Mitt Romnining siyosiy pozitsiyalari - Political positions of Mitt Romney

Ning siyosiy pozitsiyalari Mitt Romni undan yozib olingan 1994 yil Massachusets shtatidagi AQSh senatorlik kampaniyasi, 2002 yil gubernatorlik saylovi, davomida uning 2003–2007 gubernatorligi, davomida uning 2008 yilgi AQSh prezidentlik kampaniyasi, uning 2010 yilgi kitobida Kechirim so'ramang: Amerika buyukligi uchun masala, davomida uning 2012 yilgi AQSh prezidentlik kampaniyasi va uning paytida Yuta shtatidagi 2018 senatorlik kampaniyasi. Ushbu siyosiy pozitsiyalarning ba'zilari o'zgargan, boshqalari esa o'zgarishsiz qolgan.

1994 yilda, uning kampaniyasi paytida AQSh Senati Massachusetsda "Romni o'zini a mo''tadil respublikachi, ijtimoiy liberal va fiskal jihatdan konservativ "va The New York Times uning fikrlarini gubernator qarashlariga o'xshatdi Uilyam F. Weld.^[1] Uning paytida gubernatorlik kampaniyasi 2002 yilda Romni o'zini a markazchi o'zi haqida gapirish: "Men mo''tadil odamman va ... mening qarashlarim ilg'or".^[2] Boston Globe, 2004 yilgi Respublikachilar Milliy Kongressi ma'ruzachilar ro'yxati to'g'risida xabar berib, "Massachusets shtatidagi aksariyat ijtimoiy masalalarda mo''tadil mavqega ega respublikachilar, Romni va [gubernator gubernator Kerri] Xili ham Bush kampaniyasi o'zining loyihasi uchun rejalashtirmoqchi bo'lgan mo''tadil ohangga mos keladi" deb yozgan. [2004] konventsiya. " 2005 yilda Romni o'z qarashlarini "milliy sahnada mo''tadil" deb ta'riflagan.^[3][4] Biroq, 2007 yilda Romni o'zining birinchi ishini boshladi prezidentlik kampaniyasi va o'zini doimiy ravishda deb atagan konservativ.^[5] 2011 yilda yana prezidentlik kampaniyasini o'tkazib, u o'zini "konservativ Choy partiyasi bilan hamohang" deb ta'riflagan.^[6] 2012 yilda CPAC Konservativ siyosiy harakatlar qo'mitasi, Romni o'z lavozimini Massachusets shtatining "qattiq konservativ" gubernatori sifatida ta'rifladi.^[7] 2020 yilda Yuta shtatidagi AQSh senatori sifatida Romni Senatning mo''tadil respublikachilari qatoriga kirgan.^{[8][9][10][11]}

2012 yilda Gallup amerikaliklarni prezidentlikka nomzodlar haqidagi tushunchalari bo'yicha so'rov o'tkazdi va 45% Mitt Romnini konservativ, 29% mo''tadil va 12% liberal deb qabul qildi, 14% esa uning mafkurasi haqida hech qanday fikrga ega emas.^[12] 2016 yilda Romni "tasdiqlash va ovoz berish" ni ko'rib chiqdi Ozodlik partiyasi prezidentlik chiptasi.^[13][14] Romni 2020 yilda Prezident nomzodini tasdiqlashni rejalashtirmaganligini e'lon qildi.^[15][16] U uchta respublikachi senatordan biri edi, boshqalari Liza Murkovski Alyaskaning va Syuzan Kollinz qarshi bo'lgan rezolyutsiyani hammualliflik qilishdan bosh tortgan Meyn shtati vakili impichment bo'yicha so'rov Prezident Trampga.^[17][18][19] U impichment bo'yicha sud jarayonida guvohlarga ruxsat berish uchun demokratlar bilan ovoz bergan ikki respublikachidan biri edi, natijada CPACdan mahrum qilindi.^[20][21] 2020 yil fevral oyida u prezident Trumpni sudlash uchun ovoz bergan yagona respublikachiga aylandi birinchi maqola impichment bo'yicha^[22][23] AQSh Senatida, 2020 yil noyabr holatiga ko'ra, Romni prezident Tramp bilan qonunchilik masalalarida taxminan 82% ovoz bergan.^[24]

Ushbu maqola haqida ketma-ket qismidir Mitt Romni
Siyosiy lavozimlar Saylov tarixi Biznes martaba Tuz ko'li tashkiliy qo'mitasi Ommaviy imidj Massachusets shtati gubernatori Gubernatorlik Sog'liqni saqlash tizimini isloh qilish Prezidentlik kampaniyalari 2008 Boshlang'ich saylovlar Konventsiya 2012 Boshlang'ich saylovlar Konventsiya Bahslar "Ayollarga to'la bog'lovchilar" Saylov Tavsiyalar Rejalashtirilgan prezident o'tish davri Yuta shtatidan AQSh senatori Egalik Kechirasiz Trampga qarshi chiqish

Iqtisodiy siyosat

Qishloq xo'jaligi

Senatdagi 1994 yilgi saylovoldi kampaniyasida Romni Qishloq xo'jaligi federal departamentini "virtual yo'q qilishga" chaqirdi^[25] va fermer xo'jaliklarining subsidiyalarini kamaytirish uchun.^[26] 2007 yilda Ayova shtatidagi Prezident saylovi bo'yicha vakili Romni ushbu qarashlar to'g'risida savolga javob berganida: "Gubernator Romni qishloq xo'jaligiga sarmoya kiritish bizning iqtisodiyotimiz va oilalarimiz uchun muhimdir" deb javob berdi.^[27]

2012 yilgi prezident saylovlari kampaniyasi davomida Romni pozitsiyalarni egalladi qishloq xo'jaligi subventsiyalari ba'zi ommaviy axborot vositalarining xabarlari noaniq va bir-biriga zid deb tavsiflanadi.^[28][29][30] 2011 yil may oyida, respublikachi prezidentlikka nomzoddan bir necha kun o'tgach Tim Pawlenty ishlab chiqarish uchun federal subsidiyalar deb e'lon qilgan edi etanol yoqilg'isi bosqichma-bosqich bekor qilinishi kerak, deydi Romni, u etanolni subsidiyalash tarafdori edi.^[31] Besh oy o'tgach, Ayova shtatidagi fermerlar va korxona rahbarlari bilan o'tkazilgan davra suhbatida qishloq xo'jaligini subsidiyalash to'g'risida gaplashayotganda, Romni: "Men pul tarqatish va'dalariga asoslangan holda o'z nomzodimni ilgari surmayapman ... Biz bunga majburmiz. bizning imkoniyatimizga muvofiq yashash. "^[32] U shuningdek, o'tmishda etanol yoqilg'isi sanoatining paydo bo'lishiga yordam berish uchun etanolni subsidiyalashni qo'llab-quvvatlagan bo'lsa-da, va u etanol xalqning energiya ehtiyojlarini qondirishda muhim rol o'ynashi kerak, deb hisoblaganini aytdi, ammo u gazni ishlab chiqarishni to'xtatishga rozi bo'ldi. ikki oydan keyin rejalashtirilgan jo'xori donidan etanol ishlab chiqarish uchun soliq imtiyozi.^[32] Qishloq xo'jaligini subsidiyalash masalasida umuman olganda, Romni 2012 yildagi so'rovnomaga javoban yozgan Amerika fermasi byurosi federatsiyasi "boshqa millatlar o'z dehqonlariga subsidiya berishadi, shuning uchun biz o'z siyosatimizni mamlakatimizdagi qishloq xo'jaligiga zarar etkazadigan tarzda bir tomonlama o'zgartirishdan ehtiyot bo'lishimiz kerak".^[33] U 2012 yil avgust oyida saylovoldi tashviqoti izidan xuddi shunday subsidiyalarga ishora qilmasdan aytgan edi: "Biz o'zimizni oziq-ovqat ta'minotimiz borasida energiya ta'minotimiz bilan bir xil pozitsiyada topishni xohlamaymiz, shuning uchun bu juda muhim bizning dehqonlarimiz fermada qolishlari va xavfsiz oziq-ovqat manbai bo'lishi kerak bo'lgan hosilni etishtirishlari mumkinligiga ishonch hosil qilishimiz uchun. Shuning uchun men bunga imkon beradigan yordamlarga ishonaman. "^[34]

Romni benzin ishlab chiqaruvchilardan benzin aralashmalariga etanol qo'shilishini talab qiladigan federal mandatlar bo'yicha pozitsiyasi unchalik aniq bo'lmagan.^[30] Romni kampaniyasi, Romnining etanoldan foydalanish mandatlari bo'yicha pozitsiyasini so'ragan so'rovga javoban, "etanol sanoati" Amerikaning xorijiy neftga qaramligini kamaytirishda muhim yutuqlarga erishdi "va etanol" transport yoqilg'isidagi ulushini oshirish istiqbollarini davom ettirishi kerak. "^[30] Romni Amerika fermer xo'jaliklari byurosiga: "Bioyoqilg'i ishlab chiqarish hajmining ko'payishi energetik mustaqillikka erishish rejamda muhim o'rin tutadi. Bozorga kirib borishi va energiya manbalari o'rtasidagi raqobatni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun men Qayta tiklanadigan yoqilg'i standartini qo'llab-quvvatlash tarafdoriman . "^[33]

Romni Ayova shtatidagi makkajo'xori yetishtiruvchilar assotsiatsiyasining Prezidentning asosiy saylov kampaniyasi paytida hosilni sug'urtalash va konservatsiya qilish bo'yicha o'z pozitsiyalarini so'ragan so'rovlariga javob berishdan bosh tortdi.^[28] U 2012 yilda Amerika fermer xo'jaliklari byurosi federatsiyasining so'rovnomasiga shunday javob qaytardi: "Bu yilgi qurg'oqchilik yomonlashgani sababli an'anaviy ravishda ekin sug'urtasi bilan ta'minlanmaganlar uchun tabiiy ofatlarga yordam berish mening [prezident sifatida] ustuvor vazifam bo'lishi kerak".^[33]

Avtomobil sanoati

2008 yilgi prezidentlik saylovlari davomida Romni avtomobilsozlik bo'yicha retseptini raqib nomzodidan ajratib ko'rsatgan edi Jon Makkeyn Energiya, yoqilg'i texnologiyasi, materialshunoslik va avtomobilsozlik texnologiyalari sohasidagi tadqiqotlar va ishlanmalarga federal mablag 'ajratish uchun besh yil ichida yiliga 20 milliard dollarni besh baravar oshirishga chaqirish orqali. 14-yanvar kuni qilgan nutqida u "Men" ... ishsiz qolgan odamlar uchun juda yomon, ular abadiy ketib qolishdi "deb o'tirishga tayyor emasman" dedi.^[35][36] Sifatida 2008 yildagi avtomobilsozlik inqirozi o'rtasida paydo bo'ldi yaqin qulash 2008 yil oxirida xususiy sektor kredit bozori va bank sanoatida, Romni avtosanoatning to'g'ridan-to'g'ri hukumat kreditlari bilan yordam berishga qarshi chiqdi. U qiyin ahvolda bo'lgan avtoulov ishlab chiqaruvchilari boshqarilishi kerakligini taklif qildi bankrotlik, shundan so'ng ular xususiy sektor kredit bozoridan davlat tomonidan kafolatlangan kredit kafolatlari bilan kredit olishlari kerak. Da chop etilgan maqolada yozish Nyu-York Tayms 2008 yil noyabr oyida (uning asl nomi "Avtosanoat uchun oldinga siljish" deb nomlangan edi, ammo tahririyat maqolani "Detroyt bankrot bo'lsin" nomi ostida chop etdi),^[37][38] Romni: "Agar General Motors, Ford va Chrysler kecha ularning rahbarlari so'ragan yordamni olishsa, siz Amerika avtomobilsozligi bilan xayrlashishingiz mumkin" dedi. Uning boshqariladigan bankrotlik to'g'risidagi taklifiga murojaat qilib, u "kompaniyalarga ortiqcha ishchi kuchi, pensiya va ko'chmas mulk xarajatlarini to'lashga ruxsat berishini" aytdi.^[39] Obama ma'muriyati oxir-oqibat boshqariladigan bankrotlik bo'yicha qayta tashkil etishni amalga oshirdi General Motors va Chrysler korporatsiyalar to'g'ridan-to'g'ri davlat tomonidan moliyalashtirish bilan birgalikda Romni qarshi chiqqan edi,^[35][40] shundan keyin Romni avtosanoatning tiklanishi uchun munosib xizmat ko'rsatishini aytdi.^[41]

2012-yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi paytida Romni Obama ma'muriyatini General Motors aktsiyalarini ehtiyotkorlik bilan o'ylaganidan uzoqroq ushlab turishini tanqid qildi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, hukumat General Motors aktsiyalarini tezda sotishi va avtoulov sanoatini haddan tashqari tartibga solish deb atagan alternativalarni izlashi kerak.^[42][43] U ham shunday dedi yoqilg'i tejamkorligi standartlar hukumatning buyrug'i bilan emas, balki bozor kuchlari bilan belgilanishi kerak va u chaqirdi elektr transport vositalari "odamlar qiziqtirmaydigan texnologiya."^[42] GM va Chrysler o'zlarining qutqaruvdan keyin Xitoy bozoriga qaytishlari Amerikaning ish joylarini autsorsingga o'tkazishga urinishlar ekanligini rad etishdi, chunki Romni Bloomberg News-ning tuzatilgan hisobotidan beri.^[44][45]

Byudjet

2012 yil mart oyida Romni Uy byudjet qo'mitasi Pol Rayanning yangi versiyasi - 2013 moliya yili uchun taklif qilingan byudjet Obod turmushga yo'l.^[46][47] 2019 yilda AQSh senatori sifatida Romni respublikachilar uchun ham, Demokratik qonun loyihalari uchun ham ovoz berish uchun ovoz berdi hukumatning yopilishi.^[48] U Demokratik qonun loyihasiga ovoz berish uchun partiyalarini buzgan olti respublikachidan biri edi.^[49]

Aksiyani moliyalashtirish

Senatdagi 1994 yilgi saylovoldi kampaniyasida Romni Kongress kampaniyalariga sarflanadigan cheklovlarni qo'llab-quvvatladi va bekor qilishni taklif qildi siyosiy harakatlar qo'mitalari.^[50]2002 yil gubernatorlik kampaniyasida Romni davlat tomonidan moliyalashtirilgan kampaniyalarni moliyalashtirish uchun xususiy siyosiy badallarga soliq solishni taklif qildi.^[50]2007 yilda Romni uni tanqid qila boshladi Makkeyn-Fingold qonuni "Biz siyosatchilar bizning asosiy erkinliklarimizni amorf printsiplar nomidan, masalan, saylov kampaniyasini moliyalashtirishni isloh qilish kabi narsalarni e'lon qilishni boshlaganlarida biz xavfli hududga qadam qo'yamiz."^[50]U 2007 yilda shunday deb yozgan edi: "Makkeyn-Fayngoldning asl maqsadi bizning siyosiy tizimimizdagi pul va maxsus manfaatlarning rolini kamaytirish edi. Ammo bu ham muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi. Siyosiy xarajatlar maxfiy burchaklarga aylantirildi va ko'proq kuch va Ta'sir maxfiy maxsus manfaatlarga berildi. Haqiqatdan ham shaffoflik va saylovoldi tashviqotining oshkor qilinishi - siyosiy nutqqa cheklovlar qo'ymaslik kerak. "^[51]

2011 yil noyabr oyida Romni AQSh Oliy sudi 2010 yilda to'g'ri qaror qabul qilganini aytdi Citizens United Federal saylov komissiyasiga qarshi hukmronlik qildi, ammo uning ba'zi oqibatlari unga yoqmadi: "Men korporatsiyalarning kontseptsiya sifatida siyosiy hissa qo'shishi g'oyasini yoqtirmayman. Men ularning qarorlari to'g'ri qaror edi deb o'ylayman. Men ularning qarorlarini qo'llab-quvvatlayman. Biz tilaymiz siyosatdan pul olish yo'lini topishi mumkin edi. Men bunga yo'l topmadim. "^[52] 2012 yil yanvar oyida, Respublikachilar partiyasidan prezidentlikka nomzodlarni ko'rsatish uchun o'tkazilgan dastlabki saylovlar jangida, Romni mavjudligini tanqid qildi Super PAC-lar bu kampaniyada katta rol o'ynab, "Men sizga aytaman, ba'zilari ham bo'lgan - menga nisbatan shunchaki ashaddiy va mutlaqo noto'g'ri bo'lgan va noaniqligini ko'rsatgan hujumlar bo'lgan. Bu tabiat Jarayonning natijasi. Umid qilamanki bu tugaydi ... Hammamiz super PAC-larni yo'q qilishni xohlaymiz, rostini aytsam ... Menimcha, bu o'zgarishi kerak. "^[53] O'sha paytda Romni vakili, Romni nomzodlarning saylov kampaniyalariga muntazam ravishda xayriya qilishni cheklaydigan qonunlarni juda cheklovchi deb hisoblaganini, buning o'rniga pul Super PAC-larga ketishini va agar nomzodlarning kampaniyalari ushbu pullarni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri qabul qilib, javobgarlikni o'z zimmalariga olsalar yaxshi bo'lardi, deb qo'shimcha qildi. ular bilan qilingan reklama uchun.^[53]

Mudofaa xarajatlari darajasi

2012 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi paytida Romni harbiylar sonini kamida 100 ming askarga ko'paytirishni taklif qildi.^[54] U 40 milliard dollarga baholangan kengaytirilgan dengiz armiyasini o'z ichiga olgan ustuvor xarajatlarni talab qildi.^[55] Ammo u hozirgi qattiq Federal byudjet ostida ushbu xarajatlarni qanday to'lashini aniq ko'rsatmadi.^[56] Jon Lehman, bosh maslahatchining aytishicha, kema qurish uchun mablag'lar Pentagondagi qisqartirishlardan kelib chiqadi.^[57] Romni, Obama ma'muriyatining yiliga ikkita hujum osti kemasini qurish rejasini yiliga uchta suvosti kemasiga qadar uzaytirishi va hozirgi qo'shma ishlab chiqarishni ikkita mustaqil operatsiyaga bo'lishini aytdi.^[58]

