2008 yil AQSh prezidentligiga nomzodlarni taqqoslash - Comparison of the 2008 United States presidential candidates
Ushbu maqolada prezidentlikka nomzodlar Qo'shma Shtatlarda ' 2008 yilgi prezident saylovi. Bu qamrab olmaydi oldingi saylovlar. Sababli byulletenlarga kirish Qo'shma Shtatlarda cheklovlar, barcha shtatlarda byulletenlarda barcha nomzodlar ko'rinmadi.
Nomzodlar
Ular bo'lganlar byulletenda nazariy jihatdan ko'pchilikni qo'lga kiritish uchun etarli shtatlarda AQSh saylovlar kolleji bilan belgilangan qalin. Kamida ikkita shtat byulletenida qatnashgani ma'lum bo'lgan nomzodlar belgilanadi kursiv.
Biografik ma'lumotlar
Iqtisodiy masalalar
Soliq siyosati
| Federal daromad solig'i bo'yicha 2009 yilda rejalashtirilgan o'zgarishlar agar barcha soliq takliflari kongress tomonidan qabul qilingan bo'lsa va byudjet bir xil bo'lsa. Sariq - bu daromadlar doirasidagi odamlar uchun eng qulay bo'lgan soliq o'zgarishi uchun. | ||
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | |
|---|---|---|
| Daromad | O'rtacha soliq hisobi | O'rtacha soliq hisobi |
| 2,9 million dollardan oshdi | −$269,364 | +$701,885 |
| $ 603K va undan yuqori | −$45,361 | +$115,974 |
| $ 227K - $ 603K | −$7,871 | +$12 |
| $ 161K - $ 227K | −$4,380 | −$2,789 |
| $ 112K - $ 161K | −$2,614 | −$2,204 |
| $ 66K - $ 112K | −$1,009 | −$1,290 |
| $ 38K - $ 66K | −$319 | −$1,042 |
| $ 19K - $ 38K | −$113 | −$892 |
| $ 19K dan kam | −$19 | −$567 |
| CNN,[15][16] Soliq siyosati markazi,[17] BarackObama.com,[18] va JohnMcCain.com[19] | ||
Uchinchi tomon nomzodlarining soliq rejalari asosiy ommaviy axborot vositalari va Soliq siyosati markazi tomonidan o'rganilmagan. Chak Bolduin daromad solig'ini import qilinadigan tovarlarning 10 foizli tariflari bilan almashtirishni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[20] Bob Barr daromad solig'ini a bilan almashtirishni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi iste'mol solig'i (the FairTax ). Uning aniq rejasi tafsilotlari ma'lum emas, ammo iste'mol solig'i moyil regressiv agar u bilan birga bo'lmasa salbiy daromad solig'i kambag'allar uchun zarur bo'lgan xarajatlarni qoplashi kerak.[21] Sintiya Makkinni keskin qo'llab-quvvatlaydi progressiv soliqqa tortish, boylar uchun yuqori soliqlar va o'rta sinf uchun soliqlar kamaytirilgan.[22]
Moliyaviy inqiroz va yordam
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan qutqaruv | Qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan qutqaruv | ||
| Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | ||
| Qarama-qarshi yordam.[23] Barr erkin bozor iqtisodiy modelini qo'llash foydasiga iqtisodiyotga siyosiy aralashuvga yo'l qo'yadigan siyosatni cheklashga intiladi. Bunga quyidagilar kiradi: xususiy iqtisodiy qisqarish va korporativ ishlab chiqarishni rag'batlantiradigan yordamni rasmiy va aniq tarzda tugatish; Freddie Mac va Fannie Mae orqali ipoteka kreditini oshirishda doimiy federal bosimni o'tkazish bo'yicha hukumat vakolatlarini cheklash; o'zgartirish yoki bekor qilish Jamiyatni qayta investitsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun; Federal rezervning siyosiy maqsadlar uchun valyutani boshqarish qobiliyatini cheklash; Katta investitsion firmalar faoliyatida to'lov qobiliyatini va shaffofligini sug'urtalash bo'yicha SEC qoidalarining bajarilishini ta'minlash; Ishga qabul qilish, inventarizatsiya qilish va ishlab chiqarishning uzoq muddatli rejalarini yanada samarali mustahkamlash uchun soliq stavkalarini doimiy ravishda pasaytirish va soliqlarni soddalashtirish; transport vositalarida o'rtacha yoqilg'i tejash standartlari kabi ekologik qoidalarni kesish; federal qoidalarning batafsil auditini boshlash, xarajatlar foyda keltiradigan har qanday qoidalarni yumshatish yoki yo'q qilish; kechiktirilgan soliq to'lovlari va IRAlardan muddatidan oldin chiqib ketish uchun odamlarga nisbatan jarimalarni kamaytirish; federal ahamiyatga ega bo'lmagan xarajatlarni, xususan, maxsus foizlarni ajratish uchun ahamiyatsiz xarajatlarni tugatish; Keyinchalik uzoq muddatli istiqbolda federal majburiyatlar va majburiyatlarni baholash, rejalashtirish va amalga oshirish - FDIC banki kafolatlari, Pensiya ta'minoti kafolati korporatsiyasi va'dalari, Ijtimoiy ta'minot va Medicare majburiyatlari va boshqalar.[24] | Uoll-stritga 700 milliard dollarlik yordam berishga qarshi edi. Buning o'rniga garovga qo'yilgan moratoriyni o'z ichiga olgan 14 banddan iborat taklifni taklif qildi; barcha ARM ipotekalarini bekor qilish va ularni 30 yoki 40 yillik kreditlar bo'yicha qayta kelishish; yirtqich va kamsituvchi amaliyotlarni tugatish uchun yangi ipoteka kreditlash amaliyotini joriy etish; arzon uy-joylar uchun mezonlarni va qurilish maqsadlarini belgilash; kamsituvchi amaliyotlar to'liq bartaraf etilishi uchun kreditni qayta aniqlash va kredit sohasini tartibga solish; uylarga egalik qilishda irqiy va etnik tafovutlarni yo'q qiladigan tashabbuslarni to'liq moliyalashtirish; BMTning Inson huquqlari deklaratsiyasiga binoan boshpana huquqi sifatida tan olinishi; ish joylarini yo'qotish uchun mablag'larni yo'naltirish va iqtisodiyot o'tishi bilan daromad shkalasi ostida bo'lganlarni qayta tayyorlashni ta'minlash; barcha soliq bo'shliqlarini yopish va daromad oluvchilarning 1% uchun Bush soliq imtiyozlarini bekor qilish; korporatsiyalarga adolatli soliq solish, chet elga ish joylarini ko'chirganlarga federal subsidiyalarni rad etish NAFTA-ni bekor qiladi; soliq to'lovchilarning JP Morgan, Bear Stearns, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac va AIG singari naqd infuzionlarini oluvchilarni to'liq tekshirish va kelajakda ularning savdo faoliyatini kuzatib borish uchun sobiq nazoratchi general Devid Uolkerning tayinlanishi; barcha derivativlar savdosini bekor qilish; Federal rezervni milliylashtirish; kichik biznes, uy egalari, ishlab chiqarish operatsiyalari, qayta tiklanadigan energiya va infratuzilma investitsiyalari uchun kredit berishni ta'minlaydigan federal mulkka ega bo'lgan davlat bank tizimining tashkil etilishi; qonunlarni buzgan har qanday faoliyatni, shu jumladan hozirgi inqirozga olib kelgan manfaatlar to'qnashuvini jinoiy javobgarlikka tortish.[25] | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Ralf Nader | ||
| Qarama-qarshi qutqaruv.[26][27] | Ralf Nader qutqaruvga qarshi chiqdi, buning o'rniga derivativ operatsiyalariga soliq solinishini taklif qildi.[28] |
Savdo
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Makkeyn kuchli tarafdoridir erkin savdo.[29] U qo'llab-quvvatlaydi Shimoliy Amerika erkin savdo shartnomasi (NAFTA), mavjud Tariflar va savdo bo'yicha bosh kelishuv, va AQShning ishtiroki Jahon savdo tashkiloti (JST).[29] U mehnat va atrof-muhit sharoitlarini savdo shartnomalariga qo'shishga qarshi.[29] | Obama Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining savdo sheriklari Amerika manfaatlari uchun "sharoitlarni tenglashtirish" uchun o'z sanoatiga mehnat va atrof-muhit standartlarini o'rnatgan taqdirdagina savdoni kengaytirishni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. Agar Prezident etib saylansa, Obama NAFTA-ni Kanada va Meksika uchun qattiq mehnat va ekologik standartlarni kiritish bo'yicha qayta muzokara o'tkazishni rejalashtirmoqda. U amaldagi shartnomani bunday standartlarni o'z ichiga olmaganligi uchun tanqid qildi va u ham qarshi ovoz berdi va tanqid qildi Markaziy Amerika erkin savdo shartnomasi (CAFTA) shunga o'xshash sabablarga ko'ra.[30] | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| Bolduin AQShni bu mamlakatdan olib chiqadi Shimoliy Amerika va Markaziy Amerika erkin savdo shartnomalari.[31] U daromad belgilaydi tarif.[32] | Barrning saylovoldi tashviqot saytida ta'kidlanishicha, Amerika "butun dunyoda xususiy ishtirokni, ayniqsa erkin savdo orqali rag'batlantirishi kerak. Tinchlikni saqlashning eng samarali usuli - kengayib borayotgan erkin bozor, bu madaniy va boshqa shaxsiy aloqalarning to'liq doirasi."[33] | Makkinni AQShda mehnat standartlarini yuqori darajada ushlab turish va ularni chet elda ko'tarish uchun AQSh korporatsiyalari to'g'risidagi qonunlarni qabul qilishni ta'kidlamoqda. U NAFTA-ni bekor qiladi (Shimoliy Amerika erkin savdo shartnomasi ), CAFTA, Caribbean FTA va AQSh-Peru FTA. U mehmonlarni ishchilar dasturiga suiiste'mol qilish bilan qarshi chiqadi; immigratsion ishchilar uchun adolatni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi va amnistiya va AQShda yillar davomida yashab va ishlayotgan hujjatsiz odamlar uchun qonuniylashtirish yo'lini o'z ichiga olgan immigratsion islohotlarni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[34] | Nader NAFTA va JSTni milliy tartibga soluvchi idoralar sifatida ko'rib chiqadi. U ularni turmush darajasining pasayishi uchun ayblaydi (ya'ni.) oxirigacha poyga ). Nader "odamlarning korporatsiyalar hokimiyati ustidan suvereniteti" ni tasdiqlovchi konstitutsiyaviy tuzatishni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[35] |
