Qo'shma Shtatlar dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari tarixi - History of the United States Marine Corps - Wikipedia
1914 yildan 1939 yilgacha AQSh dengiz piyoda korpusining bayrog'i.
The tarix ning Qo'shma Shtatlar dengiz piyoda korpusi (USMC) ning tashkil etilishidan boshlanadi Kontinental dengiz piyodalari 1775 yil 10-noyabrda kema-kema janglarini o'tkazish, kema xavfsizligi va intizomni ta'minlash va qo'nish kuchlariga yordam berish. Uning vazifasi AQShning o'zgaruvchan harbiy doktrinasi va tashqi siyosati bilan rivojlandi. Dengiz kuchlari dengizda bo'lganligi sababli, Qo'shma Shtatlar dengiz piyoda korpusi xizmat qildi deyarli har qanday nizo yilda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari tarixi. Uning nazariyalari va amaliyoti mashhurlikka erishdi amfibiya urushi bashoratli ekanligini isbotladi va oxir-oqibat AQSh strategiyasining asosini tashkil etdi Tinch okeani teatri ning Ikkinchi jahon urushi. 20-asrning boshlarida Dengiz Korpusi amfibiya urushining hukmron nazariyotchilari va amaliyotchilaridan biriga aylanadi. Uning qobiliyati tezda javob bering qisqa muddatda ekspeditsiya inqirozlari uchun muhim vositaga aylantirgan va aylantirmoqda AQSh tashqi siyosati.[1]
1776 yil fevralda kontinental dengiz piyoda askarlari o'zining birinchi ekspeditsiyasini boshlashdi.[2] Kontinental dengiz piyodalari urush oxirida, kontinental dengiz kuchlari bilan birgalikda tarqatib yuborildi.[3] Ga tayyorgarlikda Yarim urush bilan Frantsiya, Kongress yaratgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz kuchlari va dengiz piyoda korpusi. Dengizchilarning ushbu davrdagi eng mashhur harakati Birinchi barbar urushi (1801-1805) qarshi Barbariy qaroqchilar. In Meksika-Amerika urushi (1846–1848), dengiz piyoda askarlari o'zlarining mashhurlarini yaratdilar Chapultepec saroyiga hujum, e'tibordan chetda qolgan Mexiko, ularning birinchi yirik ekspeditsiya korxonasi. 1850-yillarda dengiz piyoda askarlari Panamada va Osiyoda xizmatni ko'rishadi. Davomida AQSh fuqarolar urushi (1861–1865) Dengiz Korpusi Ittifoqdagi birinchi jangda mag'lubiyatga uchraganidan keyin faqat kichik rol o'ynadi. Birinchi Bull Run / Manassas.[4] Ularning eng muhim vazifasi shu edi qamal qilish vazifasi va boshqa kemalardagi janglar, ammo urush davom etar ekan, ular bir nechta operatsiyalarga safarbar qilingan. 19-asrning qolgan qismi dengiz kuchlari missiyasining kuchi va ichki qarashining pasayishi davri bo'ladi. Komendant ostida Jeykob Tseylin muddatli (1864-1876), ko'p dengiz piyoda urf-odatlar va urf-odatlar shakllandi. Davomida Ispaniya-Amerika urushi (1898), dengiz piyoda askarlari AQSh kuchlarini Filippinda qirg'oqqa olib boradi, Kuba va Puerto-Riko, joylashtirishga tayyorliklarini namoyish etish. 1900-1916 yillarda Dengiz Korpusi xorijiy ekspeditsiyalarda, ayniqsa Karib dengizida va Markaziy va Janubiy Amerika Panama, Kuba, Verakruz, Gaiti, Santo Domingo va Nikaraguani o'z ichiga olgan.
Yilda Birinchi jahon urushi, jangda sinovdan o'tgan, faxriy dengiz piyoda askarlari Qo'shma Shtatlarning mojaroga kirishida asosiy rol o'ynadi. Jahon urushlari orasida Dengiz Korpusini general-mayor boshqargan Jon A. Lejeun, yana bir mashhur komendant. Yilda Ikkinchi jahon urushi, Dengiz piyoda askarlari Admiral Nimits boshchiligida markaziy rol o'ynagan Tinch okeani urushi, deyarli har bir muhim jangda qatnashish. Korpus, shuningdek, ikkitadan kengaygan sari o'zining eng yuqori o'sishini ko'rdi brigadalar ikkiga korpuslar oltita bo'linma va 132 ta eskadron bilan beshta havo qanoti. Davomida Ivo-Jima jangi, fotograf Djo Rozental mashhur suratga tushdi Iwo Jima-da bayroqni ko'tarish besh dengiz piyodasi va bitta dengiz korpusi Suribachi tog'ida AQSh bayrog'ini ko'tarish. The Koreya urushi (1950-1953) ko'rgan 1-vaqtinchalik dengiz piyoda brigadasi chiziqni Pusan perimetri jangi, bu erda dengiz vertolyotlari (VMO-6 uchish HO3S1 vertolyoti ) jangovar debyutini o'tkazdilar. Dengiz piyoda askarlari ham muhim rol o'ynadi Vetnam urushi kabi janglarda Da Nang, Xuế va Khe Sanx. Dengiz piyodalari Janubiy Vetnamning shimoliy I Korpus mintaqalarida ishlagan va ikkalasiga qarshi doimiy partizan urushi olib borgan Vietnam Kong va an'anaviy urushga qarshi Shimoliy Vetnam armiyasi doimiy. Dengiz piyoda askarlari Bayrutga borishdi 1982 yil Livan urushi 24 avgustda. 1983 yil 23 oktyabrda Beyrutdagi dengiz kazarmalari bombardimon qilindi, Korpusga tarixidagi eng yuqori tinchlik yo'qotishlarini keltirib chiqardi. Dengiz piyodalari ham ozod qilish uchun javobgardilar Quvayt davomida Ko'rfaz urushi (1990-1991), chunki armiya g'arbga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri Iroqqa hujum qildi.[5] The Men dengiz ekspeditsiya kuchlari 92,990 kuchga ega bo'lib, "Cho'l bo'roni" operatsiyasini tarixdagi eng katta dengiz piyodalari operatsiyasiga aylantirdi.
Fon
Ehtimol, zamonaviy dengiz piyoda korpusining eng qadimgi o'tmishdoshi yaratilishi va rivojlanishi edi dengiz piyodalari davomida Evropa dengiz urushlari, Tanishuv Ikkinchi yuz yillik urush 17-18 asrlarning (1689-1815), ayniqsa Ikkinchi Angliya-Gollandiya urushi (1665–67). Evropa qudratlari dengiz kuchlarida bir-biri bilan bahslashdilar.[6] Angliyalik Jeyms II, Shohning ukasi Charlz II, deb tasdiqlangan Lord oliy admiral, ustidan vakolatli buyrug'i bo'lgan ofis Ingliz tili Qirollik floti.[7] Ayni paytda bu lavozimni bitta odam, odatda dengiz ishlarining tuzilishi va institutini nazorat qilish uchun admiral amalga oshirgan. Frantsiya va Niderlandiya piyodalar jangiga dengizchilarni tayyorlashni tanlayotganda, Angliya o'rniga 1664 yilda maxsus polk tuzildi York gersogi va Olbani Dengiz polki, shuningdek, "Lord Amiralning polki" deb nomlangan,[8] zamonaviy avlodlar Qirol dengiz piyodalari. Ushbu dengiz piyoda polki to'liq nazorati ostida bo'lishga yo'naltirildi Admirallik.[9] Lord Admiralning polki harakatni ko'rdi Frantsiya-Gollandiya urushi (1672-1678) va Uchinchi Angliya-Gollandiya urushi (1672-74). Biroq, tufayli Shonli inqilob 1688 yil,[6] Qirol Jeyms II tomonidan taxtdan tushirildi Ingliz parlamenti, polkning tarqalishiga olib keladi.
Ikki yil o'tib, ikkita yangi polk - [qirollik] dengiz piyodalarining 1- va 2-polklari tuzildi, ularning vazifalari o'tmishdagi keyingi dengiz polklari bilan bir xil rollarni bajargan; ammo Ikkinchi yuz yillik urushda yuz bergan urushlar, xuddi Qirollik floti singari, dengiz polki tezda urush voqealari paytida qayta yig'ilish uchun eriydi.[6] "Dengiz piyoda askarlari" ning umumiy harbiy xizmat turi dastlab Gollandiya va Frantsiya urushlarida paydo bo'lgan, ammo dengiz piyoda polklarining aksariyati doimiy ravishda Buyuk Britaniya armiyasidan tortib olingan; barcha polklarning doimiyligi kam edi.
1702 yilga kelib Angliya hukumati jangovarlik uchun oltita dengiz polkini yig'di dengiz xizmati paytida Ispaniyaga qarshi filo bilan Ispaniya merosxo'rligi urushi (1702–1714). Ammo avvalgi ingliz dengiz piyodalari kemalarda otryad sifatida jang qilgan o'tmishdagi oldingi polklardan oldingi kampaniyalardan farqli o'laroq; 1704 yilda ushbu dengiz piyodalari plyajlarning qirg'og'ida jang qilishdi Gibraltar va amfibiya hujumining bir qismi sifatida Ispaniya qo'nish kuchi, qo'mondonligidagi Gollandiya kuchlari yordamida Gessen-Darmshtadt shahzodasi Jorj. Urush tugaguniga qadar yana dengiz polklari tarqatib yuborildi yoki Britaniya armiyasi safini to'ldirish uchun qaytib keldi.[10]
25 yil o'tgach, 1731 yilda usta dengizchi bilan bog'liq voqea yuz berdi Robert Jenkins, go'yoki ispancha qulog'ini uzib olgan ingliz savdo kemasining ingliz kapitani qirg'oq qo'riqchilari sohillari yaqinida Yangi Granada (zamonaviy Kolumbiya, Venesuela, Ekvador va Panama mamlakatlari), tashabbusi bilan Jenkinsning qulog'i urushi (1739–1742). Bu voqea va shunga o'xshash bir qator voqealar Ispaniya imperiyasiga qarshi urushga sabab bo'ldi. Shu bilan birga, Dengizchi qayiqchilarning ikkita shirkati jalb qilindi Gruziya militsiyasi, kapitanlar tomonidan buyruq berilgan Mark Karr va Noble Jones general ostida Jeyms Oglethorp, tomonidan amalga oshirilgan amfibiya qo'nishni engishga yordam berdi Ispaniya kuni Sent-Simons oroli ichida Gulli Xol Kriki jangi va Qonli Marsh jangi.
Angliya hukumati Ispaniyaning mustamlakalariga qarshi dengiz kampaniyasi uchun dengiz piyodalarining o'nta polkini tuzdi G'arbiy Hindiston va shimoliy qirg'oqlari Janubiy Amerika. Admiral Edvard Vernon, Buyuk Britaniyaning dengiz kuchlari zobitiga beshta kemadan iborat eskadron buyrug'i berildi. Va yana, dengiz piyodalarining aksariyati Britaniya armiyasidan chaqirilgan. Britaniyalik Admirallik buni talab qildi Amerika mustamlakalari Admiral Edvard Vernonning flotida dengiz xizmati uchun uch ming kishilik polkni tuzing. Edvard Vernonni ko'plab harbiy tarix ixlosmandlari ko'rib chiqishlari mumkin birinchi Amerika dengiz piyodalari ustidan dengiz floti qo'mondoni.[6] Amerikalik mustamlakachi dengiz piyoda askarlari ko'tarilgan Virjiniya mustamlakasi va boshqasidan O'rta mustamlakalar buyrug'i bilan Hokim Uilyam Guch.[11] Garchi u Crown komissiyasi uchun atrofdagi koloniyalardan kelgan odamlardan iborat bo'lsa-da, u qarzdorlar, jinoyatchilar, firibgarlar va beparvolar uchun axlatxona sifatida ishlatilgan. Ushbu "to'rtta batalon" polki, 43-oyoq polki, "Gooch's Marines" nomi bilan mashhur bo'lib, Qo'shma Shtatlar dengiz piyoda korpusining kelib chiqishi bilan bog'liq bo'lgan nasabga ega.[12]
1739 yil 21-noyabrda Admiral Vernon, ser Guch va uning dengiz piyoda askarlari bilan birga G'arbiy Hindiston tomon yo'l oldi va Ispaniyaning mustamlaka mulkini muvaffaqiyatli qo'lga kiritdi. Portobelo (Bugungi kun) Panama. Biroq, uning xizmat ko'rsatish shartlari - kasalliklar, ob-havoning yomonlashishi va g'azablanishga yaqin ekipaj - polk Vernonning mustamlakachiga qarshi strategik mudofaaga qarshi muvaffaqiyatsiz o'lik amfibiya hujumida qirg'oqqa eng ishonchli uch yuz kishisini xizmat qilgan. orqaga chekinishga majbur qiladigan Kartagena dengiz porti Yamayka.[13] Ijtimoiy tozalashning muvaffaqiyatli usuli sifatida, qolgan 10 foiz fojia halokatdan omon qoldi Kartagena ekspeditsiyasi.[6] Keyinchalik, Vernonning floti Buyuk Britaniyaning Buyuk Britaniyasiga 1742 yil oxiriga kelib qaytib keldi. Britaniyalik tarkibiy qismlar singari mustamlakachi dengiz piyodalari ham polk sifatida tarqalib ketishdi.[14] Polkning omon qolgan ofitserlaridan biri, dengiz kapitani Lourens Vashington, ning birodari Jorj Vashington, Admiral Vernon flagmanida xizmat qilgan HMSMalika Kerolin. Keyinchalik Jorj Vashington o'z mulkiga nom berdi Vernon tog'i uning ukasi qo'mondoni sharafiga.[15]
Yana bir marta, Jenkins urushi qulog'iga aylanib ketganda, dengiz polklarini isloh qilishni qayta chaqirish kerak edi. Avstriya merosxo'rligi urushi (1740–1748), bu dengiz xizmatiga o'nta ingliz dengiz polkining yana bir to'plamini olib keldi. Britaniya dengiz polklari tarkibidagi qolgan mustaqil kompaniyalar 1746 yilda boshqa polk bilan birlashdilar; urush oxiriga kelib u ham tarqatib yuborildi, ularning zobitlari yarim ish haqiga joylashdilar.[6]
1755 yilda Buyuk Britaniya Parlamenti dengiz piyoda askarlarini o'zlarining doimiy harbiy kuchlarini, xususan Admiralti huzuridagi dengiz flotini yaratishda qat'iy bo'lganliklari sababli ba'zi doimiylik asosida institutsionalizatsiya qilishga ruxsat berdi. Shunday qilib, Qirollik dengiz piyodalari korpusi tug'ildi; besh mingdan ortiq dengiz piyoda askarlari jalb qilindi va uchta yirik ingliz dengiz bazalariga "bo'linmalar" sifatida tayinlangan ellikta mustaqil kompaniyalarga birlashtirildi.