Romni alohida ta'kidladi Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey "juda ehtiyotkorlik bilan tekshirishni" talab qiladigan dastur sifatida,^[59] ammo u reaktiv qiruvchi samolyotlarni ishlab chiqarishni kengaytirishga va'da berdi.^[60][61]

Suzi Ximmning so'zlariga ko'ra Vashington Post 2012 yil o'rtalarida Obama ma'muriyatining 2013 yildagi byudjeti mudofaa xarajatlari YaIMning 2012 yildagi 4,5% dan 2013 yildagi YAIMning 3% gacha bo'lishi kerak edi.^[62] Romni, aksincha, mudofaaga sarflanadigan mablag'ni 4 foiz miqdorida belgilashga chaqirdi YaIM.^[63] 2012 yil sentyabr oyida Romni mudofaa xarajatlarining YaIMga nisbatan hozirgi darajasini saqlab qolishni istashini aytdi.^[64]

Kamomad

Romni (boshqa bir nechta respublikachi nomzodlar singari) "kesish, cheklash va muvozanat" va'dasini imzoladi, unga binoan federal partiyaning o'sishi qarz chegarasi xarajatlarning katta pasayishiga, xarajatlarning cheklanishlariga va a muvozanatli byudjetni o'zgartirish uchun Konstitutsiya.^[65]

Romni qarshi chiqdi 2011 yilgi byudjet nazorati to'g'risidagi qonun hal qilish uchun qabul qilingan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining qarzdorlik tavakkalchiligi Prezident Obama va Kongress rahbarlari, shu jumladan uning bo'lajak umr yo'ldoshi Pol Rayan o'rtasida tuzilgan bitim doirasida.^[66][67] Keyinroq Romni Obamani qonunda talab qilinganidek, olingan sekvestrning haqiqiy ta'sirini aniqlay olmaganligi uchun tanqid qildi.^[68]

Energiya va atrof-muhit

Massachusets gubernatorligi davrida

Romnining energetika siyosati va atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish qoidalari bo'yicha pozitsiyasi Massachusets shtati gubernatori lavozimidan 2012 yilgi saylovlarda prezidentlik uchun saylov kampaniyasiga o'tdi.^{[69][70][71][72]}

2002 yilda Massachusets shtati gubernatorligiga nomzod sifatida,^[73] va keyinchalik hokim sifatida,^[74] Romni energiya tejashga yordam beradigan va atrof-muhit ifloslanishini kamaytiradigan siyosatga ustuvor ahamiyat berdi. U qayta tiklanadigan energetikaga "to'la sodiqman" va "O'ylaymanki, global isish bo'yicha munozaralar endi deyarli tugadi va odamlar hozirgi vaqtda qazib olinadigan yoqilg'i bilan ta'minlanadigan issiqlikni hosil qilmaydigan manbalarni etkazib berish bilan bog'liq ehtiyojni anglaydilar".^[75]

Gubernatorlik uchun saylovoldi kampaniyasini o'tkazishda u yuqori soliqlarni qo'llash kabi choralarni qo'llab-quvvatladi SUVlar avtomatik chiqindilarni kamaytirish va energiyani tejashga yordam berish; shahar atrofidagi daraxtlarni kesish uchun ishlab chiquvchilardan olinadigan to'lovlardan foydalangan holda shahar mahallalarini obodonlashtirish; va tozalash tezligini ikki baravar oshirish jigarrang maydonlar.^[73]

Gubernator lavozimidagi birinchi 100 kunida u ichimliklar konteynerlari depozitlari to'g'risidagi qonunni kengaytirishni taklif qildi (shisha hisobi ), davlat hukumat idoralari tomonidan ekologik toza tozalash vositalaridan foydalanishga o'tish va shtatning "Filthy Five" elektr stantsiyalarini tozalash.^[76] U taniqli ekologni tayinladi, Duglas Foy, energetikani rivojlantirish, transport, uy-joy va atrof-muhit masalalarini nazorat qilish.^[76] Foy energetika va atrof-muhit rejasini ishlab chiqishda 72 ta davlat va xususiy tashabbuslarni o'z ichiga olgan, shu bilan shtat elektr energiyasining 15 foizini ishlab chiqarishni o'z ichiga olgan. qayta tiklanadigan manbalar shamol, quyosh va ifloslantiruvchi kabi yonilg'i xujayralari 2020 yilga qadar va qisqartirish issiqxona gazi davlat idoralarining emissiyasi 25 foizga. Rejada, shuningdek, qat'iy choralar ko'rishni taklif qilishdi emissiya standartlari eski elektr stantsiyalarida va dizel avtobuslari, yuk mashinalari va og'ir qurilish uskunalaridan chiqadigan gaz chiqindilarini sezilarli darajada kamaytirishga intildi.^[74]

2003 yilda atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha qoidalarni muhokama qilgan Romni, "agar tanlov iflos elektr stantsiyalari yoki Massachusets shtati aholisining sog'lig'ini himoya qilish o'rtasida bo'lsa, men doimo jamoat salomatligi tomoniga o'taman", dedi.^[77] U ko'mir elektr stantsiyasining ishdan bo'shatish evaziga ham chiqindilarni chiqarib tashlashning qattiq me'yorlarini bajarishni kechiktirmasligini ta'kidladi: "Men ish joylarini yaratmayman yoki odamlarni o'ldiradigan ish joylarini ushlab turmayman ... Va o'sha zavod, odamlarni o'ldiradi.^[70]

Gubernator sifatida u atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish maqsadida neft va gaz burg'ilash bo'yicha cheklovlarni ham ilgari surdi. 2005 yil yanvar oyida Hamdo'stlikka murojaat qilganida, Romni "Men tabiiy resurslarimizni saqlashdan tashvishdaman. Men okeanlarni qirg'oqdan burg'ilash va tijorat rivojlanishidan himoya qilish uchun qonun hujjatlarini taqdim etaman. Okeanlar bunga tayyor bo'lmasliklari kerak. ba'zi bir G'arbiy G'arbdagi shoshilinch kabi ushlaydi. "^[78] U neftning to'kilmasligidan himoya qilish va ifloslantiruvchilar uchun jazoni kuchaytirish to'g'risidagi qonunni imzoladi.^[70][79]

U avtoulovlardan va jamoat transportidan ko'proq foydalanish siyosatini olib bordi va sotib olishni rag'batlantirish uchun soliq imtiyozlarini izladi gibrid va boshqa yoqilg'i tejaydigan vositalar.^[80][81]

Romni energiya siyosatini tejash uchun soliq siyosatidan foydalanish kerakligini ta'kidladi. Uning leytenant-gubernatori 2006 yilda benzin narxi ayniqsa yuqori bo'lgan davrda iste'molchilarga biroz yengillik berish uchun davlat benzin solig'i vaqtincha to'xtatilishini qo'llab-quvvatlaganida, Romni soliqni saqlab qolish energiya tejashga ko'maklashishini ta'kidlab, taklifni rad etdi: "Men bunday qilmayman hozir vaqt keldi, deb o'ylayman va biz ko'proq benzin ishlatishni rag'batlantirish uchun to'g'ri vaqt bo'lishiga amin emasman ... Men odamlarning bu yuqori benzin narxi ehtimol shu erda ekanligini tan olishlarini tarafdoriman. qolish va biz uchun tegishli choralarni ko'rish - bu yoqilg'ini tejash yo'llarini topishdir. "^[82]

U o'z ma'muriyati davrida shamol va quyosh kabi qayta tiklanadigan energiya manbalarini rivojlantirishga hukumat sarmoyasini qo'llab-quvvatlashini ta'kidladi,^[72][83] garchi u a o'tirgan taklifga qarshi chiqqan bo'lsa ham shamol energetikasi Keyt Koddan tashqaridagi Nantucket Sound-da, u vizual ta'sir davlatning turistik iqtisodiyotiga zarar etkazishini aytdi.^[75]

Romni dastlab a mintaqaviy issiqxona gazlarini qoplash va savdo tashabbusi Yangi Angliya va sharqiy Kanada uchun,^[84] ammo u oxir-oqibat korxonalar tomonidan chiqindilar miqdoridan oshib ketganligi uchun jarima yig'imlari uchun belgilangan limitlarning o'rnatilishini ta'minlay olmaganida, qo'llab-quvvatlashni qaytarib oldi.^[85] Bir hafta o'tgach, uning ma'muriyati kompaniyalarga simob kabi zaharli moddalarni tozalash o'rniga jarima to'lashga ruxsat beruvchi qoida chiqardi.^[86] Ikkala qaror ham Romni ikkinchi muddat gubernatorlik lavozimiga nomzodini qo'ymasligini e'lon qilgan va 2008 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasiga borishga e'tiborni qaratgan paytda qabul qilingan.^[86] Keyinchalik ba'zi bir Romnining sobiq siyosat maslahatchilari Nyu-York Tayms uning siyosiy jamoasi, sanoatning savdo-sotiq taklifiga qarshi bo'lganligi sababli, Romnining Massachusets shtatini "Issiqxona gazlari bo'yicha mintaqaviy tashabbus" ga qo'shishi Romnining prezidentlik kampaniyasida g'alaba qozonish imkoniyatini juda qiyin holga keltirganidan qo'rqardi.^[70]

2012 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi davomida

2012 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasining boshida, 2011 yil iyun oyida Romni "Men, albatta, ilmiy jamoatchilik uchun gapirmayman, lekin dunyoning iliqlashishiga ishonaman. Men buni isbotlay olmayman, lekin o'zimning narsamga asoslanib ishonaman dunyo iliqlashayotganini o'qing va ikkinchi raqam, men bunga odamlar o'z hissasini qo'shayotganiga ishonaman, bunga bizning hissamiz qanchaligini bilmayman, chunki o'tmishda ko'proq issiqlik va iliqlik davri bo'lganligini bilaman, lekin Men bunga hissa qo'shganimizga ishonaman va shuning uchun biz ifloslantiruvchi moddalar va issiqxona gazlari chiqindilarini kamaytirish biz uchun muhim, deb o'ylayman, ular iqlim o'zgarishiga va siz ko'rayotgan global isishga katta hissa qo'shishi mumkin. "^[87][88] To'rt oy o'tgach, 2011 yil oktyabr oyida u shunday dedi: "Mening fikrimcha, bu sayyorada iqlim o'zgarishiga nima sabab bo'lganini bilmaymiz. Va CO2 chiqindilarini kamaytirishga trillionlab trillionlab dollar sarflash g'oyasi to'g'ri yo'l emas Biz uchun."^[89] U qarshi ekanligini bildirdi qopqoq va savdo uglerod chiqindilarining rejalari va tartibga solinishi.^[90] 2012 yil iyun oyida Romnining ichki siyosat bo'yicha maslahatchisi Oren Kass Los Anjeles Tayms, "U qayta tiklanadigan energetikani qo'llab-quvvatlaydi, agar u iqtisodiy jihatdan raqobatbardosh bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan har qanday narsa. U iqlim o'zgarishi qay darajada yuz berayotganini yoki inson faoliyati unga nima sabab bo'layotganini bilmaydi ... Siz nima ko'rmaysiz? iqtisodiy faoliyatga xalaqit beradigan mandatlar yoki soliqlar yoki qoidalardir. "^[86]

2012 yil avgust oyida, bir hafta davomida neft kompaniyalari rahbarlari tomonidan og'ir mablag 'yig'ish paytida,^[91][92] Romni keng qamrovli deb atagan narsasini ilgari surdi^[91][92] u aytgan energiya rejasi Shimoliy Amerikaga o'n yil ichida xorijdan neft importidan mustaqil bo'lishga imkon beradi.^[93]

Romnining energetik taklifi federal qoidalarni yumshatish orqali qazib olinadigan yoqilg'i, masalan, neft va tabiiy gaz uchun burg'ulash ishlarini jadal kengaytirishni talab qildi.^[93][94][95] Ushbu reja Virjiniya va Karolina singari shtatlarning qirg'oqlarida, shuningdek, ilgari taqiqlangan hududlarda offshor burg'ulash ishlarini ko'paytirishga qaratilgan. Arktika milliy yovvoyi tabiat qo'riqxonasi; va davlatlarga o'z chegaralaridagi federal erlarda energetikani rivojlantirish ustidan ko'proq nazorat qilish imkoniyatini beradi (Romni ta'kidlashicha, neft kompaniyalari hozirda federal hukumatdan burg'ulash uchun ruxsat olish uchun o'rtacha 307 kun kutishadi, Shimoliy Dakota shtati esa burg'ulash uchun ruxsat berish uchun atigi 10 kun vaqt oladi davlat tasarrufidagi erlarda^[95]). Bundan tashqari, rejada ko'mir qazib olish va atom energiyasini ishlab chiqarishni kengaytirish kerak edi.

Romni o'z taklifida prezident sifatida uni tasdiqlashini yana bir bor ta'kidladi Keystone XL quvur liniyasi, ko'tarmoq, ko'tarib ketmoq neft qumlari xom tozalash uchun g'arbiy Kanadadan AQSh Fors ko'rfazi sohiliga.^[94] (Saylovoldi kampaniyasi davomida Romni prezident lavozimiga kelgan birinchi kunida quvuri loyihasini ijro buyrug'i bilan tasdiqlashiga va'da bergan edi.^[96])

Romnining energiya siyosati bo'yicha yozma taklifida iqlim o'zgarishi haqida hech narsa aytilmagan,^[95][97] va energiya tejashni yaxshilash rejalari haqida ozgina eslatib o'tdi.^[95] Kampaniya davomida Romni bunga qarshi chiqdi AQSh atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish agentligi 2025 yilga qadar avtoulovlarning o'rtacha yoqilg'i samaradorligini ikki baravar oshirish talablari (EPA).^[98] "Gubernator Romni prezident Obama joriy etgan o'ta standartlarga qarshi, bu amerikalik oilalar uchun tanlovni cheklaydi", - deydi Romni vakili Andrea Saul.^[99]

Romni ilgari qayta tiklanadigan energetikani rivojlantirish uchun federal yordamga qarshi ekanligini bildirgan edi,^[100][101] va 2012 yil avgust oyida amalga oshirilgan energetika siyosati rejasida qayta tiklanadigan energiya turlarini rivojlantirish uchun kreditlar bo'yicha kafolatlar va subsidiyalar shaklida davlat tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlashni bekor qilish taklif qilingan;^{[97][102][103]} Romni Obama ma'muriyati haddan tashqari ishonib qolganini aytgan energiya manbalari.^[91]

Romnining 2012 yil avgustida e'lon qilingan energetika rejasida neft kompaniyalari uchun subsidiyalar saqlanib qoladi, Romnining prezidentlik uchun raqibi Obama esa uni yo'q qiladi.^[104] 2008 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi paytida, 2007 yil noyabr oyida Demokratik partiyadan prezidentlikka barcha nomzodlar neft kompaniyalari uchun milliardlab dollarlik soliq imtiyozlarini yo'q qilishga chaqirganda, dedi Romni. Nyu-York Tayms, "Hozir bizning neft kompaniyalarimizga soliqlarni oshirish uchun to'g'ri vaqt emas."^[105] 2012 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasining aksariyati davomida Romnining o'zi deyarli hech qanday neft va gaz kompaniyalari uchun soliq imtiyozlari to'g'risida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri izoh beradigan ochiq bayonotlar bermagan; va Romni kampaniyasi tomonidan yuborilgan takroriy so'rovlarga javob berishdan bosh tortdi Tampa Bay Times ' Politifakt va Washington Post gazetasi Faktlarni tekshiruvchi o'z pozitsiyasiga oydinlik kiritish uchun.^[106][107] Biroq, u 2012 yil aprel oyida shahar hokimligi yig'ilishida Obamadan farqli o'laroq, neft kompaniyalariga soliqlarni oshirishni xohlamasligini aytdi.^[108] Romnining energetika bo'yicha bosh maslahatchisi, shuningdek, kampaniya davomida neft va gaz sanoati nomidan Kongress oldida ikki marta guvohlik berdi: Kongress neft va gaz ishlab chiqaruvchilar uchun soliq imtiyozlarini saqlab qolishi kerak.^[109][110] Romni va Obama o'rtasidagi birinchi prezidentlik bahslari paytida, 2012 yil oktyabr oyida Romni birinchi marta prezident sifatida neft va gaz ishlab chiqaruvchilar uchun 2,8 milliard dollarlik soliq imtiyozlarini yo'q qilish to'g'risida o'ylashi mumkin, agar Kongress barcha korporatsiyalar uchun soliq stavkasini kamaytirishga rozi bo'lsa. 30%.^[111][112]

Federal favqulodda vaziyatlarni boshqarish / Tabiiy ofatlarni bartaraf etish

Massachusets shtati gubernatori sifatida Romni bo'ronlardan keyin tozalashda yordam berish uchun tabiiy ofatdan yordam so'radi.^[113]

2012 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasida, tabiiy ofatlarga qarshi kurashda federal hukumatning o'rni qanday bo'lishi kerakligi haqidagi savolga, Romni ofatlar bilan ishlash uchun javobgarlikni o'z zimmasidan olish kerakligini taklif qildi. FEMA, tabiiy ofatlardan xalos bo'lishga bag'ishlangan va shtatlarga berilgan yoki xususiy sektorga topshirilgan federal agentlik: "Har safar federal hukumatdan biron bir narsani olib, shtatlarga qaytarib yuborish uchun fursatingiz bo'lsa, bu to'g'ri yo'nalish. Va Agar siz bundan ham uzoqroqqa borishingiz va uni xususiy sektorga qaytarib yuborishingiz mumkin bo'lsa, bu yanada yaxshi. Federal byudjetda o'ylash o'rniga nimani qisqartirishimiz kerak - biz o'zimizga qarama-qarshi savolni berishimiz kerak. Biz nimani saqlashimiz kerak? biz federal darajada qilayotgan narsalarimizning barchasi va nima qilishimiz kerakligi haqida nima deyishimiz kerak? Va bularni to'xtatishimiz kerak, chunki biz yana 1,6 trillion dollar qarz olamiz bu yil biz qabul qilgandan ko'ra. "^[114][115] Bu bilan u tabiiy ofatdan xalos bo'lishni nazarda tutyapsizmi degan savolga u shunday javob berdi: "Biz bolalarimizning kelajagiga xavf tug'dirmasdan bu ishlarni qila olmaymiz. Mening fikrimcha, biz katta va katta qarzlarni to'lashda davom etishimiz shunchaki axloqsizdir. Biz ularni o'ldirishimiz va to'lashimizdan oldin yo'q bo'lib ketishimizni yaxshi bilib, ularni bolalarimizga topshiring. Bu umuman mantiqqa o'rin yo'q. "^[115]