Sog'liqni saqlash
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Makkeyn tibbiy sug'urta sotib olgan oilalar uchun 5000 dollargacha soliq imtiyozlarini ma'qullaydi.[36] "Biz majburlash va g'amxo'rlik, qoplash yoki xarajatlarni majburlash uchun davlat kuchidan foydalanishga ishonmaymiz."[36] Uning rejasi, 2009 yilga kelib sug'urtalanmaganlar sonini 1 millionga, 2013 yilga kelib 5 millionga qisqartirishi, shu bilan birga, 10 yil ichida milliy qarzni 1,3 trillion dollarga oshirishini taxmin qilmoqda.[37] | Obamaning sog'liqni saqlash rejasi barcha amerikaliklar uchun arzon tibbiy xizmat uchun kafolatlangan huquqni amalga oshirishni o'z ichiga oladi.[38] Uning rejasi 2009 yilga kelib deyarli barcha bolalarni qamrab oladigan sug'urtalanmaganlar sonini 18 millionga, 2018 yilga kelib 34 millionga qisqartirishi, shu bilan birga, 10 yil ichida bir qarzga ko'ra davlat qarzini 1,6 trln.[39] | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| Amerika faxriylariga sog'liqni saqlashni yanada yaxshiroq ko'rsatishga ishonadi.[31] Tanlash erkinligini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi, majburiy emlashga qarshi.[32] | Nazorat va qoidalarni kamaytirish orqali xarajatlarni kamaytirmoqchi. Medicare va Medicaid moliyaviy jihatdan beqaror ekaniga ishonadi va "bemorning tanlovini ta'kidlash, haqiqatan ham muhtojlarga e'tiborni qaratish va iqtisodiy tejashga yordam beradigan imtiyozlarni qo'shish uchun o'zgarishi kerak".[40] | Tizimini yaratish uchun Kongressdagi har bir qonun loyihasiga hammualliflik qildi universal sog'liqni saqlash ostida yagona to'lovchi model. Majburiy, majburlangan yoki ma'lumotsiz dori-darmon va sterilizatsiyaga qarshi; agar narx arzonroq bo'lsa, amerikaliklar boshqa mamlakatlardan dori sotib olish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lishi kerak va AQSh barcha AQSh aholisi uchun arzonroq dori-darmonlarni etkazib berish uchun dori-darmon ishlab chiqaruvchi kompaniyalar bilan muzokaralar olib borishi kerak, deb hisoblaydi.[34] | Nader universalni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi yagona pullik tibbiy yordam tizim va to'liq Medicare hamma uchun.[41] |
Soliq va byudjet taqchilligi
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Makkeyn tarixan soliqlarni kamaytirishga nisbatan defitsitni kamaytirishni ma'qul ko'rgan bo'lsa-da,[42][43] u xarajatlarni kamaytirish bilan birgalikda so'nggi soliq imtiyozlarini bekor qilmaslikka va'da berdi.[44][45][46] Makkeyn soliqlarning pasayishi iqtisodiyotni rag'batlantiradi, deb hisoblaydi va hozirgi defitsit soliqlarni kamaytirishdan ko'ra ko'proq xarajatlarga qarzdor.[47] Makkeyn birinchi muddatining oxiriga qadar byudjetni muvozanatlashtirmoqchi.[45] Soliq siyosati markazining ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, Makkeynning soliq rejalari (investitsiyalarni ko'paytirish uchun Bush soliq imtiyozlarini uzaytirish va yuridik shaxslarning soliq stavkalarini 35% dan 25% gacha kamaytirish orqali), 10 yil ichida milliy qarzni qariyb 5 trillion dollarga oshirishi mumkin edi, deyarli 50% o'sish.[37] | Obama "xavfli byudjet holati" ga javoban "foydaliligidan o'tgan soliq imtiyozlarini" yo'q qilish, korporativ soliq bo'shliqlarini yopish va soliqlarni tiklash bilan javob beradi PAYGO yo'qolgan daromadni qoplash usulisiz federal xarajatlarni ko'paytirishni taqiqlovchi siyosat.[48] Obama kam va o'rta daromadli oilalar uchun Bush soliq imtiyozlarini uzaytirishni taklif qiladi, shu bilan 200 ming dollardan ortiq maosh oladigan jismoniy shaxslar yoki 250 ming dollardan ortiq daromad oladigan juftliklar uchun soliqlarni qaytarib berish. | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| Bolduin bekor qilish uchun ishlaydi O'n oltinchi o'zgartirish (daromad solig'i), meros solig'i va mol-mulk solig'i. "Biz bankrotlik ushbu tinimsiz va og'ir soliq tizimiga ega mamlakatimiz. "[31] | Barr bekor qilishni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi O'n oltinchi o'zgartirish va eslatib o'tadi Adolatli soliq mumkin bo'lgan alternativ sifatida. "Soliqni mazmunli isloh qilish davlat xarajatlarini jilovlashdan boshlanadi."[49] | Daromad oluvchilarning 1% uchun Bush soliq imtiyozlarini bekor qiladimi; soliq bo'shliqlarini yopish; soliq korporatsiyalari ko'proq; va chet elga ish joyini ko'chirganlarga federal subsidiyalarni rad etish. Pul tizimi ustidan nazoratni qaytarib olishni va hozirgi iqtisodiy inqirozga javobgarlikni garovga qo'yilgan moratoriyni o'z ichiga olgan choralar bilan taklif qiladi; barcha ARM ipotekalarini bekor qilish va ularni 30 yoki 40 yillik kreditlar bo'yicha qayta kelishish; yirtqich va kamsituvchi amaliyotlarni to'xtatish uchun yangi ipoteka kreditlash amaliyotini joriy etish; ish o'rinlarining yo'qolishini yumshatishga va iqtisodiyot o'tish davrida daromadlar shkalasi ostida bo'lganlarni qayta tayyorlashga yo'naltirilgan mablag'lar; soliq to'lovchilarning JP Morgan, Bear Stearns, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac va AIG singari naqd pul mablag'larini qabul qiluvchilarni to'liq tekshirish va kelajakda ularning savdo faoliyatini kuzatib borish uchun sobiq nazoratchi general Devid Uokerni tayinlash; barcha derivativlar savdosini bekor qilish; Federal zaxirani milliylashtirish va kichik biznes, uy egalari, ishlab chiqarish operatsiyalari, qayta tiklanadigan energiya va infratuzilma investitsiyalari uchun kredit berishni ta'minlaydigan federal mulkka ega bo'lgan davlat bank tizimini tashkil etish; mavjud inqirozga olib kelgan har qanday manfaatlar to'qnashuvi uchun jinoiy javobgarlikka tortish.[25] | Nader qarshi korporativ farovonlik va korporativ bo'shliqlar, imtiyozlar, kreditlar, tezlashtirilgan amortizatsiya jadvallari, ajratmalar va maqsadli istisnolarni tugatishga intiladi.[50] U harbiy xarajatlarni 100 milliard dollarga yoki taxminan beshdan biriga qisqartirish orqali va milliy byudjetni muvozanatlashtirar edi progressiv soliqqa tortish.[51] |
Ijtimoiy Havfsizlik
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 yil iyun oyida Makkeyn "Ijtimoiy sug'urta dollarlari daromadlarini oshirishning yagona usuli bu ishchilarga o'zlari uchun investitsiya qarorlarini qabul qilishlariga imkon berishdir; amerikalik oilalarga ko'pgina ishonchli portfellarda o'zlarining daromadlarining bir qismini ijtimoiy ta'minotga sarmoya kiritish imkoniyatini berishdir. aks holda ular ijtimoiy ta'minotga soliq to'lashlari kerak edi. "[52] 2000 yil yanvar oyida u shaxsiy ijtimoiy ta'minot hisob raqamlarini yaratishda o'zining kuchli yordamini takrorladi.[53] Qisman xususiylashtirish yoki ish haqi bo'yicha soliqlarni shaxsiy hisobvaraqlarga yo'naltirish, hozirgi nafaqaxo'rlar uchun mavjud mablag'larni sezilarli darajada kamaytiradi va o'tishni qoplash uchun katta qarzlarni oshirishni talab qiladi.[54] | Obamaning ta'kidlashicha, Ijtimoiy ta'minotni moliyalashtirish muammosi "haqiqiy, ammo boshqarish mumkin". U har yili 250 ming dollardan yuqori bo'lgan shaxsiy daromadlariga ish haqi bo'yicha soliqlarni qo'llash orqali Ijtimoiy ta'minotni moliyalashtirishni taklif qildi va ushbu yuqori daromadli odamlar "o'zlarining munosib ulushlarini to'lashlari" kerakligini aytdi. Pensiya yoshini ko'tarish yoki nafaqalarni qisqartirish haqida o'ylaysizmi, degan savolga Obama "hamma narsa stolda bo'lishi kerak" deb ushbu yondashuvlarni butunlay rad qilmadi. Biroq, u ushbu yondashuvlarning ikkalasini ham turtmasligini aytdi va tizimni barqarorlashtirish uchun soliq tushumini ko'paytirish zarurligini aytdi. Obama Ijtimoiy ta'minotga shaxsiy hisob raqamlarini qo'shishga qarshi.[55] | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| Ijtimoiy ta'minotni bekor qilish.[32] | Ijtimoiy xavfsizlik barqaror emas.[56] Ijtimoiy ta'minotni "shaxsiy hisoblarning individual tizimi" ga o'zgartirish kerak.[57] | McKinney Ijtimoiy ta'minotni xususiylashtirishga qat'iy qarshi chiqadi va ayollarga nomutanosib ravishda etkazilgan zararni tan oladi.[58] U imtiyozlar bo'yicha soliq to'lovlarini kamaytirish va imtiyozlarni ko'paytirish kerak, deb hisoblaydi.[59] | Nader Ijtimoiy ta'minotni "hukumat ishlashi kerak - jamiyatning birlashishi, biz yoshi ulg'ayganimizda yoki nogironlikdan aziyat chekkanimizda bir-birimizga g'amxo'rlik qilishimiz uchun" degan fikrda.[60] Nader "tizimli xotirjamlikni majburiy tashvish" bilan almashtiradigan xususiylashtirilgan tizimga qarshi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, odamlar allaqachon fond bozorida tavakkal qilishga qodir IRAlar, 401 ming va soliq imtiyozlari bilan ta'minlangan boshqa xususiy pensiya vositalari.[60] |
