Shekspir muallifligi masalasi - Shakespeare authorship question
The Shekspir muallifligi masalasi bo'ladi dalil boshqa birov Uilyam Shekspir ning Stratford-on-Evon unga tegishli bo'lgan asarlarni yozgan. Stratfordianslar - turli xil alternativ-mualliflik nazariyalari tarafdorlari uchun umumiy atama - Shekspir Stratford haqiqiy muallif yoki mualliflarning shaxsiyatini himoya qilish uchun front edi, deb ishonishadi - odatda ijtimoiy daraja, davlat xavfsizligi yoki jins - davlat kreditini istamagan yoki qabul qila olmagan.[1] Ushbu g'oya jamoatchilikning katta qiziqishini jalb qilgan bo'lsa-da,[2][a] bir nechta Shekspir olimlari va adabiyot tarixchilaridan tashqari barchasi buni a chekka nazariya va aksariyat hollarda buni faqat da'volarni rad etish yoki rad etish uchun tan oladilar.[3]
XIX asrning o'rtalarida Shekspir muallifligi birinchi bo'lib shubha ostiga olingan,[4] qachon Shekspirning obro'si sifatida barcha zamonlarning eng buyuk yozuvchisi keng tarqalgan edi.[5] Shekspirning tarjimai holi, xususan uning kamtarin kelib chiqishi va tushunarsiz hayot, uning she'riy balandligi va daho uchun obro'siga mos kelmaydigan tuyuldi,[6][7] Shekspir unga tegishli bo'lgan asarlarni yozmagan bo'lishi mumkin degan shubha uyg'otdi.[8] O'shandan beri tortishuvlar ko'plab adabiyotlarni keltirib chiqardi,[9] va 80 dan ortiq mualliflik nomzodlari taklif qilingan,[10] eng mashhur mavjudot Ser Frensis Bekon; Edvard de Vere, Oksfordning 17-grafligi; Kristofer Marlou; va Uilyam Stenli, Derbining 6-grafligi.[11]
Muqobil muqobil nomzodlarning tarafdorlari ularning muallifi yanada maqbul muallif va Uilyam Shekspirda maorif, aristokratik sezgirlik yoki shoh saroyi bilan tanish emasligi, ular aytganidek, bu asarlarda yaqqol ko'rinib turibdi.[12] Bunday da'volarga javob bergan Shekspir olimlarining fikriga ko'ra, adabiyotning biografik talqinlari mualliflikni belgilashda ishonchsizdir,[13] va yaqinlashishi hujjatli dalillar Shekspir muallifligini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun ishlatilgan - sarlavha sahifalari, boshqa zamonaviy shoirlar va tarixchilarning ko'rsatmalari va rasmiy yozuvlar - uning davridagi barcha mualliflik atributlari uchun xuddi shunday.[14] Yo'q to'g'ridan-to'g'ri dalillar boshqa har qanday nomzod uchun mavjud,[15] va Shekspirning muallifligi uning hayoti davomida yoki o'limidan keyin asrlar davomida shubha ostiga olinmagan.[16]
Ilmiy kelishuvga qaramay,[17] nisbatan kichik[18] ammo tarafdorlari, shu jumladan taniqli jamoat arboblari juda ko'zga ko'ringan va xilma-xil assortimenti,[19] an'anaviy atributni shubha ostiga qo'ydilar.[20] Ular mualliflik masalasini ilmiy izlanishlarning qonuniy maydoni sifatida tan olish va u yoki bu mualliflik nomzodlaridan birini qabul qilish uchun ishlaydi.[21]
Umumiy nuqtai
Stratfordians tomonidan keltirilgan dalillar bir nechta xususiyatlarga ega.[22] Ular Uilyam Shekspirni muallif sifatida diskvalifikatsiya qilishga urinmoqdalar va odatda o'rinbosar nomzod uchun qo'llab-quvvatlovchi dalillarni taklif qilmoqdalar. Ular ko'pincha ba'zi bir turlarini postulat qiladilar fitna muallifning haqiqiy shaxsini himoya qilgan,[23] nima uchun ularning nomzodlari uchun hech qanday hujjatli dalillar mavjud emasligi va nima uchun tarixiy yozuvlar Shekspir muallifligini qo'llab-quvvatlayotganini tushuntiradi.[24]
Stratfordianlarning aksariyati buni Shekspir kanoni keng o'rganish, xorijiy tillar va geografiyani bilish va ular bilan tanishishni namoyish etadi Elizabethan va Jakoben sud va siyosat; shuning uchun uni yuqori ma'lumotli shaxs yoki sud ichkarisidan boshqa hech kim yozolmagan bo'lishi mumkin.[25] Adabiy ma'lumotnomalar, tanqidiy sharhlar va aktyorlik bildirishlaridan tashqari, mavjud ma'lumotlar Shekspir hayoti kabi dunyoviy shaxsiy tafsilotlardan iborat hayotiy yozuvlar uning suvga cho'mish, nikoh va o'lim, soliq yozuvlari, qarzlarni undirish bo'yicha da'volar va ko'chmas mulk bilan bog'liq operatsiyalar. Bundan tashqari, uning ma'lumot olganligi yoki biron bir kitobga egaligi haqida hech qanday hujjat tasdiqlanmaydi.[26] Shekspir Stratford tomonidan yozilgan shaxsiy maktublar yoki adabiy qo'lyozmalar saqlanib qolmagan. Skeptiklar uchun yozuvdagi bu bo'shliqlar dramaturg va shoirdan keskin farq qiladigan shaxsning profilini taklif qiladi.[27] Ba'zi taniqli jamoat arboblari, shu jumladan Uolt Uitmen, Mark Tven, Xelen Keller, Genri Jeyms, Zigmund Freyd, Jon Pol Stivens, Shahzoda Filipp, Edinburg gersogi va Charli Chaplin, Shekspir muallifligiga qarshi dalillarni ishonarli deb topdilar va ularning tasdiqlari Stratfordianga qarshi ko'plab argumentlarda muhim element hisoblanadi.[19][28][29]
Dalilning asosiy qismida asarlarni o'z mualliflariga bog'lash uchun foydalaniladigan maqbul dalillarning tabiati yotadi.[30] Stratfordianslar "to'plash ritorikasi" deb nomlangan narsalarga ishonadilar,[31] yoki ular nimani belgilaydi tasodifiy dalillar: asarlarda tasvirlangan personajlar va hodisalar va ularning afzal ko'rgan nomzodining tarjimai holi o'rtasidagi o'xshashlik; o'z nomzodining ma'lum asarlari bilan adabiy parallelliklar; va adabiy va yashirin tashbehlar va kriptografik kodlari zamondoshlari asarlarida va Shekspirning o'z asarlarida.[32]
Aksincha, akademik Shekspir va adabiyotshunoslar asosan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri hujjatli dalillarga tayanadi - shaklida sarlavha sahifasi kabi atributlar va hukumat yozuvlari Statsionarlarning reestri va Revels ofisining hisob raqamlari - shoirlar, tarixchilar va u bilan birga ishlagan aktyorlar va dramaturglarning zamonaviy guvohliklari hamda zamonaviy stilometrik tadqiqotlar. Yozuvdagi bo'shliqlar ushbu davr hujjatlari uchun hayot darajasining pastligi bilan izohlanadi.[33] Olimlarning aytishicha, bularning barchasi Uilyam Shekspir muallifligini tasdiqlash uchun birlashadi.[34] Ushbu mezonlar asarlarni boshqa mualliflarga kreditlash uchun ishlatilgan mezon bilan bir xil va standart sifatida qabul qilinadi metodologiya mualliflik xususiyati uchun.[35]
Shekspir muallifligiga qarshi ish
Shekspirning shaxsiy hayoti haqida kam narsa ma'lum va ba'zi anti-Stratfordianlar buni uning muallifligiga qarshi dalil sifatida qabul qilishadi.[36] Bundan tashqari, ba'zida biografik ma'lumotlarning etishmasligi hukumat amaldorlari tomonidan Shekspirning barcha izlarini, shu jumladan uning maktabdagi yozuvlarini, haqiqiy muallifning shaxsini yashirishga qaratilgan uyushtirilgan harakatining belgisi sifatida qabul qilingan.[37][38]
Shekspirning kelib chiqishi
Shekspir tug'ilib o'sgan va dafn etilgan Stratford-on-Evon, u erda Londonda karerasi davomida uy xo'jaligini saqlab qoldi. A bozor shaharchasi Londondan 160 mil shimoliy-g'arbiy qismida (1500 km) taxminan 1500 aholining Stratford qo'ylarni so'yish, sotish va tarqatish, shuningdek terini terish va jun bilan savdo qilish markazi bo'lgan. Stratfordiistlar shaharni ko'pincha dahoni tarbiyalash uchun zarur bo'lgan muhit etishmayotgan madaniy suv omili sifatida tasvirlashadi va Shekspirni johil va savodsiz sifatida tasvirlashadi.[39]
Shekspirning otasi, Jon Shekspir, qo'lqop (qo'lqop ishlab chiqaruvchi) va shahar rasmiysi edi. U turmushga chiqdi Meri Arden, lardan biri Ardens ning Warwickshire, mahalliylardan iborat oila janob. Ikkalasi ham o'z ismlarini belgi bilan imzoladilar va boshqa hech qanday yozilish namunalari mavjud emas.[40] Bu ko'pincha Shekspir savodsiz xonadonda tarbiyalanganiga ishora sifatida ishlatiladi. Shuningdek, Shekspirning ikki qizi savodli bo'lganligi to'g'risida hech qanday dalil yo'q, faqat ikkita imzo uchun Susanna mashq qilingan qo'l bilan yozish o'rniga "chizilgan" ko'rinadigan. Uning boshqa qizi, Judit, belgisi bilan huquqiy hujjatni imzoladi.[41] Stratfordiylar bu belgilarni va imzo uslubidagi savodsizlikning isboti deb hisoblashadi va Shekspirning "ijtimoiy spektrda ayollarni xat yozish, o'qish yoki etkazib berish tasvirlangan" spektakllarini muallifning yanada ma'lumotli bo'lganidan dalolat beradi.[42]
Stratfordiistlar Shekspir fonini Shekspir kanoni muallifiga tegishli deb bilmaydi, u sud siyosati va madaniyati, xorijiy davlatlar va yaqin aloqalarini namoyish etadi. aristokratik kabi sport turlari ov qilish, lochinlik, tennis va maysazorda bouling.[43] Ba'zilar asarlarda Jon Shekspir va uning o'g'li kabi yuqoriga qarab harakatlanadigan turlarga nisbatan unchalik hamdardlik yo'qligini va muallif alohida oddiy odamlarni masxaralash ob'ekti sifatida kulgili tarzda tasvirlaganini aniqladilar. Oddiy guruhlar odatda xavfli to'da sifatida tasvirlangan deyishadi.[44]
Ta'lim va savodxonlik
Shekspirning ta'limini tasdiqlovchi hujjatli dalillarning yo'qligi ko'pincha Stratfordianga qarshi bahslarning bir qismidir. Bepul Kingning yangi maktabi 1553 yilda tashkil etilgan Stratfordda Shekspirning yigitlik uyidan yarim mil (0,8 kilometr) uzoqlikda joylashgan.[45] Grammatika maktablari Yelizaveta davrida sifat jihatidan har xil edi va Stratford maktabida o'qitilgan narsalarni batafsil bayon qiluvchi hujjatlar yo'q.[46] Biroq, grammatik maktab o'quv dasturlari asosan o'xshash edi va asosiy lotin matni qirol farmoni bilan standartlashtirildi. Maktab intensiv ta'lim bergan bo'lar edi Lotin grammatika, klassiklar va ritorika bepul[47] Direktor, Tomas Jenkins va o'qituvchilar edi Oksford bitiruvchilar.[48] O'sha davrdagi biron bir talaba reestri saqlanib qolmagan, shuning uchun Shekspir yoki boshqa o'quvchining qatnashishi uchun hech qanday hujjat mavjud emas, shuningdek, maktabda dars bergan yoki u erda o'qigan yoki o'qituvchi hech qachon ularning o'qituvchisi yoki sinfdoshi bo'lganligini yozmagan. Hujjatlarning etishmasligi ko'pchilik Stratfordians tomonidan Shekspirning kam ma'lumotga ega bo'lganligi yoki umuman ma'lumotga ega bo'lmaganligining dalili sifatida qabul qilinadi.[49]
Stratfordiistlar, shuningdek, Shekspir qanday qilib uning nomi bilan yozilgan asarlarda ma'lumot va madaniyatga oid ma'lumotlarga ega bo'lmaganligi sababli, pyesalar va she'rlarda topilgan so'z boyligini qanday qilib qo'lga kiritishi mumkinligi haqida savol berishadi. Muallifning so'z boyligi 17500 dan 29000 gacha bo'lgan so'zlarni tashkil etadi.[50][b] Shekspir tomonidan yozilgan biron bir xat yoki imzolangan qo'lyozma saqlanib qolmagan. Shekspirning oltita tirik qolganligi ko'rinishi tasdiqlangan[51] ular "savodsiz yozuv" deb ta'riflaydigan imzolar uning savodsiz yoki deyarli savodsiz bo'lganligini ko'rsatuvchi sifatida talqin etiladi.[52] Hammasi yozilgan kotib qo'li, davrga xos bo'lgan qo'l yozuvi uslubi,[53] ayniqsa o'yin yozishda,[54] va ulardan uchtasi foydalanadi breviograflar familiyani qisqartirish.[53]
