Lockheed MC-130 - Lockheed MC-130

MC-130
MC-130H (4700803055) .jpg
MC-130H jangovar talon II
RolSTOL Maxsus operatsiyalar harbiy transport samolyotlari
Ishlab chiqaruvchiLockheed korporatsiyasi
Birinchi parvozMC-130J: 2011 yil aprel
KirishMC-130E: 1966 yil[1]
MC-130P: 1986 yil
MC-130H: 1991 yil
MC-130W: 2006 yil
MC-130J: 2012 yil
Holatfaol
Asosiy foydalanuvchiAmerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlari
Raqam qurilganMC-130E: 18[2]
MC-130H: 24[2]
MC-130P: 28[3]
MC-130W: 12[4]
MC-130J: 37
Birlik narxi
MC-130E 75 million dollar[5]
MC-130H 155 million dollar[5]
MC-130W 60 million dollar[6]
MC-130J 67,3 million dollar[7]
Dan ishlab chiqilganC-130 Gerkules
C-130J Super Gerkules

The Lockheed MC-130 tomonidan boshqariladigan maxsus missiya samolyotlari oilasi uchun asosiy belgi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlari maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi (AFSOC), qanoti Havo ta'limi va o'qitish qo'mondonligi va AFSOC tomonidan qo'lga kiritilgan qanot Havo kuchlarining zaxira qo'mondonligi. Asosida Lokid C-130 Gerkules transport, MC-130s missiyalari quyidagilardir infiltratsiya, eksfiltratsiya, va ta'minoti maxsus operatsiyalar kuchlar va havoga yonilg'i quyish (birinchi navbatda) maxsus operatsiyalar vertolyot va burilish-rotor samolyot.

Oilaga quyidagilar kiradi:

  • xizmatda:
    • MC-130H jangovar talon II
    • MC-130J Komando II
  • nafaqaga chiqqan:
    • MC-130E jangovar talon I
    • MC-130P jangovar soyasi
    • MC-130W jangovar / ajdaho nayzasi

XFC-130H deb nomlangan mumkin bo'lgan MC-130 varianti rivojlanish bosqichidan o'tmadi, ammo uning samolyotlaridan biri YMC-130H Combat Talon II uchun sinovdan o'tgan samolyot.

Variantlardan birinchisi, MC-130E, qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun ishlab chiqilgan yashirin maxsus operatsiyalar Vetnam urushi paytida topshiriqlar. O'n sakkiztasi C-130E transport vositalarini o'zgartirish orqali yaratilgan va to'rttasi eskirgan holda yo'qolgan,[iqtibos kerak ] ammo qolgan qismi dastlabki modifikatsiyadan keyin qirq yildan ko'proq vaqt davomida xizmat qildi. Yangilanish, MC-130H Combat Talon II, 1980-yillarda C-130H dan ishlab chiqarilgan va 1990-yillarda ishga tushirilgan. 24 ta H seriyasidagi samolyotlarning to'rttasi operatsiyalar davomida yo'qolgan.

Combat Shadows Vetnam urushi paytida qurilgan qidirish va qutqarish operatsiyalar va 1980-yillarda AFSOC havoga yonilg'i quyish tankeri sifatida qayta nomlangan; 2015 yilda nafaqaga chiqqan 24 kishining oxirgisi.

Combat Nayza 2006 yilda Combat Talon II ning arzon versiyasi sifatida ishlab chiqilgan, ammo qayta konfiguratsiya qilingan va AC-130W Stinger II 2012 yilda.

2011 yilda ish boshlagan MC-130J - bu boshqa maxsus operatsiyalar MC-130 o'rnini bosadigan yangi ishlab chiqarish variantidir.[8] 2016 yil may oyidan boshlab havo kuchlari rejalashtirilgan 37 -J modellaridan 33 tasini etkazib berishdi.[9]

MC-130E jangovar talon

MC-130E jangovar talon tarqatadigan mash'alalar
MC-130 burun

Rivojlanish

Combat Talon 1964 yil dekabrdan 1967 yil yanvargacha ishlab chiqilgan Lockheed havo xizmatlari (LAS) da Ontario, Kaliforniya, tomonidan olib borilgan tadqiqotlar natijasida Katta Safari, maxsus missiya samolyotlarini o'zgartiradigan va qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan USAF dasturining ofisi. Ikki yuqori darajadagi sinovdan o'tgan samolyot (dastlab seriya № 64-0506 va -0507, ammo barcha raqamlar bilan samolyotdan "sanitarizatsiya qilingan"), Project-ga tayinlangan Yupqa tilim uchun past darajadagi yashirin penetratsion samolyotni ishlab chiqish Maxsus kuchlar operatsiyalar Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo.[10] 1964 yilda Lockheedga oltitadan keyin C-130E samolyotlarini moslashtirish buyurilgan C-123B provayderlari Loyiha doirasida "noan'anaviy urush" uchun o'zgartirilgan Duck Hook yangi uchun etarli emasligini isbotladi MACV-SOG.[11] O'zgarishlar ostida Yupqa tilim va uning 1966 yil avgustdagi vorisi Og'ir zanjir kodlangan Perchin hovli,[12] va to'rtta C-130E samolyotlari "Yardlar" nomi bilan mashhur bo'ldi.[13] Tomonidan diskret modifikatsiya sinovlari o'tkazildi 1198-operatsion baholash va o'quv otryad, II maydondan tashqarida Norton AFB San-Bernardino, Kaliforniya, Ontario shahridan 30 milya sharqda.[14][15]

MC-130E jangovar talon I
Havo kuchlari zaxirasi "s 919-maxsus operatsiyalar qanoti uchish-qo'nish yo'lagiga taksilar RIAT 2010

Sifatida Yupqa tilim samolyotlar ishlab chiqarilmoqda, shunga o'xshash o'zgartirish uchun 1965 yilda SOG uchun 14 ta C-130E samolyoti sotib olingan. Dastlabki samolyotlar C-130E samolyotlari bo'lib, u erda Lockheed zavodida ishlab chiqarilgan maxsus uskunalarsiz ishlab chiqarilgan Marietta, Gruziya. Oyiga uchta ishlab chiqarish samolyotlariga Fulton STARS (keyinchalik ARS) tizimi berildi.[11] ARS uskunasini kutayotganda, C-130 samolyotlariga olib borildi Grinvill, Janubiy Karolina, tomonidan bo'yash uchun Ling-Temco-Vought elektrosistemalari ularning vazniga 168 kg (370 funt) qo'shgan past-radar aks ettiruvchi bo'yoq bilan. Qora-yashil baxmal sxemasi "Qora qushlar" laqabini tortdi.[16] O'rnatish tugagandan so'ng, Blackbirds elektron pochta paketini o'rnatish uchun Ontarioga qaytarildi, kod nomi bilan Perchin qisqichi. O'zgartirilgan samolyot "qisqichlar" deb nomlandi (dastlabki 14 dan ikkitasi, 64-0564 va -0565, yo'naltirildi Og'ir zanjir 1966 yil avgustda).[11] Birgalikda samolyotga belgilash belgilandi Talonga qarshi kurash 1967 yilda.[17]

The "Fulton" havodan qutqarish tizimi xodimlar va materiallarni havo orqali olish uchun ishlatilgan. Katta geliy shar ko'targan a neylon samolyotning buruniga bog'langan qaychi shaklidagi katta bo'yinturuq bilan bog'langan chiziqni havoga ko'taring. Bo'yinturuq chiziqni tortib oldi va sharni qo'yib yubordi, ilova qilingan yukni ochilgan parashyutdan kamroq zarba bilan erdan ag'darib tashladi. Osmon langari chiziqni mustahkamladi va simlar burundan ikkala etakchiga qadar cho'zilgan qanot uchi chekkalari o'tkazib yuborilgan urinishlarda pervanellarni chiziqdan himoya qildi. Ekipaj a'zolari kesilgan chiziqni orqaga qarab ilashtirib, uni biriktirdilar gidravlik g'ildirak, biriktirilgan odamni yoki yukni orqa yuk eshigi orqali samolyotga tortib olish.

1982 yil 26 aprelda vafot etganidan so'ng, soat Lahr, Germaniya,[18] Clamp samolyotidagi Fulton STARS tizimi qattiq texnik tekshiruvdan o'tkazildi va jonli pikaplar uchun tizimning ishlashi to'xtatildi. Tizimni yangilash uchun katta harakat, Loyiha 46,[19] 1986 yildan 1989 yilgacha ta'qib qilingan, ammo natijada STARS tizimidan jonli ekstraktsiyalar uchun foydalanish to'xtatilgan bo'lib qoldi. Barcha Combat Talons-ning Fulton STARS uskunalari 1998 yil davomida olib tashlangan.[20]

Perchin qisqichi o'rnatish 1966 yil mart oyida yakunlangan to'rtta STARS bilan jihozlangan C-130 samolyotlari bilan boshlandi, so'ngra 1966 yil iyul va 1967 yil yanvar oylarida yana sakkizta samolyot o'rnatildi.[11] The Perchin qisqichidastlab C-130E (I) sp deb belgilangan,[11] bilan jihozlangan elektron va infraqizil (IQ) qarshi choralar suite; va SPR2 keyinchalik AN / APQ-115 TF / TA multimodli radar. Dan moslashtirilgan ushbu radar Texas Instruments AN / APQ-99 radarida ishlatilgan RF-4C fantom foto razvedka samolyoti, xususiyati erlarni kuzatib borish / erlarni oldini olish (TF / TA) tunda va har qanday ob-havo sharoitida past balandlikda ishlashini ta'minlash va ma'lum dushman radaridan qochish uchun va radar rejimlarini xaritalash. zenit qurol kontsentratsiyasi.[21][22]

