ma'lumotni qabul qilsa, uslubiy dalillar bilan birgalikda, 1604-1605 yillar sanasi ko'rinadi, ammo bu davrda spektakllarning aniq tartibini taxmin qilish mumkin.[274][275]

Qirol Lir (1605–1606)

1608 kvarto Qirol Lir.
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: Stantsiyalar ro'yxatiga kiritilgan Nataniel sariyog ' va Jon Basbi 1607 yil 26-noyabrda "Kitob chaqirdi. Mr Uilyam Shekspir o'zining Kinge Lir tarixini yaratgan ".
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: 1608 yilda kvartoda nashr etilgan asarning versiyasi M. Uilyam Shakspir: Qirol Lir va uning uch qizining hayoti va o'limi haqidagi uning haqiqiy xronikasi. Edgarning baxtsiz hayoti bilan, Glotter grafining o'g'li va merosxo'ri va Bedlam Tomning xiralashgan va faraz qilgan hazillari bilan. (Nataniel Butter uchun Nikolas Okes tomonidan bosilgan). Ushbu matn 1619 yilda Uilyam Jaggardning "Yolg'on folio" (Tomas Pavier tomonidan bosilgan) qismi sifatida qayta nashr etilgan. 1623 yil Folio sarlavha ostida matn paydo bo'ladi Qirol Lirning fojiasi.
Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar (nashr): garchi 1608 kvarto matni odatda yomon kvarto deb hisoblanmasa ham o'z-o'zidan,[276] u sezilarli darajada farq qiladi Folio matn; Q1 F1da bo'lmagan 285 satrni o'z ichiga oladi va F1da Q1da bo'lmagan 115 ga yaqin satr mavjud. Additionally, over one thousand individual words are different between the two texts, each text has completely different punctuation, much of the verse in F1 is printed as prose in Q1, several speeches are given to different characters (including the final speech of the play – Albany in Q1, Edgar in F1) and each text features different scene divisions.[277] The New Cambridge Shakespeare has published scholarly editions of both texts; F1 in 1992, and Q1 in 1994 as part of their Early Quartos series, both versions edited by Jay L. Halio. The 1999 Pelican Shakespeare edition of the play, edited by Stiven Orgel included both Q1 and F1, as well as the conflated text originally created by Aleksandr Papa in 1725. Similarly, the Oksford Shekspir: To'liq asarlar also included both versions of the play in their second edition of 2005, each edited by Gary Taylor. The Q1 text appears under the title Qirol Lir tarixi, and is dated 1605–1606. The Folio sarlavha ostida matn paydo bo'ladi Qirol Lirning fojiasi and is dated 1610. Taylor believes Q1 represents an early draft of the play, written prior to performance,[278] and F1 represents a revision written four or five years later, after numerous performances. He feels the differences in the two texts represent a "more theatrical" version of the play, which streamlines the plot and improves the characterisation of Edgar, at the expense of Kent and Albany.[279] Although Halio disagrees with Taylor's assessment of F1 as "more theatrical," he reaches the same conclusion regarding the provenance of the text; Q1 was probably set from Shakespeare's foul papers, whilst F1 represents a performance text, probably altered by Shakespeare himself.[280] Most scholars today are in agreement with this theory.[281]
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: according to the entry in the Stationers' Register in November 1607, the play was performed at Whitehall on 26 December 1606.[282]
Samuel Xarsnett "s A Declaration of egregious Popish Impostures (1603), one of Shakespeare's sources for Lear.
Dalillar: although the existence of two distinct texts complicates the issue of dating the play, what is known for certain is that it must have been completed (in some form) by December 1606. The play could not have been written any earlier than March 1603, as determined by Shakespeare's use of Samuel Xarsnett "s Egregious Popish impostures deklaratsiyasi, from which he took some of Tom O'Bedlam's dialogue, which was entered into the Stationers' Register on 16 March 1603.[283] Biroq, terminus post quem can possibly be pushed forward to 1605. Gary Taylor believes that Lear was influenced by George Chapman, Ben Jonson and John Marston's Sharqqa yo'naltirilgan X, written in early 1605, and Jorj Uilkins ' Majburiy nikohning azoblari, written no later than mid-1605.[284] Furthermore, the line "these late eclipses in the sun and moon" (Sc.2.101[285]) could refer to the oy tutilishi of 17 September and the quyosh tutilishi of 2 October 1605.[282][286] Of vital importance in dating the play, however, is the 1605 publication of an older version of the story, the anonymous play Qirol Leyr va uning uchta qizi Gonoril, Ragan va Kordellaning haqiqiy tarixiy tarixi. Ning nashr etilishi Ley in 1605 is often taken as evidence that Shakespeare's Lear was on stage by 1605. Ley was entered into the Stationers' Register on 14 May 1594, but had already been staged, and is usually dated to v.1590. There is no evidence it was ever published prior to 1605, and its sudden appearance in print over ten years after its composition could represent evidence of an attempt to capitalise on the success of Shakespeare's newly released play.[287] On the other hand, in his 1997 edition of the play for the third series of the Arden Shakespeare, R.A. Foakes argues the 1605 publication of Ley inspired Shakespeare to write his own version of the story. There is little doubt that Shakespeare used Ley as a source, and Foakes' believes that some of the parallels are too specific to represent Shakespeare's remembrance of a performance, rather he must have been working with a printed copy. Foakes also argues that the title page of Q1 specifically recalls the title page of the 1605 Ley to "alert" readers to the fact that Shakespeare's version is based on the older version, but is much improved. For example, this explains the reference to Edgar and Gloucester on the title page. These characters are not in Ley, and their inclusion in the title of Q1 serves as an advertisement that Shakespeare's version of the story is more complex than Ley. If Foakes is correct, it means Shakespeare could not have started writing Lear until May 1605.[288] In his 2000 edition of the play for the Oxford Shakespeare, however, Stanley Wells argues there are echoes of Ley in plays as chronologically wide-ranging as Shrewning taming, Richard II, Hech narsa haqida juda ko'p narsa va Hamlet, suggesting Shakespeare was very familiar with the play from at least the early 1590s.[289] Ning nashr etilishi Ley in 1605 could also be connected to the case of Brian Annesley, a wealthy Kentishman, who may, or may not, have influenced Shakespeare in writing Lear. In 1603, Annesley's eldest daughter, Grace, tried to have him declared a lunatic so she would be placed in charge of his estate. She seems to have been supported in this by her husband (Sir John Wildgose), her sister (Christian) and her brother-in-law (William Sandys). However, Annesley's youngest daughter, Cordell, wrote to Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury for help, and successfully blocked Grace's plan. Annesley died in July 1604, and most of his estate was left to Cordell. Whether or not Shakespeare knew about the case is unknown, but if he did, it provides more evidence for a date of composition in the period 1604–1606.[290] Whatever the case regarding Ley and Annesley, however, Halio,[287] Foakes,[291] and Wells[292] all date the initial composition of the play to 1605–1606. In regards to the revision of the text, stylistic analysis tends to view Q1 and F1 as two distinct texts, and in this sense, a rare word test, pause test and metrical test of Q1 all place it between Otello va Makbet, and either immediately before or immediately after Afinalik Timon.[293] A rare word test of the passages unique to F1, however, place it closest to Qish ertagi, Cymbeline, Tempest va Genri VIII.[294]