Taxallus sifatida ism
Tirik qolgan imzolarida Uilyam Shekspir ismini yozmadi, chunki Shekspirning sarlavha sahifalarida aks etgan. Uning familiyasi ham adabiy, ham adabiy bo'lmagan hujjatlarda nomuvofiq yozilgan bo'lib, qo'lda yozilganlarning eng xilma-xilligi kuzatilgan.[55] Bu uning asarlarni yozgan shaxs emasligi va uning nomi a sifatida ishlatilganligining dalili sifatida qabul qilinadi taxallus haqiqiy muallif uchun.[56]
32 kishidan 15 tasining sarlavhali sahifalarida Shekspirning familiyasi "Shak-nayza" yoki "Shak-nayza" deb defislangan. kvarto (yoki Q) Shekspir pyesalarining nashrlari va undan oldin nashr etilgan she'rlarning beshta nashridan ikkitasida Birinchi folio. Shekspir nomi defislangan 15 ta sarlavha sahifasining 13 tasi atigi uchta pyesaning sarlavha sahifalarida, Richard II, Richard III va Genri IV, 1-qism.[c][57] Tire ham bittasida mavjud aktyorlar ro'yxati va oltita adabiy tashbehlar 1594 yildan 1623 yilgacha nashr etilgan. Ushbu defis yordamida Stratfordianlarga qarshi aksariyat taxallusni ko'rsatish talqin etiladi,[58] ular xayoliy tavsiflovchi ismlar ("Master Shoe-tie" va "Sir Luckless Woo-all" kabi) ko'pincha pyesalarda defislangan va "Tom Tell-haqiqat" kabi taxalluslar ham ba'zan defislangan deb ta'kidlaydilar.[59]
"Shekspir" taxallusi sifatida ishlatilishining sabablari turlicha, odatda nomzodning ijtimoiy maqomiga bog'liq. Derbi va Oksford kabi aristokratlar go'yoki hukmronlik qilganligi sababli taxalluslarni ishlatishgan "bosma stigma ", o'zlarining adabiy asarlarini xususiy va odobli auditoriyalarga tijorat maqsadlarida amalga oshirilgan ishlardan farqli o'laroq cheklab qo'ygan ijtimoiy konventsiya - buzilgan taqdirda ijtimoiy sharmandalik xavfi ostida.[60] Oddiylarga nisbatan, hokimiyat tomonidan ta'qib qilinishdan qochish kerak edi: Bekon ko'proq advokatlik qilish oqibatlaridan qochish uchun respublika boshqaruv shakli,[61] va Marlow o'limini soxtalashtirib, mamlakatdan qochib ketganidan keyin qamoqdan qochish yoki undan ham yomonroq bo'lish uchun.[62]
Hujjatli dalillarning etishmasligi
Stratfordianlarning aytishicha, hujjatli yozuvlarda hech narsa Shekspirni yozuvchi sifatida aniq ko'rsatilmagan;[63] dalillar o'rniga ishbilarmon va ko'chmas mulk sarmoyadorlari martabasini qo'llab-quvvatlashi; u London teatr olamida (haqiqiy muallif uchun oldingi rolidan tashqari) har qanday obro'ga ega bo'lishi mumkin edi, chunki u pul qarz bergani, teatr ob'ektlarida savdo qilgani, aktyorlik qilgani va aktsiyador bo'lganligi sababli edi. Ular, shuningdek, adabiy martaba haqidagi har qanday dalillar haqiqiy muallifning shaxsiyatini himoya qilish uchun qilingan harakatlarning bir qismi sifatida soxtalashtirilgan deb hisoblashadi.[64]
Muqobil mualliflik nazariyalari odatda Elizabethan va Jakobening Shekspirga dramaturg sifatida murojaat qilishining asosiy ma'nosini rad etadi. Ular zamonaviy teatr qahramonlarini Londonning teatr olami Shekspirni noma'lum muallif uchun jabhada bo'lganligini biladigan keng ishoralar sifatida talqin qilmoqdalar. Masalan, ular Shekspirni adabiy o'g'ri Shoir-Maymun bilan tanishadi Ben Jonson Jonson she'ridagi ijtimoiy ambitsiyali ahmoq Sogliardoning xuddi shu nomdagi she'ri Har bir inson o'z hazilidan va universitetdagi bema'ni she'riyatsevar Gullio o'ynaydi Parnassdan qaytish (1601 yilda amalga oshirilgan).[65] Xuddi shunday, "Shekspir" yozuvchisini, masalan, Birinchi folio, Stratforddan emas, balki haqiqiy muallifning ism-sharifiga havolalar sifatida tushuntiriladi.[66]
Shekspir o'limi holatlari
Shekspir 1616 yil 23-aprelda Stratfordda vafot etdi va katta mulkni tasarruf etishga rahbarlik qilish to'g'risida imzolangan vasiyat qoldirdi. Vasiyatnomaning tili dunyoviy va g'ayritabiiy bo'lib, shaxsiy hujjatlari, kitoblari, she'rlari va vafotida nashr etilmagan 18 ta asar haqida hech narsa aytmaydi. Uning yagona teatr ma'lumotnomasi - boshqa aktyorlarga sotib olish uchun pul sovg'alari motam uzuklari - edi interline qilingan vasiyatnoma yozilgandan keyin, meros qoldirganlarning haqiqiyligiga shubha bilan qarashga imkon beradi.[67]
Shekspir vafoti munosabati bilan o'tkazilgan har qanday motam qayd etilmadi va etti yil o'tib, uning o'limiga bag'ishlangan bironta maqtovlar va she'rlar nashr etilmadi. oldingi masala pyesalarining Birinchi Folio'sida.[68]
Oksfordianlar bag'ishlovga kiritilgan "doimo tirik shoirimiz" (vafot etgan shoirni o'lmas adabiy shuhratga erishgan deb tarannum etuvchi epitet) iborasi deb o'ylang. Shekspirning sonetlari 1609 yilda nashr etilgan bu haqiqiy shoir o'sha paytgacha vafot etganiga ishora edi. Oksford besh yil oldin 1604 yilda vafot etgan.[69]
Shekspirning dafn yodgorligi Stratfordda uning qo'lida qalam bilan uning demi-figurali effekti va yozuvchi sifatida uning qobiliyatini maqtagan plakat mavjud. Shaklning dastlabki bosilgan tasviri, yilda Ser Uilyam Dugdeyl "s Uorvikshirning qadimiy asarlari (1656), hozirgi ko'rinishidan juda farq qiladi. Ba'zi mualliflik nazariyotchilarining fikriga ko'ra, aslida bu rasmda haqiqiy muallifning shaxsini yashirishga yordam berish uchun o'zgartirilgan don yoki jun xaltasini ushlagan odam tasvirlangan.[70] Bunday taxminlarni to'xtatish uchun 1924 yilda M. H. Spielmann 1748 yilda qayta tiklanishidan oldin bajarilgan yodgorlikning rasmini nashr etdi, bu uning hozirgi qiyofasiga juda o'xshashligini ko'rsatdi.[71] Tasvirning nashr etilishi kutilgan natijaga erisha olmadi va 2005 yilda Oxfordian Richard Kennedi yodgorlik dastlab Uilyamning otasi, an'anaga ko'ra "jun bilan shug'ullanuvchi" bo'lgan Jon Shekspirni sharaflash uchun qurilgan deb taklif qildi.[72]
Shekspir muallifligi uchun masala
Deyarli barcha akademik Shekspirlarning fikriga ko'ra, muallif "Shekspir" deb nomlangan, 1564 yilda Stratford-on-Avonda tug'ilgan va 1616 yilda u erda vafot etgan Uilyam Shekspir edi. U aktyor va aktsionerga aylandi. Lord Chemberlenning odamlari (keyinchalik King's Men ), the o'ynaydigan kompaniya egalik qilgan Globus teatri, Blackfriars teatri, va 1594 yildan 1642 yilgacha Shekspirning dramalarini tayyorlash uchun eksklyuziv huquqlar.[73] Shekspirga ham foydalanish ruxsat berilgan sharafli "janob "1596 yildan keyin otasi a gerb.[74]
Shekspir olimlari bu ism taxallus bo'lganligi yoki aktyor muallif uchun oldingi o'rin bo'lganiga shubha qilish uchun hech qanday sabab ko'rmaydilar: zamonaviy yozuvlar Shekspirni yozuvchi, boshqa dramaturglar kabi aniqlaydi. Ben Jonson Kristofer Marlou ham xuddi shunday kelib chiqishi bo'lgan va hech bir zamondosh Shekspir muallifligiga shubha bildirmaganligi ma'lum. Shekspir hayotining ba'zi jihatlari to'g'risida ma'lumot chizilgan bo'lsa-da, bu o'sha davrning boshqa ko'plab dramaturglariga tegishli. Ba'zilarning yonida hech narsa ma'lum emas. Jonson, Marlowe va boshqalar kabi boshqalar Jon Marston, ma'lumotlari, sud bilan yaqin aloqalari yoki qonun bilan bog'liqligi sababli to'liqroq hujjatlashtirilgan.[75]
Adabiyotshunos olimlar ham xuddi shunday ishlaydi metodologiya shoir va dramaturg Uilyam Shekspirga asarlarni o'sha davrning boshqa yozuvchilari uchun ishlatganligi sababli berish: tarixiy yozuvlar va uslubiy tadqiqotlar,[76] va ular Shekspir muallifligi to'g'risida hech qanday dalil yo'q degan dalilni "yolg'on mantiqning bir shakli" deb atashadi argumentum ex silentio, yoki sukutdan tortishuv, chunki yo'qlikning dalili sifatida dalil yo'qligi kerak.[77] Ular alternativ nomzodlarni aniqlashda qo'llanilgan usullarni ishonchsiz va ilmiy bo'lmagan deb tanqid qiladilar, chunki ularning sub'ektivligi nima uchun kamida 80 ga yaqin nomzodni tushuntiradi[10] "haqiqiy" muallif sifatida taklif qilingan.[78] Ular Shekspir o'z asarida o'zini avtobiografik jihatdan ochib bergan degan fikrni madaniy deb bilishadi anaxronizm: bu XIX asrdan beri keng tarqalgan mualliflik amaliyoti bo'lib kelgan, ammo Elizabet va Yakobey davrida bo'lmagan.[79] Hatto 19-asrda, hech bo'lmaganda bilan boshlangan Hazlitt va Keats, tanqidchilar Shekspir dahosining mohiyati uning personajlarining o'ziga xos dramatik tabiatiga ko'ra so'zlashi va harakat qilishi qobiliyatidan iborat bo'lib, uning asarlaridan Shekspirning mualliflik identifikatorini aniqlashni ancha muammoli deb ta'kidlashdi.[80]
Tarixiy dalillar
Tarixiy yozuvlar Shekspir kanonining muallifligini Uilyam Shekspirga berishda shubhasizdir.[81] She'rlar va pyesalarning sarlavhali sahifalarida paydo bo'lgan nomdan tashqari, bu nom taniqli yozuvchi nomi bilan kamida 23 marta Stratfordlik Uilyam Shekspir hayoti davomida berilgan.[82] Bir necha zamondoshlar dramaturgni aktyor sifatida tasdiqlaydi,[83] va zamonaviy zamonaviy hujjatli dalillar Stratford fuqarosi ham o'z nomi bilan aktyor bo'lganligini tasdiqlaydi.[84]
1598 yilda Frensis Meres Shekspirni dramaturg va shoir sifatida atagan Palladis Tamia, uni "ingliz tili juda boyitilgan" mualliflardan biri deb atagan.[85] U Shekspir tomonidan yozilgan o'n ikkita spektaklni nomlaydi, shu jumladan to'rttasida hech qachon nashr etilmagan to'rtta asarni: Veronaning ikki janoblari, Xatolar komediyasi, Sevgi mehnatining yutug'i va Shoh Jon, shuningdek, Shekspirga 1598 yilgacha noma'lum ravishda nashr etilgan ba'zi pyesalarni berish.Titus Andronik, Romeo va Juliet va Genri IV, 1-qism. U Shekspirning "shaxsiy do'stlari orasida" qizil sonetlar "ga ishora qiladi. Sonetlar.[86]
Qattiq ijtimoiy tuzilish 1596 yilda otasi gerbga sazovor bo'lganligi sababli, Uilyam Shekspir 1601 yilda otasi vafot etganidan keyin sharafli "janob" dan foydalanishga haqli edi.[87] Ushbu sharaf an'anaviy ravishda sarlavha bilan belgilanadi "Ustoz" yoki uning qisqartmalari "janob" yoki "M." ismga oldindan qo'shilgan[74] (garchi bu ko'pincha asosiy fuqarolar tomonidan ishlatilgan va aniq ijtimoiy mavqeini belgilamagan holda jamiyatdagi baland bo'yli erkaklarga nisbatan hurmatni anglatadi).[88] Sarlavha Shekspirga, shu jumladan rasmiy va adabiy yozuvlarga oid ko'plab zamonaviy ma'lumotnomalarga kiritilgan va Stratforddagi Uilyam Shekspirni muallif sifatida tayinlangan Uilyam Shekspir bilan birlashtirgan.[89] Shekspir hayoti misollaridan ikki rasmiyni keltirish mumkin stantsiyalarning yozuvlari. Ulardan biri 1600 yil 23-avgustga tegishli va kiritilgan Andrew Wise va Uilyam Asli:
O'zlarining nusxalari uchun qo'riqchilar qo'liga kiritilgan. Ikki kitob. chaqirgan: Hech narsa haqida Muche a Doo. Boshqa Sr Jon hazillari bilan qirol Xenri iiijth tarixining ikkinchi qismi ffalstaff: Janob Sheksper tomonidan yozilgan. xij d[90]
Ikkinchisi 1607 yil 26-noyabrda sanab o'tilgan va kiritilgan Nataniel sariyog ' va Jon Basbi:
Ularning nusxalari uchun Sr thandes ostida kiritilgan Jorj Bak knight & Thwardens deb nomlangan kitob. Janob Uilyam Shekspir o'zining tarixini Kynge Lear yt oldin o'ynaganidek qirollar maiestie da Uaytxoll vppon St Stefans kechasi Rojdestvoda uning maiesties xizmatkorlari tomonidan har xil tarzda o'ynaydiganlar globus Benksida vj d[91]
Ushbu sarlavha sahifasida paydo bo'ldi Qirol Lir M.1 Uilyam Shak-nayza sifatida Q1 (1608): HIS Qirol L hayoti va o'limi haqida haqiqiy xronika tarixchisiEAR va uning uchta qizi. "[92]
Shekspirning ijtimoiy mavqei uning zamondoshlari tomonidan 159-yilgi Epigramda ham alohida tilga olinadi Xereyfordlik Jon Devis uning ichida Ahmoqlik balosi (1611): "Bizning ingliz tiliga Terens Janob Uil: Shake-nayza ";[93] Epigram 92 tomonidan Tomas Freeman uning ichida Runne va Buyuk Kasta (1614): "Ustozga V: Shekspir";[94] va tarixchi Jon Stov Undagi "Bizning zamonaviy va ajoyib shoirlarimiz" ro'yxati Annales, vafotidan keyin Edmund Xouus (1615) tomonidan nashr etilgan nashrida: "M. Villi. Shake-nayza janoblari".[95]
Shekspir vafotidan so'ng, Ben Jonson janob Uilyam Shekspirni o'zining maqtov sarlavhasida muallif sifatida aniq ko'rsatib berdi, "Mening sevikli muallifim, janob Uilyam Shekspir va u bizdan nimani qoldirgani xotirasiga", Birinchi Folio (1623) da nashr etilgan.[96] Boshqa shoirlar Shekspir janoblarini "Birinchi folio" da nashr etilgan o'zlarining tarjimalari sarlavhalarida muallif sifatida aniqladilar: "Mashhur manzarali shoirning chiziqlari va hayoti to'g'risida", ustoz Uilyam Shekspir tomonidan Xyu Golland va "Vafot etgan muallif, usta V. Shekspir xotirasiga" tomonidan Leonard Digges.[97]
Zamonaviy huquqiy tan olish
Uning zamondoshlarining aniq ko'rsatmalari ham, u bilan aktyor va dramaturg sifatida aloqada bo'lganlar bilan shaxsiy munosabatlarning kuchli dalillari ham Shekspir muallifligini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[98]
Tarixchi va antikvar Ser Jorj Buk 1603 yildan boshlab Revels ustasi o'rinbosari bo'lib ishlagan Revels ustasi 1610 yildan 1622 yilgacha. Uning vazifalari jamoat teatrlari uchun spektakllarni nazorat qilish va senzuradan o'tkazish, spektakllarning sud tomoshalarini tashkil etish va 1606 yildan keyin pyesalarni nashrga litsenziyalash edi. Buk sarlavha sahifasida qayd etdi Jorj Grin, Ueykfildning pinni (1599), uning muallifligi to'g'risida Shekspir bilan maslahatlashgan noma'lum o'yin. Buc kitoblar va pyesalarni to'g'ri muallifga bog'lashga harakat qilar edi,[99] va 1607 yilda u shaxsan litsenziyalashgan Qirol Lir "Usta Uilyam Shekspir" tomonidan yozilgan nashr uchun.[100]
1602 yilda, Ralf Bruk, York Herald, Sirni aybladi Uilyam Dick, Garter Arms King, 23 noloyiq shaxslarni janob.[101] Ulardan biri Shekspirning otasi edi, u 34 yil oldin qurol olishga murojaat qilgan, ammo 1596 yilda ularga yordam berishdan oldin o'g'lining muvaffaqiyatini kutish kerak edi.[102] Bruk tarkibiga Shekspir qurollari eskizi kiritilgan bo'lib, unga "Garter by Shekspear ye Player" deb yozilgan.[103] Grantlar, shu jumladan Jon Shekspirning grantlari, Dick va Klarens qurollari qiroli Uilyam Kamden, vaqtning eng qadimiy qadimiy yodgorligi.[104] Uning ichida Briteynga tegishli qoldiqlar- 1605 yilda nashr etilgan, ammo ikki yil oldin va Oksford grafligi 1604 yilda vafot etishidan oldin tugatilgan - Kamden Shekspirni "bizning zamonamizning eng homilador jodugari" deb ataydi, ular keyingi asrlar haqli ravishda hayratga tushishlari mumkin.[105]
Hamkasb aktyorlar, dramaturglar va yozuvchilar tomonidan tan olinishi
Aktyorlar Jon Xemings va Genri Kondell Shekspirni 20 yildan ortiq vaqt davomida bilgan va u bilan ishlagan. 1623 yilgi birinchi folioda ular "Biz kabi Folio" ni shunchaki munosib Do'st va do'stning xotirasini saqlab qolish uchun nashr etganliklarini yozishdi. Shekspir, dramaturg va shoir Ben Jonson Shekspirni kamida 1598 yildan, Lord Chemberlenning odamlari Jonsonning spektaklini ijro etganidan beri bilar edi. Har bir inson o'z hazilida da Pardalar teatri aktyorlar tarkibi sifatida Shekspir bilan. Shotlandiya shoiri Uilyam Drummond Jonsonning zamondoshlari haqidagi tez-tez tortishuvli fikrlarini yozib olgan: Jonson Shekspirni "arte" etishmayotgani va noto'g'ri berganligi uchun tanqid qilgan Bohemiya sohil Qish ertagi.[106] 1641 yilda, Jonson vafotidan to'rt yil o'tgach, uning keyingi hayoti davomida yozilgan shaxsiy yozuvlar nashr etildi. Keyingi avlod uchun mo'ljallangan sharhda (Yog'och yoki kashfiyotlar), u Shekspirning dramaturgiyaga tasodifiy munosabatini tanqid qiladi, lekin Shekspirni shaxs sifatida maqtaydi: "Men odamni sevar edim va uning xotirasini (bu erda butparastlik) har qanday darajada hurmat qilaman. U (haqiqatan ham) halol va ochiqchasiga edi. va erkin tabiat; ajoyib tasavvurga ega edi; jasur tushunchalar va muloyim iboralar ... "[107]
Ben Jonsondan tashqari, boshqa dramaturglar Shekspir haqida yozgan, shu qatorda Shekspir kompaniyasiga pyesalar sotganlar ham bor. Uchtadan ikkitasi Parnass o'ynaydi da ishlab chiqarilgan Sent-Jon kolleji, Kembrij, 17-asrning boshlarida Shekspirni universitet ma'lumotiga ega bo'lmagan aktyor, shoir va dramaturg sifatida eslatib o'tdi. Yilda Parnassdan qaytishning birinchi qismi, ikkita alohida belgi Shekspirni "Shirin janob Shekspir" deb nomlaydi va Parnassdan qaytishning ikkinchi qismi (1606), noma'lum dramaturg aktyorga ega Kempe aktyorga ayting Axlat, "Universitetning bir nechta qalamkashlari yaxshi o'ynaydi ... Nega bu erda bizning hamkasbimiz Shekspir barchasini pastga tushiradi. "[108]
Ning nashri Ehtirosli ziyoratchi, taniqli ingliz aktyori, dramaturg va muallif tomonidan yozilgan qo'shimcha to'qqizta she'r bilan kengaytirildi Tomas Xeyvud, tomonidan nashr etilgan Uilyam Jaggard 1612 yilda Shekspir nomi bilan sarlavha sahifasida. Xeyvud bu qaroqchilikka qarshi chiqdi Aktyorlar uchun uzr (1612), muallif "M. Jaggarddan (umuman noma'lum bo'lgan) uning ismi bilan shu qadar jasurlik qilishni taxmin qilganidan juda xafa bo'lganini" qo'shimcha qildi. Xeyvud muallifning aldovdan bexabarligini aniq aytgani va Jeygard Shekspir nomini sotilmagan nusxalardan olib tashlaganligi, ammo Xeyvud uni aniq nomlamagan bo'lsa-da, Shekspirning xafa bo'lgan muallif bo'lganligidan dalolat beradi.[109] Boshqa joyda, Xeyvud o'zining "Muborak farishtalarning iyerarxiyasi" (1634) she'rida boshqa dramaturglar tanigan taxalluslarini mehr bilan qayd etadi. Shekspir haqida u shunday yozadi:
- Bizning zamonaviy shoirlarimiz ushbu dovonga haydaladi,
- Bu ismlar avval berilgan ismlar cheklangan;
- Va biz ularning xotiralarini cho'ktirishni xohlaganimiz kabi,
- Biz ularga deyarli ovozining yarmini berolmaymiz. ...
- Yumshoq Shake-nayza, uning sehrli kvilingi
- Shodlik yoki ehtiros buyrug'i berdi, ammo Iroda.[110]
Dramaturg Jon Vebster, uning bag'ishlanishida Oq shayton (1612), deb yozgan edi: "Va nihoyat (noto'g'ri nomlanishsiz), M.ning to'g'ri baxtli va mo'l-ko'l sohasi. Shak-Speare, M. Decker, & M. Xeyvud"Men yozgan narsalar ularning nuri ostida o'qilishini istardim", bu erda "M." qisqartmasi yordamida "usta" ni ko'rsatib, janob deb nomlangan Stratfordlik Uilyam Shekspirdan to'g'ri foydalanilgan.[111]
Taxminan 1608 yilga bag'ishlangan Ben Jonsonga yozilgan oyatda, Frensis Bomont u haqida yozgan Shekspirni ham o'z ichiga olgan bir nechta dramaturglarga ishora qiladi,
- ... Mana men sirpanishimga yo'l qo'yardim
- (Agar menda bo'lsa) stipendiya,
- Va har qanday o'rganishdan ushbu satrlarni aniq tuting
- Shekspirning eng yaxshisi, bizning merosxo'rlarimiz eshitishadi
- Va'zgo'ylar o'zlarining auditorlariga ko'rsatishni ma'qul ko'rishadi
- ba'zida o'lik odam qanchalik uzoqqa borishi mumkin
- Tabiatning xira nurida.[112]
Shekspirning o'limi - tarixiy istiqbol
The Shekspir yodgorligi, 1623 yilgacha Stratfordda o'rnatilgan bo'lib, Shekspirni yozuvchi sifatida belgilaydigan yozuv bilan plakat bor. Birinchi ikkita lotin satrida "Hukmda Pylian, dahoda Suqrot, san'atda Maro, Yer uni qoplaydi, odamlar uni motam tutadi, Olympus unga egalik qiladi" deb tarjima qilingan. Nestor, Suqrot, Virgil va Olimp tog'i. Yodgorlik nafaqat "Birinchi folio" da tilga olingan, balki XVII asrning boshidagi boshqa yozuvlar uni Shekspirga yodgorlik sifatida belgilaydi va yozuvni ko'chiradi.[113] Ser Uilyam Dugdeyl ham yozuvni o'z ichiga olgan Uorvikshirning qadimiy asarlari (1656), ammo o'ymakorlik 1634 yilda yaratilgan eskizdan qilingan va uning ishidagi boshqa yodgorliklarning tasvirlari singari aniq emas.[114]
1616 yil 25 martda bajarilgan Shekspirning vasiyati "mening hamkasblarim Jon Xemingerga" vasiyat qildi. Richard Burbage va Genri Kundell 26 shiling 8 pens ularni (motam] uzuklarini sotib olish uchun bir dona ". Ko'p sonli davlat yozuvlari, shu jumladan 1603 yil 19-maydagi qirollik patenti. ijaraga olingan Qirol odamlari, Filipplar, Xemingerlar, Burbage va Kondelllar Uilyam Shekspir bilan Qirol odamlarining hamkasblari bo'lganligini aniqlang; ulardan ikkitasi keyinchalik to'plangan dramalarini tahrir qildi. Stratfordians bu meroslarga shubha uyg'otdi interline qilingan va ular keyinchalik fitna sifatida qo'shilgan deb da'vo qilishadi. Biroq, iroda Imtiyozli sud ning Canterbury arxiepiskopi (Jorj Abbot ) 1616 yil 22 iyunda Londonda va asl nusxasi meros qoldirilgan holda sud reestriga ko'chirilgan.[115]
Jon Teylor 1620 yilgi she'rlar kitobida Shekspir va Frensis Bomontning o'limi haqida zikr qilgan birinchi shoir edi. Kenevir urug'ining maqtovi.[116] Ikkalasi ham to'rt yil oldin vafot etgan, oralari ikki oyga yetmagan. Ben Jonson "O'quvchiga" nomli kichik she'rini yozgan va Shekspirning birinchi folio o'yma asarini maqtagan. Droeshout yaxshi o'xshashlik sifatida. Prefatura tarkibiga kiritilgan maqtovli oyatlar Jonsonning "Mening sevgilim, muallif janob Uilyam Shekspir xotirasiga: va u bizdan nimani qoldirdi" degan uzoq maqtovi edi, unda u Shekspirni dramaturg, shoir va aktyor sifatida taniydi va shunday yozadi:
- Avonning shirin oqqushi! bu qanday manzara edi
- Seni bizning suvimizda ko'rish uchun hali paydo bo'ladi,
- Va bu reyslarni Temza qirg'og'ida amalga oshiring,
- Shunday qilib, Eliza va bizning Jeyms ham oldi!
