Ron Polning siyosiy pozitsiyalari - Political positions of Ron Paul

Vakil Pol (R-TX)
Ron Pol Gage Skidmore 3 (2-hosil) .jpgUshbu maqola haqida ketma-ket qismidir
Ron Pol
AQShning Texas shtatidagi vakili
Prezidentlik kampaniyalari
Nashr etilgan asarlar

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Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Vakillar palatasi

The ning siyosiy pozitsiyalari Ron Pol (R -TX ), Qo'shma Shtatlar prezidentlik nomzod 1988, 2008 va 2012, odatda quyidagicha tavsiflanadi ozodlik,[1] shuningdek, etiketlangan konservativ.[2] Polning laqabi "Doktor Yo'q"[3] uning tibbiy darajasi va "agar taklif qilingan chora aniq vakolatli bo'lmasa, u hech qachon qonunchilik uchun ovoz bermaydi" degan fikrini aks ettiradi. Konstitutsiya ".[4] Ushbu pozitsiya tez-tez Polning taklif qilingan qonunchilikka qarshi yagona "yo'q" ovozini berishiga olib keldi. Pol siyosiy falsafasining markaziy qoidasi shundan iboratki, "uchun munosib rol hukumat Amerikada ta'minlash kerak milliy mudofaa, a sud tizimi fuqarolik nizolari uchun, a jinoiy adliya tizimi zo'ravonlik va firibgarliklar uchun va boshqa boshqa narsalar. "[5]

Iqtisodiyot

2008 yil yanvar oyida Pol an iqtisodiy jonlantirish rejasi[6] va nomlangan Piter Shif va Donald L. Luskin uning saylovoldi kampaniyasining iqtisodiy maslahatchilari sifatida.[7][8] Milliy jurnal Polning 2010 yildagi umumiy iqtisodiy siyosatini palataning 78 foizidan ko'ra ko'proq konservativ va 22 foizidan ko'proq liberal (2009 yilga nisbatan 85 va 15 foiz) deb baholadi.[9] 2008 yil uchun uning reytingi Palataning 91% dan ko'ra ko'proq konservativ va 8% dan ko'ra liberalroq bo'lgan (2007 yilga nisbatan 80% va 20%).[10] 2006 yilda Palataning 48 foizidan ko'ra ko'proq konservativ va 51 foizdan ko'proq liberal sifatida.[11][12]

Uning yaqinlashib kelayotgani haqidagi ogohlantirishlari iqtisodiy inqiroz 2005 va 2006 yillarda dollarga bo'lgan ishonchni yo'qotish ko'pgina iqtisodchilar tomonidan masxara qilingan edi, ammo 2007 yilda dollar devalvatsiyasining tezlashishi sobiq Federal zaxira raisi kabi mutaxassislarni boshqargan Alan Greinspan qayta ko'rib chiqish qattiq pul Pol kabi siyosat.[13][iqtibos kerak ]

Kam xarajatlar va kichikroq hukumat

Pavlus bu kattaligiga ishonadi federal hukumat sezilarli darajada kamaytirilishi kerak. Federal hukumatni unga ishonadigan narsalar bilan cheklash uchun Konstitutsiyaviy vakolatli funktsiyalar, u muntazam ravishda yangisining deyarli barcha takliflariga qarshi ovoz beradi davlat xarajatlari, tashabbuslar yoki soliqlar,[14] ko'p hollarda uni shu bilan uyning ozchilik a'zolariga aylantiradi. Masalan, 2007 yil 22 yanvarda Pol 415 kishining yakka a'zosi edi[15] a yaratish uchun uyning choralariga qarshi ovoz berish Milliy arxivlar ko'rgazma qullik va Qayta qurish, buni soliq to'lovchining pulidan ruxsatsiz foydalanish deb biladi.

Pol hukumatning shaxsiy hayotida va xorijiy va mahalliy funktsiyalardagi rolini sezilarli darajada pasaytirish tarafdori davlatlar; u aytdi Respublikachilar majburiyatlarini boy berishdi cheklangan hukumat va tomoniga aylandilar katta hukumat. In 2012 yil Respublika Prezident boshlang'ich tashkiloti - dedi Pol prezidentdan Duayt Eyzenxauer xayrlashuv manzilining ogohlantirishlari "tobora ortib borayotgan kuch va kuch haqida"harbiy-sanoat kompleksi ".[16] Uning 2012 yildagi "Amerikani tiklash rejasi"[17] Vazirlar Mahkamasi darajasidagi beshta bo'limni yo'q qiladi: Energiya, Hud, Savdo, Ichki ishlar va Ta'lim. U kabi boshqa federal idoralarni yo'q qilishga chaqirdi AQSh Sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish vazirligi,[18] va Ichki daromad xizmati,[19] ularni "keraksiz byurokratiya" deb atash. Pavlus rolini keskin pasaytirar edi Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi; funktsiyalarini kamaytirish razvedka ma'lumotlarini yig'ish. U xorijiy hukumatlarni ag'darish va suiqasd kabi operatsiyalarni yo'q qiladi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, bu faoliyat hatto Kongressdan ham sir tutilgan va "muammoga olib keladi".[20] U shuningdek, "Biz dunyoda razvedka ma'lumotlarini to'plash haqida biron bir narsani bilishga haqlimiz, ammo bizda aqlli odamlar ushbu ma'lumotni izohlashlari kerak" deb izohladi.[21]

Pavlus yo'q qilishga chaqiradi Federal favqulodda vaziyatlarni boshqarish agentligi Tabiiy ofatlarga tayyorgarlik va yordamni muvofiqlashtirish vazifasi yuklangan (FEMA). U FEMA uchun argumentni "katta hukumatning hamma uchun va hamma uchun hamma narsaga qodir ekanligiga ko'r-ko'rona ishonishning alomati deb qaraydi ... Odamlar och qolganda, jarohat olayotganda va o'lishda ularga tezkorlik va samaradorlik kerak bo'ladi, ammo FEMA shakllar bilan birga keladi va siyosatlar va rezina shtamplar. "[22] U FEMA - bu korruptsiyaga ochiq boshqariladigan va deyarli bankrot bo'lgan byurokratiya ekanligidan shikoyat qiladi.[23][24][25][26] U, shuningdek, FEMA asosidagi ijtimoiy sug'urta kontseptsiyasi chuqur nuqsonli va xavf-xatarni rag'batlantiradi, masalan, bo'ron xavfi bo'lgan qirg'oq hududlarida dengiz bo'yidagi uylarni qurish - bu tabiiy ofatlarni sug'urtalashning yagona manbai xususiy sektor bo'lsa, bu juda qimmatga tushishini ta'kidlaydi. erkin bozorda sotib olingan sug'urta.[23][24][26] Uning fikriga ko'ra, ofat oqibatlarini boshqarish hech qanday federal ishtirokisiz davlat va mahalliy darajada muvofiqlashtirilishi kerak va butunlay bo'lishi kerak ixtiyoriy va xayriya xayrixohligi asosida.[22][23][26] Sifatida Irene dovuli 2011 yil avgustida mamlakat qirg'og'ida burg'ulashni boshlagan Pol: "Men Fors ko'rfazi qirg'og'ida yashayman. Biz doimo bo'ronlarga dosh berdik ... 1900 yilda, FEMA-dan oldin, mahalliy odamlar shaharni qayta qurishdi, dengiz qirg'og'ini qurishdi va ular FEMA holda omon qolishdi ... "[27]

2003 yil 25 iyundagi nutqida, berishni tanqid qilgan Buyuk Britaniyaning Bosh vaziri Toni Bler a Kongressning oltin medali Shon-sharaf haqida Pol shunday dedi: "Ushbu medallar odatda siyosiy sabablarga ko'ra emas, balki xizmat va etakchilik hayotini tan olish uchun taklif qilingan - bu mukofotlashning ikki tomonlama qo'llab-quvvatlashidan dalolat beradi Prezident Reygan, respublikachi, oltin medal. Ushbu mukofotlar odatda munosib shaxslarga beriladi, shuning uchun men ko'p marotaba o'zimning pulimdan 100 dollar ajratishni, boshqa a'zolarga mos kelishini va ushbu medallarni moliyalashtirishni taklif qilganman. "[28] Texas oylik Kongress sharafiga qarshi ovoz bergani uchun unga "Bum Steer" mukofotini topshirdi karikaturachi Charlz Shuls "Ammo u ta'kidlaganidek," U [Parklar ”medaliga qarshi ovoz bergani uchun tanqid qilinganida, u hamkasblarini medalni zarb qilish uchun shaxsan 100 AQSh dollari miqdorida yordam berishni talab qilib, ularni quvib chiqardi. Hech kim buni qilmadi. O'sha paytda Pol:" Bu osonroq boshqalarning pullari bilan saxiy bo'ling.'"[29] 2009 yil fevral oyida u Demokratik kongressmen bilan qo'shildi Garri Mitchell Arizonadan iqtisodiy rag'batlantirish paketiga taklif qilingan o'zgartirish orqali Kongressning ish haqini avtomatik ravishda oshirilishini to'xtatishga chaqirish.[30]

Tanqidlar mavjud[31][32] Pavlusning pozitsiyasi bir-biriga mos kelmaydi, chunki u tez-tez so'raydi quloqchinlar chunki u go'yoki bilgan qonun loyihalari qaysi yo'lda ovoz berishidan qat'i nazar qabul qilinadi. Masalan, 2007 yil davomida u qarshi ovoz bergan qonun loyihalarida 400 million dollarga yaqin mablag 'ajratishni so'ragan.[33] Bir vakili Fox News Maqolada aytilishicha, "quloqchinlarni qisqartirish davlat xarajatlarini kamaytirmaydi va maqsadga yo'naltirilgan narsalarga mablag 'sarflashni taqiqlamaydi. Belgilangan islohotni amalga oshiradigan odamlar, ayniqsa, jamoatchilikni chalg'itmoqda, va men buni tasodifan emas deb o'ylayman" . " Bir guruh qo'llab-quvvatlaydi fiskal konservatizm[31] Polning quloqchinlar bilan qilgan harakatlarini qarama-qarshi deb topadi va uning Kongressning oltin medalini mukofotlash bilan bog'liq 2003 yilgi nutqini keltiradi, o'shanda Kongress a'zosi: "Konstitutsiyaning sanab o'tilgan vakolatlari doirasida ruxsat etilmagan mablag'larga qarshi murosasiz qarshilik ko'rsatishda davom etaman;"[28] ammo, Polning o'zi kinoteatrni ta'mirlash va qisqichbaqalar sanoatiga subsidiyalar kabi loyihalar uchun mablag 'qo'shgan, ammo xabarlarga ko'ra "ularning hech biri Konstitutsiyada hukumatning muhim vazifasi sifatida nazarda tutilmagan".[32] Kongress a'zosi o'zlarining haftalik ustunlarida tushuntirishlar berib, quloqchinlar haqidagi tanqidlarga javob berdi. Pol aytadiki, "allaqachon buzilgan tizimda, quloqchinlar hech bo'lmaganda Kongress okruglari aholisiga federal mablag'larni - ularning soliq dollarlarini ajratishda katta rol o'ynashi mumkin - bu byurokratlar tomonidan qulflangan eshiklar ortida pul ajratilganidan ko'ra."[34]

Amerikani tiklash rejasi (2013 yil byudjeti)

2011 yil oktyabr oyida Pol 2013 yil uchun "Amerikani tiklash rejasi" deb nomlangan federal byudjet taklifini e'lon qildi.[35][36][37] Rejaga ko'ra, birinchi yilda federal byudjetdan 1 trillion dollar miqdorida mablag 'ajratilishi, shuningdek Polning ta'kidlashicha, 3 yil ichida federal byudjetni muvozanatlashi kerak. Ushbu maqsadlarga erishish uchun reja quyidagilarni ko'zlaydi:

Xarajatlarni qisqartirish:

Oziq-ovqat va dori-darmonlarni boshqarish 40% ga
Kasalliklarni nazorat qilish markazlari 20% ga
Milliy xavfsizlik bo'limi 20% ga
Milliy sog'liqni saqlash institutlari 20% ga
Atrof muhitni muhofaza qilish agentligi 30% ga
Moddalarni suiiste'mol qilish va ruhiy salomatlik xizmatlarini boshqarish 20% ga
  • kesib oling Mudofaa vazirligi byudjet jami 15%; barcha tashqi urushlarni moliyalashtirishni bekor qilish
  • aksariyat federal agentliklar uchun moliyalashtirishni 2006 yil darajasida to'xtatish
  • barchasini yo'q qilish tashqi yordam
  • xalqaro giyohvandlik dasturlarini yo'q qilish
  • federal sayohatlarni sezilarli darajada kamaytirish
  • xalqaro tashkilotlar va komissiyalarni yo'q qilish
  • boshqarish Medicaid va boshqa federal-davlat ijtimoiy yordam dasturlari (XIZMAT, oziq-ovqat markalari va boshqalar) orqali blok-grant davlatlarni moliyalashtirish mexanizmlari

Daromad o'zgarishi:

Boshqa iqtisodiy va tartibga solish choralari:

Ijtimoiy Havfsizlik va Medicare keksa ishchilar va nafaqaxo'rlar oldidagi majburiyatlar bajarilishi kerak edi, 25 yoshdan kichik bo'lgan ishchilarga ushbu dasturlarda ishtirok etishdan voz kechish imkoniyati berildi. The Veteranlar ma'muriyati mablag'lari hozirgi o'sish darajasida saqlanib turadigan yagona agentlik bo'lar edi. Medicaid singari federal davlat ijtimoiy ta'minoti dasturlari byudjetning majburiy qismidan ixtiyoriy qismga o'tkazilishi kerak edi, shuning uchun Kongress har yili mablag 'ajratilishini tasdiqlashi kerak edi.[38]

Prezidentning maoshi yiliga 400000 dollardan taxminan 39000 AQSh dollarigacha (amerikalik ishchining o'rtacha shaxsiy daromadi) qisqartiriladi va Kongressning maoshi va imtiyozlari qisqartiriladi.

Pol ta'kidlashicha, hozirda u yo'q qilishni taklif qilayotgan agentliklar tomonidan bajariladigan ba'zi muhim vazifalarni qolgan idoralar o'z zimmalariga olishadi yoki aviatsiya boshqaruvi (FAA va TSA) holatida xususiy sektorga o'tkaziladi.[39]

Garchi Pol o'zining asosiy maqsadi Ichki daromad xizmatini bekor qilish va daromad solig'ini yo'q qilish deb tez-tez aytgan bo'lsa-da, Amerikani qayta tiklash rejasi ushbu aniq maqsadga javob bermaydi.

Rejaning ochilishidan so'ng, tanqidchilar qisqa vaqt ichida byudjet o'zgarishi taklif etilishi mumkin bo'lgan iqtisodiyot uchun salbiy oqibatlarni tezda ta'kidlashdi. Kevin Xassett, iqtisodiy siyosat bo'yicha direktor Amerika Enterprise Institute va Jon Makkeynning 2000 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasining bosh iqtisodiy maslahatchisi Polning hukumat tarkibini qisqartirish maqsadini maqtagan, ammo: "U aytayotgan miqyosda siz iqtisodiyotni tanazzulga uchratmasdan hukumatni zudlik bilan qisqartirishingiz mumkin emas", deb xavotirda. [40] Iqtisodchi Din Beyker, ning Iqtisodiy va siyosiy tadqiqotlar markazi, "bu deyarli iqtisodiyotni jarlikdan qulatishga olib keladi".[40]

Kamroq soliqlar

Polning 2004 yildagi saylovoldi shiori "Soliq to'lovchilarning eng yaqin do'sti!"[41] U muvozanatsiz byudjetni tasdiqlash uchun hech qachon ovoz bermaganligini ta'kidlab, hukumat hajmi va ko'lamini uning konstitutsiyaviy chegaralari deb hisoblagan hajmgacha qisqartirish orqali daromad solig'ini butunlay yo'q qilar edi; u hatto 2000 yildagi xarajatlarni qisqartirish ham shaxsiy daromad solig'i tushumlari hisobiga byudjetning 42% ehtiyojini bartaraf etishini kuzatdi.[19] Uning ta'kidlashicha, Kongress a majburlash uchun hech qanday kuchga ega emas edi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri daromad solig'i va bekor qilinishini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi O'n oltinchi o'zgartirish.[42] U shaxsiy daromadlarga soliq solishdan ko'ra, hukumat jismoniy shaxslarning hayoti va mehnatiga egalik qiladi, deb hisoblaydi, u federal hukumatni mablag 'bilan ta'minlashni afzal ko'radi aktsizlar va / yoki bir xil, protektsionistik bo'lmagan tariflar.[18] Biroq, 2011 yilgi CPAC konferentsiyasi davomida u ushbu nutqning 19: 23-da 10% miqdorida tekis daromad solig'ini qo'llab-quvvatlashini aytdi.[43] Fuqaro, agar ular oddiygina 10% daromad solig'ini to'lasa, hukumatning barcha ishtirokidan voz kechishi mumkin edi.

Pol amerikaliklar tomonidan soliq erkinligi uchun berilgan soliqlarni oshirmaslik yoki yangi soliqlarni yaratmaslik va'dasiga imzo chekdi.[44] Pavlus ham advokat bo'lgan xodimlarga tegishli korporatsiyalar (masalan, xodimlarning aktsiyalariga egalik qilish rejalari).[45] 1999 yilda u 1999 yilda qabul qilingan "Xodimlarga mulk huquqi to'g'risida" gi qonunni qo'llab-quvvatladi, bu yangi turdagi korporatsiyani (xodimlarga qarashli va boshqariladigan korporatsiya) yaratishi mumkin edi, bu ko'pgina federal daromad solig'idan ozod qilingan edi.

