Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz floti tarixi - History of the United States Navy

USSQo'shma Shtatlar, Birinchisi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz flotining asl oltita frekatlari, bu erda mag'lubiyat ko'rilgan HMSMakedoniya yilda jang, uni a sifatida qabul qilishdan oldin mukofot davomida 1812 yilgi urush

USSJerald R. Ford, 2018 yilga kelib, u AQSh dengiz kuchlarining eng so'nggi va eng ilg'oridir atom energiyasi bilan ishlaydi samolyot tashuvchisi va dunyodagi eng katta dengiz kemasi.

The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz floti tarixi ikkita katta davrga bo'linadi: "Eski dengiz floti", ammo kichik, ammo hurmatga sazovor kuch suzib yuruvchi kemalar foydalanishdagi yangilik bilan ajralib turardi temir panjalari davomida Amerika fuqarolar urushi va "Yangi dengiz floti", 1880-yillarda boshlangan va 1945 yilga kelib uni dunyodagi eng yirikga aylantirgan modernizatsiya harakatlarining natijasi.

The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz kuchlari da'volar 1775 yil 13 oktyabrda rasmiy tashkil etilgan sana sifatida, qachon Ikkinchi qit'a Kongressi yaratishga qaror qildi Kontinental dengiz floti. Oxiri bilan Amerika inqilobiy urushi, Kontinental dengiz floti tarqatib yuborildi. Birinchi Prezident davrida Jorj Vashington, O'rta dengizdagi to'rtta Shimoliy Afrika musulmon davlatlaridan Barbari qaroqchilari tomonidan Amerikaning savdo kemalariga tahdidlar sabab bo'ldi 1794 yilgi dengiz qonuni AQShning doimiy harbiy dengiz flotini yaratdi. The original oltita frekat Qonunning bir qismi sifatida vakolat berilgan. Keyingi 20 yil ichida Dengiz kuchlari Frantsiya Respublikasi dengiz floti ichida Yarim urush (1798–99), Barbariya shtatlari ichida Birinchidan va Ikkinchi Barbariy urushlari, va inglizlar 1812 yilgi urush. 1812 yilgi urushdan so'ng AQSh dengiz kuchlari qadar tinchlikda edilar Meksika-Amerika urushi 1846 yilda O'rta er dengizi va Karib dengizida qaroqchilikka qarshi kurashda hamda qirg'oq bo'yidagi qul savdosiga qarshi kurashda xizmat qilgan. G'arbiy Afrika. 1845 yilda Dengiz akademiyasi eski Severn Fort-da tashkil etilgan Annapolis, Merilend tomonidan Chesapeake Bay. 1861 yilda Amerika fuqarolar urushi boshlandi va AQSh dengiz kuchlari kichiklarga qarshi kurashdi Konfederatsiya shtatlari dengiz kuchlari ham suzib yuradigan kemalar, ham yangi inqilobiy temir temir kemalar Konfederatsiyaning fuqarolik qirg'oq transportini yopib qo'yadigan blokada tashkil etishda. Fuqarolar urushidan so'ng, uning kemalarining aksariyati zaxirada bo'lgan va 1878 yilga kelib dengiz kuchlari atigi 6000 kishidan iborat edi.

1882 yilda AQSh dengiz kuchlari ko'plab eskirgan kema dizaynlaridan iborat edi. Keyingi o'n yil ichida Kongress ko'plab zamonaviy po'lat korpuslar qurilishini ma'qulladi zirhli kreyserlar va jangovar kemalar va 20-asrning boshlarida 1870 yilda o'n ikkinchi o'rindan kemalar soni bo'yicha beshinchi o'ringa ko'tarildi. Dengizchilarning aksariyati chet elliklar edi. 1898 yil davomida ikkita yirik jangda g'alaba qozonganidan keyin Ispaniya-Amerika urushi, Amerika dengiz floti ko'proq kemalar qurishda davom etdi va oxiriga kelib Birinchi jahon urushi inglizlarga qaraganda forma kiygan erkaklar va ayollar ko'proq edi Qirollik floti^{[iqtibos kerak ]}. The Vashington dengiz konferentsiyasi 1921 yil dengiz flotini kapital kema hajmi bo'yicha Qirollik dengiz flotiga teng deb tan oldi va 1920-1930 yillarda dengiz floti bir nechta qurdi samolyot tashuvchilar va jangovar kemalar. Yaponlardan keyin dengiz floti Ikkinchi Jahon urushiga jalb qilingan Pearl Harbor-ga hujum 1941 yil 7 dekabrda va keyingi to'rt yil ichida ko'plab tarixiy janglar, shu jumladan Marjon dengizi jangi, Midvey jangi, davomida ko'plab dengiz janglari Guadalkanal kampaniyasi va tarixdagi eng katta dengiz jangi Leyte ko'rfazidagi jang. Dengiz kuchlari faoliyatining aksariyati qo'nishlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash bilan bog'liq bo'lib, nafaqat "orolda sakrash "kampaniyasi Tinch okeanida, shuningdek, Evropaning qo'nish joylarida. Yaponlar taslim bo'lganida, katta flotilla kirib keldi Tokio ko'rfazi harbiy kemada o'tkazilgan rasmiy marosimga guvoh bo'lish Missuri Yaponiya hukumati rasmiylari tomonidan imzolangan Yaponlarning taslim bo'lish vositasi. Urush tugaguniga qadar dengiz flotida 1600 dan ortiq harbiy kemalar bo'lgan.

Ikkinchi Jahon urushi tugaganidan so'ng, AQSh dengiz kuchlari 45 yilga qadam qo'ydi Sovuq urush va ishtirok etdi Koreya urushi, Vetnam urushi, Birinchi Fors ko'rfazi urushi, va Ikkinchi Fors ko'rfazi urushi / Iroq urushi. Qulashi ortidan Sovet Ittifoqi 1990–91 yillarda Sovet Qizil-dengiz floti parchalanib ketdi va bu AQShni dunyodagi so'zsiz dengiz kuchiga aylantirdi. Yadro energetikasi va ballistik raketa texnologiyasi yangi kema harakatlantiruvchi va qurol tizimlariga olib keldi Nimits- sinf samolyot tashuvchilar va Ogayo shtati- sinf dengiz osti kemalari. 1978 yilga kelib, kemalar soni kamayib, 400 taga etmay qoldi, ularning aksariyati Ikkinchi Jahon urushidan edi, shu sababli Ronald Reygan zamonaviy dasturni joriy etish, 600 kema dengiz floti. Bugungi kunda Qo'shma Shtatlar dunyodagi tortishuvsiz dengiz kuchlarining ulkan qudratiga ega bo'lib, ular ishtirok etish qobiliyatiga ega va loyiha quvvati Ikki jahon urushidan beri 2007 yil mart oyida AQSh dengiz floti 274 ta kemasi bilan eng kichik flot hajmiga erishdi. AQSh dengiz instituti "Eron va Xitoyning tajovuzkor harakatlariga" javob berish qobiliyati deb hisoblaydigan narsalar haqida tashvish uyg'otdi.^[1][2]

"Eski dengiz floti" ning asoslari

Qit'a dengiz kuchlari (1775–1785)

Dengiz kuchlari mustamlakachilik davrida dengizchilar, sardorlar va kema quruvchilarning katta jamoasini vujudga keltirgan Amerikaning dengizchilik an'analariga asoslangan edi.^[3] Inqilob davrida bir nechta davlatlar o'z dengiz kuchlarini boshqargan. 1775 yil 12 iyunda Roy-Aylendning umumiy yig'ilishi Rod-Aylend koloniyasi uchun dengiz flotini yaratish to'g'risida qaror qabul qildi. Xuddi shu kuni, viloyat hokimi Nikolas Kuk kapitan nomiga imzolangan buyruqlar Ibrohim Uipl, sloop komandiri Keti va hukumat tomonidan qo'llaniladigan qurolli kemalar tovarlari.^[4]

Kontinental dengiz flotini yaratish bo'yicha birinchi rasmiy harakat Rod-Aylenddan kelib chiqqan, chunki uning savdogarlarining keng tarqalgan kontrabandasi faoliyati ingliz fregatlari tomonidan qattiq ta'qib qilingan. 1775 yil 26-avgustda Rod-Aylend bitta borligi to'g'risida qaror qabul qildi Kontinental flot tomonidan moliyalashtiriladi Kontinental Kongress.^[5] Qaror 1775 yil 3-oktabrda bo'lib o'tgan qit'a Kongressida taqdim etilgan, ammo muhokama qilingan. Shu vaqitning o'zida, Jorj Vashington Shunerdan boshlab kemalarni sotib olishga kirishgan edi USSXanna bu Vashingtonning o'z cho'ntagidan to'langan.^[4] Xanna kapitan qo'mondonligi ostida 1775 yil 5 sentyabrda foydalanishga topshirilgan va ishga tushirilgan Nikolson Brutton portidan Marblehead, Massachusets.^[6]

AQSh dengiz kuchlari 1775 yil 13-oktabrni rasmiy tashkil etilgan sana - Pensilvaniya shtatining Filadelfiya shtatidagi Kontinental dengiz flotini yaratgan Kontinental Kongress qarori qabul qilingan sana deb tan oldi.^[7] Shu kuni Kongress ingliz savdo kemalariga qarshi kruiz uchun qurollangan ikkita kemani sotib olishga ruxsat berdi.^[8] 1775 yil 13-dekabrda Kongress keyingi uch oy ichida o'n uchta fregat qurishga ruxsat berdi, beshta kemada 32 qurol, beshta 28 qurol va uchta qurol 24 qurol bilan.^[9]

Champlain ko'lida, Benedikt Arnold Kanadadan Nyu-Yorkka bostirib kirgan ingliz flotini sekinlashtirish uchun 12 ta dengiz floti kemalarini qurishga buyruq berdi. Britaniya floti Arnoldning parkini yo'q qildi, ammo AQSh floti ikki kunlik jangdan so'ng inglizlarni sekinlashtira oldi, ya'ni Valkur orolidagi jang va Britaniya armiyasining rivojlanishini sekinlashtira oldi.^[10] 1776 yil o'rtalariga kelib, o'n uchta kemani o'z ichiga olgan bir qator kemalar fregatlar Kongress tomonidan tasdiqlangan, qurilish bosqichida bo'lgan, ammo ularning samaradorligi cheklangan; Qudratli Qirollik floti tomonidan ular butunlay ustun keldi va deyarli barchasi 1781 yilga qadar qo'lga olindi yoki cho'ktirildi.^[11]

Xususiy shaxslar 1.697 bilan bir oz muvaffaqiyatga erishdi marque harflari Kongress tomonidan chiqarilgan. Ayrim shtatlar, Evropadagi va Karib havzasidagi Amerika agentlari ham komissiyalar chiqargan; takroriy nusxalarni hisobga olgan holda turli xil idoralar tomonidan 2000 dan ortiq komissiyalar berilgan. Yanki xususiy mulkdorlari tomonidan 2200 dan ortiq ingliz kemalari olindi, ularning qiymati deyarli 66 million dollarni tashkil etdi, bu o'sha paytda juda katta mablag 'edi.^[12]

Inqilobning ayniqsa taniqli amerikalik dengiz qahramoni edi Jon Pol Jons Buyuk Britaniya orollari atrofidagi mashhur sayohatida ingliz kemasini mag'lub etdi Serapis (1779) ichida Flamboro boshidagi jang. Jangning bir qismida, bilan qalbakilashtirish chalkashib ketgan ikkita kema va Jons kemasining bir nechta qurollari Bonhomme Richard (1765) sardor emas Serapis - deb so'radi Jonsdan u uning ranglarini urdi, bunga Jonsning javobi keltirilgan: "Men hali kurashishni boshlaganim yo'q!"^[13]