Bu erda Jonson muallifni Stratford daryosi bilan bog'laydi Avon, va uning sudlardagi chiqishlarini tasdiqlaydi Yelizaveta I va Jeyms I.[117]
Leonard Digges 1623 yil birinchi folida "marhum muallif Mayster V. Shekspirning xotirasiga" elegiyasini "sizning Stratford yodgorligingiz" ga ishora qilib yozgan. 1600 yildan 1603 yilda Oksfordga borguniga qadar 1600 yildan Stratford-on-Avondan to'rt chaqirim uzoqlikda yashagan Digges Tomas Rasselning o'gay o'g'li edi, uni Shekspir o'z irodasida ijrochilar nazorati ostida tayinlagan.[118][119] Uilyam Bass 1616-1623 yillar oralig'ida "Janob Vm. Shekspir to'g'risida" nomli elegiya yozgan va unda Shekspir dafn etilgan bo'lishi kerak edi. Vestminster abbatligi ning yonida Chaucer, Bomont va Spenser. Ushbu she'r qo'lyozmada juda keng tarqalgan va bugungi kunda yigirmadan ziyod zamonaviy nusxada saqlanib qolgan; ulardan bir nechtasi "janob Uilyam Shekspir haqida, u 1616 yil aprelda vafot etdi" degan to'liqroq, variantli sarlavhaga ega, bu so'zsiz Stratford Shekspiriga ishora qiladi.[120]
Shekspirning asarlaridan mualliflik qilishiga dalillar
Shekspir asarlari tarixdagi eng ko'p o'rganilgan dunyoviy asarlardir.[121] Zamonaviy sharhlar va ba'zi matnshunoslik ma'lumotlari, ma'lumoti va hayoti Uilyam Shekspirnikiga mos keladigan kishining muallifligini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[122]
Ben Jonson va Frensis Bomontlar Shekspirning mumtoz bilimga ega emasligini eslatib o'tdilar va hozirgi zamongacha mavjud bo'lgan biron bir ma'lumot uning bilimdon yozuvchi yoki olim bo'lganligini ko'rsatmaydi.[123] Bu mos keladi klassik Shekspirdagi xatolar, masalan, xatolarni kengayish ko'plab mumtoz nomlardan yoki anaxronistik ma'lumotlardan Aflotun va Aristotel yilda Troilus va Kressida.[124] Shekspirning mumtoz tashbehlarining aksariyati shu asosda olingan degan fikrlar mavjud Tomas Kuper "s Thesaurus Linguae Romanae va Britannicae (1565), chunki ushbu asarda bir qator xatolar Shekspirning bir nechta pyesalarida takrorlangan,[125] va ushbu kitobning nusxasi "olimlarning umumiy foydalanishi" uchun Jon Bretchgirdl tomonidan Stratford grammatika maktabiga vasiyat qilingan.[126]
Kabi keyingi tanqidchilar Samuel Jonson Shekspirning dahosi uning bilimliligida emas, balki "kitoblar va amrlar bera olmaydigan kuzatish va farqning aniqligi hushyorligida; deyarli barcha asl va mahalliy mukammallik shu narsadan kelib chiqadi".[127] Keyingi yillarda u tan olgan bilimlar va tanqidchilar Shekspirga taalluqli bo'lgan hamma narsani yaxshi o'qiganligi mubolag'a bo'lib, u suhbatlardan ko'p narsalarni o'rgangan bo'lishi mumkin.[128] Va uning so'z boyligi va tangalar haqida ilgari ilgari surilgan ham ilmiy, ham mashhur bo'lgan da'volardan farqli o'laroq, so'z boyligi va so'zlardan foydalanish chastotasining dalillari Shekspirni o'z zamondoshlari bilan emas, balki ularning yonida joylashtiradi. Computerized comparisons with other playwrights demonstrate that his vocabulary is indeed large, but only because the canon of his surviving plays is larger than those of his contemporaries and because of the broad range of his characters, settings, and themes.[129]
Shakespeare's plays differ from those of the University Wits in that they avoid ostentatious displays of the writer's mastery of Latin or of classical principles of drama, with the exceptions of co-authored early plays such as the Genri VI ketma-ket va Titus Andronik. His classical allusions instead rely on the Elizabethan grammar school curriculum. The curriculum began with Uilyam Lili Lotin grammatikasi Rudimenta Grammatices va oldinga siljiydi Qaysar, Livi, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, Plautus, Terens va Seneka, all of whom are quoted and echoed in the Shakespearean canon. Almost uniquely among his peers, Shakespeare's plays include references to grammar school texts and pedagogika, together with caricatures of schoolmasters. Titus Andronik (4.10), Shrewning taming (1.1), Sevgi mehnati yo'qolgan (5.1), O'n ikkinchi kecha (2.3), and Vindzorning quvnoq xotinlari (4.1) refer to Lily's Grammatika. Shakespeare also alluded to the petty school that children attended at age 5 to 7 to learn to read, a prerequisite for grammar school.[130]
1987 yildan boshlab, Ward Elliott, who was sympathetic to the Oxfordian theory, and Robert J. Valenza supervised a continuing stylometric study that used computer programs to compare Shakespeare's stylistic habits to the works of 37 authors who had been proposed as the true author. The study, known as the Claremont Shakespeare Clinic, was last held in the spring of 2010.[131] The tests determined that Shakespeare's work shows consistent, countable, profile-fitting patterns, suggesting that he was a single individual, not a committee, and that he used fewer relative clauses and more hyphens, feminine endings va run-on lines than most of the writers with whom he was compared. The result determined that none of the other tested claimants' work could have been written by Shakespeare, nor could Shakespeare have been written by them, eliminating all of the claimants whose known works have survived—including Oxford, Bacon, and Marlowe—as the true authors of the Shakespeare canon.[132]
Shakespeare's style evolved over time in keeping with changes in literary trends. His late plays, such as Qish ertagi, Tempest va Genri VIII, are written in a style similar to that of other Jacobean playwrights and radically different from that of his Elizabethan-era plays.[133] In addition, after the King's Men began using the Blackfriars Theatre for performances in 1609, Shakespeare's plays were written to accommodate a smaller stage with more music, dancing, and more evenly divided acts to allow for trimming the candles used for stage lighting.[134]
In a 2004 study, Dean Keith Simonton examined the correlation between the thematic content of Shakespeare's plays and the political context in which they would have been written. He concludes that the consensus play chronology is roughly the correct order, and that Shakespeare's works exhibit gradual stylistic development consistent with that of other artistic geniuses.[135] When backdated two years, the mainstream chronologies yield substantial correlations between the two, whereas the alternative chronologies proposed by Oxfordians display no relationship regardless of the time lag.[136][137]
Textual evidence from the late plays indicates that Shakespeare collaborated with other playwrights who were not always aware of what he had done in a previous scene. This suggests that they were following a rough outline rather than working from an unfinished script left by an already dead playwright, as some Oxfordians propose. Masalan, ichida Ikki zodagon qarindosh (1612–1613), written with Jon Fletcher, Shakespeare has two characters meet and leaves them on stage at the end of one scene, yet Fletcher has them act as if they were meeting for the first time in the following scene.[138]
History of the authorship question
Bardolatry and early doubt
Despite adulatory tributes attached to his works, Shakespeare was not considered the world's greatest writer in the century and a half following his death.[139] His reputation was that of a good playwright and poet among many others of his era.[140] Bomont va Fletcher 's plays dominated popular taste after the theatres reopened in the Restoration Era in 1660, with Ben Jonson's and Shakespeare's plays vying for second place. After the actor Devid Garrik o'rnatilgan Shakespeare Stratford Jubilee in 1769, Shakespeare led the field.[141] Excluding a handful of minor 18th-century satirik va majoziy references,[142] there was no suggestion in this period that anyone else might have written the works.[4] The authorship question emerged only after Shakespeare had come to be regarded as the English xalq shoiri and a unique genius.[143]
By the beginning of the 19th century, adulation was in full swing, with Shakespeare singled out as a transcendent genius, a phenomenon for which Jorj Bernard Shou atamasini kiritdi "bardolatlik " in 1901.[144] By the middle of the century his genius was noted as much for its intellectual as for its imaginative strength.[145] Since what was known about his life seemed to reveal Shakespeare as an untutored rustic,[146] uneasiness began to emerge over the dissonance between Shakespeare's reputation and his biography.[6] Although still convinced that Shakespeare was the author of the works, Ralf Valdo Emerson expressed this disjunction in a lecture in 1846 by allowing that he could not reconcile Shakespeare's verse with the image of a jovial actor and theatre manager.[147] Ning ko'tarilishi tarixiy tanqid, which challenged the authorial unity of Gomer "s dostonlar and the historicity of the Injil, also fuelled emerging puzzlement over Shakespeare's authorship, which in one critic's view was "an accident waiting to happen".[148] Devid Strauss tergov the biography of Jesus, which shocked the public with its scepticism of the historical accuracy of the Gospels, influenced the secular debate about Shakespeare.[149] 1848 yilda, Samuel Mosheim Shmucker endeavoured to rebut Strauss's doubts about the historicity of Christ by applying the same techniques satirically to the records of Shakespeare's life in his Shekspirni hurmat qilishda tarixiy shubhalar, Muqaddas Kitobga qarshi kofirning e'tirozlarini tasvirlash. Schmucker, who never doubted that Shakespeare was Shakespeare, unwittingly anticipated and rehearsed many of the later arguments for alternative authorship candidates.[150]
Open dissent and the first alternative candidate
Shakespeare's authorship was first openly questioned in the pages of Jozef C. Xart "s Yaxtalashning romantikasi (1848). Hart argued that the plays contained evidence that many different authors had worked on them. Four years later Dr. Robert W. Jameson anonymously published "Who Wrote Shakespeare?" ichida Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, expressing similar views. 1856 yilda Delia Bekon 's unsigned article "William Shakspeare and His Plays; An Enquiry Concerning Them" appeared in Putnam jurnali.[151]
As early as 1845, Ohio-born Delia Bacon had theorised that the plays attributed to Shakespeare were actually written by a group under the leadership of Sir Francis Bacon, with Uolter Rali as the main writer,[152] whose purpose was to inculcate an advanced political and philosophical system for which they themselves could not publicly assume responsibility.[153] She argued that Shakespeare's commercial success precluded his writing plays so concerned with philosophical and political issues, and that if he had, he would have overseen the publication of his plays in his retirement.[154]
Francis Bacon was the first single alternative author proposed in print, by William Henry Smith, in a pamphlet published in September 1856 (Was Lord Bacon the Author of Shakspeare's Plays? A Letter to Lord Ellesmere).[155] The following year Delia Bacon published a book outlining her theory: Shaksperning ochilmagan pyesalari falsafasi.[156] Ten years later, Judge Nathaniel Holmes of Kentucky published the 600-page The Authorship of Shakespeare supporting Smith's theory,[157] and the idea began to spread widely. By 1884 the question had produced more than 250 books, and Smith asserted that the war against the Shakespeare hegemony had almost been won by the Bekonlar after a 30-year battle.[158] Two years later the Francis Bacon Society was founded in England to promote the theory. The society still survives and publishes a journal, Baconiana, to further its mission.[159]
These arguments against Shakespeare's authorship were answered by academics. In 1857 the English critic Jorj Genri Taunsend nashr etilgan William Shakespeare Not an Impostor, criticising what he called the slovenly scholarship, false premises, specious parallel passages, and erroneous conclusions of the earliest proponents of alternative authorship candidates.[160]
Search for proof
In 1853, with the help of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Delia Bacon travelled to England to search for evidence to support her theories.[161] Instead of performing archival research, she sought to unearth buried manuscripts, and unsuccessfully tried to persuade a caretaker to open Bacon's tomb.[162] She believed she had deciphered instructions in Bacon's letters to look beneath Shakespeare's Stratford gravestone for papers that would prove the works were Bacon's, but after spending several nights in the kansel trying to summon the requisite courage, she left without prising up the stone slab.[163]
Ciphers became important to the Baconian theory, as they would later to the advocacy of other authorship candidates, with books such as Ignatius L. Donnelli "s The Great Cryptogram (1888) promoting the approach. Doktor Orvil Uord Ouen constructed a "cipher wheel", a 1,000-foot strip of canvas on which he had pasted the works of Shakespeare and other writers and mounted on two parallel wheels so he could quickly collate pages with key words as he turned them for decryption.[164] In his multi-volume Sir Francis Bacon's Cipher Story (1893), he claimed to have discovered Bacon's autobiography embedded in Shakespeare's plays, including the revelation that Bacon was the secret son of Queen Elizabeth, thus providing more motivation to conceal his authorship from the public.[164]
Perhaps because of Francis Bacon's legal background, both mock and real jury trials figured in attempts to prove claims for Bacon, and later for Oxford. The first mock trial was conducted over 15 months in 1892–93, and the results of the debate were published in the Boston monthly Arena. Ignatius Donnelly was one of the da'vogarlar, esa F. J. Furnivall formed part of the defence. The 25-member jury, which included Genri Jorj, Edmund Gosse va Genri Irving, came down heavily in favour of William Shakespeare.[165] In 1916, Judge Richard Tuthill presided over a real trial in Chicago. A film producer brought an action against a Baconian advocate, Jorj Fabyan. He argued that Fabyan's advocacy of Bacon threatened the profits expected from a forthcoming film about Shakespeare. The judge determined that ciphers identified by Fabyan's analysts proved that Francis Bacon was the author of the Shakespeare canon, awarding Fabyan $5,000 in damages. In the ensuing uproar, Tuthill rescinded his decision, and another judge, Frederick A. Smith, dismissed the case.[166]
In 1907, Owen claimed he had decoded instructions revealing that a box containing proof of Bacon's authorship had been buried in the Vay daryosi yaqin Chepstow qal'asi ustida Bofort gersogi 's property. His dredging machinery failed to retrieve any concealed manuscripts.[167] That same year his former assistant, Elizabeth Wells Gallup, financed by George Fabyan, likewise travelled to England. She believed she had decoded a message, by means of a biliteral cipher, revealing that Bacon's secret manuscripts were hidden behind panels in Canonbury minorasi yilda Islington.[168] Hech kim topilmadi. Two years later, the American humorist Mark Tven publicly revealed his long-held anti-Stratfordian belief in Shekspir o'likmi? (1909), favouring Bacon as the true author.[169]
1920-yillarda Valter Konrad Arensberg became convinced that Bacon had willed the key to his cipher to the Rosicrucians. He thought this society was still active, and that its members communicated with each under the aegis of the Church of England. On the basis of cryptograms he detected in the sixpenny tickets of admission to Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon, he deduced that both Bacon and his mother were secretly buried, together with the original manuscripts of Shakespeare's plays, in the Lichfield Bo'lim uyi yilda Staffordshire. He unsuccessfully petitioned the Lichfild dekani to allow him both to photograph and excavate the obscure grave.[170][171] Maria Bauer was convinced that Bacon's manuscripts had been imported into Jeymstaun (Virjiniya), in 1653, and could be found in the Bruton Vault at Uilyamsburg. She gained permission in the late 1930s to excavate, but authorities quickly withdrew her permit.[172] In 1938 Roderick Eagle was allowed to open the tomb of Edmund Spenser to search for proof that Bacon was Shakespeare, but found only some old bones.[173]
Other candidates emerge
By the end of the 19th century other candidates had begun to receive attention. 1895 yilda Wilbur G. Zeigler, an attorney, published the novel It Was Marlowe: A Story of the Secret of Three Centuries, whose premise was that Christopher Marlowe did not die in 1593, but rather survived to write Shakespeare's plays.[174] Uning orqasidan ergashdi Tomas Korvin Mendenxoll who, in the February 1902 issue of Hozirgi adabiyot, wrote an article based upon his stylometric work titled "Did Marlowe write Shakespeare?"[175] Karl Bleibtreu, a German literary critic, advanced the nomination of Rojlandning 5-grafligi Rojer Manner, 1907 yilda.[176] Rutland's candidacy enjoyed a brief flowering, supported by a number of other authors over the next few years.[177] Anti-Stratfordians unaffiliated to any specific authorship candidate also began to appear. Jorj Grinvud, a British barrister, sought to disqualify William Shakespeare from the authorship in The Shakespeare Problem Restated (1908), but did not support any alternative authors, thereby encouraging the search for candidates other than Bacon.[178] Jon M. Robertson nashr etilgan The Baconian Heresy: A Confutation in 1913, refuting the contention that Shakespeare had expert legal knowledge by showing that legalisms pervaded Elizabethan and Jacobean literature.[179] In 1916, on the three-hundredth anniversary of Shakespeare's death, Genri Vatterson, the long-time editor of Courier-Journal, wrote a widely syndicated front-page feature story supporting the Marlovian theory and, like Zeigler, created a fictional account of how it might have happened.[180] After the First World War, Professor Abel Lefrank, an authority on French and English literature, argued the case for William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby, as the author based on biographical evidence he had gleaned from the plays and poems.[181]
Ko'rinishi bilan J. Tomas Luni "s Shekspir aniqlandi (1920),[182] Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, quickly ascended as the most popular alternative author.[183] Two years later Looney and Greenwood founded the Shekspir bilan do'stlik, an international organisation to promote discussion and debate on the authorship question, which later changed its mission to propagate the Oxfordian theory.[184] In 1923 Archie Webster published "Was Marlowe the Man?" yilda Milliy sharh, like Zeigler, Mendenhall and Watterson proposing that Marlowe wrote the works of Shakespeare, and arguing in particular that the Sonnets were an autobiographical account of his survival.[185] 1932 yilda Ellardays Nikoll announced the discovery of a manuscript that appeared to establish Jeyms Uilmot as the earliest proponent of Bacon's authorship,[186] but recent investigations have identified the manuscript as a forgery probably designed to revive Baconian theory in the face of Oxford's ascendancy.[187]
Another authorship candidate emerged in 1943 when writer Alden Bruks, uning ichida Will Shakspere and the Dyer's hand, argued for Sir Edvard Dayer.[188] Six years earlier Brooks had dismissed Shakespeare as the playwright by proposing that his role in the deception was to act as an Elizabethan "play broker", vositachilik the plays and poems on behalf of his various principals, the real authors. This view, of Shakespeare as a commercial go-between, was later adapted by Oxfordians.[189] After the Second World War, Oxfordism and anti-Stratfordism declined in popularity and visibility.[190] Copious archival research had failed to confirm Oxford or anyone else as the true author, and publishers lost interest in books advancing the same theories based on alleged circumstantial evidence. To bridge the evidentiary gap, both Oxfordians and Baconians began to argue that hidden clues and allusions in the Shakespeare canon had been placed there by their candidate for the benefit of future researchers.[191]
To revive interest in Oxford, in 1952 Dorothy and Charlton Ogburn Sr. published the 1,300-page This Star of England,[192] now regarded as a classic Oxfordian text.[193] They proposed that the "fair youth" of the sonnets was Genri Vriothesli, Sautgemptonning 3-grafligi, the offspring of a love affair between Oxford and the Queen, and that the "Shakespeare" plays were written by Oxford to memorialise the passion of that affair. Bu "deb nomlandiShahzoda Tudor nazariyasi ", which postulates that the Queen's illicit offspring and his father's authorship of the Shakespeare canon were covered up as an Elizabethan state secret. The Ogburns found many parallels between Oxford's life and the works, particularly in Hamlet, which they characterised as "straight biography".[194] A brief upsurge of enthusiasm ensued, resulting in the establishment of the Shakespeare Oxford Society in the US in 1957.[195]
In 1955 Broadway press agent Kalvin Xofman revived the Marlovian theory with the publication of The Murder of the Man Who Was "Shakespeare".[196] The next year he went to England to search for documentary evidence about Marlowe that he thought might be buried in his literary patron Ser Tomas Uolsingem qabr.[197] Hech narsa topilmadi.