Davomida Etti yillik urush (1756–1763), shuningdek Frantsiya va Hindiston urushi Keyinchalik koloniyalarda dengiz piyoda qirollik harbiy kemalari orasida to'g'ri ravishda tarqatildi, qirollik dengiz piyodalari muvaffaqiyatli dengiz ekspeditsiyalarida ajralmas rol o'ynadi. Ushbu kema otryadlari tez orada ekspeditsiya batalonlarini tuzib, qirg'oqqa qarshi jang qildilar Kanada, Kuba, va Filippinlar. Endi Admiraltiyaning nazorati ostida bo'lgan dengiz piyoda askarlari ekspeditsiyalar va reydlar uchungina foydalanilgan, bu esa Bosh vazirning dengiz strategiyasida juda muhimdir. Uilyam Pitt, Chatamning birinchi grafligi. Kema-kema jangida va kemalarni musodara qilishda ularning asosiy vazifasi zobitlarni mutaxassis bilan olib ketish edi mushakbozlik, chegaralarni mohir bilan qaytarish süngü va kerak bo'lganda qurol ekipaji a'zolari sifatida ko'paytirilishi kerak. Shuningdek, ular qirg'oqqa operatsiya qilish, dengiz bazalariga, do'konlarga va boshqalarga bostirib kirish uchun kemalar qo'nish partiyasining asosiy qismini o'ynashgan. Ammo dengiz piyoda kemalari yong'inlar, o'g'rilik va dengizchilarning noqonuniy xatti-harakatlari to'g'risida politsiyalashgan va ijro etgan. jirkanch ekipajning oldini olish va oldini olishni o'z ichiga oladi. Urushning oxiriga kelib Qirollik dengiz piyodalari korpusi Qirollik floti tarkibidagi muhim kuch bo'lib qoldi. Amerika inqilobiy urushi arafasida taxminan 4500 dengiz zobitlari va harbiy xizmatchilari mavjud edi.[8] Aynan shu Britaniyalik dengiz piyodalari an'analarining kvantlari isyon ko'targan Amerika koloniyalarining o'zlarining (kontinental) dengiz piyodalari legionini tuzish ehtimoliga ta'sir ko'rsatdi, xuddi shu etika va an'analarni qabul qildi.
Mustamlaka davri
Qit'a yaqinida kengashga, general qo'mondonligi ostidagi kemalarni topshirish va uni zudlik bilan barcha zarur narsalar bilan ta'minlash uchun xat yozish kerak.
Shuningdek, general kemalarni ish bilan ta'minlashga yo'naltirilgan.
Jon Xenkok ning Ikkinchi qit'a Kongressi General Jorj Vashingtonga, 1775 yil 5-oktabr[16]
Ushbu xatda Kongress Qo'shma Shtatlar tarixida birinchi marta "dengiz piyoda askarlari" ni eslatib o'tdi.[2] Qachon Leksington va Konkord janglari ning boshlanishiga sabab bo'ldi Amerika inqilobiy urushi 1775 yil 19-aprelda Amerika qo'zg'olonining rahbarlari tez orada Britaniya armiyasining tojlar hukmronligini tiklashi va undan keyingi mustamlakalariga bosib olinishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun buni tan olishdi. Yangi Angliya, ular dengiz urushiga murojaat qilishlari kerak edi. Garchi bu amalga oshirilsa Ikkinchi qit'a Kongressi (keyin chaqirilgan Filadelfiya ), uning a'zolari dunyodagi eng kuchli flotga qarshi dengiz kampaniyasini qo'llab-quvvatlashni istamadilar. Shunday qilib, Qirollik floti shahridagi ingliz garnizonlarini kuchaytirish va etkazib berish qobiliyatiga ega edi Boston, ichida Massachusets ko'rfazi viloyati.
19 aprelda, dastlabki Bostonni qamal qilish (1775-1776) tomonidan Minutemenlar militsiya ingliz armiyasiga qo'shimcha kuch va materiallar etkazib berishga to'sqinlik qildi. 14 iyunga qadar Ikkinchi qit'a Kongressi militsiyani qabul qilishni tanladi va yangi tarkibga kiritdi Qit'a armiyasi va bir ovozdan saylandi Jorj Vashington ertasi kuni u kabi Bosh qo'mondon. Muvaffaqiyatli qamal tufayli inglizlar o'zlarining garnizonlariga beradigan yordam qobiliyatlari bilan to'ldirilib, dengiz cheklovlari to'plami o'rnatildi.
Hali ham dahshatli kontinental dengiz floti mavjud bo'lmagan bo'lsa-da, har bir alohida koloniyada o'zlarining dengiz flotlari va dengiz piyodalari bor edi. Birliklari Qit'a armiyasi va militsiya guruhlari, ba'zida dengiz piyodalari sifatida xizmat qilib, kemalarda dengizchilar va dengiz piyoda askarlari sifatida xizmat qilishga majbur edilar. Bular Amerikalik mustamlakachi dengiz piyoda askarlari uchun izlanadigan nasab yo'q Kontinental dengiz piyodalari na zamonaviy Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari; Shunga qaramay, ular may oyidayoq inglizlarga qarshi Amerika dengiz piyodalari kabi jang qildilar.[2]Qit'a armiyasining yangi tayinlangan qo'mondoni sifatida Jorj Vashington o'qotar qurol, kukun va oziq-ovqat uchun umidsiz edi; u o'z kuchini etkazib berishni tanladi matériel qo'lga olingan ingliz harbiy transportlaridan. O'z parkini yanada kengaytirish uchun u dengiz polkiga murojaat qildi Massachusets militsiyasi, 14-kontinental polk ("Marblehead Polk" nomi bilan ham tanilgan) saflarni yig'ishda yordam berish uchun. Keyinchalik bu noyob polk 1776 yil yanvar oyida Vashington armiyasiga qo'shildi.[17][18] Marblehead polki butunlay Yangi Angliyadan iborat edi dengizchilar, Vashington dengiz floti uchun ekipajlarni boshqarishda ozgina qiyinchiliklarni keltirib chiqardi.[19]
Uning parkini yaratish to'g'risidagi qarori yangi isyonchi dengiz kuchlarini jalb qilishda ham qiyinchiliklarsiz kelib chiqdi, chunki Boston qamal qilinishi urushni Yangi Angliyaning butun qirg'oqlari bo'ylab va strategik tomon qo'zg'atdi. Champlain ko‘li maydoni Nyu York chegara.[20] Qirollik dengiz floti o'z kemalarini Yangi Angliya ochiq suvlarida to'plagan, kichikroq harbiy kemalari esa qirg'oqdagi shaharlarga bostirib kirgan va isyonchilarning harbiy do'konlarini mol va ta'minot uchun yo'q qilgan; va shunga muvofiq ravishda mustamlakachilarni isyoni uchun jazolash Isyonni e'lon qilish tomonidan ijaraga olingan Qirol Jorj.[6] Bunga javoban, hukumat tomonidan bir nechta kichik kemalar foydalanishga topshirildi Massachusets shtati va Konnektikut 1775 yil yoziga qadar xususiylashtirish Britaniya hukumat kemalariga qarshi.[21] 1775 yil avgustda Vashingtonning vaqtinchalik dengiz floti taqiqni davom ettirdi Massachusets ko'rfazi; Yil oxiriga kelib u to'rtta harbiy kemaga qo'mondonlik qildi: USSFranklin, USSXenkok, USSLi va USSUorren.[22]
Ayni paytda, Massachusets, Konnektikut va Yangi Angliya militsiya kuchlari Vermont (the Green Mountain Boys ) buyrug'i bilan Benedikt Arnold, strategik postni egallab oldi ning Ticonderoga Fort va Britaniya nazorati vaqtincha bekor qilindi Champlain ko‘li - kichkintoydan foydalanish flotilla qurollangan sayoz kemalar engil artilleriya. 1775 yil may oyining boshlarida bema'ni Interprise [sic] o'n sakkiz kishini olib keldi, ehtimol Massachusets militsiyasi, ish haqi bo'yicha dengiz piyoda askarlari sifatida. Keyinchalik may oyida, Konnektikut Jamoat xavfsizligi qo'mitasi Arnoldga 500 funt sterling yubordi,[23] to'lovni jo'natish "Sakkiz dengiz piyoda askarlari bilan olib borildi. yaxshi kayfiyatda va jihozlangan"[6] garchi ular aslida dengizchi bo'lgan.[24] Ular ko'pincha "Asl sakkizlik" deb nomlanadi.[2]
General Jorj Vashington bunga urinishga qaror qildi Kanadani bosib olish 1775 yil 27-iyunda, Amerika qit'a armiyasi tomonidan kurash uchun Kvebek va Sent-Lourens daryosi inglizlardan. Brigada generali boshchiligidagi kuch Richard Montgomeri Ticonderoga Fortdan shampan ko'li bo'ylab shimolga va Sankt-Lourens daryosi vodiysiga qarab yurgan. Ayni paytda polkovnik Benedikt Arnold Vashingtonni o'zini o'zi boshqarishga majbur qildi alohida ekspeditsiya Meyn sahrosi orqali.
1775 yil avgustga qadar Roy-Aylend yig'ilishi Xavfsizlikning boshqa mustamlakachilik qo'mitalari bilan birgalikda Ikkinchi qit'a Kongressidan qirollik dengiz kuchlari reydchilaridan dengiz kuchlari yordamini so'ragan, ammo bu murojaat qilingan. Kongress Buyuk Britaniyaning dengiz kuchlari va o'zining moliyaviy cheklovlaridan xabardor bo'lsa-da, u dahshatli yaratish muammosiga istamay murojaat qildi. kontinental dengiz floti. Ular iltimoslarga ikkilanib, faqat Vashington va Arnold flotlaridan dengiz kuchlarini tuzishga qodir ekanliklarini bildirishdi; koloniyalar o'zlarini boqish uchun qoldirildi. Natijada, Rod-Aylend o'z davlat dengiz flotini tashkil etdi.
Vashington dengiz flotining mustamlakachilik dengiz piyodalari, Benedikt Arnoldning Champlain ko'li flotiliyasi va oddiy odamlar o'zlarining vazifalarini hech qanday farq qilmaganlar, chunki ularning faoliyati ingliz bojxonalaridan farq qilmas edi: dengiz piyodalari asosan harbiy xizmat uchun batafsil bayon qilingan askarlar bo'lib, ularning asosiy vazifalari kemada jang qilish edi, ammo emas kemalarini suzib yurish. 1775 yilning qolgan oylarida Vashingtonning dengiz floti ekspeditsiyalari uning dengizchi-militsionerlardan iborat kema ekipajlarini dengizchilar va dengiz piyodalari o'rtasida alohida bo'linmaslikni taklif qilishdi; Marblehead polki harbiy kemalarda ko'p vazifalarni bajargan.[6] Biroq, Pensilvaniya jamoat xavfsizligi qo'mitasi dengizchilar va dengiz piyodalari o'rtasida bo'linish chizig'ini tuzib, dengiz flotini himoya qilish uchun davlat flotini tuzishga qaror qildi. Delaver daryosi va uning sohil maydonlari.[25]
Oktyabr oyining boshlarida Kongress a'zolari, masalan Jon Adams va mustamlakachilik hukumatlari Kongressni kichik bo'lsa ham dengiz flotini yaratishga undadi. Milliy dengiz flotining mumkin bo'lgan tashkil etilishini o'rganish uchun Dengiz qo'mitasi 5-oktabrda tayinlandi (Vakillar Palatasi va Senat oldingisi) Dengiz ishlari bo'yicha qo'mitalar ). 1775 yil 13-oktabrda Kongress Dengiz kuchlari qo'mitasiga to'rtta dinni qabul qilgan Filadelfiyadan iborat otryad tuzishga vakolat berdi savdogarlar, ikkita kichik idish qo'shilishi bilan. Moliyalashtirish etishmasligiga qaramay, Kontinental dengiz floti shakllandi.[26][27]
1775 yilda Qirollik dengiz floti 268 ta harbiy kemani tashkil etdi va yil oxiriga kelib u 468 ta kemadan iborat flot kuchiga aylandi; uning harbiy-dengiz kuchlari urush paytida 10000 dan 18000 gacha o'sdi. Aksincha, kontinental dengiz kuchlari, shu jumladan shtat dengiz kuchlari - 1776–1777 yillarning qishigacha 50 dan ortiq foydalanishga topshirilgan harbiy kemalarni saqlab turishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. uning ishchi kuchi, ehtimol, jami 30000 dengizchi va dengiz piyoda askarlaridan iborat edi.[19] Shimoliy Atlantika bo'ylab suzib yurgan yuzlab kichik xususiy shaxslarga, Amerika harbiy-dengiz kuchlari urush natijalariga ta'sir qilish u yoqda tursin, sovrinlarni olish tobora qiyinlashdi.[6]
Qit'a davri
Yuqorida keltirilgan nusxaning generalga uzatilishini buyurdi.
Ikkinchi qit'a Kongressi 1775 yil 10-noyabrda[28]
The Ikkinchi qit'a Kongressi 1775 yil 9-noyabrda Filadelfiyada yig'ilib, dengiz qo'mitasiga amfibiya ekspeditsiyasini yuborish uchun maslahat berdi. Galifaks yilda Yangi Shotlandiya.[29] Tomon ikki quruqlik ekspeditsiyasini boshlagan Sent-Lourens daryosi oy oldin, (sifatida Richard Montgomeri va Benedikt Arnoldning kuchlari har biri o'z tomoniga yo'l olishayotgan edi Kvebek shahri kuchlarni birlashtirish uchun, keyinchalik Kvebek jangi ), Kongress, dengizda jang qilish va qirg'oqqa harbiy operatsiyalarni olib borish uchun dengiz piyoda askarlarini yuborish Britaniyaning Halifaksdagi muhim harbiy-dengiz bazasini yo'q qilish va iloji bo'lsa, dushmanning oziq-ovqat va ta'minotini sotib olishda muhim ahamiyatga ega ekanligiga amin edi.[30] 1775 yil 10-noyabrda Dengiz qo'mitasi Kongress tomonidan kontinental hisobiga ikkita dengiz batalonlarini jalb qilishga rahbarlik qildi. Shuningdek, Kongress dengiz piyodalari nafaqat Yangi Shotlandiya ekspeditsiyasi uchun, balki undan keyingi xizmat uchun ham foydalanilishini qaror qildi. Bundan buyon Dengiz qo'mitasi idoralar uchun uchrashuvlar tarmog'ini tashkil etdi; bo'lajak dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari korpusini tashkil etish uchun to'lov ustasi, komissiyalar, xaridlar, jihozlar va boshqalar. Qo'shma Shtatlar dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari hanuzgacha 10-noyabrni nishonlamoqda rasmiy tug'ilgan kun[28] Qirollik dengiz flotidan qarz olish, amaliyot va bosma ko'rsatmalar "Dengiz kuchlari to'g'risidagi nizom qoidalarida" ko'rsatilgan Birlashgan mustamlakalar "" Amerikalik dengiz piyodalari Buyuk Britaniyaning dengiz piyodalari kabi xizmatlarni ko'rsatishi kerak edi.[31]
Kontinental dengiz piyodalarining ikki bataloni rasman Kongress birinchi komissiyani chiqargandan so'ng "hal qilindi" Kapitan Shomuil Nikolay 1775 yil 28-noyabrda.[32] Nikolayning oilasi edi tavernalar, uning mashhurligi uning ishidan emas, balki tulki ovchilari va sport baliqchilarining ikkita mahalliy klubidagi rahbarligidan kelib chiqqan. Tarixchi Edvin Simmons, ehtimol Nikolay o'zining oilaviy tavernasi "Konestoga Vaggon" dan foydalangan deb taxmin qilmoqda [sic ], yollash posti sifatida;[2][33] Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining dengiz piyoda korpusidagi afsonasi bugungi kunda o'zining birinchi yollash postini joylashtirmoqda Tun tavernasi Filadelfiyada.