Tarmoqning betarafligi
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Makkeyn hukumat tomonidan tartibga solinishiga qarshi tarmoq betarafligi agar suiiste'mol qilish to'g'risidagi dalillar mavjud bo'lmasa. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, 2007 yil may oyida "keling, hozirgacha hech qanday jiddiy tarzda yuzaga kelmagan muammoni kutishdan ko'ra, bu narsa qanday sodir bo'lishini ko'rib chiqaylik".[61] va "Quvurni boshqarishda siz o'zingizning sarmoyangizdan foyda olishingiz kerak."[62][63] | Telekom kompaniyalarining "biz bilgan internetni" o'zgartirishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun me'yoriy hujjatlar talab qilinishini aytgan Obama "Net betaraflikning kuchli tarafdori". To'liq betaraflikni targ'ib qilish uning prezident bo'lgan birinchi yilidagi ustuvor vazifa bo'ladi.[64] | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| 2006 yil iyun oyida McKinney tarmoq betarafligi uchun ovoz berdi.[65] | To'liq betaraflikni qat'iyan qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[66] | ||
Lobbichilik
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Makkeyn o'z xodimlariga lobbist sifatida lavozimlarni egallashiga yo'l qo'ymaydi.[67] | Obama federal ro'yxatdan o'tgan lobbistlar va ro'yxatdan o'tmagan lobbistlardan pul qabul qilsa ham, federal ro'yxatdan o'tgan lobbistlar yoki PAClardan mablag 'olmaydi.[67] | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| Saylov kampaniyasining boshida Nader "tijorat manfaatlaridan, siyosiy harakatlar qo'mitalaridan hech qanday pul olmayman, faqat shaxslardan olaman" deb ta'kidlagan edi.[41] U Vashingtonni "korporativ egallab olingan hudud, korporativ lobbistlar, korporativ rahbarlarning yuqori davlat lavozimlarida katta ishtiroki bilan boshqariladigan har bir bo'lim agentligi" deb biladi.[41] U saylov kampaniyalarini davlat tomonidan moliyalashtirishni va ovoz berish uchun malakali nomzodlar uchun bepul televidenie va radio vaqtini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[68] | |||
Transport
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Makkeyn federal moliyalashtirishga qarshi Amtrak. U buni "cho'chqa bochkasi loyihasi ", xususan, uzoqroq poezdlarga tegishli.[69][70] Shuningdek, u avtoulovlarga nisbatan xavfsizlik standartlarini qat'iylashtirishni talab qildi.[71] | |||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| Alternativ yoqilg'i texnologiyalaridan foydalangan holda jamoat transporti uchun mablag'larni ko'paytirishni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[72] | Nader 1966 yil bir ovozdan qabul qilinishida muhim rol o'ynadi "Yo'l harakati va avtomobil xavfsizligi to'g'risida" gi milliy qonun.[73] | ||
Mehnat
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Jon Makkeyn ovoz berdi 1993 yil "Oila va tibbiy ta'til to'g'risida" gi qonun bu ishchilarga ish beruvchisi tomonidan jazolanmasdan oilaviy tibbiy sabablarga ko'ra 12 xafta to'lanmagan ta'til olish huquqini berdi. Makkeyn "Oilaviy do'stona ish joylari to'g'risida" gi qonunni qo'llab-quvvatladi, bu ish beruvchilarga ish va oilani muvozanatlashiga yordam berish uchun yanada moslashuvchan ish jadvallarini taqdim etishga imkon berishga intildi.[74] | |||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr e | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| Daromad soling tarif Amerikada ish joyini saqlab qolish uchun barcha xorijiy tovarlarga.[32] | Anti-ittifoqni bekor qilmoqchi Taft-Xartli qonuni.[75] Qo'llab-quvvatlaydi to'liq ish bilan ta'minlash va a yashash maoshi barcha ishchilar uchun. Immigratsion ishchilar uchun odil sudlovni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi va qonunchilikka duchor bo'lgan mehmon-ishchilar dasturlariga qarshi.[76] Mehnat huquqlari va atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilishdan ko'ra korporativ kuch va foyda olish uchun ustunlik beradigan "erkin savdo" shartnomalari va tanlanmagan xalqaro savdo organlariga (NAFTA, CAFTA, JST, GATT, "Tez trek" va boshqalar) qarshi chiqadi; Makkinni ushbu kelishuvlarga qarshi ovoz berdi va uni bekor qilishni qo'llab-quvvatlamoqda. Hujjatsiz muhojirlar uchun inson huquqlarini himoya qilish va amnistiya qilish, reydlarni to'xtatish va chegara devorini buzish; yangi immigrantlar toshqini odamlarni qashshoqlashtiradigan va ularni chegaradan o'tkazib yuboradigan iqtisodiy siyosat va kelishuvlar (masalan, NAFTA) natijasi va ishchilar huquqlari va uyushish huquqini ta'minlash bilan immigratsiya ushbu siyosatni belgilash yo'li bilan hal qilinishi kerak deb hisoblaydi. Uoll-Strit o'rniga Main Street (kichik biznes va mahalliy iqtisodiyot) ni qo'llab-quvvatlash va federal mablag'larni harbiy shartnoma va urush xarajatlaridan inson ehtiyojlariga katta miqdorda o'tkazish bilan, o'rta va kam daromadli ishchilar va oilalar uchun kuchli xavfsizlik tarmog'ini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. .[75] | Nader bekor qilishni va'da qilmoqda Taft-Xartli qonuni.[41] U kam maoshli ishchilarga "qilgan ishlariga adolatli qaytish" berish uchun eng kam ish haqining soatiga 10 dollarga ko'tarilishini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[77][78] Nader qo'llab-quvvatlaydi oilaviy fermalar va katta narsalarga qarshi chiqadi agrobiznes.[79] U pasni oshirishda yordam bergan Minalar salomatligi va xavfsizligi to'g'risidagi qonun (1977), Whistleblowerni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun (1989) va OSHA (1970) - bu uchalasi ham zamonaviy mehnatni muhofaza qilishning asosidir.[73] | |
Pul-kredit siyosati
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| Bolduin buni yo'q qiladi Federal zaxira va AQShni ko'chirish Fiat valyutasi Orqaga qattiq pul.[31] | "Kongress Federal rezerv tizimidagi operatsiyalarda hisobdorlik va shaffoflikni talab qilishi kerak, shu bilan birga Fed-ning pul massasi ustidan deyarli to'liq nazoratini qayta ko'rib chiqishi kerak."[80] | ||
NASA va kosmik tadqiqotlar
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Jon Makkeyn tijorat kosmik sohasini qo'llab-quvvatlashga oid qonunchilikka homiylik qildi va Kolumbiya avariyasidan keyin NASA-da yaxshilanishlarni amalga oshirish bo'yicha Senatning sa'y-harakatlariga rahbarlik qildi. Makkeyn prezident sifatida u kosmik tadqiqotlar eng ustuvor yo'nalish ekanligiga va AQSh etakchi bo'lib qolishiga va NASA yulduz turkumi dasturini moliyalashtirishga sodiq ekanligiga va'da berib, insoniyatning kosmik tadqiqotlarining yangi davrini boshlashi uchun zarur bo'lgan resurslarga ega bo'lishiga ishonch hosil qildi.[81] | “Prezident sifatida Obama ushbu hayotiy yangi platformani ishlab chiqishni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi Ekipajni qidirish vositasi Qo'shma Shtatlarning xorijiy kosmik imkoniyatlariga ishonishi mumkin bo'lgan minimal muddat bilan cheklanishini ta'minlash. "[82][83] | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
Tashqi siyosat
Arab-Isroil mojarosi
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Uchun nutqda Amerika Isroil jamoatchilik bilan aloqalar qo'mitasi 2002 yil 23 aprelda Makkeyn "hech bir Amerika rahbaridan bizning ittifoqdoshimizga soxta tinchlikni sotishini, Isroilning o'zini himoya qilish huquqini biznikidan kamroq qonuniy deb hisoblamasligini yoki terrorizm Falastin bo'lib qolganda Isroil siyosiy kelishuv bo'yicha muzokaralar olib borishini talab qilmasligi kerak" dedi. "afzal qilingan savdolashish vositasi."[84] | Obama ikki davlat qarorini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[85] Ga ishora qilib Isroil-Falastin to'qnashuvi 2006 yil yanvarida Obama qoraladi HAMAS Isroilning sobiq Bosh vazirini maqtay turib Ariel Sharon. O'sha paytdagi Isroil tashqi ishlar vaziri bilan uchrashuvda Silvan Shalom arafasida Hamasning saylovlardagi g'alabasi,[86] Obamaning ta'kidlashicha, mojaroda Sharonning roli doimo "mutlaqo muhim va konstruktiv" bo'lgan.[iqtibos kerak ] | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| AQSh Yaqin Sharq mamlakatlariga, shu jumladan Isroilga qurol uzatishni to'xtatishi va "halol vositachi" bo'lishi kerak. Ikki davlatga qarshi bitta davlatning echimiga kelsak, u erda bo'lgan inson huquqlari himoyachilarining ovozini tinglash kerak.[87] | Nader Isroil tinchlik harakati va qarori qarori Isroil-Falastin to'qnashuvi milliy xavfsizlik uchun markaziy sifatida.[88][89] Nader AQSh tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadiganlarni tanqid qildi Livanni bombardimon qilish 2006 yilda, buni ko'rib jamoaviy jazo.[88] Nader ijro etilishini istaydi BMTning Isroilga tegishli qarorlari va tinch ikki holatli echim.[88] | ||