A series of critical academic books and articles held in check any appreciable growth of anti-Stratfordism, as academics attacked its results and its methodology as unscholarly.[198] Amerika cryptologists Uilyam va Elizebet Fridman g'olib bo'ldi Folger Shekspir kutubxonasi Literary Prize in 1955 for a study of the arguments that the works of Shakespeare contain hidden ciphers. The study disproved all claims that the works contain ciphers, and was condensed and published as The Shakespearean Ciphers Examined (1957). Soon after, four major works were issued surveying the history of the anti-Stratfordian phenomenon from a mainstream perspective: Stratfordlik brakoner (1958), tomonidan Frenk Uodsvort, Shakespeare and His Betters (1958), by Reginald Churchill, The Shakespeare Claimants (1962), by H. N. Gibson, and Shekspir va uning raqiblari: Mualliflik qarama-qarshiligi bo'yicha ish kitobi (1962), by George L. McMichael and Edgar M. Glenn. 1959 yilda Amerika advokatlar assotsiatsiyasi jurnali published a series of articles and letters on the authorship controversy, later anthologised as Shakespeare Cross-Examination (1961). In 1968 the newsletter of The Shakespeare Oxford Society reported that "the missionary or evangelical spirit of most of our members seems to be at a low ebb, dormant, or non-existent".[199] In 1974, membership in the society stood at 80.[200]
Authorship in the mainstream media
The freelance writer Charlton Ogburn Jr., elected president of The Shakespeare Oxford Society in 1976, promptly began a campaign to bypass the academic establishment; he believed it to be an "entrenched authority" that aimed to "outlaw and silence dissent in a supposedly free society". He proposed fighting for public recognition by portraying Oxford as a candidate on equal footing with Shakespeare.[201] In 1984 Ogburn published his 900-page The Mysterious William Shakespeare: the Myth and the Reality, and by framing the issue as one of fairness in the atmosphere of conspiracy that permeated America after Votergeyt, he used the media to circumnavigate akademiya and appeal directly to the public.[202] Ogburn's efforts secured Oxford the place as the most popular alternative candidate. He also kick-started the modern revival of the Oxfordian movement by adopting a policy of seeking publicity through moot court trials, media debates, television, and other outlets. These methods were later extended to the Internet, including Vikipediya.[203]
Ogburn believed that academics were best challenged by recourse to law, and on 25 September 1987 three odil sudlovlar ning Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Oliy sudi convened a one-day sud sudi da Metropolitan Memorial United Methodist Church, to hear the Oxfordian case. The trial was structured so that literary experts would not be represented, but the burden of proof was on the Oxfordians. The justices determined that the case was based on a conspiracy theory, and that the reasons given for this conspiracy were both incoherent and unpersuasive.[205] Although Ogburn took the verdict as a "clear defeat", Oxfordian columnist Jozef Sobran thought the trial had effectively dismissed any other Shakespeare authorship contender from the public mind and provided legitimacy for Oxford.[206] A retrial was organised the next year in the United Kingdom to potentially reverse the decision. Presided over by three Qonun lordlari, the court was held in the Ichki ma'bad in London on 26 November 1988. On this occasion Shakespearean scholars argued their case, and the outcome confirmed the American verdict.[207]
Due in part to the rising visibility of the authorship question, media coverage of the controversy increased, with many outlets focusing on the Oksfordian nazariya. 1989 yilda Jamoat eshittirish xizmati teleshou Frontline broadcast "The Shakespeare Mystery", exposing the interpretation of Oxford-as-Shakespeare to more than 3.5 million viewers in the US alone.[208] This was followed in 1992 by a three-hour Frontline teleconference, "Uncovering Shakespeare: an Update", moderated by Uilyam F. Bakli, kichik[209] 1991 yilda Atlantika oyligi published a debate between Tom Bethell, presenting the case for Oxford,[210] va Irvin Ley Matus, presenting the case for Shakespeare.[211] A similar print debate took place in 1999 in Harper jurnali under the title "The Ghost of Shakespeare". Beginning in the 1990s Oxfordians and other anti-Stratfordians increasingly turned to the Internet to promulgate their theories, including creating several articles on Wikipedia about the candidates and the arguments, to such an extent that a survey of the field in 2010 judged that its presence on Wikipedia "puts to shame anything that ever appeared in standard resources".[212]
On 14 April 2007 the Shakespeare Authorship Coalition issued an internet petition, "Uilyam Shekspirning shaxsi to'g'risida oqilona shubha deklaratsiyasi", bilan mos keladi Brunel universiteti 's announcement of a one-year Master of Arts programme in Shakespeare authorship studies (since suspended). The coalition intended to enlist broad public support so that by 2016, the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare's death, the academic Shakespeare establishment would be forced to acknowledge that legitimate grounds for doubting Shakespeare's authorship exist, a goal that was not successful.[213] More than 1,200 signatures were collected by the end of 2007, and as of 23 April 2016, the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare's death and the self-imposed deadline, the document had been signed by 3,348 people, including 573 self-described current and former academics. On 22 April 2007, The New York Times published a survey of 265 American Shakespeare professors on the Shakespeare authorship question. To the question of whether there is good reason to question Shakespeare's authorship, 6 per cent answered "yes", and 11 percent "possibly". When asked their opinion of the topic, 61 per cent chose "A theory without convincing evidence" and 32 per cent chose "A waste of time and classroom distraction".[214]
2010 yilda Jeyms S. Shapiro surveyed the authorship question in E'tirozli iroda: Shekspirni kim yozgan? Approaching the subject sociologically, Shapiro found its origins to be grounded in a vein of traditional scholarship going back to Edmond Malone, and criticised academia for ignoring the topic, which was, he argued, tantamount to surrendering the field to anti-Stratfordians.[215] Shapiro links the revival of the Oxfordian movement to the cultural changes that followed the Watergate conspiracy scandal that increased the willingness of the public to believe in governmental conspiracies and cover-ups,[216] and Robert Sawyer suggests that the increased presence of anti-Stratfordian ideas in popular culture can be attributed to the proliferation of fitna nazariyalari beri 11 sentyabr hujumlari.[217]
2011 yil sentyabr oyida, Anonim, a feature film based on the "Prince Tudor" variant of the Oxfordian theory, written by Jon Orloff va rejissyor Roland Emmerich, premyerasi Toronto xalqaro kinofestivali. De Vere is portrayed as a literary prodigy who becomes the lover of Qirolicha Yelizaveta, with whom he sires Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, only to discover that he himself may be the Queen's son by an earlier lover. He eventually sees his suppressed plays performed through the front man, William Shakespeare, who is portrayed as an opportunistic actor and the movie's comic foil. Oxford agrees to Elizabeth's demand that he remain anonymous as part of a bargain for saving their son from execution as a traitor for supporting the Essex isyoni unga qarshi.[218]
Two months before the release of the film, the Shekspir tug'ilgan joyiga ishonch launched a campaign attacking anti-Stratfordian arguments by means of a web site, 60 Minutes With Shakespeare: Who Was William Shakespeare?, containing short audio contributions recorded by actors, scholars and other celebrities,[219] which was quickly followed by a rebuttal from the Shakespeare Authorship Coalition.[220] Since then, Paul Edmondson and Stenli Uells have written a short e-book, Shakespeare Bites Back (2011),[221] and edited a longer book of essays by prominent academic Shakespeareans, Shakespeare Beyond Doubt (2013), in which Edmondson says that they had "decided to lead the Shakespeare Authorship Campaign because we thought more questions would be asked by our visitors and students because of Anonim, because we saw, and continue to see, something very wrong with the way doubts about Shakespeare's authorship are being given academic credibility by the Universities of Concordia and Brunel, and because we felt that merely ignoring the anti-Shakespearians was inappropriate at a time when their popular voice was likely to be gaining more ground".[222]
Alternative candidates
While more than 80 historical figures have been nominated at one time or another as the true author of the Shakespearean canon,[10] only a few of these claimants have attracted significant attention.[223] In addition to sole candidates, various "group" theories have also achieved a notable level of interest.[224]
Group theories
Various group theories of Shakespearean authorship were proposed as early as the mid-19th century. Delia Bacon's The Philosophy of the Plays of Shakespeare Unfolded (1857), the first book focused entirely on the authorship debate, also proposed the first "group theory". It attributed the works of Shakespeare to "a little clique of disappointed and defeated politicians" led by Sir Uolter Rali which included Sir Francis Bacon and perhaps Edmund Spenser, Lord Bakhurst, and Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford.[225]
Gilbert Slater "s Etti Shekspir (1931) proposed that the works were written by seven different authors: Francis Bacon, Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, Sir Walter Raleigh, William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby, Christopher Marlowe, Meri Sidni, Pembrok grafinya va Rojlandning 5-grafligi Rojer Manner.[226] In the early 1960s, Edward de Vere, Francis Bacon, Roger Manners, William Herbert and Mary Sidney were suggested as members of a group referred to as "The Oxford Syndicate".[227] Christopher Marlowe, Robert Grin va Tomas Nashe have also been proposed as participants. Some variants of the group theory also include William Shakespeare of Stratford as the group's manager, broker and/or front man.[228]
Ser Frensis Bekon
The leading candidate of the 19th century was one of the great intellectual figures of Jacobean England, Ser Frensis Bekon, a lawyer, philosopher, essayist and scientist. Bacon's candidacy relies upon historical and literary conjectures, as well as alleged cryptographic evidence.[229]
Bacon was proposed as sole author by William Henry Smith in 1856 and as a co-author by Delia Bacon in 1857.[230] Smith compared passages such as Bacon's "Poetry is nothing else but feigned history" with Shakespeare's "The truest poetry is the most feigning" (Sizga yoqqanidek, 3.3.19–20), and Bacon's "He wished him not to shut the gate of your Majesty's mercy" with Shakespeare's "The gates of mercy shall be all shut up" (Genri V, 3.3.10).[231] Delia Bacon argued that there were hidden political meanings in the plays and parallels between those ideas and Bacon's known works. She proposed him as the leader of a group of disaffected philosopher-politicians who tried to promote republican ideas to counter the despotism of the Tudor-Stuart monarchies through the medium of the public stage.[232] Later Bacon supporters found similarities between a great number of specific phrases and aphorisms from the plays and those written by Bacon in his waste book, Promus. In 1883, Mrs. Henry Pott compiled 4,400 parallels of thought or expression between Shakespeare and Bacon.[233]
Yo'naltirilgan maktubda Jon Devis, Bacon closes "so desireing you to bee good to concealed poets", which according to his supporters is self-referential.[234] Baconians argue that while Bacon outlined both a scientific and moral philosophy in Ta'limning rivojlanishi (1605), only the first part was published under his name during his lifetime. They say that his moral philosophy, including a revolutionary politico-philosophic system of government, was concealed in the Shakespeare plays because of its threat to the monarchy.[235]
Baconians suggest that the great number of legal allusions in the Shakespeare canon demonstrate the author's expertise in the law. Bacon became Qirolichaning maslahatchisi in 1596 and was appointed Bosh prokuror in 1613. Bacon also paid for and helped write speeches for a number of entertainments, including maskalar va dumbshows, although he is not known to have authored a play. His only attributed verse consists of seven metrik palsertlar, quyidagi Sternhold and Hopkins.[236]
Since Bacon was knowledgeable about ciphers,[237] early Baconians suspected that he left his signature encrypted in the Shakespeare canon. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries many Baconians claimed to have discovered ciphers throughout the works supporting Bacon as the true author. In 1881, C. F. Ashmead Windle, an American, claimed she had found carefully worked-out jingles in each play that identified Bacon as the author.[238] This sparked a cipher craze, and probative cryptograms were identified in the works by Ignatius Donnelly,[239] Orville Ward Owen, Elizabeth Wells Gallup,[240] and Dr. Isaac Hull Platt. Platt argued that the Latin word honorificabilitudinitatibus, topilgan Sevgi mehnati yo'qolgan, can be read as an anagram, yielding Hi ludi F. Baconis nati tuiti orbi ("These plays, the offspring of F. Bacon, are preserved for the world.").[241]
Edvard de Vere, Oksfordning 17-grafligi
Since the early 1920s, the leading alternative authorship candidate has been Edvard de Vere, Oksfordning 17-grafligi va Lord Buyuk Chemberlen Angliya. Oxford followed his grandfather and father in sponsoring companies of actors, and he had patronised a company of musicians and one of tumblers.[242] Oxford was an important courtier poet,[243] praised as such and as a playwright by Jorj Puttenxem and Francis Meres, who included him in a list of the "best for comedy amongst us". Examples of his poetry but none of his theatrical works survive.[244] Oxford was noted for his literary and theatrical patronage. Between 1564 and 1599, 33 works were dedicated to him, including works by Artur Golding, Jon Layli, Robert Grin va Entoni Munday.[245] In 1583 he bought the sublease of the first Blackfriars Theatre and gave it to the poet-playwright Lyly, who operated it for a season under Oxford's patronage.[246]
Oxfordians believe certain literary allusions indicate that Oxford was one of the most prominent "suppressed" noma'lum va / yoki taxallusli writers of the day.[247] They also note Oxford's connections to the London theatre and the contemporary playwrights of Shakespeare's day, his family connections including the patrons of Shakespeare's Birinchi folio, his relationships with Qirolicha Yelizaveta I and Shakespeare's patron, the Sautgempton grafligi, his knowledge of Court life, his private tutors and education, and his wide-ranging travels through the locations of Shakespeare's plays in France and Italy.[248] The case for Oxford's authorship is also based on perceived similarities between Oxford's biography and events in Shakespeare's plays, sonnets and longer poems; perceived parallels of language, idiom, and thought between Oxford's letters and the Shakespearean canon; and the discovery of numerous marked passages in Oxford's Bible that appear in some form in Shakespeare's plays.[249]
The first to lay out a comprehensive case for Oxford's authorship was J. Thomas Looney, an English schoolteacher who identified personality characteristics in Shakespeare's works—especially Hamlet—that painted the author as an eccentric aristocratic poet, a drama and sporting enthusiast with a classical education who had travelled extensively to Italy.[250] He discerned close affinities between the poetry of Oxford and that of Shakespeare in the use of motifs and subjects, phrasing, and rhetorical devices, which led him to identify Oxford as the author.[183] Undan keyin Shekspir aniqlandi was published in 1920, Oxford replaced Bacon as the most popular alternative candidate.[251]
Oxford's purported use of the "Shakespeare" pen name is attributed to the stigma of print, a convention that aristocratic authors could not take credit for writing plays for the public stage.[252] Another motivation given is the politically explosive "Shahzoda Tudor nazariyasi " that the youthful Oxford was Queen Elizabeth's lover; according to this theory, Oxford dedicated Venera va Adonis, Lucrece'ning zo'rlanishi, va Sonetlar to their son, England's rightful Tudor shahzoda, Henry Wriothesley, who was brought up as the 3rd Earl of Southampton.[193]
Oxfordians say that the dedication to the sonnets published in 1609 implies that the author was dead prior to their publication and that 1604 (the year of Oxford's death) was the year regular publication of "newly corrected" and "augmented" Shakespeare plays stopped.[253] Consequently, they date most of the plays earlier than the standard chronology and say that the plays which show evidence of revision and collaboration were left unfinished by Oxford and completed by other playwrights after his death.[254]
Kristofer Marlou
The poet and dramatist Kristofer Marlou was born into the same social class as Shakespeare—his father was a cobbler, Shakespeare's a glove-maker. Marlowe was the older by two months, and spent six and a half years at Kembrij universiteti. U foydalanishga kashshof bo'lgan bo'sh oyat in Elizabethan drama, and his works are widely accepted as having greatly influenced those of Shakespeare.[255] Of his seven plays, all but one or two were first performed before 1593.