Frantsiya rasmiy ravishda 1778 yil 17-iyun kuni urushga kirdi va G'arbiy yarim sharga yuborilgan Frantsiya dengiz floti kemalari yilning ko'p qismini G'arbiy Hindistonda o'tkazdilar va faqat Karib dengizidagi bo'ronli mavsumda o'n uch mustamlaka yonida suzib, iyuldan noyabrgacha. Birinchi frantsuz floti Nyu-York va Rod-Aylendga qo'nishga urindi, ammo oxir oqibat 1778 yil davomida ingliz kuchlarini jalb qila olmadi.^[14] 1779 yilda vitse-admiral tomonidan boshqariladigan flot Charlz Anri, komte d'Esten urinishdagi Amerika kuchlariga yordam bergan Savannani, Gruziyani qaytarib olish.^[15]

1780 yilda general-leytenant qo'mondonligi bo'lgan 6000 qo'shinli flot Jan-Batist, Rochambeo kometi Rod-Aylendning Nyuport shahriga kelib tushdi va ko'p o'tmay flot inglizlar tomonidan bloklandi. 1781-yil boshida Vashington va de Rochambeau Chezapeak ko'rfazi hududida inglizlarga qarshi hujumni vitse-admiral tomonidan boshqariladigan katta flot kelishi bilan muvofiqlashtirish uchun rejalashtirgan. François, Grass komte. Nyu-York, Vashington va de Rochambeo-da hujum rejalashtirilgan deb inglizlarni muvaffaqiyatli ravishda aldab Virjiniyaga yurish qildi va de Grasse Virjiniya shtatining Yorktaun shahriga yaqinlasha boshladi. 1781 yil 5-sentabrda de Grassse va inglizlar tomonidan yirik dengiz kuchlari harakatlari olib borildi Virjiniya shtatidagi Keplar jangi, Chesapeake ko'rfazini boshqarishdagi frantsuz floti bilan yakunlandi. AQSh dengiz kuchlari 1783 yil oxirida nihoyat tinchlik e'lon qilingunga qadar ingliz ta'minot kemalariga taqiq qo'yishda davom etdi.^[16]

Qurolsizlanish (1785–1794)

USSIttifoq suzib yurish^[17]

Inqilobiy urush Parij shartnomasi 1783 yilda va 1785 yilga kelib kontinental dengiz floti tarqatib yuborildi va qolgan kemalar sotildi. Frigat Ittifoq Amerika inqilobiy urushining so'nggi o'qlarini o'qqa tutgan, shuningdek, dengiz flotidagi so'nggi kema edi. Kongressdagi fraksiya kemani saqlab qolmoqchi edi, ammo yangi xalq uni xizmatda saqlash uchun mablag 'topmadi. Umumiy pul etishmasligidan tashqari, harbiy dengiz flotining qurolsizlanishi uchun davlatlarning erkin konfederatsiyasi, maqsadlarning urushdan tinchlik tomon o'zgarishi va ko'proq ichki va kamroq xorijiy manfaatlar sabab bo'lgan.^[18]

Amerika inqilobiy urushidan so'ng, butunlay yangi Qo'shma Shtatlar moliyaviy ahvolda qolish uchun kurash olib bordi. Milliy daromad juda zarur edi va aksariyati kelib tushdi tariflar import qilinadigan tovarlar bo'yicha. Rampant tufayli kontrabanda, tariflar to'g'risidagi qonunlarni kuchli ijro etish zarurati darhol yuzaga keldi.^[19] 1790 yil 4-avgustda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi tomonidan chaqirilgan G'aznachilik kotibi Aleksandr Xemilton, yaratgan Daromad-dengiz, uchun kashshof Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari sohil xavfsizligi, tarif va boshqa barcha dengiz qonunlarini amalga oshirish.^[20] O'nta to'sar dastlab buyurtma qilingan.^[21] Dengiz kuchlari departamenti tashkil etilgan 1790 va 1797 yillar orasida Daromad-dengiz Qo'shma Shtatlar uchun yagona qurolli dengiz xizmati edi.^[22]

Amerikalik savdo kemalari Britaniya dengiz kuchlari tomonidan himoya qilingan va Parij shartnomasi va Kontinental dengiz flotining qurolsizlanishi natijasida Qo'shma Shtatlar endi kemalarini garovgirlardan himoya qila olmagan. Yangi paydo bo'lgan millat har yili o'lpon to'lash uchun mablag'ga ega emas edi Barbariya shtatlari, shuning uchun ularning kemalari 1785 yildan keyin qo'lga olinishi uchun zaif bo'lgan. 1789 yilga kelib yangi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Konstitutsiyasi Kongressga dengiz flotini yaratishga vakolat bergan, ammo Jorj Vashingtonning birinchi davri mobaynida (1787–1793) dengiz flotini qayta qurollantirish uchun juda ko'p ishlar qilinmagan.^[23] 1793 yilda Frantsiya inqilobiy urushlari Buyuk Britaniya va Frantsiya o'rtasida sulh boshlanib, Portugaliya va Jazoir Portugaliyaning blokirovkasini tugatdi Gibraltar bo'g'ozi saqlagan Barbariy qaroqchilar O'rta dengizda. Ko'p o'tmay, qaroqchilar Atlantika okeaniga suzib kelib, Amerikaning 11 ta savdo kemasini va yuzdan ortiq dengizchini qo'lga oldilar.^[24]

Amerika kemalarining tortib olinishiga reaktsiya sifatida Kongress munozara qildi va tasdiqladi 1794 yilgi dengiz qonuni oltita fregat, 44 quroldan to'rttasi va 36 quroldan ikkitasini qurishga ruxsat bergan. Qo'llab-quvvatlovchilar asosan shimoliy shtatlar va qirg'oq mintaqalaridan bo'lib, ular dengiz kuchlari sug'urta va to'lov to'lovlarini tejashga olib keladi, janubiy shtatlar va ichki mintaqalardagi raqiblar dengiz kuchlari xarajatlarga loyiq emas deb o'ylashdi va Qo'shma Shtatlarni ko'proq narsalarga olib kelishadi qimmatbaho urushlar.^[24]

Muassasa (1794–1812)

Yangi dengiz flotining formasi (chapdan o'ngga): Purser, Kapitan, Midshipman, Jarroh (yashil palto bilan), leytenant, Yelkanli usta.

1794 yilgi Dengiz kuchlari to'g'risidagi qonun qabul qilingandan so'ng, oltitasini qurish ishlari boshlandi fregatlar: USSQo'shma Shtatlar, Prezident, Burjlar turkumi, Chesapeake, Kongress va Konstitutsiya. Konstitutsiya1797 yilda ishga tushirilgan va oltitaning eng mashhuri "Old Ironsides" (oldingi kabi) laqabini olgan HMSBritaniya ) va sa'y-harakatlari tufayli Oliver Vendell Xolms Sr., langar ostida, bugungi kunda ham mavjud Boston port. Qonun loyihasi qabul qilinganidan ko'p o'tmay Kongress Jazoirliklar bilan shartnoma tuzish va asirlarni to'lash uchun 800000 AQSh dollari miqdorida mablag 'ajratdi, shu bilan Tinchlik e'lon qilingan taqdirda kemalar qurilishini to'xtatib turadigan qonunga o'zgartirish kiritildi. Ko'p munozaralardan so'ng, oltita fregatning uchtasini tugatishga ruxsat berildi: Qo'shma Shtatlar, Konstitutsiya va Burjlar turkumi.^[25] Biroq, birinchi dengiz kemasi suzib ketdi USSGangalar, 1798 yil 24-mayda.^[26]

Burjlar turkumi (chapda), o'q uzmoqda L'Isurgente (o'ngda).^[27]

Shu bilan birga, AQSh va Frantsiya o'rtasidagi ziddiyatlar kelib chiqqan yarim urushga aylandi Ittifoq shartnomasi (1778) bu frantsuzlarni inqilobiy urushga olib kelgan. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Frantsiya va Angliya o'rtasidagi ziddiyatlarda betaraflik pozitsiyasini egallashni afzal ko'rdi, ammo bu millatni Angliya va Frantsiya bilan ziddiyatga keltirdi. Keyin Jey shartnomasi 1794 yilda Buyuk Britaniyada vakolat berilgan, Frantsiya AQShga qarshi tura boshladi va 1797 yilga kelib ular 300 dan ortiq Amerika kemalarini tortib oldilar. Yangi ish boshlagan prezident Jon Adams inqirozni bartaraf etish choralarini ko'rdi, deyarli qurib bitkazilgan uchta fregatni tugatish uchun Kongress bilan ish olib bordi, qolgan uchtasini qurish uchun mablag'larni tasdiqladi va Frantsiya bilan Jey shartnomasiga o'xshash kelishuvga erishishga harakat qildi. The XYZ ishi Adams tomonidan tarqatilgan hisobotdan kelib chiqqan bo'lib, unda frantsuz agentlari X, Y va Z harflari bilan aniqlangan, ular diplomatlar tashqi ishlar vaziri bilan uchrashishdan oldin delegatsiyaga pora berilishi kerakligi to'g'risida xabar bergan va natijada yuzaga kelgan janjal xalqning qo'llab-quvvatlashini kuchaytirgan. Frantsiya bilan urush uchun mamlakat.^[25] Bilan bog'liq tashvishlar Urush departamenti dengiz flotini boshqarish qobiliyati yaratilishiga olib keldi Dengiz kuchlari departamenti 1798 yil 30-aprelda tashkil etilgan.^[26]

Frantsiya bilan urush deyarli butunlay dengizda, asosan xususiy mulkdorlar va savdo kemalari o'rtasida olib borilgan.^[28] Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz kuchlarining birinchi g'alabasi 1798 yil 7-iyulda bo'lgan USSDelaver frantsuz oddiy odamini qo'lga oldi Le Croyable va dushmanning harbiy kemasi ustidan birinchi g'alaba 1799 yil 9 fevralda fregatda bo'lgan Burjlar turkumi frantsuz fregatini qo'lga kiritdi L'Isurgente.^[26] 1800 yil oxiriga kelib, Frantsiya bilan tinchlik e'lon qilindi va 1801 yilda harbiy-dengiz flotining ikkinchi qurolsizlanishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun, ketayotgan Federalist ma'muriyat Kongress orqali birinchi marta tinchlik vaqtidagi dengiz kuchlariga ruxsat beruvchi hujjatni qabul qildi va bu dengiz kuchlarini oltitagacha chekladi. faol fregatlar va oddiy etti kishi, shuningdek, 45 ofitser va 150 midshipmen. Xizmatdagi kemalarning qolgan qismi sotildi va ishdan bo'shatilgan ofitserlarga to'rt oylik ish haqi berildi.^[29]

Commodore boshchiligidagi AQSh dengiz kuchlari ekspeditsiyasi Edvard Preble qurolli qayiqlar va istehkomlarni jalb qilish Tripoli

Barbariya shtatlari bilan muammolar hech qachon tugamagan va 1801 yil 10-mayda Tripolitanlar Birinchi Barbariya urushini boshlagan Amerika elchixonasi oldida bayroqni tashlab, AQShga urush e'lon qilishgan.^[30] USSFiladelfiya mavrlar tomonidan ushlangan, ammo keyin Amerika boshchiligidagi reydda o't qo'yilgan Stiven Dekatur.^[31] Dengiz piyoda askarlari "qirg'oqlarini" bosib olishdi Tripoli "1805 yilda shaharni egallab oldi Derna, birinchi marta AQSh bayrog'i hech qachon chet el istilosi ustidan ko'tarilgan.^[32] Ushbu harakat Barbariya hukmdorlarini tinchlik shartnomalarini imzolashga undash uchun etarli edi.^[33] Keyinchalik, dengiz kuchlari iqtisodiy sabablarga ko'ra juda kamaydi va oddiy kemalar o'rniga ko'pchilik qurolli qayiqlar faqat qirg'oqdan foydalanish uchun mo'ljallangan qurilgan. Ushbu siyosat o'n yil ichida umuman samarasizligini isbotladi.^[34]

Prezident Tomas Jeferson va uning Demokratik-Respublikachilar partiyasi yirik dengiz portlaridagi kichik qurolli qayiqlar o'zlarini himoya qilish uchun butun xalq zarurligini ta'kidlab, kuchli dengiz flotiga qarshi chiqishdi. Ular urush davrida foydasiz ekanligini isbotladilar.^[35]

Qirollik floti noqonuniy ravishda davom etdi bosing Qirollik flotiga amerikalik dengizchilar; 1799-1812 yillarda taxminan 10 000 dengizchi.^[36] 1807 yilda, yilda Chesapeake-Qoplon Ish, HMSQoplon buni talab qildi USSChesapeake Buyuk Britaniyalik fuqarolarni qidirayotgani, ammo aslida Qirollik flotiga bostirish uchun mos dengizchilar qidirayotganini tekshirishga topshiring. Qoplon jiddiy shikastlangan Chesapeake u rad etganida. Bunday uchrashuvlarning eng zo'ravonligi bu ish keskinlikni yanada kuchaytirdi va 1812 yil iyun oyida AQSh Buyuk Britaniyaga qarshi urush e'lon qildi.^[37]

1812 yilgi urush (1812-1815)

USSKonstitutsiya mag'lubiyat HMSGeryer, urush paytida muhim voqea.