Polning soliqlar bo'yicha pozitsiyasi uni qo'llab-quvvatladi Milliy soliq to'lovchilar ittifoqi,[46] The Milliy mustaqil biznes federatsiyasi[47]

Pol aytgan: "Men IRSdan qutulishga roziman, lekin uni boshqa soliq bilan emas, balki hech narsa bilan almashtirmoqchiman. Ammo keling inflyatsiya solig'i."[48][49] Boshqa bayonotlarda u a-ni ko'rib chiqishga ruxsat bergan milliy savdo solig'i agar soliq ehtiyojini etarlicha kamaytirish mumkin bo'lmasa, kelishuv sifatida. U hukumatning qisqarishi daromad solig'ini keraksiz holga keltirishini targ'ib qildi.[50]

Inflyatsiya va Federal rezerv

So'zlari bilan Nyu-York Tayms, Pol "muxlis emas" Federal zaxira.[51] O'z so'zlari bilan aytganda, Pavlus bizni "Fedni tugatish ". Polning Fed-ga qarshi chiqishini Avstriyaning biznes tsikli nazariyasi inflyatsiyani ushlab turish o'rniga Federal Rezerv nazariyada va amalda inflyatsiyani keltirib chiqarishi uchun javobgardir.[52] Shaxsiy jamg'armalar qiymatini pasaytirishdan tashqari, inflyatsiyaning bunday yaratilishi olib keladi portlashlar va büstler iqtisodiyotda. Shunday qilib, Pol hukumat, a markaziy bank (Federal Rezerv), iqtisodiy tanazzul va tushkunlikning asosiy sababi hisoblanadi. Uning fikricha, erkin bozor foiz stavkalari va pul massasini belgilaganda iqtisodiy o'zgaruvchanlik pasayadi.[53] U o'zining ko'plab chiqishlarida Kongressdagi hamkasblarining aksariyati markaziy bankni bekor qilishni xohlamasligini ta'kidladi, chunki u ko'plab hukumat faoliyatini moliyalashtiradi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, "yashirin soliq" ni yo'q qilish o'rnini qoplash uchun[54] ning pul inflyatsiyasi, Kongress va prezident buning o'rniga soliqlarni oshirishi yoki davlat xizmatlarini qisqartirishi kerak edi, yoki bu ularning obro'siga siyosiy zarar etkazishi mumkin. Uning ta'kidlashicha, "inflyatsiya solig'i" bu kambag'allarga soliqdir, chunki Federal rezerv ko'proq pulni bosib chiqaradi, bu esa tanlab olingan tarmoqlarni subsidiyalashtiradi, kambag'al odamlar esa ko'proq pul muomalaga joylashtirilganligi sababli tovarlarga yuqori narxlarni to'laydilar.[55]

Pavlus bunga rioya qiladi Avstriya maktabi iqtisodiyot va fraktsion-zaxira bank faoliyatini libertarian tanqid qilish, qarshi Fiat valyutasi pul inflyatsiyasi.[56] U pul inflyatsiyasini soliqni yashirin shakli deb hisoblaydi, chunki bu jismoniy shaxslar ushlab turadigan pullardan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri soliq to'lamasdan ularning qiymatini olib qo'yadi. U Federal zaxira tizimini yaratilishini va uning tovarni qo'llab-quvvatlamasdan "pulni havodan bosib chiqarish" qobiliyatini pul qiymatini pasayishiga javobgar deb biladi,[57] "bugungi kunda bir dollar Federal zaxira kirib kelgan 1913 yildagi dollar bilan taqqoslaganda 4 sentga teng" ekanligini kuzatish. 1982 yilda Pol AQSh Oltin Komissiyasini tuzishda asosiy harakatni amalga oshirdi va ko'pgina jamoat nutqlarida Pol tashvish oqimning ustunligi ustidan bank faoliyati tizimi va a ga qaytishga chaqirdi tovar bilan ta'minlangan valyuta ning bosqichma-bosqich qayta kiritilishi orqali qattiq valyuta oltin va kumushni ham o'z ichiga oladi.[58] A tovar standart bog'lamlar valyuta valyutaning qiymatini tovar kabi barqaror qilib, fiat o'rniga ushbu tovarning qiymatini chiqaring.

U Federal zaxira va milliy qarzlarning pul inflyatsiyasini yaratilishidagi rolini qoralaydi.[59][60] AQSh Oltin Komissiyasining ozchiliklar to'g'risidagi hisobotida federal va shtat hukumatlari tomonidan pul rolida qat'iy cheklanganligi aytilgan Birinchi maqola, sakkizinchi bo'lim, 2, 5 va 6-bandlar, va O'ninchi bo'lim, 1-band, "Konstitutsiya shtatlarga qarzni to'lash uchun oltin va kumush tangalardan boshqa hech qanday tanlov o'tkazishni taqiqlaydi va federal hukumatga ham ruxsat bermaydi. har qanday narsa qonuniy to'lov vositasi. "Komissiya shuningdek federal hukumatga" dollar "atamasi ta'rifini tiklashni tavsiya qildi. Biz "dollar" ni ma'lum bir mayda oltinning og'irligi sifatida belgilashni taklif qilamiz .999 jarima. "[61] Kongress tinglovlarida bir necha bor u Federal rezervning ikki xil raisini keskin tanqid qildi, Alan Greinspan va Ben Bernanke.

Shuningdek, u oltin operatsiyalar bo'yicha barcha soliqlarni olib tashlashni talab qildi.[62] U bir necha bor Federal zaxira 1999 yildan beri Kengashni bekor qilish to'g'risidagi qonun,[63] "Amerikaning bizning millatimiz asoschilari tomonidan ko'zda tutilgan pul tizimining turiga qaytishiga imkon berish: bu erda pul qiymati izchil bo'lganligi, chunki u oltin kabi tovarga bog'langan". U qog'ozga qaramlikka qarshi Fiat pullari, shuningdek, "19-asrning oltin standartida ba'zi kamchiliklar bor edi ... chunki bu qat'iy narx edi va chalkashliklarni keltirib chiqardi". Uning ta'kidlashicha, oltin yoki kumush bilan ta'minlangan qattiq pullar pul inflyatsiyasini oldini oladi (va shu bilan narx inflyatsiyasini inhibe qiladi), ammo qo'shimcha qiladi: "Men aniq oltin standartidan qaytmas edim, lekin konstitutsiyani qonuniylashtirardim. qaerda oltin va kumush bo'lishi kerak va bo'lishi mumkin qonuniy to'lov vositasi, bu Federal hukumatni mablag 'sarflashni to'xtatib qo'yadi va keyinchalik uni Federal rezervga topshiradi va Federal rezervga pulni bosib chiqarishga imkon beradi. "[64]

Pol parallel valyutalarni legallashtirishni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi, masalan, xususiy bozorlardan chiqarilgan oltin bilan tasdiqlangan notalar raqamli oltin valyutalari.[65] U oltin bilan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan yozuvlarni (yoki boshqa turdagi pullar) va oltin raqamli valyutalarni xohlaydi[66] bilan teng sharoitlarda raqobatlashish Federal zaxira eslatmalari, jismoniy shaxslardan foydalanishni tanlash imkoniyatini beradi yaxshi pul yoki fiat pullaridan foydalanishni davom ettirish.[67][68][69] Pol bu pul-kredit va narxlar inflyatsiyasini cheklaydi, hukumat xarajatlarini cheklaydi va oxir-oqibat Federal rezervning amerikaliklarni pul inflyatsiyasi (ya'ni ular ushlab turgan valyutaning sotib olish qobiliyatini pasaytirish orqali) "soliqqa tortish" qobiliyatini yo'q qiladi, deb hisoblaydi. "barcha soliqlarning eng makkori" sifatida.[70]

U qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun hozirgi sa'y-harakatlarni taklif qiladi dollarlik gegemonlik, ayniqsa qulashi beri Bretton-Vuds tizimi Qo'shma Shtatlar 1971 yilda dollarni oltinga aylantirishni to'xtatganidan so'ng, urush uchun asosni yanada kuchaytiradi. Binobarin, Iroq, Eron yoki Venesuela kabi neft ishlab chiqaruvchi davlatlar savdo qilishni tanlaganlarida Petrouro o'rniga Petrodollar, u allaqachon haddan tashqari ko'tarilgan dollarni qadrsizlantirib, uning global valyuta sifatida ustunligini yanada pasaytiradi. Polning so'zlariga ko'ra, Amerikaning neftga bo'lgan manfaatlari va "Yaqin Sharqni qayta tiklash" rejalari bilan bir qatorda ushbu stsenariy Iroqdagi urush uchun muhim omil bo'lganligini isbotladi va Eron bilan diplomatik ziddiyatlar.[71][72]

Zo'ravonliksiz soliq qarshiligi

Iqtisodiy tahlilchi va sharhlovchi bilan suhbatda Nil Kavuto kuni Fox News kanali, 2007 yil 26-iyun, gapirganda daromad solig'i qarshilik, Pol, u bilan shug'ullanadiganlarning huquqini qo'llab-quvvatlashini aytdi zo'ravonliksiz qarshilik qonunlarini adolatsiz deb hisoblasa, ularning nomlarini keltirib chiqaradi Martin Lyuter King kichik, Lysander Spooner va Maxatma Gandi tinchlik amaliyotchilarining namunalari sifatida fuqarolik itoatsizligi; ammo u buni qilganlar qamoq jazosi bo'lishi mumkinligini bilishlari kerakligini ogohlantirdi.[73][74] Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, amaldagi daromad solig'i to'g'risidagi qonunlar odamlarni aybdor deb hisoblaydi va ular keyinchalik o'zlarining aybsizligini isbotlashlari kerak va u soliq qonunchiligining bu jihati adolatsiz deb hisoblaydi. Biroq, uning so'zlariga ko'ra, u Kongressga saylanib, soliqlarni to'lamaslik o'rniga qonunlarni o'zlari o'zgartirishga urinish orqali takomillashtirilgan soliq qonunlari ustida ishlashni afzal ko'radi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Ijtimoiy Havfsizlik

Pol ushbu masala bo'yicha o'zining Texas Straight Talk arxivida 12 ta yangilanishlarni taqdim etdi Ijtimoiy Havfsizlik.[75] Pol ijtimoiy xavfsizlikni konstitutsiyaga zid deb biladi,[76] va u dasturni bekor qilish uchun ko'p yillar davomida izlagan.[77][78] Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, u "ulkan Ponzi sxemasi" deb atagan Ijtimoiy ta'minot tizimi[79] "yomon holatda ... raqamlar yo'q"; mablag'lar tugamoqda, chunki Kongress har yili byudjetini moliyalashtirish uchun Ijtimoiy ta'minot fondidan qarz oladi.[80] Polning 2013 yildagi byudjet taklifi 25 yoshgacha bo'lgan amerikaliklarga dasturda ishtirok etishni rad etish bilan birga, keksa yoshdagi ishchilarga ijtimoiy sug'urta majburiyatlarini bajarishni kafolatlaydi.[35][81]

Bozorning minimal aralashuvi

Pavlus tasdiqlaydi defederalizatsiya sog'liqni saqlash tizimining. Pol shuningdek, bozor jarayoniga deyarli barcha federal aralashuvlarga qarshi ekanligini aytdi.[82]

Pol butun Kongressning sakkiz a'zosidan biri edi Milliy ro'yxatga olish kitobiga qo'ng'iroq qilmang telemarketerlarga bunday reklama olishni tanlamaganlarga telefon qilishni taqiqlovchi akt.[83][84] Uning ta'kidlashicha, "telemarketingni tartibga soluvchi qonunchilik hukumatga bizning hayotimizga yanada ko'proq kirib kelishiga imkon beradi" va "Xususiy boshqariladigan To'g'ridan-to'g'ri marketing assotsiatsiyasi o'zlarining" qo'ng'iroq qilmanglar "ro'yxatini yuritayotgani iste'molchilarga kerak emasligiga dalildir. telemarketerlar bilan bog'liq muammolarni hal qilishda milliy hukumatga ishonish. "[85]

Pol Kongressga qarshi ovoz bergan Kongressning uchta a'zosidan biri edi Sarbanes-Oksli qonuni: bu "moliyaviy xizmatlar sohasiga [AQSh] kichik kapital firmalariga va chet el firmalariga AQSh fond birjalarida ro'yxatdan o'tishni rag'batlantirish orqali Amerika kapital bozorlariga zarar etkazadigan qimmatli yangi qoidalarni joriy etadi".[86] Sarbanes-Oksli qonuni buxgalteriya bilan bog'liq janjallarga javoban ishlab chiqilgan, masalan Enron korporatsiyasi bilan.

Intervyusida Daily Show bilan Jon Styuart, Pol Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari pochta idorasining qonuniy monopoliyasini bekor qilishni ma'qullashini aytdi birinchi sinf pochta xususiy raqobatni qonuniylashtirish orqali etkazib berish.[87]

Pavlus qarshi bo'lgan 700 milliard dollarlik yordam taklifi davomida toksik qarzni sotib olish 2008 yilgi iqtisodiy inqiroz. Uning ovozi dastlabki o'lchovni engish uchun berilgan "no" ovozlarning aksariyati orasida bo'ldi AQSh Vakillar palatasi.[88] Uy qonun loyihasining "shirin" versiyasini qabul qildi, unga qarshi Pol ikkinchi marta ovoz berdi, hafta oxirida.[89]

Fuqarolik erkinliklari

Ommaviy diniy ifoda

Pavlus bunga ishonadi davlat maktablarida namoz o'qish federal yoki shtat miqyosida taqiqlanmasligi kerak va u bilan shug'ullanish majburiy qilinmasligi kerak.[90][91] U "tushunchasini rad etadicherkov va davlatning ajralishi "o'rniga, muammoni"dinni bepul amalga oshirish "va"dinni o'rnatmaslik ". U ikkinchisini hukumat tomonidan ma'lum bir dinni ma'qullashi deb biladi va umuman dinga foyda keltiradigan barcha siyosatlarni taqiqlash vazifasi deb bilmaydi. U cherkovlar odamlarga hukumat ta'minlay olmaydigan axloqiy asosni beradi, deb ta'kidlaydi. cherkovlar hukumatga qaraganda samaraliroq va barqarorroq ta'minlangan ijtimoiy farovonlik ta'minlovchilari, shuningdek, bu hukumatga kamroq ehtiyoj sezadigan tartibli odamlarni ularni nazorat qilishni faol izlashga olib kelishini ta'kidlaydi va dinni jamoatchilikdan chiqarib yuborishga qaratilgan harakatlarga qarshi. soha.[92]

2005 yilda Pavlus Biz odamlar harakat qilamiz federal sudlarning yurisdiksiyasidan "dinni erkin tatbiq etish yoki o'rnatishga oid qonunlar, qoidalar yoki siyosat bilan bog'liq har qanday da'voni" olib tashlagan bo'lar edi.[93] Agar qonun qabul qilingan bo'lsa, ushbu qoida, shtat, tuman va mahalliy hukumatlarga diniy matnlar va tasvirlarni namoyish etishga ruxsat berish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilishga ruxsat beradi, ammo tegishli federal qonunlarning qo'llanilishiga xalaqit bermaydi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Pavlus konstitutsiyaviy tuzatishni homiylik qildi, u o'quvchilarga davlat maktablarida yakka yoki jamoat namozida qatnashishga imkon beradi, ammo hech kimni o'z xohishiga qarshi ibodat qilishga majbur qilishiga yoki davlatga har qanday ibodat turini o'qishiga yoki har qanday ibodatni rasmiy ravishda taqiqlashga ruxsat bermaydi. maktablarda aytish.[94]

So'z erkinligi

1997 yilda Pol Konstitutsiyaviy tuzatish kiritib, AQShga bayroqni yo'q qilishni taqiqlash huquqini berdi.[95] 2003 yil iyun oyida u AQSh bayrog'ini jismoniy "kamsitishni" taqiqlovchi Konstitutsiyaviy tuzatishlarga qarshi ovoz berdi.[96] U bayroq yoqishni taqiqlash federal kuch emas, balki davlat hokimiyati deb hisoblaydi.[97]

Internet

Uning fikricha, Internet davlat tomonidan tartibga solinmagan bo'lishi kerak va soliq solish, va qarshi Internetda qimor o'ynash cheklovlar va tarmoq betarafligi qonunchilik.[98]

U Vakillar palatasining yagona a'zosi bo'lib, antitelga qarshi ovoz bergan.spam-elektron pochta 2000 yilda hisob-kitob,[99] va butun Kongressning faqat 5 a'zosidan biri, keyinchalik 2003 yilda elektron pochta orqali yuborilgan spam-qarshi qonun loyihasiga qarshi ovoz bergan.[100]

Pol aktdagi qoidaga qarshi ovoz berdi[101] bu aniq neytrallikni qonuniy ravishda himoya qilgan bo'lar edi.

Pavlus tomonidan tanqid qilingan CNET ushlashga yordam beradigan qonunchilikka qarshi ovoz berish uchun onlayn yirtqich bolalar. Polning ta'kidlashicha, ota-onalar o'z farzandlarini bunday harakatlardan himoya qilish majburiyatiga ega bo'lishi kerak.[102]

Pol qarshi ovoz bergan ikki vakildan biri edi 2007 yilgi o'smirlarni ekspluatatsiya qilish-on-layn qonundan himoya qilish,[103] unda kimdir taklif qilsa ochiq Wi-Fi Internet aloqasi ushbu aloqada o'tkazilgan bolalar pornografiyasi kabi noqonuniy vizual ommaviy axborot vositalariga nisbatan "har qanday faktlar yoki holatlar to'g'risida aniq ma'lumotga ega bo'lgan" jamoatchilikka o'z bilimlari to'g'risidagi hisobotni ro'yxatdan o'tkazish kerak. Yo'qolgan va ekspluatatsiya qilingan bolalar uchun milliy markaz.[104]

Kampaniya bilan bog'liq nutq, kampaniyani moliyalashtirish va korporativ shaxs

Pol saylovoldi tashviqoti xarajatlarini tartibga solishga qaratilgan federal urinishlarga va saylovlarga ta'sir ko'rsatishga qaratilgan nutqiga qarshi. O'tishidan keyin Makkeyn-Fingold kampaniyani moliyalashtirishni isloh qilish to'g'risidagi qonunda u shunday deb yozgan edi: "Birinchidan, saylov kampaniyasining yangi qoidalari Birinchi tuzatishni aniq buzgan bo'lsa-da, birinchi navbatda Kongress Konstitutsiyaning I moddasiga binoan kampaniyalarni tartibga solish vakolatiga ega emasligi sababli bekor qilinishi kerak. II modda faqat kampaniyalarni emas, balki saylovlarni tartibga solish, chunki bizning ta'sischilarimiz Kongressning vakolatni himoya qiluvchi tashviqot qonunlarini qabul qilishi mumkinligini bilar edilar.[105]

2002 yilda u boshqalar bilan ham sudga murojaat qildi Federal saylov komissiyasi Makkeyn-Fayngold qonunining qoidalariga binoan, hukumat unga qayta saylanishga intilayotgan federal saylangan mansabdor shaxs sifatida, saylov kampaniyasining yanada qattiq talablariga, shu jumladan saylovlar bo'yicha cheklovlarga bo'ysundirilishi hukumat uchun uning birinchi o'zgartirish huquqlarini buzganligi deb bahslashdi. kampaniyalarga tegishli bo'lgan davlat siyosati masalalarida pozitsiyani egallab turgan axborot media korporatsiyalariga joylashtirilgandan ko'ra, u alohida donorlardan olishi mumkin bo'lgan moliyaviy hissalarni.[106]

Oliy sudning qarorini sharhlash Citizens United, 2010 yilda Pol shunday dedi: "Siz hech qachon lobbichilikni cheklamasligingiz kerak, chunki Konstitutsiyada odamlarga Kongressga murojaat qilishga ruxsat berilishi aniq va siz shaxsmisiz yoki [maxsus manfaatlar guruhiga] kirasizmi ... siz shunday bo'lishingiz kerak: bunga imkon berdi. "[107] Uning ta'kidlashicha, korporatsiyalar o'z pullarini xohlagan tarzda sarflashlari kerak.[107] Shuningdek, u soliq to'lovchilar tomonidan moliyalashtirilgan davlat kampaniyasini moliyalashtirishga qarshi.[108]

Pol korporatsiyalar jamoaviy huquqlarga ega bo'lgan odamlar degan tushunchani rad etadi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, faqat shaxslar huquqlarga ega; odamlar - bu shaxslar, guruhlar yoki kompaniyalar emas.[109][110] "Korporatsiyalar o'z-o'zidan huquqlarga ega emas, lekin tasodifan korporatsiyaga egalik qiladigan yoki kasaba uyushma tarkibiga kiradigan shaxsning huquqlari bor va bu huquqlar shunchaki boshqa tashkilot orqali harakat qilish orqali yo'qolmaydi."[108]

Xabar berganlar uchun immunitet

Saylovoldi kampaniyasida Pol, hushtakbozlar "immunitetga muhtoj bo'lganlar" ekanligini aytdi. Bunga yo'l qo'ymaslik Daniel Ellsberg va "Chelsi" Menning, Pol shunday dedi: "Agar bizda Amerika fuqarosi bo'lsa va uning oqibatlarini ko'rishga va fuqarolik itoatsizligini qilishga tayyor bo'lsa va bizning hukumatimiz shunday qilsa, uni qamab qo'yish yoki qamoqxonada saqlash yoki uni siyosiy qahramon sifatida ko'rish kerakmi? ? Balki u hukumatda bo'layotgan voqealarni ochib beradigan haqiqiy vatanparvardir ".[111] Biroq, Pol 2010 yil dengizdagi neft va gaz ishchilarining hushtakbozlarini himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonunga qarshi ovoz berdi.[112]

Qurol to'g'risidagi qonunlar

Pol Kongressda shaxsni qo'llab-quvvatlashga qaratilgan qonunchilik homiysi bo'lgan Ikkinchi o'zgartirish huquqlar.[113] Shuningdek, u uchuvchilarning qurollanishi huquqi uchun kurashgan.