1970 yildan boshlab Texas Instruments va Lockheed Air Service mavjud bo'lgan AN / APQ-122 Ob-havoning noqulay havo etkazib berish tizimini (AWADS) erni er / erni oldini olish rejimlariga moslashtirish uchun harakat qildi, bu butun hayoti davomida azob chekkan APQ-115 o'rnini bosdi. o'rtacha muvaffaqiyatsizlik oralig'idagi o'rtacha ko'rsatkich (MTBF). 1970 yilda ular muvaffaqiyatga erishdilar va APQ-122 bilan Litton LN-15J Inertial navigatsiya tizimi (INS). MOD-70 nomi bilan tanilgan modifikatsiyalangan radar barcha 12 ta operatsion jangovar talon va to'rttasida o'rnatildi Og'ir zanjir 1971-73 yillarda sinov yotoqlari. Tizim shu qadar muvaffaqiyatli bo'lib, 1980-yillarning oxirigacha xizmat qildi.[23] MOD-70 tugagandan so'ng, jangovar talonlar uchta belgiga bo'lindi: "Klemp" samolyotlari uchun C-130E (CT), "Yank" (sobiq "Yard") talonlari uchun C-130E (CT) va "Almashish" uchun C-130E (S).[24] Combat Talon I belgilari 1977 yilda birlashtirilib, birlashtirildi MC-130 va shu vaqtdan beri ushbu belgi ostida qoldi.[25] Combat Talon bo'ldi Talon I bilan kurashish 1984 yilda Talon II texnik xususiyatlariga qarshi kurashish uchun 24 ta C-130Hs modifikatsiyasini olish huquqi bilan.[26]

"Yank" Talons o'tkazildi juda sir loyiha nomi ostida butun dunyo bo'ylab operatsiyalar Sam bilan jang, 1972 yil oxirigacha.[11] Dastlabki "qisqichlar" ning ikkitasi Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoda jangda yo'qolib, ularning o'rniga ikkita C-130E (64-0571 va -0572) lar joylashtirildi.[21] Ular 1972 yilgacha jangovar talonlar sifatida qolishdi Og'ir zanjir asta-sekin to'xtatildi va uning to'rtta "Yank" samolyoti[21] Combat Talon kuchiga qo'shildi. Ikkala asl nusxa Yupqa tilim samolyotlarga ikkita yo'q qilingan C-130 seriyalari berilgan, 62-1843 va 63-7785 navbati bilan, ularning tasniflangan kelib chiqishini yashirish uchun.[10] O'zgarishlar o'zgartirildi va "Swap" nomi bilan tanilgan bo'lsa-da, Combat Talon-dan kelajakda foydalanishlari mumkin edi. Ikkalasi ham oxir-oqibat yana jangovar talonga aylandi.

Yerdagi vertolyotlar uchun oldinga yo'naltirilgan yonilg'i quyish punkti (FARP) vazifasini bajarish imkoniyati 1980 yilda boshlangan Eagle Claw operatsiyasi (pastga qarang), garchi topshiriq bajarilishidan oldin faqat bitta tizim o'rnatilishi mumkin edi. Yoqilg'i quyish tizimi Talon ichidagi relslarga o'rnatiladigan 6800 L (1800 gal) palletlangan ikkita tankdan iborat bo'lib, ular C-130 ning bosimli yonilg'i quyish nasoslariga bog'langan va qo'shimcha uskunalarni talab qilmaydi.[27]

1986 yildan 1994 yilgacha bo'lgan katta modifikatsiya MOD-90, Talon I ning ishlash muddatini uzaytirish uchun uning qobiliyatini va xizmatga yaroqliligini modernizatsiya qildi. Barcha 14 ta jangovar talon yaxshilangan navigatsion radarlar bilan jihozlangan elektron urush suite va yangi tashqi qanotlarni taqdim etdi.[28] 1995 yilga kelib barcha jangovar talon vertolyot bilan jihozlangan -havoga yonilg'i quyish podalar.[5][29]

Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo operatsiyalari

Modifikatsiyalash uchun qabul qilingan samolyot Combat Talons sifatida 1965 yil iyul oyida tayinlangan 464-chi qo'shin tashuvchisi qanoti da Papa havo kuchlari bazasi, Shimoliy Karolina. Joylashtirish uchun kuchlar yig'ilishi natijasida rampa maydoni etishmasligi tufayli Janubiy Vetnam, ular vaqtincha joylashtirilgan Syuart aviabazasi, Tennessi. Qanot 779-TCS Loyiha doirasida o'zgartirilgan C-130E (I) samolyotlari uchun o'quv otryad sifatida tayinlangan Skyhook, odatdagi havo yo'li vazifasidan tashqari. Tanlangan ekipaj a'zolari o'z tizimlarida instruktorlik mashg'ulotlarini olib bordilar va 1 mayga qadar Rim papasiga qaytib, loyiha bo'yicha Vetnamga jo'nab ketish uchun oltita ekipajni tayyorlashni boshladilar Adashgan g'oz.[16]

15-maxsus operatsiya otryad

Men jangovar talonni birinchi marta operatsion harakatlarni ko'rdim Vetnam urushi, 1966 yil 1 sentyabrdan boshlangan. Oltitasi Adashgan g'oz ekipajlari joylashtirilgan Ching Chuan Kang aviabazasi, Tayvan va oldinga yo'naltirilgan Nha Trang aviabazasi, Janubiy Vetnam. Sifatida tanilgan tarqatish Urush nayzasi, boshqa jangovar talonlarni Evropaga operativ joylashtirishdan oldin (Jangovar o'q) va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari (Jangovar pichoq).

Urush nayzasi kabi ma'muriy jihatdan tayinlangan edi 1-otryad, 314-qo'shin tashuvchisi qanoti, ammo operatsion ravishda MACV-SOG tomonidan boshqarilgan.[30] 2009 yil 9-oktabr kuni 314-sonli qo'shin tashuvchisi qanoti 1-otryad uni qabul qildi Prezident bo'limi ma'lumotnomasi MACV-SOG faoliyatini qo'llab-quvvatlashi uchun. Havo kuchlari shtabi boshlig'i Umumiy Norton A. Shvarts Hurlburt-Filddagi marosimda ushbu mukofotni birlikka topshirdi va sobiqning olti yillik kampaniyasini yakunladi Adashgan g'oz a'zosi Richard H. Sell[31] birlik 2001 yil 4 aprelda MACV-SOG ga berilgan PUC tarkibiga kiritilmaganidan keyin tan olinishiga erishish.[32]

1968 yil 15 martda otryad 15-havo qo'mondonligi otryadini, keyin esa tayinlandi 15-maxsus operatsiya otryad 1968 yil 1 avgustda va 14-maxsus operatsiyalar qanoti. Vetnamda samolyot varaqalarni tashlab yuborish uchun ishlatilgan Shimoliy Vetnam pozitsiyalar, shuningdek, maxsus kuchlar va mahalliy birliklarni butun Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi dushmanlik hududiga kiritish va to'ldirish. Combat Talon ekipajlari past balandliklarda va tunda asossiz ravishda ishladilar.[33]

1970 yilga kelib o'n ikkita jangovar talon har birida to'rtta samolyotdan iborat uchta birlikda ishlay boshladi:[34]

15-SOS 90-SOS 1970 yil 23-oktyabrda qayta ishlab chiqilgan,[36] ga ko'chirilgan Cam Ranh Bay aviabazasi,[37] keyin ko'chib o'tdi Kadena aviabazasi, Okinava, 1972 yil aprel oyida AQShning Vetnamdagi kuchlari tushirilishi doirasida. U yana qayta ishlab chiqilib, 1972 yil 15 dekabrda 1-SOSga aylandi va "Klemp" dan "Yank" variantiga o'tishni boshladi.[38]

Kingpin

Amaliy topshiriq davomida vertolyotlarning aralash tuzilishi va Son Tay qutqarish operatsiyasi

Ikkita jangovar samolyot navigatsiya eskorti sifatida va havo paytida boshqarishda ishlatilgan Kingpin operatsiyasi, qutqarishga urinishning operatsion bosqichi harbiy asirlar dan O'g'il Tay 1970 yil 21-noyabrda Shimoliy Vetnamdagi qamoqxona lageri. 64-0523 Nha Trangdagi 15-SOS-dan tortib olingan[39] va Det-dan 64-0558. Papa AFBda 2, 1-SOW. Samolyot LAS Ontario-da FL-2B o'rnatilishi bilan o'zgartirildi FLIR dan qarz olgan to'plamlar Og'ir zanjir Aralashgan samolyot kuchlari talab qiladigan sekin tezlik tufayli vujudga kelgan relyefdagi qiyinchiliklarni qoplash loyihasi.[40]

24 asosiy va beshta zaxira ekipaj xodimlari, barchasi Adashgan g'oz/Urush nayzasi 7-SOSdan ajratilgan faxriylar (Jangovar o'q) va birinchi SOW (Jangovar pichoq), past darajadagi tungi missiyalar uchun vertolyot bilan belgilangan qanotlarni shakllantirish tartib-qoidalarini ishlab chiqdi va tanlangan maxsus kuchlarning ko'ngillilari bilan birgalikda o'qitildi Eglin havo kuchlari bazasi, Florida. 1970 yil avgust oxiri va 28 sentyabr oralig'ida Talon, vertolyot va A-1 Skyraider jangovar talon dasturi menejeri podpolkovnik Benjamin N. Kraljev boshchiligidagi ekipajlar janubiy yo'nalishdagi reyslarda parvoz profilini takrorladilar. Alabama, 1000 soatdan ko'proq vaqtni tashkil etgan 368 ta parvoz.[41] Maxsus kuchlar qutqaruv kuchlari bilan bir oylik intensiv mashg'ulotlar qamoqxona lagerining nusxasida o'tkazildi.