Afinalik Timon (1605–1606)

Thomas Middleton, who probably worked on Timon in some capacity.
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: mentioned in the Stationers' Register entry for the Birinchi folio, on 8 November 1623.
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: Birinchi folio (1623), kabi Afina Timonining hayoti.
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: there is no known evidence of a performance in Shakespeare's lifetime. The earliest known production of the play was in 1674, when Tomas Shaduell sarlavha ostida moslashtirishni yozdi Afina Timonining tarixi, Man-nafratlanuvchi.[295] Kabi yozuvchilar tomonidan keyingi asrda kuzatilgan bir nechta boshqa moslashuvlar Tomas Xall, Jeyms Sevgi va Richard Cumberland.[296] Although the earliest known performance of the straight Shakespearean text was at Smock Alley in Dublin in 1761, adaptations continued to dominate the stage until well into the twentieth century.[297][298] The earliest known production of a predominantly Shakespearean version of the play in the United Kingdom was at Sadler quduqlari in 1851. Adapted by Samuel Felps, the production cut all scenes involving the Fool, the return of the Poet and the Painter and much of the sexual material. He also changed the ending, having a solemn Alkibiyadalar marching to Timon's grave and reading the epitefiya himself, a far less ambiguous ending than the original.[299]
Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar (atribut): dating Afinalik Timon is rendered more difficult because of the probable involvement of Thomas Middleton. Spektaklda Shekspirga xos bo'lmagan bir nechta rivoyat nomuvofiqliklari, g'ayrioddiy qoniqish mavjud dénouement, drastically different styles in different places and an unusually large number of long lines which don't skanerlash.[300] Bitta nazariya shundaki, o'yin paydo bo'lganidek Birinchi folio tugallanmagan.[301] E.K. Chambers believes Shakespeare began the play, but abandoned it due to a mental breakdown, never returning to finish it.[302] F.W. Brownlow believes the play to have been Shakespeare's last, and remained uncompleted at his death.[303] A more predominant theory, however, is one proposed by Charlz Nayt in 1838; the play was a collaboration between Shakespeare and at least one other dramatist. Today, many scholars believe that other dramatist was Thomas Middleton.[304] Biroq, hamkorlikning aniq xususiyati bahsli. Midlton Shekspir boshlagan asarni qayta ishladimi, Shekspir Midlton asarini qayta ishladimi yoki ular birgalikda ishladimi?[305] John Jowett, ikkalasi uchun ham o'yin muharriri Oksford Shekspir: To'liq asarlar va Oksford Shekspirning individual nashri, Midlton Shekspir bilan yaxshi ishlamaganligi va sahnalarni 2 (o'yinni aktlarga ajratadigan nashrlarda 1,2), 5 (3.1), 6 (3.2), 7 (3.3), 8 (3.4) deb yozganiga ishonadi. ), 9 (3.5), 10 (3.6) va 14 (4.3) ning so'nggi sakson satrlari.[306][307]
Dalillar: because there is no reference to Timon until 1623, attempts to date the play must rely on topical allusions and stylistic analysis. Mumkin terminus ante quem is 1608. In his 2004 edition for the Oxford Shakespeare, John Jowett argues the lack of act divisions in the Folio matn sanani aniqlashda muhim omil hisoblanadi. Qirol odamlari o'zlarining stsenariylarida aktyorlik bo'linmalaridan faqat 1608 yil avgustda yopiq Blackfriars teatrini o'zlarining qishki o'yin uyi sifatida egallab olishganida boshladilar. Timon aktlarga ajratish juda mushkul, bu Jowettga uning aktlarning bo'linishi yozuvchi uchun hech qanday tashvish tug'dirmagan paytda yozilganligini, shuning uchun u 1608 yil avgustgacha yozilgan bo'lishi kerakligini taxmin qilmoqda.[308] A terminus post quem mumkin bo'lgan dolzarb iboradan kelib chiqishi mumkin Barut uchastkasi 1605 yil noyabrda; "those that under hot ardent zeal would set whole realms on fire" (Sc.7.32-33[309]). Asar mazmunida ushbu satr diniy g'ayratga ishora qiladi, ammo ba'zi olimlar buni noyabr voqealariga nisbatan nozik bir murojaat deb bilishadi.[310] Asarga 1605 yil iyun oyida nashr etilgan risola ham ta'sir qilgan bo'lishi mumkin, Ikki g'ayritabiiy va qonli qotillikTomas Midlton uchun asosiy manba bo'lib xizmat qilgan Yorkshir fojiasi.[311] This would narrow the possible range of dates to sometime between November 1605 and August 1608. Narrowing the date further, however, must come wholly from stylistic analysis. A metrical test links the play most closely with Hamlet, Troilus va Cressida va Qirol Lir, whilst a colloquialism-in-verse test places it after Hammasi yaxshi but before Makbet.[312] Furthermore, MacDonald P. Jackson's rare word test found the conjectured Shakespearean parts of the text date to 1605–1606. However, if one were to analyse the conjectured non-Shakespearean sections as if they were by Shakespeare, the rare word test produces a date of 1594–1595, an obvious impossibility. Going further, Jackson found that if one examines the non-Shakespearean sections in the context of Middleton's career, a date of 1605–1606 also results.[313]

Makbet (1606)

