Ikkinchi jahon urushidagi ispan amerikaliklar - Hispanic Americans in World War II

Ispan amerikaliklar, shuningdek, deb nomlanadi Lotinlar, urushda Amerika qurolli kuchlarining barcha elementlarida xizmat qilgan. Ular urushda Amerikaning har bir yirik jangida qatnashgan. Davomida 400,000 va 500,000 orasida ispan amerikaliklar AQSh qurolli kuchlarida xizmat qilishdi Ikkinchi jahon urushi jami 16 000 000 kishidan,^[1][2] AQSh Qurolli Kuchlarining 3,1% dan 3,2% gacha. Aniq raqam noma'lum, chunki o'sha paytda ispanlar alohida jadvalga kiritilmagan, lekin odatda oq tanli aholi ro'yxatiga kiritilgan. Alohida statistik ma'lumotlar saqlanib turildi Afroamerikaliklar va Osiyolik amerikaliklar.^[3]

1941 yil 7-dekabrda Qo'shma Shtatlar rasmiy ravishda urushga kirganda, amerikalik ispan amerikaliklar qatoriga qo'shilgan ko'plab Amerika fuqarolari qatorida Armiya, Dengiz kuchlari va Dengiz kuchlari korpusi ko'ngillilar sifatida yoki orqali qoralama. Ispanlar nafaqat Evropa va Tinch okeani urush teatrlarida faol jangchilar sifatida xizmat qilishdi, balki ular ham xizmat qilishdi uyning old qismi tinch aholi sifatida.^[4]Yuzlab ispan ayollari qo'shildi Ayollar armiyasining yordamchi korpusi (WAAC) va Ko'ngilli shoshilinch xizmatga ayollar qabul qilinadi (WAVES), hamshira bo'lib xizmat qiladi va ma'muriy lavozimlarda ishlaydi. Ko'pchilik o'q-dorilar va materiallar ishlab chiqaradigan ishlab chiqarish zavodlarida an'anaviy ravishda erkaklarning ish joylarida ish olib, urushda bo'lgan odamlarning o'rnini egallashgan.^[5]

Harbiy xizmatni ko'paytirganda, ba'zilari Puerto-Rikaliklar oroldan birliklar o'rnini bosuvchi sifatida tayinlangan Panama kanali zonasi va Britaniya Karib dengizi orollari asosan kontinental (Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari materik) askarlaridan iborat edi.^[4] Puerto-Rikoda istiqomat qiluvchi Puerto-Riko va Ispaniyaliklarning ko'pchiligiga tayinlangan 65-piyoda polki yoki ga Puerto-Riko milliy gvardiyasi. Bular statistik ma'lumotlar saqlanadigan yagona Ispan tilidagi birliklar edi. Puerto-Riko aviatorlari Tuskegee Airmen-ning mashhur 99-jangovar otryadini tayyorlash uchun Alabama shtatidagi Tuskegi shahridagi Tuskegee Armiya Havo maydoniga yuborildi. Tuskegee Airmen afro-amerikaliklar va afrikalik merosning ispanlaridan ajratilgan birlik edi. Ular Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari qurolli kuchlarida harbiy aviatorga aylangan Afrika merosining birinchi odamlari edi. Orolda istiqomat qilgan 53000 dan ortiq Puerto-Riko va Ispaniyaliklar urushda xizmat qilishdi.^[3] Ga binoan Senator Robert Menendez, Ikkinchi Jahon Urushida 9000 dan ortiq lotin amerikaliklar mudofaasida halok bo'lishdi.^[6] Alohida hujjatlar yo'qligi sababli, mojaroda vafot etgan ispan amerikaliklarning umumiy soni noma'lum.

Terminologiya

Ispan amerikalik bu etnik Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining har qanday fuqarosi yoki fuqarosi, irqiy kelib chiqishi va har qanday diniga mansub, Ispaniya xalqi yoki ispan tilida so'zlashadigan mamlakatlarning kamida bitta ajdodiga ega bo'lgan toifani ajratish uchun ishlatiladigan atama Amerika. Qo'shma Shtatlardagi uchta eng yirik ispan guruhlari Meksikalik amerikaliklar, Puerto-Rikaliklar va Kubalik amerikaliklar.^[7] Ispan amerikaliklar ham lotinlar deb nomlangan^[8]

Ikkinchi jahon urushiga tayyorgarlik

Qo'shma Shtatlar Ikkinchi Jahon urushiga kirishdan oldin, Ispaniyalik amerikaliklar allaqachon Evropa tuprog'ida jang qilishgan Ispaniya fuqarolar urushi. Ispaniyadagi fuqarolar urushi Ispaniyada urinishdan keyin boshlangan katta mojaro edi Davlat to'ntarishi qismlari tomonidan armiya, boshchiligidagi Millatparvar General Fransisko Franko, hukumatiga qarshi Ikkinchi Ispaniya Respublikasi. Ispaniyalik amerikaliklar ishtirok etgan ikkala fraksiya nomidan, "millatchilar" Ispaniya armiyasi va "loyalistlar" (respublikachilar) a'zolari sifatida yoki Avraam Linkoln xalqaro brigadasi^[9] yoki aviator sifatida Yanki otryad boshchiligidagi Bert Akosta (1895–1954).^[10]

Umumiy Manuel Goded Llopis (1882-1936) da tug'ilgan San-Xuan, Puerto-Riko, Ispaniya armiyasining yuqori lavozimli ofitseri edi. Llopis qo'shilgan birinchi generallardan biri edi General Fransisko Franko hukumatiga qarshi qo'zg'olonda Ikkinchi Ispaniya Respublikasi. Llopis anarxistlarga qarshi kurashga rahbarlik qildi Kataloniya, ammo uning qo'shinlari sonidan ko'p edi. U qo'lga olindi va otishma bilan o'limga mahkum etildi.^[11][12]

Leytenant Carmelo Delgado Delgado (1913-1937) Ikkinchi Ispaniya respublikasi nomidan jang qilgan ko'plab ispanlar orasida edi Avraam Linkoln brigadasi. Delgado jang qildi Madrid jangi 1937 yil 29 aprelda asirga olingan va o'q otish bilan o'ldirilgan. U ushbu mojaroda vafot etgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari (AQSh) fuqarolari orasida birinchi bo'lgan.^[13]

Pearl Harbor

USS Nevada

1941 yil 7 dekabrda, qachonki Yaponiya imperiyasi hujum qildi Qo'shma Shtatlar Tinch okean floti da Pearl Harbor, halok bo'lganlar orasida ispan familiyalari bo'lgan ko'plab dengizchilar ham bor edi.^[14] Bortda AQSh dengiz piyoda korpusi vakili Richard I. Trujillo xizmat qilgan Battleship USSNevada (BB-36) qachon Yapon hujum qildi Pearl Harbor. The Nevada o'sha kuni portda bo'lgan kemalar orasida edi. Uning qurolchilari o'q uzib, muhandislari bug 'ko'tarilgach, unga zarba berildi torpedalar va yapon hujumchilaridan bomba. 50 kishi halok bo'ldi va 109 kishi yaralandi. Halok bo'lganlar orasida Trujillo ham bor edi, u Ikkinchi Jahon urushidagi birinchi ispan dengiz qurboniga aylandi.^[15]

Qo'mondon Luis de Florez

Qo'shma Shtatlar rasman Ikkinchi Jahon Urushiga kirganida, Ispaniyalik amerikaliklar Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Qurolli Kuchlari safiga ko'ngillilar sifatida yoki AQSh orqali qo'shilgan ko'plab amerikaliklar qatorida edilar. qoralama.^[16]

1941 yilda qo'mondon Luis de Florez Dengiz floti aeronavtika byurosining maxsus qurilmalari bo'linmasini (keyinchalik u nima bo'ladi?) Tashkil etilishida muhim rol o'ynadi. NAWCTSD ).^[17] Keyinchalik u Dengiz kuchlari aeronavtika byurosining muhandislik bo'limida yangi Maxsus qurilmalar stolining boshlig'i etib tayinlandi. Oltmishdan ziyod ixtiroga sazovor bo'lgan De Florez, dengiz kuchlarini tayyorgarlikni oshirish uchun "sintetik o'quv moslamalari" ni ishlab chiqarishni boshlashga chaqirdi. Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida u kapitan va 1944 yilda orqa admiral unvoniga ega bo'ldi.^[18]

Evropa teatri

The Ikkinchi jahon urushi Evropa teatri o'rtasida og'ir janglar maydoni bo'lgan Ittifoq kuchlari va Eksa kuchlari 1939 yil 1 sentyabrdan 1945 yil 8 maygacha. Ispan amerikaliklarning aksariyati oddiy birliklarda xizmat qilishgan; kabi faol ispanlar soni yuqori bo'lgan hududlardan jalb qilingan ba'zi faol jangovar bo'linmalar Puerto-Rikodan 65-piyoda polki va 36-Texas piyoda piyodalarining 141-polk, asosan ispanlardan iborat bo'lgan.

36-piyoda diviziyasining 141-polkining ispaniyaliklari birinchi Amerika qo'shinlaridan edi Salernodagi Italiya tuprog'iga tushing. 141-polkning E kompaniyasi butunlay Ispan edi. 36-piyoda diviziyasi Italiya va Frantsiyada jang qilib, o'tib ketish paytida katta yo'qotishlarga duchor bo'ldi Rapido daryosi yaqin Kassino, Italiya. Bu harbiy tahlilchilar bahslashayotgan bahsli voqea edi.^[19]

65-piyoda polki

65-piyoda askarlari Salinas, Puerto-Riko, 1941 yil avgust

Puerto-Rikodan izolyatsion qo'shinlarning kichik bir qismi Kubaga Batista Field qo'riqchisi sifatida yuborilgan. 1943 yilda 65-piyoda qo'shin yuborildi Panama Tinch okeani va Atlantika tomonlarini himoya qilish istmus va Panama kanali, okeanga chiqadigan kemalar uchun juda muhimdir. Puerto-Riko indüksiyon dasturining ko'payishiga darhol ruxsat berildi. Panamada 762-chi zenitli artilleriya qurolli batalyoni, 766-chi AAA qurolli batalyoni va 891-chi AAA qurolli batalyonlari kabi kontinental qo'shinlar Puerto-Rikaliklar bilan almashtirildi.^[20][21] Ular, shuningdek, o'qitilgan Puerto-Riko birliklarining mavjudligi ruxsat bergan darajada Britaniya orollaridagi bazalardagi qo'shinlarni almashtirdilar.^[4] 295-piyoda polki 1944 yilda 65-piyoda qo'shinini kuzatib, Puerto-Rikoning San-Xuan shahridan jo'nab ketdi. Panama kanali zonasi.