Romni kampaniyasi 2012 yil oktyabr oyida jurnalistlarga mamlakatning Sharqiy qirg'og'ini mustahkamlash paytida aytilgan "Sendi" dovuli, "Gubernator Romni shtatlar o'zlarining yurisdiktsiyalaridagi bo'ronlar va boshqa tabiiy ofatlarga javob berishda favqulodda vaziyatlarni boshqarish uchun mas'ul bo'lishi kerak deb hisoblaydi. ... Birinchi yordamchi sifatida davlatlar ta'sirlangan shaxslar va jamoalarga yordam berish uchun eng yaxshi pozitsiyada. to'g'ridan-to'g'ri manbalar va yordamni eng kerakli joyga etkazish. Bu federal hukumat va FEMA yordamini o'z ichiga oladi. "^[113] Bo'rondan keyin Romni kampaniyasi bayonot tarqatdi: "Menimcha, FEMA shtatlar va mahalliy aholi bilan tabiiy ofatlarga tayyorgarlik ko'rish va ularga qarshi kurashishda muhim rol o'ynaydi. Prezident sifatida men FEMAni o'z mablag'larini bajarishi uchun zarur bo'lgan mablag 'bilan ta'minlayman. Missiya, maksimal darajada resurslarni muhtojlarga yordam berish uchun tinimsiz ishlaydigan birinchi yordamchilarga yo'naltiradi, chunki shtatlar va mahalliy aholi tabiiy ofatlardan zarar ko'rgan shaxslar va jamoalarga yordam olish uchun eng yaxshi imkoniyatga ega. "^[116]

Moliyaviy sanoatni tartibga solish va Uol-Stritni egallab oling

Romnining aytishicha, Amerikaning sustlashib borayotgan iqtisodiyotiga katta hissa qo'shgan, u ortiqcha tartibga solish deb hisoblagan.^[117] U bekor qilishni va'da qildi Dodd - Frenk Uoll-stritni isloh qilish va iste'molchilar huquqlarini himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun. Qonun amalga oshirildi Wall Street islohoti "moliya tizimidagi hisobdorlik va shaffoflikni oshirish" va iste'molchilarni himoya qilishni o'z ichiga olgan maqsadlar bilan. Romni ushbu Qonunni "juda katta" deb tanqid qildi, ammo uning so'zlariga ko'ra, uy-joy ipotekasi va yuqori xavfli qimmatli qog'ozlarni kapital talablari nuqtai nazaridan ajratib turadigan bitta qoidalar "mantiqan to'g'ri keladi",^[118] va Sarbanes-Oksli qonuni bilan sodir bo'lgan buxgalteriya janjallarini oldini olish uchun qabul qilingan Enron oxir-oqibat ularni yanada soddalashtirilgan qoidalar bilan almashtirishni rejalashtirgan korporatsiya.^{[119][120][121]} Shuningdek, u federal idoralarga yangi qoidalarni joriy etishni qiyinlashtiradigan choralar ko'rishni taklif qiladi.^[117][122]

Haqida Uol-Stritni egallab oling norozilik namoyishlarida, Romni o'rta sinfning o'sishini yoqlashini aytdi, ammo aybdor deb aytdi Uoll-strit bankirlar bu noto'g'ri yo'l.^[123]

Sog'liqni saqlash

Bemorlarni himoya qilish va arzon narxlarda parvarish qilish to'g'risidagi qonun (Obamacare)

1994 yilda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senatiga saylanganida, Romni federal tibbiy sug'urta vakolatini o'z ichiga olgan qonun loyihasini qo'llab-quvvatlashini aytib, "o'zi bilan" yirtqich bo'lmagan narsalar uchun ovoz berishga tayyor "ekanligini aytdi.^[124]

2006 yilda Massachusets shtati gubernatori sifatida Romni Massachusets shtatining har bir fuqarosining tibbiy sug'urtaga ega bo'lishini, hukumat zimmasiga olmasdan va soliqlarni oshirmasdan ta'minlaydigan xususiy, bozorga asoslangan islohotni taklif qildi va imzoladi.^{[125][126][127]} Yaqinda ta'minlangan qonununiversal sog'liqni saqlash qamrov.^[128] Qonun hujjatlarida barcha davlat rezidentlari uchun tibbiy sug'urta talab qilinadi, bunda davlat standartlariga muvofiq arzon deb hisoblagan shaxs uchun reja mavjud. O'n bir yoki undan ortiq ishchiga ega bo'lgan ish beruvchilar xodimlar uchun tasdiqlangan sug'urta rejalarini taklif qilishlari shart. Romni qonunchilikning sakkiz qismiga veto qo'ydi, shu jumladan, tibbiy sug'urtasini ta'minlamaydigan o'n bitta yoki undan ortiq ishchiga ega bo'lgan korxonalar uchun har bir kishi uchun 295 dollar.^[129][130] Romni, shuningdek, kam daromadli aholiga stomatologik va ko'zoynakli imtiyozlar beradigan qoidalarga veto qo'ydi Medicaid dasturi va federal Medicaid-ga ega bo'lmagan katta va nogiron yuridik muhojirlarni sog'liqni saqlash bilan ta'minlash.^[131][132] Shtat qonun chiqaruvchisi vetoning barchasini bekor qildi.^[133]

2007 yil avgust oyida Florida Tibbiyot Assotsiatsiyasida Romni o'zining milliy sog'liqni saqlash rejasini e'lon qildi, u Massachusets shtati gubernatori sifatida yaratishda yordam bergan universal sog'liqni saqlash choralaridan sezilarli darajada chiqib ketdi. Uning Massachusets rejasidan farqi shundaki, unda yo'q individual mandat milliy asosda, lekin buning o'rniga sug'urtani mustaqil ravishda sotib olganlar uchun soliq imtiyozlarini taklif qildi va shtatlarga sog'liqni saqlash rejalarini o'zi tanlashga imkon berdi.^[134]

2009 yil davomida Kongress tibbiy sug'urtani isloh qilish bo'yicha takliflarni muhokama qilar ekan, Romni tibbiy sug'urta portativligini oshirish, ilgari mavjud bo'lgan tibbiy sharoitlarni qoplash, qonunbuzarlik bo'yicha sud ishlarini to'xtatish, soddalashtirilgan tartibda amalga oshirish tarafdori ekanligini aytdi. elektron tibbiy yozuvlar tizim, diqqat profilaktika xizmati, retsept bo'yicha dori-darmonlarni olib kirishda cheklovlarni yumshatish va tibbiy sug'urtani sug'urtalanmaganlar uchun yanada arzonroq qilishiga qaratilgan va umumiy foydalanishni ta'minlashga qaratilgan. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, hujjatsiz muhojirlarni sog'lig'ini favqulodda vaziyatda qoplash bo'yicha harakatlarga qarshi bo'lgan va uni qo'llab-quvvatlagan Hyde-ga o'zgartirish tanlovli abort qilish uchun hukumat tomonidan mablag 'ajratishni taqiqlash.^[135] Romni federal tashkilotga qarshi chiqdi yagona to'lovli tizim, ammo sug'urtalanmagan aholini kamaytirish bo'yicha davlat harakatlarini qo'llab-quvvatladi.^[136] Massachusets shtatidagi sog'liqni saqlash to'g'risidagi qonun 2009 yilda Demokratik tibbiy sug'urta islohotlarining dastlabki modeli sifatida ishlatilgan.^[137]

Romni qarshi chiqdi Bemorlarni himoya qilish va arzon narxlarda parvarish qilish to'g'risidagi qonun (shuningdek, "Affordable Care Act" yoki "Obamacare" deb nomlanadi) nihoyat Kongress tomonidan qabul qilingan va 2010 yilda Prezident Obama tomonidan imzolangan.^[138] O'tishidan so'ng darhol Romni tarixiy qonunchilikka "vakolatni vijdonan suiiste'mol qilish" deb hujum qildi.^[138][139] U "aktni bekor qilish kerak. Ushbu kampaniya bugun boshlanadi" dedi.^[138] Romni Massachusets shtatidagi sog'liqni saqlash tizimiga yaqin joyda foydalanish bo'yicha o'zining rejasi mukammal emasligini va hali ham davom etayotgan ish ekanligini tan oldi, ammo u o'zini Massachusets rejasidan chetlashtirmadi. Buning o'rniga u Obamaning rejasi Kongressda umuman respublikachilar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanmagan bo'lsa-da, uning ikki tomonlama qo'llab-quvvatlashi bilan shtat qonun chiqaruvchisidan muvaffaqiyatli o'tishiga e'tibor qaratdi. Shuningdek, u Prezident Obamaning "Xizmat ko'rsatishning arzonligi to'g'risida" gi qonunga aylangan milliy rejani tuzishda o'z tajribasini izlamaganligidan shikoyat qildi.^[139]

2012 yil iyun oyida Romni "Affordable Care" qonuni o'rnini bosuvchi tizimni joriy etishga va'da berdi, ammo bu qanday to'lanishi haqida batafsil ma'lumot bermadi.^[140] Romnining rejasiga ko'ra, mukofot puli to'lash uchun sog'liqni saqlash jamg'arma hisob raqamlarini kengaytirish, raqobat va iste'molchilarning tanlovini kuchaytirish va sud ishlarini isloh qilish kiradi.^[141] Romni, shuningdek, Isroilning majburiy sog'liqni saqlashni qamrab olish xarajatlari nazoratini yuqori baholadi.^[142]

2012 yil avgust oyida Romni Obamacare-ning oldindan mavjud bo'lgan sharoitlarni qoplash kabi qismlarini saqlab qolishi mumkinligini aytdi, ammo bu tezda aniqlandi, faqat sug'urta qoplamasi bo'lgan odamlar uchun sug'urta qoplamasini ta'minlash.^[143] 2012 yil sentyabr oyida Romni Massachusets shtatining barcha bolalarini tibbiy qamrov bilan ta'minlash uchun davlat tomonidan subsidiyalar ajratishdagi muvaffaqiyatini ta'kidladi.^[144] Va oktyabr oyida Romni kampaniyasi a-ning taxminlarini shubha ostiga qo'ydi Hamdo'stlik jamg'armasi Romni siyosati Obamaning siyosatidan 45 million kam amerikalikni sog'liqni saqlash sug'urtasini ta'minlashi haqida xabar bering.^[145]

Yuta shtatidagi 2018 yilgi Senat kampaniyasida Romni Massachusets shtatida imzolagan sog'liqni saqlash to'g'risidagi qonun o'sha paytda to'g'ri bo'lgan degan pozitsiyada turdi.^[146] Kennedi ba'zi konservatorlar "umumiy sog'liqni saqlash" bilan taqqoslagan Massachusets qonunini tanqid qilgan edi, ammo Romni uni davlatga asoslangan rejalarga ishonishini aytib himoya qildi.^[147]

Medicare

2002 yilda Massachusets shtati gubernatorligi uchun saylovoldi tashviqotini olib borishda Romni federal hukumat keksalar uchun dori-darmon uchun pul to'lashi kerakligini ta'kidladi: "Ba'zi keksa fuqarolar retsept bo'yicha beriladigan dori vositalari va oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari uchun to'lovni tanlashga majbur bo'lishlari g'oyat g'azablantiradi. Federal hukumat bunga muhtoj bizning keksa fuqarolarimiz uchun reja bilan qadam, va men bir ta'minlash federal darajada rasmiylari lobbi qiladi Medicare giyohvand moddalar foydasi. "^[148] (The U.S. Congress would pass legislation providing for Medicare prescription drug coverage - Medicare D qismi - the following year.)

In February 2012, in an address to the Detroit Economic Club during which he discussed his recently unveiled economic plan and federal budget proposal, Romney said that to help control government healthcare expenditures, as president he would seek to gradually raise the minimum age for Medicare eligibility. The change in eligibility would affect future Medicare beneficiaries who at the time of enactment of the rule change would be 54 years of age or younger; the eligibility age would be raised by one month per year, then eventually tied to life-expectancy.^[149][150]

Romney named Representative Pol Rayan as his vice-presidential running mate in August 2012. A year earlier, in June 2011, the Republican-controlled U.S. House of Representatives had passed a Republican alternative budget proposed by Ryan, with no Democrats voting for it. One controversial aspect of the proposal concerned Medicare; for those under age 55 as of its enactment, it would replace the existing Medicare system in which the government pays doctors, hospitals, and other medical providers fees for services rendered with a system in which the government would instead pay vouchers (also referred to as premium-support subsidies) to Medicare beneficiaries, who could then use their vouchers to either buy private medical insurance or to obtain coverage in a plan similar to traditional Medicare.^[151] Romney said that as president he would sign such a plan if it reached his desk, but he added that he would be putting forward his own plan before debating Obama.^[152]

During an interview in August 2012, several days after choosing Ryan as his running mate, Romney said, "Paul Ryan and my plan for Medicare, I think, is the same, if not identical -- it's probably close to identical."^[151]

A 2012 study by the Kaiser Family Foundation said, in October 2012, that a hypothetical Medicare plan along the lines of Romney would raise premiums for nearly 6 out of 10 seniors.^[153] The Romney campaign noted that the study did not specifically model any proposal from either campaign.^[154]

Surunkali Lyme kasalligi

In September 2012, a mailer from the Romney and Ryan campaign indicated they favored a law regarding "surunkali Lyme kasalligi ", a controversial and unrecognized diagnosis, that will provide "physicians with protection from lawsuits to ensure they can treat the disease with the aggressive antibiotics that are required."^[155][156]

Housing market

Asked "How will you help with the housing and foreclosure problems in the U.S.?", Romney responded that it would be best not to try and stop the foreclosure process, to let it run its course and hit the bottom, and that he might be open to some government action to encourage refinancing. He also referred to the Obama administration as having "slow walked the foreclosure processes that have long existed, and as a result we still have a foreclosure overhang", and that the credit that was given to first-time home buyers was inadequate to turn around the housing market.^[157] He nevertheless is open to some government intervention^[158] but demands that it make sense from a business standpoint. Should the foreclosure process run its course, Romney sees recovery for the market^[158] as investors are allowed to salvage property values and move people back into their homes as renters, with the possibility to buy when they are fiscally prepared.

Ish rejasi

Romney argued during the 2012 presidential election campaign that his proposals to reduce government regulation of business activity and to revise the federal tax code and federal trade and energy policies would foster an environment that would lead businesses to create 12 million jobs within his first four years in office.^[159][160]

Glenn Kessler ning Washington Post fact-checked the claim and identified numerous problems with it, citing Moody's Analytics and the sources provided by Romney's own campaign staffers.^[161]

Kasaba uyushmalari

Romney has been critical of former Michigan Gov. Jennifer Granholm (D) and the United Auto Workers (UAW) kasaba uyushmasi. During a campaign speech in Michigan on June 9, 2011, he was quoted as saying "They're out there working very hard for their friend, Barack Obama," he added. "I think the union folks basically bought and paid for his last campaign, so he's taking care of them and they're taking care of him."^[162]

Romney opposes the Xodimlarni erkin tanlash to'g'risidagi qonun, a bill that would add penalties for labor violations and would allow union recognition based on signed requests from a majority of the workers.^[163] He has called for "cutting off funding" for the Milliy mehnat munosabatlari kengashi.^[164]

Minimal ish haqi

As governor of Massachusetts and as a candidate for president, Romney has called for tying raises in the national eng kam ish haqi to indicators of growth in the economy, such as increases in the inflyatsiya darajasi.^[165] He has said that increases in the minimum wage should be moderate and predictable.^[166] Commenting in March 2012 on a proposal put forward by some Democratic legislators to raise the minimum wage from $7.25 to $10 per hour, Romney said that an increase in the minimum wage was probably not necessary at that time.^[167]

However, Romney has recently criticized his party's stance on minimum wage and now believes that it is the time to increase the federal minimum wage in 2016.^[168]

Kosmik tadqiqotlar

AQSh Space Shuttle dasturi was officially retired shortly before the 2012 presidential primary campaign began in earnest. During the primary campaign, rival Republican candidate Nyut Gingrich promised that if elected he would work to reinvigorate the nation's space program with a goal of establishing a permanent colony on the moon within a decade and seeking to have humans travel to Mars in the near future.^[169] Commenting on Gingrich's proposals, Romney said that before committing to any particular space program, he would take advice from experts in the field. He expressed doubt that a moonbase would be a practical goal if the costs were on the order of $550 billion.^[170][171] He received the endorsement of Maykl D. Griffin va Erik C. Anderson, Boshqalar orasida.^[172][173]

Rag'batlantirish

As governor of Massachusetts, Romney favored the use of iqtisodiy rag'batlantirish measures, using both federal funding and state funding to help lift the state's sluggish economy. Just months into his tenure as governor, in April 2003, while he shied away from any public endorsement of the tax cuts proposed by the Bush Administration, he argued for federal funds to stimulate the local economy: "I very much support an economic stimulus. ... An economic stimulus is a good thing for Massachusetts."^[174] That same year, he proposed his own economic stimulus package of tax credits and grants to promote the state's high technology industry, ultimately totaling $100 million when agreed to by the legislature.^[175] Two years later, in February 2005, he proposed a much larger stimulus package, totaling $600 million, that he said would create 20,000 jobs over 5 years. The most controversial provision would have devoted $37 million to stimulate job creation by paying businesses $30,000 for each new employee hired.^[175]

In early January 2009, Romney supported the $750 billion federal economic stimulus package proposed by the incoming president, Barack Obama, who had not yet taken office. Romney said at the time:

I frankly wish that the last Congress would have dealt with the stimulus issue and that the president [outgoing President George W. Bush] could assign that before leaving office. I think there is need for economic stimulus. Americans have lost about $11 trillion in net worth. That translates into about $400 billion a year less spending that they'll be doing, and that's net of additional government programs like Medicaid and unemployment insurance. And government can help make that up in a very difficult time. ... I'd move quickly. These are unusual times. But it has to be something which relieves pressure on middle-income families. I think a tax cut is necessary for them as well as for businesses that are growing. We'll be investing in infrastructure and in energy technologies.^[176]

However, as a candidate for president in May 2012, Romney said that the economic stimulus package that had been enacted in February 2009 (the Amerikaning 2009 yilgi tiklanish va qayta investitsiya to'g'risidagi qonuni ) had been a waste of money that did little to jump-start the economy, and that the federal government had inflated the numbers of jobs that had been created or preserved by the various projects funded through the stimulus program.^[177]

Soon after the Republican victory in the 2012 Viskonsin gubernatorligini chaqirib olish, Romney criticized Obama's stimulus policy, saying that Obama "wants another stimulus, he wants to hire more government workers. He says we need more fireman, more policeman, more teachers. Did he not get the message of Wisconsin? The American people did. It's time for us to cut back on government and help the American people."^[178]

Soliq

Yangi kabi Massachusets shtati gubernatori in 2003, Romney declined to publicly support the federal tax cuts proposed by the Bush Administration.^[174] (Romney reportedly told members of the state's congressional delegation that he would not "be a cheerleader" for proposals he did not agree with but that he felt he needed to "keep a solid relationship with the White House.")^[174] Romney also said he was open to increases in the federal gasoline tax, to support transportation construction projects.^[174] In 2006, Romney was given a 50% rating by the CATO instituti which favors lower taxes.^[179] In 2007, after leaving the governor's office and deciding to seek the party' presidential nomination, Romney said that he had supported the Bush soliqlarini kamaytirish umuman olganda.^[180] In that same year, Romney signed the anti-tax pledge put forth by Amerikaliklar soliq islohoti uchun, pledging no new taxes or increases of existing taxes.^[181] (In 2002, he had refused to sign an anti-tax pledge because he considered them "government by gimmickry.")^[182]

Romney opposed the 2010 yilgi soliq imtiyozlari, ishsizlarni sug'urtalashni qayta tasdiqlash va ish o'rinlarini yaratish to'g'risidagi qonun, the compromise tax package between President Obama and the Republicans Congressional leadership that centered around a two-year extension of the Bush soliqlarini kamaytirish.^[183] He said, "because the extension is only temporary, a large portion of the investment and job growth that characteristically accompanies low taxes will be lost. [And] It will also add to the deficit."^[183]

During his 2012 presidential campaign, Romney said he would seek income tax law reforms that he said would help lower federal deficits and would stimulate economic growth. Among the series of tax changes he proposed were: reducing individual income tax rates across the board by 20 percent, maintaining the Bush administration-era tax rate of 15 percent on investment income from dividendlar va kapitaldan olingan daromad (and eliminating this tax entirely for those with annual incomes less than $200,000), cutting the top tax rate on corporations from 35 percent to 25 percent, and eliminating the mol-mulk solig'i va muqobil minimal soliq.^[184][185] He promised that the loss of government revenue from these tax cuts would be offset by closing loopholes and reining in tax deductions and credits available to taxpayers with the highest incomes, so that his tax plan would not raise federal deficits.^{[185][186][187]} Non-partisan analyses of Romney's tax plan estimated that it could have added more than $3 trillion to the federal deficit,^[188] and would have favored the highest-earning Americans,^[189] possibly raising annual taxes on middle-class earners by as much as $2,000.^[190] Romney and supporters of his tax plan said that such analyses were unreliable because they were based on assumptions about specific measures that were not detailed in the plan^[191][192] and because they had not adequately accounted for the positive effects on economic growth that Romney said his plan would generate.^[189] And that lower tax rates would lower rates of Soliq to'lashdan bo'yin tovlash.^[193]

Also in 2012, Romney supported the extension of the Bush tax cuts.^[194] Romney said that the tax deductions his plan might limit could include charitable contributions, home mortgage interest payments, or health-care expenses.^[195] And that he might limit all deductions to $17,000 per taxpayer.^[196]

Texnologiya

Romney has said the government should invest more in technologies that will help the United States, such as elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarish, yonilg'i xujayralari, nanotexnologiya va materialshunoslik. During his 2012 presidential campaign, his website included a statement he had made while commenting on the importance of investing in technology research and development during a 2006 interview:

In technology, we as a country already invest an enormous amount--for instance, in defense technology, space technology, health--but we also need to invest in some of the emerging technologies that are important at a basic science level such as fuel cell technology, power generation, materials science, automotive technology. We have to recognize that where we invest as a nation, both from a government standpoint but also from a private standpoint, those are the areas we've been most successful.^[197]

In his 2010 book, Kechirim so'ramang: Amerika buyukligi uchun masala, Romney wrote that one of government's useful roles is in fostering innovation.^[198]

Savdo

Romney supports erkin savdo, including agreements such as NAFTA va CAFTA, and has said that his business experience has given him an edge on trade policy.^[199] He also has said that nations adopting protectionist tariffs and policies eventually crumble.^[199] During the 2012 presidential campaign, he said that, if elected, he would seek "fast track" Trade Promotion Authority to more rapidly negotiate trade agreements, finalize the Trans-Tinch okeani sherikligi, and work to create a "Reagan Economic Zone" that would codify the principles of free trade at the international level and provide a way to punish countries that violate free trade policies.^[199]

Romney has favored getting tougher with China on trade issues and has pushed to renegotiate trade deals with China to help eliminate the Savdo defitsiti. He opposes currency manipulation and intellectual property theft by China and has said that he would be willing to impose tariffs when necessary.^[135] Romney opposed what he viewed as protectionist sanctions on Chinese tires.^[200][201]

Ishsizlik sug'urtasi

In 2010, Romney said that

A decent and humane society must have a strong safety net for the unemployed. I served for 15 years as a lay pastor in my church and saw the heartbreak of joblessness up close; a shattering loss of faith in oneself is but only one of many forms the suffering can take. Nonetheless, the vital necessity of providing for those without work should not be used as an excuse to ignore the very real problems of our unemployment system. In this, as in so many other arenas of government policy, unemployment insurance has many unintended effects.

The indisputable fact is that unemployment benefits, despite a web of regulations, actually serve to discourage some individuals from taking jobs, especially when the benefits extend across years.

The system is also not designed for a flexible economy like ours in which some employees move from job to job for short periods, and are therefore ineligible for unemployment compensation when they are faced with a protracted spell without work."^[183]

Romney instead offered two possible replacement systems, one involving individual unemployment savings accounts that employees would withdraw from when they lose their jobs, the other keyed on instituting financial incentives for businesses and other employers to hire and train those who had been unemployed for a long time.^[183]

Tashqi siyosat

Xitoy

Romney has accused China of "cheating" and "stealing American jobs".^[202][203] He warned China that if he is elected to the White House, there will be consequences for unfair trade, saying: "Unless China changes its ways, on day one of my presidency I will designate it a currency manipulator and take appropriate counteraction." and "A savdo urushi with China is the last thing I want, but I cannot tolerate our current trade surrender."^[204]

At the press conference, Romney was asked whether the China's abuses of human rights troubled him. "I am not an expert on the practices of other countries, and don't consider myself sufficiently qualified to characterize the practices of any one country," Romney said.^[205] In July 2012, Romney said, "We face another challenge in a rising China. China is attentive to the interests of its government, but it too often disregards the rights of its people. It's selective in the freedoms it allows."^[206]

Kuba

Romney favors keeping the AQShning Kubaga qarshi embargosi joyida.^[207] He said: "The Cuban people still live in constant fear of a brutal totalitarian regime that has demonstrated time and again its utter disregard for basic human dignity."^[208]

Romney accused President Obama of a policy of "appeasement" toward Cuba. "This president has decided to give a gift, to Castro, to allow remittances to come from the United States to go into Cuba and help the economy of Cuba. He's allowed more traveling into Cuba", Romney said.^[209]

European allies

In 2012, Romney's presidential campaign told Daily Telegraph that Romney supported the "Angliya-sakson heritage" and the "shared history" between the people of the United States and the Birlashgan Qirollik prior to his visit to the country that year.^[210] These remarks were considered a irqchi attack on Obama; Romney's press secretary, Andrea Saul, later denied they represented his views.^[211]

In his speech, Romney said of Polsha, "On behalf of our countrymen, I express deep appreciation for your willingness to fight with us, to stand with us, and to be our friends in times of crisis and military conflict." He added: "In a turbulent world, Poland stands as an example and defender of freedom."^[212]

Romney accused President Obama of abandoning Poland and the Chex Respublikasi.^[213]

Evropa qarz inqirozi

In November 2011, when Italiya was at the forefront of the Evropa qarz inqirozi, Romney said that Congress and the Federal Reserve should not consider plans to bail out Italy in the event its debt crisis deteriorate.^[214]

In December 2011, Romney stated: "I kind of like America. I'm not looking for it to be fundamentally transformed into something else. I don't want it to become like Evropa."^[215] In January 2012, Romney said: "We want to ensure that we remain a free and prosperous land of opportunity. This president takes his inspiration from the capitals of Europe; we look to the cities and small towns of America."^[216] Romney accused President Obama of wanting to "turn America into a European-style huquq jamiyat."^[217]

Frantsiya

An internal Romney campaign document released in 2007 by the media suggested that Romney criticize France and attempt to convey the message "Hillary=France."^[218] Governor Romney has said he "loves" France, where he served as a missioner uchun Oxirgi kun avliyolari Iso Masihning cherkovi ikki yil davomida. When a New Hampshire voter asked Romney why he kept "bashing" France on the campaign trail, Romney announced, "My kids are on vacation there right now. I love France. I speak French, lived in France. I have nothing but respect for the French people."^[219]Romney has said that the next president must re-engage France, and called French president Nicolas Sarkozy a potential "blood brother."^[220]

In his February 7, 2008 appearance at the Conservative Political Action Committee, during which he withdrew from the Presidential race, Romney mentioned France in less flattering terms. "[U]nless America changes course," he said, "we will become the France of the 21st century—still a great nation, but no longer the leader of the world, no longer the superpower."^[221]

Eron

In a June 2007 Republican debate, Romney was asked about "the use of taktik yadro qurollari " to stop Iran from developing a nuclear bomb and responded that "You don't take options off the table, but what you do is stand back and say, 'What's going on here?' You see what's happening in Sudan and Afghanistan, in Iraq and Iran."^[222] In 2007 he also stated he would use "blockade, bombardment and surgical military strikes" against Iran if necessary.^[223] In September of that year he protested Iran's president Mahmud Ahmadinajod speaking at the 62nd session of the Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Bosh assambleyasi, stating that the invitation should be revoked and he should instead be greeted with an indictment under the Genotsid konvensiyasi for threats against Isroil. He stated that failure to act should lead the United States to reconsider its level of support and funding for the United Nations.^[224]

In 2011, Romney advocated both overt and covert means to get Iran to stop its nuclear weapons development program. He said that "Ultimately, regime change is what's going to be necessary."^[225] In 2012 he called on President Obama "to impose crippling economic sanctions on the Iranian regime, support the Iranian dissidents, and convey through actions – not just words – that the military option is very real and very credible."^[223]

In June 2012, Romney said "I can assure you, if I'm President, the Iranians will have no question but that I would be willing to take military action if necessary to prevent them from becoming a nuclear threat to the world."^[226] In his July 2012 trip to Israel he said that preventing Iran from obtaining a nuclear "capability" should be America's "highest national security priority."^[227][228] Romney has said of using military force against Iran, "I don't believe at this stage, therefore, if I'm President, that we need to have war powers approval or a special authorization for military force."^[229] He has refused to state if he would be open to using direct diplomacy to settle the issue with the Iranians.^[230]

Iroq

Romni qo'llab-quvvatladi Iroqqa bostirib kirish^[231] va "qo'shinlarning ko'tarilishi ". He criticized mismanagement of Iraq post-invasion, stating that both diplomatic and military efforts should be used to achieve success in the region.^[135][232]

In his 2007 speech announcing that he would run for president in 2008, Romney said, "so long as there is a reasonable prospect of success, our wisest course is to seek stability in Iraq, with additional troops endeavoring to secure the civilian population." He stated that instability in Iraq could lead to civil war and that "Iraq's Sunni region could become a base for al-Qaeda; that its Shia region could be seized by Iran; that Kurd tension could destabilize Turkey" and that the broader Middle East and the United States could be drawn into conflict.^[233]

In a 2007 Republican presidential debate, Romney mistakenly said that the Iraq war could have been avoided if Saddam Xuseyn ruxsat bergan edi IAEA inspectors into the country. CNN hissa qo'shuvchi Pol Begala bu so'zni tanqid qildi va uni "katta xato, gaffe - agar bu umumiy saylov munozarasi bo'lsa, diskvalifikator bo'lar edi" deb nomladi va bu inspektorlarning Iroqqa kiritilishiga ishora qildi.^[234]

In October 2011, Romney criticized the Obama administration's announcement that all American combat troops had been withdrawn from Iraq calling the withdrawal either "naked political calculation or simply sheer ineptitude."^[235]

Israel and the Arab-Israeli conflict

In October 2011, during his 2012 presidential campaign, Romney said, "I believe our relationship with Israel, a nation which shares our values and is our best friend in the Middle East, should be of support and confidence rather than criticism and blame."^[236] In December 2011, he said, "I will travel to Israel on my first foreign trip [as president]. I will reaffirm as a vital national interest Israel's existence as a Jewish state. I want the world to know that the bonds between Israel and the United States are unshakable."^[225]

Degan savolga U.S. Embassy in Israel in Tel Aviv should be moved to Jerusalem, Romney said in October 2011, "The actions that I will take will be actions recommended and supported by Israeli leaders. I don't seek to take actions independent of what our allies think is best, and if Israel's leaders thought that a move of that nature would be helpful to their efforts, then that's something I'll be inclined to do. ... I don't think America should play the role of the leader of the peace process, instead we should stand by our ally."^[236] During a trip to Israel in July 2012, he reiterated that if elected president he would seek to move the U.S. embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, which he called the capital of Israel (and which he has said the U.S. should formally recognize as the capital of Israel,^[237] although Palestinians and other Arabs also claim Jerusalem as the capital of a Palestinian state^[238]), if the government of Israel desired such a move.^{[239][240][241]}

Haqida Arab-Isroil mojarosi, in a January 2012 Republican debate, Romney said, "Well, the reason that there's not peace between the Palestinians and Israel is because there is — in the leadership of the Palestinian people are Hamas and others who think like Hamas, who have as their intent the elimination of Israel. And whether it's in school books that teach how to kill Jews, or whether it's in the political discourse that is spoken either from Fatah or from Hamas, there is a belief that the Jewish people do not have a right to have a Jewish state." Romney added, "There are some people who say should we have a two state solution, and the Israelis would be happy to have a two state solution. It's the Palestinians who don't want a two state solution, they want to eliminate the state of Israel. And I believe America must say the best way to have peace in the Middle East is not for us to vacillate and appease, but it is to say we stand with our friend Israel. We are committed to a Jewish state in Israel. We will not have an inch of difference between ourselves and our ally Israel."^[242] Despite his pessimism about a ikki holatli echim being achieved in the short term, Romney has defended the two-state solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict as an ideal that ought to be included in the Republican Party platform.^[243]

In candid remarks to high-value donors at a secretly recorded May 2012 private fundraiser, Romney said of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, "I look at the Palestinians not wanting to see peace anyway, for political purposes, committed to the destruction and elimination of Israel, and these thorny issues, and I say, 'There's just no way.' And so what you do is you say, 'You move things along the best way you can.' You hope for some degree of stability, but you recognize that this is going to remain an unsolved problem. We live with that in China and Taiwan. All right, we have a potentially volatile situation but we sort of live with it, and we kick the ball down the field and hope that ultimately, somehow, something will happen and resolve it." He also noted that he had recently received a call from a former U.S. Secretary of State who had suggested that there might be a prospect for accord after the Palestinian elections. Romney made clear in his remarks at the fundraiser that he was opposed to the U.S. exerting any pressure on Israel to help reach a compromise: "The idea of pushing on the Israelis to give something up to get the Palestinians to act is the worst idea in the world."^[244]

In response to President Obama's pledge to maintain Israel's "Qualitative Military Edge" over the other countries in the region, Romney has said he would do "the opposite from Obama".^[245][246]

Romney supported an international campaign to hold one minute of silence at the 2012 yilgi London Olimpiadasi to remember the Israeli athletes killed in the 1972 yil Myunxendagi qatliom at the Olympics by the Falastin terroristik tashkilot Qora sentyabr.