Henry Garnet, executed for his involvement in the Barut uchastkasi, and possibly referred to by the Porter in Makbet.
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: in his notes for a book on "Common Policy" (i.e. public morals), Simon Forman records seeing the play at the Globe on 20 April 1611. He actually dates the performance "1610, the 20th April, Saturday," but in 1610, 20 April was a Tuesday, and most scholars feel he accidentally wrote the wrong year.[314]
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: Birinchi folio (1623), kabi The Tragedie of Macbeth.
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: possibly on 20 April 1611 at the Globe, recorded by Simon Forman. However, there is some doubt amongst scholars as to the veracity of Forman's account. Initially, the document itself was thought to be a forgery, as it was first brought to light by John Payne Collier amongst a group of documents many of which did prove to be inauthentic. Although J. Dover Wilson proved the document was genuine in 1947,[315] doubts remain as to the reliability of Forman's report. For example, he makes no mention of the apparitions, or of Hecate, and he virtually ignores the conclusion of the play, which is strange considering he was taking notes for a book about morals. He also mentions seeing Makbet va Banquo on horseback riding through a wood, something highly unlikely on the Globe stage. Furthermore, he describes the Weïrd Sisters as "nymphs or fairies," an unusual way to describe the characters as they appear in the play. However, "nymphs" is how they are described in one of Shakespeare's sources for Makbet, Holinshedning yilnomalari. This suggests Forman may have conflated witnessing a performance with reading the source material.[316] If Forman's account is not accepted as genuine, the first recorded performance was on 5 November 1664, as recorded by Samuel Pepys.[317]
Additional information (revision): because it is theorised by some scholars that the Folio matni Makbet shows signs of revision, dating the play can be difficult. Makbet is extremely short for a Shakespearean tragedy, and it is thought that F1 may have been set from a prompt book that had been shortened for performance, rather than from Shakespeare's own foul papers. First suggested by W.G. Clarke and W.A. Wright in their 1869 edition of the play for Clarendon Press, the most likely person to have carried out the revision is Thomas Middleton.[318] The play is listed in the Oksford Shekspir: To'liq asarlar kabi "Makbet fojiasi by William Shakespeare, Adapted by Thomas Middleton,"[319] and its date is recorded as "1606; adapted 1616." Middleton is conjectured to have written 3.5 and much of 4.1; the only scenes which feature Hecate. The nature of these scenes suggest revision as opposed to collaboration.[320] The main reason Middleton's name is attached to the conjectured revision is because 4.1 calls for the use of two songs from Jodugar, a play by Middleton himself.[317] However, Middleton's involvement with the play, and the notion of revision work itself, is not universally accepted. Two notable scholars who dissent from this theory are Jonathan Hope[321] va Brayan Vikers.[322]
Dalillar: the play is closely connected to King James, and scholars are in general agreement that it is unlikely to have been written prior to his accession in 1603. He considered Banquo his direct ancestor, and eight Styuart kings preceded James, just as Banquo is depicted at the end of "a show of eight kings" (4.1.126.1-2).[319] In 1790, Edmond Malone dated the play 1606, and the majority of scholars still accept this date even whilst acknowledging little conclusive evidence exists, other than the fact that it 'seems' correct in the context of Shakespeare's other work of the period.[323] There are some possible topical allusions, however, which do support a date of 1606. For example, the Porter's mention of "an equivocator that could swear in both the tarozi against either scale" (2.3.7-9) is a possible reference to the Gunpowder plot, specifically the trial of Henry Garnet in March 1606.[324] Furthermore, the Weïrd Sisters' account of The Tiger (1.3.8-26) is thought to allude to a ship of the same name that returned to England on 27 June 1606 after a disastrous voyage in which many of the crew were killed by pirates. At 1.3.22-23, the First Witch says "Weary sev'n-nights, nine times nine,/Shall he dwindle, peak, and pine." The real ship was at sea 567 days, the product of 7x9x9, which has been taken as a confirmation of the allusion.[325] If this theory is correct, the play could not have been written any earlier than July 1606. In his 1997 edition of the play for the New Cambridge Shakespeare, however, A.R. Braunmuller finds the arguments for topical allusions inconclusive, and instead argues for a date closer to James' accession in 1603.[326] From a stylistic perspective, a metrical test and colloquialism-in-verse test place the play after Lear va Timon but before Antoniy va Kleopatra, although Ants Oras' pause test places it before all three plays. A rare word test places it closest to Troilus va Lear.[327]

Antoniy va Kleopatra (1606)

1607 quarto of Iblisning nizomi, which may allude to Antoniy va Kleopatra.
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: entered into the Stationers' Register by Edward Blount on 20 May 1608 as "a booke Called Anthony. and Cleopatra." Jointly entered with Perikl, Tir shahzodasi.[328]
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: Birinchi folio (1623), kabi The Tragedie of Anthonie, and Cleopatra.
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: in 1669 the Lord Chamberlain's office granted the right to perform the play to Thomas Killigrew, with the added note that it had been "formerly acted at the Blackfriars," but no further information is given.[329] The earliest definite performance was in 1759 when it was staged by Devid Garrik at Drury Lane, from a script prepared by Edward Capell. However, this production was heavily influenced by John Dryden's Hammasi sevgi uchun, which, along with Charlz Sedli "s Antoniy va Kleopatra had dominated the stage from 1677 onwards. Different adaptations were staged by Jon Filipp Kembl at Covent Garden in 1813, Uilyam Makready at Drury Lane in 1833, Samuel Phelps at Sadler's Wells in 1849, Andrew Halliday at Drury Lane in 1873, and Herbert Beerbohm daraxti da Ulug'vorning teatri 1906 yilda.[330] The earliest known production of the straight Shakespearean text was in a production by Robert Atkins da Old Vic 1922 yilda.[331]
Dalillar: obviously, the play was written by May 1608. However, an earlier terminus ante quem can perhaps be established by Samuel Daniel's republication of his play The Tragedie of Cleopatra (originally written in 1594) in a "newly altered version," which seems to have been influenced by Shakespeare's Anthony and Cleopatra. For example, Daniel includes a newly added allusion to "Cydnus " as the meeting place of the lovers, adds the characters of Dircetus, Diomedes and Gallus, and includes several verbal echoes.[332] If the play was an influence on Daniel then it must have been on stage by Easter 1607, due to the closing of the theatres because of plague. This suggests it was written in 1606 or very early 1607.[333] That 1606 is the most likely date seems fixed by Barnabe Barns ' Iblisning nizomi, acted by the King's Men on 2 February 1607. Barnes refers to "aspics," which are used to kill two young princes in their sleep, as "Cleopatra's birds," and the princes as "competitors with Cleopatra." If Barnes is here alluding to Anthony and Cleopatra, in which Cleopatra kills herself by making an asp bite her on the breast and arm (5.2.302-312), it must have been on stage by January 1607 at the very latest, suggesting composition in 1606.[334][335]

Perikl, Tir shahzodasi (1607–1608)