Noyabr oyining boshlarida tezkor guruh joylashtirildi Taxli Tailand Qirollik harbiy-havo bazasi, Tailand. 24 asosiy ekipaj a'zolari, 7-chi SOS ekipaji (Gilos 01) mayor Irl L. "Leon" Franklin va 1-SOW ekipaji ostida (Gilos 02) polkovnik Albert P. "Juma" Blosch qo'mondonligi bilan hech qanday xodim yo'qotmasdan muvaffaqiyatli bajarilgan missiyani amalga oshirdi. Ammo qamoqxonada hech qanday mahbus yo'qligi aniqlanganda operatsiya muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi.[42]

Vetnamdan keyingi o'zgarishlar

1974 yilda Combat Talon dasturi deyarli bekor qilindi, chunki havo kuchlari Vetnamdagi maxsus operatsiyalarga bo'lgan e'tiborini qaytarishga harakat qildilar. Birinchi maxsus operatsiyalar qanoti 834-taktik kompozit qanotini qayta ishlab chiqardi va uning 8-SOS jangovar talonlari TAC aktiv. Biroq dengizni kuzatishda birinchi SOS "Yank" talonlaridan foydalanish juda muhim Shimoliy Koreya 1975 yilda Combat Talon-ga qiziqish qayta tiklandi,[43] kabi Isroil Entebbe aeroportida garovga olinganlarni qutqarish. Xuddi shu yili AQSh dengiz piyoda kuchlarini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun 1-maxsus operatsiya qanotining jangovar taloni joylashtirildi Koh Tang davomida orol Mayaguez voqeasi, bittasini tashlab BLU-82 6.800 kg (15.000 lb) bomba, ularni qazib olish imkoniyatini beradi.[44] Biroq, 1978-79 yillardayoq, Havo Kuchlari Maxsus Amaliyot Kuchlari ko'plab xodimlarni rejalashtiruvchilar tomonidan e'tiborga olinmadi, ular buni kuch ishlatuvchi emas, balki resurslarni to'kish deb hisobladilar va Talonning butun kuchlarini dengizga o'tkazishni xohladilar. Air National Guard.[45] 1977 yil boshida Combat Talon qayta ishlab chiqilgan MC-130E Bosh shtab havo kuchlari tomonidan samolyotning uchta varianti uchun.[25]

1979 yil noyabrga qadar 14 ta MC-130E samolyotlari jangovar talon kuchlari uchta eskadronga bo'linib yuborildi, ularning dastlabki ikkitasi operativ ravishda joylashtirildi, uchinchisi Hurlburtda asosan kuchlarni tayyorlash otryadida:[46]

Burgut panjasi

1-maxsus operatsiya otryad

Keyingi AQSh elchixonasini musodara qilish yilda Tehron, Eron, 1979 yil 4-noyabrda garovga olingan 53 kishini qutqarish missiyasi uchun mashg'ulotlar 7-noyabrdan Kadena AB-da Talon ekipajlari tomonidan, 26-noyabrda Hurlburt ekipajlari tomonidan boshlandi.[47] O'sha paytda faqat etti jangovar talonda bor edi parvozda yonilg'i quyish Misrdan tashqariga o'rnatilishi kerak bo'lgan missiya uchun zarur bo'lgan qobiliyat Diego Garsiya (Masira oroli 1980 yil apreligacha baza sifatida mavjud bo'lmagan).[48] Hammasi operatsiyaga tayinlangan,[46] deb nomlangan murakkab ikki kecha rejasi Burgut panjasi. Talon ekipajlari foydalanmoqda tungi ko'rish ko'zoynagi kiritish uchun qoraytirilgan qo'nishni mashq qildi Delta Force operatorlar va AQSh armiyasining Rangers Eronga chuqur kirib, AQSh dengiz kuchlari uchun qo'shimcha yoqilg'i etkazib berishning bir qancha usullarini ishlab chiqdi RH-53D dengiz ayoli qutqarilgan garovdagilarni amalga oshirish uchun tanlangan vertolyotlar. 1979 yilning dekabridan 1980 yil martigacha to'rtta transkontinental, barcha komponentli, ikki kecha mashqlari o'tkazildi, shu jumladan 25-26 mart kunlari yakuniy rejaning har bir elementi ishtirok etgan to'liq ECh-130 mashg'ulotlari yoqilg'ida yonib uchish uchun tanlangan. vertolyotlar.[49]

Birinchi SOS-ning to'rtta taloni (shu jumladan zaxira) qirg'oq yaqinidagi Masira oroliga sahnaga chiqdi Ummon 1980 yil 19 aprelda Night One infiltratsiya bosqichiga rahbarlik qilish uchun, 8-chi SOS uchtasi esa safarbar qilindi Vadi Qena, Misr, 21 aprel kuni "Ikki tun" eksfiltratsiya bosqichini boshqaradi.[50] Misrda "normal" C-130 mavjudligini o'rnatish uchun 7-chi SOS Talons (ularning hech biri havo yoqilg'i quyish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lmagan) yordamida muntazam parvozlarni amalga oshirdi Harbiy havo kemalari qo'mondonligi 1980 yil 2 yanvardan 8 aprelgacha Wadi Kena-ga qo'ng'iroq belgilarini kiritish. Bundan tashqari, ular kerakli asbob-uskunalarni, shu jumladan o'q-dorilarni ehtiyotkorlik bilan oldindan joylashtirish uchun hiyla ishlatgan. AC-130 qurollari, tayanch bazasida.[51] Talon ekipajlari, shuningdek, qarz olgan uch kishini jalb qilishdi EC-130E ABCCC Vertolyotlarga yonilg'i quyish uchun oltita yig'iladigan siydik pufagida 68100 L (18000 AQSh gal) samolyot yoqilg'isini tashiydigan samolyotlar.[52] Masiraga qaytib kelgandan so'ng, 8-SOS Night One ekipajining uchtasi Night Two missiyasini bajarish uchun Vadi-Qenaga jo'natildi.[53]

Qutqaruv missiyasining birinchi bosqichi 24 aprel kuni kechqurun Talon 64-0565 shahridagi 8-SOS podpolkovnik Robert L. Brenci boshchiligida boshlandi, Ajdaho 1. 1-chi SOS talonlari Eron cho'lida operatsion yo'nalishni ("Desert One") muvaffaqiyatli ta'minladilar, ammo missiyaning vertolyot qismi halokat bilan yakunlandi. Missiya sakkiz kishining hayotiga, yettita vertolyotga va EC-130E samolyotiga yerosti halokatiga olib kelgan noqulay ish bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, MC-130 samolyotlari deyarli beg'ubor ishlashdi.[54] Loyiha nomi ostida ikkinchi qutqaruv tashabbusi uchun tashabbuslarni rejalashtirish Asal porsuqi, muvaffaqiyatsiz reyddan ikki hafta o'tgach boshlandi va noyabrgacha davom etdi. Talon jangida qatnashish Asal porsuqi asosan taktikani ishlab chiqishga to'g'ri keldi, ammo ECM yaxshilanishlari ham shu erda somon va alangalanish dağıtıcılar va yangi ALR-69 tahdid qabul qiluvchilar, uning mudofaa qarshi choralarini avvalgidan ancha yuqori darajada oshirdi Burgut panjasi.

Shoshilinch g'azab

8-maxsus operatsiya otryad

8-maxsus operatsiya otryadining beshta jangovar taloni qatnashdi "Shoshilinch g'azab" operatsiyasi, Qo'shma Shtatlar bosqini Grenada 1983 yil 25 va 31 oktyabr orasida.[55] Oylik rejalashtirish, o'qitish va razvedka bilan bog'liq bo'lgan oldingi operatsiyalardan farqli o'laroq, 8-chi SOS ogohlantirilgandan keyin 72 soatdan kam vaqt ichida tayyorlandi.[56] Uning topshirig'iga ko'ra, tunda 1-chi va 2-chi batalonlarning Rangerlarini qo'shib olish kerak edi Point Salines xalqaro aeroporti, ikkalasi ham himoya qildi Kuba va Grenadan qo'shinlari, operatsiya boshlanish paytlarida. Beshta Talon uchta elementga bo'lingan, ulardan ikkitasi past darajadagi jihozlangan maxsus operatsiyalar (SOLL) C-130 transport vositalarining etakchisi.[57]

Dengizdan 150 fut balandlikda va maqsadidan 20 mil (32 km) g'arbda joylashgan bulutlarda qo'rg'oshin Talon (64-0562) APQ-122 radarining to'liq ishdan chiqishiga duch keldi. Missiya tarkibini qayta tashkil etish operatsiyani 30 daqiqaga kechiktirdi, shu vaqt ichida AQSh dengiz piyodalari amfibiya qo'nishdi. Ajablanadigan narsaning etishmasligi uchun AQSh Davlat departamenti aftidan yaxshi niyat ammo noaniq diplomatik ishora bilan Kuba hukumati bilan bog'lanib, missiyani murosaga keltirdi va mudofaani, shu jumladan o'nlab odamlarni ogohlantirdi ZU-23-2 zenit qurollari. An AC-130 Spectre to'siqlar uchun asosiy uchish-qo'nish yo'lagini kuzatishga qaratilgan qurol-yarog ', uni qurilish uskunalari va to'siqlar bilan to'sib qo'yganligini xabar qildi. Kiruvchi jangovar talonlar bortidagi yuk ustalari ularni o'ttiz daqiqadan kamroq vaqt ichida parashyut tushishi uchun qayta tuzishdi.[58]

Talon 64-0568, uchib ketgan Fokstrot 35 8-chi SOS qo'mondoni podpolkovnik Jeyms L. Xobson tomonidan[59] qo'mondoni bilan Yigirma uchinchi havo kuchlari, Kichik general-mayor Uilyam J. Mall, kichik, yo'lovchi sifatida, jangovar tashlangan uchish-qo'nish yo'lagini aeroportdagi Ranger batalonlaridan tozalash guruhiga, qidiruv nuri va AAA kuchli olovi ostida bo'lishiga qaramay. Ikkita Spectre qurol-yarog 'AAA-ni bostirdi, shunda boshqa Combat Talons va SOLL C-130s Rangersning parashyut bilan tushishini yakunlashi mumkin edi, Talonlarga etkazilgan yagona zarar 64-0572 ga qadar o'q otish bilan uch marta urildi.[60] Uning harakati uchun Hobson mukofot bilan taqdirlandi MacKay Trophy 1984 yilda.[61]