1775 yil dekabrda Kontinental dengiz flotini kengaytirish rejalarini tuzishda yordam berish va kemalar qurilishi va dengiz uskunalarini sotib olishni nazorat qilish uchun Kontinental Kongress dengiz piyodalari korpusi uchun doimiy qo'mita tuzdi. Dengiz qo'mitasi (oldingi.) Qo'shma Shtatlar Dengiz kuchlari vazirligi ). Bu dengiz ishlari qo'mitasining vazifalarini bekor qiladi; xodimlarning aksariyati, shuningdek, Dengiz qo'mitasining shu idorasida tayinlangan. Dengiz qo'mitasi har bir koloniya uchun bittadan o'n uchta a'zoni o'z ichiga olgan, masalan, muhim raqamlarni o'z ichiga olgan Robert Morris, Jon Xenkok va Shomuil Cheyz.[26] Dengiz qo'mitasi tegishli masalalar bo'yicha Dengiz qo'mitasini nazorat qiladi dengiz ekspeditsiyalari va proektsiyalar. U mashq qildi qonun chiqaruvchi, sud va ijro etuvchi hokimiyatlar. Biroq, ma'muriy rahbarning va shtatlar ustidan haqiqiy hokimiyatning yo'qligi, dengiz qo'mitasiga xuddi Kongress singari to'sqinlik qildi.[34] Dengiz qo'mitasi Kontinental dengiz flotini kengaytirish rejalarini ishlab chiqishda mas'ul bo'lganligi sababli, uch kun o'tgach, tashkil etilganidan keyin Kongressga o'n uch kishilik qo'shin tuzishni tavsiya qildi. fregatlar, 24-36 qurol bilan jihozlangan. Kongress bu dasturni qabul qildi, chunki u mustamlakachilik savdosi savdosini ingliz blokadalaridan himoya qiladi; harbiy kemalar qurilishi markazsizlashtirilishi tavsiyasi bilan.[35]
Kongress Vashingtonning Yangi Shotlandiya ekspeditsiyasi bilan hamkorligiga juda bog'liq edi va ularni Vashington armiyasidan jalb qilishni rejalashtirgan edi, ammo Vashington rejadan g'ayratlanib, o'rniga Kongressga taklif qilingan dengiz batalyonlariga ishsiz dengizchilarni jalb qilishni taklif qildi. Nyu York va Filadelfiya (o'sha paytda millat bo'lgan) birinchi poytaxt [ko'chib o'tishdan oldin Kolumbiya okrugi ]).[36] Kongress ushbu qarorga rozi bo'ldi.[37] Kapitan Nikolay tomonidan o'nta qo'shimcha dengiz zobitlari tayinlandi, ofitserlar va harbiy xizmatchilarning aksariyati Filadelfiyaning kichik savdogarlari va ishbilarmonlari, malakali savdogarlar va ishchilar va malakasiz ishchilar edi. Hatto Kongressdagilarga tanish bo'lganlar ham bo'lgan Pensilvaniya Xavfsizlik qo'mitasi. Zobitlarning asosiy vazifalari erkaklarni yollash va ularni harbiy xizmatga jalb qilishga ishontirish edi, aksariyat ofitserlar tayinlangan, chunki ularning eng muhim malakasi mahalliy tavernalarda va ishchilar sinfining boshqa joylarida ishlashni bilish edi. Zobitlar shaharni Filadelfiyadan qarz olgan davulchilar hamrohligida potentsial yollovchilarni qidirib topishadi Assotsiatorlar, shahar militsiyasi. Nikolay va uning zobitlari dengiz tajribasiga ega bo'lishlari mumkin edi, ammo ular mohir dengizchilar bo'lishlari ehtimoldan yiroq emas.[38] 300 ga yaqin dengiz piyodalari tarkibidagi beshta kompaniya ko'tarildi. Qurollangan paytda ular standartlashtirilgan kiyim-kechak bilan jihozlanmagan.
Kontinental Kongress tayinlandi Rod-Aylend dengiz kuchlari Commodore Esek Xopkins sifatida Qit'a flotining bosh qo'mondoni 1775 yil 22-dekabr.;[39] Filadelfiyada Dengiz qo'mitasi beshta kemadan iborat flotiliyani jihozladi birinchi kontinental flotidagi otryad.[40] Uning ukasi Stiven Xopkins Kontinental Kongressda xizmat qilgan va Dengiz ishlari va Dengiz qo'mitasining hamraisi bo'lgan.[41] Kongress tomonidan kapitanlar sifatida rasmiy ravishda tayinlanganlar: Esekning o'g'li, Jon Burrouz Xopkins, kim buyruq bergan brigantin USSKabin.[42] USSAlfred 1775 yil 3-dekabrda Capt bilan komissiyaga topshirildi. Dadli Saltonstl Xopkins sifatida xizmat qiladigan buyruq flagman, parvoz qilgan birinchi kemaga aylanmoqda Buyuk Ittifoq bayrog'i leytenant tomonidan ko'tarilgan (yulduzlar va chiziqlar kashfiyotchisi) Jon Pol Jons 1776 yil fevralda;[43] va brigantin USSEndryu Doriya, buyrug'i bilan Nikolas Biddl.[44] Yilda taniqli dengiz qo'mondoni Rod-Aylend dengiz kuchlari, Commodore Ibrohim Uipl, o'z komissiyasini Continental Navy-ga topshirishga qaror qildi va topshirildi a kapitan 1775 yil 22-dekabrda unga frigat buyrug'i berildi USSKolumb; yigirma to'rt qurol va xizmat ko'rsatuvchi dengizchilar ekipaji bilan qurollangan va uning kvartalida Nikolayning kontinental dengiz piyodalari kompaniyasi.[45]
17 fevralga qadar qit'a dengiz piyodalari birinchi ekspeditsiyasi uchun Xopkinning oltita kemasiga tushishdi.[2] Bu birinchi edi amfibiya / ekspeditsiya kontinental dengiz-dengiz korpusi uchun. Xopkinsga Amerikaning janubiy qirg'og'ida Britaniya qo'shinlarini ushlab qolish va yo'q qilish, keyin shimolga qaytib, Yangi Angliyaga borish va shu kabi xizmatlarni ko'rsatish uchun patrul vazifasi topshirildi.[46] Unga ingliz flotiga hujum qilish buyurilgan Jon Myurrey, Dunmorning 4-grafligi, yilda Chesapeake Bay, Xopkins uning buyruqlarini o'zboshimchalik va dushmanni juda kuchli deb hisoblagan.[47] Unga Amerika qirg'og'ini Buyuk Britaniyaning harbiy kemalaridan tozalash, so'ngra shimolga qaytib, shu kabi xizmatlarni ko'rsatish buyurilgan. Yangi Angliya qirg'oqlarida isyonchilar harbiy kemalari allaqachon faol bo'lganligi sababli va O'rta mustamlakalar o'zlarini shakllantirishgan qirg'oq mudofaasi dengiz kuchlari; Xopkinsning buyruqlari strategik ma'noga ega edi.[6] Biroq, tushunarsiz bo'lib qolgan sabablarga ko'ra, u Britaniya kemalarining janubiy dengizlarini supurib tashlash va Amerikaning janubiy qirg'oq chizig'ini himoya qilish to'g'risidagi ulkan buyruqlariga bo'ysunmadi. Buning o'rniga u tegishli vakolatsiz o'z otryadini janubga qarab yo'lga yo'naltirdi Bagama orollari.
1776 yil 1 martda Bagama orollariga etib borganida, uning otryadi atrofdagi kichik orollarni qo'riqlayotgan inglizlarning kichik kuchlarini ta'qib qila boshladi. Yangi Providence Orol,[6] Vashington armiyasi uchun porox uchun reyd.[48][49]
Xopkins va Nikolay Atlantika va Karib dengizida suzib yurishganida, Kongress Dengiz qo'mitasiga Kontinental dengiz floti uchun yana ikkita brigantina sotib olishga ruxsat berdi. Dengiz qo'mitasi brigantin sotib oldi Yovvoyi o'rdak, dan Merilend xavfsizlik qo'mitasi va uning ismini o'zgartirdi USSLeksington, eslash Leksingtonda jang Midlseks okrugidan. Leksington keyin esa kontinental xizmatga yaroqliligi uchun Filadelfiyadagi "Uorton va Xemfri kemasozlik zavodiga" topshirildi.[50] Jon Barri 1776 yil 14 martda qit'a flotida kapitan sifatida tayinlangan; bu komissiya bilan birga brig buyrug'i berildi Leksington, uning birinchi harbiy kemasi.[51] Kontinental Kongressning Dengiz qo'mitasi sotib oldi savdogar Molli 1776 yil 28 martda; uning nomini o'zgartirdi USSJavob va kapitan qo'mondonligi ostida joylashtirilgan Lambert Uiks.[52] Ushbu ikkita kemadan harakatlarni to'ldirish uchun foydalanish kerak edi Pensilvaniya dengiz kuchlari ning pastki yondashuvlarini tozalashda Delaver daryosi. Shuningdek, ular har bir kema uchun kema kapitanini va to'rtta yangi qo'shimcha dengiz zobitlarini tayinladilar, ularning hammasi 1776 yil mart oyigacha harbiy xizmatga jalb qilindi.[6]
1776 yil 3-martda qit'a dengiz piyodalari amfibiya hujumiga uchraganlarida Amerika tarixidagi birinchi epitomlangan amfibiya qo'nishini amalga oshirdilar. Nassau jangi. Biroq, ular kutilmagan hujumga erisha olmadilar, chunki Xopkins o'z kapitanlarini dengiz piyodalarining 234 nafariga va ellik nafar dengizchiga qarshi qo'nishga buyurdi. Yangi Providence, inglizlarga hujum qilish uchun Montagu Fort materiallar va oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini olib qo'yishga umid qilmoqda.[45] Ertasi kuni ular yurishdi Fort Nassau ko'proq o'qlarni, snaryadlarni va to'plarni olish uchun. Biroq, bir kun oldin kutilmagan hodisaning muvaffaqiyatsizligi himoyachilarni ogohlantirib, Britaniyalik gubernatorga o'zlarining porox zahiralarini tunda yuborishlariga imkon berdi. Bir ingliz savdo kemasi qochib qutuldi va 24 bochkadan tashqari poroxni qoldirib ketdi. Kontinental dengiz piyoda askarlari va dengizchilar jo'nashdan oldin garnizonlarni to'p va o'q-dorilar bilan ta'minladilar. Sotib olingan matériel qit'a armiyasining qurollanishi uchun juda zarur edi.
16 martda Komodor Xopkins Nyu-Providendan chiqib ketdi.[2] Qaytib suzib ketmoq Rod-Aylend 16-da, otryad to'rtta sovrinli kemalarni egallab oldi. Nihoyat otryad 1776 yil 8 aprelda 7 nafar dengiz piyoda askari va to'rt kishi yaralangan holda qaytib keldi.[53] Bagom orollaridan qaytayotganda Xopkin eskadrilyasi 5-aprel kuni Nyu-York shahri sohilida ingliz kemasiga duch keldi. Bu erda Nikolay dengiz piyoda askarlari HMSni egallashda ishtirok etishdi Bolton. Ertasi kuni [6 aprel] dengiz piyodalari va dengizchilar shug'ullanishdi dengiz jangi Xopkinnikilar orasida Kabin va Alfred va ingliz fregati HMSGlazgo sohillari yaqinida Long Island, Nyu York.[47] To'rt dengiz piyodasi yaralangan va etti kishi halok bo'lgan; Leytenant Jon Fitspatrik jangda halok bo'lgan birinchi kontinental dengiz piyodasi edi.[2] Rod-Aylend tomon suzib, eskadra to'rtta kichik mukofot kemalarini egallab oldi. Xopkinning otryadiga etib bordi Yangi London 1776 yil 8-aprelda.
Jon Martinning ro'yxatga olinishi unga birinchi rolni berdi qora Amerika dengiz piyodalari. 1776 yil aprel oyida Filadelfiyada u Continental brig kemasida xizmat ko'rsatishga imzo chekdi Javob bilan biriktirilgan Leksington Filadelfiyada. Virjiniya shtatlaridan patrul paytida, Leksington HMS bilan uchrashdi Edvard dengizchilar va dengiz piyodalari inglizlarga bordilar brigantine-sloop va 1776 yil 7 aprelda qo'lga kiritdi.[2]
Shu bilan birga, Xopkins floti yana 1776 yil 29 mayda Atlantikada dengizga yo'l oldi, kontinental dengizchilar va dengiz piyodalari brigantina bortida. Andrea Darya Britaniyaning ikkita transport vositasini qo'lga kiritdi, ularning har birida piyoda qo'shinlari bo'lgan.[2] Keyinchalik, Xopkinning eskadrilyasi Yangi Angliya qirg'og'ini 1776 yil bahorining oxirigacha Yangi Shotlandiyaga qadar shimolga qadar qo'riqlagan. Alfred (Jon Pol Jons qo'mondonligi ostida) Britaniya tijoratiga hujumni davom ettirdi, qolgan qism esa ta'mirlashni yoki undan ko'p ekipajni kutishdi. Dengizchilar va dengiz piyodalarining aksariyati kasalliklar, qochish va ofitserlarning iste'fosidan xalos bo'lishdi. Kontinental Kongress dengiz floti kemalarini boshqarish uchun ko'proq ekipaj topishga intildi; dengiz piyoda otryadlari kemadan kemaga ko'chirilib, kontinental armiya va militsiya tomonidan vaqtincha kuchaytirildi.[45] 1776 yil yozida Xopkinsning otryadi Filadelfiyaga qaytdi. Shuningdek, Kongress Dengiz qo'mitasining yangi ofitserlar haqidagi so'rovini ma'qulladi; kontinental dengiz piyoda korpusida o'n to'rt yangi ofitser ishga tushirildi. Samuel Nikolas lavozimiga ko'tarildi katta 25 iyun kuni New Providence ekspeditsiyasida xizmat qilganligi sababli. Ammo Kongress Komodor Esek Xopkinsning buyruqlarga bo'ysunmagani uchun juda hafsalasi pir bo'ldi.[6] Filo yutuqlaridan norozilik va keyinchalik Rod-Aylendagi harakatsizligi Kongress tomonidan tekshiruvga olib keldi. Buyruqlarga bo'ysunmaslik uchun tazyiq ostida bo'lgan Xopkins parkga qaytdi.[47]
Shuningdek, o'sha kuni [25 iyun] Robert Mullan (uning onasi mulkdor bo'lgan) Tun tavernasi va, ehtimol, uni yollash uchrashuvi sifatida ishlatgan)[54] kapitan sifatida uning komissiyasini oldi. Kapitan Mullan kontinental dengiz flotiga dengiz piyoda askarlarini jalb qilishda muhim yordam bergan, u afsonaga ko'ra, birinchi "Dengizga yollovchi". Kapitan Mullanning ro'yxatida qora tanli ikki erkak - Issak va Orange ro'yxati keltirilgan bo'lib, bu birinchi qora tanli amerikalik dengiz piyodalaridan biri haqidagi yana bir tarixiy yozuv.[45]
28 iyun kuni Pensilvaniya shtatining brig Nensi kirib keldi Cape May 386 bochka kukuni bilan ushlab turgan va ingliz blokadatorlaridan qochib qutulmoqchi bo'lgan paytda olov ostida bo'lgan HMSKingfisher va HMSOrfey. Ertasi kuni kechqurun kontinental dengiz piyodalari kemasida Leksington, halokatga yordam berish uchun to'rtta Amerika harbiy kemalari bilan birga Nensi.[2] Tong otguncha ekipaj kichik qayiqlarda qurol-yarog 'va qimmatbaho poroxni tushirib yubordi, orqada faqat 100 bochka kukuni qoldi. Barry devised a delayed action fuse just as a boatload of British seamen boarded Nancy, exploding the powder.This engagement became known as the Turtle Gut Inlet jangi.[55]
On 4 July 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed. The Continental sailors and Marines aboard Javob and then headed south to the Karib orollari 27 iyulda. Their assignment was to bring Uilyam Bingem, who had been appointed agent from the American colonies to Martinique, in acquiring aql, and additional arms and supplies for George Washington's armies. While en route, they encountered the British urush shiori HMSNahang off the coast of Martinique and forced her out of the area. Javob and her accompanying Marines returned to Philadelphia from the G'arbiy Hindiston on 13 September.