Liviya

Concerning the involvement of the American military in the 2011 yil Liviyada fuqarolar urushi, Romney initially said in March that Obama had waited too long before becoming involved, and he also criticized Obama for ruling out the use of United States ground forces.^[247] The next month, he said that he supported the "specific, limited mission" of enforcing a uchish taqiqlangan hudud, but that Obama's support for the ouster of Libyan leader Muammar Qaddafiy constituted "mission creep and mission muddle."^[247] In October, after Gaddafi's death, Romney said, "I think people across the world recognize that the world is a better place without Muammar Gaddafi."^[247]

Pokiston

On July 7, 2007, Romney said, "In places like Pokiston, America needs to work not just on a military front." He said he would send in his proposed "Special Partnership Force", a team of Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi agents and Army special forces that would work with the local population to aid in military support, gun supplies, and "to help make sure that they have the rule of law, water projects, bridges built."^[248]

In 2007, Romney criticized then-candidate Barak Obama for stating that, as President, he would launch military strikes against "high-value terrorist targets" in Pakistan, even without the Pakistani government's approval.^[249] In 2011, after such a strike resulted in the death of Usama bin Laden, Romney said that, if he had been President, he would have done "exactly the same thing."^[250]

Rossiya

During the 2012 presidential campaign, Romney said that Russia is "without question, our number one geopolitical foe. They - they fight every cause for the world's worst actors."^[251][252] U qo'ng'iroq qildi Prezident Vladimir Putin "a real threat to the stability and peace of the world."^[253] Romney wants to "deter Russian ambitions" to its south by enhancing diplomatic ties, increasing harbiy tayyorgarlik and assistance, and negotiating trade pacts and educational exchanges with Markaziy Osiyo states."^[254]

Romney has opposed ratification of Yangi START, a bilateral yadro qurolini kamaytirish treaty between the United States and the Russian Federation,^[255][256] in part because he wishes to deploy defensive missiles on submarines.^[257][258] He has written that the idea of the abolition of nuclear weapons put forward by Ronald Reygan may not be realistic.^[259]

In 2019, as a US Senator, Romney argued that Russia attempted to influence US elections but that Ukraine did not, and he disagreed with the Trump administration's claim that Ukraine attempted to interfere in the US elections.^[260]

Suriya

Romney released the following statement concerning Bashar al-Assad, Suriya prezidenti, in August 2011:

It has taken President Obama far too long to speak out forcefully against Assad and his vicious crackdown in Syria. In the early stages of this crisis, the Obama Administration referred to Assad as a "reformer," which had the effect of emboldening Assad and discouraging the dissidents. America must show leadership on the world stage and work to move these developing nations toward modernity. This means using the bullhorn of the presidency and not remaining silent for too long while voices of freedom and dissent are under attack.^[261]

Romney would overturn the existing policy against sending arms to moderate elements of the Syrian opposition, rejecting the idea that they would pass the weapons on to Al-Qaeda.^[262]

U.S. place in the world

Romney's 2010 book, Kechirim so'ramang: Amerika buyukligi uchun masala, expresses Romney's belief in Amerika eksklyuzivligi.^[263] Romney doesn't want the United States to "become like Evropa."^[215]

Boshqa tarafdan, Iqtisodchi found that, aside from rhetoric, Romney's stated foreign policy positions offer in many instances broad continuity with those of the Obama administration,^[264] and that Obama's policies have closely followed the path set by the Bush administration.^[265]

Romney believes China should provide direct humanitarian aid instead of indirect aid through the United States via loans.^[266]

Romney criticized at the time Demokratik prezidentlikka nomzod Barak Obama for saying that in his first year as president, he would meet with the leaders of several nations hostile to the government of the United States, including Suriya, Shimoliy Koreya, Kuba va Eron.Stating an opposing viewpoint Romney said, "Having the president meet with the authoritarian tyrants of the world is remarkably poor judgment."^[267] Romney has recently charged that President Obama "went around the Middle East and apologized for America."^[268]

Venesuela

Romney has said that President Obama is "simply naive" to dismiss the threat Venezuela poses to the United States.^[269] As governor of Massachusetts, however, he praised a fuel pact with Venezuela that brought reduced-price oil to his state.^[270]

Afg'onistondagi urush

Romni qo'llab-quvvatladi Afg'onistondagi urush. In 2011 he stated regarding Afghanistan:

I want those troops to come home based upon not politics, not based upon economics, but instead based upon the conditions on the ground determined by the generals ... But I also think we have learned that our troops should not go off and try to fight a war of independence for another nation. Only the Afghanis can win Afghanistan's independence from the Taliban.^[271]

2012 yilda, qachon Mudofaa vaziri Leon Panetta outlined a plan to withdraw U.S. combat troops by 2013 if possible, Romney criticized the announcement, saying, "Why in the world do you go to the people that you're fighting with and tell them the date you're pulling out your troops?"^[235][272] Romney's 2012 presidential election campaign website similarly criticized the Obama Administration for announcing a timetable for withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan, and reiterated his position that in a Romney presidency, decisions about when to withdraw troops would be made based on the advice of commanders in the field, not electoral politics.^[273]

In July 2012, Romney said that he would maintain troop numbers through 2013, then would withdraw them in 2014, as currently scheduled, with the possibility of maintaining troop levels for a longer period if needed.^[274]

Terrorizmga qarshi urush

Guantanamo qamoqxonasi

During the debate in Janubiy Karolina held May 15, 2007 Romney stated that in his view "We ought to double" the Guantanamo qamoqxonasi. He then went on to say, in reference to combatants captured in Iraq, "I want them in Guantanamo where they don't get the access to lawyers they get when they're on our soil. I don't want them in our prisons. I want them there."^[275]

In Romney's speech at the 2007 Iowa Republican Straw Poll, he praised the U.S. military for not allowing prisoners to have judicial review of their cases.^[276]

So'roq qilish usullari

Romney opposes the use of qiynoq;^[277] and supports the limited use of so'roq qilishning takomillashtirilgan usullari to stop an imminent wide-scale terrorist attack.^[278] During the second Presidential debate, Romney supported the use of enhanced interrogation techniques in handling suspects at the Guantanamo Bay detention facility, saying, "enhanced interrogation techniques have to be used—not torture but enhanced interrogation techniques, yes."^[279] When asked directly whether suv kemalari was torture, Romney stated, "[A]s a presidential candidate, I don't think it's wise for us to describe specifically which measures we would and would not use. ... And I get that advice from Kofer qora, who is a person who was responsible for counterterrorism in the CIA for some 35 years. I get that advice by talking to former generals in our military."^[280] Ga binoan Qora suv mutaxassis Jeremy Scahill, Romney advisor Cofer Black has been, "a key figure in the g'ayrioddiy ijro program, the government-sanctioned kidnap-and-torture program, where prisoners like Maher Arar are sent to third-country hellholes to be tortured."^[281]

Urush kuchlari

In the 2008 presidential debates, Romney left open whether it was always necessary for the U.S. Congress to issue a urush e'lon qilish before engaging in military actions. Romney stated that if he were president he would consult with his lawyers before he came to a conclusive interpretation of the Urush vakolatlari to'g'risidagi maqola ichida AQSh konstitutsiyasi.^[282] In June 2012 during a Xalq bilan yuzlash interview Romney stated regarding military action against Eron: "I don't believe at this stage, therefore, if I'm president that we need to have a war powers approval or special authorization for military force."^[283]

Role of culture in producing prosperity

In Romney's 2010 book No Apology, Romney concludes that culture and values play an important role in determining the prosperity and success of countries.^[284] He made similar statements during a visit to Israel in 2012, in which he compared the higher Israeli GDP to the Palestinian GDP, as well as Chile's GDP to Ecuador's GDP and Mexico's GDP to America's GDP, raising the ire of the Palestinian Authority who accused Romney of racism and of being out of touch,^[285] but he denied that he was criticizing Palestinian culture and instead was merely pointing out that "choices a society makes have a profound impact on the economy and the vitality of a society."^[286] Romney also mentioned in his speech a book written by former Harvard professor Devid Landes nomlangan Xalqlarning boyligi va qashshoqligi, in which Landes concludes, "If you could learn anything from the economic history of the world it's this: culture makes all the difference."^[287]

Ijtimoiy siyosat

Abortion and related issues

Abort

In a 1994 debate with Senator Ted Kennedi, Romney said: "One of the great things about our nation ... is that we're each entitled to have strong personal beliefs, and we encourage other people to do the same. But as a nation, we recognize the right of all people to believe as they want and not to impose our beliefs on other people. I believe that abortion should be safe and legal in this country. I have since the time that my mom took that position when she ran in 1970 as a U.S. Senate candidate. I believe that since Roe Vadega qarshi has been the law for 20 years, that we should sustain and support it, and I sustain and support that law, and the right of a woman to make that choice, and my personal beliefs, like the personal beliefs of other people, should not be brought into a political campaign."^{[288][289][290]} Romney had endorsed the Tanlash erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun which would define legal access to abortion as a federal law even if Roe ag'darilgan.^[291]

Davomida 2002 yil gubernator poygasi, Romney's platform stated, "As Governor, Mitt Romney would protect the current pro-choice status quo in Massachusetts. No law would change."^[292] He also endorsed the legalization of RU-486 yoki "hapdan keyin ertalab."^[293] The executive director of Massachusetts NARAL at the time, Melissa Kogut, stated that in her organization's endorsement interview with Romney, he was "emphatic that the Republican Party was not doing themselves a service by being so vehemently anti-choice."^[294][295] He responded to a Rejalashtirilgan ota-ona questionnaire saying that he supported public funds for low-income women seeking an abortion.^[296] He asked for the endorsement from Tanlov uchun respublika ko'pligi.^[297] On May 27, 2005 Romney said "he is committed to maintaining the 'status quo' in Massachusetts on abortion rights."^[298] This pro-choice stance as Governor of Massachusetts earned him criticism from conservatives and the conservative magazine, Inson voqealari, labeled him as one of the top ten RINO.^[299]

Boston Globe on July 26, 2005 quoted Romney saying, "I am pro-life. I believe that abortion is the wrong choice except in cases of incest, rape, and to save the life of the mother. Koshki Amerika xalqi rozi bo'lsa va bizning millatimiz qonunlari ushbu fikrni aks ettirsa. Ammo millat abort masalasida shu qadar bo'linib tursa-da, menimcha, davlatlar demokratik jarayonlar orqali abort qilish to'g'risidagi qonunlarni o'zlari belgilashi va sud mandati bilan buyurilmasligi kerak. "^[300] Da 2007 yil may respublika prezidentining debati yilda Janubiy Karolina, Romni "Roe Vadega qarshi shunday darajaga yetdiki, biz inson hayotining qadrini arzonlashtirdik. "U" xalq sudni emas, balki [abort] qarorini chiqarishi kerak "dedi.^[279] Romnining matbuot kotibi Romni shunday bo'lganligini ta'kidladi Janubiy Dakota gubernatori, u qonunni imzolagan bo'lar edi abort qilishni taqiqlovchi munozarali qonun, lekin u Janubiy Dakota qonuni istisno qiladigan qarindoshlararo nikoh yoki zo'rlash holatlari uchun istisnolarni o'z ichiga oladi.^[301]

Gubernatorlikdan ketganidan keyin bergan bayonotlarida Romni "qisman tug'ilish" abortiga qarshi ekanligini bildirdi.^{[135][302][303]}

2011 yilda prezidentlik saylovlarida saylovoldi tashviqotini olib borgan Romni hayotni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi va'dani imzolashdan bosh tortdi Syuzan B. Entoni ro'yxati abortni barcha soliq to'lovchilar tomonidan moliyalashtirishni tugatuvchi qonunchilikni qo'llab-quvvatlash, "og'riqni his qilishga qodir tug'ilmagan bolalarni abortdan himoya qilish to'g'risida" qonunni imzolash va sudyalarni nomzodlarini ko'rsatish va hayotni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi ijro etuvchi hokimiyat vakillarini tayinlash. Romnining vakili, u garovga imzo chekolmasligini aytdi, chunki bu kutilmagan zararli oqibatlarga olib kelishi mumkin. Romnining o'zi shunday deb yozgan edi: "Rejalashtirilgan Ota-onalar kabi tashkilot uchun federal moliyalashtirishni to'xtatish boshqa narsa; Amerika bo'ylab minglab kasalxonalarni federal moliyalashtirishni to'xtatish boshqa narsa ... Bu aynan shu va'dani talab qilishi va talab qilishi kerak. imzolagan prezidentning. "^[304] U shunga qaramay, agar u prezident sifatida uning oldiga kelishi kerak bo'lsa, hayotni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi qonunchilikni qo'llab-quvvatlashini va'da qildi,^[305] Homiladorlikning 20 xaftaligidan keyin abort qilishni taqiqlovchi og'riqli tug'ma bolani himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun kabi.^[306][307] Syuzan B. Entoni ro'yxati Romniga 2012 yilda 60%, ACLU esa tanlov uchun 0% reyting bergan.^[179]

2012 yil oktyabr oyida bo'lib o'tgan umumiy saylov kampaniyasi paytida u prezident sifatida "Abort qilish to'g'risida men bilgan qonunlar mening kun tartibimga kirishi mumkin emas" dedi.^[305] Buni ko'plab savdo nuqtalari, shu jumladan, izohladilar USA Today va Telegraf, demak u "abortni cheklash to'g'risidagi qonunlarni" qo'llab-quvvatlamaydi.^[308][309] Ertasi kuni uning saylovoldi kampaniyasi vakili "Gubernator Romni, albatta, hayot uchun ko'proq himoya qilishni ta'minlashga qaratilgan qonunchilikni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi" dedi.^[305]

Romni federal qonunlarning qabul qilinishini yoki abortni taqiqlovchi konstitutsiyaviy tuzatishlarni ko'rishni ma'qul ko'rsa-da, u jamoatchilik bunday choralarni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi, deb ishonmaydi;^[310][311] muqobil ravishda u ag'darishga yordam beradigan Oliy sud sudyalarini nomzodini ko'rsatishga va'da bergan Roe Vadega qarshi, abortning qonuniyligi to'g'risida davlatlarning yakka o'zi qaror qilishiga imkon berish.^[312]

2012 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi davomida Romni barcha federal mablag'larni yo'q qilishga va'da berdi Rejalashtirilgan ota-ona saylangan taqdirda.^[313] Saylovoldi tashviqotidan so'ng, Romni tanlovga nomzodlarni ma'qulladi yoki ko'rib chiqdi. U respublikachilarni qo'llab-quvvatlashini ma'qulladi Skott Braun, uning paytida 2014 yil AQSh Senati Nyu-Xempshirdagi asosiy kampaniya.^[314] U xuddi shunday Rod-Aylendning respublikachi gubernatorlikka nomzodini qo'llab-quvvatladi, Allan Fung.^[315] Vashingtonning 2014 yilgi respublikachilar senatiga nomzodi Monika Veybi Tanlovni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi Mitt Romnining tasdiqlovini oldi.^[316] 2016 yilda u ovoz berishini aytdi Bill Weld, agar u partiya nomzodi bo'lsa va u ko'rib chiqayotgan bo'lsa Gari Jonson, Libertarian nomzodi, ikkalasi ham tanlov uchun.^[317] 2019 yilda Romni mablag 'yig'di va qo'llab-quvvatladi Syuzan Kollinz, Meyn shtatidan respublikachilar.^{[318][319][320]}

2019 yil may oyida AQSh senatori sifatida Romni a ga qarshi ekanligini e'lon qildi Alabamada qabul qilingan qonun abort qilishni taqiqlash, shu jumladan zo'rlash yoki qarindoshlar qarindoshlari nikohini buzish holatlarida.^[321] Senator Romni zo'rlash, qarindoshlararo nikoh yoki onaning hayotini saqlab qolish uchun istisnolarni qo'llab-quvvatlashini aytdi.^[322] U Missuri shtatidagi abortni taqiqlashga, homiladorlikning sakkiz haftasidan keyin abort qilishni taqiqlovchi qonunga qarshi chiqdi.^[323] Shuningdek, u "har ikki tomon" tomonidan taklif qilinayotgan o'ta qonunlarga, masalan, Nyu-York va Virjiniyadagi abortga qarshi huquqlar to'g'risidagi qonunlar hamda Missuridagi abortga qarshi qonun loyihalariga qarshi bo'lganini aytdi va u "bu borada juda ham ko'proq narsani istamoqda". abort bilan bog'liq markaz ".^[324][325] 2020 yilda Mitt Romni Oliy sudni bekor qilishni iltimos qilgan qisqa bayonotga imzo chekdi Roe Vadega qarshi.^{[326][327][328]}

Shaxs to'g'risidagi qonunchilik

Romni shtatda ham, federal darajada ham konstitutsiyaviy tuzatishlarni tug'ilmagan kishiga konstitutsiyaviy himoya qilishni kafolatlaydigan paytdan boshlab qo'llab-quvvatlashini bildirdi. urug'lantirish. 2008 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi paytida Romni agar prezident etib saylansa, AQSh Konstitutsiyasiga qonuniy ravishda belgilab qo'yilgan tuzatishlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashini aytdi. shaxsiyat kontseptsiyadan boshlab.^[329] 2012 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasida uning so'zlariga ko'ra, agar u gubernator sifatida davlat konstitutsiyasiga o'zgartirish kiritilsa, hayotni kontseptsiyadan boshlanishi deb belgilansa, u buni qo'llab-quvvatlagan bo'lar edi.^[330]

2012 yil 9 oktyabrda saylovoldi kampaniyasida bergan intervyusida Romni: "Abort qilish to'g'risida men bilgan qonunchilik yo'q, bu mening kun tartibimga kiradi", dedi.^[331][332] Demokratlar Romni o'zining haqiqiy pozitsiyasini yashirib, mo''tadil saylovchilarga murojaat qilmoqchi bo'lganlikda aybladilar reproduktiv huquqlar.^[331] Romni kampaniyasi vakili konservatorga aytdi National Review Online Romni "albatta, hayot uchun ko'proq himoya qilishni ta'minlashga qaratilgan qonunchilikni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi".^[332]

Embrionning ildiz hujayralarini tadqiq qilish va odamni klonlash

2002 yilda u gubernatorlikka nomzodini qo'yganida, Romni qat'iy himoya qilgan ildiz hujayralarini tadqiq qilish va u o'sha paytdagi Prezidentni qabul qilishga va'da berdi Jorj V.Bush uni quchoqlamoq.^[333] 2007 yilda Romni tadqiqot uchun "ortiqcha embrionlardan" olingan ildiz hujayralaridan foydalanishni qo'llab-quvvatladi, ammo "tadqiqotlar uchun inson hujayralarining yangi hujayralari yaratilishiga qarshi chiqdi va gubernator sifatida ildiz hujayralarini tadqiq qilish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasiga veto qo'ydi".^[334] Romni 2008 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi paytida u o'zining oldingi lavozimidan voz kechdi va Bushning ortiqcha embrionlar bo'yicha tadqiqotlarni federal moliyalashtirishni taqiqlash to'g'risidagi qaroriga qo'shilishini aytdi.^[333] Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, 2004 yilda ildiz hujayralari tadqiqotchisi Duglas Melton bilan ildiz hujayralarini tadqiq qilishni muhokama qilganidan keyin uning qarashlari keskin o'zgargan. Garvard universiteti. Garvard Stem Cell Institute instituti terapevtik klonlashni o'z ichiga olgan tadqiqotlarni rejalashtirgan edi.^[335][336] Romnining so'zlariga ko'ra, Melton tadqiqot "axloqiy muammo emas, chunki biz embrionlarni 14 kunda o'ldiramiz" deb e'lon qildi. "Men qaradim Bet Mayers "Mening shtab boshlig'im va bizda ham xuddi shunday reaktsiya bor edi, bu shunchaki bizni qattiq urdi", deb esladi Romni. "Va ular chiqib ketayotib, men:" Bet, biz hayotning muqaddasligini tufayli arzonladik The Roe Vadega qarshi mentalitet. "^[336]