O'sha yili 65-piyoda qo'shinlari Shimoliy Afrikaga jo'natildi va u erda qo'shimcha tayyorgarlikdan o'tdilar. 1944 yil 29 aprelgacha polkda edi Italiyaga tushdi va ko'chib o'tdi Korsika.^[22] 1944 yil 22 sentyabrda 65-piyoda qo'shin Frantsiyaga tushdi va ichida harakat qilishga sodiq edi Dengiz Alplari Peira Cava-da. 1944 yil 13-dekabrda podpolkovnik qo'mondonligida 65-piyoda qo'shin Xuan Sezar Kordero Davila, ning 2-batalyonini bo'shatdi 442-piyoda polki, tuzilgan polk Yapon amerikaliklar polkovnikning buyrug'i bilan Virgil R. Miller, Puerto-Rikoda tug'ilgan.

3-batalyon Germaniyaning 34-piyoda diviziyasining 107-piyoda polkiga qarshi jang qildi va mag'lub bo'ldi.^[23] Pvt bilan birga 47 jang talofati bo'lgan. Serxio Sanches-Sanches va serjant Anxel Martines dan Sabana Grande, jangovar harakatlarda o'ldirilgan 65-piyoda askarlaridan birinchi ikki Puerto-Rikalik bo'lganlar. 1945 yil 18 martda polk jo'natildi Manxaym tumani va tayinlangan harbiy ishg'ol urush tugaganidan keyin vazifalar. Polk jangda halok bo'lgan 23 askarni azob chekdi.^[24][25]

Birinchi darajali serjant Agustin Ramos Kalero

1943 yil mart oyida xususiy birinchi sinf Jozef (Xose) R. Martines, Pattonning ettinchi armiyasi a'zosi, Germaniyaning piyoda qo'shinlari bo'linmasi va tankini yo'q qildi Tunis og'ir artilleriya otishmalarini taqdim etib, o'z vzvodini bu jarayonda hujumga uchrashdan saqlab qoldi. U general Jorj S. Pattondan "Faxriy xizmat" xochini oldi, ikkinchisi "Faxriy medal" dan keyin, ushbu harbiy bezakning birinchi Puerto-Riko oluvchisi bo'ldi.^[26]

Birinchi darajali serjant Agustin Ramos Kalero ga tayinlangan 65-piyoda askarining a'zosi AQShning 3-piyoda diviziyasi ingliz tilida gaplashish va tushunish qobiliyati tufayli Evropa teatridagi eng bezatilgan ispan askarlaridan biri edi.^[24] Kalero tug'ilib o'sgan Izabela, Puerto-Rikoning shimoliy mintaqasida. U 1941 yilda AQSh armiyasiga qo'shilgan va Puerto-Rikoning 65-piyoda polkiga tayinlangan Las-Casas lageri yilda Santurce u erda miltiqchi sifatida o'qigan. Ikkinchi Jahon urushi boshlanganda Calero AQShning 3-piyoda diviziyasiga tayinlanib, Evropaga jo'natildi.

1945 yilda Calero kompaniyasi nemis askarlari guruhiga qarshi kurash olib bordi Colmar Pocket jangi atrofida Kolmar, Frantsiya. Calero dushman otryadiga hujum qilib, 10 nafarini o'ldirdi va 21 nafar dushman askarini yaralaguncha asirga oldi. Ushbu harakatlari uchun unga mukofot berildi Kumush yulduz medali va o'rtoqlari tomonidan "Bir kishilik armiya" laqabini olishdi. Evropada jang paytida Kalero to'rt marta yaralangan. U o'z xatti-harakatlari uchun 22 ta orden va medallar bilan mukofotlangan, bu uni Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida AQSh armiyasida eng ko'p bezatilgan ispan askarlaridan biriga aylantirgan. Uning ko'plab bezaklari orasida Kumush yulduz medali, to'rtta Binafsharang qalblar va Frantsuz Croix de guerre.^[27]

Tinch okeani teatri

Chapdan o'ngga: general-mayor Geyger, korpus qo'mondoni; Polkovnik Silverthorn, korpus shtabi boshlig'i
va korpus artilleriya qo'mondoni brigada generali del Valle bortda Guamning gipsli relyef xaritasini ko'rib chiqmoqdalar USSAppalachi.

The Osiyo-Tinch okeani teatri Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida Qo'shma Shtatlarda 1937 yildan 1945 yilgacha Tinch okeanida va unga chegaradosh davlatlarda Ittifoqchilar va Yaponiya o'rtasidagi jang maydonida ishlatilgan. Tinch okeani teatri jang maydonlarida asosan ispan amerikaliklardan iborat uchta birlik xizmat qilgan: 200-qirg'oq artilleriyasi va 515-chi Samolyotlarga qarshi artilleriya Batalyonlar Nyu-Meksiko, uning a'zolari sharmandali ishtirok etishdi Bataan Death March va 158-polk jangovar jamoasi Arizona.

Bataan Death March

Ikki Milliy gvardiya birliklar: 200-chi va 515-chi batalyonlar 1940 yilda Nyu-Meksikoda harakatga keltirilgan. Ko'pincha Nyu-Meksiko, Arizona va Texasdan ispan tilida so'zlashuvchi ispanlardan iborat bo'lib, ikkita batalyon yuborildi. Klark Fild ichida Filippin orollari.^[28] Ko'p o'tmay Yaponiya imperatorlik floti ajablanib boshladi Perl-Harborda Amerika dengiz flotiga hujum, Yaponiya kuchlari Amerikaning Filippindagi pozitsiyalariga hujum qildi. Umumiy Duglas Makartur 200 va 515-o'rinlarni o'z ichiga olgan kuchlarini Bataan yarimoroli, ular bilan birga jang qilgan joyda Filippinliklar bosqinchi kuchlarga qarshi uch oylik stendda.

1942 yil 9-aprelga qadar ratsion, tibbiy buyumlar va o'q-dorilar kam bo'lib qoldi; zobitlar ochlikdan va soni ko'p bo'lgan 200 va 515-batalyonlarning qo'shinlariga qurollarini tashlab, yaponlarga taslim bo'lishni buyurdilar. Ushbu ispan va boshqa ispan askarlari 12 kunlik 85 milga (137 km) chidashdi Bataan Death March Bataandan Yaponiyaning qamoq lagerlariga.^[29] Ular Filippin o'rmoni orqali jazirama issiqda kuch bilan yurishgan. Omon qolganlar 34 oy davomida harbiy asirlar lagerida yotishdi. Boshqalari harbiy asirlarni Yaponiyaga olib ketayotgan dushmanning belgisiz kemalari AQSh havo va dengiz kuchlari tomonidan cho'ktirilganda yaralangan yoki o'lgan.^[30]

Nyu-Meksiko shtatining Manila yaqinidagi mavqeini boshqaradigan 200-qirg'oq artilleriyasi (AA) a'zolari

Polkovnik Virgilio N. Kordero, kichik (1893-1980). Batalon qo'mondoni 31-piyoda polki 1941 yil 8-dekabrda, qachon Yaponiya samolyotlari yilda AQSh harbiy inshootlariga hujum qildi Filippinlar. Katero va uning odamlari "Bataan Death March" va qariyb to'rt yillik asir paytida shafqatsiz qiynoqlarga va xo'rliklarga duch kelishdi. Kordero asirga olingan 31-piyoda askarlarning qariyb 1600 a'zosidan biri edi. Bu odamlarning yarmi yapon qo'shinlari asirlari paytida halok bo'lgan. Kordero o'z erkinligini qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng Ittifoqdosh qo'shinlar yaponlarni mag'lubiyatga uchratdi va u AQShga qaytib keldi. Brigada generali unvoni bilan nafaqaga chiqqan Kordero, harbiy asir sifatida boshidan kechirganlari va boshidan kechirganlari haqida yozgan. Bataan Death March. U mualliflik qildi Yaponiya bilan urush paytida mening tajribalarim1950 yilda nashr etilgan. 1957 yilda u ispancha qayta ko'rib chiqilgan versiyasini yozgan Bataan y la Marcha de la Muerte; 7-jild Colección Vida e Historia.^[31]

Amerikalik harbiy asirlar, dafn marosimida Batan o'limi martidan keyingi bir necha hafta ichida vafot etganlarning jasadlarini olib yurishadi.