Kitobining birinchi bobida, Qamal ostida ozodlik, Polning ta'kidlashicha, Ikkinchi O'zgartirishning maqsadi shunchaki ov huquqlarini berish yoki o'zini himoya qilishga ruxsat berish emas, balki hukumat zulmiga qarshi kurashdir. Jismoniy shaxslarning pulemyotlarga egalik qilishiga ruxsat beriladimi yoki yo'qmi degan savolga Pol javob berdi: "Shunday bo'ladimi avtomatik qurol yoki yo'q, menimcha, ahamiyatsiz ".[114] Pol shuningdek, qurolni taqiqlash ularni xavfli jinoyatchilar emas, balki qonunga bo'ysunuvchi fuqarolarning qo'lidan olib qo'yishini ta'kidlaydi.[115] U maktabdagi otishmalar, samolyotni o'g'irlash va boshqa shu kabi hodisalarni o'zini himoya qilishga taqiqlanish natijasida ko'radi.[116] U fuqarolarning qonuniy egalik qilsa yashirin qurol olib yurish huquqini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[117]

Hakamlar hay'ati bilan bog'liq masalalar

Pol sudyalar maqomiga loyiq deb hisoblaydi sudlar va sudyalar bunga haqli qonunni hukm qiling shuningdek, ishning haqiqatlari. "Oddiy hakamlar hay'ati orqali shaxsiy huquqlarni hukumatning og'ir qo'lidan himoya qilish kontseptsiyasi eskirgan Magna Carta. Ta'sischi Otalar ushbu printsipni juda yaxshi bilgan va uni Konstitutsiyamizga kiritgan. "U ushbu tamoyilda Tomas Peyn "s Inson huquqlari, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Oliy sudi bosh sudyaning qarorlari Jon Jey va yozuvlari Tomas Jefferson. Pol sudyalarga sud majlisiga "ko'rsatma berish" orqali rahbarlik qilish huquqi berilmaganligini aytadi.[118]

Habeas korpusi

Kaliforniyada bo'lib o'tgan birinchi respublikachilar bahsida (2007) Pol hech qachon buzmasligini aytdi habeas corpus,[119] bu orqali hibsga olinganlar noqonuniy qamoqdan ozod bo'lishga murojaat qilishlari mumkin. Bu shuningdek garovdir Amerika ozodligi kun tartibi Pol tomonidan imzolangan.[120]

Federal qonunchilik va fuqarolik erkinligi

Vatanparvarlik to'g'risidagi qonun

Pol qarshi partiyalarga qarshi ovoz berish orqali partiyasini buzdi Vatanparvarlik to'g'risidagi qonun 2001 yilda; u 2005 yilda qabul qilinishiga qarshi ovoz berdi.[121] U qiynoq deb ta'riflagan narsalardan va uni suiiste'mol qilish deb biladigan narsalardan federal foydalanishga qarshi chiqdi ijro etuvchi hokimiyat davomida Iroq urushi konstitutsiyaviy huquqlarni bekor qilish.[122]

Haqiqiy identifikator to'g'risidagi qonun

Pol qarshi ovoz bergan REAL ID qonuni 2005 y, Federal identifikatsiya kartalari standartlarini yaratish to'g'risidagi qonun da'vo qildi Konstitutsiyani buzganligi kabi hokimiyatni taqsimlash ta'limot va boshqa fuqarolik erkinliklari.[123][124] Qonun ijrosi 2011 yilga qoldirildi.[125]

Ichki kuzatuv

Pol tomonidan o'tkazilgan ichki kuzatuv dasturiga qarshi gapirdi Milliy xavfsizlik agentligi Amerika fuqarolariga. Uning fikricha, hukumatning roli Amerika fuqarolarining shaxsiy hayotini buzish emas, balki himoya qilishdir.[126] U imzolagan Amerika ozodligi kun tartibi ichki telefon orqali tinglash orqali amerikaliklarning huquqlarini buzmaslikka va avtonom prezidentlikdan voz kechishga va'da berish bayonotlarni imzolash, tayanadigan unitar ijro nazariyasi.[120] 2007 yil dekabrda u AQSh uyining 1955 yilgi qarori, "AQSh hukumatining og'irligini o'z fuqarolariga qarshi bizni himoya qilish niqobi ostida o'z fuqarolariga qaratadi", deb da'vo qilmoqda. zo'ravon radikallashuv."[127]

Muddatli harbiy xizmat

Pol reintroduksiyaga qarshi qoralama.[128] 2002 yilda u mualliflik qildi va AQSh Vakillar Palatasida loyihani qayta tiklash shaxsiy erkinliklarga keraksiz va zararli bo'lishini ko'rsatuvchi rezolyutsiya kiritdi, bu qaror qabul qilindi. Amerika fuqarolik erkinliklari ittifoqi.[129] In 110-kongress, u tugaydigan qonun loyihasini taklif qildi Tanlangan xizmat ro'yxatdan o'tish.[130]

Taniqli domen

Pol qarshi taniqli domen. U "xususiy manfaatlarni mulk huquqini buzish va oilalarni tom ma'noda uylaridan, fermer xo'jaliklaridan va fermer xo'jaliklaridan haydashni to'xtatishni" istaydi. Shuningdek, u tartibga solishning qabul qilinishiga qarshi.[131]

Tasdiqlovchi harakat

1997 yilda Pol tugatishga ovoz berdi tasdiqlovchi harakat kollejga qabul qilishda.[132][133] Pol irqchilikni ham, irqiy shaxsga bo'lgan munosabatni ham tanqid qiladi.

Irqchilik shunchaki kollektivizmning xunuk shakli bo'lib, odamlarga individual ravishda emas, balki guruhlarning a'zolari sifatida qaraydigan fikrdir. Irqchilar, yuzaki jismoniy xususiyatlarga ega bo'lgan barcha shaxslar bir-biriga o'xshash deb hisoblashadi: kollektivistlar sifatida, irqchilar faqat guruhlar nuqtai nazaridan o'ylashadi. Amerikaliklarni guruh mentalitetiga o'tishga undash orqali "xilma-xillik" deb nomlangan tarafdorlar aslida irqchilikni davom ettirishmoqda. Ularning irqiy guruh identifikatoriga bo'lgan munosabati tabiatan irqchilikka xosdir. Irqchilikka qarshi haqiqiy dori - bu erkinlik. Liberty means having a limited, constitutional government devoted to the protection of individual rights rather than group claims. Liberty means free-market kapitalizm, which rewards individual achievement and competence, not skin color, gender, or ethnicity.

— Ron Pol[134]

Amerika hamjamiyati tadqiqotlari

He has called the U.S. Census Bureau's Amerika hamjamiyati tadqiqotlari "both ludicrous and insulting", arguing that the information demanded is simply none of the government's business.[135]

Jinsiy shilqimlik

In his 1987 book, Freedom Under Siege, Paul expressed the view that those who experience sexual harassment in the workforce should remedy the situation by quitting their jobs. He further argued that governmental oversight is warranted only where victims are physically forced into sexual actions.[iqtibos kerak ]

Employee rights are said to be valid when employers pressure employees into sexual activity. Why don't they quit once the so-called harassment starts? Obviously the morals of the harasser cannot be defended, but how can the harassee escape some responsibility for the problem? Seeking protection under civil rights legislation is hardly acceptable.[136]

LGBT huquqlari

On the specific issue of LGBT huquqlari, Paul stated that, "You have to remember, rights don't come in groups we shouldn't have 'gay rights'; rights come as individuals, and we wouldn't have this major debate going on. It would be behavior that would count, not what person belongs to what group."[137]

In 2004 va 2008 House of Representatives election, he received the endorsement of the Kirish kabinasi respublikachilar for reelection.[138][139]

Aholini kamsitmaslik to'g'risidagi qonun

In a September 2007 Republican primary presidential debate, Paul answered yes to the question of whether he would veto the Aholini kamsitmaslik to'g'risidagi qonun, which would prohibit discrimination in hiring and employment on the basis of sexual orientation by employers with at least 15 employees.[140] This is consistent with his views of opposing any xususiy sektor anti-discrimination laws and his belief in uyushmalar erkinligi.

Nafrat jinoyati

In 2007, Paul stated his opposition to the Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2007, which would expand the 1969 United States federal hate-crime law to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability, and that the reason for opposing it was he believed all hate crime laws violate the Birinchi o'zgartirish va O'ninchi o'zgartirish, although stated that hate crime legislation should be left up to individual states to decide.[141]

In 2009, Paul voted against the Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009, which would expand the 1969 United States federal hate-crime law to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.[142]

Gay adoption

In 1999, Paul voted for an amendment to HR 2587, the District Of Columbia Appropriations Act, which would have banned adoption by same-sex couples and other couples who lacked a marital or familial relationship in Washington, D.C.[143] The amendment failed, 215–213.[144]

Bir jinsli nikoh

Asked his opinion on bir jinsli nikoh in October 2011, Paul expressed his support for marriage privatization by replying, "Biblically and historically, the government was very uninvolved in marriage. I like that. I don't know why we should register our marriage to the federal government. I think it's a sacrament." In the same interview, when asked whether he would vote for or against a state constitutional amendment like California's Taklif 8, he said, 'Well, I believe marriage is between one man and one woman."[145]

Previously, in a 2007 interview, Paul had said that he supports the right of gay couples to marry, so long as they didn't "impose" their relationship on anyone else, on the grounds of supporting voluntary associations.[146] He also said, "Matter of fact, I'd like to see all governments out of the marriage question. I don't think it's a state function, I think it's a religious function." Paul has stated that in a best case scenario, governments would enforce contracts and grant divorces but otherwise have no say in marriage.[147] He has also said he doesn't want to interfere in the free association of two individuals in a social, sexual, and religious sense.[148][149] When asked if he was supportive of gay marriage, Paul responded, "I am supportive of all voluntary associations and people can call it whatever they want."[148]

Paul had also said that at the federal level he opposed "efforts to redefine marriage as something other than a union between one man and one woman." He believes that recognizing or legislating marriages should be left to the states and local communities, and not subjected to "sud faolligi."[150] He has said that for these reasons he would have voted for the Nikohni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun, had he been in Congress in 1996. The act allows a state to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states or countries, although a state will usually recognize marriages performed outside of its own jurisdiction. The act also prohibits the U.S. Government from recognizing same-sex marriages, even if a state recognizes the marriage.

U qarshi chiqdi Federal nikohni o'zgartirish, which would amend the US Constitution to define marriage as the union of one man and one woman, because he worries that with its passage "liberal social engineers who wish to use federal government power to redefine marriage will be able to point to the constitutional marriage amendment as proof that the definition of marriage is indeed a federal matter! I am unwilling either to cede to federal courts the authority to redefine marriage, or to deny a state's ability to preserve the traditional definition of marriage."[150]

Paul has been a cosponsor of the Nikohni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun in each Congress since the bill's original introduction. It would bar federal judges from hearing cases pertaining to the constitutionality of the Defense of Marriage Act. Speaking in support of the Marriage Protection Act in 2004, he urged those of his fellow congressional representatives who "believe Congress needs to take immediate action to protect marriage" to vote for the bill because its passage, requiring only simple majorities in both Houses of Congress, would be much more readily achieved than the passage of the Federal Marriage Amendment, which, as a Constitutional amendment, would require not only much larger majorities in both Houses but also ratification by the state legislatures.[150]

In 2005, Paul introduced the We the People Act, which would have removed from the jurisdiction of federal courts "any claim based upon the right of privacy, including any such claim related to any issue of sexual practices, orientation, or reproduction" and "any claim based upon equal protection of the laws to the extent such claim is based upon the right to marry without regard to sex or sexual orientation."[93] If made law, these provisions would remove sexual practices, and particularly bir jinsli uyushmalar, from federal jurisdiction.

2011 yil fevral oyida, Bosh prokuror Erik Xolder announced that the Obama administration's Adliya vazirligi had determined that a key provision of the Nikohni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun was unconstitutional and, as a result, the administration would no longer argue in support of the act's constitutionality in court.[151] Paul issued a statement to Iowa Republicans criticizing the Obama administration's position, saying: "Like the majority of Iowans, I believe that marriage is between one man and one woman and must be protected. I supported the Defense of Marriage Act, which used Congress' constitutional authority to define what other states have to recognize under the To'liq imon va kredit to'g'risidagi shart, to ensure that no state would be forced to recognize a same sex marriage license issued in another state."[152][153]

Don't Ask, Don't Tell

In the third Republican debate on June 5, 2007, Paul said about the U.S. military's "Don't Ask, Don't Tell " policy:

I think the current policy is a decent policy. And the problem that we have with dealing with this subject is we see people as groups, as they belong to certain groups and that they derive their rights as belonging to groups. We don't get our rights because we're gays or women or minorities. We get our rights from our Creator as individuals. So every individual should be treated the same way. So if there is homosexual behavior in the military that is disruptive, it should be dealt with. But if there's heterosexual behavior that is disruptive, it should be dealt with. So it isn't the issue of homosexuality. It's the concept and the understanding of individual rights. If we understood that, we would not be dealing with this very important problem.[149]

Paul elaborated his position in a 65-minute interview at Google, stating that he would not discharge openly gay troops if their behavior was not disruptive.[148]

Ultimately, Paul voted in the affirmative for HR 5136, an amendment that leads to a full repeal of "Don't ask, Don't tell", on May 27, 2010.[154] He subsequently voted for the 2010 yildagi bekor qilish to'g'risidagi qonunni so'ramang, aytmang on December 18, 2010.

Sodomiya qonunlari

Paul has been a critic of the Supreme Court's Lourens va Texasga qarshi decision, in which sodomiya qonunlari were ruled unconstitutional under the O'n to'rtinchi o'zgartirish. In an essay posted to the Lyuk Rokvell website, he derisively characterized sodomy laws as "ridiculous", but expressed his fear that federal courts were grossly violating their role of strictly interpreting the Constitution, and felt that they were setting a dangerous precedent of what he characterized as legislating from the bench, by declaring privacy in regards to sexual conduct a constitutional right. Paul said:

Consider the Lawrence case decided by the Supreme Court in June. The Court determined that Texas had no right to establish its own standards for private sexual conduct, because gay sodomy is somehow protected under the 14th amendment "right to privacy". Ridiculous as sodomy laws may be, there clearly is no right to privacy nor sodomy found anywhere in the Constitution. There are, however, states' rights – rights plainly affirmed in the Ninth and Tenth amendments. Under those amendments, the State of Texas has the right to decide for itself how to regulate social matters like sex, using its own local standards.[155]

States' powers

Paul's positions on civil liberties are often based on davlatlarning huquqlari, certain rights and political powers that U.S. states possess in relation to the federal government. U keltiradi O'ninchi o'zgartirish, "States' rights simply means the individual states should retain authority over all matters not expressly delegated to the federal government in Article I of the Constitution."[156] For instance, the lack of federal murder statutes makes murder a state and local offense.

Abort

Paul calls himself "strongly hayotni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi "[157] and "an unshakable foe of abortion".[158] In 2005, 2007, 2009, and 2011, Paul introduced the Hayotning muqaddasligi to'g'risidagi qonun, which would have defined life as beginning at conception at the Federal level.[159] However, he believes regulation of medical decisions about maternal or fetal health is "best handled at the state level".[160][161] He believes that according to the U.S. Constitution states should, for the most part, retain jurisdiction.

Paul refers to his background as an obstetrician as being influential on his view, recalling inadvertently witnessing a late-term abortion performed by one of his instructors during his residency, "It was pretty dramatic for me to see a two-and-a-half-pound baby taken out crying and breathing and put in a bucket."[162] During a May 15, 2007, appearance on the Fox News tok-shou Hannity va Colmes, Paul argued that his pro-life position was consistent with his libertarian values, asking, "If you can't protect life then how can you protect liberty?" Furthermore, Paul argued in this appearance that since he believes libertarians support tajovuz qilmaslik, libertarians should oppose abortion because abortion is "an act of aggression" against a fetus, which he believes is alive, human, and in possession of legal rights.[163]

Paul has said that the To'qqizinchi va O'ninchi Amendments to the U.S. Constitution do not grant the federal government any authority to legalize or ban abortion, stating that "the federal government has no authority whatsoever to involve itself in the abortion issue."[164] However, this has not stopped Paul from voting in favor of a federal ban on partial-birth abortion in 2000[165] va 2003 yil.[166]

In addition to defining human life to begin at kontseptsiya at the Federal level, Paul's Hayotning muqaddasligi to'g'risidagi qonun would remove challenges to prohibitions on abortion from federal court jurisdiction.[159] In 2005, Paul also introduced the We the People Act, which would have removed "any claim based upon the right of privacy, including any such claim related to any issue of ... reproduction" from the jurisdiction of federal courts. If made law, either of these acts would allow states to prohibit abortion[93] or any sex act. In 2005, Paul voted against restricting interstate transport of minors to get abortions.[167]

In order to "offset the effects of Roe Vadega qarshi ", Paul voted in favor of the federal Tug'ilishni qisman taqiqlash to'g'risidagi qonun of 2003. He has described partial birth abortion as a "barbaric procedure". He also introduced H.R. 4379 that would prohibit the Supreme Court from ruling on issues relating to abortion, birth control, the definition of marriage and homosexuality and would cause the court's precedents in these areas to no longer be binding.[168] He once said, "The best solution, of course, is not now available to us. That would be a Supreme Court that recognizes that for all criminal laws, the several states retain jurisdiction."[169]

In May 2012, Paul was one of only seven Republicans to vote against a bill which, if passed, would have made performing or pressuring a woman into having a jinsiy aloqada tanlangan abort, or transporting a woman into the country or across state lines for the purpose of undergoing such an abortion, a federal crime, punishable by up to 5 years in prison.[170][171] The bill would also have subjected nurses and other healthcare workers to fines and possible imprisonment for failing to report suspected violations of the law.[171] Paul explained that although he found the very thought of sex-selective abortions revolting, he could not support the measure because it would be unconstitutional and would create "yet another set of federal criminal laws, even though the Constitution lists only three federal crimes: piracy, treason, and counterfeiting."[172] He urged advocates of abortion bans to seek instead to repeal Roe Vadega qarshi and allow abortion regulation to be handled at the state level.

