Staten orolining paromi - Staten Island Ferry

Staten orolining paromi
Amerika ruhi - Staten Island Ferry.jpg
MahalliyStaten oroli va Manxetten, Nyu-York shahri
Suv yo'liYuqori Nyu-York ko'rfazi
Tranzit turiYo'lovchi parom
OperatorNyu-York shahar transport departamenti
Operatsiya boshlandi1817
Tizim uzunligi5,2 milya (8,4 km)
Chiziqlar soni1
Kemalar soni8
Terminallar soni2 (Uaytxoll, Avliyo Jorj )
Kundalik chavandozlikKuniga 65 479 ta sayohat (2016 yil iyuldan 2017 yil iyungacha)[1]

The Staten orolining paromi yo'lovchi parom tomonidan boshqariladigan marshrut Nyu-York shahar transport departamenti. Paromning bitta marshruti 8,4 km (8,4 km) masofani bosib o'tadi Nyu-York Makoni o'rtasida Nyu-York shahri tumanlar ning Manxetten va Staten oroli, parom kemalari taxminan 25 daqiqada sayohat qilishdi. Parom haftaning 7 kunida 24 soat ishlaydi, qayiqlarning avj soatlarida har 15-20 daqiqada va boshqa paytlarda har 30 daqiqada ketishi bilan. Bu ikki tuman o'rtasidagi yagona to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ommaviy tranzit aloqadir. Tarixiy jihatdan, Staten-Aylend paromi ushbu mintaqadagi boshqa tranzit turlariga nisbatan ancha past narxlarni to'lagan; va 1997 yildan boshlab marshrut bepul. Staten Island Feriboti Nyu-York shahridagi bir nechta parom tizimlaridan biri bo'lib, u kabi tizimlardan alohida boshqariladi NYC feribot va Nyu-York suv yo'li.

Staten orolining parom yo'nalishi tugaydi Whitehall terminali, Uaytxoll ko'chasida Quyi Manxetten va Sent-Jorj terminali, yilda Sent-Jorj, Staten oroli. Whitehall-da ulanishlar mavjud Nyu-York metrosi va bir nechta mahalliy Nyu-York avtobusi marshrutlar. Sankt-Jorjda transferlar mavjud Staten orolining temir yo'li va Sent-Jorj avtovokzalining ko'plab avtobus yo'nalishlariga. Foydalanish MetroCard Manhettendan kelgan yo'lovchilar kartalari, Uaytxoll ko'chasida metrodan yoki avtobusdan chiqib, parom bilan bepul sayohat qilishlari va Sent-Jorjdagi poezd yoki avtobusga ikkinchi marta bepul o'tishlari mumkin. Aksincha, Staten orolidan yo'lovchilar paromda ketgandan keyin Manxettenning metro yoki avtobusiga bemalol o'tishlari mumkin.

Staten-Aylend paromi 1817 yilda, Richmond Turnpike kompaniyasi Manxettendan Staten-Aylendga paroxod qatnovini boshlaganda paydo bo'lgan. Kornelius Vanderbilt 1838 yilda Richmond Turnpike kompaniyasini sotib oldi va u 1853 yilda ikkita raqib bilan birlashdi. Birlashgan kompaniya o'z navbatida Staten Island temir yo'l kompaniyasi 1864 yilda. Staten Island orolidagi feribot keyinchalik sotilgan Baltimor va Ogayo temir yo'llari 1884 yilda, Nyu-York shahri esa 1905 yilda parom ustidan nazoratni o'z zimmasiga oldi.

20-asrning boshlarida shahar va xususiy kompaniyalar, shuningdek, Staten orolidan Bruklinga parom marshrutlarini ommaviy va xususiy ravishda boshqargan. Avtotransport sayohatining o'sishi tufayli 1960-yillarning o'rtalariga kelib Staten orolidan Bruklingacha bo'lgan barcha marshrutlar bekor qilindi; ammo Manxettenga yo'nalish yo'lovchilar orasida mashhurligi tufayli saqlanib qoldi. 1967 yilga kelib, Staten-Aylend-Manxetten paromi butun shahar bo'ylab qatnovchi yagona parom edi. Staten orolidan tez parom yo'nalishi Midtown Manxetten 1997 yildan 1998 yilgacha qisqacha ishlagan, 2010 yilda marshrutni qayta tiklash bo'yicha takliflar bilan.

Staten Island va boshqa tumanlar o'rtasida tranzit aloqasi yo'qligi sababli, Staten Island Feribotida yo'lovchilarning qatnovi yuqori. 2016 yil moliya yilida 23,9 million chavandoz bilan Staten Island Feriboti 2016 yilga kelib Qo'shma Shtatlardagi eng gavjum parom hisoblanadi., shuningdek, dunyodagi eng gavjum yo'lovchilar uchun faqat parom tizimi. Parom sayyohlar va mehmonlar orasida ham mashhur, chunki Nyu-York porti sayohati uyushtiradi; va u bir nechta filmlarda namoyish etilgan.

Tarix

feribot Jon F. Kennedi
The MV Jon F. Kennedi
feribotli Amerika Ruhi
MV Amerika ruhi

O'tmishdoshlar

Nyu-York shahrining hududi tub evropaliklar tomonidan mustamlaka qilingan Lenape Mahalliy amerikaliklar qayiqlardan suv yo'llarini, shu jumladan bugungi kunni bosib o'tishda foydalanganlar Artur Kill, Van Kullni o'ldiring va Raritan ko'rfazi - keyin ma'lum bo'lgan maydon Lenapehoking, bugungi kunni o'z ichiga olgan Staten oroli, Manxetten va Nyu-Jersi.[2] Hudud avval Gollandiyaning bir qismi sifatida mustamlaka qilinadi Yangi Gollandiya 1624 yilda.[3]:19–20 Yangi Gollandiya inglizlarga aylandi Nyu-York viloyati 1664 yilda,[3]:73 va ingliz viloyati nihoyat 1776 yilda Qo'shma Shtatlar tarkibiga kirdi.[3]:231 18-asr davomida Nyu-York shahri Manxettenning faqat janubiy uchini egallab oldi va Staten oroli katta shahar tarkibiga kiritilmagan. O'sha paytda Nyu-York bandargohi bo'ylab Staten oroli va Manxetten o'rtasida paromlar xususiy shaxslar tomonidan amalga oshirilgan.periaugers Nyu-York Makonidagi mahalliy transport uchun foydalanilgan sayoz, ikki mastajali yelkanli qayiqlar, shuningdek, ushbu hududdagi boshqa transportlar uchun ishlatilgan.[4]

Dastlabki yillar

Kornelius Vanderbilt, dan tadbirkor Stapleton, Staten oroli, kim dunyodagi eng boy odamlardan biriga aylanadi, 1810 yilda Staten orolidan Manxettenga parom xizmatini boshladi.[5] O'sha paytda Korniliy atigi 16 yoshda bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, u otasining periaugerida etarlicha suzib yurgan, chunki u osongina suzib yurishi mumkin edi. Nyu-York bandargohi o'z-o'zidan. Unga 1810 yil may oyida tug'ilgan kuni uchun 100 dollar berildi, u uni chaqirgan periauger sotib olardi Swifture. Shundan keyin Vanderbilt Periaugerdan Staten orolidan yo'lovchilarni tashish uchun foydalangan Batareya Manxettenning uchida. U bandargohda xizmat ko'rsatuvchi boshqa qayiqchilar bilan raqobatlashdi, ular uni yoshlik ishtiyoqi tufayli uni "Komodor" deb atashdi; garchi taxallus hazilomuz bo'lishi uchun mo'ljallangan bo'lsa-da, unga butun hayoti davomida amal qilgan.[6] The 1812 yilgi urush bo'ylab boshqa joylardan Nyu-York bandargohiga kirish cheklanganligini anglatadi Sharqiy qirg'oq. Urush paytida Vanderbilt Gudzon daryosi bo'ylab yuk tashishdan foyda ko'rdi va shu daromad bilan qo'shimcha qayiq sotib oldi. Urushdan keyin u portda yuk tashiydi, undan ham ko'proq pul ishladi va ko'proq qayiq sotib oldi.[6]

Xuddi shu vaqtda, AQSh vitse-prezidenti Daniel D. Tompkins qishloqni rivojlantirishga qaratilgan sa'y-harakatlari doirasida Richmond Turnpike kompaniyasi uchun nizomni taqdim etdi Tompkinsvill bu Staten orolining birinchi Evropadagi turar-joyiga aylanadi.[7][8] Kompaniya 1815 yilda tuzilgan,[9][10] va Tompkinsvildagi er shu vaqt ichida sotib olingan.[11] Kompaniya Staten oroli bo'ylab avtomobil yo'lini qurdi; shuningdek, Nyu-Yorkka parom boshqarish huquqini oldi.[7][11] Richmond Turnpike kompaniyasi 1817 yilda Nyu-York va Staten orollari o'rtasida birinchi motorli paromni boshqarishni boshladi,[12] Nautilus, unga Kornelius Vanderbiltning qayinasi kapitan Jon DeForest buyruq bergan.[12][13][14] Ushbu yangi parom, paroxodlar tomonidan olib borilgan qisqa monopoliyani buzdi Fulton paromi Manxetten va Bruklinni 1814 yilda ish boshlagandan beri bog'lab turdi.[15] Bug 'qayiqlari port orqali tezroq transport vositalarini taqdim etganligi sababli, Vanderbilt 1818 yilda barcha kemalarini otasiga sotgan. Keyinchalik u kichik gəmi kemasi operatori Tomas Gibbonsda ishlay boshladi, keyinchalik Nyu-Jersidagi Gibbonlar uchun paroxod liniyalarida ishlaydi. Nyu-Yorkdagi o'z liniyalari.[6]

Tompkins 1825 yilda vafot etganida, kompaniya aktsiyalari Manxettenning pastki qismidagi Fulton bankiga topshirilgan.[9] 1824 yilda qabul qilingan qonunga binoan bank ikki shart bilan birlashtirilishi kerak edi: u Richmond Turnpike Company aktsiyalarini sotib olishi kerak edi va u 1844 yilda o'z faoliyatini to'xtatadi.[16] Nyu-York suvlarida paroxod biznesida boyib ketgan Vanderbilt 1838 yilda Richmond Turnpike Company boshqaruvini sotib oldi.[12][8] Kompaniyaning dastlabki nizomi 1844 yilda tugaganidan so'ng,[17][16] Vanderbilt sobiq kompaniyaning ijarasi va unvonlarini o'ziga va kompaniyaning boshqa bosh direktoriga o'tkazgan, Oroondates Mauran. Bu ularning boshliqlar sifatida emas, balki xususiy fuqarolar sifatida amalga oshirildi. Mauran 1848 yilda vafot etgach, kompaniyaning ulushini Vanderbilt sotib oldi.[17]

18-asrning o'rtalariga kelib, Manhettenning quyi qismi va Staten orolining sharqiy qirg'og'i o'rtasida xizmat ko'rsatadigan uchta alohida parom kompaniyalari mavjud edi.[13] The Tompkins va Staples feriboti vitse-prezident Tompkinsning o'g'li Minthorne tomonidan boshqariladi,[13][18] avtomagistralning Tompkinsvill oxiridagi iskala tomon yugurdi Uaytxoll ko'chasi pastki Manxettenda.[11] The Nyu-York va Staten Island bug 'feribot kompaniyasi, yoki "Xalq paromi" tomonidan boshqarilgan Jorj Qonuni[18] va qochib ketdi Stapleton, Staten oroli, ga Ozodlik ko'chasi, Manxetten.[13] Uchinchi parom - Richmond turpayki paromi, shuningdek, "Staten orolining paromi"; u Vanderbiltning qo'nish joyidan kelib chiqqan Klifton, Staten oroli va Manxettenda tugatilgan.[13] Ushbu kompaniyalarning barchasi 1853 yilda birlashdilar, keyin Vanderbilt, boshqa joylarda ishbilarmonlik bilan shug'ullangan, Law va Tompkinsni uning feribot kompaniyasini 600000 dollarga sotib olishga ishontirgan.[19][18] Vanderbilt parom biznesida hukmron shaxs bo'lib qoldi Fuqarolar urushi 1860-yillarning boshlarida.[12]

Hunchback feribot kemasi
Hunchback (1852) da Jeyms daryosi fuqarolar urushi paytida Virjiniyada

Birlashtirilgan kompaniya Staten Island va Nyu-York Feribotlari Uaytxoll ko'chasidan Tompkinsvil, Stapleton va Kliftongacha xizmat ko'rsatgan. Dastlab u bir tomonlama qayiqlarni boshqargan, ammo oxir-oqibat parkini ikki qirrali qayiqlarga qadar kengaytirgan.[20] Staten oroli va Nyu-York feribot kemasi Hunchback portida ishlaydigan birinchi ikki qavatli qayiqqa aylanib, 1852 yilda qurilgan.[21] Kuchayib borayotgan chavandozlarni qabul qilish uchun uchta ikkita qayiq -Sautfild I, Vestfild Iva Klifton I- 1857-1861 yillarda parom uchun sotib olingan.[22][23] Vestfild va Klifton tomonidan sotib olingan Ittifoq armiyasi 1861 yil sentyabrda, ular etkazib berilgandan so'ng deyarli darhol.[24] Armiya ham sotib oldi Hunchback va Sautfild o'sha yilning dekabrida.[25] Ittifoq kemalarga qarshi blokadani bartaraf etish uchun foydalangan Konfederatsiya armiyasi fuqarolar urushi paytida.[26] To'rtta qayiqdan faqat Hunchback omon qoldi; urushdan keyin uni Bostonda kimdir qayta rasmiylashtirdi va sotib oldi; 1880 yilga qadar tark qilingan.[22] Ushbu qayiqlarning yo'qolishi sababli yana uchta qayiq—Vestfild II, Shimoliy maydonva Midltaun- 1862-1863 yillarda olingan.[27][23] To'rtinchi qayiq, Klifton II, shuningdek qurilgan, ammo uni AQSh tugatgandan ko'p o'tmay sotib olgan; keyinchalik idish qayta rasmiylashtirildi va 1868 yilga kelib u yo'q qilindi.[28]

Staten orolining temir yo'li davri

The Staten orolining temir yo'li (SIR) 1860 yilda bosqichma-bosqich ochilgan.[29] Manxettenga yangi temir yo'l poezdlari va kamdan-kam uchraydigan paromlar o'rtasida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri aloqani o'rnatish zarur edi, ammo bu ish boshlanishida qiyin bo'lib qoldi.[30] Vanderbiltning qo'nish joyiga xizmat ko'rsatadigan paromlar Nyu-York va Staten-Aylend bug 'feribotlari deb nomlangan raqobatdosh parom xizmatini boshqaradigan Jorj Louga tegishli edi. Shundan so'ng, Vanderbilt Manxetten va Staten oroli o'rtasida parom xizmatiga raqib bo'ladigan parom xizmatini boshqarishga harakat qildi. Vanderbilt orolda markaziy dock qurilishi rejasi bo'yicha qurilishni boshladi, ammo bo'ron yog'och ishlarini buzganidan keyin u sxemasidan voz kechdi. Faqat katta tosh poydevori qoldi; bu hali 1900 yilda past oqimda ko'rinib turardi.[30]

Uzoq franchayzing jangi boshlandi; va natijada, Vanderbilt 1862 yilda parom xizmatini Qonunga sotdi.[31][32] Keyinchalik Vanderbilt Staten-Aylendning tranzit operatsiyalariga qiziqishni yo'qotdi va u feribot va temir yo'l ishlarini 1883 yilgacha kompaniya prezidenti bo'lgan akasi Yoqub Vanderbiltga topshirdi.[33]:7[30] 1864 yil mart oyida Vanderbilt temir yo'lni ham, feribotlarni ham bir kompaniyaga bo'ysundirib, Law paromlarini sotib oldi.[32] Temir yo'l 1865 yilda Staten-Aylend va Nyu-York Feribot Kompaniyasining ishini o'z zimmasiga oldi.[33]:7

1871 yilgi yog'och o'ymakorligida Westfield qozoni portlashi tasvirlangan
Vestfild falokat, 1871 yil yog'och o'ymakorligi