Xususiy (Pvt.) Ralf Rodrigez, 25 yoshda, 200-qirg'oq artilleriya batalioni, Bataan Death Mart martidan omon qolgan. Rodrigezning so'zlariga ko'ra, yaponlar amerikalik askarlarga yurishni boshlashni buyurgan. Yurish paytida dovdirab qolgan askarlar nayzalar bilan o'ralgan, davom eta olmaydiganlar esa o'ldirilgan. U guruh-guruh bo'lib yurgan Ispan askarlari orasida birodarlik tuyg'usini esladi va yo'lda bir-birlariga yordam berib, askarlar hibsxonasiga etib borgach, ular 30 dan 100 metrgacha to'silgan maydonga majbur qilindi. Keyinchalik, askarlar vagonlarga majburan joylashtirildi. Yuz askar 40 yoki 50 kishini sig'dirish uchun qurilgan mashinaga tiqilib qolishdi. Poyezd askarlarni to'rt soatlik safarga olib, O'Donnel lageriga olib bordi va ular harbiy asirga aylandilar.^[32]

Kapital Agapito E. "Gap" Silva (1919–2007), Bataan Death March-dan omon qolgan 200-qirg'oq artilleriya batalyonining yana bir a'zosi edi. U ushlangan Kabanatuan Filippindagi qamoqxona lageri va har oy yuzlab mahbuslar kasallik va ochlikdan o'layotgan paytda "dafn etish tafsilotlari" ga tayinlangan. Keyinchalik u ko'chirildi Fukuoka Asirlik lageri № 17, a Yaponiya qamoqxona lageri yaqin Omuta, Yaponiya. U erda u ko'mir zavodida qul ishchisi sifatida ishlashga majbur bo'ldi. Silva harbiy asir sifatida boshidan kechirganlari haqida quyidagilarni aytib berdi:^[33]

Silva va 1900 dan ortiq amerikalik harbiy asirlar elektr to'siqlar bilan o'ralgan ko'mir koni lagerlarida ishlashga majbur bo'ldilar. Silva 1945 yil sentyabr oyida urush tugamaguniga qadar 3 yil Yaponiyaning harbiy asir lagerlarida bo'lgan. Bronza yulduzi va binafsha yurak medali.^[33]

158-polk jangovar jamoasi

158-polk jangovar jamoasi, an Arizona milliy gvardiyasi asosan Ispaniyalik askarlardan iborat birlik, Tinch okean teatrida ham jang qilgan. Urushning boshlarida "laqabli 158-chi"Bushmasters ", Panama kanalini himoya qilish uchun safarbar etilgan va o'rmon o'rgimchasini tugatgan. Keyinchalik bu qism yaponlarga qarshi jangda Yangi Gvineya og'ir janglarda qatnashgan va qatnashgan Filippin orollarini ozod qilish. General MakArtur ularni "jangga jalb qilingan eng buyuk jangovar jangovar jamoa" deb atagan.^[35]158-chi boshchiligida tanlangan Yaponiyani bosib olish va oroliga hujum qilish uchun yuborilgan Tanega Shima Yaponiyaning havo ogohlantiruvchi stantsiyalarini o'chirish. Yaponiyaga rejalashtirilgan bosqinchilik hech qachon amalga oshirilmagan; keyin Yaponiyaning taslim bo'lishi, birlik 1945 yil 13 oktyabrda yuborilgan Yokohama, Yaponiya, Qo'shma Shtatlar bosib olish armiyasining bir qismi sifatida.^[36][37]

PFK Gay Gabaldon

Xususiy birinchi sinf Gay Gabaldon 1000 dan ortiq dushman fuqarolari va qo'shinlarini taslim bo'lishga bir o'zi ishontirgan yosh dengiz piyodalari edi.

Gay Gabaldon (o'ngda) 1944 yilda yapon mahbuslarini o'z ichiga olgan guruhda suratga tushmoqda

PFK Gay Gabaldon (1926–2006) Sharqiy Los-Anjelesdagi qozonda o'sgan, u erda har qanday millat vakillari, shu jumladan yapon-amerikaliklar atrofida o'sgan. Ushbu do'stlik orqali u o'zini yapon tilida gapirishga o'rgatdi. Odatda u 12 yoshida ota-onasi tomonidan asrab olinganligi haqida noto'g'ri xabar beriladi Yapon-amerikalik merosi va Ikkinchi Jahon urushi boshlanganda, uning asrab oluvchi oilasi a ko'chirish lageri. Gabaldon dengiz piyoda askarlariga atigi 17 yoshida qo'shilgan; u o'zining bo'linmasi bilan shug'ullanganda xususiy birinchi sinf (PFC) edi Saypan jangi 1944 yilda. Ikkinchi dengiz piyodalari uchun yapon tarjimoni sifatida ishlagan Gabaldon, saflar oldida yolg'iz ishlagan, dushman g'orlari, xandaklar qutilari, binolar va o'rmon cho'tkasiga tez-tez dushmanona yong'in paytida kirib kelgan va nafaqat olishda muvaffaqiyat qozongan. muhim harbiy ma'lumotlar, ammo dushmanlarning 1500 dan ortiq tinch aholisi va qo'shinlarini taslim etishga ishontirish. U nomzod edi "Shuhrat" medali, ammo uning o'rniga Kumush yulduz bilan taqdirlandi. Keyinchalik uning medali ko'tarildi Navy Cross, Dengiz piyodalari qahramonlik uchun ikkinchi darajali bezak. U serjantdan ko'ra ko'proq dushman askarlarini topshirdi Alvin York 132 nafar dushman nemis askarini qo'lga kiritgani uchun Birinchi Jahon urushi paytida "Faxriy medal" bilan taqdirlangan.^[38] Gabaldonning harakatlari Saypan keyinchalik filmda yodga olindi Jahannam abadiylikka, unda u aktyor tomonidan tasvirlangan Jeffri Xanter.^[39]

Atom bombasini qo'riqlash

1945 yilda Kvajalein Marshal orollari AQSh kuchlari tomonidan ta'minlandi, Puerto-Rikodan serjant Fernando Bernatset dengiz piyoda askarlari orasida turli xil muhim harbiy inshootlarni qo'riqlashga yuborildi. Bernatsett, urush faxriysi Midvey jangi, aeroport va harbiy asirlarni qo'riqlagan, shuningdek atom bombasi chunki u Yaponiyaga etkazilgan.^[40]

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari sohil xavfsizligi

CWO2 Jozef B. Aviles, Sr.

Ko'plab ispanlar ham xizmat qilgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari sohil xavfsizligi. Jozef B. Aviles, Sr., Sohil Xavfsizlik xizmati bosh mayda ofitseri lavozimiga ko'tarilgan birinchi ispaniyalik, shuningdek, birinchi orant ofitseri lavozimiga ko'tarilgan birinchi ispaniyalik edi. U urushning katta qismini shu erda o'tkazgan Sent-Avgustin, Florida o'qituvchilar.

Valentin R. Fernandes, Saypanga bostirib kirishi paytida "Yaponlarning doimiy hujumi ostida qirg'oqqa qo'nish qo'mondonligi uchun" hayotni qutqaruvchi kumush medal bilan taqdirlandi.

Lui Rua "1944 yil 5–6 dekabr kunlari AQSh armiyasida Filippin tomon yo'l olayotgan paytida katta dengiz kemasida xizmat qilgani uchun dengizdagi katta yutug'i uchun Bronza yulduzi medali bilan mukofotlandi. Uning qo'l mehnati dushman tomonidan torpedo qilingan boshqa kemani qutqarish uchun yordam berdi. harakat va tashlandiq kemadan tirik qolgan 277 kishini qutqardi. " Rua bronza yulduzi medali bilan taqdirlangan birinchi ispan-amerikalik qirg'oq qo'riqchisi edi.

Gunnerning turmush o'rtog'i Ikkinchi Jozef Jezef Tezanos Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida "Navy & Marine Corps" medali bilan mukofotlangan "... Ohayo shtatidagi Pearl-Harborda yong'in paytida qutqaruv operatsiyalari bilan shug'ullanadigan qayiq ekipajining ko'ngilli a'zosi sifatida xizmat qilgani uchun". 1944 yil 21-may. Yong'in va portlashlarning katta shaxsiy tahlikasi sharoitida va o'z xavfsizligini inobatga olmagan holda, ba'zilari suvdan va yonayotgan kemalardan yaralangan va charchagan ularning tirik qolgan 42 nafarini qutqarishda yordam berdi. " Shuningdek, u Ispan-amerikaliklardan birinchi bo'lib Sohil Xavfsizlik Akademiyasida OCS mashg'ulotlarini tugatgan.^[41]

Urush paytida hamma ham kemalarda xizmat qilmagan. Xose R. Saragoza singari ba'zi erkaklar ba'zi yolg'iz atolllarda xizmat qilishgan. Kaliforniyaning Los-Anjeles shahrida tug'ilgan 19 yoshli Saragoza Sohil Xavfsizlik xizmatiga qo'shilganda, u Qo'shma Shtatlarning Tinch okeani sohilidagi patrullarga yaponlarning bosqinchilik va bosqinidan himoya qilib yuborilgan. Keyinchalik u Loran navigatsiyasining o'sha paytlarda paydo bo'lgan va yashirin sohasida ko'rsatmalar oldi va o'rtasida joylashgan Ulithi atolliga jo'natildi. Guam va Filippinlar bu erda u uzoq masofaga yordam ko'rsatishda navigatsiyaga ishlagan, bu radar ishiga o'xshaydi. U 15 oy davomida Ulitti orolida xizmat qilgan.^[42]

Aviatorlar

Ispaniyaliklar nafaqat quruqlikdagi va dengizdan o'tadigan jangovar bo'linmalarda xizmat qilishgan, balki o'zlarini ham ajratishgan qiruvchi uchuvchilar va kabi bombardimonchilar. 1944 yilda Puerto-Riko aviatorlari Tuskegee Army Air Field-ga yuborildi Tuskee, Alabama, mashhur 99-qiruvchi eskadronini tayyorlash Tuskegee Airmen. Tuskegee Airmen AQSh qurolli kuchlarida birinchi afro-amerikalik harbiy aviatorlar bo'lgan. Puerto-Rikaliklar, shuningdek, Tuskegee bo'limi bilan ruhoniy lavozimlarga jalb qilingan. Tuskegee tajribasini muvaffaqiyatli o'tkazishga yordam bergan Puerto-Rikaliklar orasida T / Sgt ham bor edi. Pablo Diaz Albortt, maxsus xizmat idorasiga mas'ul bo'lgan nodavlat komissiya (komissiya bo'lmagan xodimi) va "Qizil quyruq" bo'linmasiga tayinlangan Evgeniy Kalderon, kompaniya xodimi sifatida.^[43] Urushning oxiriga kelib Tuskegee Airmen-larga 109 Luftwaffe samolyoti urib tushirilgani, patrul kemasi pulemyot o'qi bilan ag'darilganligi va ko'plab yonilg'i quyish joylari, yuk mashinalari va poezdlarning yo'q qilinganligi ishonib topshirildi.^[44]

A "uchib yuruvchi ace "yoki qiruvchi ace - bu havo aviatsiyasi paytida dushmanning besh yoki undan ortiq samolyotini urib tushirgan deb hisoblangan harbiy aviator." Ace in a day "atamasi bir kunda besh yoki undan ortiq dushman samolyotini urib tushirgan qiruvchi samolyotni tayinlash uchun ishlatiladi.^[45] Birinchi jahon urushidan beri bir qator uchuvchilar "Ace in a Day" mukofotiga sazovor bo'lishdi; ammo, Ikkinchi Jahon Urushida Qo'shma Shtatlar uchun so'nggi "Ace in a Day" bo'lish sharafiga tegishli Birinchi leytenant Oskar Frensis Perdomo 467-jangchi eskadroni, 507-jangchi guruhi.^[46]

Leytenant Oskar Frensis Perdomo

Birinchi leytenant Perdomo, (1919-1976), meksikalik ota-onaning o'g'li El-Paso, Texas. Urush boshlanganda, Perdomo qo'shildi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining havo kuchlari (USAAF) aviatsiya kursanti sifatida va uchuvchini uchirish uchun o'qitilgan P-47 momaqaldiroq. Uchuvchilar ta'limi olgandan so'ng, u Tinch okeanining oroliga jo'natilgan 507-jangchi guruhining bir qismi bo'lgan 464-qiruvchi eskadrilyaga tayinlandi. Ya Shima ning g'arbiy qirg'og'ida Okinava.