Urushning katta qismi dengizda olib borilishi kutilgan edi; va urush e'lon qilinganidan bir soat o'tgach, Amerikaning kichik dengiz floti raqibidan 50 dan 1 gacha ko'p bo'lgan raqib bilan jang qilishni boshladi. Ikki oydan so'ng, USSKonstitutsiya cho‘kib ketdi HMSGeryer; Geryer'Ekipaj a'zolari to'plarning sakrab tushayotganini ko'rib, juda xafa bo'lishdi Konstitutsiya'juda kuchli jonli eman unga "Qadimgi Ironsides" ning doimiy taxallusini berib.^[38] 1812 yil 29 dekabrda Konstitutsiya mag'lub HMSJava Braziliya sohillari yaqinida va Java amerikaliklar uni qutqarib bo'lmasligini aniqlagandan so'ng yoqib yuborilgan. 1812 yil 25 oktyabrda, USSQo'shma Shtatlar qo'lga olindi HMS Makedoniya; jangdan keyin Makedoniya qo'lga olingan va Amerika xizmatiga kirgan.^[39] 1813 yilda, USSEsseks ingliz savdogarlari va kit ovlash sanoatiga qarshi kurash olib borgan Tinch okeanining janubiga juda samarali reyd tashabbusi boshlandi. Esseks HMSni qo'lga kiritishi bilan allaqachon tanilgan edi Ogohlantirish va o'tgan yili ingliz transporti bilan shug'ullangan va 15 ta ingliz savdogari / kitaligini qo'lga kiritgan holda yanada ko'proq muvaffaqiyatga erishgan. Nihoyat inglizlar jo'natib yuborishdi HMSCherub va HMSFibi to'xtatish uchun Esseks. Chili betarafligini buzganidan so'ng, inglizlar qo'lga kiritdilar Esseks ichida Valparaiso jangi.^[40]

Uchta ingliz fregati qo'lga olinishi tufayli inglizlar blokirovkani kuchaytirish uchun Amerika dengiz tubiga ko'proq kemalar joylashtirdilar.^[41] 1813 yil 1-iyun kuni off Boston Makoni, frekat USSChesapeake, kapitan tomonidan boshqariladi Jeyms Lourens, ingliz fregati tomonidan qo'lga olingan HMSShennon kapitan ser Filipp Broke. Lourens o'lik darajada yaralangan va mashhur: "Kemadan voz kechmang!" - deb baqirdi.^[42] Oldingi yutuqlariga qaramay, 1814 yilga kelib dengiz flotining ko'plab eng yaxshi kemalari portda bloklandi va dengiz orqali quruqlikka inglizlar kirib kelishining oldini ololmadi.^[43]

1814 yil yozida inglizlar Chesapeake kampaniyasi amfibiya hujumlari bilan avjiga chiqqan Vashington va Baltimor. Poytaxt deyarli jangsiz inglizlar qo'liga o'tdi va bir nechta kemalar yonib ketdi Vashington dengiz kuchlari hovlisi shu jumladan, 44 qurolli USS fregati Kolumbiya. Baltimorda Fort Mxenri tomonidan qilingan bombardimon Frensis Skot Keyni yozishga ilhomlantirdi "Yulduzlar bilan bog'langan bayroq "va kanalni to'sib qo'ygan hulklar flotning portga kirishiga to'sqinlik qildi; armiya jangni tugatib, kemalarga o'tirdi.^[43]

Amerika dengiz kuchlarining g'alabalari Champlayn ko'li jangi va Eri ko'li jangi Britaniyaning shimolidagi so'nggi hujumini to'xtatdi va Buyuk ko'llarga inglizlarning eksklyuziv huquqlarini inkor etishga yordam berdi Gent shartnomasi.^[44] Shartnoma imzolanishidan sal oldin, USSPrezident edi qo'lga olindi to'rtta ingliz frekatlari tomonidan. Shartnoma imzolanganidan uch kun o'tgach, Konstitutsiya qo'lga olindi HMSLevant va Siyan. Urushning yakuniy dengiz harakati 1815 yil 30-iyunda tuzilgan shartnomadan deyarli besh oy o'tgach sodir bo'ldi USSTovus qo'lga kiritdi Ost-Hindiston kompaniyasi brig Nautilus,^[45] qadar AQSh dengiz kuchlari tomonidan qo'lga kiritilgan so'nggi dushman kemasi Ikkinchi jahon urushi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Kontinental kengayish (1815–1861)

Urushdan so'ng, dengiz flotining yutuqlari yaxshiroq moliyalashtirish shaklida o'z samarasini berdi va u ko'plab yangi kemalarni qurishga kirishdi. Biroq, katta kemalarning harajatlari juda katta edi va ularning ko'plari yana bir urushga tayyor holda, yarim qurib tashlangan zavodlarda qolishdi. Yelkan yoshi deyarli butunlay o'tib ketgan edi. Dengiz kuchlarining asosiy kuchi katta suzib yurishda davom etdi fregatlar bir nechta kichikroq sloops o'ttiz yillik tinchlik davomida. 1840-yillarga kelib, Dengiz kuchlari bug 'kuchi va qobiq qurollarini qabul qilishni boshladilar, ammo ular yangi texnologiyalarni qabul qilishda frantsuz va inglizlardan orqada qolishdi.^[46]

Shu vaqt ichida jalb qilingan dengizchilar orasida chet elda tug'ilgan ko'plab erkaklar bor edi va mahalliy amerikaliklar, odatda, ishdan bo'shash uchun boshqa imkoniyatlari bo'lmagan yoki jinoyatlar uchun jazodan qochishga harakat qilayotgan ijtimoiy chetlatilar edi. 1835 yilda Boston bandargohidan deyarli 3000 kishi savdo kemalari bilan suzib ketishdi, ammo faqatgina 90 kishi dengiz flotiga jalb qilindi. Qora tanli erkaklar uchun dengiz flotida xizmat qilish noqonuniy edi, ammo erkaklar etishmasligi shu qadar keskin ediki, ushbu qonun ko'pincha e'tiborsiz qoldirildi.^[47]

Intizom Qirollik flotining urf-odatlariga rioya qilgan, ammo jazo Evropa dengiz flotidagi odatdagidan ancha yumshoqroq bo'lgan. Sodomiy kamdan-kam hollarda sudga tortilgan. Armiya 1812 yilda jazo sifatida qamchilashni bekor qildi, ammo dengiz kuchlari uni 1850 yilgacha saqlab qolishdi.^[48][49]

Dekaturaga tegishli otryad o'chirildi Jazoir

1812 yilgi urush paytida Barbariya shtatlari Qo'shma Shtatlar dengiz kuchlarining zaifligidan foydalanib, yana Amerika savdo kemalari va dengizchilarini qo'lga olishdi. Gent shartnomasi imzolangandan so'ng, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari O'rta er dengizida amerikalik savdogarlarni yigirma yil davomida qiynab kelgan qaroqchilikni tugatishga qaradi. 1815 yil 3-martda AQSh Kongressi Ikkinchi Barbar urushini boshlagan Jazoirga qarshi dengiz kuchlarini vakolatli ravishda joylashtirish. Commodores qo'mondonligi ostida ikkita kuchli otryad Stiven Dekatur, kichik va Uilyam Beynbridj shu jumladan 74-qurol chiziq kemalari Vashington, Mustaqillik va Franklin, O'rta dengizga jo'natildi. Gibraltardan Jazoirga yo'l olganidan ko'p o'tmay, Dekaturaning otryadi Jazoir flagmaniga duch keldi. Meshuda va 1815 yil 17-iyun aksiyasi, uni qo'lga kiritdi. Ko'p o'tmay, Amerika eskadrilyasi ham Jazoirni qo'lga kiritdi brig Estedio ichida Palos burnidagi jang. Iyun oyiga kelib, otryadlar Jazoirga etib kelishdi va Dey bilan tinchlik bo'yicha muzokaralar olib borildi, shu jumladan qo'lga olingan kemalar va odamlarni qaytarib berish, o'lponlar olinmasligi va mintaqada savdo qilish huquqi.^[50]

Karib dengizidagi qaroqchilik ham katta muammo bo'lgan va 1815-1822 yillarda taxminan 3000 kema qaroqchilar tomonidan qo'lga olingan. 1819 yilda Kongress Prezident Jeyms Medisonga ushbu tahdid bilan kurashishga vakolat berdi va garovgirlarning ko'pchiligi Lotin Amerikasining yangi mustaqil davlatlarining xususiy mulkdorlari bo'lganligi sababli, u Dengiz kuchlari qurollari bilan qo'llab-quvvatlangan diplomatiya strategiyasini boshlashga qaror qildi.^[50] Venesuela bilan kelishuv 1819 yilda imzolangan, ammo G'arbiy Hindiston eskadrilyasi tomonidan harbiy kampaniyaga qadar kemalar hanuzgacha qo'lga olingan. Devid Porter, ko'plab kichik hunarmandlar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan savdo kemalarini kuzatib boruvchi yirik frigatlarning kombinatsiyasidan foydalanilgan. Ushbu aksiya davomida USSDengiz gullasi jangovar harakatlarni ko'rgan bug 'bilan ishlaydigan birinchi kema bo'ldi.^[51] Garchi qaroqchilikning alohida holatlari 1830-yillarda davom etgan bo'lsa-da, 1826 yilga kelib tez-tez hujumlar tugadi va mintaqa savdo uchun bepul deb e'lon qilindi.^[52]

Boshqa bir xalqaro muammo qul savdosi va Afrika eskadrilyasi ushbu tahdid bilan kurashish uchun 1820 yilda tashkil etilgan. Siyosiy jihatdan qul savdosini bostirish unchalik yoqmadi va eskadra 1823 yilda Karib dengizidagi qaroqchilik bilan shug'ullanish uchun olib tashlandi va Afrikaning qirg'og'iga qaytib kelguniga qadar Vebster - Ashburton shartnomasi Buyuk Britaniya bilan 1842 yilda. Shartnoma qabul qilingandan so'ng, Qo'shma Shtatlar shartnoma talab qilinganidan kamroq kemalarni ishlatgan, Afrika qirg'oqlaridan ancha uzoq joylashgan kemalarga buyurtma bergan va qirg'oqqa yaqin joyda ishlash uchun juda katta kemalardan foydalangan. 1845-1850 yillarda Qo'shma Shtatlar dengiz kuchlari faqat 10 ta qul kemalarini, inglizlar esa 27000 asirni olib ketayotgan 423 ta kemani qo'lga oldilar.^[53]