1871 yil 30-iyulda, Vestfild II yonbag'rida o'tirganida uning qozoni portlaganda shikastlangan Janubiy parom Manxettenda.[34][32][35] Tabiiy ofatdan bir necha kun o'tib, 45 dan 91 gacha vafot etgan va 78 dan 208 gacha jarohatlanganlar ro'yxatiga kiritilgan, ammo raqamlar Times, Xabarchi, Tribuna va Dunyo.[32][36] Yaradorlar orasida Antonio Meucci, birinchi bo'lib rivojlanayotgan italiyalik muhojir telefon vaqtida; u shunchalik kambag'al bo'lganki, uning rafiqasi 6 dollarlik dori-darmon sotib olish uchun laboratoriyasini va telefon prototipini sotgan.[37] Jakob Vanderbilt qotillik uchun hibsga olingan, garchi u sudlanganlikdan qochgan bo'lsa ham.[38] Bu temir yo'l moliyaviy holatiga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatdi;[38] va 1872 yil 28 martda temir yo'l va parom ichkariga kirdi qabul qilish.[38][39] 1872 yil 17-sentabrda kompaniyaning mol-mulki garovga qo'yishda Jorj Louga sotildi,[38] feribotdan tashqari Vestfild II, Horace Theall tomonidan sotib olingan.[29]

Erastus Viman, kanadalik tadbirkor, tranzit qo'shib Staten orolini rivojlantirishni rejalashtirgan. Viman Staten-Aylendning 1867 yilda Nyu-Yorkka ko'chib kelganidan beri eng taniqli shaxslaridan biriga aylandi,[40] va u orolda uni rivojlantirishga yordam berish uchun o'yin-kulgi maydonini qurgan edi.[2][41] U 1880 yil 25 martda Staten Island Rapid Transit Railroad Company kompaniyasini birlashtirdi;[42] va kompaniyaning birlashtirilishi 1880 yil 14 aprelda rasmiylashtirildi.[43][44]:569 Ikki yil o'tgach, Viman o'zining yangi parom marshrutlariga xizmat ko'rsatish uchun Manxettenda parom bekatini qurishga murojaat qildi.[45] Viman shuningdek, faqat bitta Staten Island terminalidan foydalanish uchun oltidan sakkiztagacha parom harakatlarini birlashtirishni taklif qildi.[46] Bu 1886 yil mart oyida ochilgan Sankt-Jorj paromiga tushish bo'ldi.[47][41]

1883 yil 3 aprelda Staten Island Rapid Transit Railroad Company SIR va uning qayiqlari ustidan nazoratni qo'lga kiritdi.[42][23] Yangi qayiq, Sautfild II, o'sha yili etkazib berildi.[28] The Baltimor va Ogayo temir yo'li (B&O) Staten Island Railway Ferry Company kompaniyasining keyingi yilgi faoliyatini nazoratini qo'lga kiritdi.[48] Temir yo'l feribot shirkatining nazorat puli 1885 yilda B&O tomonidan aktsiyalarni sotib olish yo'li bilan olingan. 1885 yil 21-noyabrda, Robert Garret, B&O prezidenti,[49] temir yo'l feribot kompaniyasini B&O kompaniyasiga 99 yilga ijaraga berdi.[50]:37 B&O endi Manxetten jamoat transportiga yaqinroq bo'lgan parom terminaliga xizmat ko'rsatishi mumkin. Ilgari yo'lovchilar Nyu-Jersining markaziy temir yo'li (CNJ) ning paromlari Jersi shahar terminali uchun Ozodlik ko'chasi feribot terminali Manxettenda; ikkinchisi esa hech kimga yaqin bo'lmagan baland temir yo'l stantsiyalari hududda. Ushbu sotib olish bilan B&O feribotlarni ekspluatatsiya qilishni boshlashi mumkin Whitehall Street terminali, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri transfer bo'lgan joyda baland stantsiya.[50]:100 Bu vaqt ichida 225 futlik (69 m) ikkita temir korpusli feribot qurildi va 1888 yilda etkazib berildi.[51] Bu qayiqlar edi Erastus Viman (qayta nomlandi Kastlton 1894 yilda[52]) va Robert Garret. Ular avvalgi qayiqlarda bitta silindrli vertikal dvigatellarga qaraganda bug 'samaraliroq pompalagan ko'p silindrli moyil bug' dvigatellari bilan ishlaydigan Staten Island temir yo'l feribot parkining birinchi qayiqlari edi.[51]

Garret 1887 yilda B&O lavozimidan iste'foga chiqdi,[53][54] va uning vorislari Staten Island tranzit operatsiyalariga unchalik qiziqish bildirishmadi.[55] Wiman juda katta miqdordagi pulni yo'qotdi 1893 yilgi vahima; va ikki yil o'tgach, qarzlarini to'lash uchun uning mol-mulkining katta qismi kim oshdi savdosiga qo'yildi.[56]

1893 yilda B&O ba'zi CNJ paromlarini Jersi Siti shahridan Uaytxoll ko'chasiga yo'naltirishni boshladi, ikkinchisi esa buyurtma berdi. Iston va Mauch Chunk Whitehall Street xizmati uchun paromlar. Qayiqlar 1897 yilda yurishni boshladi.[50]:100 Umumiy takomillashtirish doirasida B&O 1895 yilda Sent-Jorjda yangi parom terminalini qurishni ham boshladi.[57]

1899 yilda Pensilvaniya temir yo'li (PRR) va Nyu-York markaziy temir yo'li (NYCRR) kichikroq temir yo'l kompaniyalarini sotib olishlari kerak bo'lgan sheriklik aloqalarini o'rnatdi. PRR prezidenti Aleksandr Kassat rejani tuzgan edi, chunki u ikkita yirik yuk tashuvchi kompaniyalar, Standart yog ' va Carnegie Steel, kichik kompaniyalarga chegirmalar uchun yuk tashish narxlarini sun'iy ravishda tushirgan. PRR-ni sotib olishlari orasida B&O ham bor edi, bu esa o'z navbatida Staten Island temir yo'li va Feribotga tegishli edi. Kassatt 1899 yilda B&O aktsiyalarini sotib olishni boshladi va ikki yildan so'ng B&O aktsiyalarining katta qismiga egalik qildi.[58]:194–195

Staten-Aylend temir yo'li davrining oxiri

Janubiy ko'chadagi dengiz portidagi qayiqlar
The Janubiy ko'chadagi dengiz porti, qaerda shikastlangan Northfield II cho‘kib ketdi

1900-yillarga kelib, Staten Islanders Manxettenga temir yo'l orqali parom xizmatidan norozi bo'lib qolishdi, chunki ular o'zlarini xavfli deb hisoblashdi.[59] Burilish nuqtasi 1901 yil 14-iyun kuni CNJ paromi bilan sodir bo'ldi Mauch Chunk B&O feribotini urib yubordi Northfield II ikkinchisi Uaytxollda parom portidan chiqib ketayotganda, o'rtasi bo'ylab 10-20 fut (3,0 x 6,1 m) teshikni yirtib tashlagan. Shimoliy maydon.[60][61] Ta'mirlashga yaroqsiz, Northfield II o'n daqiqa ichida cho'kib ketdi,[23][61][62] zamonaviy bilan yakunlanadi Janubiy ko'chadagi dengiz porti.[63] Bortdagi 995 yo'lovchidan faqat to'rt-besh kishi halok bo'lgan.[64][50]:100 O'lganlar bir necha kun davomida tiklanmadi va bir kishining jasadi Manxettenning janubiy uchi va Gudzon daryosi bo'ylab aylanib o'tdi.[63] Halokat bo'yicha tergov[65] buni topdi Northfield II uning 38 yoshi tufayli emas, balki zarar darajasi tufayli cho'kib ketgan.[66] Shunga qaramay, ikkala kapitan ham jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilmadi Mauch Chunk"s kapitan tezlikni oshirgani hamda bortda yo'lovchilarga yordam bermaganligi uchun "tsenzuraga olingan" Shimoliy maydon.[67] Bu orada, B&O, eshkakli velosipedni qarzga oldi Jon Englis dan Williamsburg Feribot kompaniyasi.[68]

1902 yil 21-fevralda ikki yuz kishi Makdugal Xokks rahbari bilan munozaralar o'tkazdi Nyu-York shahar doklar departamenti, Whitehall-to-St deb talab qilish. Jorj parom xizmati yaxshilanadi.[69] 1902 yil yozida B&O paromga egalik huquqini saqlab qolish uchun kurash olib borganida, Genri Xattlston Rojers uning bug 'bilan ishlaydigan yaxtasi SIR kemalariga qaraganda tezroq ekanligini namoyish qildi va shu tariqa unga parom yo'nalishida ishlashga ruxsat berilishi kerakligini ta'kidladi.[70][71] Yilning qolgan qismida Rojersniki Standart yog ' - Staten orolida tramvay marshrutlarini ham boshqargan affillangan tranzit tashabbusi, paromga bo'lgan huquq uchun B&O bilan raqobatlashdi.[71] Staten Island terminalining joylashuvi haqida ham munozaralar bo'lib o'tdi; va G'arbiy Brayton, Tompkinsvill, Staplton va Port-Richmond mumkin bo'lgan joylar sifatida taklif qilingan.[72] B&O Sent-Jorjga va kamida bitta boshqa terminalga xizmat ko'rsatishni xohlagan, Rojers esa faqat Tompkinsvill va G'arbiy Brayton terminallaridan foydalanishni xohlagan.[73] Ikki guruh 1902 yil noyabr oyida o'z takliflarini taqdim etishdi; va 1903 yil fevralga qadar, Sinking Fund komissiyasi B&O-ga ekspluatatsiya litsenziyasini berish to'g'risidagi qarorini e'lon qildi. Ushbu qaror ziddiyatli bo'lib chiqdi: Xokk merga tavsiya qildi Set Lou 21 fevralda va norozi Staten Islanders komissiyaning 25 fevraldagi yig'ilishida ishtirok etishdi. Ushbu fuqarolar o'zlarining noroziliklarini bildirishdi, komissarlarning Hawkesning taklifini rad etishlariga yordam berishdi.[74][75]

Ko'p o'tmay, Nyu-York shahri hukumati paromga egalik huquqini olish niyatini e'lon qildi. B & O yoki Rojersga franchayzani taklif qilish o'rniga, Sinking Fund komissiyasi 1903 yil mart oyida shahar Staten orolidan ikkita parom yo'lini boshqarishi to'g'risida qaror qabul qildi. Bitta marshrut Manxettenga boradi va istalgan vaqtda tugaydi Shimoliy daryo orasidagi port 23-ko'cha va Batareya parki, boshqa yo'l esa Staten orolidan 39-ko'chaga, yaqin atrofga borar edi Bush terminali, yilda Bruklin, Sunset Park.[76] Shaharga parom operatsiyalarini amalga oshirish huquqini beruvchi qonun loyihasi qabul qilindi 126-Nyu-York shtati qonun chiqaruvchisi va u hokim tomonidan imzolangan Benjamin B. Odell 1903 yil may oyida.[77] Paromni boshqarish uchun shahar 3,2 million dollar to'laydi,[76] shu jumladan beshta yangi uchun 2 million dollar vintli kemalar,[78] beshta tumanning har biri uchun nomlangan.[23] Shahar feribot kemalari uchun tenderlar taklif qila boshladi va natijada besh qayiqning to'rttasi uchun 1,7 million dollar to'lashga qaror qildi. Merilend Steel Company. Shartnoma 1904 yil 20-iyunda imzolangan.[79] Beshinchi qayiq, Richmond, Staten orolida Burlee Dry Dock kompaniyasi tomonidan qurilgan.[80]

feribot Erastus Viman
Feribot Kastlton Whitehall Street terminalida

1902 yildan 1903 yilgacha yangi Whitehall terminalini qaerga qo'yish haqida munozaralar bo'lib o'tdi; va Whitehall ko'chasi eng yaxshi joy sifatida qaror qilindi.[81] 1904 yilda, Staten Island Railway Company shaharning ikki terminal uchun 500 ming dollarlik taklifini rad etgandan so'ng, shahar jarayonni boshladi mahkum qilmoq terminallar atrofidagi er.[82] 1904 yil boshida B&O Staten Island feribot franchayzasidan voz kechishga qaror qilingan bo'lsa-da, yangi sinf feribotlari o'sha paytgacha tayyor emas edi. Shunday qilib, B&O shartnomani 30 kunlik ogohlantirish bilan bekor qilish sharti bilan ikki yilga uzaytirildi. Buning evaziga shahar B&O terminallaridagi egalik ulushini va B&O dan mavjud bo'lgan beshta kemani sotib olishi mumkin, ya'ni Vestfild II, Midltaun, Sautfild II, Robert Garretva Kastlton, belgilangan narx uchun.[83] Yangi Sent-Jorj terminali mavjud terminalni o'rnini bosgan shahar tomonidan 2 318 720 dollar evaziga qurilgan.[84]:29

Barcha kemalar bundan mustasno Richmond 1905 yil aprelga qadar tugatilgan[85] va o'sha yilning yoz oxiri va kuzning boshlarida etkazib berildi.[86] Richmond 20 mayga qadar tayyor edi; va Port-Richmondda qurilgani sababli, qayiqni tashishga hojat yo'q edi.[87] 1905 yil 25 oktyabrda doklar va feribotlar bo'limi parom va terminallarga egalik qilishni o'z zimmasiga oldi;[84]:29 va feribot kemalari birinchi safarlarini boshladi.[87][88] Keyingi yil shahar beshta B&O kemasiga egalik qildi.[89]

Shahar egaligi va boshqa yo'nalishlarga paromlar

Bruklindagi Sunset Parkdagi 39-ko'chaga avliyo Jorjdan parom xizmati 1906 yil 1 noyabrda shahar tomonidan boshqarila boshlandi,[90][46] ushbu marshrutga egalik huquqini shaharga ko'chirish to'g'risidagi 1903 yilgi qonunda nazarda tutilgan.[76] Uning Bruklin terminusi yaqinida joylashgan edi Bruklin, Bath va West End temir yo'llari sobiq 39-chi ko'chadagi terminal, ammo u temir yo'l sifatida o'zgartirilgan edi West End metro liniyasi, Bruklin paromi endi asosan Sunset Parkdagi sanoat manfaatlariga xizmat qildi. Shahar hokimi Jorj Makklelan, 1903 yilda Lowning vorisi etib saylandi va Doks komissari Moris Featherson dastlab sotib olishga shubha bilan qarashgan; Ammo ularning e'tirozlariga qaramay, Sinking Funds komissiyasi xususiy liniyani 1905 yilda sotib olishni ma'qulladi.[91][92] Yo'nalish uchta feribot bilan boshlandi Bruklindagi Union Ferry Company.[80] Keyinchalik 39-chi ko'chada uchta yangi qayiq foydalanishga topshirildi. Nomlangan Govanus, Bay Ridgeva Nassau, ular tuman sinfidagi qayiqlardan kichikroq edi.[80] Bay Ridge birinchi bo'lib 1907 yil iyulda kelgan,[93] dan so'ng Govanus avgustda va Bay Ridge sentyabrda.[94] Sent-Jorjdan Bruklinga ikkinchi marshrut 1912 yil 4-iyulda ish boshladi. Xususiy xizmat ko'rsatuvchi Bruklin va Richmond feribot kompaniyasi xizmatni 69-ko'chaga olib bordi. Bay Ridge.[95][72]

69-ko'chada parom xizmati uchun sobiq iskala

Nyu-York shahri Batareyalar parkidan tortib to yo'nalishgacha ish boshladi Staplton 1909 yil may oyida.[23][96] Ushbu xizmat har 90 daqiqada soat 4 dan 20 gacha ishlaydi. har kuni.[96] 1913 yil oxirida, kam chavandozlik tufayli to'xtatilgan.[23] Staten Islanders shaharning Stapleton paromini to'xtatib qo'yishiga qarshi norozilik bildirishdi, natijasiz.[97]

Mer Makklelanning vorisi, Uilyam Jey Gaynor, 39-chi ko'chani shoshilinch ravishda sotib olishni ko'rgan narsaga qarshi edi. 1910 yilda shahar hokimi bo'lganidan so'ng, Gaynor o'z ma'muriyatining dock komissari Kalvin Tompkinsga ushbu yo'nalishdagi ekspluatatsiya xarajatlarini kamaytirish kerakligini aytdi; bunga javoban Tompkins paromlar boshlig'ini almashtirdi. Shaharning Staten orolidagi paromlarning hech biri 1915 yilgacha foyda ko'rmagan Jon Purroy Mitchel meriya ma'muriyati.[98] Shaharning Staten-Aylendning ikkita parom yo'nalishini sotib olishi, xususiy operatorlar topilmaguncha vaqtinchalik bo'lishi kerak edi, ammo bu hech qachon sodir bo'lmagan. Bu o'sha paytda shahar boshqargan ikkita yagona yo'nalish edi, ammo shahar boshqa joylarda parom franchayzalarini mukofotlashni davom ettirdi.[99]