Boshqa jangovar operatsiyalar

Faqatgina sabab

1-chi ekish

Talonlar qo'llab-quvvatlandi "Faqatgina sabab" operatsiyasi, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari bosqini Panama 1989 yil dekabrda va 1990 yil yanvarda.[5] Birinchi maxsus operatsiya qanotining uchta MC-130E'lari joylashtirilgan Hunter Army Air Field, Gruziya ogohlantirilgandan keyin 48 soat ichida, so'ngra Rangers of the airlanded 2-batalyon 75-qo'riqchi polki ichiga Rio Xato Harbiy aerodrom 1989 yil 18-dekabrda. Operatsiya parashyut hujumidan 35 daqiqadan so'ng, tunda ko'rish ko'zoynaklaridan foydalangan holda, qorong'ulik sharoitida o'tkazildi. MC-130 samolyotlaridan birida taksida yurish paytida dvigatel yerga to'sqinlik qilganligi sababli ishdan chiqqan, keyin kuchli dvigatelda uch dvigatelda NVG parvozini amalga oshirgan va uchuvchisi Hurmatli Flying Cross. Benson tankiga yonilg'i quyish tizimi bilan jihozlangan yagona MC-130E etakchi Talon aerodromda AQSh armiyasi uchun oldinga yo'naltirilgan yonilg'i quyish va orqaga qaytish punkti (FARRP) sifatida qoldi. OH-6 vertolyotlar.[62] Panama generali qachon Manuel Noriega 3-yanvar kuni taslim bo'lgan, u darhol uchib ketgan Homestead aviatsiya bazasi, Florida, Combat Talon tomonidan.[63]

Cho'l bo'roni

MC-130E jangovar talon I 711-chi SOS, 1996 yil - hozirgacha

1990 yil Quvaytga bostirib kirish tomonidan Iroq 1990 yil avgust oyida to'rtta jangovar talon va 8-chi SOSning oltita ekipajini joylashtirishga olib keldi Qirol Fahd xalqaro aeroporti yilda Saudiya Arabistoni ning tarkibiy qismi sifatida "Cho'l qalqoni" operatsiyasi.[64] Davomida "Cho'l bo'roni" operatsiyasi, ning jangovar bosqichi Ko'rfaz urushi 1991 yil yanvar va fevral oylarida Combat Talon barchaning uchdan bir qismini ijro etdi airdrops kampaniya davomida va psixologik operatsiyalarda qatnashgan, urushdan oldin va butun vaqt davomida 15 ta varaqlarni tashlab yuborgan.[5] Combat Talon ekipajlari ham beshta o'tkazdilar BLU-82 B "Daisy Cutter" missiyasi quruqlik kampaniyasi boshlanishidan ikki hafta oldin, 16000 fut (4900 m) va 21000 fut (6400 m) balandlikdan tunda Iroq pozitsiyalariga 11 ta bomba tashlab, bir marta bombardimon bilan kelishgan. jangovar kema USS Viskonsin.[65]

Ikki 7-chi SOS talonlari joylashtirilgan Incirlik aviabazasi, kurka, qismi sifatida Isbotlangan kuch operatsiyasi. Ular birinchisini qo'llab-quvvatladilar Birgalikda qidirish va qutqarish ekipajni tiklashga urinib, Iroq ustidan missiya Korvet 03, pastga tushgan F-15E Strike Eagle. Ammo Turkiya hukumatidan missiyani uchish uchun ruxsat 24 soatga kechiktirildi va ekipaj topilmadi.[66]

Havo kuchlarining zaxira qo'mondonligi

1995 yil 6-oktabrda Havo kuchlari MC-130E, AF Ser-ning uzatilishi bilan Combat Talon I kuchini almashtirishni boshladi. 64-0571 raqamli, ga Havo kuchlarining zaxira qo'mondonligi "s 919-maxsus operatsiyalar qanoti, 711-maxsus operatsiya otryad, asoslangan Dyuk Fild (Eglin AFB yordamchi maydon # 3), Florida. 919-chi samolyot ilgari uchib ketgan AC-130A spektri qurol-yarog '/ yaqin havo qo'llab-quvvatlash missiyasida va AC-130A samolyotining yoshi o'sib borishi ularning nafaqaga chiqishini talab qildi.

Keyingi yil davomida oltita MC-130E samolyoti 711-chi SOSga ekipaj mashg'ulotlari uchun bordi va otryad 1997 yil 1 martda ish boshladi.[67] 1999 yil 5 martda 8-maxsus operatsiya otryad ga faol bo'linadigan birinchi faol kuchlar otryadiga aylandi Havo zaxiralari komponenti tashkilot, 711-chi SOS bilan birgalikda, lekin o'z samolyotisiz, zaxira qismidagi samolyotlarni uchiradi.[68] Jangovar talonning o'ntasi asosiy samolyotlar (PAA), ikkitasi ekipaj mashg'ulotlariga va ikkitasi zaxira inventarizatsiya samolyotlari (BIA) zaxiralariga joylashtirildi.[2]

A Combat Talon I birinchi qo‘ngan samolyot bo‘ldi Yangi Orlean xalqaro aeroporti keyin Katrina bo'roni 2005 yil avgustda. 2006 yil 14 iyulda 8-chi SOS so'nggi jangovar talon I missiyasini amalga oshirdi va konvertatsiya qilishni boshladi CV-22 Osprey, MC-130E Combat Talon I. uchun 41 yillik faol xizmatini tugatib, Muntazam harbiy havo kuchlarida nafaqaga chiqqan bo'lsa-da, MC-130E samolyotda xizmatini davom ettirdi. Havo kuchlarining zaxira qo'mondonligi "s 919-maxsus operatsiyalar qanoti.[69]

Iste'fo

MC-130E Combat Talon I o'rniga MC-130H Combat Talon II va MC-130P Combat Shadow hamkasblariga qaraganda tezroq va samaraliroq topshiriqlarni bajarish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lgan MC-130J Commando II qo'shildi. Kapitalizatsiya sobiq qo'mondon general-leytenant Donald C. Vursterning ta'kidlagan ustuvor yo'nalishi edi Havo kuchlari maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi.[70] 2009 yilda faqat sakkizta MC-130E samolyoti faol bo'lgan,[5] 2013 yil 15 aprelda to'rtta MC-130E so'nggi missiyasini bajarishga kirishdi.[71] MC-130E Combat Talon I nihoyat 2013 yil 25 aprelda marosimlarda nafaqaga chiqqan Dyuk Fild.[72] Keyin samolyotlardan uchtasi uchib ketgan 309-aerokosmik texnik xizmat ko'rsatish va qayta tiklash guruhi da Devis-Montan AFB, Arizona, to'rtinchi samolyot esa, AF Ser. 64-0523-sonli raqam ("laqabli ota" laqabi bilan) uchib ketishdi Cannon AFB, Nyu-Meksiko, 2012 yil 22-iyun kuni ushbu bazaning aeroportida namoyish qilish uchun.[73] Pensiya sanasi Desert One-ning 33 yilligini nishonladi, bu Eronda garovga olingan amerikaliklarni ozod qilish vazifasi bo'lib, ulardan bir nechta MC-130Elar ishtirok etgan.[74]

MC-130H jangovar talon II

Combat Talon II Development

Ishonchli sport

Asosiy maqola: "Ishonchli sport" operatsiyasi

Eronda garovga olinganlarni qutqarish uchun ikkinchi urinish uchun ko'rib chiqilgan tadbirlardan biri "Super" ni ishlab chiqish loyihasi edi STOL "Combat Talon ekipajlari tomonidan olib boriladigan samolyotlar, AQSh elchixonasi yaqinidagi futbol stadionini qo'lbola qo'nish maydonidan foydalanadi. Chaqiruv Ishonchli sport, loyiha 1980 yil avgust oyi oxirlarida uchta C-130H transport vositalarini sotib oldi, ulardan biri sinov krovati va ikkitasi missiya uchun va tezda o'zgartirildi.[75]

XFC-130H deb nomlangan samolyot beshta to'plamda 30 ta harakatlanuvchi raketa bilan jihozlangan: samolyotni to'xtatish uchun sakkizta oldinga, pastga tushishni sekinlashtirish uchun sakkizta pastga, sakkizta orqaga parvozga yordam berish, uchish paytida ularni barqarorlashtirish uchun to'rtta qanotda, ikkitasi esa haddan tashqari aylanish tufayli erga urilib tushmasligi uchun quyruqning orqa qismida. STOLning boshqa funktsiyalari orqa fyuzelyajda dorsal va ikkita ventral suyaklarni o'z ichiga olgan, ikkita teshikli qopqoq va uzaytirildi aileronlar, yangi radom, a ilmoq bortga tushish uchun samolyot tashuvchisi va TF / TA radarlari, mudofaa qarshi choralar to'plami va Combat Talon avionikasi Dopler radar /GPS samolyotga bog'lab qo'yish inertial navigatsiya tizimi.[76]

Uchta samolyotdan faqat bittasi to'liq modifikatsiyani oldi. Dastur 1980 yil 29 oktyabrda sinov paytida qulab tushganda to'satdan tugadi; tez orada xalqaro voqealar yana bir qutqaruv urinishini keltirib chiqardi.[77]

Sinov va etkazib berish

15-SOS MC-130H jangovar talon II

Tirik qolgan ikkitadan biri Ishonchli sport 74-1686 yildagi havo kemalari bo'ldi YMC-130H loyiha nomi ostida Combat Talons-ning keyingi avlodi uchun sinov to'shagi Ishonchli sport II. 1981 yil 24 avgustdan 11 noyabrgacha o'tkazilgan I bosqich sinovlari samolyotdagi dizayndagi kamchiliklarni aniqladi va Ishonchli sport konfiguratsiya tinchlik operatsiyalari uchun zarur bo'lgan xavfsizlik chegaralariga ega emas edi. II bosqich sinovlari 1982 yil 15 iyunda boshlanib, 1982 yil oktyabrgacha davom etdi va dizayni, avionikasi va uskunalari sezilarli yaxshilanishi bilan yakuniy Combat Talon II konfiguratsiyasi ishlab chiqarishga tayyorligini aniqladi.