Kongress rasmiy ravishda rasmiylashtirishga ruxsat berdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari harbiy akademiyasi 1802 yilda, ammo dengiz zobitlari uchun shunga o'xshash maktabni tasdiqlash uchun deyarli 50 yil kerak bo'ldi.^[54] 1815 yildan 1846 yilgacha bo'lgan uzoq tinchlik davrida midshipmenlar ko'tarilish uchun kam imkoniyatga ega edilar va ularning kafolatlari ko'pincha homiylik orqali olingan. AQSh harbiy-dengiz kuchlarida ofitserlar tayyorlashning sifatsizligi keyinchalik ma'lum bo'ldi Somers ishi, da'vo qilingan isyon o'quv kemasida USSSomers 1842 yilda va keyinchalik midshipmanning qatl qilinishi Filipp Spenser.^[55] Jorj Bankroft, tayinlangan Dengiz kuchlari kotibi 1845 yilda Kongress tasdiqidan tashqarida ishlashga va ofitserlar uchun yangi akademiya yaratishga qaror qildi. Boshchiligidagi kengash tuzdi Commodore Perry zobitlar tayyorlash uchun yangi tizim yaratish va eskisini aylantirish Fort Severn da Annapolis deb nomlangan yangi muassasaga 1845 yilda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz akademiyasi 1851 yilda Kongress tomonidan.^[54]

Verakruz jangi paytida qurolli qayiq hujumi

Dengiz kuchlari Seminole hindularini majburan Florida shtatidan Missisipi g'arbiy rezervatsiyasiga ko'chirishda qatnashdilar. 1835 yil 28-dekabrda Tampa yaqinidagi armiya askarlarini qirg'in qilgandan so'ng, dengiz kuchlari va dengizchilar qo'shinlarga qarshi kurashgan kuchlarga qo'shilishdi. Ikkinchi Seminole urushi 1836 yildan 1842 yilgacha. Seminollarni botqoqlarga ta'qib qilish uchun armiya va flot xodimlarining aralashmasini tashish uchun Evergladesda turli xil kichik hunarmandchilikdan "chivinlar parki" tashkil topgan. Mojaro paytida 1500 ga yaqin askar halok bo'ldi, ba'zi Seminollar ko'chib o'tishga rozi bo'lishdi, ammo Seminollarning kichik bir guruhi Everglades va Okeechobee ko'li atrofini nazorat qilishda qoldi.^[56]

Dengiz kuchlari Meksika-Amerika urushidagi ikki yirik operatsiyada (1845–1848) rol o'ynagan; davomida Verakruz jangi, u qo'lga kiritgan bosqinchi kuchini tashiydi Verakruz bir kun ichida 12000 askar va ularning jihozlarini qo'nish bilan, natijada Mexiko shahrini egallashga va urush tugashiga olib keldi. Uning Tinch okeani eskadrilyasi kemalari Kaliforniyani egallashni osonlashtirdi.^[57]

1853 yilda Commodore Metyu Perri Yaponiya bilan normal munosabatlarni o'rnatish uchun Yaponiyaga suzib kelgan to'rtta kemadan iborat Perry ekspeditsiyasini boshqargan. Perrining bug 'bilan ishlaydigan ikkita texnologik kemasi va tinch va qat'iy diplomatiyasi Yaponiyani uch asrlik izolyatsiyani tugatishga va imzo chekishga ishontirdi Kanagava shartnomasi AQSh bilan 1854 yilda. Nominal do'stlik shartnomasi, tez orada bu kelishuv uchun yo'l ochdi Yaponiyaning ochilishi va AQSh va Evropa bilan normal savdo aloqalari.^[58]

Amerika fuqarolar urushi (1861–1865)

Skottning multfilmi "Anakonda rejasi "

Urushning boshidan 1861 yil oxirigacha 373 ta zobitlar, zobitlar va midshipmenlar iste'foga chiqdilar yoki AQSh dengiz flotidan bo'shatildilar va Konfederatsiyaga xizmat qilishdi.^[59] 1861 yil 20 aprelda Ittifoq o'z kemalarini yoqib yubordi Norfolk dengiz floti hovlisi tomonidan ushlanishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik Konfederatlar, ammo kemalarning barchasi ham butunlay yo'q qilinmagan.^[60] Vintli frekat USSMerrimack shu qadar shoshilinch ravishda shilqimlik qildiki, uning korpusi va bug 'dvigateli asosan buzilmagan edi, bu esa Janubnikini berdi Stiven Mallori uni ko'tarish va keyin temir plastinka bilan yuqori tomonlarini zirhlantirish g'oyasi. Natijada paydo bo'lgan kema nomini oldi CSSVirjiniya. Ayni paytda, Jon Ericsson o'xshash fikrlarga ega edi va qurish uchun mablag 'oldi USSMonitor.^[61]

Uinfild Skott, urush boshida AQSh armiyasining qo'mondonlik generali Anakonda rejasi urushda iloji boricha kamroq qon to'kish bilan g'alaba qozonish. Uning fikri shundan iboratki, ittifoqning asosiy portlarni to'sib qo'yishi Konfederatsiya iqtisodiyotini susaytiradi; keyin qo'lga olish Missisipi daryosi janubni ikkiga ajratadi. Linkoln bu rejani Konfederatsiya iqtisodiyotini o'limga mahkum etish uchun blokirovka qilish nuqtai nazaridan qabul qildi, ammo Skottning yangi armiyasi hujum operatsiyasiga tayyor emasligi haqidagi ogohlantirishlarini bekor qildi, chunki jamoatchilik fikri zudlik bilan hujum qilishni talab qildi.^[62]

Xempton yo'llari jangi

1862 yil 8 martda Konfederatsiya dengiz kuchlari o'rtasida birinchi jang boshlandi temir panjalari qachon Virjiniya blokadaga muvaffaqiyatli hujum qildi. Ertasiga; ertangi kun, Monitor unashtirilgan Virjiniya ichida Xempton yo'llari jangi. Ularning jangi durang bilan tugadi va keyinchalik Konfederatsiya yutqazdi Virjiniya qo'lga olishning oldini olish uchun kema chayqalganda. Monitor prototipi edi harbiy kemani kuzatib borish va yana ko'p narsalar Union Navy tomonidan qurilgan. Konfederatsiya urush paytida ko'proq temir temir kemalarni qurgan bo'lsa-da, ular monitorlarga samarali qarshi turadigan kemalarni qurish yoki sotib olish qobiliyatiga ega emas edilar.^[63]

Temiryo'l kemalari bilan bir qatorda, yangi texnologiyalar dengiz minalari sifatida tanilgan torpedalar keyin torpedo ilon va dengiz osti urushlari Konfederatsiya tomonidan urush paytida boshlangan. Davomida Mobile Bay jangi, portni himoya qilish uchun minalardan foydalanilgan va Union monitorini cho'ktirgan USSTekumseh. Keyin Tekumseh cho'kib ketdi, admiral Devid G. Farragut mashhur: "Torpedolarni la'natlang, to'liq tezlikda oldinda!".^[64] Zamonaviy suvosti kemasining kashshofi, CSSDovud, hujum qildi USSYangi Ironsides yordamida spar torpedo. Union kemasi deyarli ziyon ko'rmadi va natijada suv geyzeri suv osti kemasining qozonidagi yong'inlarni o'chirdi va suv osti kemasini harakatsiz holatga keltirdi. Boshqa suvosti kemasi, CSSH.L.Hunli, sho'ng'in va suv yuzi uchun mo'ljallangan edi, lekin oxir-oqibat yaxshi ishlamadi va sinovlar paytida besh marta cho'kib ketdi. Qarshi harakat USSXomatatonik suvosti kemasi maqsadini muvaffaqiyatli cho'ktirdi, ammo o'sha portlash natijasida yo'qoldi.^[65]

The Amerika Konfederativ Shtatlari bir qator ishlagan tijorat reyderlari va blokada yuguruvchilari, CSSAlabama eng mashhur bo'lib, ingliz investorlari qurol va hashamatli narsalar bilan savdo qiladigan kichik, tezkor blokada yuguruvchilarini qurishdi Bermuda, Kuba va Bagama orollari yuqori narxdagi paxta va tamaki evaziga. Ittifoq floti blokada yuguruvchisini qo'lga kiritganda, kema va yuklar sotilib, daromad dengiz flotiga berildi; qo'lga olingan ekipaj a'zolari asosan inglizlar edi va ular shunchaki ozod qilindi.^[66]

Janubning blokadasi urush paytida Janubiy iqtisodiyotni qulashiga olib keldi. Oziq-ovqat va materiallarning etishmasligi blokirovka, Janubiy temir yo'llarning ishlamay qolishi, asosiy daryolar ustidan nazoratni yo'qotish va Ittifoq va Konfederatsiya qo'shinlari tomonidan oziqlanish tufayli yuzaga keldi. Qog'oz pullarni katta miqyosda bosib chiqarish inflyatsiya va valyutaga ishonchsizlikni keltirib chiqarganligi sababli ham hayot darajasi pasayib ketdi. 1864 yilga kelib ichki oziq-ovqat taqsimoti buzilib, shaharlarni yetarlicha oziq-ovqatsiz qoldirdi va sabab bo'ldi oziq-ovqat tartibsizliklari Konfederatsiya bo'ylab. Da Ittifoq g'alabasi Fort Fisherning ikkinchi jangi 1865 yil yanvarida deyarli foydali Janubiy portni yopib qo'ydi, deyarli qamalni tugatdi va urush tugashini tezlashtirdi.^[67]

Dengiz kuchlarining pasayishi (1865-1882)

USSPuritan

Urushdan keyin dengiz floti tanazzul davriga o'tdi. 1864 yilda dengiz flotida 51,500 kishi forma kiygan,^[68] va deyarli 700 kema va 60 ga yaqin monitor - AQSh dengiz kuchlarini qirollik dengiz flotidan keyin dunyoda ikkinchi o'rinda turadigan qirg'oq temir temirlari.^[69] 1880 yilga kelib dengiz flotida faqat 48 ta kema bor edi, 6000 kishi, kemalar va qirg'oq inshootlari eskirgan edi, ammo Kongress ularni yaxshilash uchun pul sarflashning hojati yo'qligini ko'rdi.^[70] Dengiz kuchlari 1897 yilgacha yirik dengiz urushiga qarshi kurashishga tayyor emas edilar.^[71]

1871 yilda an ekspeditsiya kontr-admiral tomonidan boshqariladigan beshta harbiy kemadan Jon Rojers kemaga halok bo'lgan bir necha amerikalik dengizchining qotilligi uchun uzr so'rash va kelajakda kema halokatga uchragan chet elliklarni himoya qilish uchun shartnoma tuzish uchun Koreyaga yuborilgan. Kichik to'qnashuvdan so'ng, Rodjers Seulni himoya qiladigan qal'alarga taxminan 650 kishining amfibiya hujumini boshladi. Qal'alar egallab olinganiga qaramay, koreyslar muzokaralardan bosh tortdilar va ekspeditsiya tayfun mavsumi boshlanishidan oldin ketishga majbur bo'ldi.^[72] To'qqizta dengizchi va oltita dengiz piyodasi qabul qilindi Sharaf medallari Koreya kampaniyasi paytida qilgan qahramonliklari uchun; chet el mojarosidagi harakatlar uchun birinchi.^[73]

1870-yillarga kelib, fuqarolar urushidagi temirchilarning aksariyati zaxiraga tashlanib, Qo'shma Shtatlar deyarli temir panel parkisiz qoldi. Qachon Virginius ishi birinchi bo'lib 1873 yilda boshlandi, Ispaniyaning temir panjarasi langarga aylandi Nyu-York Makoni AQSh dengiz kuchlari tomonidan bunday kemani mag'lub etishga qodir kemasi yo'qligini noqulay tushunishga olib keldi. Dengiz kuchlari shoshilinch ravishda beshta yangi temir panjarani qurish uchun shartnomalar tuzdilar va mavjud ta'mirlash dasturini yana bir necha bor tezlashtirdilar. USSPuritan va to'rttasi Amfitrit- sinf monitorlar natijasida qurilgan Virginius urush qo'rqitish. Keyinchalik barcha beshta kemalar qatnashadilar Ispaniya-Amerika urushi 1898 yil^[74]

Vaqt bilan Garfild ma'muriyati 1881 yilda o'z lavozimini egallagan, dengiz kuchlarining holati yanada yomonlashgan. Dengiz kuchlarining yangi kotibi nomidan ko'rib chiqilgan, Uilyam Xant, Dengiz flotining faol ro'yxatiga kiritilgan 140 ta kemadan faqat 52 tasi operatsion holatda bo'lganligi, shundan faqat 17 tasi temir tanali kemalar, shu jumladan 14 ta Fuqarolar urushi davridagi temirchilar. Hant dengiz flotini modernizatsiya qilish zarurligini tushundi va tavsiyalar berish uchun norasmiy maslahat kengashini tuzdi.^[75] Kutilganidek, ruhiy holat ancha pasaygan; chet el portlaridagi zobitlar va dengizchilar, urush paytida eski yog'och kemalari uzoq vaqt omon qolmasligini juda yaxshi bilar edilar. Monitor turidagi cheklovlar Qo'shma Shtatlarni chet elda elektr energiyasini loyihalashtirishga to'sqinlik qildi va 1890-yillarga qadar Qo'shma Shtatlar hatto Ispaniya yoki Lotin Amerikasi kuchlari bilan to'qnashuvda yomon natijalarga erishgan bo'lar edi.^[76][77]

"Yangi dengiz floti"

Qayta qurish (1882–1898)

USSTexas, AQSh dengiz kuchlarining birinchi jangovar kemasi.