Kontratseptsiya

Paul says that government, especially at the federal level, should not be involved in medical matters, including kontratseptsiya.[173]He has proposed legislation to block federal funding of any oilani rejalashtirish activity, which would include contraception;[174][175][176] and in July 2011, when asked how he would work as president to provide contraceptive services for Americans who have no health insurance, he vowed to block all government payments for contraception: "Whether it's buying a loaf of bread or getting a tug'ilishni nazorat qilish tabletkasi, in a free country, that's your responsibility."[177]

Paul has asserted that a maxfiylik huquqi ichida To'rtinchi o'zgartirish to the Constitution protects the use of contraceptives[178][179] va bu Davlatlararo tijorat moddasi protects the sale of contraceptives.[178]

However, legislation which Paul has repeatedly introduced into Congress [see the We The People Act ] has been criticized for potentially freeing states to ban the prescription or use of contraception, by stripping the federal courts and the Supreme Court of the authority to rule on the constitutionality of such bans.[180]

As a firm believer that human life begins the moment an egg is fertilized,[179] and that from that moment has a right to life that government is charged with protecting,[181] Paul has also been challenged for simultaneously holding the apparently contradictory position of supporting access to favqulodda kontratseptsiya, such as the morning-after pill, in cases of "honest rape."[182][183] U yozgan, yilda Ozodlik belgilangan, published in 2011, "Very early pregnancies and victims of rape can be treated with the day after pill, which is nothing more than using birth control pills in a special manner. These very early pregnancies could never be policed, regardless. Such circumstances would be dealt with by each individual making his or her own moral choice."[184]

Ildiz hujayralarini tadqiq qilish

Paul supports ildiz hujayralarini tadqiq qilish generically, as evidenced by his authoring the Cures Can Be Found Act of 2007 (H.R. 457; H.R. 3444 in 2005), a bill "to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to provide credits against income tax for qualified stem cell research, the storage of qualified stem cells, and the donation of umbilical cord blood". However, Paul believes the debate over the embryonic category of stem-cell research is another divisive issue over which the federal government has no jurisdiction.

Insonni klonlash

Paul joined with conservative colleagues in voting "no" on HR 2560, the Democrats' version of a federal ban on odamlarni klonlash.[185] The Bush White House had opposed HR 2560, saying "The Administration is strongly opposed to any legislation that would prohibit human cloning for reproductive purposes but permit the creation of cloned embryos or development of human embryo farms for research, which would require the destruction of nascent human life."[186]

O'lim jazosi

Paul stated in August 2007 that at the state level "o'lim jazosi is a deserving penalty for those who commit crime", but he does not believe that the federal government should use it as a penalty.[187]

In September 2007, he elaborated:

You know over the years, I've held pretty rigid to all my beliefs but I've changed my opinion about the death penalty. For federal purposes, I no longer believe in the death penalty. I believed it has been issued unjustly. If you are rich you get away with it. If you're poor and you're from the inner city, you're more likely to be prosecuted and convicted. And today, with the DNA evidences there's been too many mistakes, so I am now opposed to the federal death penalty.[188]

He believes that opposing capital punishment is consistent with being pro-life; uning kitobida, Ozodlik belgilangan, stating "It's strange to me that those who champion best the rights of pre-born are generally the strongest supporters of the death penalty and preventive, that is, aggressive, war."[188]

In August, 2013, Paul stated,

I believe that support for the death penalty is inconsistent with libertarianism and traditional conservatism. So I am pleased with Conservatives Concerned about the Death Penalty's efforts to form a coalition of libertarians and conservatives to work to end capital punishment.[189]

Ta'lim

Elementary and secondary schools

Paul sought in the 1980s and 1990s to eventually abolish all public schools;[190][191][192][193] but by the 2008 presidential election campaign, he had adopted a more moderate stance.[194] Paul insists that "the federal government has absolutely no role in education" under the Constitution, "regardless of what the Supreme Court has claimed."[195][196] He argues that the best way to improve the quality of education while fighting rising costs, growing numbers of dropouts, and higher levels of violence and drug use among students is to reduce the reach of centralized government in the schools and return control over school curricula, funding, and administration back to parents and local communities.[195]

He has long opposed the idea of federally mandated testing being used to measure student performance against federally determined national education standards. He voted against national testing measures first proposed by the Klinton ma'muriyati;[196][197] and he similarly has never supported the federal Hech qanday bolani tashlab qo'ymaslik to'g'risidagi qonun, which he voted against when it was proposed in 2001.[198]

Paul is a proponent of school choice, saying that private, parochial, and home schools provide a healthy counterweight to "the near monopoly control over indoctrination of young people"[195] of the public schools, which he considers "socialist";[199] and he notes that the nation's Founders themselves were largely home-schooled or taught in church-associated schools. In support of school choice and local control of education, he has introduced into every Congress since 1997 measures to provide families with education soliq imtiyozlari.[200] Uning Oilaviy ta'lim erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun would give families a tax credit of up to $5,000 per student to pay for any educational expenses whether the student attends public, private, or parochial school, or is uyda o'qiydi.[201] His Education Improvement Tax Cut Act would provide families with an additional tax credit of up to $5,000 for donations of cash or educational materials made to schools of their choice.[202] He has said of the latter proposal, "The Education Improvement Tax Cut Act relies on the greatest charitable force in history to improve the education of children from low-income families: the generosity of the American people. As with parental tax credits, the Education Improvement Tax Cut Act brings true accountability to education since taxpayers will only donate to schools that provide a quality education."[203][204]

Although Paul supports the right of state and local school districts, under the O'ninchi o'zgartirish to the Constitution, to implement education voucher plans, he rejects federal government-controlled school voucher plans, preferring federal education tax credits instead. He regards federal voucher programs as a form of "taxpayer-funded welfare" in which money is taken from middle-class families to unfairly provide private-school educations to a particular group of children favored by politicians and bureaucrats.[203] He also worries that with federal school vouchers inevitably come further central government regulation and loss of local control over education. Private, religious schools, for instance, would feel pressured to conform to government dictates in order to become accredited by the Department of Education to qualify for participation in the voucher program. He points to how the federal government has used the threat of cutting off funding to dictate to universities which policies they must accept; he argues that the government would try to do the same with private schools.[203]

College and other higher-education

Paul asserts that access to "education is not a right." He opposes all federal government scholarships and government loans for higher education, but is supportive of the offering of financial aid by private organizations.[205]

In a March 2, 2011 interview, when asked whether the government should provide financial aid to a poor student with good grades who wants to further his education, Paul responded that no, the government should not because "nobody has a right to someone else's wealth. You have a right to your life and you have a right to your property but you don't have a – education isn't a right. Medical care isn't a right. These are things you have to earn." (He went on to explain that there were no government loans when he went to school, yet education costs were much lower and he was able to finance his medical school education by obtaining private loans through the medical school.)[205]

Paul's "Restore America" budget plan, which he laid out in October 2011,[206] calls for the immediate elimination of the Department of Education. Kollej Pell grantlari and other federal financial aid programs would be transferred to another branch of government during a transition period, following which all federal financial aid for education would be eliminated.[207][208]

Atrof muhit

Privatizing federal lands

Paul has long held that land owned by the federal government should be sold to private parties.[209] While campaigning in Nevada for the Republican Party presidential nomination in 2011, Paul argued that land distribution in the states should follow the model of Texas, where, he said, private owners have developed all the natural resources.[210][211] In addition to closing the Department of the Interior, his "Restore America" budget plan proposes selling off at least $40 billion worth of public lands such as milliy bog'lar, and other federal assets, between 2013 and 2016.[35][212]

Erkin bozor ekologizmi

Kabi free-market environmentalist, Paul sees polluters as aggressors who should not be granted immunity from prosecution or otherwise insulated from accountability. Paul argues that enforcing private property rights through qiynoq law would hold people and corporations accountable, and would increase the cost of polluting activities—thus decreasing pollution.[213] He claims that environmental protection has failed due to lack of respect for private property:

The environment is better protected under private property rights ... We as property owners can't violate our neighbors' property. We can't pollute their air or their water. We can't dump our garbage on their property ... Too often, conservatives and liberals fall short on defending environmental concerns, and they resort to saying, "Well, let's turn it over to the EPA. The EPA will take care of us ... We can divvy up the permits that allow you to pollute." So I don't particularly like that method.[214]

He believes that environmental legislation, such as emissions standards, should be handled between the states or regions concerned. "The people of Texas do not need federal regulators determining our air standards."[215]

Paul says he opposes government assistance to private businesses intended to help shape research and investment decisions, including to promote alternative energy production and use. During a June 2011 presidential primary campaign debate, Paul said, "There shouldn't be any assistance to private enterprise. It's not morally correct, it's not legal, it's bad economics. It's not part of the Constitution. If you allow an economy to thrive, they'll decide how R&D works or where they invest their monies. But when the politicians get in and direct things, you get the malinvestment."[216] Similarly, in an October 2011 presidential primary campaign debate, he said, "The government shouldn't be in the business of subsidizing any form of energy."[217]

However, in 2008 Paul urged the Energetika bo'limi to approve a federal loan guarantee to help an energy company build two new nuclear reactors in South Texas. Asked to explain the apparent contradiction between his stated opposition to federal financial involvement in private-sector business decisions and his personal intervention in the case of the nuclear company, Paul's campaign issued a statement saying, "As a Congressman and as President, Dr. Paul will work to eliminate all federal intervention in the energy market. However, until that happens, he will do his best to ensure that the money Congress appropriates is spent in the best way possible."[217]

Paul objects to "the demand to recycle everything from paper to glass to plastic," saying that although recycling aluminum makes economic sense, "recycling for the most part consumes more energy than it saves."[218]

Global isish

In an October 2007 interview, Paul held that Iqlim o'zgarishi is not a "major problem threatening civilization", stating "I think war and financial crises and big governments marching into our homes and elimination of habeas corpus – those are immediate threats. We're about to lose our whole country and whole republic!"[219] He declined to name any particular environmental heroes and affirmed no special environmental achievements other than his educating the people about free-market solutions rather than "government expenditures and special-interest politics".[219]In 2009, Ron Paul asserted "that the greatest hoax I think that has been around in many, many years if not hundreds of years has been this hoax on the environment and global warming."[220]

Environmental-related legislative activities

During the 2008 presidential campaign Paul said that he had been active in the Green Scissors campaign.[221] However, when asked by a different interviewer a few months later to discuss his Green Scissors involvement, Paul did not know what the interviewer was talking about.[219]

Paul says that he opposes and votes against subsidies for oil and gas companies. However, unlike many others in government, industry, and the newsmedia, Paul does not include tax credits or tax deductions in his definition of subsidies. He uses the term "subsidy" only in the very narrow sense of a direct grant of money from the government to a company.[222][223]

Paul voted on multiple occasions in 2007—2012 to block measures that would have eliminated or reduced tax breaks for oil and gas producers. For example, in January 2007, he voted against the Energy Independence and Security Act, which supporters said would have rescinded $14 billion in tax breaks for oil and gas drillers.[224][225] In February 2008, he voted against the Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation Tax Act, which supporters said would have eliminated $18 billion in tax benefits for oil companies and substituted tax credits for wind, solar, and other renewable energy sources.[226][227] In May 2008, he voted against the Energy Improvement and Extension Act, which supporters said contained provisions to cut tax breaks for oil companies and to expand tax breaks for alternative energies like solar and geothermal power, biodiesel fuels, and plug-in hybrid vehicles.[228][229] In July 2010, he voted against the Consolidated Land, Energy, and Aquatic Resources Act of 2009, which would have removed federal caps on oil companies' liability for oil spills, and would have cut certain tax breaks for oil companies.[230][231][232] In February 2011, he voted against a measure to reinstate royalties assessed for oil drilled when oil prices are high.[233] In March, April, and May 2011, he voted against measures that would have allowed consideration of legislation to eliminate tax breaks for oil companies and promote production and use of alternative energy sources.[234][235][236][237]

  • In 2005, supported by Erning do'stlari, Paul cosponsored a bill preventing the U.S. from funding nuclear power plants in China.[238]
  • Paul is opposed to federal subsidies that favor certain technologies over others, such as ethanol from corn rather than sugarcane, and believes the market should decide which technologies are best and which will succeed in the end.[80]
  • In 2005, he advocated the repeal or temporary suspension of the federal gas tax in order to alleviate the economic effects of Katrina bo'roni.[239]
  • He believes that nuclear power is a clean and efficient potential alternative that could be used to power electric cars.[80]
  • He believes that states should be able to decide whether to allow production of hemp, which can be used in producing sustainable biofuels, and has introduced bills into Congress to allow states to decide this issue; North Dakota, particularly, has built an ethanol plant with the ability to process hemp as biofuel and its farmers have been lobbying for the right to grow hemp for years.[240]
  • He voted against 2004 and 2005 provisions that would shield makers from liability for MTBE, a possibly cancer-causing gasoline additive that seeped into New England groundwater. The proposal included $1.8 billion to fund cleanup and another $2 billion to fund companies' phaseout programs.[241][242][243]

The Tabiatni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha saylovchilar ligasi gave Paul a pro-environment voting-record score of 6% for 2011, and 0% for 2009–2010.[244] (The League considers a perfect score of 100% a measure of strong support for environmental protection.)[245] Republicans for Environmental Protection (REP), whose scorecards rate only Republican lawmakers, gave Paul a score of only 5% for 2010, and 2% for 2009–2010, on a 0 – 100% scale in which a perfect score of 100% is considered by REP to be a measure of strong support for environmental protection. Republicans for Environmental Protection rated Paul "Worst in the House" on the environment of all Republican representatives in the 111th Congress (2009–2010).[246]

Sog'liqni saqlash siyosati

Sog'liqni saqlash xarajatlari

Paul says that contrary to what most Americans believe, access to health care is not a right, but a good whose value should be determined by the free market.[247][248][249] In his view, government has no business in the delivery of health care. When government becomes involved, he says, costs rise and quality of care falls.[250][251][252]

Paul calls for the eventual elimination of Medicare (federally funded health care for the elderly and disabled) and Medicaid (health care for the poor, jointly funded by the federal and state governments),[253][254] and he has been a staunch opponent of the Arzon parvarishlash to'g'risidagi qonun health insurance reform law that was enacted in 2010.[251][255][256] He says that federally funded healthcare is "unconstitutional" and that the costs of the programs are unsustainable and are bankrupting the government.[249][257][258]

Paul says that when he entered medical practice in the early 1960s, before the Medicare and Medicaid programs were established, the poor and the elderly were hospitalized at about the same rates as they have been under Medicare and Medicaid in the 2000s, and that they received good care. He says further that in those days, doctors and hospitals provided cut-rate or free care to people who did not have health insurance – "every physician understood that he or she had a responsibility toward the less fortunate, and free medical care for the poor was the norm" – and that this was possible because healthcare costs were much lower. At a church charity hospital where he worked in his early years of practice, "nobody was turned away" for lack of ability to pay.[248][250][258]

Paul claims that government meddling in health care delivery is to blame for healthcare costs having skyrocketed over the past few decades. He recalls that in the early 1960s, patients typically paid for basic medical services with cash, as there was almost no government payment for care, and as those Americans who had private insurance were typically only covered for hospitalization and emergency care.[248][258]In that setting, he says, providers almost always charged minimal fees for services in order to improve the chance of being paid. He argues that the emergence of government as a payer for healthcare services in the form of Medicare and Medicaid, along with government policies of the 1970s that led to the expansion of private insurance to cover routine medical services in addition to hospitalization and emergency care, and which required most employers to provide health insurance for their employees, interfered with the traditional physician-patient relationship. The incentive for healthcare providers and patients to keep costs as low as possible was lost. He says that now providers always charge the maximal fees for services, since the government or insurance company can be counted on to pay the bills.[250]

Paul additionally argues that government contributes to rising healthcare costs through yet other ways, such as through government regulations, one example being restrictions imposed by the Food and Drug Administration on the manufacture and sale of medications and dietary supplements, and through licensing of physicians and other healthcare practitioners, which Paul says interferes with market-based competition for healthcare services. He also criticizes the legal system's approach to the handling of medical malpractice claims, which he says needlessly inflates the cost of healthcare further still.[248][250][258][259][260]

Medical research funding

Paul has long opposed government funding of medical research. Although he considers himself "pro-research,"[261] he believes that "all research in a free society should be done privately."

In the mid-1980s, when no effective medication was yet available for AIDS treatment, Paul spoke publicly against all federal funding for AIDS research.[262] He also wrote, in his book Freedom Under Siege, published in 1987, "Victims of the disease AIDS argue ... for crash research programs (to be paid for by people who don't have AIDS), demanding a cure ... The individual suffering from AIDS certainly is a victim – frequently a victim of his own lifestyle – but this same individual victimizes innocent citizens by forcing them to pay for his care. Crash research programs are hardly something, I believe, the Founding Fathers intended when they talked about equal rights."[263]

More recently, Paul has called federal funding for medical research unconstitutional and has complained that "neither party in Washington can fathom that millions and millions of Americans simply don't want their tax dollars spent on government research of any kind ..."[264]

He argues that the availability of federal research funds distorts "the natural market for scientific research" by inducing scientists to eschew pursuit of radical lines of potentially promising research that might not appeal to politicians and bureaucrats who hold influence over the allocation of grant monies. "Tibbiy tadqiqotlarning federal moliyalashtirilishi qanday kasalliklarga oid tadqiqotlarning qaysi turlari moliyalashtirilishi to'g'risida qarorlarni siyosiylashtirilishini kafolatlaydi. Kam soliq manbalari ehtiyoj va hatto ehtimol muvaffaqiyat asosida emas, kim eng samarali qabulxonaga ega bo'lishiga qarab taqsimlanadi. Federal moliyalashtirish, shuningdek tadqiqotchilarni federal mablag'larga mos kelmaydigan davolash va davolash usullarini e'tiborsiz qoldirishiga olib keladi. "[264] Uning fikriga ko'ra, tibbiy tadqiqotlar uchun davlat mablag'lari manbalarini yo'q qilish, olib borilayotgan tadqiqotlar sifatini yaxshilashi mumkin.[264][265]

Medicare retsepti bo'yicha dori dasturi

2003 yilda Pol respublikachilarning aksariyatiga qarshi chiqdi va uning amalga oshirilishini blokirovka qilishga ovoz berdi Medicare D qismi qariyalar va nogironlar uchun dori-darmonlarga sarflanadigan xarajatlarni qoplash uchun Medicare-ni kengaytirgan va hukumatga farmatsevtika kompaniyalari bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri muzokaralar olib borish uchun yopiq dori-darmonlarga arzonroq narxlarni olishga harakat qilishni taqiqlagan dastur.[266][267] 2007 yilda u yana barcha demokratlar partiyasini qo'llab-quvvatlab ovoz berganida, Vakillar palatasi respublikachilarining aksariyatiga qarshi chiqdi Medicare retsepti bo'yicha giyohvand moddalar narxini muhokama qilish to'g'risidagi qonun, agar u qabul qilinadigan bo'lsa, hukumatga Medicare Part D dori narxlarini ishlab chiqaruvchilar bilan kelishib olish vakolatini bergan bo'lar edi.[268] 2012 yilgi prezidentlik saylovlari davomida Pol, Medicare D qismiga qarshi bo'lganiga qaramay, uni bekor qilish uning eng muhim vazifalaridan biri emasligini aytdi.[269]

Sog'liqni saqlash xarajatlari uchun soliq imtiyozlari va bolalar sog'lig'ini sug'urtalash dasturi