Dastlabki xaridni 1982 yilda 12 ta samolyotda amalga oshirishga ruxsat berildi, garchi urushga qarshi talablar 100 dan oshiqroq deb baholangan bo'lsa-da, 1984 yilgacha mablag 'ajratilgan. 1983 yilda USAF Maxsus operatsion kuchlari Harbiy havo kemalari qo'mondonligi, USAF tomonidan maxsus operatsiyalar rolidan voz kechish uchun qilingan yana bir harakat sifatida qaraldi.[78] 23-havo kuchlarining yaratilishi bu tasavvurni kuchaytirdi; SOF o'z xodimlarining 35 foizidan kamrog'ini va deyarli "qutqaruvchilar hamjamiyati" tomonidan boshqariladigan shtab-kvartiraning biron bir xodimini vakili edi.[79] Biroq, harakatlar Combat Talon dasturini uchta jangovar yo'naltirilgan buyruqlardan bitta buyruqqa olib tashladi, bu erda reklama tsikllari yanada qulay edi.[80]

1983 yilda MAC Maxsus Operatsiyalar Kuchlari Bosh rejasini tuzdi, unga binoan 21 ta jangovar talon II, shu jumladan ikkita eskirgan zaxira nusxasi, 1987 yilning uchinchi choragida dastlabki operatsion qobiliyati va 1991 yilgacha to'liq etkazib berilishi kerak edi.[81] Birinchi jangovar talon II, 83-1212, 1984 yil iyun oyida etkazib berilgandi, ammo bundan oldin USAF tomonidan MC-130E navigatsion radar to'plami bilan jihozlanmaslik to'g'risidagi qaror uning rivojlanishini yillar davomida sekinlashtirdi. Ayni paytda, 17-tashabbus, 1984 yil may oyida armiya va havo kuchlari o'rtasida imzolangan "31 tashabbus" shartnomasining bir qismi,[82] o'sha yil oxirida Kongress a'zolarining e'tirozlaridan so'ng (va oxir-oqibat o'ldirilgan) Havo kuchlari tomonidan SOF rolini ajratish deb hisoblagan.[83] Natijada, Havo kuchlari yangi xaridlarni to'xtatdi HH-60D Nighthawk Jangovar qutqaruv samolyotlari byudjet talablaridan - keyinchalik jangovar talon II dasturini kechiktirish shisha kokpit va birlashgan avionika tizimlari iqtisodiy sabablarga ko'ra HH-60D tizimlari bilan bog'langan.[61]

1985 yilda beshta jangovar talon II etkazib berildi, ammo navigatsiya radarini olish muammosi hal qilinmadi (APQ-122 endi qurilmayapti). IBM radaridan keyingi / qochish radarini yaratish uchun shartnoma tuzildi, keyin esa topshiriqni subpudrat shartnomasi bilan amalga oshirdi Emerson elektr kompaniyasi. Olingan radar shu qadar yomon ishladiki, Combat Talon II deyarli bekor qilindi, ammo Kongressdagi maxsus operatsiyalar himoyachilari dasturni saqlab qolishdi. Oxir oqibat AN / APQ-170 (V) 8 radari texnik shartlardan yuqori bo'lgan tizimga aylantirildi, ammo katta xarajatlar evaziga va Combat Talon II ning uch yillik kechikishi bilan ishlay boshladi.[84] 1987 yilda etkazib berish,[85] 1988,[86] va 1989 yil[87] inventarizatsiyani 18 samolyotga etkazdi, ammo barchasi hali ham modifikatsiyada, sinovlarda yoki uzoq muddatli saqlashda edi.[88]

Operatsiyalar 1993–2000

Birinchi to'liq ishlaydigan MC-130H Combat Talon II (87-0024) 1991 yil 29 iyunda 8-chi SOS tomonidan qabul qilindi, uchtasi yozda etkazib berildi. Talon II-ni rasmiy qabul qilish marosimi oktyabr oyida Hurlburtda bo'lib o'tdi va 1991 yil dekabrgacha 8-SOS oltitasi bilan jihozlandi.[89] Combat Talon II kuchliroq xususiyatga ega samolyot va orqa tomonning modifikatsiyalari va orqaga yuk eshiklari. Elektron to'plam yangilandi va tarkibiga kiradi Global joylashishni aniqlash tizimi navigatsiya, noqulay ob-havo sharoitida harakatlanish uchun maxsus radarlar va tungi ko'rish ko'zoynagi (NVG) qobiliyat. Ushbu yangi texnologiyalar Combat Talon II-ga yomon ob-havo sharoitida er sathidan (AGL) 250 fut (76 m) balandlikda uchib, tezroq va aniqroq samolyotlarni tushirishga imkon beradi. MC-130H Combat Talon II, xuddi MC-130E Combat Talon I singari, kunduzgi o'rta darajadagi suv osti parvozi va Jumpmaster Directed (JMD) xodimlarining aerodromidan tortib, tungi ob-havo sharoitidan keyin parvozgacha turli xil vazifalarni bajarishi mumkin. maxfiy va yashirin maqsadlarga erishish uchun aerodropni va airlandni qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan tog'li joylarda. Ortadi avtomatlashtirish ekipaj tarkibini ikkitaga qisqartirdi va jangovar talon I bilan solishtirganda Combat Talon II-ga qo'shimcha yuk palletini olib o'tishga ruxsat berdi. Dastlabki ekspluatatsiya qobiliyatiga 1993 yil 30 iyunda erishildi.[90]

RIAT 2010 da MC-130H Reg.88-1803

1995 yil dekabr oyida tinchlikni saqlash kuchlarini etkazib berish uchun 7-SOS ning uchta MC-130H jangovar talon II-lari joylashtirildi. Tuzla va Sarayevo, Bosniya va Gertsegovina, qismi sifatida Operatsion qo'shma harakat, shu vaqt ichida bitta Talon yerdan o'qqa tutilgan.[91] Combat Talon II ning birinchi jangovar joylashuvi 1996 yil 8 aprelda bo'lgan Amaliyot ishonchli javob. Maxsus operatsiya kuchlari joylashtirildi Liberiya 2000 fuqaroni Amerikadan evakuatsiya qilishga yordam berish Elchixona mamlakat buzilganida Fuqarolar urushi. Biroq, 18 kishini tashlab yuborishga qarshi kurash bo'yicha buyruqlar Muhr jamoa Monroviya bekor qilindi va missiya tushdi Serra-Leone.[92] Shu kabi holatlar Combat Talon II ni keltirib chiqardi Zair 1997 yilda.

Talon II 1997 yilda qo'shma mashqlar uchun Avstraliya, Guam, Indoneziya, Janubiy Koreya va Tailandni jalb qildi. 1997 yil iyul oyida uchta Talon II joylashtirildi Tailand qismi sifatida Bevel Edge operatsiyasi, qamalda qolgan 1000 amerikalik fuqaroni qutqarish taklif qilingan Pnompen, Kambodja, tomonidan mumkin bo'lgan fuqarolar urushi Ammo inqiroz Kambodja hukumati istagan barcha fuqarolarga tijorat yo'llari orqali chiqib ketishga ruxsat bergandan so'ng tugadi.[93] 7-chi SOS Combat Talon II ekipaji, Viski 05, kasb etdi Mackay Trophy elchixonani evakuatsiya qilish missiyasi uchun Kongo Respublikasi 1997 yil iyun oyida. Ekipaj o'ttiz nafar amerikalikni va yigirma olti nafar chet el fuqarosini qutqardi va parvozning yigirma bir soatlik vaqtini qayd etdi.[94]

Talon II uchun to'liq ishlash qobiliyatiga 2000 yil fevral oyida erishildi. O'sha paytda 24 ta MC-130H to'rtta otryadga joylashtirildi:

Janubi-g'arbiy Osiyodagi operatsiyalar

Afg'oniston

2001 yil 19-oktabrdan 20-oktyabrga o'tar kechasi to'rtta jangovar Talon II 3-batalion 75-qo'riqchi polkining 199 ta Reynjerlaridan iborat maxsus guruhga kirib kelishdi. taktik PSYOP jamoalari 658 milya ichida Toliblar - ushlab turilgan Afg'oniston. Kuch kuchga tushdi Ob'ektiv Rhino (30 ° 29′12 ″ N 064 ° 31′32 ″ E / 30.48667 ° N 64.52556 ° E / 30.48667; 64.52556), foydalanilmagan aerodrom Qandahor viloyati Janubi-g'arbdan 110 milya (180 km) Qandahor, yaqin atrofda reydlar o'tkazadigan maxsus kuchlar bo'linmalari uchun vaqtinchalik operatsion baza sifatida qo'nish zonasini ta'minlash.[95]

Bir oy o'tgach, Masirax orolidan uchib ketayotgan ikkita MC-130H samolyoti o'z tarkibiga qo'shin kiritdi AQSh dengiz flotining uch guruhi va to'rtta Xumvi 20-noyabrdan 21-noyabrga o'tar kechasi shu aerodromdan o'n mil uzoqlikda transport vositalari. SEAL vzvodi aerodromda kuzatuv punktini tashkil qilish uchun kiritildi, so'ngra ikkitasiga yordam berdi USAF jangovar nazoratchilari tomonidan kiritilgan harbiy erkin qulash uchun qo'nish zonasini tayyorlashda 15-dengiz ekspeditsiya bo'limi. 15-MEU 2001 yil 25-noyabrda CH-53 vertolyotlariga tushdi va tashkil etildi Lager Rhino, birinchi oldinga operatsion baza Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari kuchlari uchun Afg'onistonda.[96]