Iroq
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Makkeyn Iroqqa bostirib kirishni qo'llab-quvvatladi va Iroqdagi qo'shinlarni Iroq hukumatining kelishuviga binoan zarur bo'lgan vaqtgacha ushlab turishini bildirdi. "Gap Iroqda qancha bo'lishimiz bilan bog'liq emas, agar muvaffaqiyatga erishsak yoki bo'lmasak."[90] Jon Makkeyn erta tarafdorlari bo'lgan keskinlik. | Obama 2002 yilidayoq Iroq urushiga qarshi bo'lgan va mas'uliyatli, bosqichma-bosqich chiqib ketishni va'da qilgan.[91] Obama kuchli raqib edi keskinlik va 2008 yil iyulga qadar u to'lqinning muvaffaqiyatli bo'lganligi to'g'risida umumiy kelishuvga qaramay, buni muvaffaqiyatsizlik deb atashda davom etdi.[92] va u yozgan va tanishtirgan 2007 yilgi Iroq urushini eskalatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun Bu Surge-ni to'xtatib, 2007 yilda Amerika qo'shinlarini Iroqdan olib chiqishni boshlagan bo'lar edi.[93] U Surjni tanqid qilishda davom etmoqda, chunki u siyosiy yarashuvga erishmaganligini, harbiylarni haddan tashqari oshirib yuborganini va Terrorizmga qarshi urushning markaziy jabhasi deb hisoblagan Afg'oniston va Pokistonni diqqatini boshqa tomonga yo'naltirganini aytmoqda.[91] | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| Bolduinning ta'kidlashicha, AQShning Iroqdagi ishtiroki aniq konstitutsiyaga zid, shuningdek keraksiz va qo'shinlarni xavfsiz olib chiqishni boshlaydi.[31] | Barr Iroqqa bostirib kirish va uni bosib olishni xatolar deb biladi. Amerikaning mavjudligi "qo'zg'olonchilarga ham, terrorchilarga ham dadillik bag'ishlaydi" va "yuzlab milliard AQSh soliq to'lovchilariga" tushdi. U "haddan tashqari kechiktirmasdan chekinishni" qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[94] | Makkinni barcha Iroq va Afg'onistondan barcha AQSh qo'shinlari va shartnoma tuzilgan xodimlarini zudlik bilan va tartibda olib chiqishga chaqiradi; u AQShning ushbu hududdagi harbiy bazalarini tarqatib yuboradi va AQSh va boshqa xalqaro korporatsiyalardan Iroq neftiga yoki boshqa manbalarga bo'lgan da'volaridan voz kechishini talab qiladi.[95] U doimiy ravishda urush va harbiy byudjetni moliyalashtirishga qarshi bo'lib kelgan.[96] | Nader AQShning Iroqni bosib olishiga "bu qarshilikni kuchaytirayotgan ishg'ol" degan asosda qarshi chiqmoqda.[97] U olti oy ichida "mas'uliyatli, tartibli pulni olib qo'yishni" qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[97] Chiqib ketgandan so'ng, u BMT homiyligida xalqaro tinchlikparvar kuchlarni kiritishni, mustaqil saylovlar orqali Iroqning o'zini o'zi boshqarish tizimini targ'ib qilishni va mamlakatni barqarorlashtirish uchun gumanitar yordam ko'rsatishni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[98] |
Eron
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Jon Makkeyn Eron bilan bo'lgan inqirozni "biz duch kelgan eng jiddiy inqiroz - umuman olganda tashqarida" deb atadi terrorizmga qarshi urush - oxiridan beri Sovuq urush "" Eronda yadroviy qobiliyat qabul qilinishi mumkin emas ", dedi Makkeyn. Makkeyn Rossiya va Xitoyni" to'siq "yaratishda aybladi BMT Xavfsizlik Kengashi va Eronning sanktsiyasini oldini olish, shuningdek, boshqa mojarolar Darfur va Birma. Agar saylansa, Makkeyn ushbu mojarolarni Xitoy va Rossiyaning roziligisiz hal qilish maqsadida "demokratiya ligasini" yaratishga va'da beradi.[99][100] | Obama Eron hukumatini "hammamizga tahdid" deb bilishini aytib, AQSh "hech qanday imkoniyatni, shu jumladan harbiy harakatlarni stol tashqarisida olib ketmasligi kerakligini aytdi. Barqaror va tajovuzkor diplomatiya qattiq sanksiyalar bilan birgalikda Eronning oldini olish uchun bizning asosiy vositamiz bo'lishi kerak" yadro qurolini yaratishdan. "[101] | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| "Eronga qarshi hujum keraksiz, samarasiz, qimmat va xavfli bo'lar edi", "bu erda hech qanday tahdid yo'q va faqat yaqinlashib kelayotgan tahdid har doim oldindan zarba berishini oqlaydi", deb ta'kidladi va "qurolni tarqatmaslikning har qanday strategiyasi kerak" diplomatiyadan boshlang va boshqa tomonga murojaat qilishga tayyorlikni o'z ichiga oling ".[102] | Makkinni, Bush ma'muriyatiga hamroh bo'lgan harbiylashtirishni ortda qoldirishimiz kerak, deb hisoblaydi. U Iroqni tark etishni va boshqa mamlakatlar bilan tinchliksevar usullarga o'tishni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[103] | Naderning fikriga ko'ra, AQSh Eron bilan "qaqshatqich shitirlash" ni to'xtatishi va unga kirishishi kerak Eronning 2003 yildagi taklifi AQSh va Eron o'rtasida hal qilinmagan barcha masalalarni muhokama qilish.[89] | |
Darfur
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Makkeyn Qo'shma Shtatlarni Sudaning AU tinchlikparvar kuchlarini tark etish yoki ularga zo'r berish haqidagi talabini rad etishga chaqirdi. Makkeynning fikricha, Amerika mintaqadagi ittifoqchilarimiz va do'st arab davlatlarini Sudanni qo'llab-quvvatlashdan voz kechib, ularni ko'proq tinchlikparvar kuchlarni qabul qilishga majbur qilishi kerak. Tezroq vaqt ichida Makkeyn NATO havo kuchlaridan parvozlar taqiqlangan hududni yaratish va genotsid dalillarini to'plash va jinoyatchilariga qarshi ishlarni ochish uchun razvedka aktivlaridan foydalanishga chaqirdi.[104] | 2005 yil dekabrda Vashington Post fikrlar ustuni va Darfurni qutqaring 2006 yil aprelida bo'lib o'tgan mitingda Obama qarshilik ko'rsatish uchun yanada qat'iyatli choralar ko'rishga chaqirdi genotsid ichida Darfur viloyati Sudan.[105] Unda bor bekor qilindi Sudan bilan bog'liq aktsiyalarning shaxsiy zaxiralarida $ 180,000 va Eronda biznes yuritadigan kompaniyalarni ajratishga chaqirdi.[106] | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| Darfurdagi vahshiyliklar AQShning Sudani bosib olishini oqlash uchun ishlatilishi mumkinligidan xavotir bildirdi.[107] | Naderning fikriga ko'ra, AQSh oxiriga etkazish uchun ko'proq harakat qilishi mumkin Darfurda genotsid. U normalizatsiya qilingan munosabatlarni rad etadi Sudan hukumati "Sudan hukumati ko'p qirrali tomonlarning to'liq joylashuvi uchun barcha to'siqlarni bartaraf etguniga qadar UNAMID, to'liq amalga oshiradi CPA va keng qamrovli, ochiq va qamrab oluvchi tinchlik jarayonida yaxshi niyat bilan qatnashadi. ”[108] | ||
Yadro qurollari
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Makkeyn ovoz berib ovoz berdi Nunn-Lugar kooperativ xavfini kamaytirish 1991 yilda.[109] U ratifikatsiya qilish uchun ovoz berdi Boshlash II 1996 yilda strategik qurollarni cheklash to'g'risidagi shartnoma.[110] Makkeyn qarshi ovoz berdi Yadro sinovlarini har tomonlama taqiqlash to'g'risidagi shartnoma 1999 yilda.[111] 2008 yil mart oyida Makkeyn Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari uni kamaytirishi kerakligini aytdi yadroviy qurol boshqa xalqlarni o'zlarining qurol-yarog'larini kamaytirishga undash. | Obama qarshi chiqdi yadroviy tarqalish. Saylovoldi kampaniyasining veb-saytida yozilishicha, Obama "yadroviy qurolni kuchaytirish yo'li bilan kurashadi Yadro qurolini tarqatmaslik to'g'risidagi Shartnoma."[112] Obama, shuningdek, "yadro qurolisiz dunyo" degan pirovard maqsadni ko'zlab, Amerikaning yangi yadro qurollarini ishlab chiqarishni to'xtatishga va'da berdi.[112] | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| McKinney ning pasayishini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi yadro qurollari AQShda va ning kuchli tarafdori Yadro sinovlarini har tomonlama taqiqlash to'g'risidagi shartnoma, Yadro qurolini tarqatmaslik to'g'risidagi Shartnoma va Balistik raketalarga qarshi shartnoma. Shuningdek, u tükenmiş ishlab chiqarish va foydalanishni taqiqlashni xohlaydi uran.[113] | Nader yadro qurolini "dahshatli" deb ta'riflaydi va qurollarni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi Yadro qurolini tarqatmaslik to'g'risidagi Shartnoma. U birinchi marta ishlatmaslik siyosatini qabul qiladi, barcha yadroviy raketalarni "sochni qo'zg'atadigan" ogohlantirishdan olib tashlaydi va uni ratifikatsiya qilishga undaydi. Boshlash II va Sinovlarni har tomonlama taqiqlash to'g'risidagi shartnoma shuningdek boshqalar bilan ishlash yadro davlatlari oxir-oqibat Yadro qurolini bekor qilish tomon.[114] | ||