Feribot Shahar hokimi Gaynor 1914 yilda Mitchel ma'muriyati davrida Uaytxoll marshrutida xizmatni kuchaytirish uchun etkazib berildi,[100][101] dastlab Sunset Park yo'nalishi uchun mo'ljallangan bo'lsa-da.[102] Bu tuman sinfidagi qayiqlar kabi samarali emas edi (qarang) § Avvalgi ), shuning uchun u qo'shimcha xizmatga o'tkazildi.[100] Filodagi yana bir kema, Kastlton, 1915 yilda xususiy egasiga sotilgan; uning sinfdoshi, Robert Garret (qayta nomlandi Staplton 1906 yilda) 1922 yilgacha shahar mulkida qoladi.[52]

Maroon rang sxemasi

Mer Mitchelning vorisi, Jon Frensis Xilan, 1917 yilda saylangan; va u darhol yangi qayiqlarni ishga tushirdi.[103] Natijada bo'ldi Prezident Ruzvelt (shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan T.R.), 1921 yilda etkazib berilgan,[104][105] va Amerika legioni I, besh yildan so'ng etkazib berildi.[105][106] Ikkala qayiqning nomlari ham munozaralarga sabab bo'ldi -Prezident Ruzvelt norozilik tufayli Teodor Ruzvelt va Amerika legioni I nomi bilan atalganligi sababli Amerika legioni mavjud bo'lgan turli xil faxriylar tashkilotlaridan biri edi.[105] Shu bilan birga, Xilan 39-ko'chadagi yo'nalish uchun yana uchta qayiqqa buyurtma berdi va u shahar tomonidan boshqariladigan boshqa yo'nalishlar uchun 11 ta qayiqqa buyurtma berdi. Bu Xilan ma'muriyati tomonidan buyurtma qilingan qayiqlarning sonini 16 taga etkazdi.[107] Xilan tomonidan saylovda mag'lub bo'lganidan keyin Jimmi Uoker 1925 yilda, Jorj V. Loft va Uilyam Randolf Xerst navbati bilan o'zgartirildi G'arbiy Brayton va Uaytxoll II.[108] 1926 yil aprel oyida qayiqlarning oq rang sxemasi maroon sxemasi bilan almashtirildi, bu esa qayiqlarning tashqi qismidagi ifloslanishlarni yashirishda yaxshiroq edi.[109]

1924 yil mart oyida Nyu-York shahridagi zavod va tuzilmalar bo'yicha komissar Grover A. Whalen kamdan-kam uchraydigan 69-ko'cha xizmatini shahar ma'muriyatiga topshirishni taklif qildi,[110] Bruklin va Richmond feribotlari 1939 yilgacha marshrutni boshqarishda davom etishi sababli, bu oxir-oqibat bajarilmadi.[111] Biroq, 1924 yil iyun oyida 39-ko'chaga boradigan yo'lni Nyu-York ko'rfazidagi Ferri egallab oldi.[112] O'sha yozning oxiriga kelib, uchta parom marshruti Staten oroliga bir soatgacha borishning eng qulay usuli sifatida e'lon qilindi. Staten oroli va Bruklin o'rtasidagi tunnel tugallanishi mumkin,[113] tunnel hech qachon tugamagan bo'lsa-da, chunki uning qurilishi bir yildan so'ng to'xtatilgan.[114] 1930-yillarda Uaytxoll ko'chasi va 39-ko'chaga parom yo'llari har biriga uchta yangi qayiqning bitta klassini oldi. Ichida qayiqlar Dongan tepaliklari sinf 1929 yildan 1931 yilgacha 39-chi ko'chada, qayiqlarda Meri Myurrey sinf 1937 yildan 1938 yilgacha Uaytxoll strit yo'nalishi bo'yicha etkazib berildi. Sinflarning dvigatellari va o'lchamlari o'xshash edi, ammo har bir sinfning tashqi ko'rinishi boshqasidan juda farq qilar edi.[115]

Bruklin va Richmond feribot kompaniyasi eskirgan parkini saqlashni tobora qiyinlashtirmoqda, ayniqsa 39-ko'chadagi feribotning yangi, muammosiz paromlari raqobati tufayli. Bu Bay Ridge paromida 69-ko'chaga kamdan-kam xizmat ko'rsatishga olib keldi, bu patronaj va yo'l haqi daromadlarining pasayishiga olib keldi.[116] 1939 yil fevralda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Savdo vazirligi Bruklin va Richmond feribot kompaniyasiga 40 yoshli qayiqlaridan biri og'ir ahvolda bo'lganini aniqlagandan so'ng, barcha operatsiyalarni to'xtatishni buyurdi.[116] Keyinchalik Bay Ridge operatsiyasi 1939 yil 1 martda Electric Ferries kompaniyasi tomonidan qabul qilindi.[117][111][118] Ushbu hududda boshqa yo'nalishlarda ham harakat qilgan Electric Feribotlar, ettita yangi qayiqni to'ldirish uchun boshqa kompaniyalardan uch dona feribot sotib oldilar.[119] 1940 yilda Bruklin va Richmond feribot kompaniyasi shaharni 39-ko'chaga olib boradigan shahar ishini to'xtatishni so'radi, shuning uchun 69-ko'chadagi parom Staten-Aylenddan Bruklingacha bo'lgan barcha transport vositalarini olib o'tishi mumkin edi, shuning uchun ularga tariflarni pasaytirishga imkon yaratildi. Biroq, shahar rad etdi.[120]

1951 yilda rekonstruksiya qilingan Sent-Jorj terminali

Tugaganidan keyin Ikkinchi jahon urushi 1945 yilda shahar Sent-Jorj terminalini rekonstruksiya qilmoqchi edi, bu esa o'z navbatida Uaytxoll ko'chasiga paromlar qatnovini yaxshilaydi.[121] 1946 yil 25-iyun kuni Sent-Jorjda yong'in sodir bo'ldi, natijada uch kishi halok bo'ldi va Uaytxol parom yo'nalishi sliplari yo'q qilindi.[118][29][122] Yong'in paytida zarar ko'rmagan yagona parom varag'i 39-chi ko'chada parom ishlatgan. Uaytxol yo'nalishi ko'proq sayohatga ega bo'lganligi sababli, 39-chi ko'chada parom qatnovi to'xtatildi, shunda Uaytxol paromlari Sent-Jorjda to'xtab qolishi mumkin edi.[123][46] Parom xizmatining to'xtatilishi vaqtinchalik bo'lishi kerak edi; Bir yil o'tgach, xizmat hali ham to'xtatilganda, Bruklindagi savdogarlar Bush terminali, 39-ko'chaning yaqinida, shaharda xizmatni tiklashni iltimos qila boshladi.[124] Biroq, ushbu xizmat hech qachon qayta tiklanmagan.[29][46] Yangi terminal 1951 yil iyun oyida qurib bitkazildi.[118][29][125]

1950 yildan 1951 yilgacha shahar uchta yangi qurilishni buyurdi Merrell- Whitehall Street yo'nalishi uchun sinf qayiqlari. Ushbu qayiqlar avvalgilaridan ancha farq qilar edilar, chunki ular 6 silindrli "Unaflow" dvigatellarini ishlatdilar, bu avvalgi modellarning ikkita 2 silindrli aralash bug 'dvigatellariga nisbatan ancha samarali bug' bilan ishlaydigan feribotga imkon berdi.[126] Uchta qayiq uchun eng past narx 6,44 million dollarga tushishi bilan Merrell sinfga qaraganda qimmatroq edi Meri Myurrey undan oldin, qayiqqa atigi 1 million dollar sarflangan.[121] The Merrell Dizel dvigatellari yanada kuchliroq bo'lgan keyingi sinfning kiritilishi bilan sinf tezda eskirgan bo'lar edi.[127]

Taxminan shu vaqt oralig'ida ushbu hududda paromlar qatnovi to'xtatildi va ularning o'rniga ko'priklar va tunnellar o'rnatildi, natijada 69-ko'chadagi parom halokatga olib keldi.[128][129] Istisno Manxettendan Staten oroliga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri parom edi,[130] Ikki tuman o'rtasida yagona to'g'ridan-to'g'ri aloqani ta'minlaganligi sababli, yo'lovchilar safari sezilarli darajada pasayishi kutilmagan edi.[131] Elektr Feribotlarining Bay Ridge paromi uchun franshizasi 1954 yil 31 martda tugagan; va shahar ushbu feribotni ushlab turish uchun 69-chi ko'cha paromini Genri Shanks bilan shartnoma tuzdi.[132] 69-chi ko'cha paromi 1964 yilda ochilganligi sababli o'z faoliyatini to'xtatdi Verrazzano-toraygan ko'prik marshrutidan janubga qisqa masofa.[46][133] 69-chi ko'chada parom to'xtagan paytda, undan har kuni besh sentdan to'laydigan 7000 yo'lovchi va har kuni 75 sentdan olinadigan 8000 avtoulov foydalangan. Har bir qayiq 500 dan 750 gacha yo'lovchiga sig'inishi mumkin edi, ammo faqat 42 ta transport vositasi, bu qayiqlarning sig'imi pastligi sababli paromning ikkala slipida tirbandlikni keltirib chiqaradi. Biroq, Sent-Jorj va Uaytxoll oralig'idagi yo'l ochiq holda saqlanib turar edi, chunki ko'prikning ochilishi Manxettenga paromda qatnovchilarning ko'payishi bilan Staten oroliga aholining kirib kelishiga turtki berishi kutilgandi.[128]

Rad etish va tiklanish

1967 yilga kelib, Nyu-York shahridagi boshqa barcha paromlar avtoulovlar harakati raqobati tufayli yopildi va Sent-Jorj - Uaytxoll yo'nalishi shaharda yagona parom bo'ldi.[134][130] U boshqa parom yo'llari qayta boshlangan 1980 yillarga qadar shunday bo'lib qoldi.[135]

Eng yuqori darajadagi xizmat 1967 yilda qisqartirildi, ammo ikki oy o'tgach, ushbu xizmat qayta tiklandi. Biroq, 1970-yillarning o'rtalariga kelib Nyu-York shahridagi moliyaviy inqiroz, tungi xizmat 1975 yil 1 iyulda nihoyasiga etdi va muqobil xizmatni To'rtinchi avenyu metrosi.[136] Tungi xizmat 1980-yillarda ikkita qayiqdan so'ng qayta tiklandi Ostin sinf, eng yuqori va tungi sayohatlar uchun maxsus buyurtma qilingan.[137] Ushbu qayiqlar 1986 yilda xizmatga kirishgan.[138]

1980-yillarning oxiriga kelib, paromlar yana mintaqada mashhur transport turiga aylandi.[130] 1991 yilda yetmishta kompaniya shahar bo'ylab yangi paromlar bilan ishlash huquqini berishga qiziqish bildirgan. Ushbu potentsial ishtirokchilar ro'yxati 1993 yilga kelib uchta kompaniyaga qisqartirildi. Ushbu paromlardan biri Staten orolidan Manxetten markaziga parom bo'lishi kerak edi; ushbu yangi parom mavjud Whitehall-to-St-dan farqli o'laroq, 35 knot (65 km / soat; 40 milya) tezlikda harakatlanadi. Jorj paromining 15 ta tugun (28 km / soat; 17 milya).[134] Nyu-York tezkor paromi oxir-oqibat Sent-Jorjdan paromni boshqarish uchun tanlangan Sharqiy 34-uy Midtown Manxettenda 1997 yil yanvaridan boshlab kuniga 1650 yo'lovchi xizmatidan foydalangan holda xizmatni boshladi.[139]

Midtown paromi, shahar 1997 yil iyul oyida raqobatdosh Uaytxoll Strit yo'nalishi narxini bekor qilguncha muvaffaqiyatli bo'ldi. Metropolitan transport boshqarmasi (MTA) "bir shaharga, bitta tarifga" o'tish sxemasi: Staten Island tranzit chavandozlari bitta $ 1.50 narxini to'lashlari mumkin MetroCard Staten Island avtobusida yoki poezdida o'ting va Manxetten avtobusiga yoki metrosiga Seynt-Jorj-Uaytxol paromiga qo'shimcha xarajatlarsiz bepul yo'llanmani qo'lga kiriting va qaytish safarlari xuddi shunday amalga oshiriladi.[140] Natijada har bir chipta uchun 5 dollarga Midtown paromiga minadigan yo'lovchilar soni 400 nafar yo'lovchigacha kamaydi va Nyu-Yorkdagi tezkor parom marshrutda foyda keltira olmadi. Nyu-York tezkor paromi 1997 yil oxirida ishdan chiqdi,[141][142] qaysi vaqtda Nyu-York suv yo'li marshrutni o'z zimmasiga oldi.[143] NY Waterway ham muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi beziyon Midtown yo'nalishida va u 1998 yil 31-iyulda yo'q qilindi.[139]

Dan keyin darhol 2001 yil 11 sentyabr, hujumlar, Staten Island feribotlari hujum qurbonlarini evakuatsiya qilish uchun ishlatilgan Jahon savdo markazi.[144][145] Keyin chiziq bir hafta davomida vaqtincha yopildi,[146] parom qatnovi bilan 18 sentyabrgacha tiklandi.[147] Qayta ochilgach, ba'zi paromlar Sharqiy daryo bo'ylab metro va yo'llarning yopilishi sababli Bay Ridge tomon yo'naltirildi. Bu 2002 yilda davom etdi, shu vaqtgacha kuniga taxminan 2200 yo'lovchi paromdan foydalangan va hatto metro va magistral yo'llar ochilgandan keyin ham buni davom ettirgan.[148]

2003 yilda ikkala terminalning pastki sathlari yopildi va paromda barcha transport vositalarining harakati taqiqlandi 2002 yilgi dengiz transporti xavfsizligi to'g'risidagi qonun. Ushbu akt bo'yicha yo'lovchilar paromning turli uchastkalariga chiqishlari va ketishlari kerak edi; va har bir paromning quyi sathlari jo'nash uchun ishlatilganligi sababli, ularni samolyotga chiqish uchun ishlatib bo'lmaydi.[149] Bu Sent-Jorj terminalida parkga chiqish va sayr qilish uchun foydalanuvchilar uchun paromga chiqish uchun noqulaylik tug'dirdi.[150] Har bir terminalning quyi sathlari kemalarning yuqori qismidagi yo'lovchilar sonini kamaytirish uchun 2017 yilda qayta ochilgan.[149][150] Sent-Jorj terminalining pastki qismi ertalabki shov-shuv paytida, Uaytxoll terminalining pastki darajasi o'rta va kechki shovqin paytida ochilgan.[151]

2002 yilda shahar yana tungi xizmatni bekor qilishni taklif qildi va tungi operatsiyalarni boshqa parom kompaniyalariga topshirishni rejalashtirdi.[152] Biroq, kecha va dam olish kunlari xizmat ko'rsatishning o'sishi tufayli 2004 yilda ko'paytirildi.[153] 2004 yilda tungi xizmat ko'payganiga qadar, qayiqlar yarim tundan ertalab soat 7 gacha soatiga atigi bir marta harakatlanardi.[154]:7 Kecha va dam olish kunlari parom ko'proq sayohat qilmagan, garchi Staten orolining aholisi 1990 yildan beri ko'paygan.[154]:5 Chavandozlar soni o'sishda davom etdi; va 2006 yil noyabr oyida, har 30 daqiqada harakatlanadigan qo'shimcha paromlar, dam olish kunlari ertalab soatlarda berildi.[155] 2015 yilda dam olish kunlari ertalab va kechqurun chastotalar har o'ttiz daqiqada oshirildi.[156][157] Shu bilan birga, 2020 yil mart oyida xizmat chastotalari vaqtincha soatiga bir martalik xizmatga qisqartirildi, chunki quyidagilardan keyin yo'lovchilar darajasining 86% pasayishi 2020 yilgi koronavirus pandemiyasining Nyu-Yorkka tarqalishi.[158] Keyingi oyda tungi xizmatni uzoq muddatli qisqartirish e'lon qilindi; the service reduction would remain in effect through at least June 2021, saving $6 million.[159]