The atom bombasi tushib ketdi Nagasaki, 1945 yil 9-avgustda Yaponiya, ammo ittifoqchilar Yaponiyaning taslim bo'lish talabiga javobini kutishganda, urush davom etdi. 1945 yil 13 avgustda 1-podpolkovnik Perdomo to'rttasini urib tushirdi Nakajima Ki-43 "Oskar" jangchilar va bitta Yokosuka K5Y "Willow" 93 tipidagi biplane murabbiy. Ushbu harakat yaqinda bo'lib o'tdi Keijo / Seul, Koreya 507-qiruvchi qanotining 38 ta momaqaldiroqlari taxminan 50 ta dushman samolyotiga duch kelganda. Ushbu harakat leytenant Perdomoning o'ninchi va so'nggi jangovar vazifasi edi va tasdiqlangan beshta g'alaba uni "Bir kunda Ace" ga aylantirdi va Ikkinchi Jahon urushining so'nggi "Ace" si sifatida ajralib turdi. U mukofotga sazovor bo'ldi Hurmatli xizmat xochi harakatdagi favqulodda qahramonlik uchun va Havo medali bittasi bilan eman barglari to'plami.^[46]

Boshqa ispaniyaliklar havodagi jangda alohida xizmat qilishdi, ular orasida o'zlarining nomlariga ko'ra ismlari qo'yilgan quyidagi erkaklar bor: Qo'mondon Evgeniya A. Valensiya, kichik, Podpolkovnik Donald S. Lopez, kichik, kapitan Maykl Brezas, kapitan Mixel "Mayk" Gilormini, kapitan Alberto A. Nido, Kapitan Robert L. Kardenas, 2-leytenant Sezar Luis Gonsales, birinchi leytenant Fransisko Merkado, kichik, leytenant Richard Gomes Kandelariya, leytenant Xose Antonio Muñiz, leytenant Artur Van Xaren, kichik, Texnik serjant Klement Resto va Ongli Frank Medina.

• Qo'mondon Evgeniya A. Valensiya, kichik, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz kuchlari (USN) qiruvchi ace, Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida Tinch okeanida 23 ta havo g'alabasini hisobga olgan. "Valensiya" ning bezaklariga quyidagilar kiradi Navy Cross, besh Hurmatli uchish xochlari va oltita havo medali.^[47]
• Podpolkovnik Donald S. Lopez, Sr., USAAF qiruvchi ace General qo'mondonligi ostida 23-jangovar guruhga tayinlangan Kler Chennault. Jangchilar guruhining vazifasi ("Flying Tigers ") Xitoy fuqarolarini yapon bosqinchilariga qarshi himoya qilishda yordam berishi kerak edi. 1943-1944 yillar davomida Lopes beshta yapon qiruvchisini, to'rttasini Kurtissda urib tushirgani uchun xizmat qildi. P-40 va biri Shimoliy Amerikada P-51.^[48]
• Kapitan Maykl Brezas, USAAF qiruvchi ace, kirib keldi Lucera, Italiya 1944 yil yozida, 14-jangchi guruhining 48-jangovar otryadiga qo'shildi. Uchish P-38 Brezas samolyoti ikki oy ichida dushmanning 12 samolyotini ag'darib tashladi. U o'n bitta eman bargi klasteri bilan "Kumush yulduz" medali, "Favqulodda uchib ketgan xoch" va "Air Medal" medallarini oldi.^[49]
• Kapitan Mixiel "Mayk" Gilormini, Qirollik havo kuchlari va USAAF, so'nggi jangovar vazifasi aerodromga hujum qilgan parvoz qo'mondoni edi Milano, Italiya. Uning Italiyadagi so'nggi parvozi General uchun havo qopqog'ini berdi Jorj C. Marshall tashrifi Pisa. Gilormini kumush yulduz medali, beshta "Favqulodda uchib o'tgan xoch" va to'rtta eman bargi klasteri bilan "Medal" mukofotiga sazovor bo'lgan. Keyinchalik Gilormini asos solgan Puerto-Riko Air National Guard va nafaqaga chiqqan brigada generali.^[50]
• Kapitan Alberto A. Nido, Kanada qirollik havo kuchlari, Britaniya qirollik havo kuchlari va USAAF. U RCAF uchun bombardimonchi uchuvchi sifatida va Supermarine Spitfire RAF uchun qiruvchi uchuvchi. RAF a'zosi sifatida u 275 ta jangovar topshiriqlarda qatnashgan 67-razvedka otryadiga tegishli edi. Keyinchalik Nido USAAFning 67-jangchi guruhiga a P-51 Mustang qiruvchi uchuvchi. U to'rttasi bilan "Faxriy uchuvchi xoch" mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi eman bargi klasterlari va to'rtta eman barglari to'plamidan iborat havo medali. Nido Puerto-Riko Air National Guard-ga asos solgan va Gilormini sifatida brigada generali iste'fosida bo'lgan.^[51]
• Kapitan Robert L. Kardenas, USAAF, a B-24 506-bombardimon otryadi bilan Evropa operatsiyalar teatrida samolyot uchuvchisi. U 1944 yil martida Germaniya ustidan urib tushirilguniga qadar aviatsiya medali va ikkita eman barglari guruhi bilan bombardimon qilinganligi uchun mukofotlangan. po'stloq, u yana ittifoqchilar nazoratiga yo'l oldi. 1947 yil 14 oktyabrda Kardenas parvoz qildi B-29 uchirgan samolyot X-1 eksperimental raketa samolyoti Charlz E. Yeager tovush tezligidan tezroq uchadigan birinchi odam bo'ldi. Kardenas brigada generali lavozimida iste'foga chiqdi.^[52]
• 2-leytenant Sezar Luis Gonsales, USAAF, a-ning ikkinchi uchuvchisi FZR 47, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining havo kuchlarida birinchi Puerto-Riko uchuvchisi edi. U bosqinning dastlabki ishtirokchilaridan biri edi Sitsiliya sifatida ham tanilgan 1943 yil 10-iyulda Husky operatsiyasi. Sitsiliyaga bostirib kirganida, u ikkita tungi topshiriq bilan uchgan, birinchi bo'lib 9-iyul kuni uning vazifasi parashyutlarni ozod qilish edi. 82-havo-desant diviziyasi maydonida Gela ikkinchisi esa 11-iyul kuni u hududga qo'shimcha kuchlarni tashlaganida. Uning bo'linmasi yomon ob-havo va dushman quruqlik va dengiz kuchlarining og'ir hujumiga qaramay, ushbu ikkinchi topshiriqni bajargani uchun "DUC" bilan taqdirlandi. Gonsales 1943 yil 22-noyabrda samolyoti uchish-qo'nish yo'lagi oxiridagi mashg'ulot paytida qulab tushganda vafot etdi Kastelvetrano. U vafotidan keyin birinchi leytenant unvoniga sazovor bo'ldi.^[53]
• Leytenant Richard Gomes Kandelariya, USAAF, P-51 Mustang uchuvchisi edi 435-jangchi otryad ning 479-jangchi guruhi. Kredelyariya oltita havodagi g'alabaga erishgan holda, o'z komandasida "ace" qilgan yagona uchuvchi edi. Uning g'alabalarining aksariyati 1945 yil 7 aprelda USAAF B-24 Liberators shakllanishini himoya qiladigan yolg'iz eskortni topganda bitta topshiriq bilan amalga oshirildi. Candelaria bombardimonchilarni kamida 15 nemis qiruvchisidan himoya qilib, yordam kelguniga qadar to'rt kishining o'zlarini yakka o'zi yo'q qildi. Shuningdek, u g'alaba qozongan deb hisoblangan Men 262 ushbu nishon paytida. Olti kundan so'ng, Candelaria erdan otib tashlandi va urushning qolgan qismini asir sifatida o'tkazdi. Urushdan keyin Candelaria Air National Guard-da xizmat qilgan va nafaqaga chiqqunga qadar polkovnik unvoniga erishgan.^[54]

Kichik leytenant-Fransisko Merkado general tomonidan "Faxriy uchar xoch" mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi Leon V. Jonson