Pol 2007 va 2009 yillarda qayta ruxsat olish va kengaytirishga qarshi ovoz bergan Bolalarni tibbiy sug'urtalash dasturi (SCHIP), bu Medicaid-ga mos kelmaydigan kam ta'minlangan oilalardagi bolalar va homilador ayollarni tibbiy sug'urtalash bo'yicha davlat-federal qo'shma dasturi.[270][271][272][273][274]

U sog'liqni saqlash xarajatlari uchun soliq imtiyozlarini taklif qilishning doimiy advokati bo'lib kelgan. 2000 yildan buyon o'tkazilgan har bir Kongressda Pol oilalarga qaramog'idagi har bir oila a'zosining sog'liqni saqlash xarajatlari uchun 500 dollargacha va har bir qaramog'ida bo'lgan har bir qaramog'ini parvarish qilish uchun 3000 dollargacha soliq imtiyozlarini beradigan saraton kabi qonun loyihalarini taklif qildi.[275][276]

2003 yildan beri Pol Kongressga bir necha bor tibbiy sug'urta mukofotlari xarajatlari uchun soliq imtiyozlarini berish va sog'liqni saqlash xarajatlari uchun soliq imtiyozlarini ko'paytirish bo'yicha takliflarni kiritdi (7,5% chegirma chegarasini olib tashlash orqali). Shuningdek, u sog'liqni saqlash jamg'armalari bo'yicha soliq imtiyozlarini kengaytirish tarafdori.[277][278][279]

Kasallikka irsiy moyillikka asoslangan diskriminatsiya

Pol butun Kongressning yagona a'zosi bo'lib, qarshi ovoz bergan Genetik ma'lumotni kamsitmaslik to'g'risidagi qonun 2008 yilda tibbiy sug'urtalovchilar va ish beruvchilar kasallikni rivojlanish xavfi bilan bog'liq bo'lgan gen (lar) ni olib yurish asosida shaxsni kamsitishni taqiqlaydi.[280] Uning 2006 yilda taqdim etgan muqobil taklifi federal, shtat va mahalliy hukumat yoki hukumat pudratchilari tomonidan genetik-ma'lumotlarga asoslangan diskriminatsiyani taqiqlagan bo'lar edi, ammo sog'liqni saqlash sug'urtalovchilari va boshqa ish beruvchilar tomonidan bunday kamsitishga yo'l qo'ygan bo'lar edi.[281]

Shoshilinch tibbiy yordam

Pol qarshi federal qonun bu shifokorlardan bemorning to'lov qobiliyatidan qat'i nazar, tibbiy yordamga murojaat qilib, shoshilinch tibbiy yordam xonalariga boradigan barcha bemorlarni davolashni talab qiladi. Uning ta'kidlashicha, qonun konstitutsiyaga ziddir: "Kasbiy mahorat mahoratga ega, shuning uchun" Tinglash "bandining aniq tili Beshinchi o'zgartirish Kongressning shifokorlar va shifoxonalar har qanday guruhga tibbiy yordam ko'rsatish uchun barcha xarajatlarni o'z zimmalariga olishlari majburiyatini yuklashiga to'sqinlik qiladi. "[282] U qabul qilingan chora-tadbirlarni, agar shifokorlar bunday qonunlarga muvofiq kompensatsiya qilinmagan parvarishlash xarajatlarining 100% miqdorida soliq imtiyozlari bilan ta'minlash va shifoxonalarga 100% chegirma bilan ta'minlash orqali bunday yordam uchun to'lovni hukumatga yuklashni taklif qilsa. .[283][284]

Oldindan mavjud bo'lgan tibbiy holatlarning sug'urta qoplamasi

Pol tibbiy sug'urtani qoplashni talab qiladigan qonunlarga qarshi oldindan mavjud bo'lgan shartlar. Uning ta'kidlashicha, "bir marta sug'urta kompaniyalari hukumatdan oldindan shartlardan sug'urtalashni talab qilsalar, bu endi sug'urta emas - bu ijtimoiy ta'minot vakolati va sug'urta kompaniyalari bankrot bo'lishiga olib keladi yoki ular hukumat tomonidan beriladigan subsidiya bilan qutqariladi va hukumat yanada bankrot bo'ladi". . Hozirgacha hech kim sug'urta kompaniyalarini majburiy ravishda uyi yonayotgan odamga yong'in sug'urtasini sotmaydi. "[248]

2012 yilgi prezidentlik saylovlari kampaniyasidagi asosiy bahs-munozaralar paytida Poldan birdan og'ir kasal bo'lib qolgan va olti oylik intensiv tibbiy yordamni talab qiladigan, tibbiy sug'urtasiz, ilgari sog'lom bo'lgan 30 yoshli erkakning tibbiy xizmatini kim to'lashi kerakligi so'ralgan.[269] Pavlus "nima qilish kerak bo'lsa, u nima qilishni xohlasa va o'zi uchun javobgarlikni o'z zimmasiga oladi" dedi. Odamni o'ldirish kerakmi yoki yo'qmi degan maxsus savolga Pavlus javob berib, uni o'lishda qoldirmaslik kerak, aksincha qo'shnilar, do'stlar, cherkovlar va xayriya tashkilotlarining mehribonchiligiga tayanishi kerak, deb aytdi. Pol o'z karerasining boshida cherkov xayriya kasalxonasida, hukumat tomonidan to'lanadigan tibbiy xizmat mavjud bo'lmagan bir paytda ishlagan.

Bahsdan so'ng, Pol ba'zi siyosiy sharhlovchilar tomonidan tanqidga uchraganiga qarshi chiqishdan bosh tortgani uchun tanqid qilindi 2010 yil tibbiy sug'urtani isloh qilish to'g'risidagi qonun ("Obamacare"), bu Polning 2008 yilgi prezident saylov kampaniyasi raisi va do'sti to'satdan og'ir kasallikka duchor bo'lganligi sababli o'limidan oldin kasalxonada uzoq muddat yotishini talab qilganligi sababli, sug'urtachilarga oldindan mavjud bo'lgan shartlar asosida qoplashni rad etishni taqiqlaydi. Uning ish beruvchisi orqali tibbiy sug'urtasi bo'lmagan va oldindan mavjud bo'lgan holat tufayli sug'urta sotib ololmagan. U kasalligi davomida talab qilingan tibbiy yordamni qo'lga kiritgan bo'lsa-da, vafot etganda ushbu yordam uchun hisob-kitoblar 400 ming dollarni tashkil etdi. Uning do'stlari, shu jumladan Pol, taxminan 50 000 AQSh dollari yig'ish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lishdi, ammo bu 350 ming dollarni uning mulkiga topshirish uchun qoldirdi - yoki to'lanmagan holda qoldirdi (va boshqa iste'molchilar va soliq to'lovchilarga topshirdi).[285][286][287][288]

Tibbiy xatolar to'g'risidagi qonunni isloh qilish

Pavlus bu yo'lda tub o'zgarishlarni taklif qildi tibbiy noto'g'ri ishlash da'volar ko'rib chiqiladi.[248] U 2003 yildan boshlab bir necha bor qonun loyihalariga binoan homiladorlik, jarrohlik yoki boshqa muhim tibbiy muolajalar yoki davolanishni rejalashtirgan bemor juda kam xarajat bilan "salbiy natijalar" sug'urtasini sotib olishi mumkin edi. Agar bemor tibbiy protsedura yoki davolanish bilan bog'liq holda salbiy oqibatlarga duch kelsa, u majburiy ravishda kompensatsiya so'raydi. hakamlik sudi, hakamlar hay'ati oldida tibbiy xatolarni sud orqali emas. Polning ta'kidlashicha, "tibbiy nizolarni hal qilish uchun sug'urta, xususiy shartnomalar va majburiy hakamlik sudyalaridan foydalanish hozirgi tizimga qaraganda to'liq kompensatsiya oladigan bemorlarga, shuningdek, shifokorlar va shifoxonalarga foyda keltiradi", chunki ularning sud jarayoni va noto'g'ri ishlash sug'urtasi. mukofotlar sezilarli darajada kamayadi.[289][290][291]

Medicare-ni yo'q qilish bo'yicha taklif

Pol tibbiy yordamni davlat tomonidan moliyalashtirishni bekor qilishni taklif qiladi (ehtimol, faxriylarga g'amxo'rlik bundan mustasno). Uning Amerikani qayta tiklash rejasi byudjet taklifini bosqichma-bosqich boshlash kerak edi Medicare 2013 yildan boshlab, 25 yoshdan kichik bo'lgan ishchilar dasturda ishtirok etishni rad etishlari mumkin bo'lganda.[35] Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, o'tish davri mobaynida Medicare dasturida yoshi kattaroq ishchilarga etkazilgan majburiyatlar boshqa davlat xarajatlarini qisqartirish, masalan, AQShning chet eldagi barcha harbiy bazalarini yopish va xorijiy harbiy "avanturizm" bilan shug'ullanishni to'xtatish orqali amalga oshirilishi mumkin. "

Oziq-ovqat va dori-darmonlarni boshqarish bo'yicha siyosat

Pol hukumatning dori-darmonlarni va sog'liq uchun qo'shimchalarni tartibga solishni, rolini kamaytirish va oxir-oqibat yo'q qilish orqali keskin qisqartirishni taklif qiladi Oziq-ovqat va dori-darmonlarni boshqarish (FDA).[292] 2011 yilgi intervyusida Pol shunday dedi: "Xo'sh, FDA shunchaki giyohvand moddalar ishlab chiqaradigan kompaniyalarga xizmat qiladi ... [va] ular giyohvand moddalarning bozorga chiqishiga yo'l qo'ymaydi [boshqa mamlakatlarnikiga qaraganda 10 yil o'tgach, 15 yil o'tgach.] , hukumat shunchaki ko'p narsalarga xalaqit beradi. "[292] U FDA tomonidan tasdiqlangan retsept bo'yicha dori-darmonlarni chet ellardan olib kelinishiga va AQShda sotiladigan dori-darmonlarga qaraganda arzonroq narxda sotilishiga yo'l qo'yishni ma'qullaydi.[259] - shu bilan xalqaro bozorlarga AQSh bozorida dori-darmon narxlarini belgilashga imkon berish - FDA tomonidan taqiqlangan amaliyot. Iste'molchilar uchun ko'proq tanlov erkinligi uchun kurashish manfaatiga ko'ra, u shuningdek, xukumat qo'shimchalari va boshqa ba'zi sog'liqni saqlash mahsulotlarini ishlab chiqaruvchilar yoki sotuvchilarni davlat regulyatorlari ishonadigan narsalarni ishlab chiqarish yoki sotuvchilarning oldini olish bo'yicha hukumatning imkoniyatlarini sezilarli darajada kamaytiradigan qonun loyihalarini taqdim etdi. mahsulotlarning sog'liqqa ta'siri to'g'risida yolg'on yoki chalg'ituvchi da'volar bo'lish. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, iste'molchilar hukumat ko'rsatmalariga ehtiyoj sezmasdan, xohlagan har qanday sog'liqni saqlash vositalarini xohlagan kishisidan sotib olishlari kerak.[293]

Shifokor litsenziyasi

Pol shifokorlarni va boshqa sog'liqni saqlash amaliyotchilarini hukumat tomonidan litsenziyalashning amaldagi tizimiga qarshi chiqmoqda.[294] 2007 yildagi intervyusida Pol tibbiyot kasbini litsenziyalash tizimini qat'iyan tanlaganlikda aybladi, bu juda kam miqdordagi to'lovlarni to'lash imkoniyatiga ega bo'lish uchun faqat oz sonli shaxslarga amaliyotga ruxsat beradi.[252] U sog'liqni saqlash xizmatlari uchun chindan ham raqobatbardosh bozor sharoitida, masalan, tomoq og'rig'i bilan og'rigan bemorni tibbiyot shifokoriga qaraganda hamshira tezroq ko'rishi va hamshira tomonidan sarflangan xarajatlarning bir qismigina davolanishi mumkinligini ta'kidladi. tibbiy shifokor nimani talab qilishi haqida. "Bemorlar buni hal qilishlari mumkin. Aytmoqchimanki, agar ular miya operatsiyasiga muhtoj bo'lsa, hamshiraga murojaat qilishmaydi. Ular tomoq og'rig'i uchun u erga borishlari mumkin."[252] Uning fikriga ko'ra, bemorlarga ixtiyoriy ravishda tuzilgan shartnomalar asosida erkin bozor qoidalari asosida ishlaydigan tibbiyot xodimlari yordam berishadi. Pol o'zini sog'liqni saqlash amaliyotchisi deb da'vo qiladigan har qanday odam (allopatik, gomeopatik yoki naturopatik tibbiyotdan qat'i nazar) "enagalar davlati" aralashuvisiz sog'liqni saqlash xizmatlarini taklif qilishi kerak deb hisoblaydi.[248]

Marixuana

Pol tibbiyot va ko'ngil ochish maqsadida nasha qonuniylashtirilishini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. U homiylik qilgan qonun hujjatlariga quyidagilar kiradi Shtatlarning tibbiy marixuana to'g'risidagi qonuni[295] va Mas'ul kattalar tomonidan marixuanadan shaxsiy foydalanish to'g'risidagi 2008 yildagi qonun.[296] 2011 yilda Pol (Rep bilan birga) tanishtirdi. Barni Frank ) Federal marixuana taqiqlash to'g'risidagi qonunni tugatish dan nasha olib tashlash uchun Boshqariladigan moddalar to'g'risidagi qonun.[297][298]

Giyohvand moddalarni taqiqlash

Pavlus bunga qarshi chiqadi taqiq giyohvand moddalar samarasiz bo'lib, uni tugatish tarafdorlari Giyohvand moddalarga qarshi urush.[299][300][301] "Taqiqlash natija bermaydi. Taqiqlanish jinoyatga sabab bo'ladi." Uning fikricha, giyohvand moddalarni suiiste'mol qilishni tibbiy muammo sifatida davolash kerak: "Biz alkogolizmga hozirda tibbiy muammo sifatida qaraymiz va men, shifokor sifatida, giyohvandlikka jinoyat sifatida emas, balki tibbiy muammo sifatida qarashimiz kerak". AQSh Konstitutsiyasida yo'q sanab o'tish yoki delegat giyohvand moddalarni taqiqlash yoki tartibga solish vakolatiga Kongressga.

Pol shaxsiy javobgarlikka ishonadi, shuningdek, giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilish to'g'risidagi qonunlarning amaldagi qo'llanilishidagi tengsizlikni ko'radi va 2000 yilda "Ko'plab mahbuslar zo'ravonlik qilmaydilar va ularga jinoyatchilar kabi emas, balki o'ziga qaram bo'lgan bemorlar sifatida munosabatda bo'lishlari kerak. Mantiqsiz majburiy minimal hukmlar sabab bo'ldi Bizda zo'ravonliksiz giyohvandlik jinoyatchilari umrbod ozodlikdan mahrum qilishadi va zo'rlaganlarni va qotillarni qamoqqa olishga joy yo'q. "[302]

Amalga oshirishda uning pozitsiyasi haqida so'ralganda O'ninchi o'zgartirish, Pol tushuntirdi: "Muayyan tibbiy muolajalar va tibbiy tanlovlar, men shtatlarga buni aniqlashga ruxsat beraman. Shtat qonuni Federal hukumatdan ustun bo'lmasligi kerak." Haqida maxsus gapirish Giyohvandlikka qarshi kurash boshqarmasi tibbiy marixuana klinikalarida reydlar o'tkazilgan Pol "ular konstitutsiyaga ziddir" deb aytdi va advokatlik faoliyatini davom ettirdi davlatlarning huquqlari[303] va shaxsiy tanlov: "Siz yo'qsiz shafqatli saraton yoki OITS bilan og'rigan odamdan tibbiy marixuana olish orqali ... Odamlar tanlov erkinligiga ega bo'lishlari kerak. Biz, albatta, qonunni hurmat qilishimiz kerak va qonunda aytilishicha, davlatlar buni aniqlay olishlari kerak. "

Veteranlar shifoxonasiga kirish

Pavlus ishonadi Veteranlar ma'muriyati ko'proq kasalxonalar qurmasligi kerak va buning o'rniga VA shifoxonalari bekor qilinishi kerak. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, hukumat faxriylarni xususiy kasalxonalarda davolash uchun pul to'lashi kerak, chunki ular iqtisodiy jihatdan yaxshiroq parvarish qilishadi.[304]

Tibbiy sohaga hukumat aralashmasligi

Pol shuningdek, "Hukumat tibbiyot bilan shug'ullanmasligi kerak" deb ta'kidlagan. U, shuningdek, gapirish haqida o'ylaydi cho'chqa grippi va Federal hukumat tomonidan emlash mutanosib ravishda puflanmoqda.[305]

Polga Choy partiyasidagi bahs-munozarada CNN telekanali boshlovchisi Wolf Blitzer tomonidan tibbiy sug'urta sotib olishga qaror qilgan 30 yoshli sog'lom odam to'satdan olti oy davomida intensiv davolanishni talab qilsa, jamiyat qanday javob berishi kerakligi to'g'risida faraziy savol berildi. Pol hukumatning javobgarligi bo'lmasligi kerakligini aytdi. "O'zingizning tavakkalingizni o'z zimmangizga olib, erkinlik shundan iborat", dedi Pol. Pavlus jamiyat yuqorida aytib o'tilgan taxminiy odamning o'lishiga yo'l qo'yishi kerakligiga ishonmasligini ta'kidladi, ammo muhtojlarga g'amxo'rlik qilish uchun hukumatlar emas, balki cherkovlar va jamoalar g'amxo'rlik qilishi kerakligini ta'kidladi.[306]

Saylov to'g'risidagi qonun

Saylov byulletenlariga kirish

Avvalgi sifatida Ozodlik partiyasi Prezidentlikka nomzod Pol tarafdori bo'lgan byulletenlarga kirish qonun islohoti bo'lib o'tdi va saylov qonunchiligini isloh qilishning ko'plab masalalari to'g'risida gapirdi.

2003 yilda u H. R. 1941 ni, 2003 yilgi saylovchilarning erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonunni taqdim etdi, bu saylov uchun yagona saylov byulletenlariga kirish qonunlarini yaratishi mumkin edi mustaqil va uchinchi siyosiy partiya Kongress saylovlarida nomzodlar. U ushbu qonun loyihasini 2004 yilda Kongress oldidagi nutqida qo'llab-quvvatladi.[307] 2007 yilda u qonun loyihasining o'xshash versiyasini qayta kiritdi.