Shimoliy Koreya
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 yil oktyabr oyida Makkeyn sobiq prezidentga ishonishini aytdi Bill Klinton va buning uchun uning ma'muriyati aybdor edi Shimoliy Koreyaning ommaviy qirg'in qurollari. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, AQSh Shimoliy Koreyaga reaktorda plutonyum tayoqchalarini saqlashga imkon berib, «bajarib bo'lmaydigan va shaffof bo'lmagan shartnoma tuzgan».[115] | |||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
Pokiston
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Makkeyn Janubiy Osiyo davlatini AQSh tashqi siyosatining muhim qismi sifatida tan olgan bo'lsa-da, Pokistonga nisbatan nisbatan mo''tadil pozitsiyani saqlaydi. Pokistonning sobiq bosh vaziridan keyin Benazir Bhutto Makkeynning o'ldirilishi (2007 yil dekabrda) Pokistonga "tahdid" qilish uchun mos vaqt emasligini aytib, AQSh kuchlarining Pokistonga kirish imkoniyatini istisno qilgandek edi.[116] | 2007 yil 1 avgustda Obama tashqi siyosiy nutqida Qo'shma Shtatlar Pokiston hukumatining roziligisiz yoki roziligisiz Pokiston ichkarisidagi Al-Qoida nishonlariga zarba berishga tayyor bo'lishi kerakligini e'lon qildi. Uning ta'kidlashicha, agar u saylansa: "Agar bizda terrorizmning yuqori maqsadlari to'g'risida aniq ma'lumot mavjud bo'lsa va prezident Musharraf harakat qilmasa, biz buni qilamiz".[117] | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| "Pokistonda tinchlik va barqarorlikka erishish uchun AQSh qo'shinlari emas, balki erkin va adolatli saylovlar eng yaxshi strategiyadir". Sintiya MakKinnining Pokistondagi e'tiqodi. Shuningdek, u AQShning Pokiston bilan urushiga qarshi.[118] | Naderning aytishicha, Pokistonga qarshi harbiy harakatlar stol tashqarisida. | ||
Sudsiz mahbuslar
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 yil oktyabr oyida Makkeyn, ilgari Asir, tanishtirdi Makkeynni hibsga olinganlarga tuzatish 2005 yil uchun Mudofaaga ajratmalar to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasiga. O'sha oyda AQSh Senati ushbu tuzatishni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun 90-9 ovoz berdi.[119] 2007 yil oktyabr oyida Makkeyn aytdi suv kemalari "Ular [prezidentlikka boshqa nomzodlar] nima ekanligini bilishlari kerak. Bu murakkab protsedura emas. Bu qiynoq."[120] Biroq, 2008 yil fevral oyida u HR 2082 ga qarshi ovoz berdi 2008 moliya yili uchun razvedka vakolatlari to'g'risidagi qonun Unda Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi mahbuslarni suvga tushishiga to'sqinlik qiladigan qoidalar mavjud edi. | Obama qarshi ovoz berdi 2006 yilgi Harbiy komissiyalar to'g'risidagi qonun[121] va keyinchalik qayta tiklashga ovoz berdi habeas corpus AQSh tomonidan hibsga olinganlarga (harbiy komissiyalar to'g'risidagi qonunda mahrum qilingan).[122] U yopishni qo'llab-quvvatladi Guantanamo qamoqxonasi, lekin buni amalga oshirishi mumkin bo'lgan ikkita aniq qonun loyihasini qo'llab-quvvatlamadi.[123] Obama qiynoqlar qo'llanilishiga qarshi.[124] | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| Nader qarashlari Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining o'g'irlanishi va g'ayrioddiy talqin qilinishi dunyo bo'ylab hurmatning pasayishiga olib keladi.[125] "Muayyan protsessga, ehtimoliy sabablarga, habeas korpusiga qarshi konstitutsiyaviy jinoyatlar, qiynoqqa solish va muddatsiz qamoq jazosi ... Amerika huquqshunosligini yomonlashtiradi va yemiradi, bu millatning xavfsizligi va uning erkinliklari uchun jiddiy oqibatlarga olib keladi."[126] | |||
Arman genotsidi
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Shahar hokimligi yig'ilishida 2008 yil 6-yanvarda Makkeyn arman genotsidiga oid savolga javob berib, u arman genotsidini tan olishini, ammo turk hukumatining sezgirligi va ularning doimiy ravishda qo'shilishi muhimligi sababli armanlarning genotsid qaroriga qarshi chiqishini ta'kidladi. terrorizmga qarshi kurash.[127] 2008 yil 29 sentyabrda u Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlaridagi Armaniston-Amerika Hamjamiyatiga ochiq xatida "20-asrning eng katta fojialaridan biri, shuncha kishining vahshiylarcha o'ldirilishi va Usmonli imperiyasi hukmronligi ostida bo'lgan yarim million armanlar ham eng e'tiborsiz bo'lganlardan biri bo'lgan "va" bu fojiali voqealarni tan olish bizning vazifamiz ".[128] | 2008 yil 19 yanvarda Obama AQSh senatori sifatida u bilan birga bo'lganligini e'lon qildi Arman amerikalik jamiyat Turkiyani tan olishga chaqirmoqda Arman genotsidi va uni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi tan olish. 2006 yilda Obama Davlat kotibini tanqid qildi Kondoliza Rays otish uchun Qo'shma Shtatlarning Armanistondagi elchisi, Jon Evans, u Turkiyaning yuz minglab odamlarni o'ldirishini ta'riflash uchun "genotsid" atamasini ishlatganidan keyin Armanlar.[129] 2008 yil iyun oyida Obama o'z xatida AQShning arman genotsidini tan olish majburiyatini takrorladi ANCA Rais Ken Xachikyan.[130] Obama qo'llab-quvvatladi Uyning qarori 106 qotilliklarni genotsid deb tan olgan. | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
Xitoy
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Jon Makkeynning ta'kidlashicha, Amerika mustaqil Tayvanni ta'minlash uchun ishlashni davom ettirishi kerak va xitoyliklarga tegishli korporatsiyalarning qobiliyatiga qarshi Xalq ozodlik armiyasi Amerika siyosiy kampaniyalariga moliyaviy hissa qo'shish.[131] | |||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| Xitoy potentsial harbiy tahdiddir va unga nisbatan olib borilayotgan iqtisodiy siyosat Amerikaning asosiy sanoat tarmoqlarini zaiflashtiradi.[31] | |||
Chet el yordami
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Jon Makkeyn tashqi yordamni kengaytirishni, xususan Afrikadagi bezgak kasalligiga qarshi kurashishni rejalashtirayotgan bo'lsa-da, u amerikaliklarning yordam pullarining juda ko'p qismi buzilgan xorijiy hukumatlar tomonidan o'g'irlangan yoki aniq o'g'irlanganidan xavotir bildirdi.[132][133] | Obama tashqi yordamni 2012 yilga kelib ikki baravar ko'paytirib, 50 milliard dollarni tashkil etadi.[132] | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| Bolduinning fikricha, AQSh dunyodagi politsiyachi emas va barcha tashqi yordam va aralashuv siyosatiga barham beradi.[31] | "[F] oreign yordami oluvchilar uchun ozgina foyda keltirishi bilan birga AQSh iqtisodiyotini to'kib yuborganini ko'rsatdi. Yordam muntazam ravishda buzilgan xorijiy hukumatlar tomonidan o'z xalqiga zulm qilish va qudratli elitalarni boyitish uchun ishlatiladi. Tashqi yordam deyarli har doim iqtisodiy va siyosiy islohotlarni to'xtatadi , ko'pincha AQSh manfaatlariga zid ishlaydigan davlatlarga subsidiya berish bilan birga. "[134] | ||
Gruziya
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Jon Makkeynning aytishicha, Rossiya va Gruziya kuchlari o'rtasida to'qnashuvning oldini olish juda muhimdir. Makkeyn Evropa Ittifoqi va EXHT Rossiyani barcha suveren Gruziya hududidan chiqib ketishi uchun bosim o'tkazish.[135] | |||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
Birlashgan Millatlar
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| John McCain stated that the oil-for-food scandal and perennial failure to uphold Human Rights had demonstrated a "crying need for reform" in the UN. | |||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| Baldwin would withdraw the US from the United Nations, perceiving it to be a threat to American sovereignty.[31] | Barr calls the United Nations "an enormous disappointment" and asserts that "[t]he U.S. should push to roll back the UN’s functions and slash America’s financial contribution".[136] | ||
Energy and environmental issues
Muhit