2012 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi davomida Romni xayriya qilingan tuxumlarga inson DNKini joylashtirish orqali hosil qilingan klonlangan embrionlardan foydalangan holda olib borilgan tadqiqotlarga qarshi chiqdi.^{[333][xronologiya keltirish kerak ]}

Kontratseptsiya

2012 yilgi prezidentlik asosiy saylov kampaniyasi paytida, munozara moderatori uning shtatlar kontratseptsiya vositalarini taqiqlash vakolatiga ega ekanligiga ishonasizmi degan savoliga Romni: "Men kontratseptsiya vositalarini taqiqlash bo'yicha har qanday harakatga to'liq va to'liq qarshi bo'lardim", deb javob berdi.^[337]

Romni Obamaning Sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish departamenti tomonidan "Arzon tibbiy yordam to'g'risida" gi qonunni amalga oshirishda, deyarli barcha tibbiy sug'urta rejalarida ayollarga profilaktika yordami sifatida bepul kontratseptsiya xizmatlarini taklif qilishni talab qiladi.^[338][339] Diniy ish beruvchilar tomonidan homiylik qilinadigan sog'liqni saqlash rejalari (masalan, cherkovlar), ular asosan o'zlarining e'tiqodlari bilan ishlaydigan va xizmat ko'rsatadigan notijorat tashkilotlardir; ammo bu qoida cherkovga qarashli kasalxonalar va asosan e'tiqod a'zolari ishlamaydigan va ularga xizmat qilmaydigan maktablar kabi muassasalarga tegishli.^[340] Romni qonunchilik choralarini qo'llab-quvvatladi To'mtoq tuzatish ) bu ish beruvchilarga va tibbiy sug'urta kompaniyalariga kontratseptiv vositalar va diniy yoki axloqiy sabablarga ko'ra qarshi bo'lgan boshqa xizmatlarni qoplashni rad etishlariga yo'l qo'ygan bo'lar edi; tuzatish Senatda ko'rib chiqilmadi.^[339] Keyinchalik Romni agar prezident etib saylansa, kontratseptsiya vositalarini qamrab olish talabini bekor qilishini aytdi.^[341]

2012 yil oktyabr oyida prezident Barak Obama bilan bo'lib o'tgan prezidentlik saylovlari bo'yicha ikkinchi bahs paytida Obama "Gubernator Romni Vashingtonda siyosatchilar ayollarning sog'liqni saqlashni tanlashini hal qilishi bilan o'zlarini qulay his qilyapti ... [Gubernator Romni] aslida ish beruvchilarni taklif qildi sug'urta qoplamasi orqali ayolning kontratseptsiya vositasini qabul qilishi yoki olmasligi to'g'risida qaror qabul qilishi kerak. " Romni bunga javoban "Men shuni ta'kidlashni istardimki, Vashingtondagi byurokratlar birovga kontratseptiv vositalarini ishlatishi mumkinmi yoki yo'qligini aytishi kerakligiga ishonmayman. Va men ish beruvchilar kontratseptsiya vositasida bo'lishi mumkinmi yoki yo'qmi, kimgadir aytishi kerakligiga ishonmayman. Amerikadagi ayol kontratseptsiya vositalaridan foydalanish huquqiga ega bo'lishi kerak va prezidentning mening siyosatim haqidagi bayonoti mutlaqo va umuman noto'g'ri. "^[342]

Fuqarolik erkinliklari

Imkoniyatlar tengligi (irq va jins) va fuqarolik huquqlari

Romni ikkalasini ham keltiradi Martin Lyuter King, kichik va uning otasi Jorj Romni namuna sifatida.^[343] 2007 yilda u ikki kishining birga yurishganini ko'rganligini aytdi, ammo keyinchalik bosim ostida o'zlarini qaytarib, ularning birgalikda yurishlarini faqat majoziy ma'noda ko'rganini aytdi.^{[344][345][346][347]}

Romni ayollar va ozchiliklar uchun ishchi kuchiga kirishda to'siqlarni kamaytirishni qo'llab-quvvatlashini bildirdi.^[348]

U musulmonlarni tenglikka chaqirdi; ammo nafratni targ'ib qiluvchilarni masjidlarga kuzatib borishni iltimos qildi.^[135][349]

Oldin gapirish Heritage Foundation, 2005 yilda Massachusets shtati gubernatori bo'lgan Romni konservativ tahlil markazida terrorizmga qarshi kurashda ichki razvedka ma'lumotlarini yig'ishni yaxshilash uchun masjidlarni tinglash va chet ellik talabalarni kuzatuv ostiga olish zarurligini taklif qildi.^[350] U musulmonlar va fuqarolik erkinliklari g'azabiga qaramay, u kechirim so'rashdan yoki bu so'zlarni qaytarib olishni rad etdi.^[351]

Massachusets shtati gubernatori sifatida Romni shtat idorasini yo'q qildi Ijobiy harakat.^[352]

Romni aniq bayonot bergani yo'q^[353] u qo'llab-quvvatlaydimi va imzolagan bo'ladimi yoki qarshi bo'lardimi degan savolga Lilly Ledbetter 2009 yilgi adolatli to'lov to'g'risidagi qonun 1964 yilda qabul qilingan Fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi qonunda ish beruvchilarning ish haqidagi farqlar jinsga emas, balki malakaga asoslanganligini isbotlashini talab qiladigan va ish haqini kamsitish to'g'risidagi da'vo arizalarini topshirish uchun da'vo muddatini uzaytiradigan, fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi qonunga o'zgartirishlar kiritgan.^[354] Qonunchilikka Vakillar Palatasida ikki respublikachidan va Senatda beshta respublikachidan boshqa hamma qarshi chiqdi; va bu Prezident Obama tomonidan imzolangan birinchi qonun hujjati edi. 2012 yil aprel oyida bo'lib o'tgan intervyusida, agar u qonunni prezident sifatida qabul qilganida imzolagan bo'larmidingiz, degan savolga Romni shunday javob berdi: "Bu men o'zgartirishni niyat qilmagan qonun hujjati, albatta. Men uch yil oldin u erda bo'lmaganman. ... Men orqaga qaytib, avvalgi barcha qonunlarni ko'rib chiqmoqchi emasman va agar men u erda bo'lganimda, qaysi qonunlarni qo'llab-quvvatlagan bo'lar edim va imzolagan bo'lar edim, lekin men, albatta, ayollar uchun teng maoshni qo'llab-quvvatlayman va - va bu qonunni o'zgartirish niyatim yo'q, don Buning sababi bor deb o'ylamayman. "^[355] Romni va Obamaning 2012 yil oktyabr oyida bo'lib o'tgan prezidentlik saylovidagi ikkinchi munozarasi paytida ayollarga teng haq to'lash mavzusi ko'tarilgandan so'ng, Romni kampaniyasining yuqori darajadagi maslahatchisi jurnalistlarga Romni o'sha paytda qonun loyihasining qabul qilinishiga qarshi bo'lganini, ammo rejasi yo'qligini aytdi. bekor qiling.^[356] Ertasi kuni saylov kampaniyasi maslahatchisi Romni ushbu qilmishga qarshi bo'lganligini aytganda yanglishganini aytib, o'z bayonotidan voz kechdi.^[356]

LGBT huquqlari

LGBT huquqlari haqida gap ketganda, Romni aralash, o'rtacha ko'rsatkichga ega. 2012 yilda u qo'llab-quvvatlashini bildirdi ichki sheriklik LGBT jamoasini kamsitilishdan himoya qiladigan gey juftliklari va qonunlari (davlat darajasida) uchun imtiyozlar. Shuningdek, u tasdiqlashni qabul qildi Kirish kabinasi respublikachilar, 2012 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi davomida bir jinsli nikoh va boshqa gey huquqlarini qo'llab-quvvatlovchi respublikachilar guruhi.^[357] Romni 2008 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasidan oldin u bilan bog'liq turli xil tarixga ega edi Qo'shma Shtatlarda LGBT huquqlari. Senatdagi 1994 yilgi saylovoldi kampaniyasi va 2002 yil Massachusets shtatidagi gubernatorlik kampaniyasida Romni Demokratik raqiblariga qaraganda ichki sheriklik munosabatlarini ta'minlaydigan yaxshiroq siyosat yuritishini aytdi.^[358]1994 yilda Romni Kirish kabinasi respublikachilar u Senatdagi geylar huquqlarini himoya qilish uchun o'sha paytdagi raqibi Senatorga qaraganda kuchliroq bo'lishini aytdi Edvard M. Kennedi. Uning maktubida "Biz gey va lezbiyenlarning tengligini asosiy muammoga aylantirishimiz kerak" degan ibora bor edi.^[359] 2002 yilda Romni ichki sheriklik imtiyozlari haqida gapirib, "Jinsiy yo'nalishidan qat'i nazar, barcha fuqarolar teng huquqlarga loyiqdirlar", dedi. Romnining ta'kidlashicha, ichki sheriklik holati sog'liq uchun foyda va omon qolish huquqlarini o'z ichiga olgan tarzda tan olinishi kerak.^[360][361]

1994 yilda Romni bularni qo'llab-quvvatlashini aytdi Aholini kamsitmaslik to'g'risidagi qonun, asosida diskriminatsiyani taqiqlash bo'yicha federal qonunchilik taklifi jinsiy orientatsiya yoki jinsiy identifikatsiya ishchi kuchida, lekin 2006 yilga kelib u o'z fikrini o'zgartirib, "faol sudyalar tomonidan ish beruvchilarni adolatsiz ravishda jazolaydi", deb aytgan va shunga qarshi chiqqan. Shunga qaramay, u davlat darajasidagi qonunlarni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi, shu jumladan davlat darajasida nafrat jinoyati to'g'risidagi qonunlarni. , bu LGBT odamlarni kamsitilishdan himoya qiladi.

Massachusets shtati gubernatori sifatida Romni gey huquqlariga aralashgan. U 15-mayni "Gey / to'g'ri yoshlarning g'urur kuni" deb e'lon qilish to'g'risida imzo chekdi.^[362] U 2003 va 2004 yillarda gey va lesbiyan yoshlar komissiyasiga ulangan gey-mag'rurlik yurishlarini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun rasmiy e'lonni imzoladi.^[363] U hakamlar sifatida gey huquqlarini himoya qiluvchi ikki faolni tayinladi.^[364] Shuningdek, u "Massachusets shtatidagi bir jinsli juftliklarni huquqiy himoya bilan ta'minlagan".^[293] MassEquality, ammo u shtatdagi ishchi kuchida jinsiy orientatsiya kamsitilishini taqiqlovchi ijro buyrug'ini bekor qilgani va GLBT Youth bo'yicha komissiyani bekor qilgani haqida xabar berdi.^[365] Oxir oqibat, Romni GLBT komissiyasini saqlab qolishga qaror qildi, ammo uning vakolati va harakatlarini chekladi.^[366] 2018 yilda Romni gey va to'g'ri yoshlar uchun g'urur kunini qo'llab-quvvatlashga qaror qilganligi sababli, Yuta Senatidagi saylovoldi kampaniyasi paytida ba'zi konservatorlar tomonidan tanqid qilindi.^[367]

Romni "pozitsiyasini o'zgartirdiSo'ramang, aytmang "harbiy siyosat. 1994 yilda u geylar va lezbiyenlarning armiyada" ochiq va halol "xizmat qilishini kutayotganini aytdi, ammo 2007 yilda u GOP Boshlang'ich bahsida u siyosatni qo'llab-quvvatlashini aytdi va bu" emas " "gomoseksuallar va lezbiyenlar harbiy xizmatchilarining ochiq xizmat qilishi uchun vaqt. U bunday vaqtni hali ham" kutib "turadimi yoki yo'qmi, bir necha bor javob berishdan bosh tortdi.^{[368][369][370][222]} 2007 yilda gaplashish NBC "s Matbuot bilan tanishing, Romni "Men birovni jinsiy orientatsiyasiga qarab kamsitishga ishonmayman ... Shuning uchun men odamlarning huquqlarini ko'proq tan olishga, kamsitilmaslikka harakat qilishda samarali bo'lardim" dedi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, bu davlat darajasida amalga oshirilishi kerak.^[371]

2011 yil dekabr oyida Romni Des Moines Registratsiyasiga "Endi so'ramang, aytmang" siyosati bekor qilinganini aytdi, "Men bu bosqichni bekor qilishni rejalashtirmayapman. O'zgarishlarni amalga oshirish menga qulay emas edi. ziddiyat davrida, ikkita dastur o'rtasida yangi dasturning murakkablashtiruvchi xususiyatlari tufayli davom etmoqda, ammo bu urushlar pastga tushmoqda va ushbu bosqichda ushbu bosqichda harakat qilish endi bu muammoni keltirib chiqarmaydi. "^[372] 2012 yilda Mitt Romni Respublikachilar partiyasidan prezidentlikka nomzod sifatida qatnashayotganda, gomoseksual yoshlarni Amerikaning Boy Skautlari tarkibiga kiritishni qo'llab-quvvatladi.^[373]

2012 yilgi kampaniyasi dastlab ochiqchasiga gomoseksual vakilni yollagan, Richard Grenell, Respublikachilar partiyasining prezidentlik kampaniyasining birinchi ochiq gomoseksual vakili.^[374][375] Biroq, Grenell kampaniyani ikki haftadan kam vaqt o'tgach, taniqli ijtimoiy va madaniy konservatorlarning qattiq tanqidlaridan so'ng tark etdi. Tezlik bilan ketish geylarga qarshi advokatlarning yutug'i sifatida qaraldi va keyinchalik Politico o'z manbalariga ko'ra, kampaniya diniy yordamni yo'qotishdan xavotirlanib, Grenellni gomofobik tanqiddan ochiq himoya qilmaslikni tanladi.^{[376][377][378]}

2014 yilda Romni Arizonadagi SB 1062 qonun loyihasiga qarshi chiqdi, bu korxonalarga diniy e'tirozlar asosida LGBT mijozlariga xizmat ko'rsatishni rad etishga imkon beradi.^[379] "2012 yilgi Respublikachilar partiyasidan prezidentlikka nomzod Arizona gubernatori Jan Brewerni Twitter orqali Senatdagi 1062-sonli qonunni veto qo'yishga chaqirdi. Bu diniy e'tiqodga ega bo'lgan korxonalarga gey va lezbiyenlarga xizmat ko'rsatishni rad etishga imkon beradi."^[380] Romni ikkala Arizona senatoriga qo'shildi, Jon Makkeyn va Jeff Fleyk, qonunni veto qilishga o'sha paytdagi gubernator Yan Brewerni chaqirishda.^[381]

Mitt Romni 2019 yilda Yuta shtatidan AQSh senatori sifatida LGBT odamlarini kamsitishni taqiqlovchi va diniy asoslarga ega diniy guruhlar va kichik biznes sub'ektlarini ozod qilishni o'z ichiga olgan "Hamma uchun adolatli" qonunini qabul qilish harakatlarini qadrlashini aytdi.^[382]

Gey nikohi va fuqarolik kasaba uyushmalari

Romni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri nikohni qo'llab-quvvatlashini va ikkalasiga qarshi chiqishini bildirdi bir jinsli nikoh va fuqarolik birlashmalari,^[383] u ba'zilarini qo'llab-quvvatlasa ham ichki sheriklik imtiyozlar va (davlat darajasida) ish joyidagi gey va lezbiyenlarni himoya qilish uchun kamsitishga qarshi qonunlarni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.^[384] 1994 yilda Senat nomzodi sifatida qatnashgan Romni bir jinsli nikoh "davlat masalasi" ekanligini aytib, 2002 yilda geylar nikohini taqiqlash to'g'risidagi shtat konstitutsiyasiga kiritilgan o'zgartishga qarshi chiqdi.^[385] Romni o'zining 2002 yilgi saylovoldi kampaniyasining siyosiy direktori o'rinbosari Jonathan Spampinatoga uning ichki sheriklik huquqi rejasi va raqibining fuqarolik birlashmalari rejasi o'rtasida jiddiy farq yo'qligini aytdi va u Log Cabin respublikachilariga u bilan kurashmasligini aytdi. gubernator sifatida jinsiy nikoh.^[386]

2002 yilda gubernatorlikka nomzod sifatida Romni: "Meni eskirgan deb atang, lekin men geylar nikohini qo'llab-quvvatlamayman va fuqarolar ittifoqini qo'llab-quvvatlamayman" dedi. 2002 yilgi kampaniya davomida u nafratga qarshi jinoyatlar to'g'risidagi qonunchilikni qo'llab-quvvatladi va geylarga nisbatan boshqa kamsitishlarga qarshi chiqdi, shu bilan birga geylar uchun sheriklarning ba'zi imtiyozlarini qo'llab-quvvatladi.^[387]

Shuningdek, 2002 yilda Romni Massachusets shtatidagi konstitutsiyaga bir jinsli nikoh va oilaviy sheriklik munosabatlarini taqiqlovchi tuzatishga qarshi chiqdi, chunki bu tuzatish Demokratlar yetakchisi tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi Tom Finneran, gey va lezbiyenlarga ichki sheriklik imtiyozlarini taqiqlagan bo'lar edi.^[388]

Romni shunday dedi:

Men asosan fuqarolik huquqlari va ichki sheriklik imtiyozlarini Tom Finneranga qarshi kampaniya sifatida ko'rmoqdaman. Tom Finneran va Demokratik rahbariyatni gey va lezbiyen juftliklariga ichki sheriklik imtiyozlarini qo'llashga qarshi chiqqan deb bilaman va men ushbu sheriklik munosabatlarini gey va lezbiyen juftliklariga taqdim etish bo'yicha sa'y-harakatlarni qo'llab-quvvatlayman va qo'llab-quvvatlayman.^[388]

2003 yil noyabr oyida Massachusets Oliy sudi deb qaror qildi Massachusets shtati Konstitutsiyasi qonun bo'yicha bir jinsli nikohga ruxsat berilishini talab qiladi; bu safar bunga javoban gubernator Romni bunday nikohlarni taqiqlash to'g'risidagi shtat konstitutsiyaviy tuzatishlarini qo'llab-quvvatladi, ammo bu fuqarolik kasaba uyushmalarini qonuniylashtirishi mumkin edi.^[336][389] Bir jinsli nikohning muxoliflari "sudning qarori majburiy emasligini ta'kidladilar va Romnini buni e'tiborsiz qoldirishga undashdi", ammo "Romni konstitutsiyaviy inqirozni qo'zg'atmoqchi emas edi" va sud qaroriga ergashish paytida sud qaroriga amal qildi. -jinsiy nikoh.^[390] U 1913 yildagi tushunarsiz qonundan foydalanib, Massachusets shtatidan tashqarida yashovchilar uchun o'zlarining shtatlarida nikoh "bekor" bo'lsa, shtatdan tashqarida yashovchilar uchun nikohni texnik jihatdan taqiqlagan holda, qarorni qamrab olishga qaror qildi.^[391] U buni ta'kidladi kotiblar bir jinsli nikoh litsenziyalarini berishdan bosh tortgan shaxslar jazoga tortilishadi, shu bilan birga xodimlarga shtatda yashash uchun qanday dalil hisoblanishini aniqlash imkoniyatini berishadi.^[392] Keyinchalik, Romni bir jinsli nikohga boshqa taqiqlarni qo'llab-quvvatladi, unda fuqarolik kasaba uyushmalari uchun qoidalar mavjud emas edi.^[393]

2006 yilda Romni ushbu dasturni qo'llab-quvvatlashini e'lon qildi Federal nikohni o'zgartirish, qaysi yilda federal belgilangan nikoh edi AQSh konstitutsiyasi bitta erkak va bir ayolning birlashmasi sifatida.^{[336][394][395]}

Romni 2008 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasida shunday dedi:

Nikohga bo'lgan munosabat mening siyosiy faoliyatim davomida mutlaqo izchil bo'lib kelgan. Va bu men bir jinsli nikohga qarshiman. Men ham fuqarolik kasaba uyushmalariga qarshi chiqmoqdaman ... [bir jinsli nikoh] mening davlatimda taniqli [xususiyat] bo'lganidan beri, Oliy sud sudining qarori bilan, men o'zim o'ylab topgan har qanday choralarni ko'rdim. an'anaviy nikohni himoya qilish va bir jinsli nikohni to'xtatish to'g'risidagi qonun ... Men Vashingtonda an'anaviy nikohni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun guvohlik berish uchun bo'lganman. Men ushbu mavzu bo'yicha har bir AQSh senatoriga xat yozganman ... Menimcha, an'anaviy nikoh bolalarning tarbiyasi va rivojlanishi uchun to'g'ri, lekin men geylarni ish yoki uy-joy yoki boshqa hududlarda kamsitishni istamayman. ularning hayoti.^[396]

2011 yil iyul oyida Romni Ayova shtatidagi konservativ nasroniylar guruhi "Oila Lideri" tomonidan tarqatilayotgan geylar nikohiga qarshi va'daga imzo chekishdan bosh tortdi.^[397] 2011 yil 4 avgustda, bir oy o'tgach, Romni imzoladi 2012 yilgi Prezident va'dasi homiyligida Nikoh uchun milliy tashkilot.^[398] U geylarni asrab olishni qo'llab-quvvatlashini bildirdi.^[399] Bilan suhbatlashayotganda Pirs Morgan 2011 yilda Romni bir jinsli nikoh va gey huquqlari,

Bir jinsli nikoh haqidagi voqea shundan iboratki, men boshidanoq yugurganimda qanday pozitsiyada bo'lsam, shundayligim bor », - dedi Romni o'tgan oy bergan intervyusida Nashua Telegraph Nyu-Xempshirda.Men an'anaviy nikoh tarafdoriman. Men bir jinsli nikohga qarshi chiqaman. Shu bilan birga, men geylar uchun ish yoki imkoniyat kamsitilishiga ishonmayman. Shuning uchun men geylarning huquqlarini ma'qul ko'raman; Men bir jinsli nikohni yoqtirmayman. Bu mening pozitsiyam edi.^[400]

2012 yilda Romni bir jinsli nikoh va fuqarolik kasaba uyushmalariga qarshi ekanligini yana bir bor ta'kidladi, ammo "uning fikri ichki sheriklik imtiyozlari, kasalxonaga tashrif buyurish huquqlari va shunga o'xshash narsalar o'rinli, ammo boshqalari bunday emas" dedi.^[401] Shuningdek, 2012 yilda Kolorado shtatidagi muxbirga bergan intervyusida Romni nikoh "davlat masalasi" ekanligiga ishonishini va u bu masalada ishlamasligini aytdi.^[402][403] Kampaniya davomida Romni Nikoh uchun Milliy Tashkilotdan 100% oldi, ammo 11% ni oldi Kaliforniyani qutqaring ikkalasi ham bir jinsli nikohga qarshi.^[179]

Internet nazorati va intellektual mulk huquqlarini himoya qilish

Romni buni qoraladi SOPA Nyut Gingrich, Rik Santorum va Ron Pol bilan ma'lum darajada rozi bo'lgan qonun loyihasi. Romni qonun loyihasini "intruziv" va "juda qimmat" deb ta'rifladi.^[404]

Translyatsiya vositalarini tartibga solish

Romni uyni qayta tiklashga qarshi edi Adolat doktrinasi Bu esa, teleradiokompaniyalardan o'zlarining efir vaqtlarining bir qismini jamoatchilikni qiziqtiradigan bahsli masalalarni muhokama qilishga sarflashlarini va bu masalalar bo'yicha qarama-qarshi fikrlarni bildirishini talab qildi. Romni shunday dedi: "Agar u ish stolimga kelib qolsa, men unga veto qo'ygan bo'lar edim. Va men bunga qarshi qattiq kurashgan bo'lar edim. Adolat doktrinasini radiostansiyalarga tatbiq etishga urinish, agar xohlasangiz, demokratlar uslubiga senzuradan iborat. Bu asosan shunday deydi: biz siz bilan gaplashmoqchi bo'lgan va bozor eshitishni istagan narsalar haqida gaplashishda davom etishingizga yo'l qo'ymaymiz. "^[405]

Pornografiyani tsenzurasi

Romni o'zi "pornografiya deb nomlanuvchi odobsizlik axlati" ni qoraladi.^[406] Oldin boshlanish manzilida Regent universiteti tomonidan tashkil etilgan Evangelist nasroniylik maktabi Pat Robertson, Romni: "Pornografiya va zo'ravonlik bizning musiqamizni va filmlarimizni zaharlaydi. Televizion va video o'yinlar Virginia Tech shooter, kabi Kolumbin otishma undan oldin, bu axlat qutisidan ichgan edi. "^[406] Izohlarda Konservativ siyosiy harakatlar konferentsiyasi (CPAC) 2008 yilda Romni "pornografiyaga nisbatan bag'rikenglik, hatto uni nishonlash va jinsiy axloqsizlik, hukumat farovonligini rag'batlantirish bilan birgalikda bugungi mudhish haqiqatlarni keltirib chiqardi: nikohsiz tug'ilgan afroamerikalik bolalarning 68 foizi, Ispaniyalik bolalarning 45 foizi, oq tanli bolalarning 25 foizi. "^[407]

2008 yilgi Respublikachilar partiyasidan prezidentlikka nomzodlik uchun saylovoldi kampaniyasi davomida Romni prezidentlikka saylansa, AQShda sotiladigan har bir yangi kompyuterda pornografiya filtrini o'rnatishga harakat qilishini va'da qildi, chunki ota-onalar farzandlari internet pornografiyasiga duchor bo'lmasliklari uchun.^[408] U shuningdek shunday dedi: "Men kattalarni o'zimning nomaqbul deb bilgan narsalarimni sotib olishlarini yoki ko'rishlarini to'xtatish uchun ularni to'xtatish uchun harakat qilmayapman - bu ularning huquqi, lekin men bolalarga ta'sir o'tkazishga imkon beradigan amaliyot yoki ish tartiblariga qat'iyan qarshi chiqaman. odobsizlik. "^[406] 2007 yilda Ayova shtatidagi respublikada o'tkazilgan so'rovnoma anjumanida so'zlagan Romni shunday dedi:

"... Men ko'plab bolalarimiz suzayotgan iflos suvni tozalamoqchiman va shu bilan men nafaqat ifloslanish haqida, balki axloqiy ifloslanish haqida ham gaplashaman. Men ular ko'rgan narsalar haqida gaplashaman. Televizorda va Internetda. Men giyohvandlik madaniyati, pornografiya, zo'ravonlik, jinsiy aloqa va buzg'unchilik haqida tashvishlanaman, chunki ular har kuni ko'rgan kompyuterlari. kelajakda uyga kiradi, u erda tugmachasi bor yoki fuqaroning, ota-onaning, pornografiyani o'z farzandlarining Internet ekranidan to'sib qo'yishi uchun joy.^[277]

Kampaniyaning boshida, kabi konservatorlar Toni Perkins ning Oila tadqiqotlari kengashi, prezidenti Amerika oilasi fondi va Daniel Vayss, uchun media-tahlilchi Jeyms Dobson "s Oilangizga e'tiboringizni qarating Romni, ularning fikriga ko'ra, to'xtatish uchun etarlicha ish qilmaganligi uchun tanqid qilgan edi Marriott Hotels 1992 yildan 2001 yilgacha Romni mehmonxonalar tarmog'ida xizmat qilgan o'n yil ichida o'zlarining mehmonxonalarida qattiq pornografiyani tomosha qilishdan.^[406][409] Romni Assoshieytid Pressga bergan intervyusida, u kengashda ishlagan paytida pornografiyani muhokama qilish uchun kelganini eslamaganligini aytdi; va u pornografiyadan mehmonxonalar qancha daromad keltirishi mumkinligini bilmasligini aytdi.^[406]

2012 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasida Romni prezident etib saylansa, pornografiyaga qarshi qonunlarning qat'iy bajarilishini talab qilishga va'da berdi.^[410]

Jinoyat va jazo

Romni hukm ostida hukmni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi uchta ish tashlash qonuni.^{[411][412][413]} Romni takroriy mast haydovchilar uchun jazoning majburiy oshirilishini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi va Kolumbiyada giyohvand moddalar savdosini cheklash bo'yicha federal harakatni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.^[135]

Massachusets shtati gubernatori sifatida Romni shtatdagi o'lim jazosini tiklashga intildi,^[414] shtat Oliy sud sudi tomonidan 1982 yilda konstitutsiyaga zid deb topilgan.^[415] Romni taklif qilgan qonunchilik terrorizm, huquq-tartibot idoralari xodimlarini o'ldirish, uzoq vaqt qiynoqqa solgan qotillik yoki ko'p o'ldirishni o'z ichiga olgan ishlarda o'lim jazosini talab qilar edi. Tavsiya etilgan qonunchilikka binoan, o'lim hukmi chiqarilishi uchun sudlanuvchining aybiga oid ilmiy dalillar bo'lishi kerak edi, masalan. DNK tahlili; va aybning "shubhasizligi" ning yanada qat'iy standarti (jinoyat ishlarida an'anaviy ravishda qo'llaniladigan "oqilona shubhadan tashqari" dalil standartidan farqli o'laroq) ham bajarilishi kerak edi. Qonunchilikda ayblanuvchilarning munosib ishtirok etishini ta'minlash uchun kapital ishi bo'yicha sertifikatlangan advokatlar jamg'armasi tashkil etilishi va o'lim jazosini shaxsan qo'llab-quvvatlamaydigan fuqarolarga sud qarorlari qabul qilinadigan sud jarayonidan oldin sudyalik sudyasi bo'lib xizmat qilishlari mumkin edi. sudlanuvchilarning aybi bilan qilingan.^[414] Ushbu qonun loyihasi Massachusets shtati Vakillar palatasida 100-53 ovoz bilan mag'lubiyatga uchradi.^[416]

Ta'lim

Boshlang'ich va o'rta ta'lim

Romni taklifni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi maktab tanlovi kabi variantlar charter maktablari, maktab-voucher davlat va xususiy maktablar uchun dasturlar va uyda o'qitish o'quvchilarning an'anaviy davlat maktablari tizimidagi o'qish darajasi past bo'lgan maktablarga borishni davom ettirish majburiyatiga alternativa.^{[417][418][419]} U chaqirdi ishlashga asoslangan ish haqi umumta'lim maktablari o'qituvchilari uchun, eng yaxshi o'qituvchilar uchun bonuslar bilan birga, ta'lim sifatini yaxshilashga yordam beradigan rag'bat sifatida.^[417][420]

Romni tez-tez xalq ta'limi tizimidagi muvaffaqiyatsizliklarda o'qituvchilar kasaba uyushmalarining ta'sirini aybladi. U hokim tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan qonunchilikni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi Skott Uoker Viskonsin shtati^[421] va gubernator Jon Kasich Ogayo shtati^[422] o'qituvchilar va boshqa davlat xizmatchilaridan jamoaviy bitim huquqlarini olib tashlash. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, nazoratchilar va direktorlar o'qituvchilarni ish stajiga e'tibor bermasdan ishdan bo'shatishlari kerak.^[423] 2011 yildagi prezidentlik dastlabki bahslari davomida u bunga intilishini aytdi sinf hajmini kamaytirish o'qituvchilar kasaba uyushmalari tomonidan ko'proq o'qituvchilarni jalb qilishni rag'batlantirish uchun qilingan hiyla edi; va u "prezident sifatida men Milliy o'qituvchilar uyushmalariga qarshi turaman" deb va'da berdi.^[424]

Romni vaqt o'tishi bilan federal hukumatning ta'limdagi o'rni to'g'risida turli xil qarashlarga ega bo'lganligini tan oldi. 2008 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasidagi bahs paytida u shunday dedi:^[425]

bir marta, men yo'q qilishni xohlaganimni aytdim Ta'lim bo'limi. 1994 yilda Senatga nomzodimni qo'yganimda, bu mening pozitsiyam edi. Bu bazada juda mashhur edi. Men gubernator bo'lganim va federal hukumat o'qituvchilar kasaba uyushmalarining manfaatlarini ushlab turishi va buning o'rniga ularning manfaatlarini qo'yishi mumkin bo'lgan ta'sirini ko'rganman. birinchi navbatda bolalar va ota-onalar va o'qituvchilar, men Ta'lim bo'limi haqiqatan ham o'zgarishi mumkinligini ko'raman. Shuning uchun men qo'llab-quvvatladim Orqada bola qolmaydi. Men hali ham qilaman. Partiyamda yoqtirmaydigan narsalar ko'pligini bilaman, lekin menga maktablarimizdagi test sinovlari yoqadi. O'ylaymanki, bu bizga yaxshi maktablar, yaxshi o'qituvchilar olishimizga imkon beradi; bolalarimizga kerak bo'lgan umidga ega bo'lishimizga imkon beradi.