Ovoz berish huquqi to'g'risidagi qonun

2006 yilda Pol Kongressning boshqa 32 a'zosi bilan birga 1965 yil yangilanishiga qarshi chiqdi Ovoz berish huquqi to'g'risidagi qonun, dastlab ozchiliklar uchun ovoz berishda qatnashishdagi to'siqlarni olib tashlash uchun qabul qilingan.[308] Pol ovoz berish huquqi moddalariga qarshi emasligini, aksincha qonun loyihasi bilan mulk huquqiga qo'yilgan cheklovlarga e'tiroz bildirganligini ta'kidladi.[309] U qonun loyihasi bilan belgilangan federal aralashuvni qimmat va asossiz deb hisobladi, chunki ozchiliklar ovoz berish holati qonun loyihasi 40 yil oldin qabul qilinganidan ancha farq qiladi. Texaslik respublikachilarning aksariyat vakillari qonun loyihasiga qarshi ovoz berishdi, chunki ular ushbu qonun ba'zi Janubiy shtatlarni, shu jumladan Texasni, federal Adliya vazirligi nazorati uchun alohida ajratilgan deb hisoblashadi, bu esa saylov uchastkasining joylashgan joyini yoki boshqa kichik xatti-harakatlarning joylarini birinchi bo'lib o'zgartirishni qiyinlashtiradi. federal hukumatdan ruxsat olish.[310] Bundan tashqari, qonun loyihasida ikki tilli ovoz berish byulletenlari so'ralgan holda topshirilishi kerak edi, chunki Pol AQSh fuqaroligini olishning talablaridan biri ingliz tilida o'qish qobiliyati ekanligi va hozirgi paytda mavjud bo'lganligi sababli ko'pincha katta xarajatlarni talab qiladigan materiallarni tayyorlashga qarshi bo'lganligi sababli e'tiroz bildirdi. ba'zi hollarda hech qachon ishlatilmaydi.[311]

Fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi 1964 y

Pavlus qarshi chiqdi Fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi 1964 y bu erkinlikni konstitutsiyaga zid ravishda buzilganligi va kvotalarga olib kelganligi sababli uning fikriga ko'ra irqiy kelishmovchilik kuchaygan[iqtibos kerak ].[309]

Davlat vakolatxonasi

Pol Kongressda davlat vakolatxonasini tiklamoqchi edi. 2007 yil fevral oyida Nyu-Xempshirdagi nutqi paytida Pol uni bekor qilishga chaqirdi O'n ettinchi o'zgartirish,[312] AQSh senatorlarining shtat saylovini ommaviy saylovlar bilan almashtirdi. Buning o'rniga Pol shtat qonunchilik organlari a'zolari AQSh senatorlariga ovoz berishlari kerak edi Birinchi maqola, 3-bo'lim. Bevosita xalq vakolatxonasi AQSh Vakillar palatasida saqlanib qoladi. Pol federal davlat miqyosidagi davlat manfaatlari vakilligining ko'payishi shtat va federal hukumat o'rtasida hokimiyatni ko'proq bo'lishishini rag'batlantiradi deb hisoblaydi.[313]

Saylov kolleji

2004 yilda u bekor qilishga qaratilgan harakatlarga qarshi chiqdi saylovchilar kolleji "Demokratiya, bizga aytilganidek, har doim ham yaxshi. Ammo asoschilar aniq erkinliklarni ko'pchilikning injiqliklaridan himoya qilish, demokratiyaning haddan tashqari haddan oshishidan saqlanish uchun konstitutsiyaviy ravishda cheklangan respublikani yaratdilar. Saylov kolleji ham xuddi shu tarzda yaratilgan Himoyalanadigan konstitutsiya ko'pchilik zulm federal saylovlarda. Prezidentni umuman fuqarolar emas, balki shtatlar saylashi kerak edi, ularning ovozlari Kongressdagi vakolatiga ko'ra shtatlarga taqsimlangan. "[314]

Tashqi siyosat

Pavlusning qarashlari, odatda, qarashlariga tegishli aralashmaslik Qo'shma Shtatlar boshqa xalqlar bilan ittifoq tuzishidan qochishi kerak, ammo diplomatiyani saqlab qolishi va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri hududiy bilan bog'liq bo'lmagan barcha urushlardan qochish kerak degan fikrdir. o'zini himoya qilish.[iqtibos kerak ] Polning ta'kidlashicha, "Amerika boshqa xalqlarning ichki ishlariga harbiy, moliyaviy yoki yashirin aralashmasligi kerak", shu bilan birga "boshqa xalqlar bilan ochiq savdo, sayohat, aloqa va diplomatiya" ni himoya qilmoqda.[315] Ronald Reygan 1980-yillarning boshlarida Polning tashqi siyosiy qarashlarini qo'llab-quvvatlab, "Ron Pol - kuchli milliy mudofaa uchun kurashayotgan taniqli rahbarlardan biri. Sobiq sifatida Havo kuchlari zobit, u bizning qurolli kuchlarimiz ehtiyojlarini yaxshi biladi va ularni har doim birinchi o'ringa qo'yadi. Biz uni Vatanimiz uchun kurashishda davom etishimiz kerak. "[316] Daniel Ellsberg, ozod qilish bilan mashhur Pentagon hujjatlari, 2010 yilda Pol haqida shunday degan edi: "Tashqi siyosat to'g'risida, Konstitutsiya to'g'risida, Milliy xavfsizlik to'g'risida, aralashuv to'g'risida u juda yaxshi gapiradi".[317] Ogayo Demokratik Kongressmen Dennis Kucinich Pol va u "xalqaro siyosat to'g'risida juda katta kelishuvga erishganini" aytdi.[318]

Aralashmaslik

Polning tashqi siyosatdagi pozitsiyasi izchil aralashmaslik,[319][320] qarshi bosqinchilik urushlari va chalkash ittifoqlar boshqa xalqlar bilan.[321]

Pol AQSh harbiy bazalaridan qo'shinlarni uyga olib kirishni yoqlaydi Koreya, Yaponiya va Evropa, Boshqalar orasida.[80] Shuningdek, u AQShga ulkan, javobgar deb hisoblagan narsani jo'natishni to'xtatishni taklif qiladi tashqi yordam.[322] The Milliy jurnal Polning 2010 yildagi tashqi tashqi siyosatini Vakilning 60 foizidan va undan ko'prog'idan ko'ra ko'proq konservativ deb belgiladi liberal Uyning 40% dan ortig'i (2009 yilda, mos ravishda 53% va 47%).[9] 2008 yil uchun uning reytingi 57% ko'proq konservativ va 42% ko'proq liberal bo'lgan (2007 yilda 48% va 52%).[10]

2007 yil 11 oktyabrdagi intervyusida Washington Post, Pol aytdi: "Bu dunyoda bugun bizga hujum qiladigan hech kim yo'q ... biz bu mamlakatni bir nechta yaxshi suvosti kemalari bilan himoya qila olamiz. Agar kimdir bizga tegishga jur'at etsa, biz bir necha soat ichida biron bir mamlakatni yer yuzidan yo'q qila olamiz. Mana, biz shunchalik qo'rqib ketdikki va o'zimizga ishonchsizmiz va biz shunday bezorilar kabi harakat qilayapmizki, biz qurolsiz va qurolsiz uchinchi dunyo davlatlariga hujum qilishimiz kerak. "[323]

Afg'oniston

Pavlus ko'pchilik bilan asl nusxaga ovoz berdi Terroristlarga qarshi harbiy kuch ishlatish uchun ruxsatnoma Afg'onistonda.[324] bu javob bo'lganligini hisobga olib 11 sentyabr hujumlari. Ammo yillar davomida u dastlab qo'llab-quvvatlagan bo'lsa ham Afg'onistondagi urush Pol shuningdek, Afg'onistondan o'n yillik urush etarli deb hisoblaganligi sababli qo'shinlarni olib chiqishni yoqlaydi.

Pavlus yana shunday dedi:

Afg'onistonda g'alaba qozonadigan hech narsa yo'q. Bizning vazifamiz bizga hujum qilganlarni qo'lga olishdan, bizni o'z mamlakatiga bostirib kirganligi uchun tahdid qilgan yoki yoqtirmaydiganlarni ushlashdan, butun siyosiy tizimni va hattoki madaniyatni qayta tiklashdan iborat ... Bu befoyda, qimmat, qonli, cheksiz mashqdir. Hali ham hamma buni tan olishga tayyor emas. Ammo ular inkor etish bilan o'tkazgan har bir soniya hayotda va tirikchilikda katta xarajatlarga ega ... Ammo ko'pchiligimiz bir narsada kelisha olamiz. Bizning harbiy xarajatlarimiz umuman nazoratdan chiqib ketdi.

Iroq

Pol yagona edi 2008 yil Respublikachilar partiyasidan prezidentlikka nomzod kim qarshi ovoz bergan Iroq urushi qarori 2002 yilda,[325][326] va u AQShning Iroqda bo'lishiga qarshi chiqdi va hukumatdan Terrorizmga qarshi urush qisqartirish fuqarolik erkinliklari. U urushdan keyin adolatli urush e'lon qilinishiga ishonadi 2001 yil 11 sentyabr, hujumlar haqiqiy terrorchilarga qarshi qaratilgan bo'lishi kerak edi, Al-Qoida Hujumlarga aloqador bo'lmagan Iroqqa qarshi.[327] 2003 yilda Polning aytishicha, Amerika urushga intilayotganida, uni faqat fuqarolarni himoya qilish uchun izlash kerak, shunday bo'lishi kerak e'lon qilingan AQSh Kongressi tomonidan, va g'alaba oldindan rejalashtirilganidek tugallangandan so'ng yakunlanishi kerak, bu barcha resurslarni g'alabaga bag'ishlashga imkon beradi; u qo'shimcha qildi: "Amerika jamoatchiligi Iroqda aniq maqsadlar va chiqish strategiyasiga loyiqdir".[328] Biroq, Iroqqa bostirib kirish uchun dastlabki ruxsatnoma (Ommaviy huquq 2002 yil oxirida qabul qilingan 107-243) prezidentga Iroqqa qarshi harbiy kuch ishlatib, faqat quyidagi ikkita aniq maqsadga erishish uchun vakolat berdi: "(1) AQSh milliy xavfsizligini Iroq tomonidan davom etayotgan tahdiddan himoya qilish; va ( 2) tegishli bo'lganlarning barchasini ijro etish Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Xavfsizlik Kengashi Iroq bilan bog'liq qarorlar ".[329] Shunga ko'ra, Pavlus a qo'shish uchun qonunchilikni taqdim etdi quyosh botishi moddasi asl avtorizatsiyaga.[330]

2003 yilgi bosqinchilik paytida Pol o'zini "bezovta qilgan evangelistlar juda qo'llab-quvvatlovchi oldindan urush, bu [u] nasroniy sifatida o'rgatilgan hamma narsaga zid ko'rinadi ».[58] Polning urushga qarshi doimiy qarama-qarshiligi uni kengaytirdi konservativ va libertarist respublikachi qo'llab-quvvatlash bazasi[331] liberalni kiritish[332] Demokratlar.[240]

Isroil

Pol, agar Qo'shma Shtatlar g'amxo'rlik qilsa Isroil, AQSh ularga ko'proq mustaqil bo'lishga imkon berishi kerak. Uning ta'kidlashicha, "atrof Arab xalqlari Isroil olganidan etti baravar ko'proq yordam oling va yaqinda o'tkazilgan tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, agar siz arab millatiga beradigan har bir dollar uchun bu Isroilni 1,4 dollar sarflashga undaydi. "[333] Pavlus Isroilni o'z manfaatlarini xohlagan tarzda himoya qilishiga to'sqinlik qilmasdi.[333]

Bizning Isroilga xorijiy harbiy yordamimiz aslida AQSh harbiy sanoat kompleksining korporativ farovonligiga o'xshaydi, chunki Isroil ko'mak bilan faqat AQSh mahsulotlarini sotib olishga majbur. Biz Yaqin Sharqdagi boshqa mamlakatlarga qariyb ikki baravar ko'p yordam jo'natamiz, bu faqat militarizatsiya va urushga intilishni kuchaytiradi.[334]

Biz tashqi siyosatni qabul qildik, bu esa Isroilni militaristik davlatlar qurshovida qoldirib, Isroilning suverenitetiga putur etkazishi bilan tashqi va mudofaa siyosati Vashingtonda oldindan ma'qullanishini talab qildi. Bu Isroil uchun yomon bitim, chunki suveren davlatlar o'zlari eng munosib milliy mudofaa nima ekanligini o'zlari belgilab olishlari kerak. Tashqi siyosatda ham AQSh Isroilni AQSh ma'muriyati ma'qullamaydigan davlatlar bilan muloqotga kirishishining oldini olishga qaratilgan qadamlar.[334]

Pol Isroil paytida Kongressda bo'lgan Iroqning Osirak atom zavodini bombardimon qildi 1981 yilda va - farqli o'laroq Birlashgan Millatlar va Reygan ma'muriyati - buni amalga oshirish huquqini himoya qildi. U aytdi Saudiya Arabistoni Vashingtonga Isroilnikiga teng ta'sir qiladi. U umuman AQSh tomonidan tashqi yordamga qarshi chiqqani uchun Isroilni qo'llab-quvvatlashga qarshi ovoz beradi.[335]

Don Imusga bergan intervyusida Poldan uning nuqtai nazarini so'radi G'azo flotiliyasi reydi. U bunga javoban "... Menimcha, ochlikdan aziyat chekayotgan va muammolarga duch kelgan, deyarli kontsentratsion lagerlardagidek odamlarning oldini olish va ha, biz kemalarning u erga kirishiga yo'l qo'yib bo'lmaydigan barcha tushunchani ma'qullaymiz. insonparvarlik usuli ... "Imus ta'kidladi:" Ular gumanitar yordamga ruxsat berishmoqda ... ular Xamasning qo'liga qurol tushishidan xavotirda ... "Pol javob berdi:" Xullas, ular saylangan hukumatdir Biz Xamasni nazarda tutayapman; bizda minglab askarlarimiz saylovlarni xohlaymiz va biz demokratiyani istaymiz, deb aytishga jon kuydirmoqdalar, shuning uchun biz Falastinda bitta birini olamiz, ular XAMASni tanlaydilar, keyin siz kutilmaganda kimni noto'g'ri odamlarni tanladingiz? ... "[336]

Ayova shtatidagi ABC News munozarasida Poldan rozi bo'ladimi deb so'rashdi Nyut Gingrich Falastinliklar kashf qilingan xalq ekanliklarini tavsiflashdi. Pol javob berdi: "Yo'q, men bunga qo'shilmayman. Va bu shunchaki muammolarni qo'zg'atmoqda. Va men nodavlat tashqi siyosatga ishonaman. Men bu tortishuvlarning o'rtasiga tushib qolishimiz kerak deb o'ylamayman. Ammo borish uchun bizning yo'limizdan chiqib, falonchi haqiqiy xalq emas deb aytsangiz? Texnik va tarixiy jihatdan, ha - bilasizmi, ostida Usmonli imperiyasi, Falastinliklar davlati bo'lmagan, ammo Isroilda ham davlat bo'lmagan. "[337]

Eron

Pol "yaqinlashib kelayotgan xavfli harbiy qarama-qarshilikni rad etadi Eron va yo'lakning ikkala tomonidagi etakchilikda ko'pchilik tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi ".[338] Uning ta'kidlashicha, Eron hozirgi vaziyatni aks ettiradi Iroq urushi boshlangan,[339] va Kongressni Eron bilan urushga ruxsat bermaslikka chaqirdi.[340] AQSh Vakillar palatasida faqat Pol va Dennis Kucinich so'ragan Rothman-Kirk rezolyutsiyasiga qarshi ovoz berdi Birlashgan Millatlar Eron prezidentini ayblash Mahmud Ahmadinajod uning genotsid konvensiyasi va nizomini buzganligi bilan.[341] Pol Eronning keng qamrovli sanktsiyalari, javobgarligi va ajratilishi to'g'risidagi qonunga qarshi ovoz bergan 12 vakildan biri edi,[342] va "Sanktsiyalar - bu to'g'ridan-to'g'ri urush harakati", dedi.[343]

Sudan

Vakillar palatasidagi tegishli qonun loyihasidagi nutqida H. Con. Res. 467,[344] Pol "Ma'muriyatni Darfurdagi genotsidni to'xtatish uchun ko'p tomonlama va hatto bir tomonlama aralashuvni jiddiy ko'rib chiqishga chaqiradi". Pol taklif "AQSh milliy manfaatlari" yoki "[AQSh] harbiy kuchlarining konstitutsiyaviy funktsiyasi" bilan bog'liq emasligini ta'kidladi.[345] Qaror bir ovozdan qabul qilindi, Pol saylovda qatnashmagan 12 kishi orasida.[346]

Pol yagona "yo'q" ovoz bergan HR 180, 2007 yilda Darfurda hisobot berish va ajratish to'g'risidagi qonun (418-1-13-uylarda qabul qilingan, Senatda qo'mitadan tashqari xabar berilmagan), bu "Sudanda ish olib boradigan kompaniyalarni identifikatsiyalashni talab qiladi [va] Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hukumatining shartnomalarini taqiqlaydi bunday kompaniyalar bilan ".[347] Qonun loyihasi natijalari orasida Kolin Pauell Sudan hukumati va Janjavid u qo'llab-quvvatlagan militsiyalar genotsid uchun javobgardilar va ko'plab amerikaliklar Xartumdagi Sudan rejimiga nomutanosib ravishda foyda keltiradigan chet el kompaniyalariga bexosdan sarmoya yotqizishgan.[348] Pol Kuba va Iroqqa qarshi sanktsiyalarning o'tmishdagi samarasizligini Sudan hukumati bilan bog'liq bo'lgan korxonalardan ajratishga qarshi dalil sifatida keltirdi.[349]

Kuba

Pol bu bilan tugashni yoqlaydi AQShning Kubaga qarshi embargosi, bahslashib, "amerikaliklar o'zlarining kubalik qo'shnilari bilan sayohat qilish va savdo qilish erkinligini istaydilar, chunki ular Vetnam va Xitoy bilan erkin sayohat qilishlari va savdo qilishlari mumkin. Ular boshqaruv modeli qarshi bo'lgan mamlakat bilan o'zaro aloqada bo'lishni istamagan amerikaliklar. Gap shundaki, amerikaliklar erkin mamlakatda yashaydilar va erkin odamlar sifatida biz kimni sotib olishni yoki qaerga sayohat qilishni tanlashimiz kerak, bizning hukumatimiz ... Muvaffaqiyatsizlikni hisobga olgan holda hukumat bilan do'stlik o'rnatgan Kuba, hukumat yo'ldan chiqib, odamlarga yordam berish vaqti keldi. "[350]

Xalqaro tashkilotlar

Pol AQShning ishtirokini va amerikaliklarni ustun qo'yadi deb hisoblagan tashkilotlardan moliyalashtirishni qaytarishni yoqlaydi suverenitet kabi Birlashgan Millatlar, Xalqaro jinoiy sud, Dengiz shartnomasi qonuni, NATO, va Shimoliy Amerikaning xavfsizlik va farovonlik bo'yicha sherikligi.[320][351][352]

Jahon savdo tashkiloti

Pavlus ta'kidlaganidek JST erkin savdo uchun to'siq bo'lib, erkin savdo uchun iqtisodiy dalil axloqiy dalillardan ko'ra murakkab bo'lmasligi kerak.