1882 yilda maslahat kengashining tavsiyasiga ko'ra Dengiz kotibi Uilyam Xant zamonaviy kemalarni qurish uchun Kongressdan mablag 'so'radi. Dastlab so'rov rad etildi, ammo 1883 yilda Kongress uchta qurilishga ruxsat berdi himoyalangan kreyserlar, USSChikago, USSBoston va USSAtlanta va jo'natma kemasi USSDelfin, birgalikda ABCD kemalari sifatida tanilgan.^[78] 1885 yilda yana ikkita himoyalangan kreyser, USSCharlston va USSNyuark suzib yurish moslamasi o'rnatilgan so'nggi Amerika kreyseri bo'lgan. Kongress birinchisini qurishga ham ruxsat berdi jangovar kemalar dengiz flotida, USSTexas va USSMeyn. ABCD kemalari ajoyib kemalar ekanliklarini isbotladilar va uchta kreyserlar tarkibiga kirdilar Evolyutsiya guruhi, xalq nomi bilan tanilgan Oq otryad zobitlar va erkaklar avlodini tayyorlash uchun ishlatilgan korpuslarning rangi tufayli.^[79] 1910 yilgacha, shogirdlik tizimi tashkil etilganida, ko'pchilik dengizchilar ingliz tilida kam gapiradigan chet ellik yollanma askarlar edi.^[80]

Kapitan Alfred Tayer Mahan kitobi Dengiz kuchining tarixga ta'siri, 1660–1783, 1890 yilda nashr etilgan Dunyo bo'ylab yirik dengiz kuchlariga katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Qo'shma Shtatlarda bu hukumat uchun ham, keng jamoatchilik uchun ham kengayishni oqladi. Chegaraning yopilishi bilan geografik ekspansiyachilar tashqi tomonga, Karib dengiziga, Gavayi va Tinch okeaniga qarashlari kerak edi va Manifest Destiny Falsafiy asos sifatida ko'pchilik dengiz flotini ushbu doktrinani Amerika qit'asi chegaralaridan tashqariga chiqarishning muhim qismi deb hisoblashdi.^[81]

In 1890, Mahan's doctrine influenced Navy Secretary Benjamin F. Treysi to propose the United States start building no less than 200 ships of all types, but Congress rejected the proposal. Instead, the Navy Act of 1890 authorized building three battleships, USSIndiana, USSMassachusets shtati va USSOregon, dan so'ng USSAyova. By around the start of the 20th century, two Kearsarge- sinf jangovar kemalar va uchta Illinoys- sinf jangovar kemalar were completed or under construction, which brought the U.S. Navy from twelfth place in 1870^[82] to fifth place among the world's navies.^[83]

Battle tactics, especially long-range gunnery, became a central concern.^[84]

Ispan-Amerika urushi (1898)

The Uchish otryad, 1898.

The United States was interested in purchasing colonies from Spain, specifically Cuba, but Spain refused. Newspapers wrote stories, many which were fabricated, about atrocities committed in Spanish colonies which raised tensions between the two countries. A riot gave the United States an excuse to send USSMeyn to Cuba, and the subsequent explosion of Meyn yilda Gavana porti increased popular support for war with Spain. The cause of the explosion was investigated by a board of inquiry, which in March 1898 came to the conclusion the explosion was caused by a sea mine, and there was pressure from the public to blame Spain for sinking the ship. However, later investigations pointed to an internal explosion in one of the magazines caused by heat from a fire in the adjacent coal bunker.^[85]

Assistant Navy secretary Teodor Ruzvelt quietly positioned the Navy for attack before the Spanish–American War was declared in April 1898. The Osiyo otryadlari buyrug'i bilan Jorj Devi, immediately left Hong Kong for the Philippines, attacking and decisively defeating the Spanish fleet in the Manila ko'rfazidagi jang. A few weeks later, the Shimoliy Atlantika eskadrilyasi destroyed the majority of heavy Spanish naval units in the Caribbean in the Santyago-de-Kuba jangi.^[86]

The Navy's experience in this war was encouraging in that it had won but also cautionary in that the enemy had one of the weakest of the world's modern fleets. Also, the Manila Bay attack was extremely risky in which the American ships could have incurred severe damage or run out of supplies, as they were 7,000 miles from the nearest American harbor. That would have a profound effect on Navy strategy and American foreign policy for next several decades.^[87]

Rise of the Modern Navy (1898–1914)

The Great White Fleet in 1907.

Fortunately for the New Navy, its most ardent political supporter, Teodor Ruzvelt, became President in 1901. Under his administration, the Navy went from the sixth largest in the world to second only to the Royal Navy.^[88] Theodore Roosevelt's administration became involved in the politics of the Caribbean and Central America, with interventions in 1901, 1902, 1903, and 1906. At a speech in 1901, Roosevelt said, "Speak softly and carry a big stick, you will go far", which was a cornerstone of diplomacy during his presidency.^[89]

Roosevelt believed that a U.S.-controlled canal across Central America was a vital strategic interest to the U.S. Navy, because it would significantly shorten travel times for ships between the two coasts. Roosevelt was able to reverse a decision in favor of a Nikaragua kanali and instead moved to purchase the failed French effort across the Panama Istmusi. The isthmus was controlled by Kolumbiya, and in early 1903, the Xey-Herran shartnomasi was signed by both nations to give control of the canal to the United States. After the Colombian Senate failed to ratify the treaty, Roosevelt implied to Panamanian rebels that if they revolted, the US Navy would assist their cause for independence. Panama proceeded to proclaim its independence on November 3, 1903, and USSNeshvill impeded any interference from Colombia. The victorious Panamanians allowed the United States control of the Panama kanali zonasi on February 23, 1904, for US$10 million.^[90] The naval base at Guantanamo qamoqxonasi, Kuba was built in 1905 to protect the canal.^[91]

The latest technological innovation of the time, submarines, were developed in the state of New Jersey by an Irish-American inventor, Jon Filipp Golland. His submarine, USSGollandiya was officially commissioned into U.S. Navy service in the fall of 1900.^[92] The Rus-yapon urushi of 1905 and the launching of HMSQo'rquv in the following year lent impetus to the construction program. At the end of 1907 Roosevelt had sixteen new battleships to make up his "Great White Fleet", which he sent on a cruise around the world. While nominally peaceful, and a valuable training exercise for the rapidly expanding Navy, it was also useful politically as a demonstration of United States power and capabilities; at every port, the politicians and naval officers of both potential allies and enemies were welcomed on board and given tours. The cruise had the desired effect, and American power was subsequently taken more seriously.^[92][93]

The voyage taught the Navy more fueling stations were needed around the world, and the strategic potential of the Panama Canal, which was completed in 1914. The Great White Fleet required almost 50 coaling ships, and during the cruise most of the fleet's coal was purchased from the British, who could deny access to fuel during a military crisis as they did with Russia during the Russo-Japanese War.^[94]

Birinchi jahon urushi (1914–1918)

"Find the Range of Your Patriotism By Enlisting in the Navy", recruitment poster from 1918. Digitally restored.

Meksika

When United States agents discovered that the German merchant ship Ypiranga was carrying illegal arms to Mexico, President Wilson ordered the Navy to stop the ship from docking at the port of Veracruz. On April 21, 1914, a naval brigade of marines and sailors occupied Veracruz. A total of 55 Medals of Honor were awarded for acts of heroism at Veracruz, the largest number ever granted for a single action.^[95]

Preparing for war 1914–1917

Despite U.S. declarations of neutrality and German accountability for its unrestricted submarine warfare, in 1915 the British passenger liner Lusitaniya was sunk, leading to calls for war.^[96] President Wilson forced the Germans to suspend unrestricted submarine warfare and after long debate Congress passes the 1916 yilgi dengiz qonuni that authorized a $500 million construction program over three years for 10 battleships, 6 battlecruisers, 10 scout cruisers, 50 destroyers and 67 submarines.^[97] The idea was a balanced fleet, but in the event destroyers were much more important, because they had to handle submarines and convoys. By the end of the war 273 destroyers had been ordered; most were finished after World War I ended but many served in World War II.^[98] There were few war plans beyond the defense of the main American harbors.^[99]

Dengiz kotibi Jozefus Daniels, a pacifistic journalist, had built up the educational resources of the Navy and made its Dengiz urushi kolleji an essential experience for would-be admirals. However, he alienated the officer corps with his moralistic reforms (no wine in the officers' mess, no hazing at Annapolis, more chaplains and YMCAs). Ignoring the nation's strategic needs, and disdaining the advice of its experts, Daniels suspended meetings of the Joint Army and Navy Board for two years because it was giving unwelcome advice. He chopped in half the General Board's recommendations for new ships, reduced the authority of officers in the Navy yards where ships were built and repaired, and ignored the administrative chaos in his department. Bredli Fiske, one of the most innovative admirals in American naval history, was Daniels' top aide in 1914; he recommended a reorganization that would prepare for war, but Daniels refused. Instead, he replaced Fiske in 1915 and brought in for the new post of Chief of Naval Operations an unknown captain, Uilyam S. Benson. Chosen for his compliance, Benson proved a wily bureaucrat who was more interested in preparing for an eventual showdown with Britain than an immediate one with Germany.