By autumn of 1776, Major Nicholas raised four new companies of Marines for four of the new frigates that were to be completed and commissioned in Philadelphia. Armed with marines by the Pennsylvania Committee of Safety, the detachments guarded both the Continental and state vessels and store while waiting for their frigates to sail.[6]
On 5 September 1776, the Marine Committee apportioned a uniform for the Continental Marines. The uniform regulations specified that standard uniform was a short green coat with white trim facings (lapels, cuffs, and coat lining),[56] and a high leather collar to protect against cutlass slashes and to keep a man's head erect, leading to the nickname "teri ";[33] complemented by a white waistcoat, white or buff short breeches, woolen stockings, and a short black gaiter. Marine officers wore small cocked hats, and a single epaulette;[2] and the enlisted men sported round black hats with the brim pinned on one side.[6] The adoption of green coats and round hats probably reflects the constraints of availability, for both of the uniform attire were used by the Philadelphia Associators.[57] It wasn't until the year 1777 that the Marines entirely appeared in uniform in numbers.[45] Though legend attributes the green color to the traditional color of riflemen, Continental Marines mostly carried mushketlar. More likely, green cloth was simply plentiful in Philadelphia, and it served to distinguish Marines from the blue of the Army and Navy or the red of the British.[58] Also, Sam Nicholas's hunting club wore green uniforms, hence his recommendation was for green.[59] Notably, Marines aboard USSBonhomme Richard wore red,[56] though they were mostly Irish soldiers of the French Army.[2]
The Continental sailors and Marines aboard Dalil sailed north to Canada toward Nova Scotia. By 22 September, the sailors and Marines reached Canso Makoni and recaptured the small port. The following next day, they struck Isle Madame destroying fishing boats. On 27 September while fishing, Dalil, came under surprise attack from the British frigate HMSMilford. Although surprised, the smaller American ship managed to escape in a day of expert sailing.[2]
Sometime in October, Serjantlar William Hamilton and Alexander Neilson are promoted to leytenant, being the first recorded "mustangs " (enlistees who received field commission) in the Marine Corps.[2] On 24 October 1776, Benjamin Franklin was dispatched to France as appointed 'Commissioner to France ' for Congress. Kapitan Lambert Uiks was ordered by the Continental Congress to proceed to Nant, France, aboard Javob. En route to France, the sailors and Marines captured two brigantines. Javob yetadi Nant, France on 29 November, becoming the first vessel of the Continental Navy to arrive in European waters.
In late November 1776, General Washington's Continental Army positions along the Hudson daryosi collapsed from the concurring assaults of British forces. In emergency response Washington requested assistance of a brigade of Philadelphia militia, a company of local seamen, and Major Nicholas's four companies of Continental Marines. George Washington wrote a staunchly letter to John Cadwalader, a brigadier general of the Pennsylvania Associators:
"...if they came out resolved to act upon Land...instead their Services to the Water only."[45]
— Jorj Vashington ga John Cadwalader, 7 December 1776
On 2 December 1776, Major Samuel Nicholas and his three companies of Marines, garrisoned at the Marine barracks in Philadelphia, were tasked to reinforce Washington's retreating army from New York through Trenton to slow the progress of British troops southward through Nyu-Jersi.[2] The Major Nicholas and the American marines marched off to aid in support an American army for the first time in history; he led a battalion of 130 officers and enlisted men from Philadelphia,[2] leaving behind one company to man the Continental vessels. Unsure what to do with the Marines, Washington requested that the Marines be attached to a brigade militiamen from the Philadelphia Associators, in which were also dressed in green uniforms alike of the Continental Marines. Thus, Nicholas and his Marines joined Cadwalader's brigade of Pennsylvania Associators, a force of 1,200 men. The Marines lived side-by-side with the militia brigade in Bristol, Pennsylvania for two weeks waiting for an attack from the British. However, the British army instead went into winter quarters along the Nyu-Jersi qirg'oq Delaver daryosi.[6]
Meanwhile at sea, Leksington becomes captured by the British frigate HMS dur. Momentarily, Marine Captain Ibrohim Boys lead his men and Leksington's sailors in overtaking the small British prize crew. Alfred also engaged combat with HMS Milford 9 dekabrda. Although the British frigate was better-armed, the American ship was able to out-sail their opponent and escape unharmed. The Continental Marines and sailors were able to escape to the harbor at Baltimor, Merilend.[2]
General Washington attacked the German garrison at Trenton on 26 December, though Cadwalader's brigade were unable to arrive in time to affect the battle for Trenton, due to problems crossing the ice-choked Delaware River. Cadwalader finally crossed the river on 27 December on his own initiative, reaching Trenton by 2 January as Washington concentrated his army.[6] As Cadwalader and his brigade managed to reach Trenton on 2 January from across the Delaware River, the Continental Marines watched the cannonade between the Continental Army and Lord Kornuollis ' British Army at Assunpink Creek. The Marines helped defend a crucial bridge against a Hessian attack.[2][56] On the night of 3 January, Cadwalader's brigade (including Major Nicholas's battalion of Continental Marines) and General Washington's Army silently departs the battlefield and marches toward Prinston. By daybreak, they launched a two-pronged attack.[45] The first prong of attack, led by Brigadier General Xyu Merser, a close friend of George Washington, attacked a British stronghold. Mercer's brigade ran into heavy, well-disciplined musketry of two British regiments that were emplaced in front of Princeton, Mercer's brigade position soon collapsed.[6] Cadwalader's brigade (along with the Marines) came to the assistance, but too stumbled into the British infantry forcing them to fall back. The second prong of attack caught the British in open flank, scattering three British regiments. It gave Washington's forces the advantage to take Princeton.[60] The battle for Princeton was the first engagement that the Continental Marines fought and died in battle.
Keyin Trenton –Prinston campaign, Nicholas's four-company battalion discontinued service; reduced by transfers, desertion, and disease of eighty Marines.[56] On 4 January, the remaining three companies encamped at its winter quartering at Sweets Town, not far from Washington's bivouac at Jockey Hollow, Morristaun.[2] From 1 February 1777 and throughout the winter, the two companies of Marines either transferred to Morristown to assume the roles in the Continental artillery batteries, or left the service altogether.[2] Captain Robert Mullan's company returned to Philadelphia as prisoner guards after they found that there was no ship to man. Captain Robert Mullans' company of Continental Marines disbanded in April 1777. Many also returned to Philadelphia in the spring to become part of the detachments of the new Continental galley Vashington [the third ship to be named as such] and the frigate Delaver.[45]
In Biskay ko'rfazi yopiq Frantsiya, on 5 February, the Continental Marines aboard Javob led a boarding party that seized and sank HMSQaldirg'och.[2]
The 32-gun frigate Randolf put to sea in early February 1777, joining the smaller Continental vessels from Hopkins's squadron.[61] Constantly, the Continental Navy attempted to breach the cordon of British vessels awaiting their departure; tasks in reaching the open seas came with such burden that Congress and the state assemblies attempted to mount a serious naval campaign in an effort to drive away the British warships that were blockading the American harbors.[62] One achievement was that they warranted in shifting some of its cruises to European waters, using the ports of their ally, France, as a base of operation. Although it did not totally hinder nor prevent the Royal Navy from going anywhere in American waters.[63] But the naval campaigns made it costly for Great Britain to maintain its army in American.[45]
Marines made another overseas strike, raiding the coast of Britain (notably at Whitehaven ) bilan Jon Pol Jons kuni USSRanger 1777 yil aprelda.[2][56]
Alfred va Rali under command of Capt. Thomas Thompson, and their accompanying Continental Marines, departed for France on 22 August 1777. On 4 September, the Continental Marines aboard the frigate Rali participated in the bold attack on the British sloop HMSDruid.[2] The approach of the remaining British escorts forced them to break off, unabling them to sink or capture any British prizes.[64]
On 14 September 1777, Javob left France, for Yangi Angliya.
19 sentyabr kuni Leksington and her Marine detachments were defeated by the British cutter HMSOgohlantirish, near France.
The Continental frigate Delaver and her Marines were forced onto a shoal in the Delaware River as they fought with British batteries guarding the approaches to Philadelphia occupied by the British. Garchi Delaver was captured, many of the sailors and Marines escaped.[2]
On 1 October 1777, caught in an Atlantic storm, Javob foundered off the banks of Nyufaundlend and all 129 on board (sailors and Marines), except the cook, went down with her. Continental naval officer in command of urush shiori Ranger, Kapitan Jon Pol Jons, suzib ketdi Nant, France, on 1 November 1777, to dispatch news to Commissioner Benjamin Franklin amerikalik haqida victory of Saratoga and the surrender of British General Jon Burgoyne. On the voyage, two British prizes were captured. Ranger arrived at Nantes on 2 December. Captain Jones sold the prizes and delivered the news of the victory at Saratoga to Ben Franklin.
On 2 January 1778, the Marine Committee came to the conclusion that Esek Hopkins be relieved of command.[6] Thereafter as such, the Continental Congress implemented a few plans for squadron operations.[45]
On 10 January, during the Amerika mustaqilligi urushi, a company of Marines under Navy Captain James Willing ketdi Fort-Pitt, Pensilvaniya for an expedition, in the armed boat Rattletrap. They sailed into the Ogayo daryosi yo'lda Yangi Orlean.[2]
Marines from the frigate Randolf help extinguish a huge blaze on 15 January in Charlston, South Carolina, that destroyed hundred of buildings.[2] They seized the forts, and captured five ships in the harbor.
During a surprise attack on the night of 28 January 1778, Marines repeated the raid on smaller scale once again at Yangi Providence oroli, on Nassau in the Bahamas, under Captains John Trevett and Jon Ratbun. The "Yulduzlar va chiziqlar" was hoisted over a foreign shore for the first time.[2] It was repeated again for the third time, in May 1782, with Bernardo de Galvez to secure the island for the Ispaniya.[2]
Meanwhile, Captain Willing and the Marines from Rattletrap captured the British sloop HMS Rebekka while sailing down the Missisipi daryosi. They were able to temporarily weaken the British hold on the waterway from occupation.[2] They raided British Sadoqatli plantations along on the shore of Ponchartrain ko'li.
The ill-fated day of 7 March, the frigate Randolf, buyrug'i bilan Nikolas Biddl, explodes while commencing in a firefight with HMSYarmut, a British 64-gun chiziq kemasi.[6] During battle, the powder magazines onboard combusted, exploding the entire hull. Randolf sank taking a loss of 301 sailors, soldiers, and Marines.[2]
On 9 March 1778, near Barbados ichida Kichik Antil orollari ning Karib dengizi, Alfred va Rali encountered British warships HMSAriadne va HMSCeres. When the American ships attempted to flee, Alfred fell behind her faster consort Rali, qochib ketgan. Towards afternoon the British urush odamlari ushlanib qoldi Alfred and forced her to surrender after a half-an-hour's battle. The Marine detachment, along with the Continental sailors, were taken prisoner. Rali continued north to Yangi Angliya. On 27 March, a British squadron chased Rali sohilda Point Judith, yaqin Newport, Rod-Aylend. The Continental Marines held off an attack by Royal Marines while the crewmen unloaded valuable stores from the grounded ship.[2] The Continental Navy ship Rali qaytib keldi Yangi Angliya early in April 1778.
On 23 April 1778, Jon Pol Jons and sailors and Marines aboard Ranger made a raid on the British port of Whitehaven, Buyuk Britaniya. Ekipaj Ranger set fire to ships and spiked the cannon of the fort. Later that same day, they landed on St. Mary Isle to capture a British earl, but find him away from home, and instead they take the family silver. The next day [24 April], Ranger and her Marines defeat the British sloop HMS Drake ichida Irlandiya dengizi.[2]
On 1 May 1778, the Marines assisted in a night battle with the British frigate HMS Lark yilda Narragansett ko'rfazi kabi Dalil escapes the blockade and makes it to the open sea.[2] Accused of cowardice and dereliction of duty for not aiding Alfred, Captain Thomas Thompson was suspended soon after reaching port. On 30 May 1778 the Dengiz qo'mitasi tayinlangan Jon Barri to replace him as captain.
On 3 August 1778, the sailors and Marines aboard the Continental Navy ship General Geyts and intercepted, then defeated, the British marka harflari brigantine HMS Montague, whose under command of Captain Xoratio Nelson.[2]
The Marines aboard Dalil attack a 30-ship convoy on 7 August, off the coast of Nova Scotia. They inflict damage on an armed transport carrying Highland troops.[2]
On 27 September, the British ships HMS Tajriba va HMS Yakkashox engage Continental ship Rali off Penobskot daryosi, Meyn, and force her aground. Some of the Marines and sailors escape to shore, but more are captured.[2]
Marines would mainly participate in the naval battles of the war, fighting ship-to-ship, such as the Valkur orolidagi jang va mashhur Flamboro boshidagi jang. Marksmen would perch in the upper rigging and masts of the ship to fire on enemy sailors from above. However, unlike British Marines, the Continental Marines would take the then-unorthodox missions of landing parties and other services ashore.[2] For example, Marines would support batteries ashore at the Charlstonning qamal qilinishi 1780 yil bahorida.[2]
Continental Marines landed and briefly captured Nautilus Island and the Majabagaduce peninsula ichida Penobscot ekspeditsiyasi in 1779, but withdrew with heavy losses when Commodore Dudley Saltonstall 's force failed to capture the nearby fort.[65] A group under Navy Captain James Willing left Pitsburg, traveled down the Ogayo shtati va Missisipi daryolari, qo'lga olindi a ship later known as USS Morris,[66] and in conjunction with other Continental Marines, brought by ship from the Meksika ko'rfazi, raided British Loyalists qirg'og'ida Pontchartrain ko‘li on 10 September 1779. The last official act of the Continental Marines was to escort a stash of silver, on loan from Frantsuz Lyudovik XVI, from Boston to Philadelphia to enable the opening of the Shimoliy Amerika banki.[2][67] However, Marines did fight on the duel between USSIttifoq va HMSSibil on 10 March 1783, the last recorded shots of the war, and Pvt Robert Stout of that ship would be the last recorded mention of a Continental Marine one year later. Major Nicholas would die from sariq isitma on 27 August 1790. In all, the Continental Marines suffered 49 dead and 70 wounded.[68]
At the end of the Revolution in 1783, both the Continental Navy and Marines were disbanded in April. Although individual Marines stayed on for the few American naval vessels left, the last Continental Marine was discharged in September. In all, there were 131 Colonial Marine officers and probably no more than 2,000 enlisted Colonial Marines.[33][56] Though individual Marines were enlisted for the few American naval vessels, the organization would not be re-created until 1798. Despite the gap between the disbanding of the Continental Marines and the establishment of the United States Marine Corps, Marines worldwide celebrate 10 November 1775 as the rasmiy tug'ilgan kun.[69] This is traditional in Marine units and is similar to the practice of the Inglizlar va Netherlands Royal Marines. Despite the Continental Navy being older in establishment (13 October vs. 10 November 1775) and reestablishment (27 March 1794 vs. 11 July 1798), Marines have taken the position of precedence, awarded due to seniority of age, because they historically and consistently maintained their birth as 10 November, while the Navy had no official recognition of 13 October as their birthday until 1972.[70]
Establishment of the modern Marine Corps
Due to harassment by the French navy on U.S. shipping during the French Revolutionary Wars, Kongress yaratgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz kuchlari va dengiz piyoda korpusi. The Act to provide a Naval Armament of 27 March 1794[71] authorizing new build frigates for the war had specified the numbers of Marines to be recruited for each frigate. Marines were enlisted by the Urush bo'limi as early as August 1797 for service in these frigates.[72] Daniel Carmick[73] and Lemuel Clerk[74] were commissioned as Lieutenants of Marines on 5 May 1798. Under the "Act for establishing and organizing a Marine Corps", signed on 11 July 1798 by Prezident Jon Adams, the Marine Corps was to consist of a battalion of 500 privates, led by a major and a complement of officers and NCOs.[75] Ertasiga; ertangi kun, Uilyam Uord Burrows I was appointed a major. In the Quasi-War, Marines aboard USSKonstitutsiya and other ships conducted raids in the waters off Hispaniola against the French and Spanish, making the first of many landings in Gaiti and participating in the Puerto-Plata Makoni jangi.