1609 quarto of Perikllar
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: entered into the Stationers' Register by Edward Blount on 20 May 1608 as "A booke called. The booke of Pericles prynce of Tyre." Jointly entered with Antoniy va Kleopatra.[336]
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: published in quarto in 1609 as The Late and much admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre. With the true Relation of the whole History, adventures, and fortunes of the sayd Prince: As also, The no lesse strange, and worthy accidents, in the Birth and Life, of his Daughter Mariana (printed by William White and Thomas Creede for Henry Gosson). This text was republished in 1609 (again by White and Creede for Gosson), 1611 (by Simon Stafford for Gosson) 1619 (as part of William Jaggard's "False Folio", printed by Thomas Pavier), 1630 (by John Norton for Robert Bird) and 1635 (by Tomas Kotes for Robert Bird). Perikllar ichida ko'rinmadi Birinchi folio (1623), the Ikkinchi folio (1632) or the first impression of the Uchinchi folio (1663). It was added to the second impression of the Uchinchi folio (1664; printed by Coates for Filipp Xetvinde ) kabi The much admired Play, called, Pericles, Prince of Tyre. With the true Relation of the whole History, Adventures, and Fortunes of the sayd Prince.
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: the Venetian ambassador to England from 5 January 1606 to 23 November 1608, Zorzi Giustinian, saw a production of the play during his time in London. He was accompanied by the French ambassador, Antoine Lefevre de la Boderie, and his wife, who arrived in England in April 1607. Giustinian noted that he paid admission, so the play must have been public. As the theatres were closed from April to December 1607 and from July to November in 1608, he must have seen the play at sometime between January and June of 1608.[337] The earliest known datable production was at the manor house of Sir John Yorke, Gouthwaite Hall in Shimoliy Yorkshir, on 2 February 1610, performed by the Cholmley Players. Information concerning the production comes from a case in the Court of Star Chamber taken against the Catholic Yorke by his Puritan neighbour Sir Stephen Proctor.[338]
Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar (atribut): as the play was not included in the Birinchi folio, there has always been doubt as to whether or not Shakespeare actually wrote it. The second impression of the Uchinchi folio added seven new plays, six of which have been proven to be part of the Shakespeare Apocrypha; Lokrin, London adashgan, Puritan, Ser Jon Oldkastl, Tomas Lord Kromvel va Yorkshir fojiasi. Traditionally, for some scholars, the simple fact that Perikllar is included with such a group is proof enough that Shakespeare did not write it.[339] In a contested field, the most widely accepted theory is that Shakespeare collaborated on the play with another playwright, probably George Wilkins. Although the collaboration theory dates back to at least 1709 (Nicholas Rowe's Janob Uilyam Shekspir asarlari), the theory of Wilkins' involvement originated in 1868, suggested by Nikolay Delius.[340] Wilkins status as co-author is generally accepted by modern scholars, and Delius' original breakdown of scenes remains the most widely agreed upon; Wilkins worked on scenes 1-9 and Shakespeare on scenes 10-22.[339] However, because the 1609 quarto is so badly corrupted and generally regarded as a poorly constructed memorial reconstruction,[341] there is no complete agreement as to the motives or mechanism of the collaboration, with some scholars arguing for Shakespeare as sole author. For example, in their 1998 edition of the play for the New Cambridge Shakespeare, Doreen Delvecchio and Anthony Hammond reject the theory of co-authorship, arguing that the problems inherent in the text arise not because of collaborative writing, but because of especially poor memorial reconstruction.[342] On the other hand, in his 2002 book Shekspir, hammuallif, Brian Vickers is highly critical of Delvecchio and Hammond's analysis, arguing that co-authorship of the play is a virtual certainty.[343] Similarly, in 2003 book, Defining Shakespeare, MacDonald P. Jackson analyses, amongst other aspects, versification, rhyme, function words, olmosh usage, metrical patterns and elisiyalar. He too is especially critical of Delvecchio and Hammond, and he too concludes that Wilkins' status as co-author is virtually certain.[344]
Dalillar: in 1608, Wilkins published a prose version of the story called The Painful Adventures of Pericles Prince of Tyre, Being the True History of the Play of Pericles, as it was lately presented by the worthy and ancient poet Jon Gower, which contains numerous phrases that seem to recall specific lines from the play, suggesting work on the play preceded composition of the prose version. In fact, some scholars consider Wilkins' prose version to be a more accurate record of the original script than the 1609 quarto, and several modern editors have incorporated passages from Wilkins' prose into the play text, such as Roger Warren's 2003 edition for the Oxford Shakespeare, based on a text prepared by Gary Taylor and MacDonald P. Jackson, or the version in the 2nd edition of the Oksford Shekspir: To'liq asarlar (2005), edited by Taylor. Stylistic analysis places the play in the period of 1607–1608. A rare word test of scenes 10-22 place them closest to Tempest, whereas a rare word test of scenes 1-9 place them closest to 1 Genri IV. If Shakespeare wrote 10-22, the proximity to Tempest makes sense. If Wilkins wrote 1-9, Gary Taylor has suggested that due to the immense popularity of 1 Genri IV, Wilkins may have read it during composition in an effort to write in a Shakespearean manner. Ants Oras' pause test places scenes 10-22 closest to Makbet va Antoniy va Kleopatra.[339] Taken together, the stylistic evidence, the 1608 Stationers' Register entry, Wilkins' 1608 prose version, the 1608 performance seen by Giustinian, and the 1609 quarto, all serve to suggest a date of composition of 1607 or very early 1608.[345][346]

Coriolanus (1608)