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| McCain's stances on Global isish and other environmental issues have often put him at odds with the Bush administration and other Republicans. For example, he has generally opposed drilling in the Arktika milliy yovvoyi tabiat qo'riqxonasi.[137] According to the League of Conservation Voters' 2006 National Environmental Scorecard, McCain took an "anti-environment" stance on four of seven environmental resolutions during the second session of the 109th congress. The four resolutions dealt with issues such as dengizda burg'ulash, an Arctic national wildlife refuge, low-income energy assistance, and environmental funding.[138] McCain's measures to lower auto emissions include higher fines for not complying with CAFE standards, calling for a level playing field for all alcohol-based biofuels, issuing a Clean Car Challenge to automakers (a US$5,000 dollar tax credit for each and every customer who buys a zero-emissions car) and awarding a substantial prize to the auto company that develops a next-generation car battery.[139] | Obama has a 'New Energy for America' plan and he has pledged to cut issiqxona gazi emissions 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050 by forcing a market-based savdo-sotiq tizim,[140] recommitting federal resources to public mass transportation va uglerodni ajratish (incentives to plant trees, restore grasslands or undertake farming practices). Obama also has plans for improving air and water quality through reduced carbon emissions.[141] Obama worked as a member of the US Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works during the 109th Congress.[142] At least 30 percent of federal government's electricity would come from qayta tiklanadigan manbalar 2020 yilgacha.[141] Also, he wants to create a 'Global Energy Forum' of the largest energy consuming nations (G8 +5). The Tabiatni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha saylovchilar ligasi has given Obama the highest lifetime rating of anyone currently running for president.[143] | ||
| Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | ||
| Barr pledges to eliminate restrictions that inhibit energy production, as well as all special privileges for the production of politically favored fuels, such as ethanol; supports the exploration and production of America’s abundant domestic resources, including oil in the Outer Continental Shelf and Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, and alternative sources such as neft slanetsi, which would lower costs to the consumer and assure more adequate and consistent supplies.[144] | McKinney plans to create a cap on production and consumption as well as add organic farming, sustainability, and GM to the current Farm Bill. She also plans to assess toxic levels after Katrina bo'roni va Rita bo'roni. She voted yes on further AMTRAK funding and no on changing the Yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan 1973 yil to'g'risidagi qonun. She also voted down a bill that allowed commercial logging on public land.[145] | ||
| Ralf Nader | Chak Bolduin | ||
| Nader is credited with helping the Toza havo to'g'risidagi qonun (1970) va Xavfsiz ichimlik suvi to'g'risidagi qonun (1974).[73] He was one of the first public figures to advocate qayta tiklanadigan energiya 1970 yillar davomida.[146] Nader supports mandatory standards for recycling and precycling, especially in areas of government control.[147] |
Energiya
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| McCain gave a major speech on his energy policy at the Strategik va xalqaro tadqiqotlar markazi. He connected energy independence with national security, climate change, and the environment.[148][149] McCain proposed increasing ethanol imports[iqtibos kerak ] and moving from exploration to production of plaginli gibrid elektr transport vositalari. He said that US dependence on foreign oil is "a major strategic vulnerability, a serious threat to our security, our economy and the well being of our planet." He is co-sponsor of a Senate savdo-sotiq bill designed to limit greenhouse gas emissions,[150] and is seen as a bipartisan leader on the issue. McCain supports the increased use of atom energiyasi in the US and reduce qayta tiklanadigan manbalar elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarish uchun. He has promoted the expanded use of nuclear power, calling for 45 new nuclear reactors to be built by 2030.[151] | Obama has presented a 'New Energy for America' plan to achieve a kam uglerodli iqtisodiyot, subsidizing 5 million new yashil ish o'rinlari.[140] He proposes $150 billion over 10 years to accelerate the commercialization of plaginli duragaylar, promote development of commercial scale renewable energy (establishing a 100% federal RPS to require that 10 percent of electricity be derived from renewable sources by 2012 and 25% in 2025[141]), encourage energiya samaradorligi, advance the next generation of bioyoqilg'i (requiring 60 billion US gallons (230,000,000 m3) by 2030) and fuel infrastructure, and begin transition to a new digital electricity grid (smart metering, javobni talab qilish, tarqatilgan avlod and electricity storage systems).[140] He also plans to reduce overall U.S. neft iste'moli by at least 35%, or 10 million barrels (1,600,000 m3) per day, by 2030 to offset imports from OPEK millatlar.[152][153] Obama and other Senators introduced the BioFuels xavfsizlik to'g'risidagi qonun in 2006. Regarding the domestic use of atom energiyasi, Obama declared himself flatly opposed to building a nuclear waste repository in Nevada and has called for the facility's closure.[154] However, Obama voted for the 2005 yilgi energiya siyosati to'g'risidagi qonun, which allocated $4.3 billion in tax credits to the nuclear energy sector.[155][156] Obama and other Senators introduced a bill in 2007 to promote the development of commercially viable plaginli duragaylar and other electric-drive vehicles in order to shift away from petroleum fuels and "toward much cleaner – and cheaper – electricity for transportation".[157] In his plan, related with transportation, he proposes increase fuel economy standards 4 percent per each year, specific focus on R&D in advanced battery technology and a $7,000 soliq imtiyozi for the purchase of advanced technology vehicles as well as conversion tax credits and $4 billion retooling tax credits and loan guarantees for domestic auto plants and parts manufacturers; the entire White House fleet would be converted to plug-ins and half of cars purchased by the federal government will be plug-in (hybrids or all-electric) vehicles by 2012.[140] | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| Would dissolve the Energetika bo'limi. Believes in American energy independence by repealing prohibitions on domestic oil drilling, oil refineries, and nuclear plants.[31] | Says the erkin bozor needs to be the foundation of the United States' energy policy. Supports drilling in the Arktika milliy yovvoyi tabiat qo'riqxonasi.[158] | McKinney wants to leave Alyaska oil in the ground, declare the U.S. carbon-free and yadroviy -free, and implement the Kioto shartnomasi. She has voted no on scheduling permitting for new oil refineries and authorizing construction of new oil refineries. She has voted yes on keeping moratorium on drilling for oil offshore, raising CAFE standards; incentives for alternative fuels, prohibiting oil drilling development in ANWR, and starting implementation of Kyoto Protocol.[159] | Nader is a strong supporter of quyosh energiyasi and wants to end government subsidies for the fossil fuel and nuclear energy industries.[147] He says "technologies are way ahead of the political framework" and envisions a "massive conversion from a hydrocarbon-based economy to a carbohydrate-based economy" within 20 to 25 years.[146][147] U qarshi corn ethanol "which has a very poor net energy and water-usage characteristic" in favor of selülozik etanol.[146] U shunday deydi savdo-sotiq programs "can be easily manipulated" and wants to tax inefficient technology and pollution at the production source.[146] |
Ichki muammolar
Sud hokimiyati
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| John McCain voted for the appointment of Justice Roberts. McCain favors a more Constructionist standpoint and says he would work to safeguard against Sud faolligi.[160] | Barack Obama was 1 of 22 Senators to vote against the appointment of Justice Roberts. | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
Bir jinsli nikoh