Midtown fast ferry service

Efforts to revive the Staten Island-to-Midtown ferry persisted; and in 2013, city councilman Jeyms Oddo advocated for a revival of fast ferry service to Staten Island as part of his campaign to become that borough's president.[160] After Oddo's election as borough president, he pushed New York City mayor Bill de Blasio to consider a Staten Island fast ferry as part of de Blasio's proposed Citywide Ferry Service (later renamed NYC feribot ). At the time, the new system's only proposed ferry stop on Staten Island was at Stapleton, which was already adequately served by the Whitehall–St. George route. Citywide Ferry Service was not planning to serve transit-deprived Janubiy sohil.[161] Later, the citywide ferry's Stapleton route was relegated to an unfunded plan, leaving Staten Island with no stops on the new system.[162]

With the opening of NYC Ferry in 2017, politicians and Staten Island residents again advocated bringing more ferry service to Staten Island, including adding one ferry each to Manhattan and Brooklyn, a stop on the South Shore, and extra stops on the Whitehall–St. George ferry.[163] In April 2017, Oddo announced a tentative agreement with NY Waterway to possibly implement a fast route from St. George to Midtown Manhattan in 2018.[164] The ferry would go to West Midtown feribot terminali, as opposed to East 34th Street.[165] Unlike NYC Ferry,[166][167] the Staten Island-to-Midtown route would not receive any per-passenger subsidies from the city.[164] By September 2017, private developers on the South Shore were also negotiating with SeaStreak to run a separate fast ferry route from the South Shore to Lower Manhattan.[168] In January 2019, NYC Ferry announced that it would start operating a route between St. George and West Midtown terminals, running via the Batareya parki shahar feribot terminali. The route would begin running in 2020.[169][170][171][172]

View of the Manhattan skyline from a Whitehall Street-bound ferry in 2006

Amaliyotlar

The Staten Island Ferry operates 24/7.[173] A new ferry trip begins every 30 minutes most hours of the day and night, with more frequent service during peak times,[174] and takes 25 minutes to complete the 5.2-mile (8.4 km) route.[173] The ferry carried 23.9 million passengers in fiscal year 2016.[1] The Staten Island Ferry is administered separately from NYC Ferry.[175]

Marshrut

A map showing the route of the ferry through Upper New York Bay

The ferry to Staten Island departs Manhattan from the Staten Island Ferry Whitehall Terminal da South Ferry, at the southernmost tip of Manhattan near Batareya, and follows a single route. On Staten Island, ferryboats to Manhattan depart from the Sent-Jorj Feribot Terminali on Richmond Terrace, near Richmond County's Borough Hall and Supreme Court.[173]

The ferry ride affords views of the Jersi Siti markazida skyline, the Quyi Manxetten skyline, Ozodlik haykali kuni Ozodlik oroli, Ellis oroli, Gubernatorlar oroli va Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge.[144] As such it is a popular destination on Saturday nights, and beer and food items are served at the snack bar.[176] The backdrop of the Staten Island Ferry's route also makes it a popular place for film shoots,[144] and the ferry has been featured in various films, such as Ishlayotgan qiz (1988),[177] 10 kun ichida qanday qilib yigitni yo'qotish mumkin (2003),[178] va O'rgimchak odam: Uyga qaytish (2017).[179] Many other films and TV episodes use the Staten Island Ferry in tortishishlarni o'rnatish.[180]

Cars were carried for most of the 20th century

In the past, ferries were equipped for vehicle transport, and operators charged $3 per avtomobil.[144] A vehicle ban was approved in 1992, after the Whitehall Terminal was destroyed and subsequently rebuilt without vehicle loading areas.[181][182] Although the temporary terminals included car loading areas, car boarding was discontinued after the September 11 attacks.[144] A plan to reinstate car boarding, because of rising tolls on the Verrazzano Bridge,[183] was seen as infeasible due to the effort needed to screen every car.[184]

While the ferries no longer transport motor vehicles, they do transport bicycles. There is a bicycle entrance to the ferry at either terminal. The bike entrance is always on the ground level, so bicyclists can enter the ferry without needing to enter the building. The ground entrance was reserved exclusively for bike riders until September 2017, when lower-level boarding and disembarking was restored for all passengers.[149][150] Cyclists are subject to screening upon arrival at the ferry terminals and must dismount and walk their bicycles to the waiting area and onto the boat. Bicycles must be stored in the designated bicycle storage area on each boat.[185] Bicycles may be taken on the lowest deck of the ferry without charge.[173]

During rush hours, ferries usually run at 15-to-20-minute intervals, increasing to 30 minutes during the mid-days and evenings. Ferries run at 30-minute intervals for a few hours during the early morning—usually 12 a.m. to 6 a.m.—and on weekends.[174]

Terminallar

Whitehall Terminal

Asosiy maqola: Staten Island Ferry Whitehall Terminal
sarlavhaga murojaat qiling
The Staten Island Ferry Terminal, located in Lower Manhattan
Staten Island Ferry - Deboarding at Whitehall Terminal


There have been at least two terminals on the site of the current Whitehall Terminal. When the original terminal opened in 1903, its Beaux-Art design was identical to the Battery Maritime Building, bu hali ham mavjud.[72][144] In 1919, a fire at the South Ferry elevated station binoga zarar etkazgan.[186][72] A $3 million renovation of the terminal was announced in 1953,[187] and it opened on July 24, 1956.[188] The old terminal burned down in a fire on September 8, 1991.[189][72] A new design was announced the next year,[182] and a temporary terminal was opened at the site to accommodate passengers in the meantime.[144]

On February 7, 2005, a completely renovated and modernized terminal, designed by architect Frederik Shvarts, was dedicated, along with the new two-acre Peter Minuit Plaza in the Battery.[190][191][192] The terminal contains connections to the Nyu-York metrosi "s Janubiy Feribot / Uaytxoll ko'chasi station complex, as well as to buses and taxis.[193] A "gateway to the city", set against the backdrop of Manhattan's greatest buildings on one side and the river on the other, the design was created to imbue the terminal "with a strong sense of civic presence".[194] In his remarks at the terminal's dedication, Mayor Maykl Bloomberg stated that "You can walk into this spectacular terminal day or night and feel like you're part of the city ... [the terminal] is a continuation of what you feel on the ferry ... in a sense you are suspended over the water."[194] Described as "an elegant addition to [the] city's architecture", the transit hub was described by a Yangiliklar kuni editor as so beautiful that it had become a tourist attraction in its own right.[195]

St. George Terminal

qo'shni matnga murojaat qiling
Departing St. George Terminal at sunset
Asosiy maqola: St. George Terminal § Staten Island Ferry

A new ferry and rail terminal at St. George's Landing[47] and an extension of the Staten Island Railway north from Vanderbiltning qo'nish joyi had been proposed in the 1870s by the owners of the railroad (George Law, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and Erastus Wiman) to replace the various ferry sites on the north and east shores of Staten Island.[196][197] St. George was selected due to its being the point where Staten Island is closest to Manhattan, approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) away.[196][29] The terminal and local neighborhood were renamed "St. George" in honor of Law, allegedly as a concession by Wiman in order to build the terminal and connecting tunnel on land owned by Law.[198][199][200] The ferry terminal was opened in early 1886.[47][41]

On June 25, 1946, a large fire destroyed both the wooden ferry and rail terminals, killing three people, and injuring more than 200.[122] To'liq xizmat o'sha yilning iyul oyida tiklandi.[118][29] A new $21-million facility was built by the city, and opened on June 8, 1951.[118][29][125] Plans for a renovation of the terminal were announced in March 1997,[201] and the terminal was renovated in the 2000s, as part of a $300 million renovation of several ferry terminals in the area, including the Whitehall Terminal.[202][203][144] 2013 yildan boshlab, St. George's direct rail-sea connection is one of a few left in the United States.[204]:2

Narxlar

There is no charge to take the ferry.[173] However, riders who want to make a round trip must disembark at each terminal and reenter through the terminal building to comply with Coast Guard regulations regarding vessel capacity.[205] The turnstiles were dismantled when fares were discontinued in 1997;[140] the passenger counts can be approximated if the crew of each boat estimates the number of passengers aboard the vessel.[205] The state's per-passenger subsidy in 2012 was $4.86, paid for through taxes.[206] This subsidy rose to $5.87 in 2016,[207] before dropping to $5.16 in 2017.[1] By comparison, the city's per-passenger subsidy for NYC Ferry, in 2017, was $6.50, after accounting for the $2.75 per-passenger fare.[208]

For most of the 20th century, the ferry was famed as the biggest bargain in New York City, as it charged the same one-nickel, or five-cent, fare as the Nyu-York metrosi. In 1882, riders protested against a proposed fare increase to 10 cents per ride, but were unsuccessful in obtaining a fare reduction.[209] The fare-reduction movement resurfaced in 1894, with multiple petitions being submitted to the New-York Sinking Fund Commissioners.[210] However, these petitions were all denied.[211] By 1898, the fare had been reduced back to a nickel.[212][213]

The fare for the ferry remained a nickel when the subway fare was increased to 10 cents in 1948.[136] Despite the ferry's growing operational shortfalls in the 1950s, the five-cent fare remained, regardless of inflyatsiya.[131] By 1968, the Citizens Budget Commission was proposing to hike fares to close the subsidy deficit, with Staten Island commuters to pay 20 cents, and others 50 cents, for a one-way trip.[212] In May 1970, then-Mayor John V. Lindsay proposed that the fare be raised to 25 cents, pointing out that the cost for each ride was 50 cents, or ten times what the fare was bringing in.[214] As part of a city budget passed in June of that year, the nickel fare was kept.[215] Due to the city's financial crisis in the mid-1970s, Mayor Ibrohim Beam submitted a proposal to increase the fare in July 1975.[136] On August 4, 1975, the fare was increased to 25 cents for a round trip, collected in one direction only. The fare increase was intended to earn the ferry service an extra $1.35 million in annual revenue.[216]

In 1990, the charge for a round trip was increased to 50 cents,[217] provoking a backlash among Staten Islanders, and sparking calls for its complete abolition. In 1993, grievances over the fare partly contributed to Staten Island's passing a non-binding referendum to secede from New York City.[218] Rudy Giuliani 's three-percent margin of victory in the concurrent mer saylovlari was in considerable part due to the support of 80% of Staten Island voters, whose concerns he had pledged to address.[219] The passenger fare was subsequently eliminated altogether, in July 1997, as part of the implementation of the MTA's "one-city, one-fare" system, which allowed for more free transfers between different modes of transit in New York City. The $3 car fares were not affected, as they were separate.[140][218][219] The new MetroCard was configured to allow one free transfer between buses and subways; if the rider had paid a fare less than two hours prior, a ferry trip to be regarded as part of that transfer. Eliminating the ferry fare was seen as an action to standardize Staten Islanders' MetroCard fares with those of commuters in other boroughs.[140] Despite the fact that the ferry fare had netted $6 million in annual revenue for the city, its abolition only cost the city about $1 million. The other $5 million represented the money saved not having to maintain the now-removed turnstiles, as well as the revenue from MetroCard fares.[219] Some riders disliked the fares' discontinuance, as they felt that free service might mean lower-quality service.[220]

In 2014, the city's Independent Budget Office conducted a study investigating the viability of collecting fares from everyone except Staten Island residents.[221] The study found that a $4 fare would garner $35.5 million in fifteen years, while a $2 fare would bring in only $804,000 during the same time.[222]:1 (PDF p.2) Approximately 4 million passengers would be subject to the fare annually, based on the previous year's ridership figure of 21.9 million.[222]:3 (PDF p.4)

Chavandozlik

Ridership Fiscal Years 2007–2017
Fiscal YearChavandozlik
(million)		Ref.
200718.953[223]
200819.757[223]
200920.118[223][224]
201021.464[224][225]
201121.404[224][225][207]
201222.178[224][225][207]
201321.399[224][225][207]
201421.256[225][207]
201521.9[207]
201623.1[226]
201723.9[1]
201824.5[227]
201925.2[228]

Detailed ridership figures for many fiscal years are not widely available because, in many cases, they not have been publicly released.[206] A 1958 Nyu-York Tayms article cited a figure of 24 million annual riders.[131] Ridership on the ferry peaked in 1964, with 27.5 million passengers, but the figure dropped to 22 million in 1965, after the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge opened.[206][229] In the early 2000s, ridership mostly fluctuated between 18 and 19 million, rising to 21.8 million in 2006 before dropping to 18.5 million the next year.[223] Afterward, ridership started rising again,[223] reaching over 21 million in fiscal year 2011.[206]

In fiscal 2012, the ferry carried 22.18 million passengers, the highest figure in several decades.[206][207] The figure in fiscal 2013 declined slightly to 21.4 million.[222]:3 (PDF p.4)[224] Ridership for fiscal 2014 declined again to 21.25 million, while ridership on private ferry services increased.[225] Public ridership then began rising in subsequent years, especially after the 2015 increase in trip frequency, when ridership reached 21.9 million.[207] In fiscal 2016, ridership on the ferry increased to 23.1 million passengers;[226] and in fiscal 2017, ridership increased further, to 23.9 million passengers, breaking the previous year's record.[1][208] Ridership in fiscal year 2018 rose again to 24.5 million passengers,[227] and in fiscal year 2019, increased to 25.2 million passengers.[228]

2016 yildan boshlab, the Staten Island Ferry is the single busiest ferry route, and one of the busiest ferry systems, in the United States, as well as the world's busiest passenger-only ferry.[230] Despite having only a single route, it carried 23.9 million passengers in fiscal 2017[1] (the multiple-route Vashington shtatidagi paromlar, the largest U.S. ferry operator with the largest fleet, carried 24.2 million passengers in 2016[231]).