Janob Xyu Midelton tomonidan Kornelis Yanssens van Seulen (1628). The play contains a possible allusion to Myddleton's 1608 scheme to bring clean water to London.
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: mentioned in the Stationers' Register entry for the Birinchi folio, on 8 November 1623.
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: Birinchi folio (1623), kabi Koriolanus fojiasi.
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: the earliest known production of the play was a 1681 adaptation by Nahum Teyt performed at Drury Lane. Qo'ng'iroq qilindi The Ingratitude of a Commonwealth; or, The Fall of Coriolanus, the play was specifically written to protest the anti-Catholic riots which arose in response to the "Popish uchastkasi " to assassinate Charlz II.[347] 1719 yilda, Jon Dennis adapted the play, again into a political protest piece staged at Drury Lane. The Invader of His Country; or, The Fatal Resentment ga javoban yozilgan 1715 yilda ko'tarilgan yakobit.[348] More adaptations followed; Jeyms Tomson 's 1747 version Coriolanus: A Tragedy was performed at Covent Garden in protest against the Yakobit 1745 yilda ko'tarilgan va Tomas Sheridan "s Coriolanus: The Roman Matron, which combined Shakespeare's original with Thomson's version and was performed at Smock Alley in Dublin in 1752.[349] The earliest known production of the straight Shakespearean text was on 11 November 1754, when David Garrick staged an abridged production at Drury Lane.[350]
Dalillar: the play must have been written between 1605 and 1609. A terminus post quem of 1605 is fixed by Menenius' speech regarding the body politic (1.1.93-152), which is partly derived from a speech attributed to Papa Adrian IV yilda Uilyam Kamden "s Britaniyaga tegishli bo'lgan Buyuk Ishning qoldiqlari, which was published in 1605.[351] A terminus ante quem of 1609 can be fixed by Ben Jonson's Epicœne yoki jim ayol, which mocks the line "he lurched all swords of the gulchambar " (2.2.99),[352] va Robert Armin "s Phantasma the Italian Tailor and his Boy, which contains a close parallel to the line "they threw their caps/As they would hang them on the horns o'th'moon" (1.1.209-210).[353] Epicœne was written in 1609, and Fantazma was entered into the Stationers Register on 6 February 1609.[294] Topical allusions, however, can be used to narrow the date further. For example, the presentation of the grain riots is strikingly reminiscent of the Midlands corn riots of 1607.[294] Perhaps significantly, Shakespeare was in Stratford-on-Evon for much of autumn 1608, organising uning onasi funeral and conducting business, and thus would have been close to the origin point of the unrest.[354] The reference to "the coal of fire upon the ice" (1.1.170) is a possible allusion to the winter of 1607–08, when the frost was so severe that vendors set up booths on the frozen Thames river, and pans of coals were placed on the ice so that pedestrians could warm themselves.[355] Also, an allusion to the complaints about Xyu Midelton "s project to bring clean water to London from the Lea daryosi (which originated in 1608) has been detected in Martius' warning to the patricians "to say he'll turn your current in a ditch/And make your channel his" (3.1.98-9).[355] Gary Taylor also finds the use of act divisions in the Folio text important, as the King's Men only began to use act divisions when they occupied the indoors Blackfriars Theatre in August 1608.[356] Lee Bliss argues that the five-act structure is built into the thematic fabric of the play, further strengthening the argument that it was written for Blackfriars. Indeed, Bliss believes Coriolanus may have been the King's Men's debut play at the theatre.[357] Taylor believes that the cumulative internal evidence all points to a composition date of no earlier than spring 1608.[294] In his 1994 edition of the play for the Oxford Shakespeare, R.B. Parker dates the play mid-1608.[358] In his 2000 edition for the New Cambridge Shakespeare, Lee Bliss is unconvinced by the arguments that Shakespeare is referring to the freezing of the Thames or to Myddelton's scheme, and settles on a date of late 1608 to early 1609.[359]

Qish ertagi (1609–1611)

Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: in his journal, Simon Forman recorded seeing a performance of the play at the Globe on 15 May 1611.
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: Birinchi folio (1623).
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: a production of the play by the King's Men was staged at the Globe on 15 May 1611, as recorded by Simon Forman.[360]
Dalillar: Qish ertagi can be a difficult play to date precisely due to a lack of contemporary references and topical allusions. Aside from the Forman reference (and some subsequent dated productions at court), and a possible allusion to a Ben Jonson piece, the play must be dated using stylistic analysis.[361] The possible Jonson reference occurs during the sheep-shearing feast, when twelve countrymen perform a satiralar ' dance that three are said to have already "danced before the King" (4.4.333). This may be an allusion to Ben Jonson's masque Oberon, shafqatsiz shahzoda, which was performed at court on 1 January 1611. This would place the most likely date of composition sometime in mid-1610. However, not all scholars believe the reference need be taken that literally, and even those that do accept the Jonson allusion, such as Stanley Wells (editor of the play for the Oksford Shekspir: To'liq asarlar), agree that the passage may have been added at a later date, and is therefore of little use in dating the play.[362][363] Traditionally, the play is paired with Cymbeline in terms of style, theme and tone, with Qish ertagi seen as the superior play, and therefore the later of the two.[364] However, stylistic analysis would suggest Qish ertagi oldin Cymbeline; a rare word test places it closest to O'lchov uchun o'lchov, Ants Oras pause test places it closest to Perikllar, a colloquialism-in-verse test places it after Coriolanus but before Cymbeline, a metrical test places it closest to Antoniy va Kleopatra.[294] In his 2010 edition of the play for the third series of the Arden Shakespeare, John Pitcher argues for a date of late 1610-early 1611, believing Shakespeare wrote Qish ertagi, Cymbeline va Tempest in this period after the reopening of the theatres in early 1611, although he acknowledges this creates a gap in the chronology which would suggest Shakespeare wrote nothing in 1609.[365]

Cymbeline (1610)

1620 quarto of Frensis Bomont va Jon Fletcher "s Filaster, which has strong links with Cymbeline.
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: Simon Forman saw a production on an unspecified date in 1611. It is thought he saw the play not long before he died, on 8 September of that year.[366]
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: Birinchi folio (1623), kabi Cymbeline fojiasi.
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: Simon Forman saw the play in 1611, although the date (and location) is unknown. The earliest known datable performance was on 1 January 1634, when the play was performed at court for Charles I and Henrietta Maria, where it was described as "well likte by the kinge."[367]
Dalillar: obviously, the play was complete by September 1611. A terminus post quem of 1608 can be fixed with reasonable certainty insofar as the spectacular stage direction in 5.3, when "Yupiter descends in thunder and lightning, sitting upon an eagle," suggests Shakespeare wrote the play with the indoor stage equipment of Blackfriars in mind, which places the date as after August 1608.[366] The play also has connections with two other plays of the period; Frensis Bomont va Jon Fletcher "s Philaster, or Love Lies a-Bleeding and Thomas Heywood's Oltin asr. Filaster va Cymbeline have strong verbal and tonal parallels, and both feature a broadly similar plot. Scholars are in general agreement that the plays were written around the same period, and that one influenced the other. The direction of influence, however, is not certain. If Beaumont and Fletcher were influenced by Cymbeline, they must have seen it in performance. However, the theatres were closed until at least December 1609, meaning the play could not have been staged until early 1610. Filaster was read in MS by John Davies in October 1610, so if Filaster ta'sirlangan Cymbeline, it must have been written in the first half of 1610.[368] However, this contradicts Andrew Gurr's evidence that Filaster was written in late 1609.[369] On the other hand, Shakespeare would have had access to the Filaster MS, making it more likely that Filaster oldin Cymbeline. If Gurr's late 1609 date for Filaster is correct, this would suggest Shakespeare wrote Cymbeline in 1610.[370] The play is also connected to Thomas Heywood's Oltin asr, shunga o'xshash Cymbeline, features Jupiter descending on a cloud, as well as some tentative verbal parallels. As Heywood commonly borrowed from Shakespeare's work, the likely explanation here is that Cymbeline oldin Oltin asr. However, the date of Oltin asr noaniq. It was published in 1611, but there is some evidence it may have been written in late 1610. If one accepts this date, it suggests a date of mid-1610 for Cymbeline.[371] Further evidence for 1610 is presented by Roger Warren, in his 1998 edition of the play for the Oxford Shakespeare. Warren argues that the play was performed at court during the investitsiya of James' eldest son Genri kabi Uels shahzodasi, which ran from 31 May to 6 June. Central to the celebrations was Samuel Daniels' Tetis 'festivali, which foregrounded Milford Xeyven as the "port of union" where Henry's ancestor Henry Tudor had landed to face Richard III. Milford is similarly foregrounded in Cymbeline, which also deals with the iconography and cultural significance of Welshness, providing a correlation between the geography of the play and the politics of the period.[372] Martin Butler Nyu-Kembrij Shekspir uchun 2005 yil nashrida Uorren bilan bir xil dalillarni keltirgan (garchi u bilan bog'liqligiga ishonmasa ham Oltin asr), 1610 yil o'rtalariga to'g'ri keladi.[373]