• Leytenant Frantsisko Merkado, kichik, USAAF, 853-bomba eskadrilyasi, 491-bomba guruhi, 8-havo kuchlari tarkibida dushman tomonidan bosib olingan Kontinental Evropani bombardimonchi sifatida 35 ta jangovar topshiriqni bajargan. U to'rtta Oak Leaf klasteri va "Faxriy uchar xoch" bilan "Medal" medali bilan taqdirlangan. U otryadning etakchi bombardiri sifatida, 1944 yil 30-dekabrda esa guruhning etakchi bombardiri sifatida temir yo'l ko'prigiga yo'l olgan. Altenahr, Germaniya. 1944 yil 21-iyulda u eksklyuziv tashkilotga a'zo bo'ldi "Caterpillar klubi "u nogiron B-24 bilan missiyadan qaytayotganda Angliya ustidan parashyut bilan sakraganidan keyin.^[55]
• Leytenant Xose Antonio Muñiz, USAAF, alohida ajralib turdi Xitoy-Birma-Hindiston teatri. Xizmat safari davomida u 20 ta jangovar topshiriqni bajargan Yaponiya imperatorlik armiyasi havo kuchlari va pastga tushirdi a Mitsubishi A6M Zero.^[56] 1960 yilda Muñiz bir shakllanishda uchib yurgan F-86 lar 4-iyul kuni Puerto-Rikoda tantanalarni nishonlagan va samolyot ko'tarilayotganda alangalanib halokatga uchragan. 1963 yilda Puerto-Rikodagi San-Xuan xalqaro aeroportidagi Havo milliy gvardiya bazasi uning sharafiga "Muñiz Air National Guard Base" deb o'zgartirildi.^[57]
• Leytenant Artur Van Xaren, kichik, USN, a edi qiruvchi uchuvchi kim eng yuqori deb hisoblangan qiruvchi ace Ikkinchi Jahon urushi Arizona. U shuhrat qozongan AQSh dengiz flotiga qarshi kurashuvchi eskadronning ikkinchi qismi edi (VF-2 "Rippers"). Asoslangan USSHornet, Essex sinfidagi AQSh dengiz kuchlari samolyot tashuvchisi, kichik leytenant Van Xaren, F6F Hellcat bilan parvoz qildi. Dahshatli jang paytida u to'qqizta tasdiqlangan dushman samolyotini qulatdi Tinch okeani teatri osmonda va uchta qo'shimcha tasdiqlanmagan o'ldirish bo'lgan. Uning to'qqiz o'ldirilishining uchtasi Marianas Turkey Shoot.^[58] Bundan tashqari, Van Xaren, kichik, ikkitasi bilan taqdirlandi Hurmatli Flying Cross (Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari) medallar.^[59]
• Texnik serjant Klement Resto, USAAF, "ace" emas edi, lekin 303rd Bomb Group bilan xizmat qilgan va Germaniya bo'ylab ko'plab portlash reydlarida qatnashgan. Germaniyaning Dyuren shahri ustidan bomba portlatish paytida Restoning B-17 samolyoti urib tushirildi. U tomonidan ushlangan Gestapo va yuborildi Stalag XVII-B u erda urushning qolgan qismini harbiy asir sifatida o'tkazgan. So'nggi topshiriq paytida ko'zidan ayrilgan Restoga Binafsha Yurak, a Asirlik medali va bitta bilan Medal jangovar yulduz u asirlikdan ozod qilinganidan keyin.^[60][61]
• Kapital Frank Medina, USAAF, Italiya ustidan urib tushirilgan B-24 samolyotining ekipaj a'zosi edi. U qo'lga olishdan qochgan yagona ekipaj a'zosi edi. Medinaning tushuntirishicha, uning ispan tilida gaplashishi, do'stona italiyaliklar bilan muloqot qilishiga imkon bergan, ular sakkiz oy davomida dushman orqasida qo'lga tushmaslikdan yordam bergan.^[62]

Xizmat ko'rsatuvchi ayollar

Xodimlar serjanti Eva Romero Jak

Ikkinchi jahon urushidan oldin, an'anaviy ispan madaniyati qadriyatlari ayollarni uy bekasi bo'lishini kutar edi, shuning uchun ular kamdan-kam hollarda daromad olish uchun uydan chiqib ketishdi. Shunday qilib, ayollar harbiy xizmatga qo'shilishdan voz kechishdi. Ispaniyalik ayollarning ozgina qismi Ikkinchi Jahon urushidan oldin harbiy xizmatga qo'shilishgan.^[5] Biroq, Ikkinchi Jahon urushi boshlanishi bilan madaniy taqiqlar o'zgarishni boshladi. Avvalgi xotin-qizlar armiyasining yordamchi korpusi (WAAC) tashkil etilishi bilan Ayollar armiyasi korpusi (WAC) va AQSh dengiz kuchlari Ko'ngilli shoshilinch xizmatga ayollar qabul qilinadi (WAVES), ayollar jang zonalariga tayinlangan erkaklar tomonidan ochiq qoldirilgan ma'muriy vazifalarda qatnashishlari mumkin edi.^[63] Harbiy xizmatni o'tkazgan ayollarning aksariyati WAAC-larga qo'shilgan bo'lsa, kamroq ayollar dengiz kuchlari zaxirasida (WAVES) xizmat qilishgan. USAAFda xizmat qilgan birinchi ispan ayollaridan biri shtab serjanti Eva Romero Jak edi. Ispan va ingliz tillarini biladigan va uch yillik kollejni Romero Jak ikki yil Tinch okeani teatrida, 1944 yilda Yangi Gvineyada va 1945 yilda Filippinda ma'muriy yordamchi sifatida o'tkazdi. U samolyot falokatidan qutulganida, u yashovchi hunarmandchilik o'rmonzorlarga qulagan Yangi Gvineya.^[64]

1944 yilda armiya Puerto-Rikodagi ayollarni Ayollar armiyasi korpusiga (WAC) jalb qildi. Faqat 200 nafar ayoldan iborat bo'linma uchun 1000 dan ortiq arizalar kelib tushdi. Ularning asosiy mashg'ulotlaridan so'ng Oglethorp Fort, Gruziya, Puerto-Riko WAC bo'limi, 6-kompaniya, 2-batalyon, Xotin-qizlar armiyasining yordamchi korpusining 21-polk, ajratilgan Ispan bo'limi, Nyu-York dengizga chiqish porti butun dunyo bo'ylab qo'shinlarni jo'natishni rejalashtirgan harbiy idoralarda ishlash. Ular orasida PFC ham bor edi Karmen Garsiya Rosado 2006 yilda "LAS WACS-Participacion de la Mujer Boricua en la Segunda Guerra Mundial" (WACs-Puerto-Riko ayollarining Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidagi ishtiroki) nomli kitobning muallifi va nashr etuvchisi. ushbu mojaroda ishtirok etgan birinchi 200 Puerto-Riko ayollarining tajribalari.^[65] Biroq, WAAC bo'linmalarining barchasi AQSh materikida joylashgan emas. 1943 yil yanvar oyida 149-chi WAAC Post shtab-kvartirasi Shimoliy Afrikaga borganlarida xorijga ketgan birinchi WAAC bo'linmasi bo'ldi. Chet elda xizmat qilish ayollar uchun xavfli edi; qo'lga olinsa, WAACs, armiyada emas, balki "yordamchi" sifatida, xuddi shunday himoyaga ega emas edi xalqaro huquq erkak askarlar sifatida.^[66]

Tech4 Karmen Kontreras-Bozak

149-chi WAAC Post shtab-kvartirasi kompaniyasining a'zolaridan biri Tech4 edi Karmen Kontreras-Bozak, kimda xizmat qilgan Jazoir general ichida Duayt D. Eyzenxauer teatr bosh qarorgohi. Contreras 1942 yilda Ayollar armiyasining yordamchi korpusiga (WAAC) qo'shildi va yuborildi Fort-Li, Virjiniya, mashg'ulot uchun. Kontreralar 149-chi WAAC pochta shtab-kvartirasi tarkibiga kirishga ko'ngilli bo'lib, tarjimon va ko'plab ma'muriy lavozimlarda ishlagan birinchi ispaniyalik bo'ldi. Ushbu bo'linma 1943 yil yanvar oyida Nyu-York Makonidan Evropaga suzib ketib, chet elga ketgan birinchi WAAC bo'limi edi.

Contreras bo'limi 1943 yil 27 yanvarda Shimoliy Afrikaga etib keldi va xorijda xizmat vazifalarini bajardi Jazoir general Duayt D. Eyzenxauerning teatri shtab-kvartirasida, kechasi bilan shug'ullanadi Germaniya havo hujumlari. Contrerasning eslashicha, chet elda xizmat qilgan ayollar oddiy armiya xizmatchilari kabi muomala qilinmagan. They did not receive overseas payment nor could they receive government life insurance. They had no protection if they became ill, wounded or captured. She served until 1945 and earned the European-African Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with 2 Battle Stars, Ikkinchi jahon urushidagi g'alaba medali, Amerika kampaniyasi medali, Ayollar armiyasi korpusiga xizmat ko'rsatish medali va Army Good Conduct Medal.^[67]

Mercedes O. Cubria, born in Guantanamo, Cuba, became a United States Citizen in 1924. She joined the WAC's in 1943 and served in the U.S. Counter Intelligence gathering information against the enemy. She retired in 1973 with the rank of lieutenant colonel.^[68]

Boshqalar Hispanic servicewomen like Contreras and Cubria served either in the WAACs, WAVES or MCWR (Marine Corps Women's Reserve ); among them Leytenant kichik sinf Maria Rodriguez-Denton. The Navy assigned Rodriguez-Denton as a library assistant at the Cable and Censorship Office in New York City. It was Rodriguez-Denton who forwarded the news (through channels) to President Garri S. Truman that the war had ended.^[69]

Female nurses

Puerto Rican Army nurses, 296th Station Hospital, Camp Tortuguero, Vega Baja, PR.

When the United States entered World War II, the military was in need of nurses. Hispanic female nurses wanted to volunteer for service, however they were not accepted into the Armiya hamshiralari korpusi yoki Navy Nurse Corps. As a result, many women went to work in the factories which produced military equipment. As more Hispanic men joined the armed forces, a need for bilingual nurses became apparent and the Army started to recruit Hispanic nurses. In 1944, the Army Nurse Corps (ANC) decided to accept Puerto Rican nurses. Thirteen women submitted applications, were interviewed, underwent physical examinations, and were accepted into the ANC. Eight of these nurses were assigned to the Army Post at San-Xuan, Puerto-Riko, where they were valued for their bilingual abilities. Five nurses were assigned to work at the hospital at Camp Tortuguero in Puerto Rico.^[69] One of these nurses was Second Lieutenant Carmen Lozano Dumler.

Ikkinchi leytenant Carmen Lozano Dumler was born and raised in San Juan, Puerto Rico, where she also received her primary and secondary education. After graduating from high school, she enrolled in the Presbyterian Hospital School of Nursing in San Juan where she became a certified nurse in 1944. On August 21, 1944, she was sworn in as a second lieutenant and assigned to the 161st General Hospital in San Juan, where she received further training. Upon completing her advanced training, she was sent to Camp Tortuguero where she also assisted as an interpreter.