Among the equipment Burrows inherited was a stock of leftover blue uniforms with red trim, the basis for the modern Moviy kiyim formasi.[59] When the capital moved to Vashington, Kolumbiya, in June 1800, Burrows was appointed Podpolkovnik Dengiz kuchlari qo'mondoni; birinchi de-yure Commandant, though Samuel Nicholas is traditionally accorded as the first amalda Commandant for his role as the most senior officer of the Continental Marines.[2] In 1801, President Tomas Jefferson and Burrows rode horses about the new capital to find a place suitable for a Marine barracks near the Vashington dengiz kuchlari hovlisi.[76] They chose the land between 8th and 9th, and G and I streets and hired architect Jorj Xadfild to design the barracks and the Commandant's House, in use today as Dengiz kazarmalari, Washington, D.C.. Burrows also founded the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining dengiz piyoda guruhi from an act of Congress passed on 11 July 1798, which debuted at the President's House on 1 January 1801 and has played for every presidential inauguration beri.
The Marines' most famous action of this period occurred in the Birinchi barbar urushi (1801–1805) against the Barbariy qaroqchilar,[77] qachon general Uilyam Eton, the Naval Special Agent and appointed commander-in-chief of the multi-national expedition, and First Lieutenant Presley O'Bannon led a group of eight Marines and 300 Arab va Evropa yollanma askarlar qo'lga olish uchun Tripoli and free the crew of the captured USS Filadelfiya.[78] Though they only made it as far as Derne, Tripoli has been immortalized in the Dengizchilar madhiyasi.[79] The deposed Pasha, Prince Hamet Karamanli was so impressed with the Marines that he presented a Mameluke qilichi to O'Bannon inscribed in memory of the Derne jangi, a tradition continued today by the swords worn by Marine officers.[33]
In May 1811, 2 officers and 47 Marines established an advanced base on Cumberland Island, Gruziya to be used for actions against pirates in Ispaniyaning Florida shtati, and captured Fernandina on 18 March 1812 for occupation until May 1813. This was the first peacetime overseas base of the United States.
The Marine Corps' first land action of the 1812 yilgi urush was the establishment of an advanced base at Sackets Makoni, New York by 63 Marines. This gave the Navy a base on the shores of Ontario ko'li, and later, headquartered their operations in the Buyuk ko'llar; Marines helped to repel two British attacks (the Birinchidan va Sacket's Harbourning ikkinchi jangi ).[80] The Marines also established another base at Eri, Pensilvaniya. Marine ship detachments took part in the great frigate duels of the war, the first U.S. victories of the war. By the end of the war Marines acquired a reputation as marksmen, especially in ship-to-ship actions. On 27 April 1813, Marines participated in Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi Polkovnik Uinfild Skott "s landing at York (hozir Toronto ).[80] Commodore ostida Joshua Barni va kapitan Samuel Miller, they acted to delay the British forces marching toward Washington at the Bladensburg jangi.[80] During the battle, they held the line after the Army and militia retreated, though were eventually overrun. Tradition holds that the British respected their fighting enough to spare the Marine Barracks and Commandant's house when they burned Washington,[81] though they may have intended to use it as a headquarters; a related legend cites that two NCOs buried treasure at the site (to prevent its capture) that is yet unfound.[81] Da Yangi Orlean jangi, the Marines held the center of Gen Endryu Jekson 's defensive line. A total of 46 Marines would die and 66 were wounded in the war.[68]
Together with sailors and Army troops, they again captured Amelia Island and Fernandina in Spanish Florida on 23 December 1817. Fernandina was occupied until Spain ceded Florida to the United States in 1821. In 1823, Marines also established an advanced base on Tompson 's Island, now called Key West, for Commodore Devid Porter to use against pirates around the island of Cuba.[82] They garrisoned Pensakola, Florida in 1825 to use it as a base against pirates in the West Indies.
Henderson's era
Polkovnik Archibald Xenderson, 5th Commandant in a note pinned to his door at Dengiz kazarmalari, Washington, D.C. in 1836[81][83]
After the war, the Marine Corps fell into a depressed state. The third Commandant, Franklin Uorton, died while in office on 1 September 1818, causing a battle for succession between Majors Entoni Geyl, Samuel Miller, and Archibald Xenderson (keyin aktyorlik Commandant).[84] The latter two were unable to successfully impeach Gale, who assumed the role on 3 March 1819, ending a six-month vacancy. After a falling-out with Secretary Smit Tompson, Gale was harbiy sud uchun ofitser va janobga yaroqsiz yurish, convicted, and fired on 18 October 1820.[85]
Henderson secured a confirmed appointment as the fifth commandant in 1820 and breathed new life into the Corps.[83] He would go on to be the longest-serving commandant, commonly referred to as the "Grand old man of the Marine Corps". Under his tenure, the Marine Corps took on a new role as an expeditionary force-in-readiness with a number of expeditionary duties in the Caribbean, the Meksika ko'rfazi, Key West, G'arbiy Afrika, Folklend orollari, Xitoy, Fidji, Peru, Buenos-Ayres, Nikaragua va Sumatra, in addition to many of the Hind urushlari.[86][87] Previously having rarely done anything but guard ships and naval depots, Henderson seized every opportunity to deploy his Marines in "landing party operations " and other expeditions. One example of this was the acquisition artilleriya pieces and training for use with landing parties, which would bear fruit at the Pearl River qal'alari jangi.[83] Henderson is also credited with thwarting attempts by President Andrew Jackson to combine the Marine Corps with the Army. Instead, Congress passed the Act for the Better Organization of the United States Marine Corps 1834 yilda,[88] stipulating that the Corps was part of the Dengiz kuchlari departamenti, as a sister service to the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz kuchlari. This would be the first of many times that Congress came to the aid of the Marines.
Qachon Seminole urushlari (1835–1842) broke out, Commandant Henderson volunteered the Marines for service, leading 2 battalions to war, which accounted for about half the strength of the Marine Corps. They garrisoned Fort Bruk yilda Tampa and held off an Indian attack on 22 January 1836.[89] Henderson commanded the mixed Marine/Army Second Brigade at the Battle of Hatchee-Lustee on 27 January 1837,[90] u uchun tayinlangan a breket brigada generali. Marines also fought at the Wahoo botqog'idagi jang o'sha noyabr.
A decade later, in the Meksika-Amerika urushi (1846–1848), the Marines made their famed assault on Chapultepec Palace, which overlooked Mexiko, their first major expeditionary venture.[91] Since marching to Mexico City would be a long and perhaps impossible venture, a combined force (containing some 200 Marines) under General-mayor Uinfild Skott qildi qo'nish janubida Verakruz on 9 March 1847 and captured the city on 29 March. From there, they fought their way to Mexico City and commenced their assault on 13 September.[92] The Marines were given the task of clearing the Chapultepec qal'asi, the "Halls of Montezuma," where they cut down the Mexican colors and ran up the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari bayrog'i. The high mortality rate amongst officers and unts-ofitserlar is memorialized in the dress uniform's "blood stripes ",[93] as well as the line "From the Halls of Montezuma" in the Dengizchilar madhiyasi.[78][79] Marines were later placed on guard duty at the palace and Captain Jeykob Tseylin, a future Commandant, was made military governor. Marines also served as part of the Navy's blockade of Meksika that successfully prevented overseas arms and munitions from reaching the Mexican forces, and as part of the Kaliforniya batalyoni mayor ostida Archibald H. Gillespie;[94] engagements included the battles of Monterey, Los Anjeles, Dominguez Rancho, San-Paskal, Rio-San-Gabriel, La Mesa va 2-tabasko.[95] Other battles included the 1-chi, 2-chi, & 3-Tuxpan, capturing La Paz, defending La Paz, Mulege va qo'lga olish va defending San José del Cabo.
In the 1850s, the Marines would further see service in Panama, and in Asia, escorting Matthew Perry's park on its historic trip to the East.[96] Two hundred Marines under Zeilin were among the Americans who first stepped foot on Yaponiya; they can be seen in contemporary woodprints in their blue jackets, white trousers, and black shakos. Marines were also performed landing demonstrations while the expedition visited the Ryukyu va Bonin orollari.[87] Upon Henderson's death in 1859, legend cites that he willed the Commandant's House, his home of 38 years, to his heirs, forgetting that it was government property; however, this has proven false.[81]
Fuqarolar urushi
Despite their stellar service in foreign engagements, the Marine Corps played only a minor role during the Fuqarolar urushi (1861-1865); their most important task was qamal qilish vazifasi and other ship-board battles, but were mobilized for a handful of operations as the war progressed.[97][98][99][100]
During the prelude to war, a hastily created 86-man Marine detachment under Lieutenant Israel Greene was detached to arrest Jon Braun da Harperning paromi in 1859, after the abolitionist raided The armory there.[101] Command of the mission was given to then-Colonel Robert E. Li va uning yordamchisi leytenant J.E.B. Styuart, both having been on leave in Washington when President Jeyms Byukenen ordered Brown arrested.[97] The ninety Marines arrived to the town on 17 October via train, and quickly surrounded Jon Braunning qal'asi. Upon his refusal to surrender, the Marines stormed the building with bayonets, battering down the door with hammers and a ladder used as a urib tushgan qo'chqor. Greene slashed Brown twice and would have killed him had his sword not bent on his last thrust; in his haste he had carried his light dress sword instead of his regulation sword.[102]
At the opening of the war, the Marine Corps had 1892 officers and men, but two majors, half the captains, and two-thirds of the lieutenants resigned to join the Confederacy, as did many prominent Army officers.[97] Though the retention of enlisted men was better, the Konfederatsiya shtatlari dengiz piyoda korpusi formed its nucleus with some of the best Marines the Corps had.[103] Following the wave of defections, thirteen officers and 336 Marines, mostly recruits, were hastily formed into a battalion and sent to Manassas. Da Bull Running birinchi jangi (First Manassas), U.S. Marines performed poorly, running away like the rest of the Union forces.[104][105][106] Komendant Jon Xarris reported sadly that this was "the first instance in Marine history where any portion of its members turned their backs to the enemy."[97] However, "The Marines performed as well as, if not better than, any other Federal organization on the battlefield of 21 July 1861. No regiment in McDowell's army went into the fight more often or with greater spirit than the Marine battalion."[107]
Congress only slightly enlarged the Marines due to the priority of the Army; and after filling detachments for the ships of the Navy (which had more than doubled in size by 1862), the Marine Corps was only able to field about one battalion at any given time as a larger force for service ashore.[98] Marines from ship's detachments as well as ad-hoc battalions took part in the landing operations necessary to capture bases for blockade duty. These were mostly successful, but on 8 September 1863, the Marines tried an amphibious landing to capture Sumter Fort yilda Charlstaun harbor and failed, one of the few failed landings of the Marine Corps.[98] Due to a shortage of officers, the Marines of Qo'mondon George Preble 's naval brigade that fought at the Battle of Honey Hill in 1864 started the battle with First Lieutenant George Stoddard as the battalion commander (normally accorded a lieutenant colonel), the only officer in the battalion (the kompaniya komandirlari va boshqalar xodimlar being sergeants).[99]
On 15 May 1862, the Battle of Drewry's Bluff began as a detachment of ships under Commander Jon Rojers (shu jumladan USSMonitor va USSGalena ) steamed up the Jeyms daryosi to test the defenses of Richmond qismi sifatida Yarim orol kampaniyasi. Sifatida Galena took heavy losses, the unwavering musket and cannon fire of Corporal Jon F. Macki would earn him the "Shuhrat" medali on 10 July 1863, the first Marine to be so awarded.[108]
In January 1865, the Marines took part in the Fort Fisherning ikkinchi jangi, tasked with acting as marksmen on the flank of the attack to shoot any Confederate troops that appeared on the ramparts of the fort. Even though they were ordered from their firing positions by Admiral Porter second in command, Porter blamed the Marines for the failure of the naval landing force to take the fort. Despite this, the fort was successfully captured; five Marines earned the Medal of Honor during the battle.[100] In all, Marines received 17 of the 1522 awards during the Civil War. A total of 148 Marines would die in the war, the most casualties up to that point.[68][106]
Konfederatsiya dengiz piyodalari
The Konfederativ Shtatlar Kongressi yaratishga vakolatli Konfederatsiya shtatlari dengiz piyoda korpusi on 16 March 1861.
Oxirgi XIX asr
The remainder of the 19th century would be a period of declining strength and introspection about the mission of the Marine Corps. The Navy's transition from sail to steam put into question the need for Marines on naval ships; indeed, the replacement of masts and rigging with smokestacks literally left Marine marksmen without a place. However, the Marines would serve as a convenient resource for interventions and landings to protect U.S. lives and property in foreign countries, such as the ekspeditsiya ga Formosa in 1867. In June 1871, 651 Marine deployed for the expedition to Korea and made a landing at Gangxva oroli in which six Marines earned the Medal of Honor and one was killed[109] (landings were also taken by the French in 1866 va Japanese in 1875 ), 79 years before the famed landing at nearby Inchon.[110] Keyin Virginius Affair caused a war scare with Spain, Marines took part in naval brigade landing exercises in Key West in 1874, Gardiners Island in August 1884, and Newport, Rhode Island in November 1887. Three Marines earned Medals of Honor in the Samoan Civil War. Altogether, the Marines were involved in over 28 separate interventions in the 35 years from the end of the Civil War to the end of the 19th century, including Xitoy, Formosa, Yaponiya, Nikaragua, Urugvay, Meksika, Koreya, Panama, Misr, Gaiti, Samoa, Argentina, Chili va Kolumbiya,[87] shu jumladan Gavayi qirolligining ag'darilishi, bo'lar edi ilova qilingan besh yildan keyin. They would also be called upon to stem political and labor unrest within the United States, such as guarding mail. In 1885, war correspondent Richard Harding Devis popularized the phrase "The Marines have landed and have the situation well in hand" when describing Americans intervention in a Panamanian revolt.