In 1915 Daniels set up the Naval Consulting Board headed by Tomas Edison to obtain the advice and expertise of leading scientists, engineers, and industrialists. It popularized technology, naval expansion, and military preparedness, and was well covered in the media.^[100] Daniels and Benson rejected proposals to sendobservers to Europe, leaving the Navy in the dark about the success of the German submarine campaign.^[101] Admiral Uilyam Sims charged after the war that in April 1917, only ten percent of the Navy's warships were fully manned; the rest lacked 43% of their seamen. Only a third of the ships were fully ready. Light antisubmarine ships were few in number, as if no one had noticed the U-boat factor that had been the focus of foreign policy for two years. The Navy's only warfighting plan, the "Black Plan" assumed the Royal Navy did not exist and that German battleships were moving freely about the Atlantic and the Caribbean and threatening the Panama Canal.^[102][103] His most recent biographer concludes that, "it is true that Daniels had not prepared the navy for the war it would have to fight."^[104]

Fighting a world war, 1917–18

President Wilson ordered the United States Marine Corps enlisted strength increased on March 26; and the United States Naval Academy class of 1917 graduated three months early on March 29 before America entered the war in April 1917. Retired officers were recalled to active duty at shore station billets freeing younger officers for sea duty. The Navy was given control of the Coast Guard and of the Naval Militia of 584 officers and 7,933 men who were assigned to coast patrol service and the Dengiz zahirasidagi uchish korpusi. The Navy took possession of all United States wireless (radio) stations and dismantled those in less useful locations to salvage equipment for military use.^[105] The Navy's role was mostly limited to convoy escort and troop transport and laying the Shimoliy dengiz minalar barrage.^[106] The first United States military unit sent to Europe was the First Aeronautic Detachment of seven naval officers and 122 enlisted men who arrived in France on June 5, 1917 to form the Shimoliy bombardimon guruhi.^[107] The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz kuchlari yubordi a battleship group ga Skapa oqimi ga qo'shilish Buyuk Britaniyaning Katta floti, destroyers to Qirolicha, Ireland and submarines to help guard convoys. Several regiments of Marines were also dispatched to France. The first victory for the Navy in the war occurred on November 17, 1917 when USSFanning va USSNikolson sank the German U-boat U-58.^[108] During World War I, the Navy was the first branch of the United States armed forces to allow enlistment by women in a non-nursing capacity, as Yeoman (F).^[109] The first woman to enlist in the U.S. Navy was Loretta Perfectus Uolsh on March 17, 1917.^[110]

The Navy's vast wartime expansion was overseen by civilian officials, especially Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Ruzvelt. In peacetime, the Navy confined all munitions that lacked civilian uses, including warships, dengiz qurollari, and shells to Navy yards. The Navy yards expanded enormously, and subcontracted the shells and explosives to chemical companies like DuPont and Hercules. Items available on the civilian market, such as food and uniforms were always purchased from civilian contractors. Armor plate and airplanes were purchased on the market.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Inter-war entrenchment and expansion (1918–1941)

Two US Navy floatplanes conducting disaster relief for the 1927 yildagi buyuk Missisipi toshqini

At the end of World War I, the United States Navy had almost 500,000 officers and enlisted men and women and in terms of personnel was the largest in the world.^[111] Younger officers were enthusiastic about the potential of land-based naval aviation as well as the potential roles of aircraft carriers. Chief of Naval Operations Benson was not among them. He tried to abolish aviation in 1919 because he could not "conceive of any use the fleet will ever have for aviation." However Roosevelt listened to the visionaries and reversed Benson's decision.^[112]

After a short period of demobilization, the major naval nations of the globe began programmes for increasing the size and number of their capital ships. Wilson's plan for a world-leading set of capital ships led to a Japanese counter-programme, and a plan by the British to build sufficient ships to maintain a navy superior to either. American isolationist feeling and the economic concerns of the others led to the Vashington dengiz konferentsiyasi of 1921. The outcome of the conference included the Vashington dengiz shartnomasi (also known as the Five-Power treaty), and limitations on the use of submarines. The Treaty prescribed a ratio of 5:5:3:1:1 for capital ships between treaty nations. The treaty recognized the U.S. Navy as being equal to the Royal Navy with 525,000 tons of capital ships and 135,000 tons of aircraft carriers, and the Japanese as the third power. Many older ships were scrapped by the five nations to meet the treaty limitations, and new building of capital ships limited.^[113]

USSLangli, the US Navy's first aircraft carrier.

One consequence was to encourage the development of engil kreyserlar va samolyot tashuvchilar. The United States's first carrier, a converted kollier nomlangan USSLangli was commissioned in 1922, and soon joined by USSLeksington va USSSaratoga, which had been designed as jangovar until the treaty forbade it. Organizationally, the Aviatsiya byurosi was formed in 1921; naval aviators would become referred to as members of the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz-havo korpusi.^[114]

Army airman Billi Mitchell challenged the Navy by trying to demonstrate that warships could be destroyed by land-based bombers. He destroyed his career in 1925 by publicly attacking senior leaders in the Army and Navy for incompetence for their "almost treasonable administration of the national defense."^[115]

The Vinson-Trammell qonuni of 1934 set up a regular program of ship building and modernization to bring the Navy to the maximum size allowed by treaty. The Navy's preparation was helped along by another Navy assistant secretary turned president, Franklin D. Ruzvelt.^[116] The naval limitation treaties also applied to bases, but Congress only approved building seaplane bases on Uyg'onish oroli, Midway oroli va Gollandiya porti and rejected any additional funds for bases on Guam and the Philippines.^[117] Navy ships were designed with greater endurance and range which allowed them to operate further from bases and between refits.^[118]

The Navy had a presence in the Far East with a naval base in the US-owned Philippines and river gunboats in China on the Yangtsi daryosi. Qurol qayig'i USSPanay was bombed and machine-gunned by Japanese airplanes. Washington quickly accepted Japan's apologies and compensation.

African-Americans were enlisted during World War I, but this was halted in 1919 and they were mustered out of the Navy. Starting in the 1930s a few were recruited to serve as stewards in the officers mess. African-Americans were recruited in larger numbers only after Roosevelt insisted in 1942.^[119]

USSShimoliy Karolina

The Naval Act of 1936 authorized the first new battleship since 1921, and USSShimoliy Karolina, was laid down in October 1937. The Ikkinchi Vinson qonuni authorized a 20% increase in the size of the Navy, and in June 1940 the Ikki okean floti to'g'risidagi qonun authorized an 11% expansion in the Navy. Dengiz operatsiyalari boshlig'i Xarold Reynsford Stark asked for another 70% increase, amounting to about 200 additional ships, which was authorized by Congress in less than a month. 1940 yil sentyabrda Asoslar uchun shartnoma gave Britain much-needed destroyers—of WWI vintage—in exchange for United States use of British bases.^[120]

1941 yilda Atlantika floti qayta faollashtirildi. The Navy's first shot in anger came on April 9, when the destroyer USSNiblack dropped depth charges on a U-boat detected while Niblack was rescuing survivors from a torpedoed Dutch freighter. In October, the destroyers Kerni va Ruben Jeyms were torpedoed, and Ruben Jeyms yo'qolgan^[121]

Dengiz osti kemalari

Submarines were the "silent service"—in terms of operating characteristics and the closed-mouth preferences of the submariners. Strategists had, however, been looking into this new type of warship, influenced in large part by Germany's nearly successful U-boat campaign. As early as 1912, Lieutenant Chester Nimitz had argued for long-range submarines to accompany the fleet to scout the enemy's location. The new head of the Submarine Section in 1919 was Captain Thomas Hart, who argued that submarines could win the next war: "There is no quicker or more effective method of defeating Japan than the cutting of her sea communications."^[122] However Hart was astonished to discover how backward American submarines were compared to captured German U-boats, and how unready they were for their mission.^[123] The public supported submarines for their coastal protection mission; they would presumably intercept enemy fleets approaching San Francisco or New York. The Navy realized it was a mission that isolationists in Congress would fund, but it was not actually serious. Old-line admirals said the mission of the subs ought to be as eyes of the battle fleet, and as assistants in battle. That was unfeasible since even on the surface submarines could not move faster than 20 knots, far slower than the 30 knot main warships. The young commanders were organized into a "Submarine Officers' Conference" in 1926.^[124] They argued they were best suited for the commerce raiding that had been the forte of the U-boats. They therefore redesigned their new boats along German lines, and added the new requirement that they be capable of sailing alone for 7,500 miles on a 75-day mission. Unrestricted submarine warfare had led to war with Germany in 1917, and was still vigorously condemned both by public opinion and by treaties, including the London Treaty of 1930. Nevertheless, the submariners planned a role in unrestricted warfare against Japanese merchant ships, transports and oil tankers. The Navy kept its plans secret from civilians. It was an admiral, not President Roosevelt, who within hours of the Pearl Harbor attack, ordered unrestricted warfare against any enemy ship anywhere in the Pacific.^[125]

The submariners had won over Navy strategists, but their equipment was not yet capable of handling their secret mission. The challenge of designing appropriate new boats became a high priority by 1934, and was solved in 1936 as the first new long-range, all welded submarines were launched. Even better were the S-class Go'shti Qizil baliq sinf (launched in 1937), and its successors the T-class or Tambor dengiz osti kemalari of 1939 and the Gato class of 1940. The new models cost about $5–6 million each. At 300 feet in length and 1500 tons, they were twice as big as the German U-boats, but still highly maneuverable. In only 35 seconds they could crash dive to 60 feet. The superb Mark 3 TDC Torpedo Data Computer (an analog computer) took data from periscope or sonar readings on the target's bearing, range and angle on the bow, and continuously set the course and proper gyroscope angle for a salvo of torpedoes until the moment of firing. Six forward tubes and 4 aft were ready for the 24 Mk-14 "fish" the subs carried. Cruising on the surface at 20 knots (using 4 diesel engines) or maneuvering underwater at 8-10 knots (using battery-powered electric motors) they could circle around slow-moving merchant ships. New steels and welding techniques strengthened the hull, enabling the subs to dive as deep as 400 feet in order to avoid depth charges. Expecting long cruises the 65 crewmen enjoyed good living conditions, complete with frozen steaks and air conditioning to handle the hot waters of the Pacific. The new subs could remain at sea for 75 days, and cover 10,000 miles, without resupply. The submariners thought they were ready—but they had two hidden flaws. The penny-pinching atmosphere of the 1930s produced hypercautious commanders and defective torpedoes. Both would have to be replaced in World War II.^[126]

Worldwide expansion

Ikkinchi jahon urushi (1941–1945)

USSShou explodes during the attack on Pearl Harbor.

Buyruqning tarkibi

After the disaster at Pearl Harbor, Roosevelt turned to the most aggressive sailor available, Admiral Ernest J. King (1878-1956). Experienced in big guns, aviation and submarines, King had a broad knowledge and a total dedication to victory. He was perhaps the most dominating admiral in American naval history; he was hated but obeyed, for he made all the decisions from his command post in the Washington, and avoided telling anyone.^[127] The civilian Secretary of the Navy was a cipher whom King kept in the dark; that only changed when the Secretary died in 1944 and Roosevelt brought in his tough-minded aide Jeyms Forrestal.^[128] Despite the decision of the Joint Chiefs of Staff under Admiral Uilyam D. Leahy to concentrate first against Germany, King made the defeat of Japan his highest priority. For example, King insisted on fighting for Guadalcanal despite strong Army objections.^[129] His main strike force was built around carriers based at Pearl Harbor under the command of Chester Nimits.^[130] Nimitz had one main battle fleet, with the same ships and sailors but two command systems that rotated every few months between Admiral Bull Xalsi^[131] va Admiral Raymond A. Spruance.^[132] The Navy had a major advantage: it had broken the Japanese code.^[133] It deduced that Hawaii was the target in June 1942, and that Yamamoto's fleet would strike at Midway Island. King only had four carriers in operation; he sent them all to Midway where in a miraculous few minutes they sank the Japanese carriers. This gave the Americans the advantage in firepower that grew rapidly as new American warships came on line much faster than Japan could build them. King paid special attention to submarines to use against the overextended Japanese logistics system. They were built for long-range missions in tropical waters, and set out to sink the freighters, troop transports and oil tankers that held the Japanese domains together.^[134] The Janubiy-G'arbiy Tinch okeani mintaqasi, based in Australia, was under the control of Army General Douglas MacArthur; King assigned him a fleet of his own under Admiral Tomas C. Kinkaid, without any big carriers.

Carrier warfare

On December 7, 1941, Japan's carriers launched the Pearl Harbor-ga hujum, sinking or disabling the entire battleship fleet. The stupendous defeat forced Admiral King to develop a new strategy based on carriers. Although the sunken battleships were raised, and many new ones were built, battleships played a secondary role in the war, limited chiefly to bombardment of islands scheduled for amphibious landings. The "Big Gun" club that had dominated the Navy since the Civil War lost its clout.^[135]

The U.S. was helpless in the next six months as the Japanese swept through the Western Pacific and into the Indian Ocean, rolling up the Filippinlar shu qatorda; shu bilan birga the main British base at Singapore.^[136] After reeling from these defeats the Navy stabilized its lines in summer 1942.