Filo

Joriy

There are eight ferry boats currently in service, from four sinflar —Kennedi, Barberi, Ostinva Molinari.[173]

Kennedi sinf

The John F. Kennedy class boat of the Staten Island Ferry
Interior of the John F. Kennedy class boat, pictured in 2018

"Kennedi class" consists of MV Jon F. Kennedi, MV American Legion IIva MV Governor Herbert H. Lehman, which were delivered in 1965.[232] Faqat Jon F. Kennedi remains in service as of 2019.[173] Each boat has a crew of 15, could carry 3,055 passengers and 40 vehicles, is 297 feet (91 m) long and 69 feet 10 inches (21.29 m) wide, with a draft of 13 feet 6 inches (4.11 m), of 2,109 yalpi tonna, with a service speed of 16 knots (30 km/h), and engines capable of 6,500 horsepower (4.8 MW).[233][173][234] Ular tomonidan qurilgan Levingston kemasozlik kompaniyasi yilda Orange, Texas,[23] being delivered in May and June 1965.[235]

The American Legion II"s inspection certificate lapsed in 2006, and it was retired with the acquisition of the Molinari-class ferries.[236] Herbert H. Lehman was retired on June 30, 2007, after the 10:30 p.m. run from Whitehall Street to St. George.[237] Jon F. Kennedi is being kept for the time being in weekday service on an as-needed basis, as captains considered it to be the most reliable vessel in the fleet[238] and riders preferred its abundant open-air deck space.[239]

Barberi sinf

Samuel I. Newhouse, one of two Barberi class ferryboats in the fleet, crosses Yuqori Nyu-York ko'rfazi

"Barberi class" consists of MV Andrew J. Barberi va MV Samuel I. Newhouse, which were built in 1981 and 1982, respectively.[138] Each boat has a crew of 15, can carry 6,000 passengers but no cars, is 310 feet (94 m) long and 69 feet 10 inches (21.29 m) wide, with a draft of 13 feet 6 inches (4.11 m), of 3,335 gross tons, with a service speed of 16 knots (30 km/h), and engines capable of 8,000 horsepower (6.0 MW).[233][173][234] These ships were built at the Equitable Shipyard in New Orleans, at a cost of $16.5 million each. At the time of construction, the ships' capacity was the largest of any licensed ferry in the world.[232]

Andrew J. Barberi was named after the man who coached Kertis o'rta maktabi "s futbol team from the 1950s through the 1970s, while Samuel I. Newhouse nomi bilan nomlangan Staten Island Advance's publisher from 1922 to 1979.[240]

Ostin sinf

"Ostin class" consists of MV Elis Ostin va MV Jon A. Noble, which were built in 1986 and are commonly referred to as "the Little Boats" or "Mini Barberis".[138] Each boat has a crew of nine, carries 1,280 passengers but not cars, is 207 feet (63 m) long and 40 feet (12 m) wide, with a draft of 8 feet 6 inches (2.59 m), of 499 gross tons, with a service speed of 16 knots (30 km/h), and engines capable of 3,200 horsepower (2.4 MW).[241][173][234] Their namesakes are Elis Ostin (1866–1952), a Staten Island photographer, and Jon A. Noble (1913–83), a Staten Island marine artist.[240]

Ostin-class vessels usually operate late at night and into the early morning, when ridership is lower.[144] Plans call for either the Elis Ostin yoki Jon A. Noble to be converted from using low-sulfur diesel as fuel to suyultirilgan tabiiy gaz (LNG), in an effort to halve fuel consumption and reduce issiqxona gazi emissions by 25 percent.[242]

Molinari sinf

sarlavhaga murojaat qiling
The passenger space of a Molinari-class ferryboat of the Staten Island Ferry

"Molinari class" consists of MV Yigit V. Molinari, MV Senator John J. Marchiva MV Spirit of America. Each boat has a crew of 16, carries a maximum of 4,427 passengers and up to 30 vehicles, is 310 feet (94 m) long by 70 feet (21 m) wide, with a draft of 13 feet 10 inches (4.22 m), of 2,794 gross tons, with a service speed of 16 knots (30 km/h), and engines capable of 9,000 horsepower (6.7 MW).[173][234] Built by the Manitowoc Marine Group in Marinette, Wisconsin,[243] they are designed to have a look and ambiance reminiscent of the classic New York ferryboats.[240]

The lead boat is named after Yigit V. Molinari, avvalgi AQSh vakili for several Staten Island districts, who later became a tuman prezidenti of Staten Island.[240] It was delivered in September 2004.[244] The second ferry was named for State Senator Jon Marchi, who represented Staten Island for fifty years[240] and delivered January 5, 2005.[245] The third ferry, Spirit of America, was delivered September 16, 2005 [246] and scheduled to be put into service on October 25, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the municipal takeover of the Staten Island Ferry from the B&O railroad.[240] Mechanical problems on the Molinari-class ferries and legal proceedings kept Spirit of America sidelined at the Staten Island Ferry's St. George maintenance facility until its maiden voyage on April 4, 2006.[173] Since delivery, the ferries have been beset by frequent breakdowns, with 58 such incidents from 2008 to 2014;[243] almost half of these breakdowns have been on Yigit V. Molinari.[247]

Kelajak

Asosiy maqola: Ollis- klassik parom

2019 yildan boshlab, Jon F. Kennedi, Samuel I. Newhouseva Andrew J. Barberi are to be replaced by three new 310 feet (94 m) vessels, named the Ollis sinf, after US Army Staff Sgt. Michael Ollis of Staten Island, who was killed in action during the Afg'onistondagi urush.[248][240] Elliott Bay Design devised the plans for the new ferries.[249] The first two vessels to be delivered will be named the MVMaykl H. Ollis va MVSandy Ground, while the third vessel is still unnamed.[250]

In November 2016, Sharqiy kema qurilishi kemalarni qurish uchun past talabgor sifatida tasdiqlangan,[251] and the shipyard was awarded the contract, with a notice to proceed being received on March 1, 2017.[250] Delivery of the new ships was originally planned for 2019 and 2020[251] but was delayed after Eastern Shipbuilding's shipyard in Panama-Siti, Florida, was severely damaged by Maykl to'foni 2018 yil oktyabr oyida.[252]

Avvalgi

Several ferry classes, purchased since the city assumed ownership of the ferry, have been retired. The ferries named after the five boroughs, Bronks, Bruklin, Manxetten, Malikava Richmond, were the first ones commissioned for the city line in 1905.[232][253][254] All of the boats except Richmond were 246 feet (75 m) long and 46 feet (14 m) wide, with a draft of 18 feet (5.5 m) and a gross tonnage of 1,954.[253] Richmond had the same width and draft as its classmates, but was 232 feet (71 m) long with a gross tonnage of 2,006.[255] All of the borough-class boats were retired in the 1940s. Manxetten was out of documentation by 1941, when Bronks was the first of the remaining boats to be scrapped. The three remaining ferries were scrapped by 1947, Bruklin having served as a floating school for the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari sohil xavfsizligi yilda Uilyamsburg, Bruklin, beginning in 1943, and Richmond having been converted to a barge in 1944.[253][256]

The city's next class, delivered two years after the borough-class boats, consisted of Govanus, Bay Ridgeva Nassau, which were used for the Brooklyn line. Each boat was 182 feet (55 m) long and 45 feet (14 m) wide, with a draft of 16 feet (4.9 m) and a gross tonnage of 862. These boats were all sold by 1940. Bay Ridge was used as the barge Rappahannock daryosi, while the other two were scrapped.[255]

The third class consisted of Mayor Gaynor (1914),[101] dan so'ng Prezident Ruzvelt (1922) va American Legion I (1926).[232][254] Each boat of this class differed in dimensions and gross tonnage from its classmates. Mayor Gaynor had a different engine and vastly different dimensions than its other two classmates, so it is sometimes considered as in a different class. Mayor Gaynor"s 4 silindrli uch karra kengaytiruvchi dvigatel was not as efficient as the 2-cylinder compression engines of the previous borough-class boats, so the two vessels following it reverted to the more reliable borough-class engine. Qo'shimcha ravishda, Mayor Gaynor was 210 feet (64 m) long and 45 feet (14 m) wide, with a draft of 17 feet (5.2 m) and a gross tonnage of 1,634. The other two boats were approximately 251 feet (77 m) long by 46 feet (14 m) wide, and had a draft of 17 or 18 feet (5.2 or 5.5 m) and a gross tonnage of 2,029 (for Prezident Ruzvelt) or 2,089 (for American Legion I).[257] Mayor Gaynor was the first to be dismantled, in 1951, while Prezident Ruzvelt va American Legion I were scrapped in 1956 and 1963, respectively.[255]

1923 yilda bug 'turbinasi -powered ferryboats Uilyam Randolf Xerst, Rodman Vanamakerva Jorj V. Loft qurilgan. The names of the boats, which were all derived from those of prominent New York City businessmen, were kept secret until the vessels were unveiled.[258] All of these boats had a length of 205 feet (62 m), a width of 45 feet (14 m), a draft of 16 feet (4.9 m), and a gross tonnage of 875.[255] Jorj V. Loft shared her name with another boat used up the Hudson River, and so the other boat had to be renamed.[259] Used mostly on the 39th Street route,[260] these boats went into service in June 1924[107] and were out of documentation by 1954.[255]

Feribot Dongan Hills, pictured in 1945

A subsequent class, delivered from 1929 through 1931, consisted of Dongan Hills, Tompkinsvillva Knickerbocker, in order of delivery.[232][261] The first two boats had the same dimensions as Prezident Ruzvelt, esa Knickerbocker was one foot longer and one foot wider, with a gross tonnage of 2,045. Tompkinsvill va Dongan Hills went out of documentation in 1967–1968, while Knickerbocker was sold for scrap in 1965.[262]

Beshinchi, Miss Nyu-York class—consisting of Miss Nyu-York, Gold Star Motherva Meri Myurrey —was delivered in 1938.[232][261] They had the same width, length, and draft as Knickerbocker, with a gross tonnage of 2,126.[263] Gold Star Mother was decommissioned in 1969, to save money,[264][265] before being auctioned off in 1974.[264] Gold Star Mother"s opa Meri Myurrey was retired in 1974 and sold at auction.[266] From 1982 through the mid-2000s,[267] it then sat as a floating wreck on the Raritan River, within view of the Nyu-Jersi Ternpike,[240] and was partially broken up for scrap in 2008.[268] The third sister ship, Miss Nyu-York, was decommissioned in 1975 and auctioned.[269] Miss Nyu-York was used as a restaurant for a while, but then sank.[236]

The most recently fully retired class of ferryboats—Kornelius G. Kolff, Xususiy Jozef F. Merrell va Verrazzano—went into service in 1951.[232][261] These boats were slightly larger than their predecessors, with a length of 269 feet (82 m), a width of 69 feet (21 m), a draft of 19 feet (5.8 m), and a gross tonnage of 2,285.[270] They were built at the Bethlehem Steel Company shipyard on Staten Island.[271] Verrazzano was decommissioned and sold at auction in the 1980s. The new owners proposed to use the old ferry at a Japanese amusement park. That deal fell through, and it became a floating wreck at the Red Hook Container Terminal.[236] Its two classmates, Kolff (keyinroq Valter Kin) va Merrell (keyinroq Vernon C. Bain, keyin Garold A. Vildshteyn )[272] jo'natildi Rikers oroli in 1987 to help alleviate qamoqxonalarning haddan tashqari ko'pligi U yerda,[273] to be used as an interim housing solution while new jail facilities were being built.[274][275] Kin va Vildshteyn, along with the retired British troop carriers Bibby Resolution va Bibby Venture,[276] were used to house 1,000 inmates.[277] The vessels were removed from prison use in 1997, after the Vernon C. Bain floating barge qurilgan;[2] and both vessels were scrapped in 2004.[272]

Staten oroliga ketayotganida Kennedi sinfidagi Amerika Legion II paromi
American Legion II, a now-retired Kennedi-class ferry, on its way to Staten Island

Ko'pchilik Kennedi class, built in 1965,[23] has also been scrapped.[173][234] American Legion II was retired in 2006[236] va hurda uchun sotilgan.[278] Its classmate Governor Herbert H. Lehman was retired in 2007[237] and sold at auction by the city in 2011.[279][278] By 2012, it was being scrapped at Steelways Shipyard in Newburgh, New York, where it sank after developing a leak.[279][280] The third boat in the class, Jon F. Kennedi, is still in service as of 2017.[173][234]

Voqealar

Early 20th century, after city takeover

In November 1910, the ferryboat Nassau ustiga qulab tushdi dengiz qirg'og'i ning Gubernatorlar oroli, but most passengers were able to jump off the boat safely. The boat only suffered minor damage to its pervanel.[100]

On October 31, 1921, the ferryboat Mayor Gaynor yaqinlashib qoldi Robbins Reef Light, in the middle of the harbor. This was a result of a heavy fog, which slowed shipping and caused a BRT train accident that injured 20 people.[281] On February 24, 1929, the same boat was involved in another crash, when it ran into the Whitehall ferry slip and injured three people.[282] Coincidentally, Mayor Gaynor collided with the same spot a year and a day later, injuring seven people.[283]

20-asrning oxiri

On January 16, 1953, a heavy fog across the East Coast caused four ferry accidents in New York Harbor. In one accident, the Oltin yulduz ga urildi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari chiziqlari yuk tashuvchi American Veteran, injuring 13 people.[284] In another heavy fog four days later, Jozef F. Merril bilan to'qnashdi Ellis oroli ferryboat, jolting several passengers but injuring no one.[285] Five years later, on February 8, 1958, Dongan Hills was hit by the Norwegian tanker Taynfild, injuring 15 people.[286]

On November 7, 1978, American Legion II crashed into the concrete seawall near the Ozodlik haykali ferry port during a dense tuman, injuring 173 people on board.[287]

On May 6, 1981, American Legion II was involved in another crash. At 7:16 am EDT, it was en route from Staten Island to Manhattan with approximately 2,400 passengers aboard, when it was rammed in dense fog by MV Hoegh Orchid, a Norwegian freighter inbound from the sea to a berth in Bruklin. The ferryboat was damaged from below the main deck up to the bridge deck. 71 passengers were treated for injuries, three of whom were hospitalized. Yo'qligi gyrocompass, which could have supplemented existing radar capabilities in avoiding collisions, was noted in the February 2, 1982, report by the Milliy transport xavfsizligi kengashi.[288]

On July 7, 1986, a mentally ill man, Juan Gonzalez, attacked passengers with a sword on Samuel I. Newhouse. He killed two and injured nine before being detained and sent to a hospital for psychiatric evaluation.[289]

On April 12, 1995, Andrew J. Barberi, due to a mechanical malfunction, rammed her slip at St. George. The doors on the saloon deck were crushed by the slip's adjustable aprons, which a quick-thinking bridgeman lowered to help stop the oncoming ferryboat. Bir necha kishi jarohat olgan.[290] Two years later, on September 19, 1997, the terminal was also the site of an incident involving a vehicle. A car plunged off Jon F. Kennedi as she was docking, causing minor injuries to the driver and a deckhand who was knocked overboard.[291]

21-asr

2003 yil Staten-Aylend paromining qulashidan keyin Endryu J. Barberining ichki qismiga etkazilgan zarar
Zarar Andrew J. Barberi"s interior after the 2003 yil Staten Island paromining qulashi

The new century featured the city's deadliest mass-transit incident in 50 years.[292] On October 15, 2003, at 3:21 pm EDT, Andrew J. Barberi collided with a pier on the eastern end of the St. George ferry terminal, killing eleven people, seriously injuring many others, and tearing a huge gash in the lowest of the three passenger decks.[293] The incident spurred an investigation into safety practices aboard the ferry,[205] as well as an accident investigation by the Milliy transport xavfsizligi kengashi.[294] Andrew J. Barberi's captain at the time of the incident was fired.[295] The ferryboat returned to service in 2004.[292][290]

The St. George terminal was also the site of two minor ramming incidents. On July 1, 2009, at 7:09 pm EDT, Jon J. Marchi lost power and hit a pier at full speed, resulting in 15 minor injuries.[296][297] The boat was cited as having a history of electrical problems since being put into service in 2005.[298] A similar incident at the same location occurred on May 8, 2010, at 9:20 am EDT. As the then-recently-rebuilt Andrew J. Barberi approached the dock, the reverse thrust failed to respond; and the boat could not slow down. Thirty-seven of the 252 passengers on board were injured.[299][290]