Under Commandant Jeykob Tseylin 's term (1864–1876), many Marine customs and traditions shakllandi. The Corps adopted the Marine Corps emblem in essentially its modern form on 19 November 1868, borrowing the globe from the Royal Marines, but introducing the fouled anchor and a U.S. bald eagle. In 1869, the Corps adopted a blue-black evening jacket and trousers encrusted with gold braid, that survives today as officer's mess dress. It was also during this time that the "Dengizchilar madhiyasi " was first heard. Around 1883, the Marines adopted their current motto "Semper Fidelis ", Lotin for "Always Faithful" and often shortened by Marines to "Semper Fi". In 1885 1st Lt. H.K. Gilman wrote the first manual for enlisted Marines, Marines' Manual: Prepared for the Use of the Enlisted Men of the U.S. Marine Corps and in 1886 the first landing manual The Naval Brigade and Operations Ashore. Previous to this, the only landing instructions available were those in the Ordnance Instructions for the United States Navy. Jon Filipp Sousa, ilgari bolaligida dengiz piyoda guruhida shogird bo'lgan, 1880 yilda 25 yoshida guruhga rahbarlik qilib qaytgan va o'zining bastakor yurishlari bilan o'zini va guruhni nomiga aylantirgan.
Ispan va Filippin-Amerika urushlari
Davomida Ispaniya-Amerika urushi (1898), dengiz piyoda askarlari AQSh kuchlarini Filippinda qirg'oqqa olib boradi, Kuba va Puerto-Riko, joylashtirishga tayyorliklarini namoyish etish.[111] Da Cienfuegos jangi, Dengiz piyodalari USSMarblehead va USSNeshvill Kubaning blokadasini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun dengiz ostidagi telegraf kabellarini Ispaniyaning kuchli olovi ostida kesib tashladi, shulardan 12 nafari o'z xatti-harakatlari uchun "Shuhrat" medaliga sazovor bo'lishdi. LtCol Robert W. Huntington boshchiligidagi birinchi batalyon, bosqinchi va qo'lga olingan Guantanamo ko'rfazida park uchun zamonaviy bazani va yonilg'i quyish stantsiyasini tashkil etish uchun. Cuzco Well-ni egallab olishda, Ispaniyaning qarshi hujumiga yordam berildi do'stona olov dan USSDelfin va serjant John H. Quick keyinchalik Ispaniyaning miltiq otishida va dengiz qurolidagi otishmada jasorat ko'rsatgani uchun "Faxriy medal" ni oladi Delfin va olovni almashtirish.
Urush boshlanganda, xaki matolarining etishmasligi tufayli dengiz kuchlari odatdagi ko'k jun kiyimlarini kiyib yurishdi. Keyinchalik, kampaniyaning kigiz shlyapasi bilan birgalikda kiyinish uchun jigarrang zig'ir "kampaniya kostyumi" qabul qilindi. Uskunalar qora teridan tikilgan x-suspenziyalar va o'q-dorilar sumkalari bo'lgan keng belbog'dan iborat edi; oshxona, yirtqichlardan va süngü qinidan.[112]
In Puerto-Riko kampaniyasi, Leytenant boshchiligidagi dengiz otryadlari Jon A. Lejeun tushdi Fajardo armiya kuchlari tomonidan keyingi qo'nish uchun qayiqlarni tortib olish uchun. Ular armiyani kutishganda, tungi hujumda ularga kuchli Ispaniya kuchlari hujum qilishdi. Dengiz piyodalari va dengizchilar oldindan belgilangan signal bilan Cape San Juan mayoqi AQSh kemalari ushbu hududni bombardimon qilganda qopqoqni oldi. Ertasi kuni ular armiya qo'mondoni fikrini o'zgartirganini va orolning narigi chetiga kelib tushganini bilib, jo'nab ketishdi Guanika, armiya uchun plyajni ta'minlash.
Filippinda dengiz piyoda askarlari qo'nishdi Kavit quyidagilarga rioya qilish Manila ko'rfazidagi jang Commodore ostida Jorj Devi, va da harakatni ko'rdim Guamni qo'lga olish va Balerni qamal qilish. Keyinchalik Filippin-Amerika urushi, Dengiz piyoda askarlari janglarda unchalik katta rol o'ynamadilar, ammo ular bosqinchi va tinchlikparvar bo'lib xizmat qilishdi. Umuman olganda, o'n besh dengiz piyoda askari "Shon-Fuegos" da "Sharaf" medaliga sazovor bo'ldi; va yana oltitasi Filippinda.
1900-yillarning boshlari
Guantanamodagi muvaffaqiyatli qo'nish va dengiz piyoda askarlarining Ispaniya-Amerika urushiga tayyorligi AQSh armiyasining urushga sekin safarbar bo'lishidan farq qiladi. 1900 yilda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz flotining Bosh kengashi ilg'or dengiz bazalarini egallab olish va himoya qilish uchun Dengiz Korpusiga asosiy mas'uliyatni yuklashga qaror qildi. Dengiz piyodalari korpusi doimiy ravishda Karib dengizida joylashgan ekspeditsiya batalyonini tuzdi va keyinchalik 1902 yilda Germaniya bilan urushga tayyorgarlik ko'rish uchun qo'nish amaliyotini o'tkazdi. Venesuelada qamal.[113] Major Lejeune boshchiligida, 1903 yil boshida u armiya bilan qo'nish mashqlarini ham o'tkazdi Meyn va noyabr oyida blokirovka qilingan Kolumbiya armiyasi Panamadagi qo'zg'olonni bostirish uchun yuborilgan kuchlar, harakatga olib keldi Panamaning mustaqilligi. Dengiz piyoda askarlari Panamada qolishdi, ular qisqa muddatli tanaffuslar bilan 1914 yilgacha boshqa harakatlar uchun yuborilgan edilar.[87] 1903 yildan 1904 yilgacha 25 dengiz piyoda askari amerikalik diplomatlarni himoya qildi Habashiston, zamonaviy kun Efiopiya.[87] Dengizchilarning kichik guruhi a kuch namoyishi yilda Tanjer o'g'irlashni hal qilish Ion Perdikaris 1904 yil yozida.[87][114] Dengizchilar korpusi Murakkab tayanch maktabi kabi tashkil etilgan Murakkab bazaviy kuch, prototipi Filo dengiz kuchlari.
Dengiz aviatsiyasi leytenant bo'lgan 1912 yil 22-mayda boshlangan Alfred Ostell Kanningem yilda dengiz aviatsiya lageriga xabar bergan Annapolis, Merilend, "aviatsiya bilan bog'liq xizmat uchun".[115] Keyingi bir necha yil ichida dengiz aviatorlari soni ko'paygani sayin, undan ajralib chiqish istagi ham ortdi Dengiz aviatsiyasi,[116] 1914 yil 6-yanvarda Lt Bernard L. Smitga yo'naltirilgan paytda amalga oshirildi Culebra, Puerto-Riko, Dengiz uchish maktabining dengiz bo'limini tashkil etish. 1915 yilda komendant Jorj Barnett 10 ta ofitser va 40 ta harbiy xizmatdan iborat aviatsiya kompaniyasini yaratishga ruxsat berdi.[117] Birinchi rasmiy dengiz parvozi bo'linmasi 1917 yil 17-fevralda etib keldi va dengiz aviatsiyasi kompaniyasini Buyuk Britaniyadagi Advanced Base Force xizmatiga topshirdi. Filadelfiya dengiz kuchlari hovlisi.[118]
Dengiz piyodalari rol o'ynadi Xitoy, bu 1950 yillarga qadar davom etadi. Dastlab 1894 yilda amerikaliklarni himoya qilish uchun yuborilgan Birinchi Xitoy-Yaponiya urushi,[87] Dengiz piyodalari janglarida g'arbiy legionlarni himoya qildilar Tientsin va Pekin davomida Bokschining isyoni (1899-1901) va Xitoyga yordam ekspeditsiyasi. The Bokschilar barcha chet elliklarni Xitoydan haydashga va chet el ta'sirini yo'q qilishga intilib, zo'ravonlik qildi va g'arbliklarni o'ldirishni boshladi. Qolgan chet elliklar birlashdilar Pekin Legation kvartali va 56 dengiz piyoda askarlarini o'z ichiga olgan kichik harbiy kuch tomonidan himoya qilindi Sakkiz millat ittifoqi, shu jumladan armiya 9-piyoda polki va Filippinda joylashgan dengiz piyodalari batalyoni, isyonni to'xtatish uchun 1900 yil 14-avgustda keldi. Xususiy Daniel Deyli bu erda o'zining "Sharaf" medalini, shuningdek, boshqa 32 dengiz piyoda askarini oladi. Dengiz piyoda askarlari 1922 yil apreldan 1923 yil noyabrgacha va yana 1924 yilda amerikaliklarni himoya qilish uchun qayta joylashadilar Birinchidan va Ikkinchi Chili-Fengt urushlari. The 4-dengiz polki 1927 yilda keladi,[87] himoya qilish Shanxay xalqaro aholi punkti davomida Shimoliy ekspeditsiya va Ikkinchi Xitoy-Yaponiya urushi, keyinchalik chaqirildi Xitoy dengiz piyodalari.[119] Polk 1941 yilda jo'nab ketadi Kavit ichida jang qilish Ikkinchi jahon urushi.
Banan urushi
1900-1916 yillarda Dengiz Korpusi xorijiy ekspeditsiyalarda, ayniqsa Karib dengizida va Markaziy va Janubiy Amerika Panama, Kuba, Verakruz, Gaiti, Santo Domingo va Nikaraguani o'z ichiga olgan. Ushbu harakatlar "nomi bilan tanilganBanan urushi "va shu davrda qarshi qo'zg'olon va partizan operatsiyalarida to'plangan tajribalar birlashtirildi Kichik urushlar uchun qo'llanma 1935 yilda. Qo'shma Shtatlar janubidagi ushbu joylarda harakatlar davom etdi Birinchi jahon urushi va ko'pchilik uchun keyin. Ushbu harakatlarning aksariyati Monro doktrinasi; ya'ni Qo'shma Shtatlarning keyingi mustamlaka va aralashuvni oldini olishga qaratilgan harakatlari G'arbiy yarim shar. Dengiz piyodalari vaqti-vaqti bilan shaxsiy armiya sifatida o'z obro'siga qarshi kurashishga majbur bo'ldilar Davlat departamenti.[120] Hamma to'qnashuvlarda jami 93 dengiz piyodalari halok bo'ladi.[68]
1909 yil dekabrda mayor Smedli Butler buyruq berdi 3-batalyon 1-dengiz piyodalari Panamada. Ushbu davlat 1903 yilda Kolumbiyadan mustaqil bo'lganidan beri Panamani egallab olgan batalyon 1914 yilgacha saqlanib qoladi va tanaffuslar bilan Nikaragua, Verakruz va Gaitiga yuboriladi.[87]
AQSH bosib olingan Kuba Ispaniyaliklar 1899 yil 1-yanvarda ketganligi sababli, uni hudud sifatida qo'sha olmadilar (Filippin va Guamdan farqli o'laroq) Tellerga o'zgartirish. O'rnatishdan keyin Guantanamo harbiy-dengiz bazasi, dengiz piyoda askarlari 1899 yildan 1902 yilgacha harbiy gubernatorlik davrida okkupatsiyaga yordam berishdi Leonard Vud va yana 1906 yildan 1909 yilgacha, 1912 yilgacha va 1917 yildan 1922 yilgacha.
1910 yil 27-mayda mayor Butler keldi Moviy maydonlar Amerikaning manfaatlarini himoya qilish uchun 250 kishi bilan Xuan Xose Estrada isyon. Dengiz piyoda askarlari qaytib kelishdi Nikaraguani egallab olish qurilishini oldini olish maqsadida 1912 yildan 1933 yilgacha Nikaragua kanali Amerika nazoratisiz. Butler 1912 yil yozida 350 dengiz piyoda askarlari bilan qaytib keldi USSAnnapolis o'tgan oy u erga jo'natilgan 100 dengiz piyodasini to'ldirish uchun yana polkovnik boshchiligidagi yana 750 dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari tomonidan to'ldirildi Jozef Genri Pendlton. Qarshilik Luis Mena va Benjamin Zeledon o'sha oktyabrda ezilgan va dengiz piyodalarining aksariyati o'zlarining 37 ta sonini yo'qotgan holda tark etishgan. Qolganlari millatni egallab oldi, asosan jang qildi Augusto Sezar Sandino va uning guruhi Yaxshi qo'shnilar siyosati va Katta depressiya ularni 1933 yil yanvarda olib chiqishga undadi.[87] 21 yil davomida Nikaraguada jami 130 dengiz piyodasi o'ldirilgan, ikkitasi u erda "Faxriy medal" ga sazovor bo'lgan.
Dengiz piyodalari Meksikaga qaytib keldi davomida Meksika inqilobi. 1903 yil 5-7 sentyabr kunlari dengiz piyodalari evakuatsiya qilinayotgan amerikaliklarni himoya qildilar Yaqui daryosi Vodiy.[87] Ga javoban Tampiko ishi va jo'natilayotgan qurollarni ushlab qolish Viktoriano Xerta qurol embargosiga qaramay dengiz piyoda askarlari joylashtirildi Verakruz 1914 yil 21 aprelda uni egallab oling. Raqobatsiz qo'nish USSFlorida va USSYuta, Polkovnik boshchiligidagi dengiz piyodalari Vendell Kushing Nevill o'zlarining maqsadlariga erishish uchun dengiz bo'yida kurashdilar. Yarim tunda qo'shimcha kemalar keldi, o'zlari bilan Panamadan Maj Butler va uning batalonini olib kelishdi va ertalab ular qo'lga olishdi Verakruz dengiz akademiyasi. Polkovnik Lejeun boshchiligidagi yana bir polk o'sha kuni tushdan keyin etib keldi va 24-ga qadar butun shahar xavfsiz edi. 1 may kuni polkovnik Littleton Uoller uchinchi polk bilan keldi va brigada qo'mondonligini oldi. Dengiz piyoda askarlari asta-sekin askarlar bilan almashtirildi va 23 noyabrda Amerikaning chiqib ketguniga qadar o'z kemalariga qaytishdi. Ellik oltita "Faxriy medallar" berildi, shu jumladan Butler birinchi. Armiya Meksikaga ikki yil ichida qaytib keladi Pancho Villa ekspeditsiyasi.
Dengiz piyoda askarlari harakatni ko'rdilar Dominika Respublikasi 1903, 1904 va 1914 yillarda,[87] keyin uni egallab oldi 1916 yildan 1924 yilgacha. Desiderio Arias hokimiyatni qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng Xuan Isidro Ximenes Pereyra, Orqa admirallar Uilyam B. Kaperton va Garri Shepard Knapp tartibni tiklash uchun dengiz piyodalariga 1916 yil may oyida qo'ndi. Mahalliy aholi 1921 yilgacha davom etgan qarshilikni boshladilar va keyingi yil dengiz piyoda askarlari olib qo'yildi, jami uch kishi "Shon-sharaf" medaliga sazovor bo'ldi. Dengiz piyodalari 1965 yilda qaytish.