15-chi va 550-chi SOS ekipajlari tomonidan kengaytirilgan 7-chi SOS-ning jangovar talonlari II, Turkiyaning Incirlik aviabazasidan 13 dan 15 soatgacha bo'lgan aerodrop va aeroportdagi tungi zaxira topshiriqlari bilan uchib ketishdi. Maxsus kuchlarning tezkor otryadlari-Alfa (ODA) ning ochilish bosqichida Afg'onistonda Doimiy erkinlik operatsiyasi 2001 yil dekabrda. Tog'li hududlarda ishlayotganda ular baland tog'larni chuqurlikdan tozalagandan so'ng tortishish kuchi aniq bo'lishini ta'minlash uchun tezlikda tushish uchun 3000 metrdan 500 metrgacha (150 metr) AGL ga tushish uchun maksimal kuch sarflash texnikasini takrorlab, aeroport taktikasini yaratdilar. vodiylar.[97]

Iroq

7-maxsus operatsiya otryad

7-chi SOS, podpolkovnik Mark B. Alsid va uning bir qismi tomonidan boshqariladi 352d maxsus operatsiyalar guruhi, oldi Gallant birligidan sitat davomida o'tkazilgan operatsiyalar uchun 2006 yilda Iroq ozodligi operatsiyasi 2003 yil 12-fevral va 12-may kunlari. 7-chi SOS qo'shma maxsus operatsiyalar bo'yicha tezkor guruhga topshirildi - Shimoliy Ishchi guruh Viking Uning maqsadi Iroq armiyasining 13 ta bo'linmasini "Yashil chiziq "Iroqning shimoli-sharqida, bu bo'linishlarning Iroqning AQSh kuchlariga qarshi hujumlarini kuchaytirishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun Quvayt.[98] Oldinga yo'naltirilgan Konstansa, Ruminiya, uning asosiy vazifasi armiyaning 2 va 3-batalyonlariga kirib borish edi 10-maxsus kuchlar guruhi va 3-batalyon 3-maxsus kuchlar guruhi ichiga Kurdcha - tayyorgarlik ko'rilayotgan hudud "Shimoliy kechikish" operatsiyasi. Denied permission by Turkey to fly into Iraq from its airspace, the 7th SOS flew the first 280 troops on a circuitous path around kurka to a base in Iordaniya on March 20–21, 2003.[99][100][101]

On March 22, six Combat Talon IIs (four from the 7th SOS) infiltrated 16 ODAs, four ODBs, battalion command elements, and Air Force Combat Control Teams to complete the fifteen-hour mission, the longest in U.S. Special Operations history. The insertion profile consisted of a four and one-half hour low level flight at night through western and northern Iraq to Bashur va Sulaymoniya airfields, often taking heavy ground fire from the integrated air defenses.[102] The Talon IIs, at emergency gross weight limits, operated blacked-out, employed somon va elektron qarshi choralar, flew as low as 100 ft (30 m) AGL, and carried their troops tethered to the floor of the cargo holds.[103] Three of the Talons were battle-damaged, with one forced to seek permission to land at Incirlik aviabazasi. The operation became known informally as "Operation Ugly Baby".[99][100][101] Major Jason L. Hanover was individually honored for commanding a mission that seized two austere airstrips during the operation.[104] After airlanding their troops, the Talon IIs then had to fly back through the alerted defenses to recover to their launching point.[101]

Overflight permission was granted by Turkey on March 23, and the Combat Talon IIs delivered a total of 50 ODAs into Iraq. The Talon IIs then resupplied Task Force Viking, assisted in operations to capture Kerkuk va Mosul, airlanded supplies at remote outposts using Internal Airlift Slingable Container Units (ISUs), and acted as yo'l izlovchilar for conventional C-130 airlift missions.[101]

MC-130P jangovar soyasi

Asosiy maqola: Lockheed HC-130
MC-130P Combat Shadow, 17-maxsus operatsiya otryad
MC-130P jangovar soyasi

The MC-130P series of aircraft entered service in 1965 during the Vetnam urushi as HC-130H CROWN airborne controllers to locate downed aircrew and direct Jangovar qidiruv va qutqaruv Shimoliy Vetnam ustidagi operatsiyalar. After tanker equipment was added to 11 HC-130Hs, they entered service as HC-130P SAR command and control/helicopter aerial refueling aircraft in November 1966. Combat Shadows have been part of the Air Force special operations force since 1986. In February 1996, AFSOC's 28-aircraft tanker fleet was redesignated the MC-130P, aligning the variant with other M-series special operations mission aircraft.[105][106]

Combat Shadows provided air refueling support in Panama to Army and Air Force helicopters during "Faqatgina sabab" operatsiyasi. In 1990, four Combat Shadows of the 9-maxsus operatsiya otryad joylashtirilgan Qirol Fahd xalqaro aeroporti, Saudi Arabia for Cho'l bo'roni, and three of the 67-maxsus operatsiya otryad ga Batman aviabazasi, Turkey for Proven Force. Since the Gulf War, the MC-130P has been involved in numerous operations, including Shimoliy soat va Southern Watch (Iroq), Parvozni rad eting (Yugoslaviya), Restore Democracy va Uphold Democracy (Gaiti), Qasddan kuch ishlatish va Joint Endeavor (Bosniya), Assured Response (Liberiya), Guardian Retrieval (Zaire), Doimiy erkinlik (Afg'oniston) va Iroq ozodligi.[105]

The Combat Shadow flew single or multi-ship low-level air refueling missions for special operations helicopters conducting infiltration, exfiltration, and supply missions, with command and control capability in limited situations.[105] The primary emphasis for Combat Shadows was on night operations using NVGs, to reduce probability of visual acquisition and intercept by airborne threats.[3]

The last two AFSOC MC-130Ps were retired on May 15, 2015.[107] However, four MC-130P aircraft continue to be flown by the 129-qutqaruv qanoti (129 RQW) of the California Air National Guard. Although the MC-130P was ostensibly an AFSOC aircraft, the examples still flown by the 129 RQW are part of a rescue squadron assigned to a combat search and rescue/personnel recovery (CSAR / PR) mission and are therefore operationally-gained by the Havo jangovar qo'mondonligi (ACC) versus AFSOC.[108][109] These MC-130P aircraft will eventually be replaced by the HC-130J qarshi kurash qiroli II.[110]

MC-130W Combat Spear

MC-130W Combat Spear, AF Ser. No. 87-9286, at Hurlburt maydoni, Florida
73-maxsus operatsiya otryad

The MC-130W Combat Spear, unofficially and facetiously nicknamed the "Combat Wombat", performed clandestine or low visibility missions into denied areas to provide aerial refueling to SOF helicopters or to air drop small SOF teams and supply bundles.[111]

The first of 12 MC-130Ws, AF Ser. No. 87-9286, was presented to Air Force Special Operations Command on June 28, 2006.[6] The aircraft was developed to supplement the MC-130 Combat Talon and Combat Shadow forces as an interim measure after several training accidents and contingency losses in supporting the Terrorizmga qarshi global urush.[112] The program modified C-130H-2 airframes from the 1987–1990 production run, acquired from airlift units in the Havo kuchlarining zaxira qo'mondonligi va Air National Guard. Use of the H-2 airframe allowed installation of SOF systems already configured for Combat Talons without expensive and time-consuming development that would be required of new production C-130J aircraft, reducing the flyaway cost of the Spear to $60 million per aircraft. The Combat Spears, however, do not have a Terrain Following/Terrain Avoidance capability.[7]

A standard system of special forces avionics equips the MC-130W: a fully integrated Global joylashishni aniqlash tizimi va Inertial navigatsiya tizimi, an AN/APN-241 Low Power Color weather/navigation radar; interior and exterior NVG-compatible lighting; advanced threat detection and automated countermeasures, including active infrared countermeasures as well as chaff and flares; upgraded communication suites, including dual satellite communications using data burst transmission to make trackback difficult; aerial refueling capability; and the ability to act as an aerial tanker for helicopters and CV-22 Osprey aircraft using Mk 32B-902E refueling pods.[113]

The MC-130Ws were assigned to the 73-maxsus operatsiya otryad da Cannon Air Force Base, Nyu-Meksiko, with all twelve operational by 2010.[114] Initially nicknamed the "Whiskey" (NATO phonetic for the "W" modifier), the MC-130W was officially dubbed the Combat Spear in May 2007 to honor the historical legacy of the Combat Talons in Vietnam.[115]

MC-130W ajdaho nayzasi

Operational demands on aging AC-130s led the Air Force to seek a replacement until new AC-130Js could enter the fleet. A first idea—acquire and develop an AC-27J "gunship light" —fell through, so in May 2009, the Air Force began looking at converting MC-130Ws into interim gunships.[116] On November 17, 2009, a contract was awarded to Alliant Techsystems to produce 30 mm ammunition for the Dragon Spear.[117]

In September 2010, the Air Force awarded a $61 million contract to L-3 aloqa to give a gunship-like attack capability to eight MC-130W Combat Spear special-mission aircraft. Under the deal, L-3 added the weapons kits, called "precision strike packages". MC-130Ws fitted with the weapons were renamed Dragon Spears. Air Force Special Operations Command eventually converted all 12 MC-130W aircraft to Dragon Spears.