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ a b v d e f "Mayor's Management Report Fiscal 2017" (PDF). nyc.gov. Nyu-York shahri. 2017 yil sentyabr. 272. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  2. ^ a b v Rizzi, Nicholas (June 30, 2017). "Staten-Aylend paromi haqida bilmagan 6 ta narsa". DNAinfo Nyu-York. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2017 yil 20 sentyabrda. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  3. ^ a b v Burrows, Edvin G. & Uolles, Mayk (1999). Gotham: 1898 yilgacha Nyu-York shahrining tarixi. Nyu York: Oksford universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  0-195-11634-8.
  4. ^ Nyu-Jersi tarixiy jamiyati materiallari. Nyu-Jersi tarixiy jamiyati. 1918. p. 48.
  5. ^ Roess & Sansome 2013, p. 223.
  6. ^ a b v Arthur T. Vanderbilt (1989). "2-bob". Baxtning bolalari. Sfera. ISBN  978-0-7474-0620-4.
  7. ^ a b Sherry, Virginia N. (November 30, 2014). "13 things to know about Tompkinsville, where European settlers arrived 375 years ago". Staten Island Advance. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  8. ^ a b Stiles 2009, p. 206.
  9. ^ a b (State), New York (1825). Nyu-York shtatining qonunlari. p. 147. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  10. ^ Journal of the Senate of the State of New York ... 1816.
  11. ^ a b v Nyu-York shahrining diqqatga sazovor joylarini saqlash bo'yicha komissiyasi (2008 yil 16 sentyabr). "TOMPKINSVILLE (JOSEPH H. LYONS) POOL" (PDF). nyc.gov. p. 3.
  12. ^ a b v d Adams 1983, p. 171.
  13. ^ a b v d e Cudahy 1990, p. 66.
  14. ^ Stiles 2009, p. 54.
  15. ^ Cudahy 1990, p. 65.
  16. ^ a b Davis, William Thompson (1907). Ish yuritish. Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences. p. 7.
  17. ^ a b Stiles 2009, p. 207.
  18. ^ a b v Stiles 2009, p. 226.
  19. ^ Cudahy 1990, p. 67.
  20. ^ Cudahy 1990, 66-67 betlar.
  21. ^ Cudahy 1990, p. 49.
  22. ^ a b Cudahy 1990, p. 402.
  23. ^ a b v d e f g h men Adams 1983, p. 172.
  24. ^ "Tmh Army and Navy: THE PURCHASED FLEET.; Troops for Gen. Lane. Inspection of Col. Doubleday's heavy artillery regiment". The New York Times. 1862. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  25. ^ Nyu-York tarixiy jamiyati har chorakda. Nyu-York tarixiy jamiyati. 1963. p. 198.
  26. ^ Cotham Jr., Edward T. (2009). The Southern Journey of a Civil War Marine: The Illustrated Note-Book of Henry O. Gusley. Texas universiteti matbuoti. p. 19. ISBN  9780292782457.
  27. ^ Cudahy 1990, pp. 402–403.
  28. ^ a b Cudahy 1990, p. 403.
  29. ^ a b v d e f g h Ley, Irvin; Matus, Pol (2002 yil yanvar). "Staten Islandning tezkor tranziti: muhim tarix". thethirdrail.net. Uchinchi temir yo'l onlayn. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 30 mayda. Olingan 27 iyun, 2015.
  30. ^ a b v Morris 1900, p. 462.
  31. ^ "City Items; Change in Ownership of the Staten Island Ferry" (PDF). Nyu-York tribunasi. 1862 yil 18-iyun. Olingan 18 sentyabr, 2017 - orqali Fultonhistory.com.
  32. ^ a b v d Roess & Sansome 2013, p. 226.
  33. ^ a b Pitanza, Mark (2015). Staten Island temir yo'lining tezkor tranzit tasvirlari. Arcadia nashriyoti. ISBN  978-1-4671-2338-9.
  34. ^ Cudahy 1990, p. 148.
  35. ^ "APPALLING DISASTER. - Explosion of a Staten Island Ferry-Boat Boiler. Wreck of the Steamer Westfield at South Ferry. Dreadful Loss of Life and Limb the Result" (PDF). The New York Times. 1871 yil 31-iyul. Olingan 7 may, 2016.
  36. ^ "Kim aybdor edi?" (PDF). Nyu-York tribunasi. August 2, 1871. p. 4. Olingan 27 sentyabr, 2017 - orqali Fultonhistory.com.
  37. ^ Paratico, Angelo (May 19, 2013). "The tragic tale of the telephone's real inventor, Antonio Meucci". South China Morning Post. Olingan 22 iyun, 2018.
  38. ^ a b v d Roess & Sansome 2013, p. 228.
  39. ^ Legislature, New York (State) (1945). Qonun hujjatlari. JB Lion kompaniyasi. p. 553.
  40. ^ Roess & Sansome 2013, 228-229 betlar.
  41. ^ a b v Staten Island Advance (2011 yil 27 mart). "For Erastus Wiman, St. George was a golden opportunity". Staten Island Advance. Olingan 8 oktyabr, 2015.
  42. ^ a b Roess & Sansome 2013, p. 229.
  43. ^ New York (State) Legislature Senate (1913). Nyu-York shtati senatining hujjatlari. E. Krosvell. p. 1257.
  44. ^ New York (State) Board of Railroad Commissioners (1893). Annual Report of the Railroad Commissioners of the State of New-York, and of the Tabulations and Deductions from the Reports of the Railroad Corporations, Made to the Board, for the Year Ending ... C. Van Benthuysen.
  45. ^ "THE NEW STATEN ISLAND FERRY" (PDF). The New York Times. October 5, 1882. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  46. ^ a b v d e Staten Island Museum 2014, p. 22.
  47. ^ a b v "Rapid Transit on Staten Island" (PDF). The New York Times. 1886 yil 17-yanvar. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 24 iyul, 2015.
  48. ^ Roess & Sansome 2013, p. 230.
  49. ^ Weiser, Eugene (2013). The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 24-25 betlar. ISBN  9781300633051.
  50. ^ a b v d Harwood, Herbert H. (2002). Royal Blue Line: Vashington va Nyu-York o'rtasida klassik B&O poezdi. JHU Press. ISBN  9780801870613. Olingan 17-noyabr, 2015.
  51. ^ a b Cudahy 1990, 124–127 betlar.
  52. ^ a b Cudahy 1990, p. 404.
  53. ^ Roess & Sansome 2013, p. 233.
  54. ^ "Garrett Resigns". Washington Post. October 13, 1887 – via ProQuest.
  55. ^ Roess & Sansome 2013, p. 234.
  56. ^ "Large Sale of Lots at Rosebank". Nyu-York tribunasi. 1895 yil 17-iyul. P. 8. ISSN  1941-0646. Olingan 27 sentyabr, 2017 - orqali Kongress kutubxonasi.
  57. ^ "New Ferry Boats on Staten Island". Nyu-York tribunasi. 25 oktyabr 1895. p. 9. Olingan 27 sentyabr, 2017 - orqali Gazetalar.com.
  58. ^ Stover, Jon F. (1995). Baltimor va Ogayo temir yo'lining tarixi. Purdue universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  9781557530660. Olingan 1-noyabr, 2015.
  59. ^ Cudahy 1990, p. 147.
  60. ^ Cudahy 1990, p. 151.
  61. ^ a b "FERRYBOAT NORTHFIELD SUNK BY COLLISION; MANY RESCUED; SOME MAY BE LOST" (PDF). New York Tribune. 1901 yil 14-iyun. Olingan 18 sentyabr, 2017 - orqali Fultonhistory.com.
  62. ^ "CROWDED FERRYBOAT SUNK IN COLLISION; Staten Island Boat Northfield Hit by the March Chunk. TERRIBLE PANIC ON BOARD Fleet of Tugs Follows and Aids the Doomed Vessel. NO LOSS OF LIFE REPORTED It Is Thought, However, that Several Persons Must Have Been Drowned -- Some Passengers Injured, but None Dangerously -- Charges of Cowardice Against Men" (PDF). The New York Times. June 15, 1901. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 18 sentyabr, 2017.
  63. ^ a b Cudahy 1990, p. 153.
  64. ^ Roess & Sansome 2013, p. 235.
  65. ^ "NORTHFIELD SINKING.; Buxoriy kemalari inspektorlari kengashi oldida tergov boshlandi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1901 yil 29-iyun. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 18 sentyabr, 2017.
  66. ^ "NORTHFIELD HOLATI.; Feribotning yoshi uning botishining sababi emas, deydi general Jeyms A. Dyumont" (PDF). The New York Times. 1901 yil 25 oktyabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  67. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 156.
  68. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 157.
  69. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 158.
  70. ^ "RICHMOND'NING RAPID TRANSIT TIZIMI URUSIDA JARH; Feribot franshizasi uchun kurashish uchun standart neft manfaatlari. DIREKTORDA RAJJOR-RAYAN SINDIKATI Staten-Aylend uchun juda ko'p qulayliklar yaratishni taklif qilmoqda va Baltimor va Ogayo shtatlaridagi qiziqishlarni ayblamoqda" (PDF). The New York Times. 1902 yil 2-iyul. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 17-noyabr, 2017.
  71. ^ a b Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 159.
  72. ^ a b v d e Staten Island muzeyi 2014 yil, p. 55.
  73. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 160.
  74. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, 160-161 betlar.
  75. ^ "STATEN ISLAND norozilik bildirmoqda; Komissar Xokskning parom rejalariga qarshi aholi. Tez tranzit kompaniyasiga boshqa ijaraga berishga e'tiroz bildirmoqda - shahar hokimi ularning tekisliklarini eshitmoqda" (PDF). The New York Times. 1903 yil 26-fevral. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 17-noyabr, 2017.
  76. ^ a b v Nyu-York shtatining qonunlari Qonunchilik palatasi sessiyalarida qabul qilindi ... 126-sessiya: 2-oyat. Nyu-York qonunlari. Albany, NY: Nyu-York shtati. 1903. 1412–1418 betlar.
  77. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 161.
  78. ^ "STATEN ISLAND FERRY TO BEDING TO SHED BEDTING SHITT tomonidan egalik qiladi; Sinking Fund komissiyasi meri Lowning taklifini qabul qildi. Yangi qayiqlar uchun 2 000 000 AQSh dollari sarflanadi - Alderman Makkolning munitsipal mulk uchun plyasi berilishi mumkin" (PDF). The New York Times. 1903 yil 3-iyul. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  79. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 165.
  80. ^ a b v Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 172.
  81. ^ Staten Island muzeyi 2014 yil, p. 45.
  82. ^ "YO'Q QILIShNING ISHLATILGAN ISLAND FERRY TERMINALS kelgusi; Sinking Fund komissiyasi nazoratchiga vakolat beradi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1904 yil 21-iyul. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  83. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 166.
  84. ^ a b Xilton, Jorj Vudman (1964). Staten orolidagi parom. Xauell-Shimoliy kitoblar.
  85. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 167.
  86. ^ "Staten orolining feriboti keladi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1905 yil 22 sentyabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 17-noyabr, 2017.
  87. ^ a b Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 169.
  88. ^ "HOZIRDAN OTALADI Orolga Yigirma daqiqalik FERRI; shahar hokimi:" Oldinga boring, Bunt "va birinchi qayiq o'chib qoldi. RICHMOND'DAGI KUNDALGAN KUN Makkellan, Kromvel va boshqalar gapirishmoqda - yomon ob-havo tufayli kecha nokaut qilingan jadval" (PDF). The New York Times. 1905 yil 26-oktabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 17-noyabr, 2017.
  89. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, 403-404 betlar.
  90. ^ "Shahar yana bir paromni olib ketdi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1906 yil 2-noyabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 17-noyabr, 2017.
  91. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, 170, 172-betlar.
  92. ^ "39-ST. FERMY ZAVODINI QABUL QILISHNING UZG'ORI; Spikerlar hozirgi kompaniya yetarlicha xizmat ko'rsatolmayotganini aytmoqdalar. UNION CO uchun narx belgilandi. Cho'kish jamg'armasi komissarlari hech qanday chora ko'rmaydilar, ammo janob Fornes yangi kelishuvni amalga oshirish kerakligini aytmoqda" (PDF). The New York Times. 1905 yil 13-aprel. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 17-noyabr, 2017.
  93. ^ "Yangi tezkor M.O. Feribot" (PDF). The New York Times. 1907 yil 4-iyul. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 18-noyabr, 2017.
  94. ^ "Bruklinga tez parom" (PDF). The New York Times. 1907 yil 16-avgust. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 18-noyabr, 2017.
  95. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 224.
  96. ^ a b "HOZIR STAPLETONGA FERRI.; Shahar hokimi ag'dargan munitsipal qayiqlar - Staten-Aylend bayram qilmoqda" (PDF). The New York Times. 1909 yil 28-may. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  97. ^ "STAPLETON FERRY PROTEST; Staten Islanders 31 dekabrda o'z xizmatini yo'qotishga qarshi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1913 yil 26-dekabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  98. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, 220-221 betlar.
  99. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 222.
  100. ^ a b v Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 232.
  101. ^ a b "Merkuriy 90 yoshgacha sudraladi" (PDF). Nyu-York Quyoshi. 1914 yil 10-avgust. P. 10. Olingan 18 sentyabr, 2017 - orqali Fultonhistory.com.
  102. ^ "Bruklinning rashkchi". Bruklin Daily Eagle. 1914 yil 7-aprel. P. 2018-04-02 121 2. Olingan 18 sentyabr, 2017 - orqali Gazetalar.com.
  103. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, 223, 232-betlar.
  104. ^ "BU YERDA YANGI SHAHAR FERRYBOTI.; Hokim Ruzveltning qiz safari uchun bugun qatnashadi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1921 yil 27-dekabr. Olingan 18-noyabr, 2017.
  105. ^ a b v Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 234.
  106. ^ "Walker tor tunnelda turishdan bosh tortdi" (PDF). Bruklin Daily Eagle. 1926 yil 30 sentyabr. P. 24. Olingan 18 sentyabr, 2017 - orqali Fultonhistory.com.
  107. ^ a b Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 238.
  108. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 241.
  109. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, 260–261-betlar.
  110. ^ "Whalen Siti Bay Ridge Feromini egallab olishni taklif qilmoqda" (PDF). Bruklin standart ittifoqi. 1924 yil 9 mart. Olingan 18 sentyabr, 2017 - orqali Fultonhistory.com.
  111. ^ a b Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 257.
  112. ^ "Xush kelibsiz parom yo'nalishi". Bruklin Daily Eagle. 1924 yil 12-iyun. P. 6. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017 - orqali Gazetalar.com.
  113. ^ "Kelajakdagi Staten oroli". Bruklin Daily Eagle. 1924 yil 28 sentyabr. P. 65. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017 - orqali Gazetalar.com.
  114. ^ "Hokimiyat binosiga tegishli kechikishlar; taxminiy hisobotda ham tanqid qilingan. Avtobus ishi Do'kon va hovli inshootlari mavjud bo'lgan mavjud chiziqlarni noqonuniy ravishda to'ldirilishi talab qilinadi. Shoshilinch bo'lmagan soatlarda ko'proq poezdlarni tavsiya etamiz - katta miqdordagi qarz olish imkoniyatiga bo'lgan talab Shahar ma'qullandi " (PDF). The New York Times. 1925 yil 9-fevral. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 18-noyabr, 2017.
  115. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, 273, 275-betlar.
  116. ^ a b Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 264.
  117. ^ Adams 1983 yil, p. 308.
  118. ^ a b v d e Roess & Sansome 2013 yil, p. 239.
  119. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 265.
  120. ^ "FERRY O'ZGARTIRIShI STATEN Orolni so'radi; Kompaniya shaharni Bruklindagi qatorlaridan birini to'xtatishni istaydi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1940 yil 31-yanvar. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2017.
  121. ^ a b Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 280.
  122. ^ a b "STATEN ISLAND FRE IS FERRY TERMINAL, WILLS 3-ni o'ldirdi; 2.000.000 AQSh dollar miqdorida zarar etkazdi; 22 Shifoxonalarga boring Olov mashina ostida boshlanadi, tez sur'at bilan yoyiladi, bo'yoqlar portlatish shovqin-suronlari Tunda tunda xizmatning tiklanishi Sliga qolgan yangi zarar bilan tahdid qilmoqda ... Yong'in sirpanchiq ostida siljiydi Tungi soat minglab tomosha yong'in temir yo'l terminalida boshlanadi " (PDF). The New York Times. 1946 yil 26-iyun. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2017.
  123. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 281.