In 1945, Lozano Dumler was reassigned to the 359th Station Hospital of Ft. Read, Trinidad va Tobago, Britaniya G'arbiy Hindistoni, where she attended wounded soldiers who had returned from Normandiya, Frantsiya. After the war, Lozano, like so many other women in the military, returned to civilian life. She continued her nursing career in Puerto Rico until she retired in 1975.^[69]

Another Hispanic nurse who distinguished herself in service was Lieutenant Maria Roach. Roach, a recipient of two Bronze Star Medals and an Air Medal, served as a flight nurse with the Army Nurse Corps in the Xitoy-Birma-Hindiston teatri of Operations.^[5]

Katta ofitserlar

Most of the Hispanics serving as senior military officers during World War II were graduates of the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz akademiyasi. The three highest ranking Hispanic officers who played an instrumental role in the war were General-mayor (keyinroq General-leytenant ) Pedro Augusto del Valle —the first Hispanic to reach the rank of general in the AQSh dengiz piyoda korpusi, Brigada generali (later Lieutenant General) Elwood R. "Pete" Quesada of the Army Air Forces, and Army General-mayor Terry de la Mesa Allen.

Generallar

Major General del Valle

General-leytenant Pedro del Valle

General-leytenant Pedro Augusto del Valle (1893–1978), as a colonel was the commanding officer of the 11th Marine Regiment (artillery). Upon the outbreak of World War II, del Valle led his regiment during the seizure and defense of Gvadalkanal, providing artillery support for the 1-dengiz bo'limi. In Battle of the Tenaru, the firepower provided by del Valle's artillery units killed many assaulting Japanese soldiers—almost to the last man—before they reached the Marine positions. As a result of the outcome of the battle Japanese commander, Colonel Ichiki Kiyonao, committed seppuku birozdan keyin. Umumiy Aleksandr Vandegrift, impressed with del Valle's leadership, recommended his promotion and on October 1, 1942, del Valle became a brigadier general. Vandegrift retained del Valle as head of the 11th Marines, the only time that the 11th Marines has ever had a general as their commanding officer. In 1943, he served as Commander of Marine Forces overseeing Guadalcanal, Tulagi, va Rassel va Florida orollari.^[70]

On April 1, 1944, del Valle, as Commanding General of the Third Corps Artillery, III Marine Amphibious Corps, took part in the Guam jangi and was awarded a Oltin yulduz in lieu of a second Xizmat legioni. The men under his command did such a good job with their heavy artillery that no one man could be singled out for commendation. Instead each man was given a letter of commendation by del Valle, which was carried in his record books.^[70]

In late October 1944, del Valle succeeded Major General William Rupertus as Commanding General of the 1st Marine Division, being personally greeted to his new command by Colonel Lewis Burwell "Chesty" Puller. At the time, the 1st Marine Division was training on the island of Pavuvu uchun Okinavani bosib olish. On May 29, 1945, del Valle participated in one of the most important events that led to victory in Okinawa. After five weeks of fighting, del Valle ordered Company A of the 1-batalyon 5-dengiz piyodalari ushlamoq Shuri qal'asi, a medieval fortress of the ancient Ryukyuan kings. Seizure of Shuri Castle represented a morale blow for the Japanese and was a milestone in the Okinawa campaign.^[70] The fighting in Okinawa would continue for 24 more days. Del Valle was awarded a Ajoyib xizmat medali for his leadership during the battle and the subsequent occupation and reorganization of Okinawa.

Brigadier General Quesada

Lt. Gen. Elwood R. Quesada

General-leytenant Elwood R. "Pete" Quesada, (1904–1993) was assigned as a brigada generali in October 1940 to aql in the Office of the Chief of Air Corps. He became commanding general of the 9th Fighter Command, where he established advanced headquarters on the Normandy beachhead kuni Kun plus one, and directed his planes in aerial cover and air support for the Allied invasion of the European continent. He was the foremost proponent of "the inherent flexibility of air power", a principle he helped prove during World War II.^[71]

In December 1942, Quesada took the First Air Defense Wing to North Africa. Shortly thereafter, he was given command of the XII Fighter Command and in this capacity would work out the mechanics of yaqin havo qo'llab-quvvatlashi and Army-Air Force cooperation.^[71]

The successful integration of air and land forces in the Tunisia campaign forged by Quesada and the Allied leaders became a blueprint for operations incorporated into Army Air Forces field regulations—FM 100-20, "Command and Employment of Air Power", first published on July 21, 1943—and provided the Allies with their first victory in the European war. Principles such as the co-equality of ground and air force commanders, centralized command of tactical aircraft to exploit "the inherent flexibility of air power", and the attainment of air superiority over the battlefield as a prerequisite for successful ground operations formed the core of tactical air doctrine. In October 1943, Quesada assumed command of the IX Fighter Command in England, and his forces provided air cover for the landings on Normandy Beach. Among Quesada's many military decorations were the Ajoyib xizmat medali bilan eman barglari to'plami; Hurmatli Flying Cross; Purple Heart and an Air Medal with two silver star devices.^[71]

Major General Terry de la Mesa Allen

Brigadier General Terry de la Mesa Allen

General-mayor Terry de la Mesa Allen, Sr. (1888–1969) was the son of Colonel Samuel Edward Allen and Conchita Alvarez de la Mesa. During World War II he was the commanding general of the 1-piyoda diviziyasi in North Africa and Sicily, and was made commander of the 104-piyoda diviziyasi. While in North Africa Allen and his deputy 1st Division Commander, Brigadier General Teodor Ruzvelt kichik distinguished themselves as combat leaders. Allen was reassigned to the 104th Infantry Division. The 104th Infantry Division landed in France on September 7, 1944, and fought for 195 consecutive days during World War II. The division's nickname came from its timberwolf shoulder insignia. Some 34,000 men served with the division under Allen, who came to be nicknamed "Terrible Terry". The division was particularly renowned for its night fighting prowess.^[72]

Qo'mondonlar

In 1941, Commander Luis de Florez played an instrumental role in the establishment of the Special Devices Division of the Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics (what would later become the NAWCTSD ).^[17] He was later assigned as head of the new Special Devices Desk in the Engineering Division of the Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics. De Florez, who has been credited with over sixty inventions, urged the Navy to undertake development of "synthetic training devices" to increase readiness. During World War II, he was promoted to captain and, in 1944, to rear admiral.^[18]

A number of Hispanics served in senior leadership positions during World War II, including Admiral Horacio Rivero, Jr. (USN), Rear Admiral Jose M. Cabanillas (USN), Rear Admiral Edmund Ernest García (USN), Rear Admiral Frederick Lois Riefkohl (USN), Rear Admiral Henry G. Sanchez (USN), Colonel Louis Gonzaga Mendez, Jr. (USA), Colonel Virgil R. Miller (USA), Colonel Jaime Sabater, Sr. (USMC) and Lieutenant Colonel Chester J. Salazar (USMC).

• Admiral Horacio Rivero, Jr., USN, served aboard the cruiser USSSan-Xuan, providing artillery cover for Marines landing on Gvadalkanal, Marshal orollari, Ivo Jima, and Okinawa. Rivero eventually reached the rank of Full-Admiral (four-stars) and in October 1962, found himself in the middle of the Kuba raketa inqirozi. As Commander of amphibious forces, Atlantic Fleet, he was on the front line of the vessels sent to the Caribbean by Prezident Kennedi to'xtatish uchun Sovuq urush from escalating into World War III.^[73]
• Kontr-admiral Edmund Ernest García, USN, was the commander of the qiruvchi USSSloat and saw action in the invasions of Africa, Sicily, and France.^[74]
• Kontr-admiral Jose M. Cabanillas, USN, was an ijro etuvchi xodim of the battleship USSTexas, which participated in the invasions of North Africa and Normandy (D-Day) during World War II. In 1945, he became the first commanding officer of USSGrundy.^[75]
• Kontr-admiral Frederick Lois Riefkohl, USN, was a World War I Navy Cross recipient who served as captain of the cruiser USSVincennes Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida. Vincennes was engaged in combat against a fleet of Japanese ships just off Guadalcanal and received 85 direct hits. Riefkohl ordered his men to abandon ship. The sailors manned the life rafts; among them was Hizmatkor C. Kenneth Ruiz, who later become a submarine commander.^[76]
• Rear Admiral Henry G. Sanchez, USN, commanded (as a Lieutenant Commander) VF-72, an F4F squadron of 37 aircraft, on board USSHornet from July to October 1942. His squadron was responsible for shooting down 38 Japanese airplanes during his command tour, which included the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands.^[77]
• Polkovnik Virgilio N. Cordero, Jr., USA, was the Battalion Commander of the 31st Infantry Regiment ichida Filippinlar. Survivor of the infamous Bataan Death March, he was awarded three Silver Star Medals and a Bronze Star Medal.
• Polkovnik Louis Gonzaga Mendez, Jr., USA, was dropped behind German lines as a parachute infantry battalion commander in the Army's elite 82nd Airborne "All American" Division. For leading the attack that captured the town of Pretot, France, Colonel Mendez was awarded the Army's Distinguished Service Cross. He was also the recipient of 3 Bronze Star Medals.^[78]
• Polkovnik Virgil R. Miller, USA, native of San German, Puerto Rico, was the Regimental Commander of the 442d Regimental Combat Team, a unit which was composed of "Nisei" (second generation Americans of Japanese descent), during World War II. He led the 442nd in its rescue of the Lost Texas Battalion of the 36-piyoda diviziyasi, in the forests of the Vosges Mountains in northeastern France.^[79][80]
• Polkovnik Jaime Sabater, Sr., USMC, commanded the 1st Battalion, 9th Marines during the Bougainville amphibious operations of World War II.^[81] Sabater also participated in the Guam jangi (July 21 – August 10, 1944) as Executive officer of the 9th Marines. On July 21, 1944, he was wounded in action and awarded the Binafsha yurak.^[82]
• Lieutenant Colonel Chester J. Salazar, USMC, Salazar was the commanding officer of the 2d Battalion, 18th Marines. Salazar served as commanding officer the unit in the Gilbert Islands which fought in the Battle of Tarawa and later in the Battles of Saipan and Tinian.^[83]

Submarine commanders

Captain Marion Frederic Ramírez de Arellano

Kapitan Marion Frederik Ramirez de Arellano, (1913–1980) USN, the first Hispanic submarine commanding officer,^[84] participated in five war patrols. He led the effort to rescue five navy pilots and one enlisted gunner off Uyg'onish oroli, and contributed to the sinking of two Japanese freighters and damaging a third. Uning harakatlari uchun u a Kumush yulduzlar Medal va a Xizmat legioni Medal.^[85]

Qisqa vaqtdan keyin Mare Island dengiz kemasozligi, he was reassigned to USSSkat, a Balao- sinf dengiz osti kemasi. U ishtirok etdi Skat's first three war patrols and was awarded a second Silver Star Medal for his contribution in sinking the Yaponiya yengil kreyseri Agano on his third patrol. Agano had survived a previous torpedo attack by submarine USSScamp.^[85]

In April 1944, Ramirez de Arellano was named qo'mondon ning USSBalao. He participated in his boat's war patrols 5, 6 and 7. On July 5, 1944, Ramirez de Arellano led the rescue of three downed wavy pilots in the Palau area. On December 4, 1944, Balao departed from Pearl Harbor to patrol in the Sariq dengiz. Balao Yaponiya yuk kemasini jalb qildi va cho'ktirdi Daigo Maru on January 8, 1945. Ramirez de Arellano was awarded a Bronze Star Medal with Jangovar V and a Letter of Commendation.^[85]

Among the Hispanic submarine commanders were Rear Admiral Rafael Celestino Benítez and Captain C. Kenneth Ruiz.