Dengiz piyodalari Gaitini egallab oldi 1915 yil 28 iyuldan 1934 yil 1 avgustgacha. Qachon Kakos hukumatni ag'darib tashladi va Amerikaga qarshi Rosalvo Bobo ehtimoli Gaitining prezidentiga aylandi Vudro Uilson dengiz piyoda askarlarini Amerika ishbilarmonlik hukmronligini ta'minlash uchun yubordi, ammo "tinchlik va tartibni qayta tiklashni" ochiq e'lon qildi. 1915 yil 17-noyabrda mayor Butler dengiz piyodalari qo'shinini qo'lga olishga rahbarlik qildi Riviere Fort, Caco qal'asi. Tashkiliy qurolli qarshilik tugagandan so'ng, AQShdan boshqaruv yaxshilana boshladi infratuzilma va yashash sharoitlari, ammo gaitiliklarga haqiqiy o'zini o'zi boshqarish imkoniyatini rad etdi. 1930 yilda, keyin Forbes Komissiya buni va Prezidentni tanqid qildi Gerbert Guver 1932 yilda chekinishni boshladi. Oxirgi dengiz piyoda askarlari 1934 yil 15 avgustda jo'nab ketishdi. O'n to'qqiz yillik ishg'olda sakkiz dengiz piyoda askari "Sharaf" medaliga sazovor bo'ldi, shu qatorda ikkinchi mukofotlar Qurol-yarog 'serjanti Dan Deyli va mayor Batler, ikki marotaba mukofotlangan yagona dengiz piyodalari. Keyinchalik ikkinchisi ishg'olga qarshi noroziligini bildiradi va qurolli diplomatiya uning kitobida Urush bu reket. Dengiz piyoda askarlari Gaitiga qaytib kelishadi 1994 va 2010.
Dengizchi aviatorlar banan urushlari paytida havo-quruqlik taktikalari bilan tajriba o'tkazishni boshladilar va o'zlarining asosiy vazifalarini dengiz piyoda askarlarining qo'llab-quvvatlashiga aylantirdilar. Aynan Gaitida dengiz piyoda askarlari taktikasini ishlab chiqa boshladilar sho'ng'in bombasi va Nikaraguada ular uni takomillashtirishni boshladilar. Boshqa millatlar va xizmatlar ushbu texnikaning turlarini sinab ko'rishgan bo'lsa-da, dengiz aviatorlari uni birinchi bo'lib qabul qildilar va uni o'zlarining taktik ta'limotlarining bir qismiga aylantirdilar.[116] Kanningem 1920 yilda "... har qanday xizmatda aviatsiya uchun yagona bahona - bu erdagi qo'shinlarga o'z vazifalarini muvaffaqiyatli bajarishda yordam berishdagi foydalilikdir" deb ta'kidlagan edi.[121] 1925 yil 3-mayda Dengiz Korpusi rasmiy ravishda Dengiz kuchlari aviatsiya tashkilotida paydo bo'ldi Aviatsiya byurosi vakolatli uchta qiruvchi otryadlar.[122] Shuningdek, 20-asrning 20-yillarida dengiz eskadrilyalari kemada saralashni boshladilar samolyot tashuvchilar.
Birinchi jahon urushi
Yilda Birinchi jahon urushi, Dengiz piyoda askarlari Qo'shma Shtatlarning mojaroga kirishida cheklangan xizmat qilishdi. Ittifoqdosh qo'shinlarning aksariyatidan farqli o'laroq, Dengiz kuchlari korpusida zobitlar chuqurligi va unts-ofitserlar jang tajribasi bilan va kichikroq o'sishni boshdan kechirgan, ammo ular kuchli va yuqori texnik to'qnashuvlar uchun tayyorlanmagan. Ular 1918 yil davomida kichik yo'llar bilan qatnashdilar (masalan Chateau-Thierry, Soissonlar va Sankt-Mihiel ), ammo urushning eng taniqli harakatlari o'sha yozda bo'lgani kabi keladi Spring Offensive oxiriga yaqinlashdi. 1-dan 26-iyunga qadar dengiz piyoda askarlari o'zlarining nishonlanganlariga qarshi kurashdilar Belleu Vud jangi, keyin Korpus tarixidagi eng katta (ammo jangning umumiy hajmini hisobga olgan holda juda kichik), zamonaviy tarixda o'z obro'sini yaratdi. "Chekining? Jahannam, biz bu erga etib keldik!" Degan hayqiriqlar ostida miting. (Kapit Lloyd Uilyams ) va "Kelinglar, kaltaklar o'g'illari, siz abadiy yashashni xohlaysizmi?" (GySgt Dan Deyli ), dengiz piyoda askarlari nemis kuchlarini ushbu hududdan haydab chiqardi, ammo ko'plab yo'qotishlarga olib keldi, bu asosan ofitserlarning tajribasi yo'qligi va eskirgan taktikalardan foydalanish bilan izohlanadi. Avvalgi ekspeditsiya tajribasi G'arb dunyosida u qadar katta e'tirofga sazovor bo'lmagan bo'lsa-da, dengiz piyodalarining shafqatsizligi va qattiqligi ularga nemislarning hurmatiga sazovor bo'ldi, ular bo'ron-trooper sifatiga baho berishdi. Garchi dengiz piyoda askarlari va Amerika OAV nemislar ularga "Teufelhunden" laqabini bergani haqida xabar berishgan bo'lsa-da [sic ][eslatma 1] yoki "Iblis itlari ", bu haqda Germaniya yozuvlarida hech qanday dalil yo'q. Shunga qaramay, ism yopishib qoldi, masalan mashhur yollash afishasi.[123]
Frantsiya hukumati o'rmonni "Bois de la Brigada de Marine" ("Dengizchilar brigadasining o'tinlari") deb o'zgartirdi va ikkalasini ham bezatdi 5-chi va 6-chi Bilan polklar Croix de Gerre har biri uch martadan. Bu ularga kiyish sharafiga sazovor bo'ldi fourragère, qaysi Franklin D. Ruzvelt, keyin dengiz floti kotibi ularga bundan buyon kiyimlari va xizmat kiyimlarining chap yelkasida kiyish huquqini berdi. Dengiz aviatsiyasi, shuningdek, eksponent o'sishni ko'rdi Birinchi aviatsiya kompaniyasi ga joylashtirilgan Azor orollari ovlamoq U-qayiqlar 1918 yil yanvar oyida[124] va Birinchi dengiz havo otryadlari joylashtirilgan Frantsiya yangi nomlangan 1-dengiz aviatsiyasi kuchlari 1918 yil iyulda[118] va taqdim etilgan bombardimonchi va dengiz flotiga qiruvchi yordam Kunduzgi qanot, Shimoliy bombardimon guruhi.[117] Urushning oxiriga kelib, bir nechta dengiz aviatorlari havodan o'ldirishni qayd etishdi va birgalikda 14 qisqa tonna (13000 kg) dan ortiq bomba tashladilar.[116] ularning soni jami 282 nafar ofitser va 2180 nafar harbiy xizmatchilar tarkibiga 8 otryaddan ish olib borishgan.[125] 1919 yilda ushbu bo'linmalardan 1-bo'lim / 1-otryad tuzildi va mavjud VMA-231.
Urush tugashiga yaqin 1918 yil iyunida dengiz piyoda askarlari qo'nishdi Vladivostok yilda Rossiya Amerika fuqarolarini konsullik va boshqa joylarda janglardan himoya qilish Rossiya fuqarolar urushi.[87] O'sha avgust, ittifoqchilar aralashadi tomonida Oq ruslar qarshi Bolsheviklar himoya qilish Chexoslovakiya legionlari va ittifoqdosh materielni qo'lga olishdan.[126][127] Dengiz piyodalari 1920 yil 16 fevralda qaytib kelishadi, bu safar Russkiy oroli aloqa infratuzilmasini himoya qilish uchun, 1922 yil 19-noyabrgacha.[87]
Opha May Jonson dengiz piyodalari safiga qo'shilgan birinchi ayol edi; u qo'shildi Dengiz kuchlari qo'riqxonasi 1918 yilda Birinchi Jahon urushi paytida rasmiy ravishda birinchi dengiz piyoda ayoliga aylandi.[128] O'sha paytdan boshlab Birinchi Jahon urushi oxirigacha 305 ayol Korpusga yozildi.[129]
Dengiz kuchlari korpusi 511 zobit va 13214 nafar harbiy xizmatchilar bilan urushga kirishdi va 1918 yil 11-noyabrga qadar 2400 zobit va 70 ming kishilik kuchga ega bo'ldi.[130] Urush 2461 nafar halok bo'ldi va 9520 nafar yarador dengiz piyoda askarlariga,[68] sakkiztasi "Shuhrat" medaliga sazovor bo'lgan.
Yangi amfibiya vazifasi
Jahon urushlari orasida Dengiz Korpusini general-mayor boshqargan Jon A. Lejeun, yana bir mashhur komendant. Dengiz kuchlari korpusi Birinchi Jahon Urushidan keyin kengaytirilgan missiyani qidirib topdi, u Frantsiyada armiyaning piyoda qo'shinlarining kichik versiyasi sifatida ishlatilgan va dengiz piyodalari buni boshi berk ko'chaga olib kelishgan. 20-asrning boshlarida ular qisman AQSh tomonidan bosib olingan Markaziy Amerika davlatlarini politsiya nazorati bo'yicha yangi missiyani qo'lga kiritdilar. Ushbu missiya Lotin Amerikasiga nisbatan "Yaxshi qo'shni siyosat" ni qabul qilib, keyingi bosqinlardan voz kechganida yana bir boshi berk ko'chaga aylandi. Korpusga armiyadan ajralib turadigan yangi topshiriq kerak edi. Bittasini topdi: bu dengiz kuchlari tomonidan uzoq joylarga tezlik bilan olib boriladigan tezkor va engil piyoda jangovar kuch edi. Uning alohida roli dushman nazorati ostidagi orollarga amfibiya qo'nish edi, ammo buni qanday amalga oshirish kerakligini aniqlash uchun ko'p yillar kerak bo'ldi. Mahanianning hal qiluvchi floti jangi haqidagi tushunchasi dushmanga yaqin dengiz floti uchun oldinga tayanchlarni talab qildi. Ispaniya-Amerika urushidan so'ng dengiz piyoda askarlari ushbu old bazalarni egallash va himoya qilish vazifasini oldilar va Puerto-Rikoning Kulebro orolida o'quv dasturini boshladilar. Dastlab dushman hujumidan oldinga siljishni himoya qilishga urg'u berildi; ular 1915 yilda Gallipolining ingliz, avstraliyalik va yangi zelandiyalik bosqinchilariga 250 ming talafot etkazgan va ularni olib chiqib ketishga majbur qilgan turklarga o'xshaydi.
1900 yildayoq Dengiz kuchlari Bosh kengashi Tinch okeani va Karib dengizida dengiz harakatlari uchun avans bazalarini qurish masalasini ko'rib chiqdi. Dengiz kuchlari korpusiga bu vazifa 1920 yilda berilgan edi, ammo bu gallipoli kabi boshqa falokatdan saqlanish edi. Kontseptual yutuq 1921 yilda bo'lgan Katta "Pit" Ellis "Mikroneziyadagi ilg'or bazaviy operatsiyalar" ni yozib, dengiz strateglari uchun ilhom baxsh etgan va juda bashoratli bo'lgan 30 ming so'zdan iborat maxfiy manifestni yozdi.[131] Tinch okeanidagi urushda g'alaba qozonish uchun dengiz floti yaponiyaliklar, shu jumladan Marshal, Karolin, Marianas va Ryukus orollari guruhlari tomonidan boshqariladigan minglab kilometrlik okean bo'ylab o'tishi kerak edi. Agar dengiz floti tanlab olingan orollarni egallab olish uchun dengiz piyoda askarlarini qo'ya olsa, ular oldinga bazaga aylanishi mumkin. Ellisning ta'kidlashicha, plyajlarni himoya qilishga tayyor bo'lgan dushman bilan muvaffaqiyat kuchli dengiz qurollari o'qlari va havodan qilingan hujumlar bilan qoplangan hujum hujumi to'lqinlarining yuqori tezlikda harakatlanishiga bog'liq. U qaror plyajning o'zida sodir bo'lishini bashorat qildi, shuning uchun hujum guruhlariga nafaqat piyoda askarlar, balki plyaj to'siqlari va mudofaasini engish uchun pulemyot birliklari, yengil artilleriya, yengil tanklar va jangovar muhandislar kerak bo'ladi. Dushmanning o'z artilleriyasi bor deb taxmin qilsak, qo'nish kuchini himoya qilish uchun qo'nish kemasi maxsus qurilishi kerak edi. Gallipolidagi muvaffaqiyatsizlik, chunki turklar aniq qo'nish joylarini osongina kuchaytirishi mumkin edi. Yaponlar hujum ostidagi orollarga yangi kuchlarni qo'ya olmaydilar.[132]
Ko'plab orollardan qaysi biri Amerikaning nishoniga aylanishini bilmay, yaponlar hech qachon hujum qilinmaydigan ko'plab orollarni garnizonga qo'yish orqali o'z kuchlarini tarqatishlari kerak edi. Marshall orollaridagi Eniwetok singari orol, Ellis taxminiga ko'ra, ikkita polk yoki 4000 dengiz piyodasini talab qiladi. (Haqiqatan ham, 1944 yil fevral oyida dengiz piyoda askarlari uchta batalonda 4000 kishi bo'lgan Eniwetokni egallab olishdi.) Dengiz kuzatuvchilarining samolyotlari rahbarligida va dengiz piyoda bombardimonchi samolyotlari tomonidan to'ldirilgan harbiy kemalar dengiz artilleriyasining o'q otishini ta'minlab, dengiz piyoda askarlariga og'ir artilleriya kerak bo'lmaydi. asosan o'z artilleriyasiga tayangan armiyadan farqli o'laroq.) Himoyalangan orollarni o'qqa tutish harbiy kemalar uchun yangi vazifa edi. Ellis modeli rasmiy ravishda 1927 yilda armiya va dengiz floti qo'shma kengashi tomonidan tasdiqlangan (shtab boshliqlari birlashgan kashfiyotchisi).[133]
Yangi topshiriqni amalda bajarish yana o'n yil davom etdi, chunki Korpus Markaziy Amerikada band edi, Dengiz kuchlari qo'nish joylarini qo'llab-quvvatlash bo'yicha mashg'ulotlarni juda sekin boshladilar va plyajlarni katta talofatlarsiz urish uchun yangi kema ixtiro qilinishi kerak edi. 1941 yilda ingliz va amerikalik kema me'morlari muammoni hal qilish uchun yangi "qo'nish kemasi" sinfini ixtiro qildilar. Ikkinchi jahon urushida dengiz kuchlari 1150 LST qurdilar. Ular katta (2400 tonna) va sekin (10 tugun) edi; rasmiy ravishda "Landing Ship Tank" nomi bilan tanilgan, yo'lovchilar ularni "Katta statsionar maqsadlar" deb atashgan. Yengil zirhli, ular o'z kuchlari bilan to'liq yuk bilan okeanni kesib o'tishlari mumkin edi, piyoda askarlar, tanklar va materiallarni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri plyajlarga olib borishgan. 2000 ta boshqa qo'nish kemalari bilan birgalikda LSTlar dengiz piyoda piyodalariga (va armiya askarlariga) 1943 yil yozidan boshlab jangovar qo'nish uchun himoyalangan va tezkor usulni taqdim etishdi.[134]
1933 yilda amfibiya qo'nishning asosiy vazifasi bilan "Filo Dengiz kuchlari" tashkil etildi. Kuch - bu kuzatuv va erni qo'llab-quvvatlashga o'rgatilgan dengiz aviatsiyasi bo'linmalariga ega bo'lgan brigada. Er va havo, qirg'oq va dengiz o'rtasidagi aloqalarga alohida e'tibor berib, ular yaxlit uch o'lchovli hujum kuchini ishlab chiqdilar. 1940 yilga kelib, etarli odamlarni, tegishli jihozlarni va qat'iy o'quv dasturini qo'shgan holda, Dengiz Korpusi nazariy jihatdan amfibiya hujumlari haqidagi doktrinasini ishlab chiqdi. Mashg'ulot uchun eng mas'ul general Gollandiyaning "Xaulin Mad" Smitning jangovar rahbarligi ostida dengiz piyodalari plyajlarni urishga tayyor edilar.[135]
Korpus amfibiya uskunalarini sotib oldi Xiggins qayig'i bu yaqinlashib kelayotgan mojarodan katta foydalanishni isbotlaydi. Turli xil Filo qo'nish mashqlari Korpusning o'sib borayotgan amfibiya qobiliyatining sinovi va namoyishi bo'ldi.