Tempest (1610–1611)

Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: Revels hisob kitobidagi yozuv 1611 yil 1-noyabrda ijroni qayd etadi.
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: Birinchi folio (1623).
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: 1611 yil 1-noyabr kuni Uaytxol saroyidagi ziyofat zalida Qirol odamlari tomonidan ijro etilgan.[374]
Dalillar: sana Tempest 1610 yil sentyabrdan 1611 yilgacha bo'lgan vaqt ichida xavfsiz tarzda o'rnatilishi mumkin. Shubhasiz, 1 noyabrda sahnada bo'lish uchun, u noyabrgacha tugallangan bo'lishi kerak va Whitehall spektakli birinchi spektakl bo'lishi ehtimoldan yiroq emas (pyesalar sud zalida kamdan-kam ijro etilgan. ilgari ommaviy sahnaga chiqish). The terminus post quem 1610 yil sentyabrda Shekspir tomonidan haqiqiy voqeadan manba sifatida foydalanish aniqlanishi mumkin. 1609 yil may oyida to'qqiz kema parki Plimutdan suzib yo'l oldi Virjiniya, besh yuz kolonistni olib yurgan. 29-iyul kuni flagman Dengiz korxonasi, bo'ronli yo'ldan haydab chiqarilgan va Bermudiya qirg'og'ida halokatga uchragan. Hamma qo'llar yo'qolgan deb o'ylardi, ammo 1610 yil 23-mayda uning yo'lovchilari Virjiniyaga xavfsiz tarzda etib kelishdi va Bermudada boshpana topib, u erda pinnaces va sayohatlarini yakunladilar.[375] Asar ayniqsa qarzdor Uilyam Strexi "s Sir Tomas Geytsning kurashlari va qutqarilishi haqidagi haqiqiy reportaj, Virjiniyada yozilgan va 15-iyul kuni yozilgan. MS Angliyaga qaytarib berildi Geyts o'zi sentyabr oyining boshida Londonga kelgan. Garchi Haqiqiy hisobot 1625 yilgacha nashr qilinmagan, ma'lumki, MS shaklida keng o'qilgan.[376] Keyinchalik 1610 yilda nashr etilgan ikkita risola ham manba sifatida ishlatilgan; Silvestr Jurdaynniki Bermudlarning kashfiyoti, bag'ishlanish 1610 yil 13 oktyabrda va Virjiniya kompaniyasi o'z Virjiniyadagi koloniyalar mulkining haqiqiy deklaratsiyasi, 8-noyabr kuni Stantsiyalar ro'yxatiga kiritilgan.[377] Shunisi e'tiborga loyiqki, aksariyat olimlar ushbu matnlarni tanishish manbalari va dalillari sifatida qabul qilsalar ham, hammasi ham buni qilishmaydi. Kennet Muir Shekspirning "Straxey" dan foydalanganligi haqidagi dalillarni shubha ostiga qo'ygan olimning ajoyib namunasidir.[378] Uslubiy jihatdan nodir lug'at testi, og'zaki nutqda misraga oid test va Ants Orasning pauza testi o'yinni keyinroq o'tkazadi. Coriolanus, Qish ertagi va Cymbeline.[368]

Kardio (1612–1613)