Kontr-admiral Rafael Celestino Benites, USN, was a lieutenant commander who saw action aboard submarines and on various occasions weathered chuqurlikdagi zaryad hujumlar. For his actions, he was awarded the Silver and Bronze Star Medals. Benitez would go on to play an important role in the first American undersea spy mission of the Sovuq urush as commander of the submarine USSCochino in what became known as the "Cochino Incident".^[86]

Captain Charles Kenneth Ruiz, USN, was a crew member of the cruiser USSVincennes, davomida Battle of Savo Island. After being rescued at sea and sent to Pearl Harbor, he was invited by Admiral Chester Nimits to join the Submarine Service. He served with distinction aboard the submarine USSPollack and participated in eight war patrols in the hostile waters of the Pacific during World War II and on.^[87]

Harbiy sharaflar

Recipients of the Medal of Honor

The "Shuhrat" medali is the highest military decoration in the United States bestowed "for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life, above and beyond the call of duty, in actual combat against an armed enemy force." The medal is awarded by the President of the United States on behalf of the Congress. Joe P. Martinez was the first of 17 Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients during World War II. His posthumous award was the first for combat heroism on American soil (other than Pearl Harbor) since the Amerika hind urushlari.^[88]

Private Joseph Pantillion Martinez

Xususiy Joe P. Martinez, whose birth name was Joseph Pantillion Martinez, was one of nine children born to a family of Mexican immigrants. Uning oilasi ko'chib keldi Ault, Colorado, and in August 1942, he was drafted into the United States Army and sent to Kamp Roberts, Kaliforniya, where he received his basic training.

On May 26, 1943, the 32-piyoda polki was pinned down by enemy fire in the vicinity of Fish Hook Ridge, in the Aleut orollari. On his own account, Martinez led two assaults, firing into the Japanese foxholes and occasionally stopping to urge on his comrades. His example inspired the men of his unit to follow. Martinez was shot in the head as he approached one final foxhole after the second assault, dying of the wound the following day. Because of his actions the pass was taken, and its capture was an important preliminary to the end of organized hostile resistance. Martinez was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor.^[89]

Prior to March 18, 2014, 13 was the total of Medals of Honor awarded to Hispanics for their actions in World War II. On April 28, 1951, President Barak Obama announced that on March 18, 2014, 4 Hispanics who served in World War II will have their Distinguished Service Cross Medal's upgraded to the Medal of Honor in a ceremony in the oq uy. They are: Pvt. Pedro Cano, Pvt. Joe Gandara, Pfc. Salvador J. Lara and Staff Sgt. Manuel V. Mendoza. The award comes through the Defense Authorization Act which called for a review of Jewish American and Hispanic American veterans from World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War to ensure that no prejudice was shown to those deserving the Medal of Honor.^[90][91]

Of the 17 Medals of Honor awarded to Hispanics, ten were awarded posthumously. Texas accounted for the most Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients in World War II with a total of five (Marcario Garcia was raised in Sugar Land, Texas ). The 17 recipients are:

1. Lucian Adams: United States Army. Tug'ilgan Port-Artur, Texas. Place and Date of Action: St. Die, France, October 1944.^[92]
2. Pedro Cano *: United States Army. Born in La Morita, Mexico. For courageous actions during combat operations in Schevenhutte, Germany, on Dec. 3, 1944.^[90]
3. Rudolph B. Davila: United States Army. Tug'ilgan El-Paso, Texas. Place and Date of Action: Artena, Italy, May 28, 1944. Davila was of Hispanic-Filipino descent and the only person of Filippin ancestry to receive the medal for his actions in the war in Europe.^[93]
4. Joe Gandara *: United States Army. Tug'ilgan Santa-Monika, Kaliforniya. For courageous actions during combat operations in Amfreville, France, on June 9, 1944.^[90]
5. Marcario Garcia: United States Army. Born in Villa de Castano, Mexico. Place and Date of Action: Near Grosshau, Germany, November 27, 1944. Garcia was the first Mexican national Medal of Honor recipient.^[94]
6. Harold Gonsalves *: United States Marine Corps. Born in Alameda, California. Place and Date of Action: Ryūkyū Chain, Okinawa, April 15, 1945.^[94]
7. David M. Gonzales *: United States Army. Tug'ilgan Pakoima, Kaliforniya. Place and Date of Action: Villa Verde Trail, Luzon, Philippine Islands, April 25, 1945.^[94]
8. Silvestre S. Herrera: United States Army. Tug'ilgan Kamargo, Chixuaxua, Meksika. Place and Date of Action: Near Mertzwiller, France, March 15, 1945. At the time of his death, Herrera had been the only living person authorized to wear the Medal of Honor and Mexico's equivalent Premier Merito Militar (Order of Military Merit), Mexico's highest award for valor. Herrera was a Mexican citizen by birth.^[94][95]
9. Salvador J. Lara *: United States Army. Kimdan Riversayd, Kaliforniya. For courageous actions during combat operations in Aprilia, Italy, May 27–28, 1944.^[90]
10. Jose M. Lopez: United States Army. Tug'ilgan Missiya, Texas. Place and Date of Action: Near Krinkelt, Belgium, December 17, 1944.^[94]
11. Joe P. Martinez *: United States Army. Tug'ilgan Taos, Nyu-Meksiko. Place and Date of Action: Attu, Aleutians, May 26, 1943. Martinez was the first Hispanic American posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for combat heroism on American soil during World War II.^[96]
12. Manuel V. Mendoza *: United States Army. Tug'ilgan Mayami, Arizona. For courageous actions during combat operations on Mount Battaglia, Italy, on Oct. 4, 1944.^[90]
13. Manuel Perez Jr. *: United States Army. Tug'ilgan Oklaxoma, Oklaxoma. Place and Date of Action: Fort William McKinley, Luzon, Philippine Islands, February 13, 1945.^[96]
14. Cleto L. Rodriguez: United States Army. Tug'ilgan San-Markos, Texas. Place and Date of Action: Paco Railroad Station, Manila, Philippine Islands, February 9, 1945.^[96]
15. Alejandro R. Ruiz: United States Army. Tug'ilgan Sevuvchi, Nyu-Meksiko. Place and Date of Action: Okinawa, Japan, April 28, 1945.^[96]
16. Xose F. Valdez *: United States Army. Born in Governador, New Mexico. Place and Date of Action: Rosenkrantz, France, January 25, 1945.^[97]
17. Ysmael R. Villegas *: United States Army. Born in Casa Blanca, California. Place and Date of Action: Villa Verde Trail, Luzon, Philippine Islands, March 20, 1945.^[97]

* Awarded o'limdan keyin.

Top military decorations

Hispanic Americans: U.S. Armed Forces Awards in World War II	Raqam
"Shuhrat" medali	17
Hurmatli xizmat xochi	140
Navy Cross Medal	25
Xizmat legioni	323
Kumush yulduz	2006
Bronza yulduzi	1352
Hurmatli Flying Cross	55
Binafsha yurak	3378
Havo medali	237

Hispanics were recipients of every major U.S. military decoration during World War II; they have also been honored with military awards from other countries. Thirty-one Hispanic-Americans were awarded the Belgian Croix de guerre and three Hispanic-Americans received the Frantsuz Croix de guerre. The figures in the following table were derived from the book Undaunted Courage Mexican American Patriots Of World War II published in 2005 by Latino Advocates for Education, Inc. and according to Rogelio C. Rodriguez of the LAE, the figures are based on listings of military service personnel that have been compiled from military records, historical documentation, or personal accounts.^[98]

Hero Street, USA

In the Midwest town of Silvis, Illinois, the former Second Street is now known as Hero Street USA. The muddy block and a half long street was home to Mexican immigrants who worked for the Rock Island Railroad. The 22 families who lived on the street were a close-knit group. From this small street, 84 men served in World War II, Koreya va Vetnam. The street contributed more men to military services in World War II and Korea than any other street of comparable size in the U.S. In total, eight men from Hero Street gave their lives during World War II—Joseph Gomez, Peter Macias, Johnny Muños, Tony Pompa, Frank Sandoval, Joseph "Joe" Sandoval, William "Willie" Sandoval, and Claro Solis. Second Street's name was changed to Hero Street in honor of these men and their families.^[99]

Of the 22 families on Second Street, the two Sandoval families had a total of thirteen men who served in the qurolli kuchlar. Three died in service during World War II. The Sandovals were two families of Mexican immigrants, with the same surname and lived on Second Street.^[100]

"The Fighting Medinas"

Eduvigis and Angelina Sandoval immigrated to the U.S. from Romita, Mexico. Their son, Frank, was a combat engineer assigned to help build the Ledo Road in Burma. He was killed when his unit was sent unexpectedly to the front to fight for control of a key airbase. His older brother, Joe, was assigned to the 41st Armored Infantry Division in Europe. He was killed in April 1945, just days before the war ended.^[100]

Joseph and Carmen Sandoval also immigrated to the United States from Mexico. When the war broke out, their son Willie asked for permission to enlist in the army, and both parents consented to their son's request. Willie Sandoval was trained as a paratrooper and was assigned to the 82-havo-desant diviziyasi. He fought in Italy and Germany, and was killed on October 6, 1944, during a combat mission related to Market-Garden operatsiyasi, the largest airborne operation of all time.