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| In 2004, McCain voted against the Federal nikohni o'zgartirish, arguing that each state should be able to choose whether to recognize bir jinsli nikohlar.[161][162] U qo'llab-quvvatladi 2006 Arizona initiative to ban same-sex marriage.[163] | Obama voted against the Federal nikohni o'zgartirish which would have defined marriage as between one man and one woman, but personally believes that marriage is a religious bond between a man and a woman. U qo'llab-quvvatlaydi fuqarolik birlashmalari uchun bir jinsli juftliklar which would be same-sex marriage in all but name, but believes that decisions about the name marriage should be left to the states.[164][165][166] | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| Baldwin believes marriage is between a man and a woman and supports the DOMA.[167][yaxshiroq manba kerak ] | Barr opposes any federal definition of marriage, whether by statute or konstitutsiyaviy o'zgartirish. He believes the states should be free to determine what constitutes marriage.[168] | Supports homosexual adoption and has a HRC 80 rating on gay rights issues.[169] | Nader opposes DOMA and the military's So'ramang, aytmang siyosat.[170] He says, "We've got to get rid of this discrimination, this chilling, this bigotry toward gays and lesbians that are reflected in literally hundreds and hundreds of statutes and regulations in this country."[171] |
Abort
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| On February 18, 2007, John McCain stated, "I do not support Roe versus Wade. It should be overturned."[172] McCain believes that Roe v. Wade should be overturned and that the issue of abortion should be returned to the states. | In his write-in response to a 1998 survey, Obama stated his abortion position as: "Abortions should be legally available in accordance with Roe Vadega qarshi."[173] Xizmat qilish paytida Illinoys Senati, Obama voted against bills that included tug'ilishning qisman aborti bans. In the presidential debate of October 16, 2008, he argued that partial birth abortions were already illegal, and he does not support the practice in accordance with Illinois law.[iqtibos kerak ] He has received a 100 percent rating from the Illinois Rejalashtirilgan ota-ona Kengash[174] | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| Baldwin would encourage Congress to pass Ron Pol 's Sanctity of Life Act. Would deny federal funds to abortion clinics.[31] | McKinney supports full reproductive rights for women, including safe access to comprehensive prenatal and postnatal/infant care; family planning services and contraception, including "morning after" medication; and abortion. She rejects forced, coerced, or uninformed medication and sterilization, and supports single-payer universal healthcare.[175] | Nader is opposed to legal restrictions on abortion, "I don't think government has the proper role in forcing a woman to have a child or forcing a woman not to have a child... This is something that should be privately decided with the family, woman, all the other private factors of it, but we should work toward preventing the necessity of abortion."[176] | |
Qurolni boshqarish
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| John McCain believes that the qurol saqlash va ushlab turish huquqi is a fundamental, individual Constitutional right. In the past he has voted to protect gun manufacturers from attempts to make them liable for crimes committed by third parties. McCain opposes restrictions on assault rifles and has voted against such bans. He has supported legislation requiring gun manufacturers to include gun safety devices such as tirnoq qulflari in product packaging. He cosponsored legislation to lift the DC gun ban. McCain opposed "waiting periods" for the purchase of firearms.[177] McCain also voted against the 1993 Brady Bill to restrict the availability of handguns.[178] | During a February 15, 2008 press conference, Obama stated, "I think there is an individual right to bear arms, but it's subject to commonsense regulation."[iqtibos kerak ] He supports the right of local municipalities to determine gun laws.[179][180] Obama has also stated that he will work to reintroduce the expired Federal qurolli qurollarni taqiqlash and to make it permanent.[181] In Illinois, he backed changes to state law that included a ban on assault weapons sales and limiting handgun sales to one a month. In Congress, he voted to leave gun-makers and dealers open to lawsuits for actions committed by third parties.[182][183] Obama has proposed outlawing types of ammunition.[184] | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| Supports the qurol ko'tarish huquqi as an individual right.[31] | Supports the qurol ko'tarish huquqi as an individual right. "I oppose any law requiring registration of, or restricting the ownership, manufacture, or transfer or sale of firearms or ammunition to law-abiding citizens."[185] | ||
O'lim jazosi
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| McCain indicated that he supported the use of the death penalty, mandatory prison terms for selling illegal drugs, and stronger restrictions on the purchase and possession of guns.[186][187][188] McCain is a proponent of majburiy hukm umuman.[189] | Obama favors the death penalty for cases in which "the community is justified in expressing the full measure of its outrage."[190] On June 25, 2008, Obama condemned Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Oliy sudi qaror Kennedi va Luiziana, which outlawed the death penalty for a child rapist when the victim was not killed. He said that states have the right to consider capital punishment, but cited concern about the possibility of unfairness in some sentences.[191] | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| It is the main focus of McKinney's stance on crime that capital punishment should be replaced with umrbod qamoq. She has voted against bills that would make death penalty appeals harder and the prosecution and sentencing of voyaga etmaganlarning huquqbuzarligi. She has voted in favor of bills that would keep habeas corpus rights in death penalty appeals, as well as in favor of bills to replace the death penalty and finding alternative sentences to capital punishment. She also supports stronger sentencing for nafrat jinoyatlari.[192] | |||
Immigratsiya
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| McCain promoted the legislation and eventually the granting of citizenship to the estimated 12–20 million illegal aliens in the United States and the creation of an additional mehmon ishchi dasturi with an option for permanent immigration. In his bid for the 2000 Presidential nomination, McCain supported expansion of the H-1B vizasi program, a temporary visa for skilled workers.[193] In 2005, he co-sponsored a bill with Ted Kennedi that would expand use of guest worker visas.[194] | Obama's plan: 1) Improve border security; 2) Crack down on employers who hire illegal immigrants; 3) Enable immigrants in the country illegally to voluntarily pay a fine, learn English, and get in line for legal citizenship; 4) Fix the immigration bureaucracy; and 5) Provide additional economic assistance to Mexico.[195] Obama also supports issuing driver's licenses to illegal immigrants to prevent unlicensed drivers from creating a public safety hazard.[196] | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| Baldwin would enforce visa rules, and does not support a "path to citizenship"/amnesty for aliens currently residing in the US illegally. Employers who knowingly hire illegals would be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law. Would end "birthright citizenship", and thus end the problem of "langar chaqaloqlar ". No federal monies would be used for any services to illegal aliens.[31] | Supports better border security to crack down on illegal immigration while also supporting reforms that will "sharply increase" legal immigration. Supports ending birthright citizenship and ending government benefits and services for illegal immigrants.[197] | McKinney believes the wave of new immigration is a result of economic policies and agreements (e.g., NAFTA) that impoverish people and drive them across borders. She opposes the guest-worker program as riddled with abuses, and support human rights protections and amnesty for immigrants in the country illegally, an end to raids, and tearing down the border wall.[198] | Nader does not support ochiq chegaralar, which he says will create a "cheap-wage policy" for businesses.[199] He supports giving illegal workers, who have their taxes withheld, the same labor standards and benefits as American workers.[200] He says the government should "crack down" on employers and stop "brain draining " Third World countries with H-1B vizalari.[200] |