The Marlovian theory argues that Marlowe's documented death on 30 May 1593 was faked. Tomas Uolsingem and others are supposed to have arranged the faked death, the main purpose of which was to allow Marlowe to escape trial and almost certain execution on charges of subversive ateizm.[256] The theory then argues that Shakespeare was chosen as the front behind whom Marlowe would continue writing his highly successful plays.[257] Ushbu da'volar uning aniq vafot etganligi, Marlou va Shekspir asarlari o'rtasidagi uslubiy o'xshashlik, asarlar va unga aloqador matnlarda yashirin ma'nolardan kelib chiqadigan xulosalarga asoslanadi.
Marloviyaliklarning ta'kidlashicha, Marlou va Shekspir deyarli bir xil yoshda bo'lishiga qaramay, birinchi asar Uilyam Shekspir nomi bilan bog'liq edi.Venera va Adonis- Marlowe vafot etganidan 13 kun o'tgach, Shekspirning nomi bag'ishlangan holda imzolangan holda sotuvda bo'lgan,[258] muallifi bo'lmagan holda 1593 yil 18-aprelda Stantsiyalar kompaniyasida ro'yxatdan o'tgan.[259] Marlou va Shekspir ijodi o'rtasidagi og'zaki yozishmalar ro'yxatlari ham tuzilgan.[260]
Marlouning nomzodi dastlab 1892 yilda T. V. Uayt tomonidan taklif qilingan edi, u Marlo o'yinlar uchun mas'ul yozuvchilar guruhidan biri, boshqalari Shekspir, Yashil, Peele, Doniyor, Nashe va Turar joy.[261] U birinchi marta Shekspirning "kuchli o'yinlari" ning yagona muallifi sifatida 1895 yilda taklif qilingan Wilbur G. Zeigler.[262] Uning nomzodi 1955 yilda Kalvin Xofman tomonidan qayta tiklangan va Shapironing so'zlariga ko'ra, Marlowe ishiga yaqinda qiziqish kuchayganligi "Oksfordi lagerining hukmronligi Baconianikidan ancha uzoqqa cho'zilmasligining belgisi bo'lishi mumkin".[263]
Uilyam Stenli, Derbining 6-grafligi
Uilyam Stenli, Derbining 6-grafligi, birinchi marta 1891 yilda ingliz arxivchisi Jeyms Grinstrit tomonidan nomzod sifatida taklif qilingan va keyinchalik Abel Lefrank va boshqalar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan.[264] Grinstrit jizvitlar josusi Jorj Fennerning 1599 yilda Derbi "oddiy o'yinchilar uchun tovarlarni olish bilan band" deb xabar berganini aniqladi.[265] O'sha yili Derbi Londonning ikkita bolalar dramaturgiyasidan birini moliyalashtirgani qayd etilgan, Pol o'g'illari; uning 1600 va 1601 yillarda sudda bir necha bor o'ynagan "Derbi's Men" o'z shirkati ham bo'lgan.[266] Derbi Shekspirdan uch yil oldin tug'ilgan va 1642 yilda vafot etgan, shuning uchun uning umri asarlarning kelishilgan sanasiga to'g'ri keladi. Uning bosh harflari W. S. edi va u o'zini "Will" imzolagani ma'lum edi, bu unga "Will" sonetlarini yozishga qodir edi.[267]
Derbi 1582 yilda Evropaning qit'asida sayohat qilib, Frantsiyaga tashrif buyurgan va ehtimol Navarra. Sevgi mehnati yo'qolgan Navarrada qo'yilgan va o'yin 1578-1584 yillarda u erda sodir bo'lgan voqealarga asoslangan bo'lishi mumkin.[268] Derbi uylandi Elizabeth de Vere, uning onasi bobosi bo'lgan Uilyam Sesil,[269] ba'zi tanqidchilar tomonidan Polonius xarakterining asosi deb o'ylashgan Hamlet. Derbi bilan bog'liq edi Uilyam Gerbert, Pembrokning 3-grafligi va uning ukasi Filipp Gerbert, Montgomeri grafligi va keyinchalik 4-graf Pembrok, Uilyam Shekspirning birinchi foliosi bag'ishlangan "Tengsiz juftlik".[270] Derbi o'z mulklarini o'g'liga berganida Jeyms taxminan 1628–29 yillarda u Pembrok va Montgomerini ishonchli shaxslar deb atagan. Derbining akasi, Ferdinando Stenli, Derbining 5-grafligi, o'yinchilar guruhini tashkil etdi Lord Strange's Men, ularning ayrim a'zolari oxir-oqibat Shekspir bilan eng bog'liq bo'lgan kompaniyalardan biri bo'lgan King's Menga qo'shilishdi.[271]
Izohlar
Izohlar
- ^ Buyuk Britaniya va AQSh nashrlari Shapiro 2010 yil sahifalashda sezilarli darajada farq qiladi. Ushbu maqolada keltirilgan kitobga havolalar birinchi bo'lib Buyuk Britaniyadagi sahifa raqamlarini, so'ngra qavs ichida AQSh nashrining sahifa raqamlarini keltiradi.
- ^ Kam ko'rsatkich Manfred Schelerga tegishli. Marvin Spevakdan olingan yuqori raqam, agar barcha so'z shakllari bo'lsa (mushuk va mushuklar ikki xil so'z sifatida sanaladi, masalan), qo'shma so'zlar, emissiyalar, variantlar, maxsus ismlar, begona so'zlar, onomatopoeic so'zlar va qasddan malapropizmlar kiritilgan.
- ^ Uchun Richard II, (2-savol (1598), Q3 (1598), Q4 (1608) va Q5 (1615). Uchun Richard III, (Q2 (1598), Q3 (1602), Q4 (1605), Q5 (1612) va Q6 (1622)) uchun. Genri IV, 1-qism, (Q2 (1599), Q3 (1604), Q4 (1608) va Q5 (1613))
Iqtiboslar
- ^ Preskott 2010 yil, p. 273: ""Anti-Stratfordian" - bu Stratfordlik odamdan boshqasi, odatda unga tegishli bo'lgan asarlarni yozgan degan e'tiqodning umumiy nomi. "; McMichael va Glenn 1962 yil, p. 56.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 2-3 bet (3-4).
- ^ Ketman 2003 yil, p. 621: "... antiStratfordizm chekka e'tiqod tizimi bo'lib qoldi"; Schoenbaum 1991 yil, p. 450; Paster 1999 yil, p. 38: "Mualliflik masalasi bo'yicha mendan so'rash ... paleoontologdan kreatsionistlar tomonidan qazilma qoldiqlari to'g'risida bahslashishini so'rashga o'xshaydi."; Nelson 2004 yil, 149-51-betlar: "Men Amerikaning Shekspir assotsiatsiyasining 1300 a'zosi bo'lgan bitta professorini bilmayman, u Shekspirning kimligini shubha ostiga qo'yadi ... mualliflik munozarasiga antagonizm kasb ichidan shu qadar ajoyibki, shunday bo'lar edi birinchi navbatda o'zini taniqli oksfordilik uchun ishga olish qanchalik qiyin bo'lsa, unchalik kamroq muddatga egalik qilish huquqi beriladi ... "; Kerol 2004 yil, 278–9-betlar: "Men hech qachon men kabi akademik lavozimda, Shekspirning o'ziga tegishli bo'lgan umumiy pyesalar muallifi ekanligiga shubha bilan qaragan biron bir odamni uchratmadim."; Pendlton 1994 yil, p. 21: "Shekspirliklar ba'zida Oksfordi gipotezasini jalb qilish, unga yuz bermaslik kerak degan pozitsiyani egallaydilar."; Sutherland & Watts 2000 yil, p. 7: "Shuni ta'kidlash kerakki, Oksfordi nazariyasiga ergashadigan biron bir akademik Shekspir yo'q."; Gibson 2005 yil, p. 30: "... Buyuk Shekspir olimlarining ko'pini Stratfordi lagerida topish mumkin ..."
- ^ a b Bate 1998 yil, p. 73; Xastings 1959 yil, p. 486; Wadsworth 1958 yil, 8-16 betlar; Makkrea 2005 yil, p. 13; Ketman 2003 yil, p. 622.
- ^ Teylor 1989 yil, p. 167: 1840 yilga kelib butun Evropada Shekspirga qoyil qolish shunday bo'ldi Tomas Karleyl "giperbolasiz aytishi mumkin" "Shakspir shu paytgacha barcha shoirlarning boshlig'i edi; bizning yozilgan dunyomizda adabiyot yo'lida o'z yozuvlarini qoldirgan eng buyuk aql.'"
- ^ a b Shapiro 2010 yil, 87-8 betlar (77-8).
- ^ Xolms 1866, p. 7
- ^ Bate 2002 yil, p. 106.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, p. 317 (281).
- ^ a b v Yalpi 2010 yil, p. 39.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 2-3-betlar (4); Makkrea 2005 yil, p. 13.
- ^ Dobson 2001 yil, p. 31: "Bu ikkita tushuncha - bu Shekspir kanoni insoniyat madaniyatining eng yuqori yutug'i, Uilyam Shekspir esa umuman o'qimagan rustik edi, Delia Bekon va uning merosxo'rlarini ishontirish uchun birlashtirilgan Folio sarlavha sahifasi va dastlabki tanlovlar faqat yuqori darajadagi shaxs tomonidan uyushtirilgan ajoyib tarzda ishlab chiqilgan charade-ning bir qismi bo'lishi mumkin va ular shunga mos ravishda Shekspir asarlarining o'ziga xos adabiy izlarini noto'g'ri o'qishadi. Elizabethan grammatika maktabi ta'limi "haqiqiy" muallif ishtirok etganining dalili sifatida butun jildda ko'rinadi Oksford yoki Kembrij."
- ^ Bate 1998 yil, p. 90: "Ularning [Oxfordians] eng yaxshi ko'rgan kodi bu maxfiy shaxsiy tashbehdir ... Ammo bu usul mohiyatan kriptogrammadan farq qilmaydi, chunki Shekspirning oilaviy va siyosiy xarakterlari va syujetlari juda kengdir. yana bir bor o'ylash kerak bo'lgan odamning "avtoportretlari" ni pyesalarida topish mumkin. "; Sevgi 2002 yil, 87, 200-betlar: "" Biografik jihatdan mos "va kriptografik dalillarning kombinatsiyasidan deyarli har qanday shaxs uchun ish ochish uchun foydalanish mumkinligi haqida bir necha bor da'vo qilingan ... Ularning qo'llanilishining o'zi ko'plab raqib da'vogarlar o'zlarining ishonchsizligini namoyish etadilar. " Shapiro 2010 yil, 304-13 bet (268-77); Schoone-Jongen 2008 yil, p. 5: "Shekspir hayotining ba'zi faktlari va uning adabiy chiqishi ruhi o'rtasidagi uzluksizlikning aniq etishmasligidan noroziligini bildirgan holda, anti-Stratfordians muallifning asari uning hayotini aks ettirishi kerak degan modernistik taxminni qabul qilmoqdalar. Shekspir ham, uning ham o'rtoq Elizabetan yozuvchilari ushbu taxmin asosida ishlagan. "; Smit 2008 yil, p. 629: "... muallifning g'oyasini uning asarlaridan kelib chiqish har doim muammoli, ayniqsa dramaturgiya singari ko'p vokalli janrda, chunki u heterojen ta'sirlarni va ijodiy yozishning xayoliy yo'nalishlarini juda past darajada baholaydi".
- ^ Wadsworth 1958 yil, 163–4-betlar: "Stratford-on-Avonlik Uilyam Shekspirning pyesalar va she'rlarni yozganiga ishonishimizning sabablari, boshqa har qanday tarixiy voqealarga ishonishimiz sabablari bilan bir xil ... tarixiy dalillar Uilyam Shekspir pyesalar va she'rlar yozgan. "; Makkrea 2005 yil, xii-xiii-bet, 10; Nelson 2004 yil, p. 162: "Birinchi Foliodan tashqari, Uilyam Shekspirning hujjatli dalillari biz o'sha davrning boshqa yozuvchilari uchun xuddi shunday ..."
- ^ Sevgi 2002 yil, 198-202, 303-7-betlar: "Bunday urinishlar bilan to'qnash keladigan muammo shundaki, ular o'yinchilarning o'z vaqtida Willning o'yinlarning muallifi sifatida ko'rilganligi va hech kimning yo'qligi haqidagi ko'plab guvohliklarini bekor qilishlari kerak. boshqa imtiyozli nomzodlar uchun bir xil xarakterdagi ochiq-oydin qarama-qarshi ommaviy da'volar. »; Bate 1998 yil, 68-73 betlar.