USSYorqtaun under attack at the Midvey jangi.

At the start of the war, the United States and Japan were well matched in aircraft carriers, in terms of numbers and quality, but the Mitsubishi A6M Zero carrier fighter plane was superior in terms of range and maneuverability to its American counterpart, the F4F Wildcat. By reverse engineering a captured Zero, the American engineers identified its weaknesses, such as inadequate protection for the pilot and the fuel tanks, and built the Hellcat as a superior weapon system. In late 1943 the Grumman F6F Hellcats entered combat. Xuddi shu narsa bilan ishlaydi 2,000 horsepower Pratt and Whitney 18-cylinder radial engine tomonidan ishlatilganidek F4U Corsair already in service with the Marine Corps and the UK's allied Fleet Air Arm, the F6Fs were faster (at 400 mph) than the Zeros, quicker to climb (at 3,000 feet per minute), more nimble at high altitudes, better at diving, had more armor, more firepower (6 machine guns fired 120 bullets per second) than the Zero's two machine guns and pair of 20 mm autocannon, carried more ammunition, and used a gunsight designed for deflection shooting at an angle. Although the Hellcat was heavier and had a shorter range than the Zero, on the whole it proved a far superior weapon.^[137] Japan's carrier and pilot losses at Midway crippled its offensive capability, but America's overwhelming offensive capability came from shipyards that increasingly out produced Japan's, from the refineries that produced high-octane gasoline, and from the training fields that produced much better trained pilots. In 1942 Japan commissioned 6 new carriers but lost 6; in 1943 it commissioned 3 and lost 1. The turning point came in 1944 when it added 8 and lost 13. At war's end Japan had 5 carriers tied up in port; all had been damaged, all lacked fuel and all lacked warplanes. Meanwhile, the US launched 13 small carriers in 1942 and one large one; and in 1943 added 15 large and 50 escort carriers, and more arrived in 1944 and 1945. The new American carriers were much better designed, with far more antiaircraft guns, and powerful radar.^[138]

Both sides were overextended in the exhaustive sea, air and land battles for Guadalcanal. The Japanese were better at night combat (because the American destroyers had only trained for attacks on battleships).^[139] However, the Japanese could not feed its soldiers so the Americans eventually won because of superior logistics.^[140][141] The Navy built up its forces in 1942–43, and developed a strategy of "orolda sakrash, that is to skip over most of the heavily defended Japanese islands and instead go further on and select islands to seize for forward air bases.

U.S. Navy destroyer drops depth charges during operations in the Atlantic Ocean.

In the Atlantic, the Allies waged a long battle with German submarines which was termed the Atlantika okeanidagi jang. Navy aircraft flew from bases in Greenland and Iceland to hunt submarines, and hundreds of eskort tashuvchilar va halokat eskortlari were built which were specifically designed to protect merchant convoys.^[142] In the Pacific, in an ironic twist, the U.S. submarines fought against Japanese shipping in a mirror image of the Atlantic, with U.S. submarines hunting Japanese merchant ships. At the end of the war the U.S. had 260 submarines in commission. It had lost 52 submarines during the war, 36 in actions in the Pacific.^[143] Submarines effectively destroyed the Japanese merchant fleet by January 1945 and choked off Japan's oil supply.^[144]

In the summer of 1943, the U.S. began the Gilbert va Marshal orollari kampaniyasi to retake the Gilbert and Marshall Islands. After this success, the Americans went on to the Mariana va Pala orollari in summer 1944. Following their defeat at the Saypan jangi, Yaponiya imperatorlik floti "s Birlashgan flot, with 5 aircraft carriers, sortied to attack the Navy's Beshinchi flot davomida Filippin dengizidagi jang, which was the largest aircraft carrier battle in history.^[145] The battle was so one-sided that it became known as the "Marianas turkey shoot"; the U.S. lost 130 aircraft and no ships while the Japanese lost 411 planes and 3 carriers. Following victory in the Marianas, the U.S. began the reconquest of the Philippines at Leyte in October 1944. The Japanese fleet sortied to attack the invasion fleet, resulting in the four-day Leyte ko'rfazidagi jang, one of the largest naval battles in history.^[146] Birinchi kamikaze missions were flown during the battle, sinking USSSent-Lo and damaging several other U.S. ships; these attacks were the most effective anti-ship weapon of the war.^[147]

The Okinava jangi became the last major battle between U.S. and Japanese ground units. Okinava was to become a staging area for the eventual Yaponiyani bosib olish since it was just 350 miles (560 km) south of the Japanese mainland. Marines and soldiers landed unopposed on April 1, 1945, to begin an 82-day campaign which became the largest land-sea-air battle in history and was noted for the ferocity of the fighting and the high civilian casualties with over 150,000 Okinawans losing their lives. Yapon kamikaze pilots inflicted the largest loss of ships in U.S. naval history with the sinking of 36 and the damaging of another 243. Total U.S. casualties were over 12,500 dead and 38,000 wounded, while the Japanese lost over 110,000 men, making Okinawa one of the bloodiest battles in history.^[148]

The fierce fighting on Okinawa is said to have played a part in Prezident Trumaniki decision to use the atom bombasi and to forsake an Yaponiyani bosib olish. Qachon Yaponlar taslim bo'lishdi, a flotilla of 374 ships entered Tokio ko'rfazi to witness the ceremony conducted on the battleship USSMissuri.^[149] By the end of the war the US Navy had over 1200 warships, surpassing the size of the Qirollik floti.^[150]

Sovuq urush (1945–1991)

A U.S. Navy gunboat using napalm ichida Vetnam urushi.

The immediate postwar fate of the Navy was the scrapping and mothballing of ships on a large scale; by 1948 only 267 ships were active in the Navy.^[150] 1948 yilda Ayollar qurolli xizmatlarini birlashtirish to'g'risidagi qonun gave women permanent status in the Regular and Reserve forces of the Navy.^[151]

Admirallarning qo'zg'oloni

The military services were unified in 1947 over the strong objections of Navy Secretary Jeyms Forrestal. President Truman appointed him Secretary of Defense, but the two disagreed over budgets and Truman fired him in 1949 when Forrestal took the Navy's side in a public protest against White House policy known as the Admirallarning qo'zg'oloni. A basic political problem was that the Secretary of Defense did not fully control the budgets of the three services. Each one worked with powerful Congressmen to enhance their budgets despite the White House determination to hold down spending. In 1948–49 the "Revolt of the Admirals" came when a number of retired and active-duty admirals publicly disagreed with President Truman and with his replacement for Forrestal Lui A. Jonson because they wanted less expensive strategik atom bombalari delivered by the Air Force. Forrestal had supported the Navy position and had obtained funding for an aircraft carrier from Congress. Truman fired Forrestal, and Johnson cancelled the carrier and announced plans to move Marine Corps aviation out of the Navy and into the Air Force. During Congressional hearings public opinion shifted strongly against the Navy. In the end the Navy kept Marine aviation and eventually got its carrier, but its revolting admirals were punished and it lost control over strategic bombing. The Truman administration essentially defeated the Revolt, and civilian control over the military was reaffirmed. Military budgets following the hearings prioritized the development of Air Force heavy bomber designs, accumulating a combat ready force of over 1,000 long-range strategic bombers capable of supporting nuclear mission scenarios.^[152]

The Navy gradually developed a reputation for having the most highly developed technology of all the U.S. services. The 1950s saw the development of atom energiyasi for ships, under the leadership of Admiral Hyman G. Rikover, rivojlanishi raketalar va reaktiv samolyot for Navy use and the construction of superkaryerlar. USSKorxona was the world's first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier and was followed by the Nimits-class supercarriers. Balistik raketa osti kemalari grew ever more deadly and quiet, culminating in the Ogayo shtati- sinf osti kemalari.^[153] Rickover had a strong base of support in Congress and in public opinion, and he forced nuclear power to be a high Navy priority, especially for submarines. Combined with missile technology, this gave the United States the assured second-strike capability that was the foundation of deterrence against the Soviet Union.^[154]

Korean War and naval expansion

Tension with the Soviet Union and China came to a head in the Koreya urushi, and it became clear that the peacetime Navy would have to be much larger than ever imagined. Fleets were assigned to geographic areas around the world, and ships were sent to hot spots as a standard part of the response to the periodic crises.^[155] However, because the North Korean navy was not large, the Korean War featured few naval battles; the combatant navies served mostly as naval artillery for their in-country armies. A large amphibious landing at Inchon succeeded in driving the North Koreans back across the 38th parallel. The Chosin suv omboridagi jang ended with the evacuation of almost 105,000 UN troops from the port of Hungnam.^[156]

The U.S. Navy's 1956 shipbuilding program was significant because it included authorization for the construction of eight submarines, the largest such order since World War II.^[157] This FY-56 program included five nuclear-powered submarines – Triton, boshqariladigan raketa osti kemasi Paltus, qo'rg'oshin kemasi uchun Skipjack sinf va oxirgi ikki Skat-class hujum osti kemalari, Sargo va Seadragon. It also included the three diesel-electric Barbel sinf, the last diesel-electric submarines to be built by the U.S. Navy.^[158]

Vetnam urushi

An unlikely combination of Navy ships fought in the Vietnam War 1965–72; aircraft carriers offshore launched thousands of air strikes, while small gunboats of the "jigarrang-dengiz floti " patrolled the rivers. Despite the naval activity, new construction was curtailed by Presidents Jonson va Nikson to save money, and many of the carriers on Yanki stantsiyasi dated from World War II. By 1978 the fleet had dwindled to 217 surface ships and 119 submarines.^[159]

Soviet challenge

Meanwhile, the Soviet fleet had been growing, and outnumbered the U.S. fleet in every type except carriers, and the Navy calculated they probably would be defeated by the Soviet Navy in a major conflict.^[160] This concern led the Reygan administration to set a goal for a 600 kema dengiz floti, and by 1988 the fleet was at 588, although it declined again in subsequent years. The Ayova- sinf jangovar kemalari Ayova, Nyu-Jersi, Missuriva Viskonsin were reactivated after 40 years in storage, modernized, and made showy appearances off the shores of Livan va boshqa joylarda. In 1987 and 1988, the United States Navy conducted various combat operations in the Persian Gulf against Iran, most notably Mantis ibodati operatsiyasi, the largest surface-air naval battle since World War II.^[161]

Post–Cold War (1991–present)

Supercarrier USS Nimits

Inqiroz xalqqa duch kelganda, siyosatchilar tomonidan tez-tez so'raladigan birinchi savol: "Qaysi dengiz kuchlari mavjud va ular stantsiyada qancha tezlikda bo'lishlari mumkin?"