The Dragon Spears were equipped with a Bushmaster II GAU-23/A 30mm gun (an improved version of the MK44 MOD0 30mm gun), sensors, communications systems,[118] and the Gunslinger aniqlik bilan boshqariladigan o'q-dorilar system: a launch tube designed to fire up to 10 GBU-44 / B Viper Strike yoki AGM-176 Griffin small standoff munitions in quick succession.[119][120] Initial supplemental funds to the 2010 Defense Authorization Bill were for two kits to be installed in 2010.[121]

The MC-130W Dragon Spear went from concept to flying with a minimum capability in less than 90 days, and from concept to deployment in 18 months.[122] Its success won its program the William J. Perry Award, and it became the model for the AC-130J gunship program.[123]

The first partially converted MC-130W arrived in Afghanistan in late 2010. It fired its first weapon one month after arriving, killing five people with a Jahannam olovi raketa. In May 2012 the Dragon Spear was redesignated the AC-130W Stinger II. By September 2013, 14 aircraft had been converted into gunships. The conversion added a sensor package consisting of day/night video cameras with magnification capability.[6]

MC-130J Commando II

A MC-130J modified with qanotchalar olib chiqadi Eglin AFB 2016 yil mart oyida.
A cockpit view of the MC-130J

Beginning in 1997, studies of the vulnerability of the non-stealthy MC-130 force reflected concerns about its viability in modern high-threat environments, including the prevalence of inson portativ havo mudofaasi tizimlari yilda assimetrik to'qnashuvlar. At least two studies were conducted or proposed to explore the prospect of a replacement aircraft (known variously as "MC-X" or "M-X"), with USAF at that time hoping for an Initial Operating Capability date of 2018.[124][125] One analyst questioned the survivability of slow non-stealthy platforms such as the MC-130 in future threat environments in a 2007 presentation to the Strategik va xalqaro tadqiqotlar markazi, and stated his opinion that development of a stealthy replacement for the MC-130 is a "strategic priority".[126] The U.S. Department of Defense's 2006 To'rt yillik mudofaani ko'rib chiqish Hisobot also recognized the concern, asserting DoD's intention to "enhance capabilities to support SOF insertion and extraction into denied areas from strategic distances."[127]

Despite these concerns, the USAF decided to proceed with modernization of the current force. The Air Force stated it is to build 37 MC-130Js to replace its MC-130Es and MC-130Ps, both of which were 40 years old. Asosida KC-130J tomonidan boshqariladigan tanker Qo'shma Shtatlar dengiz piyoda korpusi, the new MC-130J has added features for both combat search and rescue and special operations missions,[128][129] introducing major modifications to the Block 6.5 KC-130J. The MC-130J adds an Enhanced Service Life Wing, an Enhanced Cargo Handling System, a Universal Aerial Refueling Receptacle Slipway Installation (UARRSI) boom refueling receptacle, more powerful electrical generators, an electro-optical/infrared sensor, a combat systems officer (CSO) station on the flight deck, provisions for the Large Aircraft Infrared Countermeasures System, and armor.[130][131]

Production of the first MC-130J aircraft was started at Lockheed Martin ’s facility in Marietta, Georgia, on October 5, 2009. Lockheed Martin also contracted to build an HC-130J tanker variant for Air Force Special Operations Command on its standard FZR 130J production line. The MC-130J is the first C-130 specifically built for special operations, making it lighter and more efficient. Most special operations aircraft are modified after production to accommodate special operations missions.[70] The MC-130J was initially called the Combat Shadow II to honor the service of the aging MC-130P platform that it was replacing but was officially named the Commando II in March 2012.[7]

The Air Force Special Operations Training Center conducted the initial MC-130J training program in conjunction with the Pensilvaniya Air National Guard "s 193rd Special Operations Wing, using its four EC-130J Komando yakkaxon[132] aircraft to develop the training syllabus for MC-130J aircrew members.[133] The MC-130J operates with a 5-member crew, eliminating the CSO navigator and the enlisted flight engineer positions that had been in the Combat Shadow's crew, with the remaining CSO handling electronic warfare as well as the navigation and aerial refueling duties formerly conducted by the navigator and flight engineer.[134] The 415-maxsus operatsiya otryadi, ning birligi 58-operatsion guruh da Kirtland AFB, New Mexico, was reactivated on 22 September 2011 as the main training unit for both MC-130J and HC-130J qarshi kurash qiroli II ekipajlar.

The 522nd Special Operations Squadron was the first unit to operate the MC-130J Commando II,[135] and achieved Initial Operational Capability in 2012. The first MC-130J, AF Ser. No. 09-6207, undertook its initial test flight on 22 April 2011.[136] The 522nd Special Operations Squadron received its first MC-130J in late September, 2011.[137]

A total of 37 MC-130J aircraft are programmed to replace all other MC-130 variants by the end of the fiscal year 2017. MC-130Js completely replaced Combat Talons at RAF Mildenxoll in 2014 and began replacing those at Kadena AB in 2015. 20 were in service in FY 2015 with seven additional airframes in production.[9] On 26 October 2019, MC-130J Commando II special mission aircraft accompanied Qo'shma maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi 160-SOAR MH-60 and MH-47s, which carried 1st SFOD-D and 75th Ranger RRC operators, into Idlib province during the Barisha reydi.

Operational losses

Between 1967 and 2005, nine MC-130 special operations aircraft have been destroyed in operations, two of them in combat in the Vietnam War, resulting in the deaths of 68 crewmen and passengers:

  • C-130E(I) / MC-130E Combat Talon I – four
  • MC-130H Combat Talon II – four
  • MC-130P Combat Shadow – one

Combat Talon I losses

Two of the four aircraft assigned to Project Stray Goose were lost in combat: 64-0563 was destroyed on November 25, 1967, by a direct hit of a mortar round while parked on the Nha Trang flightline. The aircraft had been scheduled for a mission and had just completed preflight of the exterior when the mission was cancelled. Soon after the crew left the ramp, the aircraft was hit and destroyed by fire.[138]

64-0547 was harakatsiz with its entire 11-man crew on December 29, 1967, on a mission to drop leaflets inside North Vietnam. The Blackbird had completed its leaflet drop leg of the mission at 30,000 ft (9,100 m) and begun its descent to its terrain-following exit altitude. Communication was lost without the Blackbird reporting any threats detected. SOF commanders at the time discounted the possibility of its being shot down because the flight, conducted by an inexperienced aircraft commander under new moon conditions, was not claimed as such by North Vietnam. In November 1992 the wreckage was located near the peak of a mountain 32 mi (51 km) northeast of Dien Bien Phu, and it was surmised that its descent was too steep for its TF/TA radar to stabilize. 64-0547 was the only special operations MC-130 lost on a combat mission over hostile terrain in the history of the program.[139]

64-0558 was lost in a mid-air collision during a night training exercise 15 miles north of Konvey, Janubiy Karolina on December 5, 1972. An F-102 Delta xanjar ning Janubiy Karolina havo gvardiyasi, attempting a night intercept of the Talon, flew into the fuel tomchi tank on its right wing, with the loss of both aircraft, killing all 12 aboard the C-130E(I). 64-0558 had been one of the two Talons assigned to the Son Tay POW camp rescue mission.[140]

Avvalgi Heavy Chain and Desert One veteran 64-0564 crashed into the ocean shortly after a pre-dawn takeoff from NAS Cubi Point, Filippinlar, on February 26, 1981, killing 15 passengers and eight of nine crewmen. The Talon was taking part in Special Warfare Exercise 81 and had flown 12 missions in the preceding 16 days. Following an administrative flight the day before, the crew was scheduled for its last mission, a night exercise that was set back from 01:00 local time to 04:30. The flight profile consisted of a normal takeoff, a tactical landing a half hour later to onload 15 Navy SEALs, followed by a tactical takeoff. The Talon reported normal flight conditions six minutes after the tactical takeoff, but crashed nine minutes later. No cause was determined, but investigators found that the likely causes were either crew fatigue from operations tempo, or failure of the terrain following radar to enter "override" mode while over water.[141]

Combat Shadow/Talon II losses

Combat Shadow 66-0213 (Ditka 03) was lost when it flew into a mountain top in eastern Afghanistan on February 13, 2002.[142] Assigned to the 9th SOS, the aircraft was refueling an MH-47E helicopter on a CSAR mission when it was forced to make an emergency climb in poor visibility to escape a box canyon in the mountainous terrain. The MC-130P ran out of climb performance and crash-landed wheels-up in deep snow. The aircraft was a total loss but the crew of eight survived with relatively minor injuries.[143]

Combat Talon II 84-0475, assigned to the 15th SOS, was lost in a takeoff crash on June 12, 2002, near Gardez, Afghanistan. During a night exfiltration mission of two Special Forces soldiers from a landing strip at the Sardeh Band dam, the Talon crashed less than three miles from the airstrip shortly after takeoff. Conflicting reports point to overweight cargo and windshear as possible causes. The Talon's two loadmasters and a passenger were killed.[144][145] Ga binoan Stiv Koll in his 2018 book Direktsiya S, this C-130 was actually blown up by Taliban or Al-Qaeda guerrillas while sitting on a runway. The Pentagon released a false story about the incident to downplay the dangers of Afghanistan.[146]

Combat Talon II 90-0161, also of the 15th SOS, crashed into Monte Perucho, south of Kaguas, Puerto-Riko, during a training mission on August 7, 2002, killing all ten aboard. The Talon was flying a terrain-following night mission in blowing rain and fog, along a low level route commonly used by the Puerto-Riko Air National Guard. The crew misinterpreted and disregarded terrain obstacle warnings.[147]

Combat Talon II 85-0012 was severely damaged during a landing accident at Mosul, Iroq, on December 29, 2004. The 15th SOS aircraft was on a resupply mission and struck a repair trench dug into the runway while still at 80 knots, shearing off part of its landing gear and partially separating its left wing from the fuselage. The trench was part of a U.S. Army construction project and a Notice To Airmen (NOTAM ) warning had not been filed by the airfield or disseminated to the aircrew, despite a safety hazard report filed in the week previous by another aircrew. No fatalities occurred but the aircraft was destroyed by explosive demolition to prevent its classified equipment from being compromised.[148]

A Combat Talon II of the 7th SOS, 87-0127 (G'azab 11), crashed during a terrain-following-and-avoidance night training exercise on March 31, 2005, near Rovie, in the Drizez Mountains in southeast Albaniya, 60 miles southeast of Tirana. The Talon had taken off from Tirana-Rinas Airport 20 minutes before and was one of two flying at 300 ft (91 m) AGL at a reduced power setting. An investigation revealed that the plane stalled attempting to clear terrain following the crew's "loss of situational awareness." All nine crew members aboard were killed.[149][150]

Specifications (MC-130H Combat Talon II)

Ma'lumotlar USAF factsheet : MC-130H COMBAT TALON II[151]