- ^ Bate 1998 yil, p. 73: "Shekspir hayotida yoki vafotidan keyingi dastlabki ikki yuz yillikda hech kim uning muallifligi to'g'risida zarracha shubha bildirmagan."; Xastings 1959 yil, 486–8-betlar: "... o'n to'qqizinchi asrning o'rtalariga qadar Shekspir muallifligiga nisbatan hech qanday shubha bildirilmadi (asosan bir nechta kulgili izohlar bundan mustasno)".
- ^ Dobson 2001 yil, p. 31; Greenblatt 2005 yil: "Uilyam Shekspirning pyesalari va she'rlari muallifligi gumonga asoslangan va" mualliflik qarama-qarshiligi "sinfda o'qitilishi haqidagi g'oya hozirgi dalillarning aynan ekvivalenti"aqlli dizayn bilan birga o'qitilishi kerak evolyutsiya. Ikkala holatda ham jiddiy dalillarni jiddiy baholashga asoslangan katta ilmiy konsensusga tarafdorlari teng vaqt talab qiladigan ehtirosli xayollar qarshi chiqadi. "
- ^ Narx 2001 yil, p. 9: "Shunga qaramay, Shekspir muallifligini shubha ostiga oladigan skeptiklar soni nisbatan kam, ular akademik va adabiy mutaxassislarning aksariyati uchun gapirishmaydi".
- ^ a b Nicholl 2010 yil, p. 3.
- ^ Nicholl 2010 yil, p. 3; Shapiro 2010 yil, p. 2 (4).
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 246-9-betlar (216-9); Niederkorn 2005 yil.
- ^ Preskott 2010 yil, p. 273; Boldik 2008 yil, 17-18 betlar; Bate 1998 yil, 68-70 betlar; Wadsworth 1958 yil, 2, 6-7 betlar.
- ^ Matus 1994 yil, p. 15 eslatma.
- ^ Uells 2003 yil, p. 388; Dobson 2001 yil, p. 31: "Biroq, aksariyat kuzatuvchilar Stratfordianlarga qarshi hujjatli dalillarga qarshi immunitetdan ko'proq taassurot oldilar"; Shipley 1943 yil, p. 38: "da'vogar hali ham boshqa muallif foydasiga dalillar keltirishi kerak. Bunday dalillar yo'q."; Sevgi 2002 yil, p. 198: "... boshqa mualliflar umuman kanon uchun javobgardir deb o'ylaydiganlar ... puxta fitna nazariyalarini qo'llashga majbur bo'ldilar."; Wadsworth 1958 yil, p. 6: "Paradoksal ravishda, skeptiklar har doim" haqiqiy muallif "haqida jimjitlik fitnasini yanada bezovta qiladigan rasm bo'lgan Uilyam Shekspirga oid dalillarning etishmasligini, buning mavjudligi uchun tarixiy dalillarning to'liq etishmasligini har doim almashtirishadi" maxfiy shartnoma asosida tushuntirilgan haqiqiy muallif "; Shapiro 2010 yil, p. 255 (225): "Ba'zilar faqat Shekspir va haqiqiy muallif bilgan deb o'ylashadi. Boshqa tomondan, bu ochiq sir edi, deb hisoblaganlar".
- ^ Bate 2002 yil, 104-5 betlar; Schoenbaum 1991 yil, 390, 392-betlar.
- ^ Kells, Styuart (2019). Shekspir kutubxonasi: Adabiyotdagi eng buyuk sirni ochish. Qarama-qarshi nuqta. p. Kirish ISBN 978-1640091832.: "Uning kutubxonasidan asar ham topilmadi. Hech qanday kitob, qo'lyozma, xat va kundaliklar yo'q edi. Shekspirga yaqinlashish istagi javobsiz edi, vakuum sezilib turardi."
- ^ Shipley 1943 yil, 37-8 betlar; Bethell 1991 yil, 48, 50-betlar; Schoone-Jongen 2008 yil, p. 5; Smit 2008 yil, p. 622: "Ushbu spektakllarni viloyatdagi bir shaharlik ishchi odam tomonidan universitetda o'qish, chet elda sayohat qilish, yuridik tadqiqotlar yoki sud imtiyozlari to'g'risida ma'lumot bo'lmagan ishchi yozishi mumkin edi" degan shubha paydo bo'ldi, munozarachilar uning o'rniga asosan ketma-ketlikni taklif qildilar. aristokratik falsafiy yoki siyosiy jihatdan sirli ma'nolari, shuningdek, o'zlarining haqiqiy o'ziga xosliklari bilan birga kodlar, kriptogrammalar va runik qorong'ilikda yashirilishi kerak bo'lgan muqobil mualliflar. "
- ^ Foggatt, Tayler (2019 yil 29-iyul). "Adolat Stivensning farq qiluvchi Shekspir nazariyasi". Nyu-Yorker.
- ^ Steerpike (2014 yil 1-may). "Buyuk Shekspir mualliflik masalasi". Tomoshabin. Olingan 1 oktyabr 2019.
- ^ Nelson 2004 yil, p. 149: "Shekspir mualliflik munozarasi - bu tortishuvlarning mumtoz namunasi, bu o'z nafasini yo'l qo'yiladigan dalillarning mohiyati bo'yicha asosiy kelishmovchilikdan chiqaradi."; Makkrea 2005 yil, 165, 217-8 betlar; Shapiro 2010 yil, 8, 48, 112-3, 235, 298-betlar (8, 44, 100, 207, 264).
- ^ Schoone-Jongen 2008 yil, 6, 117-betlar.
- ^ Schoenbaum 1991 yil, 405, 411, 437 betlar; Sevgi 2002 yil, 203-7 betlar.
- ^ Callaghan 2013 yil, p. 11: "Dastlabki zamonaviy hujjatlar uchun omon qolish darajasi pastligi va Shekspir zamonaviy byurokratiyaning poydevorini ta'minlaydigan ma'lumotlar muntazam yig'ilib turguncha dunyoda yashaganligi" haqiqatdir ".
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 253-95 betlar (223-59); Sevgi 2002 yil, p. 198.
- ^ Wadsworth 1958 yil, 163-4 betlar; Makkrea 2005 yil, xii-xiii-bet, 10; Nelson 2004 yil, p. 149.
- ^ Crinkley 1985 yil, p. 517.
- ^ Matus 1994 yil, p. 47: "... Shekspir yoshidagi teatr ustidan eng yuqori tezkor hokimiyat hisoblarining sirli ravishda yo'q bo'lib ketishi to'g'risida Lord Chamberlains uy xo'jaligi. Ogburn bu yozuvlar, xuddi Stratford gimnaziyasidagi kabi, ataylab yo'q qilingan bo'lishi mumkin deb o'ylaydi, chunki ular Shaksperening kompaniyada qanday qilib natijalarini qisqartirganligini ko'rsatgan bo'lar edi.'"
- ^ Matus 1994 yil, p. 32: "Ogburn maktab yozuvlari g'oyib bo'lganligi haqidagi gumoniga asos beradi, chunki ular Uilyamning ismini ochgan bo'lar edi, chunki unda qatnashganlar orasida yo'q edi."
- ^ Schoenbaum 1991 yil, p. 6; Uells 2003 yil, p. 28; Ketman 2003 yil, p. 625; Shapiro 2010 yil, 116-7 (103) betlar; Bvington 2005 yil, p. 9.
- ^ Uells 2001 yil, p. 122.
- ^ Schoenbaum 1987 yil, p. 295.
- ^ Daybell 2016 yil, p. 494
- ^ Narx 2001 yil, 213-7, 262 betlar; Crinkley 1985 yil, p. 517: "Stratfordianlarga qarshi kitoblarning o'ziga xos xususiyati shundaki, ular Shekspir nima bo'lishi kerakligi to'g'risida ro'yxat tuzadilar. saroy, advokat, Italiyada sayohat qilgan, a klassik, lochin, nima bo'lishidan qat'i nazar. Keyin ro'yxatga mos keladigan nomzod tanlanadi. Turli xil ro'yxatlar turli nomzodlarni topishi ajablanarli emas. "
- ^ Bethell 1991 yil, p. 56.
- ^ Boldvin 1944 yil, p. 464.
- ^ Ellis 2012 yil, p. 41
- ^ Boldvin 1944 yil, 164–84-betlar; Cressy 1975 yil, 28-9 betlar; Tompson 1958 yil, p. 24; Quennell 1963 yil, p. 18.
- ^ Honan 2000, 49-51 betlar; Hallidiy 1962 yil, 41-9 betlar; Rowse 1963 yil, 36-44-betlar.
- ^ Bethell 1991 yil, p. 48.
- ^ Nevalaynen 1999 yil, p. 336.
- ^ Schoenbaum 1981 yil, p. 93.
- ^ Nelson 2004 yil, p. 164: "... aksariyat Stratfordianlarning ta'kidlashicha, u hatto savodli emas edi. Ular dalil sifatida uning omon qolgan oltita imzolarini taqdim etishadi."
- ^ a b Douson va Kennedi-Skipton 1966 yil, p. 9.
- ^ Ioppolo 2010 yil, 177-183 betlar
- ^ Katman (1).
- ^ Barrel 1940 yil, p. 6: "Stratfordianlarga qarshi kurashning asosiy sababi shundaki," Uilyam Shekspir "laqabli ism edi,"Molier,' 'Jorj Eliot, 'va'Mark Tven, 'bu holda usta olimning ijodiy faoliyati yuqori doiralarda yashiringan ».
- ^ Matus 1994 yil, p. 28.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, p. 255 (225).
- ^ Narx 2001 yil, 59-62 betlar.
- ^ Sonders 1951 yil, 139-64 betlar; 1980 yil may, p. 11; 2007 yil may, p. 61.
- ^ Smit 2008 yil, p. 621: "Dramalar taxallusli bo'lishi kerak, chunki ular juda xavfli, iqlim sharoitida tsenzura va monarxiya nazorati, ochiq nashr etilishi kerak. "
- ^ Schoenbaum 1991 yil, 393, 446-betlar.
- ^ Matus 1994 yil, p. 26.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 116-7 betlar (103-4).
- ^ Frazer, Robert (1915). Silent Shekspir. Filadelfiya: Uilyam J. Kempbell. p.116.
- ^ Makkrea 2005 yil, 21, 170-1, 217 betlar.
- ^ Narx 2001 yil, 146-8-betlar.
- ^ Matus 1994 yil, 166, 266-7 betlar, Jeyms Lardnerning "San'at bilan oldinga va yuqoriga qarab: mualliflik masalasi", Nyu-Yorker, 1988 yil 11 aprel, p. 103: "1616 yilda uning o'limini hech qanday nekroloqlar nishonlamagan, ommaviy motam ham bo'lmagan. Agar atribut to'g'ri bo'lsa, ingliz tili tarixidagi eng buyuk dramaturg va shoir bo'lgan odamning o'tishi haqida hech qanday ma'lumot olinmagan. "; Shapiro 2010 yil, p. 243.
- ^ Bate 1998 yil, p. 63; Narx 2001 yil, p. 145.
- ^ Narx 2001 yil, p. 157; Matus 1991 yil, p. 201.
- ^ Spielmann 1924 yil, 23-4 betlar.
- ^ Vikers 2006 yil, p. 17.
- ^ Bate 1998 yil, p. 20.
- ^ a b Montague 1963 yil, 123-4 betlar.
- ^ Matus 1994 yil, 265-6 betlar; 1912 yil til, 28-30 betlar.
- ^ Wadsworth 1958 yil, 163-4 betlar; Merfi 1964 yil, p. 4: "Stratford-on-Avonlik Uilyam Shekspir (1564-1616) unga tegishli bo'lgan asarlarni yozganligi uchun nafaqat mo'l-ko'l, balki qat'iyatli. Bu xuddi shunday. Ser Edmund Chambers qo'yadi ', bu odatiy ravishda dastlabki adabiyot muallifligini aniqlash sifatida qabul qilinadi.'"; Nelson 2004 yil, p. 149: "Stratfordian yoki Oksfordianning eng partizanlari ham, uning nominal qiymati bo'yicha olingan hujjatli dalillar Stratford-on-Avonlik Vilyam Shekspirning ... she'rlar va pyesalarning muallifi sifatida ishini qo'llab-quvvatlashiga rozi bo'lishadi"; Makkrea 2005 yil, xii-xiii-bet, 10,
- ^ Shipley 1943 yil, 37-8 betlar,
- ^ Douson 1953 yil, p. 165: "... mening fikrimcha, bu va shunga o'xshash boshqa mavzudagi boshqa asarlardagi uslubning asosiy befarqligi, samimiy va aqlli odamlarning bunday vahshiy xulosalarga kelishlarini tushuntiradi"; Sevgi 2002 yil, p. 200; Makkrea 2005 yil, p. 14; Gibson 2005 yil, p. 10.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, p. 305 (270); Bate 1998 yil, 36-7 betlar; Wadsworth 1958 yil, 2-3 bet; Schoone-Jongen 2008 yil, p. 5.
- ^ Bate 1963 yil, 259-60 betlar; Morita 1980 yil, 22-3 betlar.
- ^ Martin 1965 yil, p. 131.
- ^ Merfi 1964 yil, p. 5.
- ^ Makkrea 2005 yil, 3-7 betlar.
- ^ Martin 1965 yil, p. 135.
- ^ Montague 1963 yil, 93-4 betlar; Loomis 2002 yil, p. 83.
- ^ Loomis 2002 yil, p. 85; Montague 1963 yil, 93-4 betlar.
- ^ Gurr 2004 yil, p. 60.
- ^ Stivenson 2002 yil, p. 84.
- ^ Montague 1963 yil, 71, 75-betlar.
- ^ Montague 1963 yil, p. 71; Loomis 2002 yil, p. 104.
- ^ Montague 1963 yil, p. 71; Loomis 2002 yil, p. 174.
- ^ Loomis 2002 yil, p. 183.
- ^ Loomis 2002 yil, p. 209.
- ^ Montague 1963 yil, p. 98; Loomis 2002 yil, p. 233.
- ^ Loomis 2002 yil, p. 238.
- ^ Montague 1963 yil, 77-8 betlar.
- ^ Nelson 2004 yil, p. 155: "Birinchi folio davomida muallif" janob "deb nomlangan. yoki "Mayster", bu unvon Uilyam Shekspirning ijtimoiy darajasiga to'liq mos keladi. "
- ^ Teylor va Loughnane 2017 yil, 417–20-betlar.
- ^ Voiz 1933, 459-60 betlar
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 254-5 betlar (224-5); Nelson 1998 yil, 79-82-betlar.
- ^ Schoenbaum 1987 yil, p. 231.
- ^ Schoenbaum 1987 yil, 227-8 betlar.
- ^ Schoenbaum 1987 yil, 231-2 betlar; Matus 1994 yil, p. 60.
- ^ Schoenbaum 1987 yil, p. 232.