  124. ^ "Bush Terminal savdogarlari 39-Sent-Kings-Richmond feribotini tiklash uchun kurashmoqda" (PDF). The New York Times. 1947 yil 21-iyun. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2017.
  125. ^ a b "Bugun yangi feribot ombori" ochiladi ": shahar hokimi Staten orolidagi yil davomida qisman ishlatilgan terminalni bag'ishlaydi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1951 yil 8-iyun. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 6 sentyabr, 2016.
  126. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 277.
  127. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 279.
  128. ^ a b "Bruklindagi qatnovni tugatish uchun" Staten Island orolidagi parom. The New York Times. 1964 yil 20-noyabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  129. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 309.
  130. ^ a b v Eftimiades, Mariya (1989 yil 24-dekabr). "Feribotlar yana Hudson bo'ylab tanish ko'rinishga aylandi". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 23 sentyabr, 2016.
  131. ^ a b v Xorn, Jorj (1958). "FARE 5C da orolni STATENga aylantiradi; Ferry Ride - bu eng yaxshi sayohat - bu ko'p yillik defitsitni namoyish etadi". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2017.
  132. ^ "Feribot 69-chi ko'chada davom etadi; Shahar mukofotlari shartnomasi". Bruklin Daily Eagle. 1954 yil 14-may. P. 1. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017 - orqali Gazetalar.com.
  133. ^ Dougherty, Philip H. (1964 yil 26-noyabr). "BROOKLYN FERRY OLLIVNI KIRITADI". The New York Times. Olingan 16 mart, 2018.
  134. ^ a b Martin, Duglas (1993 yil 10 sentyabr). "Feribotlar uchun 3 ta kompaniya tanlanmoqda". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 22 sentyabr, 2017.
  135. ^ Roberts, Sem (2014 yil 29-dekabr). "Qanday qilib feribot minishi Bruklindagi shahar atrofi bo'lishiga yordam berdi". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  136. ^ a b v Kihss, Piter (1975 yil 15-iyul). "Beam 5 sentlik parom narxining tugashini so'raydi". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  137. ^ Gotlib, Martin (1984 yil 10-fevral). "FERRI HALI HUDSON O'RTASIDA YURAKLARNI AWTIRADI". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 23 sentyabr, 2017.
  138. ^ a b v Staten Island muzeyi 2014 yil, p. 77.
  139. ^ a b Pristin, Terri (1998 yil 7-iyul). "Staten oroli va G'arbiy 38-chi st o'rtasida parom bilan tezyurar xizmat tugaydi". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 23 sentyabr, 2017.
  140. ^ a b v d Sontag, Debora (1997 yil 5-iyul). "Staten orolida paromda" bepul sayohat "haqiqatdir". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  141. ^ Li, Felicia R. (1997 yil 27-dekabr). "Shahar parom yo'nalishini saqlab qolish uchun ishlaydi". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 23 sentyabr, 2017.
  142. ^ Rutenberg, Jeyms (1997 yil 27-dekabr). "FAST FERRY DAVOLLI DENGIZLARNI XITLARDA". Nyu-York Daily News. Olingan 23 sentyabr, 2017.
  143. ^ Nyuman, Endi (1997 yil 30-dekabr). "Staten orolining yo'lini egallab olish uchun yana bir parom xizmati". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 23 sentyabr, 2017.
  144. ^ a b v d e f g h men Linton, Kerolin (2015 yil 6-fevral). "Staten-Aylend paromining sirlari". Nyu-Yorkman. Olingan 22 sentyabr, 2017.
  145. ^ Eyepop Productions (2010). BOATLIFT, 11 sentyabr voqealari haqida aytilmagan ertak (video). YouTube.
  146. ^ Lipton, Erik; Peres-Pena, Richard (2001 yil 13 sentyabr). "HUJUMLARNI KEYIN: HUKUMAT; Hali ham yo'qotishlar haqida o'ylamay, Nyu-York vaqtinchalik echimlarni qidirmoqda". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  147. ^ Lipton, Erik (2001 yil 18 sentyabr). "MILLAT CHAQIRDI: SAHNA; Shahar o'zgarganidan beri birinchi dushanba kuni ofisga qaytish". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  148. ^ Bahrampur, Tara (2002 yil 17 mart). "Qo'shnichilik haqida hisobot: BAY RIDGE; 11 sentyabr voqealaridan bir baxtli natijasi: Bepul parom suvda qoladi". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  149. ^ a b v "Staten Island feribot terminali quyi darajadagi samolyotdan bugun boshlanadi". Olingan 18 sentyabr, 2017.
  150. ^ a b v Sanders, Anna (2017 yil 18-sentyabr). "Staten Island feribot yo'lovchilari pastki darajadagi samolyotga chiqish uchun xursand bo'lishdi". Staten Island Advance. Olingan 18 sentyabr, 2017.
  151. ^ Rivoli, Dan (18 sentyabr, 2017 yil). "Staten Island orolidagi parom haddan tashqari zichlikni engillashtirish uchun yangi kirish joyiga ega bo'ldi". Nyu-York Daily News. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  152. ^ O'Greydi, Jim (2002 yil 1 sentyabr). "Qo'shnilar haqida hisobot: STATEN Orolni YAQIN; Feribotning soatlab soatlari uchun qisqartirish va xususiylashtirish rejasi". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  153. ^ Xu, Vinni (2004 yil 8-dekabr). "O'sishni keltirib, S.I. Feribot xizmatini kengaytirish uchun kengash ovozi". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  154. ^ a b "Staten-Aylend parom xizmatini baholash va obodonlashtirish bo'yicha tavsiyalar" (PDF). nyc.gov. Nyu-York shahar kengashi. 2004 yil noyabr. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  155. ^ Chan, Syuell (2007 yil 7 mart). "So'nggi 5 yil ichida S.I. paromlarini ishlatish narxi oshdi". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  156. ^ Sanders, Anna (2015 yil 6-may). "Staten-Aylend paromi bu kuzdan boshlab kamida 30 daqiqada harakatlanishi kutilmoqda". Staten Island Advance. Olingan 7 may, 2016.
  157. ^ Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (2015 yil 1-aprel). "Staten-Aylend paromi yana erta sayohatlarni qo'shish uchun". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  158. ^ "Staten Island Feriboti pastroq yo'lovchilar o'rtasida soatlik xizmatga o'tadi". jim. 2020 yil 29 mart. Olingan 19 aprel, 2020.
  159. ^ "Byudjetni qisqartirish: NYC bir kecha-kunduz S.I. Feribot xizmatini qisqartiradi". jim. 2020 yil 8 aprel. Olingan 19 aprel, 2020.
  160. ^ Jorgensen, Jillian (2013 yil 14 oktyabr). "Video: Oddo Staten Islandga tezkor parom xizmatini taqdim etmoqchi". Staten Island Advance. Olingan 29 sentyabr, 2017.
  161. ^ Barone, Vinsent (2015 yil 8-iyul). "Oddo Staten oroli bo'ylab paromlar tez qatnovi uchun potentsialni namoyish etadi". Staten Island Advance. Olingan 29 sentyabr, 2017.
  162. ^ Sanders, Anna (2016 yil 24 mart). "Siti Janubiy Sohil tez paromidagi yo'nalishni o'zgartirdi". Staten Island Advance. Olingan 29 sentyabr, 2017.
  163. ^ Ritssi, Nikolay (2017 yil 11-iyul). "Katta apelsin qayiqlari etarli bo'lmaganda: Staten Islanders ko'proq paromlar istaydilar". DNAinfo Nyu-York. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2017 yil 29 sentyabrda. Olingan 29 sentyabr, 2017.
  164. ^ a b Ritssi, Nikolay (18.04.2017). "Staten-Aylenddan Midtownga 25 daqiqalik parom keyingi yilda boshlanishi mumkin, deydi BP". DNAinfo Nyu-York. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2017 yil 26 sentyabrda. Olingan 25 sentyabr, 2017.
  165. ^ Sanders, Anna (2017 yil 13-aprel). "Sent-Jorjdan Midtownga yangi tezkor parom; Oddo kelishuvni ochib berdi". Staten Island Advance. Olingan 25 sentyabr, 2017.
  166. ^ "NYC Queens, East River yo'nalishlari bilan parom qatnovini boshladi". Nyu-York Daily News. Associated Press. 2017 yil 1-may. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2017 yil 1-may kuni. Olingan 1 may, 2017.
  167. ^ Levin, Aleksandra S.; Vulf, Jonatan (2017 yil 1-may). "Nyu-York bugun: shahrimizning yangi paromi". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 1 may, 2017.
  168. ^ Ritssi, Nikolay (2017 yil 27 sentyabr). "Janubiy qirg'oqdan Quyi Manxettenga 45 daqiqalik parom xizmat ko'rsatishi mumkin". DNAinfo Nyu-York. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2017 yil 29 sentyabrda. Olingan 29 sentyabr, 2017.
  169. ^ "Marshrutlar va jadvallar: Avliyo Jorj". NYC feribot.
  170. ^ "NYC Ferry 2 ta yangi yo'nalishni qo'shmoqda". Nyu-Yorkman. 2019 yil 10-yanvar. Olingan 11 yanvar, 2019.
  171. ^ Plitt, Emi (2019 yil 10-yanvar). "NYC Ferry Staten Island, Coney Island-ga xizmatni boshlaydi". Chegaralangan NY. Olingan 11 yanvar, 2019.
  172. ^ "2020-2021 yillarda kengayish". Nyu-York shahridagi parom xizmati. Olingan 11 yanvar, 2019.
  173. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m n "Staten orolining paromi". nyc.gov. Nyu-York shahar transport departamenti. 2017 yil 18-sentyabr.
  174. ^ a b "Staten orolida paromlar harakati jadvali". nyc.gov. Nyu-York shahar transport departamenti. 2015 yil 1 oktyabr. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  175. ^ "Nyu-York shahridagi parom xizmati 2017 yilda ishga tushiriladi". NBC Nyu-York. Olingan 9 may, 2016.
  176. ^ Flegengeymer, Mett (2013 yil 28-iyun). "Sevgiga va uning va'dasiga qarab orollar o'rtasida bordi". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 28 iyun, 2013.
  177. ^ Shariatmadari, Devid (2014 yil 27-noyabr). "Nima uchun ishlaydigan qiz haqiqiy kelishuvni taklif qiladi". Guardian. Olingan 8 mart, 2018.
  178. ^ Ernandes, Ernio (2003 yil 7 fevral). "Noyvirt, Xemlisch va Nyu-Yorkda" 10 kun ichida yigitni qanday yo'qotish kerak "filmi namoyish etiladi, film 7 fevralda ochiladi". Playbill. Olingan 8 mart, 2018.
  179. ^ Axelrod, Skott R. (2017 yil 2-iyul). "Staten Island feribot jangi old va markazda" O'rgimchak odam "ochilishi yaqinlashmoqda". Staten Island Advance. Olingan 8 mart, 2018.
  180. ^ Alleman, R. (2013). Nyu-York: Filmni sevuvchilar uchun qo'llanma: Nyu-York filmlarining yakuniy insayderlik safari. Toj / Arketip. 316-318 betlar. ISBN  978-0-8041-3778-2. Olingan 8 mart, 2018.
  181. ^ Levi, Klifford J. (1992 yil 16 sentyabr). "S.I. paromiga transport vositalarini taqiqlash rejalashtirilmoqda". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 22 sentyabr, 2017.
  182. ^ a b Dunlap, Devid V. (1992 yil 7-noyabr). "Feribot bandargohidagi kelajak yuzi 120 fut balandlikda". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 22 sentyabr, 2017.
  183. ^ Yates, Maura (2009 yil 19-may). "Staten-Aylenddagi feribotlarda yengil avtomobillar xavfsizlikka xavf tug'diradimi?". Staten Island Advance. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  184. ^ Sanders, Anna (2017 yil 18-sentyabr). "Staten-Aylenddagi feribotda yana mashinalar bormi? Ehtimol emas". Staten Island Advance. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  185. ^ "NYC DOT - Tranzitda velosipedlar". Olingan 7 may, 2016.
  186. ^ "BATAREYA TERMINAL YANGILARI; Yuzlab yo'lovchilar va ishchilar zo'rg'a tez flamalarni tozalash shoxobchasi sifatida qochmoqdalar. XIZMATCHILAR KO'CHAGA TUSHADI AYoLLAR TOMONIDA QABUL QILIShIDAN OVLANI BOSHLAB CHIQARIB UYLAB TOMONDA ETAMOQDA. Yog'ochdan yasalgan mashina ostidan boshlangan yong'inchilar va zo'ravonlik -Ferri uyi buzilgan " (PDF). The New York Times. 1919 yil 3-iyul. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  187. ^ "FERRY HOUSE, 50, YANGI YUZGA OLISH UChUN; Ichki yoshartirish ham batareyaning uchida 3 000 000 AQSh dollarini tashkil etadi". The New York Times. 1953. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  188. ^ "FERRY STATION OCHILADI; 2,800,000 dollarlik Whitehall terminali bugun ishlayapti". The New York Times. 1956 yil 24-iyul. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  189. ^ Makfadden, Robert D. (9 sentyabr, 1991 yil). "BUYUK Yong'in davlatni orolga olib boradigan qichqiriq terminini yo'q qiladi". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  190. ^ Ramires, Entoni (2005 yil 9-fevral). "Metro brifingi | Nyu-York: Manxetten: Qayta tiklangan parom terminali ochildi". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  191. ^ Staten Island muzeyi 2014 yil, p. 54.
  192. ^ Tepalik, Jon (2011). Nyu-York shahrining zamonaviy arxitekturasi bo'yicha qo'llanma. Nyu-York va London: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 20. ISBN  978-0-393-73326-6.
  193. ^ "MTA mahalla xaritalari: mahalla". mta.info. Metropolitan transport boshqarmasi. 2018. Olingan 1 oktyabr, 2018.
  194. ^ a b SchwartzArch.com, Feribot terminalining tavsifi, 2011 yil 21 fevralda olingan.
  195. ^ Devidson, Jastin, Newsday, 2005 yil 14 aprel,"Nihoyat, Manxettenga xush kelibsiz!", 2011 yil 21 fevralda olingan.
  196. ^ a b Roess & Sansome 2013 yil, 226-228 betlar.
  197. ^ "Staten Islanders tashvishlanmoqda: feribotlarni bu shaharga kim boshqarishini bilishdan xavotirda" (PDF). The New York Times. 1893 yil 25-may. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 24 iyul, 2015.
  198. ^ Minn, Maykl (2009 yil 18-dekabr). "Staten orolidagi Shimoliy qirg'oq temir yo'l liniyasining tarixi va kelajagi" (PDF). michaelminn.net. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2015 yil 1-iyun kuni. Olingan 1 avgust, 2015.
  199. ^ "Staten Island feribot terminali" kanonizatsiya "deb nomlangan Jorj Qonuni". The New York Times. 1929 yil 26-may. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8 oktyabr, 2015.
  200. ^ Waite, Thomas L. (1987 yil 19-iyul). "Agar siz yashashni o'ylasangiz; Sankt-Jorj". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 8 oktyabr, 2015.
  201. ^ Chen, Devid V. (1997 yil 20 mart). "Staten Island feribot terminali uchun zamonaviy dizayn taqdim etildi". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 14-noyabr, 2017.
  202. ^ Dunlap, Devid V. (2002 yil 7 aprel). "Parom terminallari flotiliyasini ishga tushirish". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 23 sentyabr, 2017.
  203. ^ "Sent-Jorj, Steyt-Aylend: Boruaning tranziti, fuqarolik va madaniy uyi" (PDF). nyc.gov. Nyu-York shahar iqtisodiy rivojlanish korporatsiyasi. 2011 yil avgust. 2018-04-02 121 2.
  204. ^ Ofisi Diane J. Savino (2013). "Shtat senatori Diane J. Savinoning 2013 yilgi Staten-Aylend temir yo'l chavandozlarining hisoboti" (PDF). nysenate.gov. Nyu-York shtati senati. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2014 yil 7 fevralda. Olingan 31 iyul, 2015.
  205. ^ a b v Kennedi, Rendi; MakIntir, Mayk; Rashbaum, Uilyam K.; O'Donnell, Mishel (2003 yil 25 oktyabr). "Parom halokati xavfsizlik qoidalarini bajarish bo'yicha savollarni qoldirdi". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  206. ^ a b v d e Polsen, Ken (2013 yil 4 mart). "Staten Island Feriboti soliq to'lovchilarga har bir yo'lovchiga, har safar uchun 4,86 ​​dollarga tushadi". Staten Island Advance. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  207. ^ a b v d e f g h "Hokimiyat ma'muriyatining 2015 moliyaviy yilgi hisoboti" (PDF). nyc.gov. Nyu-York shahri. 2015 yil sentyabr. 249. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  208. ^ a b Ritssi, Nikolay (2017 yil 19 sentyabr). "Staten Island feriboti o'tgan yilgi rekord chavandozlar sonini ko'rdi". DNAinfo Nyu-York. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2017 yil 19 sentyabrda. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  209. ^ "STATEN ISLAND FERRY FARES" (PDF). The New York Times. 1882 yil 19-mart. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  210. ^ "STATEN ISLAND FERRY FARES.; Supt. Gannonning istaganlarga javobi, keyin besh sentga tushirildi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1894 yil 21-avgust. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  211. ^ "DAVLAT ODALARIGA ISHNOQ YO'Q.; Ularning iltimosnomasini besh sentlik parom bilan to'lash rad etildi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1894 yil 19 sentyabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2017.