Other families like the Sandovals had multiple members join the Armed Forces. The Banuelo family, originally from Mexico and who resided in Los-Anjeles, Kaliforniya, the Garcia family from Los Angeles, California, the Hernandez family from Poteet, Texas, and the Mora family from Laredo, Texas, each had six siblings who served in the military during the war. The Nevarez family, from Los Angeles, California, had a total of eight siblings serving in the armed forces.^[98] Seven brothers of the Medina family known as "The fighting Medinas", fought in the war. They came from Rio Grande, Puerto Rico, and Brooklyn, New York.^[101]

Uyning old qismi

Some Hispanics in the entertainment business served in the Birlashgan xizmat tashkilotlari (USO), which provided entertainment to help troop morale. One notable USO entertainer was Desi Arnaz, the Cuban bandleader who starred opposite Lyussil to'pi in the television show Men Lyusini yaxshi ko'raman. When he was drafted into the army in 1943, he was classified for limited service because of a prior knee injury. As a result, he was assigned to direct the U.S.O. programs at a military hospital in the San-Fernando vodiysi, California, where he served until 1945.^[102][103]

Hispanic Americans who lived in the mainland benefited from the sudden economic boom as a result of the war, and the doors opened for many of the migrants who were searching for jobs.^[104] After the war, many Puerto Ricans migrated to the United States to find work.^[105]

Hispanic women were discouraged from working outside the home prior to World War II, even more than other American women.^[5] During World War II, the broad changes in the role of women caused by a need for labor on the home front affected the role of Hispanic women,^[5] who worked as secretaries and nurses, helped build airplanes,^[106] made ammunition in factories, and worked in shipyards.^[107]

Isabel Solis-Thomas and Elvia Solis were born in Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico. The Solis family immigrated to the United States and moved to Braunsvill, Texas. When World War II broke out, both sisters volunteered to become "Rosies", welding pipes and repairing cargo ships by the war's end with women of all races from all over the country. Mrs. Solis-Thomas said recruiters wanted women who were small, short and thin for crawling into dangerous places in the ships. She said she worked nine-hour days, six days a week, striking and sealing steel rods with precision and purpose.^[108]

Josephine Ledesma, from Ostin, Texas, was 24 when the war broke out and worked as an airplane mechanic from 1942 to 1944. When her husband, Alfred, was drafted she decided to volunteer to work as an airplane mechanic. Even though the army waived her husband's duty, she was sent to train at Randolf havo kuchlari bazasi, Texas, where she was the only Mexican-American woman on the base. After her training, she was sent to Bergstrom Air Field. There were two other women, both non-Hispanic, at Bergstrom Air Field, and several more in Big Spring, all working in the sheet metal department. At Big Spring, she was the only woman working in the hangar. She worked as a mechanic between from 1942 to 1944.^[106]

Kamsitish

In the military

During World War II, the United States Army was segregated,^[109] and Hispanics were categorized as white.^[3][110] Hispanics, including the Puerto Ricans who resided on the mainland, served alongside their "white" counterparts, while those who were "black" served in units mostly made up of African-Americans. The majority of the Puerto Ricans from the island served in Puerto Rico's segregated units, like the 65th Infantry and the Puerto Rico National Guard's 285th and 296th regiments.

Discrimination against Hispanics has been documented in several first-person accounts by Hispanic soldiers who fought in World War II. Private First Class Raul Rios Rodriguez, a Puerto Rican, said that one of his burg'ulash bo'yicha o'qituvchilar was particularly harsh on the Hispanic and black soldiers in his unit during his basic training at Bragg Fort.^[111] Private First Class Felix Lopez-Santos, another Puerto Rican, said that he observed some racial discrimination against African Americans, but that he never experienced discrimination himself because of his light eyes and fair complexion.^[112] Private First Class Norberto Gonzalez, a Cuban-born New Yorker, experienced discrimination in his all-white battalion, where he was frequently asked about his name and place of birth, and found he was treated differently once fellow soldiers learned he was Hispanic. After being transferred to a black battalion on request, he no longer faced the same problems.^[113] Corporal Alfonso Rodriguez, a Mexican-American born in Santa Fe, Nyu-Meksiko, said that he first experienced racial discrimination during recruit training. A white soldier once demanded that the Rodriguez and other Latinos stop speaking Spanish and speak English, "like Americans", and Rodriguez was involved in several physical altercations stemming from the incident. Rodriguez was also often referred to using racial insults such as "smart-ass Mexican."^[114]

After returning home

Pvt. Felix Longoria, Jr.

After returning home, Hispanic soldiers experienced the same discrimination felt by other Hispanic Americans. According to one former Hispanic soldier, "There was the same discrimination in Grand Falls (Texas), if not worse" than when he had departed. While Hispanics could work for $2 per day, whites could get jobs working in petroleum fields that earned $18 per day. In his town, signs read "No Mexicans, whites only", and only one restaurant would serve Hispanics.^[115] The Amerika GI forumi was started to ensure the rights of Hispanic World War II veterans.

Discrimination also extended to those killed during the war. In one notable case, the owner of a funeral parlor refused to allow the family of Private Felix Longoria, a soldier killed in action in the Philippines, to use his facility because "whites would not like it". Then-U.S. Senator Lyndon B. Jonson va Hector P. Garcia, the Mexican-American World War II veteran who founded the American G.I. Forum, intervened on Longoria's behalf. Jonson, Lady Bird Jonson, Congressman John Lyle, and President Truman 's military aide Gen. Harry H. Vaughan joined the Longoria family for a full military burial with honors at Arlington milliy qabristoni on February 16, 1949.^[116] Johnson stated of the incident, "This injustice and prejudice is deplorable. I am happy to have a part seeing that this Texas hero is laid to rest with the honor and dignity his service deserves."^[117][118]

Post-war commemoration

The memory of Hispanic American heroes has been honored in various ways: some of their names can be found on ships, in parks and inscribed on monuments. Kapitan Linda Garcia Cubero (USAF), while serving as Special Assistant to the Deputy Mudofaa vaziri, supervised the development of a United States esdalik muhri to honor Hispanics who served in America's defense. The stamp was designed to honor the ten Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients still alive and was unveiled on October 31, 1984.^[119]

Latino organizations and writers documented the Hispanic experience in World War II, most notably the U.S. Latino & Latina World War II Oral History Project, launched by Professor Maggie Rivas-Rodriguez of the University of Texas.^[120]

The failure of the Ken Berns World War II documentary Urush, efirga uzatilgan PBS in September 2007, to mention Hispanic contributions to the war spurred protests by the Hispanic community. Officials in PBS announced that Burns' documentary would include additional content incorporating the Hispanic contributions to the war effort as result of public pressure.^[121]

Shuningdek qarang

• Qo'shma Shtatlardagi dengiz piyoda korpusidagi ispanlar
• Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz flotidagi ispanlar
• Hispanics in the United States Coast Guard
• Hispanics in the American Civil War
• Hispanics in the United States Air Force

Adabiyotlar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• 65-piyoda diviziyasi. Turner Publishing. 1997 yil. ISBN  1-56311-118-7.
• Dadil jasorat: Ikkinchi jahon urushining meksikalik amerikalik vatanparvarlari. Latino Advocates for Education, Inc. 2005 yil.
• Artur, Entoni (1987). Bushmasters: Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidagi Amerikaning o'rmon jangchilari. Sent-Martin matbuoti. ISBN  0-312-01007-9.
• del Valle, Pedro (1976). Semper fidelis: tarjimai hol. Amerikaning xristian kitob klubi. ASIN  B0006COTKO.
• Esteves, general Luis Raul (1955). ¡Los Soldados Son Así!. San-Xuan, Puerto-Riko: Star Publishing Co. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2007-07-01 da. Olingan 2007-03-20.
• Gori, Bill (1945). Faxrlanish huquqi: 65-piyoda diviziyasining Germaniya bo'ylab yurishi tarixi. J. Vimmer. ASIN  B0007J8K74.
• Fernandez, Virgil (2006). Ispaniyalik harbiy qahramonlar. VFJ nashriyoti. ISBN  978-0-9675876-1-5.
• Xyuz, Tomas Aleksandr (2002). Overlord: General Pit Kuesada va Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidagi Taktik Havo Quvvatining Tantanasi. Bepul matbuot. ISBN  978-0-7432-4783-2.
• Lederer, qo'mondon Uilyam J., USN (1950). Oxirgi kruiz: dengiz osti kemasining cho'kishi haqida hikoya, AQSh Cochino. Sloan. ASIN  B0007E631Y.CS1 maint: bir nechta ism: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola)
• Uilson, Mark (2009 yil may). Qahramon ko'chasi AQSh. Norman, Oklaxoma: Oklaxoma universiteti matbuoti.
• Villahermosa, Gilberto N. (2009). Hurmat va sadoqat: Koreyadagi 65-piyoda qo'shin, 1950–1953. Vashington, Kolumbiya: Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining harbiy tarix markazi. CMH Pub 70-116-1.

Tashqi havolalar

Rasmiy sahifalar

• AQSh armiyasidagi ispan amerikaliklar Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasida
• AQSh armiyasidagi ispan amerikalik da Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining harbiy tarix markazi
• Ispaniyalik amerikalik faxriy mukofot medali da Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining harbiy tarix markazi
• Bellafaire, Judit A. Xotin-qizlar armiyasi korpusi: Ikkinchi Jahon urushi xizmatini yod etish ", Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining harbiy tarix markazi
• Pentagon Ikkinchi Jahon urushi urushida qatnashgan Ispaniyaliklarga, AQSh Mudofaa vazirligiga salom yo'llamoqda

Akademik manbalar

• Ikkinchi jahon urushi raqamlar bo'yicha ", Ikkinchi jahon urushi muzeyidagi ta'lim. Ikkinchi jahon urushi milliy muzeyi. 2007 yil 1 iyunda olingan.
• Ispan xizmatchi ayollarining hissalari
• Latinos va Latinas & WW II Og'zaki tarix loyihasi

Boshqalar

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