Tariflar - bu chet el tovarlarini sotib olganlarni jazolaydigan soliqlar. Agar import qilinadigan tovarlarga soliqlar kam bo'lsa, iste'molchilar eng yaxshi narxda sotib olish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lishadi, shu bilan qo'shimcha tovarlarni sotib olish va hayot darajasini oshirish uchun pul tejashadi. Raqobat ichki sa'y-harakatlarni rag'batlantiradi va umid qilamanki, og'ir soliqlar va qoidalarni kamaytirishga turtki bo'ladi ... Jahon Savdo Tashkiloti orqali boshqariladigan jahon savdosi kontseptsiyasini qo'llab-quvvatlagan holda, tarafdorlar erkin savdo iqtisodiy bo'lishiga ishonganliklarini tan olishadi ijobiy, bu kompensatsiya yoki "bitim" ni talab qiladi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Pol HJR 90 ni Jahon Savdo Tashkilotiga a'zolikdan chiqish uchun taqdim etdi.[353]

Xalqaro savdo

Pavlus tarafdoridir erkin savdo va rad etadi protektsionizm, "boshqa xalqlar bilan ochiq savdo, sayohat, aloqa va diplomatiya olib borish" tarafdori.[354] U ko'plarga qarshi erkin savdo shartnomalari (FTA), shunga o'xshash Shimoliy Amerika erkin savdo shartnomasi (NAFTA),[355] "erkin savdo shartnomalari haqiqatan ham boshqariladigan savdo" ekanligini ta'kidlab[356] va fuqarolarga emas, balki maxsus manfaatlar va katta biznesga xizmat qiladi.[357]

U qarshi ovoz berdi Markaziy Amerika erkin savdo shartnomasi (CAFTA) hukumat hajmini oshirdi, deb hisoblab, AQSh suverenitetini pasaytirdi va konstitutsiyaga zid edi.[355] Shuningdek, u qarshi ovoz bergan Avstraliya - AQSh FTA, AQSh-Singapur FTA, va AQSh-Chili FTA, va .dan chiqish uchun ovoz berdi JST. Uning fikriga ko'ra, Kongress tomonidan mamlakat nomidan FTA ishlab chiqish va muzokara olib borish uchun Prezidentga berilgan "tezkor" vakolatlar konstitutsiyaga ziddir va ijro etuvchi hokimiyat emas, Kongress FTA qurish kerak.[357]

Polning so'zlariga ko'ra, Vakillar Palatasida erkin savdo foydasiga 57 foiz ovoz berish qayd etilgan Kato instituti.[358]

Chegaralar va immigratsiya

Pavlus buni "boondoggle "AQSh o'z chegaralarini g'ovakli va nazoratsiz qoldirib, boshqa mamlakatlarning chegaralarini (masalan, Iroq - Suriya chegarasi) politsiya qilish uchun ko'p pul sarflashi uchun;[339] Uning ta'kidlashicha, AQSh-Meksika chegarasini istalgan odam, shu jumladan potentsial terrorchilar kesib o'tishi mumkin.[359] Davomida Sovuq urush, u Reygannikini qo'llab-quvvatladi Strategik mudofaa tashabbusi,[360] haqidagi "strategik jinoyat" doktrinasini almashtirishga mo'ljallangan o'zaro ishonchli halokat strategik mudofaa bilan.

Pol qonuniylikni ma'qullaydi immigratsiya Qo'shma Shtatlarga - bugungi kunda yiliga taxminan 1 million kishi -[361] va noqonuniy immigratsiyaga qarshi.[362][363]

Pavlus ishonadi noqonuniy chet elliklar pul olish farovonlik Ijtimoiy ta'minot va bunday imtiyozlarga chek qo'yiladi, chunki nazoratsiz immigratsiya AQShni noqonuniy musofirlar uchun magnitga aylantiradi, ijtimoiy to'lovlarni ko'paytiradi va allaqachon muvozanatsiz federal byudjet zo'riqishini kuchaytiradi.[364]

Pol noqonuniy muhojirlarga qonun bo'yicha "adolatsiz ustunlik" berilmasligi kerak deb hisoblaydi.[365] U "izchil immigratsiya siyosati" ni qo'llab-quvvatladi va noqonuniy chet elliklarga nisbatan amnistiya to'g'risida qat'iyan gapirgan, chunki u qonun ustuvorligini buzadi, qonun buzuvchilarga afv etadi,[366] va ko'proq noqonuniy immigratsiyani subsidiyalashtiradi.[367] Pol ovoz berdi 2006 yildagi xavfsiz panjara to'g'risidagi qonun, Qo'shma Shtatlar va Meksika o'rtasida 700 milya (1100 kilometr) ikki qavatli qilichbozlik berishga ruxsat berish, asosan, qonun ijrosini istaganligi va amnistiyaga qarshi bo'lganligi sababli emas, balki chegara devorini qurishni qo'llab-quvvatlaganligi uchun.[368]

Pavlus bunga ishonadi noqonuniy chet elliklar uchun majburiy kasalxonada shoshilinch davolash to'xtatilishi kerak va buning o'rniga xayriya tashkilotlaridan yordam so'rash kerak, chunki noqonuniy chet elliklarga tibbiy yordam ko'rsatish bo'yicha federal vakolatlar bo'lmasligi kerak.[368]

Pol, shuningdek, AQShda noqonuniy musofirlardan tug'ilgan bolalarga avtomatik ravishda berilmaslik kerak deb hisoblaydi tug'ilganlik fuqaroligi.[369] U qayta ko'rib chiqish uchun yangi Konstitutsiyaviy tuzatish kiritishga chaqirdi O'n to'rtinchi o'zgartirish printsiplari va "tug'ilish huquqi avtomatik ravishda fuqaroligini bekor qilish"[370] va farovonlik masalalari bevosita noqonuniy immigratsiya muammosi bilan bog'liq deb hisoblaydi.[371]

Terrorizm

Marke va qasos xatlari

Qo'ng'iroq qilish 2001 yil 11 sentyabr, hujumlar Pol "2001 yildagi Mark va repressiya to'g'risida" qonunni taqdim etdi. Marke va qasos xatlari tomonidan tasdiqlangan Konstitutsiyaning I moddasi, 8-qismi, xorijiy davlatga qarshi urush ochish o'rniga aniq terrorchilikda gumon qilinganlarni nishonga olgan bo'lar edi.[327] Pol ushbu qonunchilikni 2007 yildagi Mark va repressiya qonuni sifatida qayta kiritdi.[372] U asl nusxaga ko'pchilik bilan ovoz berdi Terroristlarga qarshi harbiy kuch ishlatish uchun ruxsatnoma Afg'onistonda.[324] 2009 yil aprel oyida quyidagilar Maersk Alabama shtatida olib qochish, u muammoga qarshi kurashish uchun marque xatlar berishni taklif qildi Somalida qaroqchilik.[373]

Aeroport xavfsizligi

Keyingi 11 sentyabr hujumlari, Pol "qarshi chiqdi federalizatsiya aeroport xavfsizligini ta'minlash DHS va ortdi politsiya shtati chora-tadbirlar ko'rilgan, ammo "uchuvchilar qarshi kurasha oladigan paytda terrorchilarga samolyot qo'mondonligi qilish juda qiyin" degan asosda aviakompaniya uchuvchilariga kokpitlarda o'qotar qurol olib yurishni boshlashga imkon beradigan qonunlar ishlab chiqilgan.[374]

Tergov

Pol hujumlar yuzasidan tergovni qayta boshlashni va nima uchun ekanligini aniqlashni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi Federal tergov byurosi 70 ta ichki dala maslahatiga amal qilmadi: "Bizda bitta Federal qidiruv byurosi agenti bo'lgan, menimcha, samolyotlarni uchirmoqchi bo'lganlar, lekin ularni qo'ymaganlar bor va hech kim bunga e'tibor bermaydi", deb o'z rahbarlariga o'nlab va o'nlab eslatmalarni yuborgan.[375] Shuningdek, u nima uchun har xil razvedka idoralari yiliga 40 milliard dollar sarflab, hujumlarning oldini olish uchun ma'lumotlarda hamkorlik qila olmaganligini tekshirishni yoqlaydi.[375][376] U qo'ng'iroq qildi 11 sentyabr komissiyasi hisoboti "chet elda ko'proq pul sarflash yoki o'z mamlakatingizda erkinlikni cheklash terrorchilarni to'xtatish uchun hech qanday yordam bermaydi, ammo aynan shu narsa 9-11 komissiyasi tomonidan tavsiya etilgan".[377]

11 sentyabr fitnasi nazariyasini rad etish

Pavlus bunga ishonmaydi Jahon savdo markazi va Pentagon hujumlar a hukumat fitnasi va a ekanligini aniq rad etdi 9/11 "truther", bu masala fitna emas, balki byurokratiyaning muvaffaqiyatsizligi ekanligini ta'kidlab.[375][376] U ishonadi 11 sentyabr komissiyasi hisoboti Asosiy maqsad "hukumatni himoya qilish va ularning tajribasizligini himoya qilish edi ... emas, balki buni qilish uchun ular buni urushni yoyish uchun bahona qilishlari mumkin edi ... Urushni tarqatishni istaganlarning ba'zilari uni shunday ishlatar edilar imkoniyat. Ammo, bu ataylab qilingan narsa emas edi. "[375][378] Uning fikricha, hukumat bunday hujumni uyushtirgan bo'lar edi.[379] Pol kimdir "uydirma" yaratishi mumkinligidan xavotirda ekanligini aytdi Tonkin ko'rfazi "Eronga bostirib kirishni oqlash yoki demokratik jarayonni to'xtatib qo'yish uchun" "voqea turi", "bu bilan men noto'g'ri ekanligimga umid qilaman."[340]

Usama bin Ladenni o'ldirish bo'yicha operatsiya

2011 yil may oyida Pol buyurmaganligini aytdi o'ldirgan reyd Usama bin Laden, operatsiyani "mutlaqo kerak emas" deb atash.[380] Buning o'rniga u boshqacha yo'l tutgan bo'lar edi, chunki Amerika o'tmishda hibsga olgan Pokiston hukumati bilan ishlashi kerak edi Xolid Shayx Muhammad va keyinchalik sudda sud qilingan boshqa terrorchilar. Pol, shuningdek, Pokistonning suverenitetini buzadigan boshqa alternativalar hayotga tatbiq etilishini ta'kidladi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Anvar al-Avlakiyni o'ldirish bo'yicha operatsiya

2011 yil 30 sentyabrda Pol: "Agar amerikaliklar buni ko'r-ko'rona va beparvolik bilan qabul qilsalar - Amerika prezidentining o'zi yomon deb hisoblagan odamlarga suiqasd qilishining misoli bor. Menimcha, bu achinarli".[381]

Qonunchilik

Paul has sponsored many bills in the United States House of Representatives, such as those that would abolish the daromad solig'i[382] yoki Federal zaxira. Except where indicated, all named bills below were originally authored and sponsored by Paul.

The following table contains links to the Kongress yozuvlari tomonidan joylashtirilgan Kongress kutubxonasi. All the specifics and actions done for each individual bill Paul has either sponsored or cosponsored can be reviewed further there. "Original bills" and "Original amendments" indicate instances where Paul had pledged to endorse the legislation at the time the bill was initially introduced rather than at some other phase of the legislative process of the bill.

Rep. Ron Paul – U.S. House of Representatives – [R-TX-14]
Yillar qoplandiAll bills sponsoredAll amendments sponsoredAll bills cosponsoredAll amendments cosponsoredOriginal bills cosponsoredOriginal amendments cosponsoredBill support withdrawnAmendment support withdrawn
1997–98327223076000
1999–20005183160119000
2001–026443230104010
2003–046883540150000
2005–067183930141000
2007–087004430160000
2009–106403880149010
2011–124802560116000

Eslatma: The numbers for the current session of Congress may no longer represent the actual numbers as they are still actively in session.

Tashqi siyosat: aralashmaslik

  • Kosovo, 1999–2000: Prohibits the Department of Defense from using troops in Kosovo unless specifically authorized by law.[3]
  • Iroq qarori urush e'lon qilish. Motion in re H.J.Res. 114, 2002-10-02. In order to prevent Congress from yielding its Constitutional authority to declare war to the executive branch, which does not Constitutionally hold that power, gives Congress the opportunity to declare war on Iraq, rather than merely "authorizing" the president to deploy forces without a declaration of war.[383] Paul said that he would not vote for his own motion, but that if his fellow members of Congress wished to go to war in Iraq, they should follow the Constitution and declare war.
  • Iran and Syria: H.Kon Res. 43, 2007-01-23. Expressing the sense of Congress that the President should implement Recommendation 9 of the Iraq Study Group Report. Urges the President to implement Recommendation 9 of the Iraq Study Group Report, recommending direct diplomatic engagement with Eron va Suriya toward constructive results.
  • Sunset of Public Law 107-243 Act of 2007. H.R. 2605, 2007-06-07. Establishes a sunset clause uchun Iroqqa qarshi harbiy kuch ishlatish uchun ruxsatnoma Resolution of 2002. As one of six Republicans to vote against the Iroq qarori (which authorized military force for stated purposes without declaring war), Paul also inspired the founding of a group called the National Peace Lobby Project to promote a resolution he and Oregon representative Piter DeFazio sponsored to repeal the war authorization in February 2003. His speech, 35 "Questions That Won't Be Asked About Iraq",[384] was translated and published in German, French, Russian, Italian, and Swiss periodicals before the Iroq urushi boshlangan.[385]
  • Constitutional War Powers Amendments of 2007. H.J.Res. 53, 2007-09-25 (cosponsor). Replaces the 1973 Urush kuchlari Resolution with law ensuring the "collective judgment of both the Congress and the President" in use of war powers.

Tashqi siyosat: xalqaro tashkilotlar

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotidan chiqishi

The American Sovereignty Restoration Act of 2009 (ASRA) is AQSh Vakillar palatasi qonun loyihasi 1146 (H.R. 1146 ) of the first session of the 111-kongress, "to end membership of the United States in the United Nations" (U.N.). The bill was first introduced on March 20, 1997, as H.R. 1146, to the first session of the 105-kongress (the American Sovereignty Restoration Act of 1997); it was a legislative effort to remove the U.S. from the UN.[386] Paul reintroduced the bill on February 24, 2009[387]

The bill was authored by Ron Paul to effect U.S. withdrawal from the United Nations. It would repeal various laws pertaining to the U.N., terminate authorization for funds to be spent on the U.N., terminate U.N. presence on U.S. property, and withdraw diplomatik immunitet for U.N. employees.[388] It would provide up to two years for the U.S. to withdraw.[389] The Yel huquqi jurnali cited the Act as proof that "the United States’s complaints against the United Nations have intensified."[390]

Uchun maktubda Ko'pchilik rahbari Tom DeLay of April 16, 2003, and in a speech to Congress on April 29, Paul requested the repeatedly-bottlenecked issue be voted on, because "Americans deserve to know how their representatives stand on the critical issue of American sovereignty."[391]

It had 54 supporters in the House in its first year.[386] Unga havola qilingan Uy qo'mitasi kuni Tashqi ishlar and was never released for a vote.

Milliy sharh cited the ASRA as an example of grassroots effort "to educate the American people about the efforts of foreign tyrants to disarm them".[392]

On its front page, the Viktoriya, Texas, Advokat, a newspaper in Paul's district, expressed pride for the Act in the face of what it called several undeclared "United Nations wars".[393]

Genri Qo'zi considers it "the only way to be sure that the U.S. will win the showdown at the U.N. Corral", considering that without withdrawal, U.N. claims of diplomatic immunity and Congressional subpoena power threaten each other, as in the oil-for-food scandal.[389]

Critics say it "undoubtedly paints a bull's-eye across the entire country".[394] Tim Virt, prezidenti Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Jamg'armasi, finds the bill contrary to United States interests: "This piece of legislation has been brought by Ron Paul every year over the last 20 [sic] years and it never goes anywhere."

A policy review of U.S.–Canada relations describes the Act as reflecting "extreme views", but indicative of a majority pro-sovereignty view in Congress, expressed in tighter border and immigration policy, unilateralism in foreign policy, and increased national security focus.[395]

Similar U.S. legislation includes Ron Paul's proposal to end U.S. contributions to the United Nations and affiliated agencies, which had Republican support but failed as an appropriations amendment by a vote of 74;[396] va Roscoe Bartlett 's proposal to cut a $100 million payment to the U.N., based on Bosh buxgalteriya idorasi claims that the U.S. has overpaid by $3.5 billion (the UN claimed that it was owed $1.3 billion).[397]

2002 yil Texas Respublikachilar partiyasi platform explicitly urged passage of the ASRA; withdrawal from the U.N. had been on the platform at least since 1998.[398]

Both houses of the Arizona qonun chiqaruvchi organi introduced legislation petitioning Congress to pass the ASRA (HCM 2009 in 2004, SCM 1002 in 2006);[399][400] in 2007 similar legislation passed the Arizona Senati (SCM 1002 in 2007), but with the focus changed from the ASRA to Virgil Gud 's Congressional resolution not to engage in a NAFTA Superhighway yoki a Shimoliy Amerika ittifoqi (H.Kon Res. 487, hozir H.Kon Res. 40 ).[401][402]

The Jon Birch Jamiyati recognizes the ASRA as a reflection of its efforts since 1962 toward U.S. withdrawal.[386] Ularning nashr etilishi Yangi Amerika ko'radi Nathan Tabor 's anti-U.N. kitob, The Beast on the East River, as a building block toward ASRA passage,[403] which it advocates because "the U.S. military is currently being used as the enforcement arm of the United Nations."[404]

2000 yilda, Tom DeWeese 's American Policy Center said it delivered to Congress more than 300,000 signatures from petitions in support of the Act.[405]

An organization calling itself the Liberty Committee also organized a nationwide petition drive asking Ko'pchilik rahbari Tom DeLay to schedule the bill for a vote.[406]

Tashqi siyosat: chegaralar va immigratsiya

  • Terror Immigration Elimination Act of 2007. H.R. 3217, 2007-07-27, originally H.R. 488, 2003-01-29. Limits the issuance of student and diversity immigrant visas ga nisbatan Saudiya Arabistoni, countries that support terrorism, and countries not cooperating fully with United States antiterrorism efforts.
  • Birthright citizenship: H.J.Res. 46, 2007-06-13, originally H.J.Res. 46, 2005-04-28. Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to deny United States citizenship to individuals born in the United States to parents who are neither United States citizens nor persons who owe permanent allegiance to the United States. Clarifies the Fourteenth Amendment in accord with Paul's opposition to tug'ilganlik fuqaroligi.
  • Trans-Texas Corridor: H.R. 5191, 2008-01-29. To prohibit the use of Federal funds to carry out the highway project known as the "Trans-Texas yo'lagi ".

Tashqi siyosat: terrorizm

  • Police Security Protection Act. H.R. 3304, 2007-08-01, originally H.R. 1410, 1997-04-23 (Law Officer's Armor Vest Tax Credit Act of 1997). Creates tax credit for law enforcement officers who purchase armor vests.
  • Anti-Terrorism Act of 2007. H.R. 3305, 2007-08-01, originally H.R. 2896, 2001-09-14. Proposed immediately after the 2001 yil 11 sentyabr, hujumlar, permits pilots and navigators of aircraft, and law enforcement personnel detailed to aircraft, to carry firearms.
  • Marque and Reprisal Act of 2007. HR 3216, 2007-07-27. To authorize the President to issue marke va qasos xatlari with respect to certain acts of air piracy upon the United States on September 11, 2001, and other similar acts of war planned for the future.