Biroq, 2011 yilda o'tkazilgan prezidentlik boshlang'ich debati paytida u "ta'lim federal darajada emas, balki mahalliy va shtat darajasida o'tkazilishi kerak. Biz federal hukumatni ta'limdan chiqarib qo'yishimiz kerak" dedi.^[424]

Senatdagi Massachusets shtatidagi 1994 yilgi kampaniyasida Romni oilaviy qadriyatlar, axloq qoidalari va shaxsiy iqtisodiyotning ahamiyatini o'rgatish uchun maktablarni federal moliyalashtirishni qo'llab-quvvatlashini aytdi, ammo u davlat maktablarining har qanday o'ziga xos diniy e'tiqodlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashi yoki ibodatni o'qitishga qarshi edi. .^[426] Yaqinda, 2007 va 2012 yillarda bo'lib o'tgan prezidentlik kampaniyalarida, u har kuni davlat maktablarida o'qituvchilarga darslarini o'qib berilishini izlamaslik bilan birga, Yaratganning jamoat tomonidan e'tirof etilishi o'rinli deb hisoblaganini aytdi. davlat maktablarida bitiruv marosimlarida, futbol o'yinlarida va boshqa maktab tadbirlarida, shuningdek, ta'til paytida jamoat maydonida tug'ilish sahnalari kabi diniy belgilarning namoyish etilishini qo'llab-quvvatlashini aytdi.^[427][428]

2000-yillarning o'rtalarida Massachusets shtati gubernatori sifatida Romni davlat maktablari fanlari darslarida kreatsionizmni o'qitishga qarshi chiqdi. U 2007 yildagi intervyusida "Agar biz ko'proq falsafiy masalalar haqida gaplashmoqchi bo'lsak, masalan, nima uchun yaratilganligi va uning ortida aqlli dizayner bo'lganmi, demak bu din sinflari yoki falsafa darslari yoki ijtimoiy tadqiqotlar sinfiga tegishli" deb ta'kidladi.^[429]

Romni qo'llab-quvvatladi faqat jinsiy aloqadan voz kechish davlat maktablarida.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} 1994 yilda Senatga nomzodini qo'yishda u maktablarda o'qitilishi kerak bo'lgan dasturlardan biri "farzand ko'rishdan oldin uylanishning ahamiyati" ekanligini aytgan.^[430] 2007 yil may oyida bo'lib o'tgan Janubiy Karolinada bo'lib o'tgan bahsda Romni har doim "abstinentsiya ta'limi uchun kurashganini" aytdi.^[279]

Kollej va boshqa o'rta maktabdan keyingi ta'lim

Romni odatda kollej va o'rta maktabdan keyingi ta'lim uchun federal moliyaviy yordamga qarshi. 2012 yilda prezidentlik uchun saylovoldi tashviqotini olib borishda u talabalar hukumat tarqatgan materiallar ularning ta'limini moliyalashtiradi deb kutmasliklari kerakligini ta'kidladi. Romni prezident sifatida qanday kollejda o'qish uchun yordam ko'rsatishni so'raganini so'ragan o'rta maktab o'quvchisiga javoban, Romni: "Men sizga hukumat beraman deb turishim men uchun mashhur bo'lar edi, deb bilaman Sizning kollejingiz uchun to'lovni to'lashingizga ishonch hosil qilish uchun pul. Ammo men bunga va'da bermayman. Sizga aytmoqchi bo'lgan narsa - bu xarid qilish, yaxshi narxni olish ... Juda ko'p qarz olmang va hukumat sizning zimmangizga olgan qarzni kechirishini kutmang, uni qaytarishingiz kerakligini tushunib oling. "^[431] U xuddi shunday Romni prezidentligida ta'lim kreditlarini to'lashda qiynalayotgan aspirantlar uchun qanday federal yordam ko'rsatilishi mumkinligi to'g'risida so'ragan yuridik talabaga shunday dedi: "Men sizga haqiqatan ham arzon pul yoki bepul pul topadigan joy borligini aytsam edi. biz har kimning o'qishi uchun pul to'lashimiz mumkin edi. Bunday bo'lmaydi. "^[432][433] U yoshlarni tashabbuskor bo'lishga va tavakkal qilishga, hatto o'zlarining martabalarini oshirish uchun kerak bo'lsa, ota-onalaridan qarz olish to'g'risida o'ylashga da'vat etdi.^[434]

Romni o'zining oliy ma'lumot islohotlari bo'yicha ba'zi takliflarini 2012 yil may oyida ilgari surgan edi. Uning platformasida u "keraksiz darajada murakkab" deb ta'rif bergan federal moliyaviy yordam tizimini soddalashtirishni talab qildi.^[435] Shuningdek, u Obama ma'muriyati tomonidan joriy etilgan talabalarni kreditlashning amaldagi federal tizimini bekor qilishni taklif qildi, unga binoan Ta'lim vazirligi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri talabalarga qarz beradi; Romni avvalgi kelishuvga qaytishni taklif qildi, unda xususiy banklar va boshqa uchinchi tomon moliya institutlari kreditlar berishlari va xizmat uchun federal subsidiyalar to'lashlari kerak edi.^[435]

Shuningdek, u "qayta yo'naltirish" rejalarini taklif qildi Pell Grant dollarni talab qilayotgan talabalarga ".^[435] U Pell grant dasturini qanday isloh qilishini tushuntiradigan tafsilotlarni keltirmasa ham, ba'zi sharhlovchilar ta'kidladilar^[436][437] Romni Vakillar Palatasidagi respublikachilar ko'pchiligi tomonidan taqdim etilgan federal byudjet takliflarini umuman qo'llab-quvvatlagan, bu grant olish huquqiga ega bo'lgan talabalarning umumiy sonini kamaytirishi mumkin edi.^[438]

Evolyutsiya

Massachusets shtati gubernatori sifatida Romni o'qitishni qo'llab-quvvatladi evolyutsiya, and opposed the teaching of aqlli dizayn, in public school science classes, stating so in December 2005 during his term,^[439] and then in May 2007 – shortly after his term concluded – saying, "In my opinion, the science class is where to teach evolution, or if there are other scientific thoughts that need to be discussed. If we're going to talk about more philosophical matters, like why it was created, and was there an intelligent designer behind it, that's for the religion class or philosophy class or social studies class."^[440] Romney expressed his own views in May 2007 by saying, "I believe that God designed the universe and created the universe. And I believe evolution is most likely the process he used to create the human body. ... I'm not exactly sure what is meant by intelligent design. But I believe God is intelligent and I believe he designed the creation. And I believe he used the process of evolution to create the human body."^[440] He said that when faculty members interviewing him for an honors designation asked for his beliefs on the subject before his 1971 graduation from Brigham Young universiteti, he told them that there was "[no conflict] between true science and true religion".^[440] A May 2007 Republican Party presidential debate, Romney was not one of several candidates that raised their hands to indicate they did not accept evolution.^[441] In 2012, as a candidate for president, the Amerika uchun dunyoviy koalitsiya gave Romney a 100% on accepting evolution.^[179]

Oila

Romney has said that strong families are one of his three pillars, along with military and economy, for a strong America.^[442]

Qimor

As Governor of Massachusetts, Romney proposed that the state seek $75 million in "blocking payments" from kazinolar yilda Konnektikut, and that, if the payments were not made, Massachusetts legalize casinos within its own borders.^[443]

In October 2011, Romney told the Las-Vegas Sun that he had not yet taken a serious look at the issue of legalizing online poker, but that he would do so and state a position "[b]efore the caucuses come along".^[444] Just before the Republican caucuses in Nevada, Romney announced his opposition to online gambling, citing the "social costs and people's addictive gambling habits."^[445]

Qurollar

While campaigning to represent Massachusetts in the U.S. Senate in 1994, Romney supported the Brady Bill, which imposed a five-day waiting period on gun sales, and a ban on particular semi-automatic rifles.^[446] He said at the time, "That's not going to make me the hero of the NRA. I don't line up with the NRA."^[447]In 2002, during his campaign for the governorship, Romney said: "We do have tough gun laws in Massachusetts; I support them. I won't chip away at them; I believe they protect us and provide for our safety."^[447]

As governor of Massachusetts, in 2004 Romney signed^[448] a measure permanently extending a statewide ban on military-style assault weapons, kabi AK-47 va Uzi.^[449] At the bill-signing ceremony Romney said, "Deadly assault weapons have no place in Massachusetts. ... These guns are not made for recreation or self-defense. They are instruments of destruction with the sole purpose of hunting down and killing people."^[448] Proponents of the state semi-automatic assault weapons ban had argued that its passage was necessary because a similar ban at the federal level was also expiring.^[449]

The bill also included several compromise measures sought by gun enthusiasts to lessen restrictions on lawful gun ownership, including an extension of the term of firearms licenses from 4 to 6 years, reinstatement of a 90-day grace period for citizens renewing expired firearms licenses, and establishment of a firearms license review board empowered to consider reinstating ownership status to those who had lost their licenses after having committed certain non-violent misdemeanors more than 5 years in the past.^[450][451]

In 2005, Governor Romney declared May 7 to be "Right to Bear Arms Day" in Massachusetts,^[452] that date having been chosen to coincide with the annual banquet of the Gun Owners' Action League (a Massachusetts gun rights advocacy organization affiliated with the Milliy miltiq uyushmasi ).^[453] Romney's top aides then began meeting almost monthly with members of the Gun Owners' Action League.^[452]

In August 2006, just before declaring his candidacy for the 2008 Republican nomination for president, Romney joined the National Rifle Association (NRA) as a lifetime member.^{[446][454][455]} Seeking the endorsement of the NRA, Romney made several statements during the campaign regarding his proficiency with and support for firearms:

I purchased a gun when I was a young man. I've been a hunter pretty much all my life.^[454]

Shooting rabbits single shot 22 is pretty hard.^[456]

I have a gun of my own. I go hunting myself. I'm a member of the NRA and believe firmly in the right to bear arms. In our state ... there are a series of laws restricting gun ownership in various ways. Over the past four years, I've worked very closely with the Gun Owners' Action League here, which is an affiliate of the NRA, and we've made some changes which I think they feel have been positive steps.^[447]

So I'm a hunter and believe in Second Amendment rights, but I also believe that assault weapons are not needed in the public population.^[457]

The Associated Press reported in early 2007 that Romney's "hunting experience is limited to two trips at the bookends of his 60 years: as a 15-year-old, when he hunted rabbits with his cousins on a ranch in Idaho, and last year, when he shot quail on a fenced game preserve in Georgia,"^[454] and that Romney had never sought a hunting license in any of the four states where he had resided. Romney replied by saying that he mainly hunted kichik o'yin in Utah, where a license was not required.^[458] He also clarified that he did not 'own' a gun and said that one of his sons keeps two guns at the family vacation home in Utah.^[455]

In December 2007, still campaigning for the Republican presidential nomination, Romney summed up his general position on gun control at that time as: "we should check on the backgrounds of people who are trying to purchase guns. We also should keep weapons of unusual lethality from being on the street. And finally, we should go after people who use guns in the commission of crimes or illegally, but we should not interfere with the right of law-abiding citizens to own guns either for their own personal protection or hunting or any other lawful purpose."^[459] He also said that, had it come before him as president, he would have signed a renewal of the federal assault weapons ban that had expired.^[459] The following month, during a presidential primary debate, he noted that the federal assault weapons ban that he would have signed as president had failed in Congress, and he insisted that he would not support any yangi gun control legislation: "I do not believe we need new legislation. I do not support any new legislation of an assault weapon ban nature, including that against semiautomatic weapons. I instead believe that we have laws in place that if they're implemented and enforced, will provide the protection and the safety of the American people."^[460]

Romney continued to argue against any new gun control legislation during the 2012 presidential campaign, telling the NRA's national convention that if elected president, he would "enforce current laws, not create new ones that only serve to burden lawful gun owners."^[461] Amerikaning qurol egalari, which supports gun owners' rights, gave Romney a score of 20% during the 2012 presidential campaign.^[462]

A izidan mass shooting at a movie theater in Aurora, Colorado in July 2012, Romney maintained in a series of interviews that he opposed any new gun control measures.^{[463][464][465]} Referring to the alleged perpetrator of the Aurora massacre, Romney said, "This person shouldn't have had any kind of weapons and bombs and other devices, and it was illegal for him to have many of those things already. ... But he had them. And so we can sometimes hope that just changing the law will make all bad things go away. It won't."^[466]

During his Utah Senate campaign in 2018, Romney said that he is open to enhancing background checks on gun purchases and voting for limitations on gun purchases based on age or psychological evaluations.^[467] Debating his primary opponent, Mike Kennedy, in Utah, Romney said that he supports a ban on bump stocks which allow semi-automatic weapons to operate as automatic weapons.^[468]

Immigratsiya

Romney favors increased qonuniy immigratsiya to the United States and opposes noqonuniy immigratsiya,^[469] but he would respect the work permits to younger illegal immigrants that President Obama had granted.^[470] In 2006, Romney said he would like to see undocumented immigrants register with the government, pay taxes, and apply for citizenship, but that they should not be given any priority or special treatment over immigrants who have applied for citizenship legally.^[471] During the 2008 presidential primary campaign, he embraced the support of Arizona's Maricopa County Sheriff Djo Arpaio, known for his very tough stance on immigration. Arpaio served as honorary chair of Romney's Arizona campaign organization^[472] and as a campaign surrogate for Romney on immigration.^[473]

During the 2012 presidential election primary campaign, Romney called Arizona's approach to illegal immigration "a model for the nation."^[474] He vowed that on his first day in office as president, he would bring an end to the lawsuits the Obama Administration's Justice Department had brought challenging Arizona's immigration policy.^[474] He also praised the anti-illegal immigration efforts of Kansas Secretary of State Kris Kobach, a law professor who had drafted much of Arizonaning SB 1070 immigratsiya to'g'risidagi qonuni and similar measures around the country. Campaigning with Kobach in January 2012, Romney said, "We need more conservative leaders like Kris willing to stand up for the rule of law. With Kris on the team, I look forward to working with him to take forceful steps to curtail illegal immigration and to support states like South Carolina and Arizona that are stepping forward to address this problem."^[475] When the Supreme Court struck down parts of Arizona's SB 1070 in June 2012, a Romney campaign spokesman said that Romney supports the rights of states to make their own immigration laws when the federal government has failed to address illegal immigration.^[476]

To help combat illegal immigration across the border with Mexico, Romney has said that the U.S. must erect a fence along the entire 2,600 mile border, equipped with technology to detect attempts to breach the barrier, and outfitted with adequate numbers of border patrol agents.^[477] Romney's positions were given mixed reactions and ratings by anti-immigration groups. AQSh raqamlari gave him a D grade for his positions in 2011 and a 64% score in his 2012 campaign.^[462] ProEnglish, which seeks to make English the official language of the United States, gave Romney an overall 73% grade.^[462]

Romney also said during the primary campaign that he would seek to make the U.S. a much less hospitable place for undocumented immigrants by eliminating what he called the magnets that attract them.^[477][478] An example of a magnet, he said, would be offering to undocumented immigrants the same tuition discounts that are offered to legal residents who attend public colleges in their states, a benefit that rival candidate Governor Rik Perri supported for Texas students who had been brought as children to the U.S. by their undocumented immigrant parents.^[478] Romney similarly said that he opposed all forms of amnesty because he regards amnesty as another magnet for illegal immigration.^[479] He vowed that as president he would veto the DREAM Act (legislation which would allow individuals who had been brought to the U.S. as children when their families immigrated illegally an opportunity to qualify for permanent residency if they met certain qualifications), because he considered it yet another magnet for illegal immigration.^[480][481]

Romney has argued that a key step to reducing illegal immigration would be to reduce the job opportunities available for undocumented immigrants. He has said that requiring employers to confirm each worker's immigration status using an Elektron tasdiqlash -type database, such as in Arizona, and punishing employers who hire workers lacking proper documentation, would lead employers to stop hiring undocumented immigrants, with the result that fewer immigrants would choose to come to the U.S. illegally, and many of those who are already in the U.S. would "self-deport."^{[482][483][484]}

In June 2012, President Obama issued an executive order instructing officers of the federal government to defer deporting young undocumented immigrants who had been brought to the U.S. as children and who met certain requirements, such as serving in the military or being successful students.^[485] The executive order was intended to temporarily implement parts of the DREAM Act until a permanent fix could being agreed upon by Congress and the White House. When Romney was asked his opinion of the president's executive order, he responded by saying that he would reveal his own long-term policy on the subject at a later date.^[486][487] Romney later said that he would respect the work permits that Obama had granted.^[470]

In terms of promoting more legal immigration, Romney has proposed loosening immigration rules to increase the entry of highly skilled immigrants into the U.S., allowing more high-skill visas to be granted and raising the quotas of high-skilled immigrants allowed from certain countries. Romney has noted that high-skilled immigrants are more likely to start companies and create jobs than other immigrants. He has said the U.S. should grant permanent residency to "every foreign student who obtains an advanced degree in math, science, or engineering at a U.S. university." He has also proposed streamlining the temporary worker visa issuance system so that temporary agricultural and tourism workers could be processed more efficiently. He would seek to speed the processing of immigration applications for close family members of legal residents so that families do not have to wait years to be reunited.^[488]

During his Utah Senate campaign, Romney said that he believes in welcoming immigrants and rebuked Trump's anti-immigrant rhetoric.^[489] Romney's support for immigration in his ad "reflects the moderate position of many Utah Republicans on immigration, which is shaped by the progressive stance of the Mormon Church here as well as the individual experiences of many Mormons during their two-year missions abroad."^[489] Just prior to launching his first ad, Romney had also criticized Trump for his remark that some immigrants are from "shithole countries;" "The poverty of an aspiring immigrant's nation of origin is as irrelevant as their race. The sentiment attributed to POTUS is inconsistent w/ America's history and antithetical to American values."^[490]

In March 2018, running for Senate in Utah, Romney said "My view was these DACA kids shouldn't all be allowed to stay in the country legally."^[491] However, shortly after those comments, also in March 2018, Romney's campaign clarified that "Since [2012] circumstances have changed. President Obama enacted DACA and Gov. Romney believes the commitment made by President Obama should be honored."^[492] The Romney campaign also stated that he supports a legal status for DACA recipients, but that he does not support a pathway to citizenship.^[493] When he won the Republican nomination for Senate, Romney said American values include "welcoming immigrants and refugees who come here legally."^[494] In 2019, he was among a dozen Republicans who broke with their party, joining all Democrats, to reject Trump's emergency declaration on the southern border.^[495] In May 2019, Romney was one of eight Republicans voting against a disaster aid bill because it did not include funding for border security.^[496] On September 25, 2019, Senator Romney was one of 11 Republicans who voted a second time to overturn Trump's emergency declaration on the southern border.^[497]

Tibbiy marixuana

Romney formerly opposed legalization of marijuana for medicinal use at both the state and federal level.^[498][499] He told attendees at a town hall forum in 2007, "I have the same position this week as I had last week: If you elect me President, I'm not going to allow legalization of marijuana. I'm going to fight it tooth and nail."^[499] In 2018, Romney said during a debate that he supported the legalization of medical marijuana if it is strictly regulated.^[500]

Ijtimoiy ta'minot

In 2005 Romney had joined a group of other governors in asking for additional flexibility in the way states could manage Ehtiyojmand oilalarga vaqtincha yordam program funds and in January 2012 Romney called for increased state funding for child care so that the mothers of two-year-old children can "have the ishning qadr-qimmati ".^[501] However, in August 2012, he stated his opposition to Obama's plan to offer more flexibility to those states that move more people from welfare to work.^[502][503]

Sud hokimiyati

As Governor of Massachusetts, Romney had nominated both Democrats and Republicans for judicial appointments, but he had also said he wanted the courts to move in a more conservative direction.^[504] Running for President, Mitt Romney said that he would not apply a litmus testi when nominating justices for the Supreme Court.^[505] "We don't have a litmus test for appointing judges, asking them if they're pro-life or not pro-life."^[506] During the campaign, he also stated that he would nominate judges who were similar to Supreme Court Chief Justice Jon Roberts, former Justice Antonin Skaliya va Adliya Samuel Alito va Klarens Tomas.^[507] In 2018, running for the US Senate, Romney said that he would have voted to confirm Bret Kavanaugh Oliy sudga.^[508] In May 2019, Senator Romney broke with his party and was the only Republican to vote against President Trump's district court judicial nominee, Michael Truncale, because of remarks that Truncale made against former President Obama.^{[509][510][511]} In October 2020, he voted to confirm Emi Koni Barret Oliy sudga.^[512]

Shuningdek qarang

• Respublika partiyasi prezidentlik saylovlari, 2012 yil
• Barak Obamaning siyosiy pozitsiyalari

Adabiyotlar