— Admiral Carlisle A. H. Trost^[162]

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Soviet Navy fell apart, without sufficient personnel to man many of its ships or the money to maintain them—indeed, many of them were sold to foreign nations. This left the United States as the world's undisputed naval superpower. U.S. naval forces did undergo a decline in absolute terms but relative to the rest of the world, however, United States dwarfs other nations' naval power as evinced by its 11 aircraft supercarriers and their supporting battle groups. During the 1990s, the United States naval strategy was based on the overall military strategy of the United States which emphasized the ability of the United States to engage in two simultaneous limited wars along separate fronts.^[163]

The ships of the Navy participated in a number of conflicts after the end of the Cold War. Diplomatik harakatlar muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchraganidan so'ng, Dengiz kuchlari 1991 yil Iroq bilan Fors ko'rfazidagi urushning boshlanishida muhim rol o'ynadi; dengiz floti kemalari yuzlab Tomaxavk II qanotli raketalar va dengiz samolyotlari Fors ko'rfazi va Qizil dengizdagi oltita kemadan parvozlarni amalga oshirdi. Harbiy kemalar Missuri va Viskonsin Koreya urushidan beri birinchi marta 16 dyuymli qurollarini bir nechta nishonga otdi Quvayt fevral oyining boshlarida.^[164] 1999 yilda dengiz floti va dengiz piyoda korpusining yuzlab samolyotlari Italiyadagi bazalardan va Adriatikadagi transport vositalaridan Serbiya va Kosovodagi nishonlarga qarshi minglab parvozlarni amalga oshirdilar. etnik tozalash yilda Kosovo. 78 kunlik kampaniyadan so'ng Serbiya NATO talablarini bajardi.^[165]

Ko'p sonli qo'mondon o'z ishini to'g'ri bajarmaganligi uchun ishdan bo'shatilishi natijasida, 2012 yilda Dengiz operatsiyalari boshlig'i (CNO) Dengiz kuchlari bo'ylab qo'mondonlarni tanlashning yangi usulini buyurdi.^[166]

2007 yil mart oyida AQSh dengiz kuchlari birinchi jahon urushidan beri 274 ta kemasi bo'lgan eng kichik flot hajmiga erishdi. Sovuq urush, Dengiz kuchlari Sovet Ittifoqi bilan keng miqyosli urushga tayyorgarlik ko'rishdan mintaqaviy mojarolarda maxsus operatsiyalar va zarba berish vazifalariga o'tdilar. Dengiz kuchlari Iroq urushi va davom etayotgan asosiy ishtirokchi hisoblanadi Terrorizmga qarshi urush, asosan ushbu imkoniyatga ega. Yangi kemalar va qurol-yarog ', shu jumladan Jerald R. Ford- sinf samolyot tashuvchisi va Littoral jangovar kema. AQSh dengiz kuchlarining yuz uch xodimi Iroq urushida halok bo'ldi.^[167] AQSh harbiy-dengiz kuchlari harbiy kemalari davomida qanotli raketalarni Liviyadagi harbiy maqsadlarga uchirdi "Odisseya tongi" operatsiyasi BMT rezolyutsiyasini bajarish.^[168]

Boshchiligidagi AQSh dengiz flotining sobiq admirallari AQSh dengiz instituti "Eron va Xitoyning tajovuzkor harakatlariga" javob berish qobiliyati deb biladigan narsalar haqida xavotirlarni uyg'otdi.^[1][2] Tinch okeaniga burilishning bir qismi sifatida Mudofaa vaziri Leon E. Panetta Dengiz kuchlari Tinch okeani va Atlantika o'rtasidagi 50/50 bo'linishdan 60/40 foizli Tinch okeani foydasiga bo'linishga o'tishini aytdi, ammo Dengiz operatsiyalari boshlig'i, Admiral Jonathan Greenert, va Shtab boshliqlarining birlashgan raisi, General Martin Dempsi, bu "G'arbiy Tinch okeaniga qo'shinlar yoki kemalarning katta oqimi" degani emasligini aytdi.^{[169][170][171]} Ushbu burilish Tinch okeaniga yo'naltirilgan tendentsiyaning davomi bo'lib, u Sovet Ittifoqiga qarshi Sovuq Urushning birinchi marotaba Atlantika okeanida joylashgan dengiz osti kemalari flotining 60 foizini qirg'oqlar o'rtasida teng bo'linishga, keyin esa 2006 yilda 60 foizga yo'naltirganini ko'rdi. Xitoyga qarshi turish uchun Tinch okean tomonida joylashgan suvosti kemalari. Asosiy yo'nalish butunlay raqamlar bilan bog'liq emas, chunki eng zamonaviy platformalarning ba'zilari Tinch okeanining diqqat markaziga ega bo'ladi, bu erda ularning imkoniyatlari eng zarur.^[172] Ammo bitta hodisa ham global missiyalar bilan kamtarin hajmdagi parkda katta chuqurlik hosil qilishi mumkin.^[173]

2016 yil 12 yanvarda Eron qurolli kuchlari dengiz flotining o'n nafar xodimini qo'lga oldi ularning ikkita qayig'i Fors ko'rfazidagi Forsiy orolining qirg'og'ida Eronning hududiy suvlariga kirganda. AQSh va Eron o'rtasidagi diplomatik muhokamalardan so'ng ular ertasi kuni ozod qilindi.

2017 yil o'rtalarida ikkita dengiz floti kemalari, USSFitsjerald va USSJon S. Makkeyn, ishtirok etgan to'qnashuvlar muntazam ravishda tranzit paytida savdo kemalari bilan, natijada o'limga olib keldi.^[174][175]

Shuningdek qarang

• Dastlabki Amerika dengiz floti tarixining bibliografiyasi
• Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz kuchlari kemalari ro'yxati
• Dengiz dengizlari
• AQSh dengiz floti muzeylari

Adabiyotlar

Iqtiboslar

• Bler, Kley (2001). Jim G'alaba: Yaponiyaga qarshi AQSh dengiz osti kemalari urushi. Annapolis: Dengiz instituti matbuoti. ISBN  1-55750-217-X.
• Xovart, Stiven (1999). Shining dengiziga: Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz floti tarixi, 1775–1998. Norman, OK: Oklaxoma universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  0-8061-3026-1. OCLC  40200083.
• Langli, Xarold. AQSh dengiz flotida ijtimoiy islohot, 1798–1862 (Illinoys universiteti matbuoti, 1967)
• Sevgi, Robert V., kichik AQSh dengiz kuchlari tarixi (1992).
• Mart, Frensis A. (1919). Jahon urushi tarixi. Filadelfiya: Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari va Kanadaning Birlashgan nashriyotlari.
• Miller, Natan (1997). AQSh dengiz kuchlari: tarix (3-nashr). Annapolis, MD: Dengiz instituti matbuoti. ISBN  1-55750-595-0. OCLC  37211290.
• Morison, Samuel Eliot (2007). Ikki okean urushi: Ikkinchi Jahon Urushida Qo'shma Shtatlar flotining qisqa tarixi. Annapolis, MD: Dengiz instituti matbuoti. ISBN  978-1-59114-524-0.
• Rose, Lisle (2007). Dengizdagi kuch: dengizchilik davri, 1890–1918. Jefferson Siti, MO: Missuri universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0-8262-1701-1.
• Sondxaus, Lourens (2001). Dengiz urushi 1815–1914. London: Routledge. ISBN  0-415-21478-5. OCLC  44039349.
• Swann, Leonard Alexander, Jr. (1965). Jon Roach, dengiz tashabbusi: dengiz pudratchisi bo'lgan yillar 1862-1886. Annapolis, MD: Dengiz instituti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0-405-13078-6. OCLC  6278183.
• Shirin odam, Jek (2002). Amerika dengiz tarixi: AQSh dengiz kuchlari va dengiz piyodalari korpusining tasvirlangan xronologiyasi, 1775 - hozirgacha. Annapolis, MD: Dengiz instituti matbuoti. ISBN  1-55750-867-4.

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Albertson, Mark (2008). Ular sizning orqangizdan ergashishlari kerak !: Buyuk Oq flotning g'alabasi. Mustang, OK: Tate Publishing. ISBN  978-1-60462-145-7. OCLC  244006553.
• Baer, ​​Jorj V. (1994). Yuz yillik dengiz quvvati: AQSh dengiz kuchlari, 1890–1990.
• Bennett, Maykl J. Union Jacks: Fuqarolar urushidagi Yanki dengizchilari (Shimoliy Karolina universiteti matbuoti, 2003)
• Zerikarli, Jonathan R. Amerika dengiz tarixi, 1607–1865: mustamlaka merosini yengish (Nebraska universiteti matbuoti; 2012) parcha va matn qidirish; to'liq matn onlayn
• Grenvill, Jon A. S. va Jorj Berkli Yon, Siyosat, strategiya va Amerika diplomatiyasi: tashqi siyosat bo'yicha tadqiqotlar, 1873–1917 (1966) 1-38 bet, "Admiral va siyosat: Stefan B. Lyus va zamonaviy Amerika dengiz flotining asosi".
• Xagan, Kennet J. va Maykl T. Makmaster, nashr. Tinchlik va urushda: Amerika dengiz tarixining talqinlari (2008), olimlarning insholari
• Isenberg, Maykl T. Respublikaning qalqoni: Sovuq urush va zo'ravonlik tinchligi davrida AQSh dengiz floti 1945-1962 (1993)
• Makki, Kristofer. Janob va sharafli kasb: AQSh dengiz kuchlari ofitseri korpusini yaratish, 1794-1815 (Naval Institute Press, 1991)
• McPherson, Jeyms M. (2012). Suvlarga qarshi urush: Ittifoq va Konfederatsiya dengiz kuchlari, 1861–1865. Shimoliy Karolina universiteti matbuoti.
• Pedisich, Pol E. Kongress dengiz flotini sotib oladi: siyosat, iqtisod va Amerika dengiz kuchlarining ko'tarilishi, 1881-1921 (Dengiz instituti, 2016). 286 bet.
• Potter, E.B. Dengiz kuchi: dengiz tarixi (1981), butun dunyo bo'ylab jang tarixi
• Rose, Lisle A. Dengizdagi kuch, 1-jild: Dengizchilik davri, 1890–1918 (2006) ko'chirma va matn qidirish 1-jild; Dengizdagi kuch, 2-jild: Breaking Storm, 1919-1945 (2006) ko'chirma va matn qidirish 2-jild; Dengizdagi kuch, 3-jild: Zo'ravonlik tinchligi, 1946–2006 (2006) ko'chirma va matn qidirish 3-tom
• Symonds, Kreyg L. Dengizdagi qaror: Amerika tarixini shakllantirgan beshta dengiz jangi (2006) parcha va matn qidirish; Eri ko'li, Xempton-Yo'llar, Manila ko'rfazi. Midway, Fors ko'rfazi
• Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2010). Fuqarolar urushi dengiz entsiklopediyasi. 2. Santa Barbara, Kaliforniya: ABC-CLIO. ISBN  978-1-59884-338-5.
• Ternbull, Arxibald Duglas va Klifford Li Lord. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz aviatsiyasi tarixi (Ayer Co Pub, 1972) dan 1939 yilgacha

Tarixnoma

• Hackemer, Kurt H. "AQSh dengiz kuchlari, 1860–1920". Jeyms C. Bredfordda Amerika harbiy tarixining hamrohi (2 jild 2009) 1: 388-398
• Xolvitt, Joel I. "Obzor inshoi: AQSh harbiy-dengiz kuchlarini qayta baholash" Harbiy tarix jurnali (2012) 76#1 193–210
• Makki, Kristofer. "AQSh dengiz kuchlari, 1794–1860: erkaklar, kemalar va boshqaruv." yilda Jeyms C. Bredford Amerika harbiy tarixining hamrohi (2009 yil 2 jild) 1: 378-387.
• Vinkler, Devid F. "1920 yildan beri AQSh dengiz kuchlari". Jeyms C. Bredfordda Amerika harbiy tarixining hamrohi (2 jild 2009) 1: 399-410.

Tashqi havolalar

• "Dengiz tarixi va merosi qo'mondonligining rasmiy veb-sayti". AQSh dengiz kuchlari.
• "100 ta ob'ektdagi dengiz floti tarixi". Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz akademiyasi. AQSh dengiz kuchlari. 2013 yil.
• Qo'shma Shtatlar dengiz flotining qisqa tarixi Admiral Jorj R. Klark va boshq. (Dengiz akademiyasida foydalanish uchun uning Midshipmenlar komendanti tomonidan yozilgan darslik; 1927 yilgi tahrir)
• http://www.nukestrat.com/pubs/nep7.pdf - 1994 yildagi qog'oz yoritishning cheklanganligi, jamoatchilik bilan aloqalardagi yagona yadroli guruhlarning qiymati, an'anaviy ravishda ta'minlanadigan eskortlarga bog'liqlikni va ta'minotni doimiy ravishda to'ldirishni hisobga olgan holda.