  212. ^ a b Associated Press (1968 yil 7 oktyabr). "Staten-Aylendda feribot narxlarini oshirish taklif qilindi" (PDF). Salamanca respublika matbuoti. Salamanka, Nyu-York. p. 1. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017 - orqali Fultonhistory.com.
  213. ^ United Press International (1968 yil 7 oktyabr). "NY nikel feriboti sigaraning taqdiriga duch keldi" (PDF). Post-standart. Sirakuza, Nyu-York. p. 3. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017 - orqali Fultonhistory.com.
  214. ^ "Lindsay 25-dan S.I.ga parom narxini so'raydi". The New York Times. 1970 yil 10-may. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  215. ^ Prial, Frank S. (1970 yil 14-iyun). "Byudjet shartnomasi feribot narxining 5c ​​miqdorini saqlab qoldi". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  216. ^ Meytlend, Lesli (1975 yil 4-avgust). "5 sentlik Staten-Island orolidagi yo'l haqi tarixga suzib boradi". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  217. ^ De Witt, Karen (1990 yil 2-avgust). "S.I. Parom: Hali ham ikki baravar narxda savdolashish". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 28 sentyabr, 2017.
  218. ^ a b Shapiro, iyun (2016 yil 27-iyun). "Brexitdan so'ng, Staten Island o'z ajralib chiqish harakatini eslaydi". Staten Island Advance. Olingan 3-noyabr, 2016.
  219. ^ a b v Liff, Bob (1997 yil 28-aprel). "FARRY? FERRY RIDE BEPUL BO'LADI; S.I RUDY SOVG'ASINI OLADI". NY Daily News. Olingan 28 sentyabr, 2017.
  220. ^ Xaberman, Klayd (1997 yil 8-iyul). "Sovg'a narxini og'ziga qarash". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  221. ^ Barone, Vinsent (2014 yil 24 sentyabr). "Faqatgina sayyohlar uchun faqatgina Staten Island-da paromlar narxini 4 dollarga belgilash har yili millionlab daromad keltirishi mumkin edi". Staten Island Advance. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  222. ^ a b v "Staten Island feribotining turistik yo'l haqi daromadlari va xarajatlari smetasi" (PDF). Nyu-York shahrining mustaqil byudjet idorasi. 2014 yil sentyabr. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  223. ^ a b v d e "STATEN ISLAND: UNDA VA HOZIR" (PDF). Shahar kelajagi markazi. 2011 yil may. 37. Olingan 27 sentyabr, 2017.
  224. ^ a b v d e f "Hokimiyat ma'muriyatining 2013 moliyaviy yilgi hisoboti" (PDF). nyc.gov. Nyu-York shahri. Sentyabr 2013. p. 151. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  225. ^ a b v d e f "Hokimiyat ma'muriyatining 2014 moliyaviy yilgi hisoboti" (PDF). nyc.gov. Nyu-York shahri. 2014 yil sentyabr. 232. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  226. ^ a b "Hokimiyat ma'muriyatining 2016 yil moliyaviy hisoboti" (PDF). nyc.gov. Nyu-York shahri. 2016 yil sentyabr. 252. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  227. ^ a b "Hokimiyat ma'muriyatining 2018 yilgi moliyaviy hisoboti" (PDF). nyc.gov. Nyu-York shahri. 2018 yil sentyabr. 270. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  228. ^ a b "Hokimiyat ma'muriyatining 2019 yil moliyaviy hisoboti" (PDF). nyc.gov. Nyu-York shahri. Sentyabr 2019. p. 270. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  229. ^ "Verrazano ko'prigi S.I. feribot daromadini kesib tashlaydi". The New York Times. 1966 yil 28 aprel. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 16 mart, 2018.
  230. ^ "Yo'lovchi feribotlari 2015-16 Grant dasturi loyihalari". Qo'shma Shtatlar transport vazirligi. 2016 yil 14 aprel. Olingan 7 oktyabr, 2017.
  231. ^ "Vashington shtati feribotlari - Trafik statistikasi chavandozlari segmenti hisoboti - 2016 yil 1-yanvar, 2016 yil 31-dekabrgacha" (PDF ). Vashington davlat transport departamenti. 2017 yil 23-yanvar. Olingan 1 fevral, 2017.
  232. ^ a b v d e f g Adams 1983 yil, p. 173.
  233. ^ a b Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 408.
  234. ^ a b v d e f "Staten-Aylend feribotining hozirgi paromlari". Staten orolining paromi tarixi. 2014. Olingan 28 sentyabr, 2017.
  235. ^ Tim Kolton, "AQSh kemasozlik tarixi: Levingston kemasozlik, Orange TX", http://shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/large/levingston.htm
  236. ^ a b v d Vandam, Jeff (2006 yil 16 aprel). "Muayyan asr paromlari". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 28 sentyabr, 2017.
  237. ^ a b Maskali, Mishel (2007 yil 1-iyul). "Lehman feriboti uchun hamma qirg'oq". Staten Island Advance. Olingan 13 fevral, 2010.
  238. ^ "SI Ferry kapitani ogohlantiradi: kemalar vaqt bombalarini nishonga olmoqda". Nyu-York Post. 2014 yil 6 aprel. Olingan 4-aprel, 2017.
  239. ^ "Kennedi sinfidagi mashhur qayiqlardan o'rnak oladigan feribotlarning keyingi avlodi". Staten Island Advance. SILive.com. 2015 yil 25-iyul. Olingan 5-aprel, 2017.
  240. ^ a b v d e f g h "Staten Island Feriboti: Turli qayiqlarga nazar tashla". Staten Island Advance. 2016 yil 26 aprel. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2017.
  241. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 408–409.
  242. ^ Barri, Keyt (2013 yil 4-yanvar). "Staten-Aylend paromi tabiiy gaz bilan yashil rangga aylandi". Simli.
  243. ^ a b Koeske, Zak (2014 yil 9-iyun). "Molinari sinfidagi parom kemalari 2008 yildan beri 58 marta buzilgan, deyiladi xabarda".. Staten Island Advance. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  244. ^ "Shahar meri Maykl R. Bloomberg kutib oladi Yigit V. Molinari Staten Island parom flotiga ". nyc.gov. Shahar hokimi Maykl Bloomberg. 2004 yil 27 sentyabr. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  245. ^ Tim Kolton, "AQSh kemasozlik tarixi: Marinette Marine Corp., Marinette WI" http://shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/large/marinette.htm
  246. ^ Kolton
  247. ^ Gartlend, Maykl (2014 yil 8-iyun). "Staten-Aylendning uchta eng yangi paromida avariyalar yuz berdi".. Nyu-York Post. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  248. ^ "Staten Island feribot shartnomasi uchun Sharqiy past narxlar". Dengiz jurnali. 2016 yil 3-noyabr. Olingan 11 yanvar, 2017.
  249. ^ Barone, Vin (2014 yil 6-avgust). "Nyu-York Siti Staten Island paromlarining yangi parki dizaynerini tanladi". Staten Island Advance. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  250. ^ a b "Sharqiy kema qurish Staten Island feribotlari bilan kelishuvni tasdiqlaydi". Dengiz jurnali. 2017 yil 4-aprel. Olingan 6 aprel, 2017.
  251. ^ a b "Staten Island feribot shartnomasi uchun Sharqiy past narxlar". Dengiz jurnali. 2016 yil 3-noyabr. Olingan 6 aprel, 2017.
  252. ^ Knudson, Annalize (2018 yil 17-oktabr). "Maykl to'fonida shikastlangan yangi Staten Island paromlarini qurayotgan Fla kompaniyasi". Staten Island Advance. Olingan 18 oktyabr, 2018.
  253. ^ a b v Cudahy 1990 yil, 404-405 betlar.
  254. ^ a b "Staten orolidagi feribot o'tgan feribotlar 1". Staten orolining paromi tarixi. 2014. Olingan 28 sentyabr, 2017.
  255. ^ a b v d e Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 405.
  256. ^ "Eski shahar feriboti endi qirg'oq qo'riqchilari a'zolarini tayyorlash uchun maktab kemasidir" (PDF). The New York Times. 1943 yil 6-mart. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 28 sentyabr, 2017.
  257. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, 232, 234-betlar.
  258. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, 237–238 betlar.
  259. ^ "JEORGE W. LOFT '2 FERRYBOATS; Whalen tasodif esidan oldin yangi feribot kemasining uchinchisini nomladi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1923 yil 11-may. Olingan 18-noyabr, 2017.
  260. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, 236–237 betlar.
  261. ^ a b v "Staten orolidagi feribot o'tgan feribotlar 2". Staten orolining paromi tarixi. 2014. Olingan 28 sentyabr, 2017.
  262. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, 405-406 betlar.
  263. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, p. 407.
  264. ^ a b "Feribot yaxshi qayiq endi sotilmoqda" (PDF). Ridgevud Tayms. Ridjud, Nyu-York. 1974 yil 24-yanvar. P. 6. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017 - orqali Fultonhistory.com.
  265. ^ "Staten Island paromi tungi sayohatlarni qisqartirish uchun" (PDF). Post Star. Glens sharsharasi, Nyu-York. 1970. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017 - orqali Fultonhistory.com.
  266. ^ United Press International (1976 yil 22-iyul). "Xayr Meri Myurrey - u yaxshi qiz edi""" (PDF). Tonawanda yangiliklari. Shimoliy Tonavanda, Nyu-York. p. 10. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017 - orqali Fultonhistory.com.
  267. ^ "Feribot qayig'i Meri Myurrey daryo bo'yidagi uyini tark etadi". Staten Island Advance. 2008 yil 20 mart. Olingan 29 sentyabr, 2017.
  268. ^ Yates, Maura (2009 yil 20 mart). "Plyajdagi Staten Island feribotining egasi Meri Myurrey vafot etdi". Staten Island Advance. Olingan 13 fevral, 2010.
  269. ^ "Ishlatilgan feribot sotib olmoqchimisiz?" (PDF). Daily News. Tarritaun, Nyu-York. 1975 yil 29 iyul. P. A2. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017 - orqali Fultonhistory.com.
  270. ^ Cudahy 1990 yil, 407-408 betlar.
  271. ^ "BETHLEHEM SHAHRI FERRY mukofotini yutdi; smeta kengashi Staten Island xizmati uchun 3 ta yangi kemalar uchun shartnomani tasdiqladi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1949 yil 19-avgust. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 28 sentyabr, 2017.
  272. ^ a b "Yotoqni suzib yurgan rikers yo'q qilindi (Uolter Kin)". Tuzatish tarixi. v. 2005 yil. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  273. ^ Verxovek, Sem Xou (1987 yil 25 mart). "S.I. bosh ijrochi 4000 kishilik yangi shahar qamoqxonasiga kelishdi". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  274. ^ Purnik, Joys (1986 yil 7 oktyabr). "Shahar tadqiqotlari mahbuslar uchun ikkita paromdan foydalanishni rejalashtirmoqda". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  275. ^ "Favqulodda vaziyat rejasi qamoqdagi qayiqdan foydalanadi" (PDF). Finger Lakes Times. 1986 yil 9 oktyabr. P. 6. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017 - orqali Fultonhistory.com.
  276. ^ Bohlen, Celestine (1989 yil 3 mart). "Qamoqxonaga kirib kelish rejasi 2 barjaga olib keldi". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  277. ^ Raab, Selvin (1992). "Bronks qamoqxona barjasi ochiladi, garchi narxi keskin bo'lsa ham". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  278. ^ a b Sanderson, Bill (2011 yil 11 fevral). "SI feribotining taklifi tugadi". Nyu-York Post. Olingan 18-noyabr, 2017.
  279. ^ a b Associated Press (2012 yil 6 mart). "Ishchilar ishdan chiqarilgan Staten-Aylend feribotini olib ketishadi. Herbert H. Lehman". Staten Island Advance. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  280. ^ Horrigan, Eremiyo (2012 yil 5 mart). "Nyu-York dockida ishdan chiqarilgan paromlar cho'kdi". Times Herald-Record. Nyu-York, Nyu-York. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  281. ^ "Ertalabki TOMON YECHIMLARNI SABAB QILADI; Feribot qirg'oqqa chiqqanda 400 marooned - to'rt soatdan keyin qutqarildi. KO'P LINERLAR KECHIRILDI 20 jarohat olgan avariya uchun aybdor jazodan ozod qilingan ekipajlar - To'rt qiz qamoqdan qochishdi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1921 yil 31 oktyabr. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 18-noyabr, 2017.
  282. ^ "FERRYBOAT KRASHIDA XURT.; Uch ayol jarohat oldi, yuzlab odamlar qo'l san'atlari xitlari silkinib ketishdi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1929 yil 24-fevral. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 18-noyabr, 2017.
  283. ^ "IKKI YO'Q BO'LISh YO'Q YO'Q HARBOR TUMANI; Staten-Aylend feribot qo'chqorlari akkumulyator batareyasida, beshta qizni zinadan pastga tushirishmoqda. FALL Daryo kemasi zarar ko'rdi. Plymouth orqani noto'g'ri iskala tomon burish, Yelni urish - ko'plab kiruvchi kemalar kechiktirildi" (PDF). The New York Times. 1930 yil 25-fevral. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 18-noyabr, 2017.
  284. ^ "Bu erda tuman 4 ta zararli zarbani keltirib chiqarmoqda; feribot halokatiga 12 ta zarar - to'xtab turgan havo sayohati - tushda kutilgan yengillik TUMAN BU YERDA 4 ta zararli hodisani keltirib chiqarmoqda". The New York Times. 1953 yil 16-yanvar. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 28 sentyabr, 2017.
  285. ^ "BATERYADA IKKI FERRYBAT BIRINChI QARShI; Steyt-Aylend kemasi og'ir tumanga noto'g'riligini keltirib, Ellis orolining hunarmandchiligini urdi". The New York Times. 1953 yil 20-yanvar. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 28 sentyabr, 2017.
  286. ^ "Tanker N.Y. Parom bilan to'qnashdi". Los Anjeles Tayms. 1958 yil 9 fevral. Olingan 13 fevral, 2010.
  287. ^ Blum, Xovard (1978 yil 8-noyabr). "Staten-Aylenddagi feribot halokatiga 173 zarba".. The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 21 fevral, 2010.
  288. ^ "Norvegiya yuk kemasining to'qnashuvi M / V Hoegh Orchid va Nyu-York Feriboti Amerika legioni: 1981 yil 6-may ". (PDF). Milliy transport xavfsizligi kengashi. 1982 yil 2 fevral. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  289. ^ Makfadden, Robert D. (1986 yil 8-iyul). "S.I. Feromida qilichli odam 2 va 9 ta jarohatni o'ldirdi". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 21 fevral, 2010.
  290. ^ a b v Grinbaum, Maykl M.; McGeehan, Patrik (2010 yil 8-may). "Barberi birinchi safari oldidan muammolarga duch keldi". The New York Times. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  291. ^ Barron, Jeyms (1997 yil 20 sentyabr). "Uzoq haydash qisqa ko'rfazdagi qatnovni ko'rfazga qo'yadi". The New York Times. Olingan 21 fevral, 2010.
  292. ^ a b Spikuzza, Meri (2004 yil 1-iyul). "Halokatli halokatga aloqador parom Staten-Aylend xizmatiga qaytmoqda". The New York Times. Olingan 8 mart, 2018.
  293. ^ Skott, Jeni; Rashbaum, Uilyam K. (2003 yil 16 oktyabr). "FERRY CRASH: TASHKIL; 10 Staten Island orolidagi feribot iskala ichiga o'tirganda o'ling". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  294. ^ "Allison of Staten Island Ferry Endryu J. Barberi: Sent-Jorj, Staten-Aylend, Nyu-York: 2003 yil 15 oktyabr". (PDF). Milliy transport xavfsizligi kengashi. 2005 yil 8 mart. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  295. ^ "NYC halokatga uchragan parom kapitanini ishdan bo'shatdi". CNN. 2003 yil 26-noyabr. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2017.
  296. ^ Danna, Eddi (2009 yil 2-iyul). "Transformatorning ishdan chiqishi Staten-Aylend paromining qulashiga sabab bo'ldi, deydi rasmiylar". Staten Island Advance. Olingan 13 fevral, 2010.
  297. ^ Rozenberg, Xlo; Goldiner, Deyv (2009 yil 2-iyul). "Steyn-Aylend paromining avtohalokatga uchraganligi sababli Sankt-Jorj terminalida". Daily News. Nyu York. Olingan 13 fevral, 2010.
  298. ^ "Staten-Aylend paromida sodir bo'lgan avtohalokatda o'ndan ortiq kishi jarohat oldi. 6abc Filadelfiya. 2009 yil 2-iyul. Olingan 20 sentyabr, 2017.
  299. ^ Chapman, Ben; Nocera, Keyt; Kemp, Djo; Lemir, Jonatan (2010 yil 8-may). "2003 yilgi halokatdagi Staten-Aylend paromi yana terminalga urildi". Daily News. Nyu York. Olingan 9 may, 2010.

Bibliografiya

Tashqi havolalar

Yo'nalish xaritasi:

KML fayli (tahrirlash • Yordam bering)
KML Vikidatadan emas