1728 kvarto Ikki marta yolg'on
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: Stantsiyalar ro'yxatiga kiritilgan Xemfri Mozli 1653 yil 9-sentabrda "Kardio tarixi, janob Fletcher va Shekspir tomonidan".
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: ma'lumki, Kardio o'zi hech qachon nashr etilmagan, ammo 1728 yilda Lyuis Teobald nomli sahna asarini nashr etdi Ikki marta yolg'on; yoki, Distrest Lovers u Shekspirnikidan moslashtirilgan deb da'vo qilmoqda Kardio. Theobald uchta qo'lyozma shaklida asl asarga kirish huquqiga ega ekanligini da'vo qildi. Spektakl 1727 yil dekabrida Drury Leyn-da namoyish etilib, katta kassa muvaffaqiyatiga erishdi va 1728 yilda qayta tiklandi.[379] Bir maqolaga ko'ra Gazetachi 1770 yil 31 martda "ushbu asarning asl qo'lyozmasi endi Covent Garden Playhouse muzeyida saqlanmoqda." Biroq, maqola asl nusxaga ishora qiladimi-yo'qmi aniq emas Kardio Shekspir va Fletcher qo'lyozmasi yoki asl nusxasi Ikki karra yolg'on Theobald tomonidan yozilgan. Har holda, kutubxona 1808 yilda yonib ketdi.[380] Theobaldning 1728 yildagi nashrida, bir qism muqaddima mavjud bo'lib, unda: "Bunday qiziqishni bir asrdan ko'proq vaqt davomida bo'g'ish va dunyoga yo'qotish kerakligi aqlga sig'maydigan deb da'vo qilingan. Bunga mening javobim qisqa: ammo hozirgacha sahnada paydo bo'ldi, ammo men qo'lyozma nusxalaridan biri oltmish yoshdan oshgan, o'z qo'li bilan Janob Douns mashhur eski so'rovnoma; va, ishonchli tarzda menga ma'lumki, nishonlanganlar egalik qilishda erta bo'lgan Janob Betterton va u tomonidan dunyoga keltirilishi uchun mo'ljallangan. Uning maqsadi qanday voqea sodir bo'lishiga to'sqinlik qildi, men o'zimni bilganga o'xshatmayman; yoki shu vaqtgacha ketma-ket qaysi qo'llar orqali o'tgan. Muallifimiz tomonidan qadr-qimmatli sovg'a sifatida o'zining tabiiy qiziga, uni o'zi uchun yozgan, menga bergan bir ulug'vor odamdan (mening nusxalarimdan birini menga etkazib bergan) shunday bir an'ana bor. sahnadan nafaqaga chiqqan paytda. Menda yana ikkita nusxa bor (ulardan bittasini juda yaxshi narxda sotib olganimdan xursand bo'ldim), bu, ehtimol, avvalgisiga o'xshamasa kerak; ammo ulardan biri juda mukammal va ma'noda kamroq kamchilik va uzilishlarga ega. "[381]
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: 1613 yil 20-may kuni King's Company sud tomonidan ijro etilganligi uchun to'lov oldi "Kardenno."[382]
Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar (atribut): Kardio yo'qolgan o'yin deb hisoblanadi va Shekspirning bunga aloqasi bor-yo'qligi javobsiz (va mavjud dalillarni hisobga olgan holda, ehtimol javobsiz) savol. Faqat ikkita manba uni Shekspirga tegishli; Moseley's 1653 Stationers 'Ro'yxatdan o'tish va Theobaldning 1727 yilga moslashtirilishi. Garchi 1613 yildagi sud to'lovi asarni "Qirol odamlari" bilan bog'lab tursa-da, bu Shekspir yozgan degani emas, chunki kompaniya uning qo'li bo'lmagan ko'plab spektakllarni ijro etgan. Mozli atributining haqiqiyligiga, uning yo'qolgan yana bir nechta asarlarini Shekspirga bergani ma'lum bo'lganligi yordam bermaydi. Masalan, 1660 yil 29 iyunda u "Tarix tarixi" uchun Ro'yxatdan o'tish kitobiga yozuv kiritdi Shoh Stiven. Dyuk Xemfri, fojia. Iphis Iantha yoki erkaksiz nikoh, Komediya. Vasiyatnoma bo'yicha: Shekspir ".[383] Biroq, Gari Teylorning ta'kidlashicha, Mozlining Shohning odamlariga 1613 yilgi sud to'lovlari to'g'risida xabardor bo'lishi ehtimoldan yiroq emas, bu Shekspirning Fletcher bilan boshqa ikkita spektaklda ishlashiga to'g'ri keladi (Genri VIII va Ikki zodagon qarindosh ). Teylor, bu Mozlining Shekspir muallifligi haqidagi da'vosini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi, deb hisoblaydi, ayniqsa Fletcherning ishtiroki Genri VIII 1653 yilgacha tashkil etilmagan.[384] Olimlar, shuningdek, Teobaldning Shekspir asarining avvalgi barcha nashrlaridan chiqarib yuborilgan Shekspir o'yiniga egalik qilganligi haqidagi da'volarining asosliligini muhokama qilishni davom ettirmoqdalar. E.K. Chambers Theobaldning matnga egalik huquqi bilan bog'liq bir nechta muammolarni ta'kidladi; hech kim hech qachon uchta qo'lyozmani ko'rganligini tasdiqlamagan, Theobaldning u menga tegishli ekanligi haqidagi da'volari bizda yagona dalil; Shekspirning "tabiiy qizi" (ya'ni noqonuniy qizi) bo'lganligi, uning ikki qonuniy qizi va o'n bir yoshida vafot etgan bitta o'g'li borligi haqida hech qanday dalil yo'q (garchi Jon Frihafer "tabiiy qizi" ga murojaat qilish Henrietta Mariya duaga tegishli bo'lsa ham) Shekspirning (taxmin qilingan) noqonuniy o'g'lining rafiqasi Tremblay, Uilyam Deyvenant[385]); aftidan Theobald vafotidan keyin qo'lyozmalar g'oyib bo'lgan va 1744 yil 23-oktabrda uning sotuv katalogida ro'yxatga olinmagan; na Douns, na Bettertonning asarlarida asar hech qachon tilga olinmagan; va agar Teobald Shekspir muallifligiga shunchalik ishongan bo'lsa, nega u asarni 1734 yilgi nashrining to'liq tarkibiga kiritmadi?[386] Olimlar Theobaldning da'volari masalasida ikkala fikrda. Biroq, 2010 yilda, Ikki karra yolg'on Arden Shekspir bayrog'i ostida munozarali ravishda nashr etilgan, Brayan Xemmond tomonidan tahrirlangan, u 1989 yil kitobida G. Xarold Metz tomonidan belgilangan pozitsiyani qabul qilgan, Shekspirga tegishli to'rtta asarning manbalari; "Ikki karra yolg'on asosan Theobald yoki oldingi adapterga ega bo'lgan Theobald, Fletcherning katta aralashmasi va Shekspir modusi bilan. "[387] Hammond, aksariyat hollarda, Theobaldning da'volarini qabul qiladi, garchi ba'zi bir eslatmalarsiz bo'lmasa ham, ishonadi Ikki karra yolg'on dan moslashtirilgan bo'lishi kerak Kardio, Shekspir va Fletcher tomonidan yozilgan spektakl.[388]
Dalillar: spektaklning sanasi Kardenioning xarakteri ekanligiga asoslanadi Don Kixot, qadar ingliz tilida nashr etilmagan Tomas Sheltonniki 1612 tarjima.[389]

Genri VIII (1612–1613)

Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: Tomas Lorkinning 1613 yil 30-iyunda yozilgan maktubida, u Globe teatrida sodir bo'lgan yong'inni tasvirlaydi, "Xen: 8" spektakli paytida sahnadagi to'pdan uchqunlar somonning tomiga tushgan.[390]
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: Birinchi folio (1623), kabi Sakkizinchi qirol Genri hayotining mashhur tarixi.
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: Lorkinning maktubida keltirilgan ishlab chiqarish 1613 yil 29-iyunda bo'lib o'tdi. Sirning xatida Genri Votton Sirga Edmund Bekon, 1613 yil 2-iyulda Votton "yangi o'yin deb nomlangan asar" deb ta'riflaydi Hammasi haqiqat "Genrix VIII hukmronligining ba'zi asosiy qismlarini aks ettiruvchi." An'anaga ko'ra, bu birinchi spektakl deb taxmin qilingan. Ammo London savdogari Genri Blyut tomonidan 1613 yil 4-iyulda yozilgan va faqat 1981 yilda topilgan yong'inni tasvirlaydigan boshqa bir maktubda. ,[391] o'yin "ilgari 2-3 marta o'tmagan holda ijro etilgan" deb ta'riflanadi, ya'ni 29 iyun - bu birinchi yozilgan spektakl bo'lsa-da, lekin bu spektaklning birinchi haqiqiy namoyishi emas edi.[392]
Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar (atribut): spektakl birinchi marta 1850 yilda Jeyms Spdingd tomonidan taklif qilingan nazariya Jon Fletcher bilan hamkorlik deb o'ylanmoqda (taklifiga binoan Alfred, Lord Tennyson[393]), Shekspirning asl qo'lyozmasiga Fletcher va uning doimiy hamkori Frensis Bomont tomonidan tegish kerak deb taklif qilgan.[384] Shekspirning Fletcher bilan boshqa hamkorligi (lar) dan farqli o'laroq (Ikkita Nobel qarindoshlar va, ehtimol, Kardio), Fletcher ishlagan tashqi dalillar yo'q Genri VIIIva hamkorlik uchun har qanday dalillar to'liq uslubiy tahlilga asoslangan. Biroq, ushbu dalillarning aksariyati ikkita yozuvchini taklif qiladi; nodir so'zlar testi, Ants Orasning pauza testi, nasr va she'r o'rtasidagi munosabatlar, so'z boyligi taqsimoti va misrada so'zlashuv testi - bularning barchasi asarda ikki xil muallif borligini isbotlaydi.[394] Shekspirga eng ishonchli tarzda kiritilgan parchalar 1.1, 1.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.2 va 5.1.[395]
Dalillar: 29 iyundagi spektaklning dastlabki sahnalar ekanligi 1612–1613 yillardagi kompozitsiya sanasini, aksariyat zamonaviy olimlar kelishgan sana haqida fikr yuritadi.[396][397][398] Spedingdan beri, olimlar ushbu asarni malika Yelizaveta 1613 yil fevralda elektorat palatinasi Frederik V bilan turmush qurishi bilan bog'lashga moyil edilar. Arden Shekspirning ikkinchi seriyali uchun o'yinning 1957 yilgi nashrida R.A. Foaks o'yinning asosiy mavzusini, ayniqsa, kelajakdagi qirolicha Yelizaveta suvga cho'mganligini ko'rsatadigan so'nggi sahnani davr siyosiy muhitiga juda mos kelishini ta'kidlaydi. 1613 yil boshlarida Ispaniyada katta shubha va katolik fitnasi mavjud edi va nikoh dindor protestant nemis knyazlari bilan ittifoq tuzadi degan umidda edi.[399] Uslubiy tahlil nuqtai nazaridan spektaklning tarixini belgilash nuqtai nazaridan eng muhim ma'lumotlar Makdonald P. Jeksonning noyob so'z testi bo'lib, unda Shekspir tomonidan o'ylangan bo'limlar uning karerasining oxirigacha yozilgan bo'lishi kerakligi va agar Shekspirga tegishli bo'lmagan bo'limlar Shekspir deb qaralsa, ular 1599-1600 yillarga to'g'ri keladi, bu aniq imkonsizdir.[400]

Ikki zodagon qarindosh (1613–1614)

1634 kvarto Ikki zodagon qarindosh
Birinchi rasmiy yozuv: 1619 yildagi Revels Qirollik idorasidan olingan parcha, yaqinda sudda ijro etilgan bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan o'yinlarning ro'yxatini o'z ichiga oladi. Ikkita Nobel qarindoshlar zikr etilgan pyesalardan biridir.[401]
Birinchi marta nashr etilgan: 1634 yilda kvartoda nashr etilgan (Tomas Kotes tomonidan bosilgan Jon Uoterson ).
Birinchi yozilgan ijro: garchi asar 1614 yil oktyabrgacha sahnalashtirilgan bo'lishi kerak bo'lsa-da, dastlabki prodyuserlarning yozuvlari noaniq. 1619-yilgi ro'yxat yaqinda namoyish etilgan spektakllarning ro'yxati bo'lishi mumkin, ammo kelajakda ijro etish uchun tavsiya etilgan o'yinlarning ro'yxati ham bo'lishi mumkin.[401] 1634 kvarto matniga (4.2.70.1 va 5.3.0.2) ikkita aktyor nomining sahna yo'nalishlariga kiritilishi, o'yinning 1625 yoki 1626 yillarda sahnalashtirilganligini ko'rsatmoqda (aktyorlar "Kurtis" (ehtimol Kurtis Grevil) va "T. Take ", (Tomas Takfild), ikkalasi ham qirol odamlari bilan faqat 1625–1626 yilgi mavsumda bo'lgan).[402] Kvarto matni, shuningdek, ushbu asar yaqinda Blackfriars-da namoyish etilganligini da'vo qilmoqda. Biroq, eng qadimgi ijro Uilyam Davenantning moslashuvi ko'rinishida Raqiblar 1664 yilda.[403] To'g'ridan-to'g'ri Shekspir / Fletcher matnining dastlabki ishlab chiqarilishi "Old Vic" da 1928 yil 28 martda Endryu Ley tomonidan boshqarilgan.[404]
Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar (atribut): Stantsiyalar ro'yxatiga kiritilgan yozuv va 1634 yilgi kvarto tomonidan Shekspir va Fletcherga tegishli bo'lganligi sababli, o'yinning ikkala tomonning hamkorligi haqida juda ko'p ichki dalillar mavjud. Lug'at boyligi, o'lchov o'lchagichi, tasviriy obrazlar, pauza shakllari, manbalarga ishlov berish, shuningdek lingvistik tahlil va noyob so'z testlarini o'rganish bularning barchasida ikki xil muallif borligini ko'rsatmoqda.[405] Shekspir 1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2-aktlarni va 5-aktning katta qismini (5.4dan tashqari) yozgan deb o'ylashadi.[406]
Dalillar: the morris raqsi Frensis Bomontnikidan 3,5 qarzda Ichki ibodatxonaning masjidi va Greyning mehmonxonasi 1613 yil 20 fevralda sudda, ehtimol Shohning odamlari tomonidan amalga oshirilgan. A terminus ante quem Ben Jonsonnikiga tegishli Bartolomey ko'rgazmasi, birinchi marta 1614 yil 31 oktyabrda ijro etilgan bo'lib, u ikki marta kinoya bilan "Palemon" ga ishora qiladi; Palamon - bu qahramonlardan biri Nobel qarindoshlar. Bu 1613 yil fevral va 1614 yil oktyabr oylari orasida kompozitsiya sanasini belgilaydi.[407] Shuningdek, ushbu asar malika Yelizaveta 1613 yil fevral oyida elektorat palatinasi Frederik V bilan Frederik V bilan turmush qurgan tantanalar uchun maxsus buyurtma qilingan bo'lishi mumkin degan dalil paydo bo'ldi. O'sha paytda mamlakat vafot etgan shahzoda Genri uchun motam tutgan edi. 1612 yil noyabrda. Genri dindor protestant edi, uning tarafdori edi ritsarlik va Yelizavetaning er tanlashidan xursand edi. O'limiga qadar u to'yni nishonlashning asosiy rejalashtiruvchisi bo'lib kelgan va ehtimol Bomontnikidir Ichki ibodatxonaning masjidi Genri ritsarlikka moyilligini qondirish uchun yozilgan. Jefri Chauser "Ritsarning ertagi ", ustiga Ikkita Nobel qarindoshlar asosli, ritsarlik romantikasi va ayniqsa, Genri tomonidan uyushtirilgan to'yga juda mos keladi.[408][409]

Adabiyotlar

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