Iqtisodiyot: soliqlar

  • Tax Free Tips Act of 2009. H.R. 779, 2009-01-28, originally H.R. 4408, 1998-08-05. Provides that maslahatlar shall not be subject to income or employment taxes.
  • Public Safety Tax Cut Act. H.R. 3303, 2007-08-01, originally H.R. 3124, 1999-10-21. Creates tax credit for police officers and professional firefighters, and makes jamoat xavfsizligi volunteer benefits nontaxable.
  • Cost of Government Awareness Act of 2007. H.R. 3601, 2007-09-19, originally H.R. 4855, 2000-07-13. Eliminates employer daromat solig'i and replaces it with monthly installment payment of income tax by employees, finding that withholding taxes are inherently deceptive and unfair and that they "hide the true cost of government from taxpayers, making tax increases more feasible".
  • Taxpayers' Freedom of Conscience Act of 2009. HR 1233, 2009-02-26, originally H.R. 1548, 2003-04-01. To prohibit any Federal official from expending any Federal funds for any population control or population planning program or any family planning activity.
  • Property tax: H.R. 4293, 2007-12-05, originally H.R. 5860, 2006-07-20. Creates income tax deduction for real mol-mulk solig'i.
  • Abolition of income tax: H.J.Res. 23, 2007-02-07. Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relative to abolishing personal income, estate, and gift taxes and prohibiting the United States Government from engaging in business in competition with its citizens. Repeals the Sixteenth Amendment, daromad solig'i, estate tax, and gift tax, and limits the government only to Constitutionally authorized enterprises. Paul had proposed similar legislation in 1999-2000 and in 2001.[3]
  • Lutetium oxide: H.R. 962, 2009-02-10, originally H.R. 3731, 2007-10-02. To suspend temporarily the duty on lutetium oxide, an ingredient in laser crystals.
  • Tax Relief for Transportation Workers Act. H.R. 1097, 2009-02-13, originally H.R. 5991, 2008-05-07. To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to provide tax relief for obtaining transportation worker identification credentials.

Iqtisodiyot: inflyatsiya

  • Affordable Gas Price Act. H.R. 2415, 2007-05-21, originally H.R. 4004, 2005-10-06. Kamaytirish uchun price of gasoline by allowing for offshore drilling, eliminating Federal obstacles to constructing refineries and providing incentives for investment in refineries, suspending Federal fuel taxes when gasoline prices reach a benchmark amount, and promoting free trade.
  • Make No Cents Until It Makes Sense Act. H.R. 4127, 2007-11-08. To amend title 31, United States Code, to prohibit the further minting of 1-cent coins until the Secretary of the Treasury and the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System certify in writing that there is not a surplus of 1-cent coins already available for use in transactions, and for other purposes. The AQSh zarbxonasi currently spends $.014, which is more than the face value, for each copper-clad rux AQSh senti u ishlab chiqaradi.[407] Paul joked, "We can't even afford a zinc standard anymore."[408]

Iqtisodiyot: ishonchli pul / federal zaxira

Significant advocacy for the Transparency Act has ensued. In mitingda Bloomington, Indiana, outside the office of Baron tepaligi (D. -IN ), a Ozodlik uchun yosh amerikaliklar petition encouraging Hill to vote in favor of the bill circulated among a crowd of 200; Hill did not comment to YAL, according to member Meredith Milton.[418] Targ'ibot guruhi Ozodlik uchun kampaniya (CFL) encourages members to petition representatives to cosponsor the Transparency Act,[419] sponsoring hundreds of pro-bill rallies in cities like Boone, Shimoliy Karolina;[420] Peoriya, Illinoys;[421] Filadelfiya, Pensilvaniya;[422] and (CFL regional conference) Sent-Luis, Missuri.[423]

Glenn Bek ning Fox News mentioned the Transparency Act while discussing ways for the average person to remind Congress, "Hey, you work for me".[424] During Beck's April 15 show from his rally at Alamo yilda San-Antonio, Pat Grey interviewed a local supporter of the Transparency Act, drawing cheers from the crowd.[425] A blogger on The Yalang'och ahmoq website called the bill "the first attempt at a true audit of the Federal Reserve since its inception in 1913" and affirmed Paul's Congressionally published column describing his legislation.[426][427]

  • Federal Reserve Sunshine Act of 2009. H.R. 1348, 2009-03-05. Requires the Federal Reserve to publish information on financial assistance provided to various entities during the bailout of 2008; creates a website listing all banks that have borrowed from the Fed since March 24, 2008, and the amount, terms, and "specific rationale" of the loans. AQSh Senati homiy Berni Sanders (Men -VT ) commented, "I have a hard time understanding how you have put $2.2 trillion at risk without making those names available." Fed chair Ben Bernanke had told Sanders that publishing the names would make the banks feel stigmatized and potentially reluctant to borrow further.[412]

Iqtisodiyot: ijtimoiy ta'minot

  • Social Security earnings limit repeal (cosponsor): Repealed the earnings limitation on Ijtimoiy Havfsizlik. Seniors now continue working after retirement without being penalized.
  • Social Security Beneficiary Tax Reduction Act. H.R. 161, 2009-01-06, originally H.R. 2723, 1997-10-23. Repeals the 1993 increase in taxes on Social Security benefits.
  • Social Security Preservation Act of 2009. H.R. 219, 2009-01-06, originally H.R. 219, 1999-01-06, cosponsored since H.R. 857, 1997-02-27. Invests the Social Security surplus "trust funds" in marketable interest-bearing obligations and depozit sertifikatlari, essentially insuring the integrity of the surplus.[3]
  • Senior Citizens Tax Elimination Act. H.R. 162, 2009-01-06, originally H.R. 4790, 2002-05-22, cosponsored since HR 761, 1999-02-12. Makes Social Security and Temir yo'l pensiya kengashi payments nontaxable.
  • Social Security for Americans Only Act of 2009. H.R. 160, 2009-01-06, originally H.R. 489, 2003-01-29. Limits Social Security benefits to U.S. citizens and nationals.

Konstitutsiyaviy huquqlar: din erkinligi

  • Religious Freedom Amendment. H.J.Res. 78, 1997-05-08 (cosponsor). Clarifies the "right to acknowledge God according to the dictates of conscience" to include the right of prayer in public schools and other public property, and to prohibit state dinni o'rnatish or requirements to participate in prayer.
  • Hostettler amendment (Ten Commandments display): H.Amdt. 278, 2005-06-15 (voted in favor), amending H.R. 2862, 2005-06-10. Defunds the southern Indiana AQSh okrug sudi hukm Russelburg v. Gibson County, which had directed the removal of a O'n amr display on the county courthouse lawn.[428] The district judge later reversed himself, holding that the Indiana display met the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Oliy sudi 's test described in Van Orden va Perri, handed down two weeks after the Hostettler amendment.[429]
  • Qarang Biz odamlar harakat qilamiz.

Konstitutsiyaviy huquqlar: birlashish erkinligi

  • National ID (amendment): Prohibited funding for milliy identifikatsiya raqamlari.[3]
  • Identity Theft Prevention Act of 2009. H.R. 220, 2009-01-06, originally H.R. 220, 1999-01-06 (Freedom and Privacy Restoration Act). Protects Ijtimoiy Havfsizlik raqami confidentiality, prohibits uniform national identifying numbers, and prohibits imposition of federal identification standards.
  • TV Consumer Freedom Act. H.R. 3602, 2007-09-19, originally H.R. 1078, 1999-03-11. Requires consent for signal retransmission, eliminates must-carry requirements, terminates Federal aloqa komissiyasi (FCC) mandates for television features and functions, and clarifies retransmission rights of satellite carriers.
  • Freedom to Bank Act. H.R. 1419, 2009-03-10, originally H.R. 6297, 2006-09-29. Ends laws and regulations which deny decision-making opportunities and communication control to bank account holders. States in its long title that such laws "treat the American people like children".

Konstitutsiyaviy huquqlar: qurol saqlash va olib yurish huquqi

Konstitutsiyaviy huquqlar: habeas corpus

Konstitutsiyaviy huquqlar: cheklangan boshqaruv

  • Term limits, 1970s: Paul was the first member of Congress to propose muddat cheklovlari legislation in the House,[430] one of several bills considered "ahead of their time" by Texas oylik jurnal.[3]
  • Market Process Restoration Act of 1999. H.R. 1789, 1999-05-13. Shikoyat Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining monopoliyaga qarshi qonuni (which limits kartellar va monopoliyalar ), with intent to restore market economy benefits.
  • To repeal the Military Selective Service Act. H.R. 424, 2007-01-11, originally H.R. 1597, 2001-04-26, cosponsored since H.R. 2421, 1997-09-05. Abolishes the Tanlangan xizmat System, prohibits reestablishment of qoralama, and forbids denial of rights due to failure to register.
  • Eminent domain: attempted to prevent the Uy-joy va shaharsozlik bo'limi from seizing a church in New York through taniqli domen.[3]
  • International Criminal Court (ICC): Barred ICC jurisdiction over the U.S. military (2002 amendment).[431]
  • Global tax: Barred American participation in any U.N. "global tax " (2005 amendment).[431]
  • Surveillance: Barred nazorat on peaceful First Amendment activities by citizens (2006 amendment).[431] Individual privacy may be an area of Paul's greatest influence, and he has long worked tirelessly against forms of what he considers to be federal snooping.[3]
  • Sunlight Rule. H.Res. 216, 2009-03-05, originally H.Res. 709, 2006-03-02. Amending the Rules of the House of Representatives to ensure that Members have a reasonable amount of time to read legislation that will be voted upon. Prohibits votes on legislation from occurring until ten days after its introduction, with the intent of giving lawmakers enough time to read bills before voting on them; allots 72 hours for House members and staff to examine the contents of amendments. Paul charged his fellow legislators with voting for the Vatanparvarlik to'g'risidagi qonun in 2001 without reading it first; more than 300 pages long, it was enacted into law less than 24 hours after being introduced.[432]
  • Congressional Responsibility and Accountability Act. H.R. 3302, 2007-08-01. Prohibits federal rules and regulations not enacted into law by Congress, if they result in job loss or exceed specified costs to individuals, corporations, or all persons in aggregate.
  • Amerika ozodligi kun tartibi Act of 2007. H.R. 3835, 2007-10-15. To restore the Constitution's checks and balances and protections against government abuses as envisioned by the Founding Fathers. Proposes to "bar the use of evidence obtained through torture; require that federal intelligence gathering is conducted in accordance with the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA); create a mechanism for challenging presidential signing statements; repeal the Military Commissions Act, which, among other things, denies habeas corpus to certain detainees; prohibit kidnapping, detentions, and torture abroad; protect journalists who publish information received from the executive branch; and ensure that secret evidence is not used to designate individuals or organizations with a presence in the U.S. as foreign terrorists."[433]
  • Shuningdek qarang limited government and income tax abolition amendment.

Federal kuch: "Biz odamlar" to'g'risidagi qonun

  • We the People Act. H.R. 539, 2009-01-14, originally H.R. 3893, 2004-03-04. Forbids all federal courts from hearing cases on abort, bir jinsli uyushmalar, sexual practices, and establishment of religion, unless such a case were a challenge to the Constitutionality of federal law. Makes federal court decisions on those subjects nonbinding as precedent in state courts,[434] and forbids federal courts from spending money to enforce their judgments.

Because it forbids federal courts from adjudicating "any claim involving the laws, regulations, or policies of any State or unit of local government relating to the free exercise or establishment of religion", dunyoviylar have criticized the bill as removing federal remedy for allegations of state violation of religious freedom.[435] As an example of potential for violation,[iqtibos kerak ] 1-modda ning Texas konstitutsiyasi provides the (currently unenforced) requirement that office-holders "acknowledge the existence of a Supreme Being". The Demokratik metro online community published the holding that the bill would give state sexual-orientation laws special immunity.[436]

Cosponsors include Roscoe Bartlett, Tom Tankredo, Sem Jonson, Walter Jones Jr., Jon A. Sallivan, John Duncan Jr. va Ted Po.

Federal kuch: abort

Federal kuch: ildiz hujayralarini tadqiq qilish

Federal hokimiyat: o'lim jazosi

Federal hokimiyat: ta'lim

  • Teacher certification (amendment): Prohibited funding of federal o'qituvchilarni sertifikatlash.[3]
  • Oilaviy ta'lim erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun 2009 yil H.R. 1951, 2009-04-02, originally H.R. 1816, 1997-06-05.[440] Provides tax credits to families towards spending on any type of children's education–related expenses, jamoat, xususiy, yoki homeschool.
  • Education Improvement Tax Cut Act. H.R. 1952, 2009-04-02, originally H.R. 936, 1999-03-02. Applies a $5,000 tax credit per child for donations to any school in support of scholarships or academic or extracurricular programs.[441]
  • Teacher Tax Cut Act 2009 yil H.R. 1949, 2009-04-02, originally H.R. 937, 1999-03-02. Provides all elementary and secondary school teachers with a $1,000 tax cut.
  • Hope Plus Scholarship Act of 2009. H.R. 1953, 2009-04-02, originally H.R. 2410, 2001-06-28. Includes qualified education expenses within the Hope Scholarship Credit.
  • Professional Educators Tax Relief Act of 2009. H.R. 1950, 2009-04-02, originally H.R. 2411, 2001-06-28. Gives all K – 12 school librarians, counselors, and other personnel the same $1,000 tax credit as the Teacher Tax Cut Act.[442]
  • Make College Affordable Act of 2009. H.R. 1954, 2009-04-02, originally H.R. 401, 2005-01-26, cosponsored since H.R. 1631, 1999-04-29. Creates full tax deduction for higher education expenses and interest on student loans.
  • Education Professional Development Tax Credit Act of 2007. H.R. 4078, 2007-11-05. To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to allow elementary and secondary school teachers a credit against income tax for kasbiy rivojlanish and training expenses.

Federal kuch: jinsiy orientatsiya to'g'risidagi qonunchilik

Federal kuch: atrof-muhit

  • A bill to repeal the Soil and Water Conservation Act of 1977. H.R. 7079, 1980-04-16.
  • Dredging: H.R. 7245, 1980-05-01. Amends the Federal suv ifloslanishini nazorat qilish to'g'risidagi qonun to remove federal jurisdiction from dumping in private (non-navigable) waters, and from state dumping permit programs; permits applicants, rather than the Armiya kotibi, to specify disposal sites when requesting permission to discharge dredged or fill material into interstate navigable waters.
  • Baliqchilik: H.R. 3735, 1998-04-28. To disapprove a rule requiring the use of tomosha qilish reduction devices in the shrimp fishery of the Gulf of Mexico. Annuls federal mandates that require private baliqchilik to reduce catches of non-targeted species at their own cost.
  • Environmental Protection Agency: H.J.Res. 104, 2000-07-13. Disapproves an EPA rule published on 2000-07-13, relating to proposed revisions to its pollutant discharge reduction program, federal antidgradatsiya policy, and water quality planning and management regulations.
  • Lake Texana dam: Transferred ownership of the Texana ko'li dam project from the federal government to Texas.[3]
  • San Jacinto disposal area: H.R. 4829, 2007-12-18. To authorize the Secretary of the Army to convey the surface estate of the San Jacinto Disposal Area to the city of Galveston, Texas.
  • To provide for the transfer of certain Federal Property to the Galveston Historical Foundation. H.R. 2121, 2009-04-27, originally H.R. 6440, 2008-07-08.
  • Energy Efficient and Environmentally Friendly Automobile Tax Credit Act of 2009. H.R. 1768, 2009-03-26, originally H.R. 6441, 2008-07-08.

Sog'liqni saqlash: sog'liqni saqlashni isloh qilish

  • Quality Health Care Coalition Act of 2009. H.R. 1493, 2009-03-12, originally H.R. 1247, 2003-03-12. Exempts Sog'liqni saqlash professionals from antitrust laws in their negotiations with health plans and health insurance issuers.
  • Comprehensive Health Care Reform Act of 2009. H.R. 1495, 2009-03-12, originally H.R. 1287, 2003-03-13. Strengthens health savings accounts and credit for health care costs, carries forward unused health benefits, and repeals threshold on medical expenses deduction.
  • Seniors' Health Care Freedom Act of 2009. H.R. 164, 2009-01-06, originally H.R. 580, 2005-02-02, cosponsored since H.R. 2867, 1999-09-14. Facilitates private contracts under Medicare.
  • Nursing Home Emergency Assistance Act. H.R. 1494, 2009-03-12, originally H.R. 4002, 2005-10-06.
  • Treat Physicians Fairly Act of 2009. H.R. 1497, 2009-03-12, originally H.R. 4872, 2006-03-02. Creates tax credit to medical care providers against income tax for uncompensated emergency medical care, and deduction to hospitals for such care.
  • Enhanced Options for Rural Health Care Act of 2007. H.R. 1899, 2007-04-17, originally H.R. 6154, 2006-09-21. Gives specific permission for rural health facilities designated as critical access hospitals to offer assisted living services without losing their designation.

Sog'liqni saqlash: soliqlarni kamaytirish

  • Prescription Drug Affordability Act. H.R. 163, 2009-01-06, originally H.R. 3636, 2000-02-10 (Pharmaceutical Freedom Act). Yaratadi retsept bo'yicha dori tax credit and facilitates import and Internet sale of such drugs.
  • Cancer and Terminal Illness Patient Health Care Act. H.R. 4684, 2007-12-13, originally H.R. 4265, 2000-04-13. Assists those suffering from saraton va boshqalar life-threatening illnesses by waiving the employee portion of Social Security taxes.
  • Child Health Care Affordability Act. H.R. 1496, 2009-03-12, originally H.R. 4799, 2000-06-29 (Family Health Tax Cut Act). Creates income tax credit for medical expenses for dependents.
  • Freedom From Unnecessary Litigation Act of 2009. H.R. 1498, 2009-03-12, originally H.R. 1249, 2003-03-12. Creates tax credit for the cost of insurance against negative outcomes from surgery, such as against malpractice of a physician.
  • Evacuees Tax Relief Act of 2008. H.R. 7055, 2008-09-24, originally H.R. 4066, 2005-10-17.
  • Phosphoric acid: H.R. 961, 2009-02-10, originally H.R. 3732, 2007-10-02. To suspend temporarily the duty on fosfor kislotasi, lanthanum salt, seriy terbium-doped, compounds which have medical uses.

Sog'liqni saqlash: muqobil sog'liq

Qishloq xo'jaligi

  • Ag and rural legislation: Cofounded Congressional Rural Caucus, a bipartisan group which promotes legislation to help the agriculture industry and rural communities.
  • Agriculture Education Freedom Act. H.R. 1955, 2009-04-02, originally H.R. 3626, 1998-04-01. Makes nontaxable the sale of animals raised and sold as part of an educational program.
  • Industrial Hemp Farming Act of 2009. H.R. 1866, 2009-04-02, originally H.R. 3037, 2005-06-22. Istisno qilingan sanoat kanop from the definition of marihuana for Controlled Substances Act purposes, thereby giving the states the power to regulate and permit farming of hemp. The measure would be a first since the national prohibition of industrial hemp farming in the United States. Paul joined prominent liberal Democrats in urging this proposal. He contends that it would help Shimoliy Dakota and other agriculture states, where farmers have requested the ability to farm hemp for years.[444] Iqtisodchi wrote that his support for hemp farming could appeal to farmers in Ayova.[445]
  • Seafood: H.Kon Res. 125, 2007-04-23 (cosponsor). Recognizing the health benefits of eating seafood as part of a balanced diet, and supporting the goals and ideals of National Seafood Month.
  • Unpasteurized milk: H.R. 778, 2009-01-28, originally H.R. 4077, 2007-11-05. To authorize the interstate traffic of pasterizatsiya qilinmagan sut and milk products that are packaged for direct human consumption between states permitting its sale.

Saylov byulletenlariga kirish

  • Voter Freedom Act of 2007. H.R. 3600, 2007-09-19, originally H.R. 2477, 1997-09-16. Establishes the right of byulletenlarga kirish for candidates with timely petitions containing 1,000 signatures.

Shuningdek qarang

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