Umumiy xususiyatlar

  • Ekipaj: 7
  • Imkoniyatlar: 77 troops, 52 paratroopers or 57 litter patients
  • Uzunlik: 99 ft 9 in (30.40 m)
  • Qanotlari: 132 ft 7 in (40.41 m)
  • Balandligi: (11,73 m) 38 fut 6 dyuym
  • Bo'sh vazn: 72,892 lb (33,063 kg)
  • Maksimal parvoz og'irligi: 155,000 lb (70,307 kg)
  • Elektr stansiyasi: 4 × Allison T56-A-15 turboprop engines, 4,910 shp (3,660 kW) each
  • Pervaneler: 4-bladed fully-feathering reversible propellers

Ishlash

  • Maksimal tezlik: 300 milya (480 km / soat, 260 kn)
  • Qator: 3,107 mi (5,000 km, 2,700 nmi)
  • Xizmat tavanı: 10.000 m (33000 fut)

Qurollanish

Shuningdek qarang

Bilan bog'liq rivojlanish

Tegishli ro'yxatlar

Izohlar

  1. ^ "USAF qurollari galereyasi". Havo kuchlari jurnali. Air Force Association: 148. May 2008..
  2. ^ a b v d Thigpen (2001), p. 461.
  3. ^ Putrich, Gayle S. "ARINC Flightsafety on U.S. Air Force Combat Spear Trainer". Training & Simulation Journal. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2011 yil 17-iyulda. Olingan 8 mart 2009.
  4. ^ a b v d e f "MC-130H Combat Talon II fact sheet". AQSh havo kuchlari. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2016-04-22. Olingan 2016-04-06.
  5. ^ a b v "Fact sheet AC-130W Stinger II". Havo kuchlari havolasi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2016 yil 3 martda. Olingan 6 aprel 2016. The MC-130Ws were 87-9286 and 9288, 88-1301 through 1308, 88-1051 and 1057.
  6. ^ a b v "Factsheet MC-130J Commando II". Air Force.mil. 2011 yil 15 sentyabr. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2016 yil 4 martda. Olingan 6 aprel 2016.
  7. ^ "First HC/MC-130J Assembled" Arxivlandi 2011-07-23 da Orqaga qaytish mashinasi, Havo kuchlari jurnali December 2009. Air Force Association. Qabul qilingan 4 dekabr 2009 yil.
  8. ^ a b Church, Aaron (May 2016). "2016 USAF Almanac: Gallery of USAF Weapons". Havo kuchlari jurnali. 99 (5): 76.
  9. ^ a b Thigpen 2001 yil, p. 19.
  10. ^ a b v d e f Thigpen (2001), p. 20.
  11. ^ Perchin is the prefix designation for the names of all modification projects controlled by the Katta Safari office, in this case its Detachment 4 at Ontario, California.
  12. ^ Thigpen 2001 yil, p. 19 Thigpen commanded the 8th SOS during Operation Just Cause and spent more than 10 years in the Combat Talon program.
  13. ^ Olausson, Lars, Lockheed Hercules Production List – 1954–2008 – 25th ed., Såtenäs, Sweden, April 2007. Self-published. [ISBN aniqlanmagan].
  14. ^ Myuller, Robert, Air Force Bases Volume I – Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982; Office of Air Force History, United States Air Force, Washington, DC, 1989, p. 447. ISBN  0-912799-53-6.
  15. ^ a b Thigpen (2001), p. 58. That nickname lasted until the 1980s, when Dupont stopped manufacturing the paint.
  16. ^ Thigpen (2001), p. 88.
  17. ^ Thigpen (2001), pp. 261–262, Appendix A, p. 469. The Special Forces soldier suffered a punctured lung and broken hip in the short fall, but died of complications from a traxeotomiya during medical evacuation.
  18. ^ Thigpen (2001), p. 304. So-called because its objective was to develop a capability of extracting four to six troops in a single pass.
  19. ^ Thigpen (2001), p. 38.
  20. ^ a b v Thigpen (2001), p. 21. The 12 original C-130E(I) "Clamps" were 64-0523, -0547, -0551, -0555, -0558, -0559, -0561, -0562, -0563, -0566, -0567va -0568.
  21. ^ "MC-130E Combat Talon I". GlobalSecurity.org. Arxivlandi from the original on 2006-12-02. Olingan 2006-12-10.
  22. ^ Thigpen (2001), p. 66.
  23. ^ Thigpen (2001), p. 70. The "Swap" Talons were originally Rivet Clamp modifications without the Fulton STARS apparatus.
  24. ^ a b Thigpen (2001), p. 168.
  25. ^ Thigpen (2001), P. 396.
  26. ^ Thigpen (2001), p. 237.
  27. ^ Thigpen (2001), p. 473, lists all the changes. Other notable major upgrades were engine upgrade to Allison T56-A-15, new center wing boxes, installation of flare/chaff dispensers, infrared defensive pods, new FLIR, low gloss two-shade gray paint, the Universal Aerial Refueling Receptacle/Slipway, and Benson tanks for all aircraft.
  28. ^ Thigpen (2001), pp. 49 and 56.
  29. ^ Thigpen (2001), 77-78 betlar.
  30. ^ Thigpen (2001), pp. 84–85. Sell was co-pilot of 64-0563 when it flew the first resupply mission into North Vietnam on January 17, 1967, to support a SOG Road Watch team, for which the entire SG-05 crew received the Hurmatli Flying Cross.
  31. ^ Schanz, Marc (December 2009). "Vietnam War Unit Honored". Havo kuchlari jurnali. Havo kuchlari assotsiatsiyasi. 92 (12): 19.
  32. ^ Thigpen (2001), pp. 82–83.
  33. ^ Thigpen (2001), p. 139.
  34. ^ Thigpen (2001), p. 67. By tradition, the Talon base within the continental United States, because of its training responsibilities, is referred to as "the schoolhouse," a nickname first passed to Hurlburt Field, then to Kirtland Air Force Base when the 550th SOS began operations.
  35. ^ Thigpen (2001), p. 111. The 90th had been an A-37 Dragonfly attack squadron, and when the A-37's were turned over to the Vietnamese Air Force, its designation was transferred to preserve its long heritage.
  36. ^ Thigpen (2001), p. 113,
  37. ^ Thigpen (2001), p. 114. The following Talons served in Southeast Asia at some point between 1966 and 1972: 64-0523, -0547 (lost), -0551, -0555, -0558, -0561, -0562, -0563 (lost), -0567, and -0568.
  38. ^ Thigpen (2001), p. 143. The Talon was already at LAS Ontario for previously-scheduled modifications when it was sourced to the rescue operation.
  39. ^ Gargus, John (2007), The Son Tay Raid: American POWs in Vietnam Were Not Forgotten, Texas A&M Press. ISBN  1-58544-622-X, p. 58. Gargus was radar navigator on Cherry 02 and a mission planner.
  40. ^ Gargus (2007), pp. 63–64.
  41. ^ Thigpen (2001), pp. 139–157.
  42. ^ Thigpen (2001), p. 160.
  43. ^ Grandolini, Albert. "Cambodia 1954–1999; Part 2". ACIG.org. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2014 yil 18 dekabrda. Olingan 6 fevral 2013.
  44. ^ Koskinas (2006), p. 103.
  45. ^ a b Thigpen (2001), p. 184.
  46. ^ Thigpen (2001), p. 182.
  47. ^ Thigpen (2001), p. 184. 62-1843, 63-7785, 64-0564, and 64-0565 of the 1st SOS, and 64-0562, 64-0567, and 64-0572 of the 8th SOS. In-flight refueling of helicopters was rejected as an option because the HC-130lar available to refuel them had no IFR capability themselves.
  48. ^ Thigpen (2001), pp. 194–207. Electing to use EC-130s to ground refuel the helicopters instead of air-dropping blivets was not formally approved until April. The method was favored by ground commander Col Charlz Bekvit, however, and so had been successfully rehearsed many times. Preparatory work to lay out the Desert One airstrip, acquire the EC-130s, and stage essential materiel to Egypt had preceded the formal approval of Eagle Claw's final form by weeks. Talons played the role of the three EC-130s in the full-scale rehearsal. The Holloway Commission criticized the task force for failing to conduct such a rehearsal, but since it did in fact occur, the commission may have been contending that another or multiple independently assessed "dress" rehearsals was desirable after the final form was approved by the JCS on April 16, in hopes that the command and control difficulties would have been uncovered. With a May 1 deadline because of a decreasing number of hours of darkness, there was no time to lay on further "dress rehearsals", and all of the elements used on April 24 were in fact successfully executed March 25–26. The entire training process was a five-month evolution of the two-night concept, employing techniques never before tried that had to be perfected before they could be rehearsed with other components. The maxsus nature of this process, with its components scattered at various sites and stressing a "piece of the pie" for all the military services that resulted in helicopters and crews who were not special operations-trained, failed to build a team mentality, and it was this failure that the Holloway Commission targeted. The inclusion of the Navy helicopters proved particularly damaging because their air refueling probes had been removed, resulting in the necessity of the Desert One refueling point where the debacle occurred, whereas the Air Force special ops helicopters could have been aerial refueled in flight.
  49. ^ Thigpen (2007), pp. 213–215. Of the eight crews assigned, five were from 8th SOS and three from 1st SOS. The extra 1st SOS Talon and its crew were both a spare and the primary aircraft for Elbow Rub, an alternative, highly classified project to heavily damage Iran's power grid had it been ordered as a retaliatory mission for harming the hostages (Thigpen, p. 203).
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  51. ^ Thigpen (2001), p. 213. The aircraft were obtained without crews and without their communications capsules from the 42nd Airborne Command and Control Squadron at Keesler aviabazasi, Mississippi, the first on March 15, 1980, and the other two on April 14.
  52. ^ Thigpen (2001), p. 211. The seventh primary crew, including author Thigpen, waited at Wadi Qena to lead the Night Two phase. The three crews would have been those of the lead Talon (Dragon 1), and two of the EC-130s, Republic 4 va Republic 6. Most of the crew of Republic 4 died at Desert One.
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Adabiyotlar

  • Thigpen, polkovnik Jerri L. (2001). Praetorian STARShip: jangovar talon haqida hikoya qilinmagan hikoya. Air University Press / Diane Publishing. ISBN  1-58566-103-1.

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