- ^ Pendlton 1994 yil, p. 29: "... u Klarensuk King singari uch yildan kamroq vaqt oldin Brukning" Shekspir ye Player "ning otasiga qurol berishga qarshi hujumiga javob bergan edi ... Shunday qilib, Kamden uning familiyasi Ro'yxat Stratfordlik Uilyam Shekspirning ro'yxati edi, shuning uchun Kamdenning ma'lumoti Oksfordianlarning ta'kidlashicha yo'q, chunki u "Stratford odami" yetarli darajada ajralib turadigan yozuvchi bo'lganligi haqida bilimdon va hamma e'tirof etgan zamondosh tomonidan aniqlanadi. (agar keyin bo'lsa) Sidni, Spenser, Doniyor, Gollandiya, Jonson, Chempion, Dreyton, Chapman va Marston. Va identifikatsiya hatto ekssentrik Oksfordianing 1616 yilgacha bo'lgan er qoidalarini bajaradi. "
- ^ Makkrea 2005 yil, 17-9 betlar.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 272-3 (239-40) betlar.
- ^ Makkrea 2005 yil, 7, 8, 11, 32 betlar; Shapiro 2010 yil, 268-9 (236-7) betlar.
- ^ Makkrea 2005 yil, p. 191; Montague 1963 yil, p. 97.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, p. 271 (238); Palatalar 1930, 218-9 betlar.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, p. 270 (238).
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, p. 271 (238-9); Palatalar 1930, p. 224; Nicholl 2008 yil, p. 80.
- ^ Katman (3); McMichael va Glenn 1962 yil, p. 41.
- ^ Narx 1997 yil, 168, 173-betlar: "Xollar Dugdeylning eskizi taklif qilgan umumiy taassurotlarni etkazgan bo'lsa-da, ba'zi tafsilotlar aniqlik bilan uzatilgan. Darhaqiqat, Dugdeylning eskizlari Xollar bilan ishlash uchun ozgina tafsilotlarni bergan ... Uning to'plamidagi boshqa eskizlar singari, Dugdeyl yuzga o'xshashlik chizishga urinmagan, ammo yuzidagi sochlari bo'lgan odamni tasvirlash uchun o'zining standart yuzlaridan birini chizganga o'xshaydi.Xullas, Xollar Shekspir uchun yuz xususiyatlarini ixtiro qildi.Xulosa aniq: aniq va yo'qligida batafsil model, Xollar Shekspir haykali tasvirini bemalol yaratdi. Bu gravyuraning obro'li dalil sifatida qiymatini diskvalifikatsiya qiladigan narsa. "
- ^ Katman (2).
- ^ Ketman (4).
- ^ Matus 1994 yil, 121, 220-betlar.
- ^ Ketman 2013 yil, p. 127
- ^ Bate 1998 yil, p. 72.
- ^ Makkrea 2005 yil, p. 9; Bate 2002 yil, 111-2 bet.
- ^ Eaglestone 2009 yil, p. 63; Gelderen 2006 yil, p. 178.
- ^ Makkrea 2005 yil, 105-6, 115, 119-24 betlar; Bate 2002 yil, 109-10 betlar.
- ^ Makkrea 2005 yil, 64, 171-betlar; Bate 1998 yil, p. 70.
- ^ 1912 yil til, 43-4 bet.
- ^ Willinsky 1994 yil, p. 75.
- ^ Velz 2000 yil, p. 188.
- ^ Jonson 1969 yil, p. 78.
- ^ Sevgi 2002 yil, p. 81: "Ko'pincha ta'kidlanganidek, agar Shekspir unga ta'sir o'tkazgan deb da'vo qilgan barcha kitoblarni o'qiganida, u hech qachon o'z so'zini yozishga ulgurmagan bo'lar edi. Ehtimol, u o'z fikrlarining ko'p qismini suhbatdan olgan. Agar u qonuniy bilimga muhtoj edi, buni Iblislar Tavernasidagi Inns-of-Court ichuvchilaridan tortib olish, avvalgilarning hajmini qidirishdan ko'ra osonroq edi. "
- ^ Kreyg 2011 yil, 58-60 betlar.
- ^ Makkrea 2005 yil, 62-72-betlar.
- ^ Shekspir klinikasi 2010 yil.
- ^ Elliott va Valenza 2004 yil, p. 331.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, p. 288 (253).
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 283-6 betlar (249-51).
- ^ Simonton 2004 yil, p. 203.
- ^ Simonton 2004 yil, p. 210: "Agar Oksford grafi ushbu pyesalarni yozgan bo'lsa, unda u nafaqat karerasi davomida minimal uslubiy rivojlanishni namoyish etdi (Elliot & Valenza, 2000), balki u o'z davrining muhim voqealaridan monastirlik izolyatsiyasida ham yozgan."
- ^ Simonton 2004 yil, p. 210, 4-eslatma: "Ma'lumot uchun, men Stratfordlik Uilyam Shekspirga nisbatan bo'lgan an'anaviy atributni juda ishonib bo'lmaydigan deb bilaman ... Men Edvard de Vereni pyesalar va she'rlarning muallifi bo'lishini juda istardim ... Shunday qilib, men umid qilgan edim hozirgi tadqiqot Oxfordian atributi nomidan ishni kuchaytirishi mumkin. O'ylaymanki, kutish noto'g'ri ekanligi isbotlangan. "
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 293-4 (258-9) betlar.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, p. 30 (29).
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 30-3 betlar (29-32).
- ^ Finkelpearl 1990 yil, 4-5 bet.
- ^ Fridman va Fridman 1957 yil, keltirilgan 1-4 bet McMichael va Glenn 1962 yil, p. 56; Wadsworth 1958 yil, p. 10.
- ^ Schoenbaum 1991 yil, 99-110 betlar.
- ^ Uells 2003 yil, p. 329.
- ^ Teylor 1989 yil, p. 167.
- ^ Dobson 2001 yil, p. 38.
- ^ Wadsworth 1958 yil, p. 19: "Shakspeare Jamiyatlarining Misr hukmi esga keladi; u quvnoq aktyor va menejer edi. Men bu haqiqatni uning oyati bilan uylantirolmayman."
- ^ Dobson 2001 yil, p. 31.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 83-9 betlar (73-9).
- ^ Yalpi 2010 yil, p. 40; Shapiro 2010 yil, 86-9-betlar (76-9).
- ^ Wadsworth 1958 yil, 21-3, 29 bet.
- ^ Cherchill 1958 yil, p. 38.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 97-8, 106-9 (87, 95-7).
- ^ Glazener 2007, p. 331.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 119-20 betlar (105-6).
- ^ Makkrea 2005 yil, p. 13.
- ^ Hallidey 1957 yil, p. 176.
- ^ Schoenbaum 1991 yil, p. 404.
- ^ Hackett 2009 yil, p. 164.
- ^ Schoenbaum 1991 yil, p. 403.
- ^ Wadsworth 1958 yil, 34-5 betlar.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 113-4 bet (100-1); Wadsworth 1958 yil, 34-5 betlar.
- ^ Schoenbaum 1991 yil, 391-2 bet.
- ^ a b Wadsworth 1958 yil, p. 57; Schoenbaum 1991 yil, p. 412; Hackett 2009 yil, 154-5-betlar.
- ^ Wadsworth 1958 yil, 55-6 betlar.
- ^ McMichael va Glenn 1962 yil, p. 199; Wadsworth 1958 yil, 74-5 betlar; Niederkorn 2004 yil, 82-5 betlar.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 144–5-betlar (127); Wadsworth 1958 yil, 63-4 betlar.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, p. 144 (127); Wadsworth 1958 yil, p. 64.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 149-58 betlar (130-9).
- ^ Wadsworth 1958 yil, 80-4 betlar.
- ^ Schoenbaum 1991 yil, 422-5-betlar
- ^ Wadsworth 1958 yil, 88-9 betlar; Garber 1997 yil, p. 8.
- ^ Wadsworth 1958 yil, p. 86.
- ^ Schoenbaum 1991 yil, p. 446; Zeigler 1895 yil, v – xi pp.
- ^ Chandler 1994 yil
- ^ Wadsworth 1958 yil, 106-10 betlar.
- ^ Kempbell 1966 yil, 730-1-betlar.
- ^ Grinvud 1908 yil; Wadsworth 1958 yil, 99-100 betlar.
- ^ Robertson 1913 yil; Vikers 2005 yil.
- ^ Devor 1956 yil, 293-4 betlar.
- ^ Wadsworth 1958 yil, 101-2 bet.
- ^ Luni 1920 yil.
- ^ a b 2004 yil may, p. 222.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, p. 218 (192).
- ^ Vebster 1923 yil, 81-6 betlar; Wadsworth 1958 yil, p. 155.
- ^ Nikoll 1932 yil, p. 128.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 11-4, 319-20-betlar (11-3, 284).
- ^ Bruks 1943 yil.
- ^ Wadsworth 1958 yil, 135, 139-42 betlar.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 228-9-betlar (200-1).
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 220-1 (194) betlar.
- ^ Ogburn va Ogburn 1952 yil.
- ^ a b Wadsworth 1958 yil, p. 127.
- ^ Hackett 2009 yil, p. 167.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, p. 228 (201).
- ^ Schoenbaum 1991 yil, p. 445.
- ^ Wadsworth 1958 yil, p. 153.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, p. 229 (202).
- ^ Iqtibos qilingan Shapiro 2010 yil, 228-9 (201) betlar.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, p. 230 (202).
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 230-3 bet (202-5).
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 232-3 (204-5) betlar.
- ^ Bethell 1991 yil, p. 47; Gibson 2005 yil, 48, 72, 124-betlar; Ketman 2003 yil, p. 620; Schoenbaum 1991 yil, 430-40 betlar; Shapiro 2010 yil, 229-49 betlar (202-19).
- ^ Ross (Oxfordian afsonalari).
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 242-3 (212-3) betlar.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 234-6 betlar (206-8).
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 236-7 betlar (208-9).
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, p. 238 (209).
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, p. 238 (209-10).
- ^ Bethell 1991 yil.
- ^ Matus 1991 yil.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 246-8 betlar (216-8).
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 248-9-betlar (218-9); Hackett 2009 yil, 171–2 betlar.
- ^ Niederkorn 2007 yil.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 4, 42-betlar (5, 39).
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 231-2, 239-41 betlar (203-4, 210-2).
- ^ Soyer 2013 yil, 28-9 betlar.
- ^ Syme 2011 yil
- ^ Smit 2011 yil.
- ^ Edmondson 2013 yil, 233, 278-betlar.
- ^ Edmondson va Uells 2011 yil
- ^ Edmondson 2013 yil, p. 229.
- ^ Gibson 2005 yil, p. 10.
- ^ Gibson 2005 yil, 18-9, 72-6 betlar.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, p. 107 (95); Holderness 2013 yil, p. 7.
- ^ Xofman 1960 yil, vii – ix.
- ^ Gibson 2005 yil, 72-6 betlar.
- ^ Gibson 2005 yil, 18-9, 25, 27, 90 betlar.
- ^ Wadsworth 1958 yil, 23-4 betlar.
- ^ Cherchill 1958 yil, 34-5, 70-4 betlar
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, 119-20 betlar (105-6); Hallidey 1957 yil, p. 175.
- ^ Schoenbaum 1991 yil, 387, 389-betlar.
- ^ Wadsworth 1958 yil, p. 41; Gibson 2005 yil, 151-71 betlar; Hallidey 1957 yil, p. 177.
- ^ Gibson 2005 yil, p. 57; Wadsworth 1958 yil, p. 36.
- ^ Hallidey 1957 yil, p. 174.
- ^ Hallidey 1957 yil, p. 176 eslatma.
- ^ Bekon 2002 yil, 318, 693-betlar.
- ^ Wadsworth 1958 yil, 42-50 betlar.
- ^ Wadsworth 1958 yil, 53-7 betlar.
- ^ Wadsworth 1958 yil, 62-4 betlar.
- ^ Rutven 2001 yil, p. 102.
- ^ Nelson 2003 yil, 13, 248-betlar.
- ^ 1991 yil may, 53-4 betlar.
- ^ Nelson 2003 yil, 386-7 betlar.
- ^ 1980 yil may, 8-8 betlar.
- ^ Smit 1964 yil, 151, 155-betlar.
- ^ Ostin, Al va Judi Vudruff. Shekspir sirlari. PBS, Frontline, 1989 yil.
- ^ Bethell 1991 yil, 46, 47, 50, 53, 56, 58, 75, 78 betlar.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, p. 214.
- ^ Schoenbaum 1991 yil, 431-2 bet.
- ^ Wadsworth 1958 yil, p. 121; McMichael va Glenn 1962 yil, p. 159; Shapiro 2010 yil, p. 239 (210).
- ^ Bethell 1991 yil, p. 47.
- ^ Bethell 1991 yil, p. 61.
- ^ Schoenbaum 1991 yil, 433-4 betlar; Shapiro 2010 yil, p. 294 (258).
- ^ Logan 2007 yil, p. 8
- ^ Schoenbaum 1991 yil, 445-6 betlar.
- ^ Bate 1998 yil, p. 132.
- ^ Schoenbaum 1987 yil, p. 131.
- ^ Shahzoda 2000 yil, p. xii.
- ^ Schoenbaum 1991 yil, 446-7 betlar.
- ^ Cherchill 1958 yil, p. 44.
- ^ Schoenbaum 1991 yil, p. 446.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, p. 247 (217).
- ^ Wadsworth 1958 yil, p. 101.
- ^ Gibson 2005 yil, 91-2 betlar; Shapiro 2010 yil, p. 215 (189).
- ^ Schoone-Jongen 2008 yil, 106, 164-betlar.
- ^ Shapiro 2010 yil, p. 215 (190).
- ^ Lefranc 1918-19, 2, 87-199 betlar; Uilson 1969 yil, p. 128; Londré 1997, p. 327.
- ^ Makkrea 2005 yil, p. 145.
- ^ Gibson 2005 yil, p. 274.
- ^ Makkrea 2005 yil, p. 144.
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Tashqi havolalar
- Shekspir mualliflik sahifasi - Devid Ketman va Terri Rosslarning ma'lumotlar to'plami
- Oxfraud: Hamlet bo'lmagan odam - aniq da'volarga oid insholar to'plami
- "Shekspir muallifi uchun savol: E Pluribus Unum" —essay by Michael L. Hays
- Hamma narsa Shekspir —essays and information by Irvin Ley Matus
- Shakespeare Authorship Pages —a collection of links to information and research by Alan H. Nelson
- Shekspir mualliflik tresti —an organisation dedicated to promoting the Shakespeare authorship question
- The Shakespeare Authorship Coalition —an organisation with the aim of legitimising the Shakespeare Authorship issue in academia
- "Did Shakespeare Write 'Shakespeare'? Much Ado About Nothing" by Joe Nickell. Skeptik so'rovchi 35.6, November–December 2011.
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