Irqiy adolat
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Members of the McCain camp have pointed out that George Bush signed a federal directive in 2001 that outlawed irqiy profillash and ordered the Attorney General to look into the matter.[201] | Obama wants to eliminate irqiy profillash by federal law enforcement agencies.[202] As state senator in Illinois, Obama helped bring about passage of the state’s first racial-profiling law.[203] In October 2007, he asked Attorney General-Designate, Judge Michael Mukasey, to end the practice.[204] | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| McKinney supports comprehensive federal investment in low-come families and communities, with an emphasis on people of color, to eliminate racial and other disparities in education, healthcare, imprisonment, family income, wealth, home ownership. She supports a moratorium on foreclosures, and end to the privatization of prisons. Hurricanes Katrina and Rita survivors should be recognized as Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs); she supports protecting their right of return, including their right to vote in their home states, and reparations for the losses they incurred due to government abandonment and negligence. She calls for an end to the "War on Drugs," which justifies foreign military intervention and assaults civil liberties; mandatory minimum drug sentences should be ended, and the budget should focus on treatment and prevention.[25] | |||
Federal funding for embryonic stem cell research
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| McCain is a member of The Respublika asosiy ko'cha sherikligi va qo'llab-quvvatlaydi embrional ildiz hujayrasi research despite his earlier opposition.[205] He states that he believes that stem cell research, and indeed embryonic stem cell research, will continue whether or not the U.S. sanctions it, and so it would be the wisest course of action to support it to the extent that the United States will be able to regulate and monitor the use.[iqtibos kerak ] | Obama supports federal funding for embrional ildiz hujayralarini tadqiq qilish and was a co-sponsor[206] 2005 yil Ildiz hujayralarini tadqiq qilishni takomillashtirish to'g'risidagi qonun which was passed by both houses of Congress but vetoed by President George W. Bush.[iqtibos kerak ] | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| Nader supports ildiz hujayralarini tadqiq qilish. U orqali Consumer Project on Technology, he seeks to ensure that research conducted with public money is freely available to the public, and not held back by corporate and university patents.[89] | |||
Ta'lim
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| McCain supports the use of maktab yo'llanmalari.[207] In 2006 he said, "Should aqlli dizayn be taught as a science class? Probably not."[208] On July 29, 2007, McCain voted against increasing federal student loans and Pell grants and expanding eligibility for financial aid.[209][210] | During an October 2004 debate, Obama stated that he opposed education vouchers for use at private schools because he believes they would undermine public schools.[211][212] | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| Baldwin would support homeschoolers and disband the Ta'lim bo'limi.[31] | Would abolish the Ta'lim bo'limi and eliminate federal grants and regulation; also opposes Orqada bola qolmaydi. Believes that education should return to the local level. Supports state-level tax credits to parents who use private education or homeschool. "Ultimately, education will best serve the children of America if it occurs within a competitive private system rather than a government system."[213] | Has often stated that it is wrong xalq ta'limi receives $38 billion annually while Pentagon receives $700 billion annually. She also believes reforms like Orqada bola qolmaydi hurt the education system, and that free higher education and better boshlang'ich ta'lim is what will improve school systems throughout the nation. She also voted yes on a substitute bill to lower talaba krediti qiziqish rates and increase black college and Hispanic college quality and quantity. She voted yes on a bill for state-testing and voted no on bills to allow vouchers in the District of Columbia, allowing vouchers in private schools and paroxial maktablar, and no on a bill that would only give federal aid to schools that allowed maktab namozi.[214] | |
Vatanparvarlik to'g'risidagi qonun
| Jon Makkeyn | Barak Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| McCain voted to extend the wiretap provision in the USA PATRIOT Act. He also voted to reauthorize the USA PATRIOT Act in 2006.[215] | Obama called for the repeal of the USA PATRIOT Act in 2003.[216] He voted for the reauthorization of the USA PATRIOT Act in 2006.[217] He supported recent FISA legislation giving telecommunications corporations immunity for cooperating with warrantless surveillance programs.[218] | ||
| Chak Bolduin | Bob Barr | Sintiya Makkinni | Ralf Nader |
| Davomida Libertarian Convention, Barr said of USA PATRIOT Act: "I'd drive a stake through its heart, shoot it, burn it, cut off its head, burn it again, and scatter its ashes to the four corners of the world."[219] | McKinney calls for the repeal of the Patriot Act.[220] | Nader has called for the repeal of the USA PATRIOT Act. He has stated that it has eroded civil liberties and due process of law, particularly for Muslims and Arab Americans.[221] | |
Shuningdek qarang
- Demokratik partiyadan (AQSh) prezidentlikka nomzodlar, 2008 yil
- Respublikachilar partiyasi (AQSh) prezidentlikka nomzodlar, 2008 yil
- Qo'shma Shtatlar uchinchi partiyasi va mustaqil prezidentlikka nomzodlar, 2008 yil
- Jon Makkeynning siyosiy pozitsiyalari
- Barak Obamaning siyosiy pozitsiyalari
- Jo Baydenning siyosiy pozitsiyalari
- Sara Peyninning siyosiy pozitsiyalari
- Sintiya Makkinnining siyosiy pozitsiyalari
- Bob Barrning siyosiy pozitsiyalari
- Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining federal byudjeti
Adabiyotlar
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On September 4, a slate of presidential electors was filed at the Louisiana Secretary of State's office, in person. The electors are pledged to Ron Paul for president, and former Congressman Barry Goldwater, Jr., for vice-president. The partisan label for this slate is "Louisiana Taxpayers Party." The filing, and the $500 was accepted
- ^ Winger, Richard (September 5, 2008). "Montana Constitution Party Submits Presidential Electors Pledged to Ron Paul and Michael Peroutka". Ovoz berish uchun yangiliklar. Olingan 22 sentyabr, 2008.
- ^ "Was Barack Obama really a constitutional law professor". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi on June 17, 2008.
- ^ "OBAMA, Barack – Biographical Information".
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- ^ "Arxivlangan nusxa". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2008 yil 9-iyulda. Olingan 29 sentyabr, 2008.CS1 maint: nom sifatida arxivlangan nusxa (havola)
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- ^ Chuck Baldwin On His Run For President
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- ^ "Cynthia McKinney on Taxes and Budget". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2012 yil 9-iyulda. Olingan 17 oktyabr, 2008.
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- ^ a b v Yashil sahifalar: A Gift for a Generation: A U.S. Financial System of Our Own
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- ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m "If I Were President".
- ^ a b v d "Chuck Baldwin on the issues".
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- ^ Appelbaum, Lauren (2007 yil 5-iyul). "Obama xizmatiga haq to'lashni talab qilmoqda". MSNBC. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2007 yil 4 avgustda. Olingan 2 avgust, 2007.
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- ^ http://ontheissues.org/2008/Cynthia_McKinney_Education.htm
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