Dengiz aviatsiyasi ham aktivlarning sezilarli o'sishiga erishdi; 1941 yil 7-dekabrda dengiz aviatsiyasi 13 ta uchuvchi eskadron va 230 ta samolyotdan iborat edi.[136][137] Korpusning eng qadimgi eskadrilyasi, bugun nomi bilan tanilgan VMFA-232, 1925 yil 1 sentyabrda VF-3M sifatida foydalanishga topshirilgan.[138]
Ikkinchi jahon urushi
Yilda Ikkinchi jahon urushi, dengiz piyoda askarlari markaziy rol o'ynagan Tinch okeani urushi, deyarli har bir muhim jangda qatnashish. Korpus, shuningdek, ikkitadan kengaygan sari o'zining eng yuqori o'sishini ko'rdi brigadalar ikkiga korpuslar oltita bo'linma va 132 ta eskadron bilan beshta havo qanoti.[137] Bundan tashqari, 20 ta mudofaa bataloni, shuningdek, parashyut batalyoni tashkil etildi.[139] Umuman olganda, korpuslar o'z tarixidagi eng yuqori darajadagi dengiz kuchlarini 475 mingdan ortiq kuchga ega bo'lishdi. Ning janglari Gvadalkanal, Tarava, Saypan, Guam, Peleliu, Ivo Jima va Okinava AQSh dengiz piyoda piyodalari va Imperator Yaponiya armiyasi o'rtasida qattiq janglarni ko'rdi. Maxfiylik, ularning mashhurligi bilan mashhur bo'lgan Navaxo kod so'zlovchi Dastur ularning muvaffaqiyatiga katta hissa qo'shgan deb qaraladi. Birinchi Afroamerikalik ishga qabul qilish uchun 1942 yilda qabul qilingan Korpusni degregatsiya qilish.
Uchun jang paytida Ivo Jima, fotograf Djo Rozental mashhur suratga tushdi Iwo Jima-da bayroqni ko'tarish besh dengiz piyodasi va bitta Dengiz korpusi Suribachi tog'ida Amerika bayrog'ini ko'tarish. Dengiz kuchlari kotibi Jeyms Forrestal qo'shinlarning rivojlanishini kuzatish uchun o'sha kuni oldinroq qirg'oqqa kelgan Ivo Jima-da bayroq ko'tarilgani to'g'risida "... bu bayroqning Suribachida ko'tarilishi keyingi besh yuz yillik dengiz piyoda korpusini anglatadi". Dengiz piyodalarining urush paytida qilgan harakatlari ularning allaqachon mashhur obro'siga qo'shildi va Dengiz kuchlari harbiy yodgorligi qo'shni Arlington milliy qabristoni 1954 yilda bag'ishlangan.
Dengiz kuchlari korpusi maksimal darajada o'sishi bilan, dengiz aviatsiyasi ham 5-ga ko'tarildi havo qanotlari, 31 samolyot guruhlari va 145 uchish otryadlar.[136][137] Gvadalkanal jangi bir nechta saboqlarni beradi, masalan, yo'qlikning zaif ta'siri havo ustunligi, aniqlanmagan maqsadlarning zaifligi (masalan, transport jo'natmasi) va amfibiya operatsiyalari paytida ekspeditsiya aerodromlarini tezda sotib olishning hayotiy ahamiyati.[140] Dengiz kuchlari tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanishidan norozi bo'lgandan keyin Tarava jangi, General Holland Smit dengiz piyoda askarlari bu ishni bajarishi kerakligini tavsiya qildi,[141] da kuchga kirdi Yangi Jorjiya. The Bougainville va 2-Filippin aktsiyalari tashkil etilganini ko'rdim havo aloqasi partiyalari yerda jang qilayotgan dengiz piyoda askarlari bilan havo yordamini muvofiqlashtirish;[142] va Okinava jangi shaklidagi aviatsiya qo'mondonligi va boshqaruvi o'rnatilishi bilan birga ularning aksariyatini birlashtirdi Quruqlik kuchlari Havoni qo'llab-quvvatlashni boshqarish bloklari[117]
Dengiz piyodalarining katta qismi Tinch okean teatrida xizmat qilgan bo'lsa-da, dengiz piyodalarining bir qismi bu rolda rol o'ynagan Evropa teatri, Shimoliy Afrika va Yaqin Sharq.[143][144] Ko'pincha harbiy kemalarda va dengiz bazalari uchun qo'riqchi sifatida xizmat qiladi, ayniqsa Britaniya orollari; ba'zi birlari ixtiyoriy ravishda Strategik xizmatlar idorasi.[143] Kabi ittifoqdosh xalqlardan taktikani o'rganish uchun ko'plab kuzatuvchilar yuborilgan Roy Geyger bortda HMSQo'rqinchli.[143] Xizmatlararo raqobat bunda rol o'ynagan bo'lishi mumkin; masalan, uchun reja haqida ma'lumot berilganda Danny loyihasi, Armiya shtabi boshlig'i Umumiy Jorj Marshal turgan va tashqariga chiqib, "Bu brifing tugadi. Men mas'ul ekanman, Evropada hech qachon dengiz piyodalari bo'lmaydi" deb aytdi.[145]
Urush oxiriga kelib, Korpus tarkibiga oltita diviziya, beshta havo qanoti va 485,000 dengiz piyoda qo'shinlarini qo'shadigan qo'shinlar qo'shildi.[137] Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida dengiz piyoda askarlari 19 733 nafarini o'ldirgan va 68207 nafari yaralangan[68] va 82 ni oldi "Shuhrat" medali.[146] Dengiz aviatorlari 2355 yapon samolyotini urib tushirgan va 573 ta o'z jangida yo'qotishgan, shuningdek 120 ta daromad olgan. Ace.[137]
Vaqtinchalik: Ikkinchi Jahon urushi-Koreya
Umumiy Aleksandr Vandegrift, 18-chi komendant Senatning dengiz ishlari bo'yicha qo'mitasi 1946 yilda[147]
Kotib Forrestalning bashoratiga qaramay, korpus urushdan so'ng darhol institutsional inqirozga duch keldi. Mustahkamlangan va qayta tashkil etilgan mudofaa muassasasini itarayotgan armiya guruchi Dengiz missiyasi va mol-mulkini dengiz kuchlari va armiyaga qo'shib olishga harakat qildi. Shoshilinch ravishda yig'ilgan Kongressning qo'llab-quvvatlashiga asoslanib, Dengiz Korpusi Korpusni qonuniy ravishda tarqatib yuborish bo'yicha bunday harakatlarni rad etdi va natijada Dengiz Korpusi qonuniy ravishda himoya qilindi 1947 yildagi Milliy xavfsizlik to'g'risidagi qonun. Introspektiv inqirozga qaramay, dengiz piyoda askarlari urushdan keyingi katta qisqarishlarga va hajmining pasayishiga duch kelishdi. Masalan, aviatsiya 1945 yil 31-avgustda 116,628 xodim va 103 ta eskadrondan 14 163 ta xodimga va 1948 yil 30-iyunda 21 ta eskadronga, yana 30 ta eskadron bilan tushdi. zaxiralar.[117]
Mudofaa vaziri Lui A. Jonson xususan, Dengiz kuchlari va Dengiz kuchlari korpusini byudjetni qisqartirish uchun ajratdi. Birlashishga va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining monopoliyasi degan g'oyaga kuchli ishonuvchi atom bombasi har qanday tashqi tahdidlardan etarli darajada himoya qilingan[148] u Amerikaning ko'pgina harbiy qudratini, ayniqsa dengiz va amfibiyani yo'q qilish uchun kampaniyani boshladi. Tayinlanganidan ko'p o'tmay Jonson Admiral bilan suhbatlashdi Richard L. Connally, Dengiz kuchlari va Dengiz kuchlari korpusiga bo'lgan munosabati va yadroviy bo'lmagan kuchlarga bo'lgan ehtiyoj haqida ochiq-oydin ma'lumot berib:
Admiral, dengiz floti chiqib ketmoqda. Dengiz kuchlari va dengiz piyodalari korpusiga ega bo'lish uchun hech qanday sabab yo'q. General Bredli menga amfibiya operatsiyalari o'tmishda qolganligini aytadi. Bizda boshqa hech qachon amfibiya operatsiyalari bo'lmaydi. Bu dengiz piyoda korpusini yo'q qiladi. Va Harbiy-havo kuchlari dengiz kuchlari qila oladigan hamma narsani qila oladi, shuning uchun dengiz kuchlarini yo'q qiladi.[149]
Biroq, dengiz piyoda askarlari tarkibiga kiritilgan Ayollar qurolli xizmatlarini birlashtirish to'g'risidagi qonun 1948 yilda, bu dengiz piyodalari muntazam va zaxira kuchlarida ayollarga doimiy maqom berdi.[150]
Prezident Garri S. Truman Birinchi jahon urushida qatnashgan dengiz piyoda askarlariga yoqmaganligi va 1950 yil avgustda g'azab bilan shunday degan edi: "Dengiz piyodalari korpusi - bu dengiz kuchlarining politsiyasi va men prezident bo'lsam, shunaqa bo'ladi. Ular bor tashviqot mashinasi bu deyarli teng Stalinning."[151] Jonson bundan ko'p dengiz piyoda qo'shinlarining byudjet talablarini kamaytirish yoki yo'q qilish uchun foydalangan.[152] Jonson Dengiz Korpusi aviatsiyasini havo kuchlarini Dengiz kuchlari va Harbiy-havo kuchlariga o'tkazish orqali butunlay yo'q qilishga urindi va yana bir necha marta byudjetni qisqartirish va kuchlarni ishdan bo'shatish yo'li bilan Dengiz Korpusini bosqichma-bosqich yo'q qilishni taklif qildi.[149] Jonson komendantga tashrif buyurishni taqiqlashni buyurdi Birlashgan shtab boshliqlari xizmat boshlig'i rolidagi uchrashuvlar (shu jumladan dengiz piyoda tayyorgarligi yoki safarbarlik bilan bog'liq yig'ilishlar), uni haydovchi va limuzinga ruxsat berilgan xizmat ko'rsatish shoxobchalari rahbarlarining rasmiy ro'yxatidan o'chirib tashladi va tantanali marosimlarda maxsus qurol bilan salomlashish buyurildi. Keyinchalik u dengiz piyodalari korpusining tug'ilgan kunini rasmiy ravishda tan olish yoki nishonlash bo'lmaydi deb ta'kidladi.[149] Dengiz kuchlarining dengiz floti va amfibiya kemalari keskin qisqartirildi va qo'nish kemalarining aksariyati armiya uchun ishlatilgan.
Jonson 65 ming tonna bekor qilinishini e'lon qilganidan keyin USSQo'shma Shtatlar Qurilish bosqichida va dengiz floti strategik yadroviy havo operatsiyalarida ishtirok etish umidida, dengiz floti departamenti va Kongress, dengiz floti kotibi bilan maslahatlashmasdan Jon L. Sallivan to'satdan iste'foga chiqdi Admirallarning qo'zg'oloni. 1949 yil iyun oyida Qurolli xizmatlar bo'yicha uy qo'mitasi davlat kotibi Jonsonga qarshi lavozimidagi qonunbuzarliklar ayblovi bo'yicha tergov boshladi. Oxir-oqibat har qanday qonunbuzarliklardan xalos bo'lish bilan birga, Kongressning tanbehi harbiylar va Prezident Truman bilan Jonsonning kuchini zaiflashtirdi va keyinchalik bir nechta qisqartirishlar amalga oshirildi. Uning jiddiy tanazzulidan so'ng, harbiy dastlabki kunlarda samarali ishlashga qodir emas edi Koreya urushi, Jonson 1950 yil 19 sentyabrda iste'foga chiqdi, o'rniga Jorj Marshal.[153] Ajablanarlisi shundaki, dengiz piyoda askarlari amfibiya korpusining bir qismi sifatida AQSh armiyasining 7-divizionini joylashtirdilar va Inchonda amfibiya operatsiyasi urushning ochilishida.
Ko'p o'tmay, 1952 yilda Duglas-Manfield Bill, komendantga dengiz piyodalari bilan bog'liq masalalar bo'yicha Bosh shtab boshliqlari bilan teng ovozni taqdim etdi va bugungi kunda uch bo'linma va havo qanotlari tuzilishini o'rnatdi. Bu Korpusga Uzoq Sharqda bo'linish va havo qanotini doimiy ravishda saqlab turishga va Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi turli xil kichik urushlarda qatnashishga imkon berdi. Tachen, Tayvan, Laos, Tailand va Vetnam. Kichik qo'riqchi kuchi yuborildi Quddus 1948 yilda AQShning bosh konsulini himoya qilish.[87]
Dastlabki kunlarda dengiz piyodalari katta rol o'ynaydi Yaponiyaning ishg'oli bilan boshlanadi 4-dengiz diviziyasi qo'nish Kanagava 1945 yil 28-avgustda, atigi 13 kundan keyin Imperator Xirohito taslim bo'lganligini e'lon qildi. Tez orada uning o'rniga Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining sakkizinchi armiyasi 1946 yilda. Urushdan keyingi ishg'olda 50 mingga yaqin dengiz piyodalari qatnashadi Shimoliy Xitoy 1945 yildan 1947 yilgacha va 1948 va 1949 yillarda yana paydo bo'ladi.[119] III Amfibiya korpusi asosiy infratuzilma punktlarini nazorat qiladi va Yaponiya va Sovet qo'shinlarini vataniga qaytaradi, shuningdek amerikaliklarni evakuatsiya qiladi Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi g'alaba qozonishni boshladi Xitoy fuqarolar urushi.[87]
Sonlarning qisqarishiga qaramay, dengiz aviatsiyasi texnologiyada rivojlandi: pervanel sifatida samolyotlar asta-sekin chiqarib tashlandi reaktiv samolyot yaxshilangan va vertolyotlar amfibiya operatsiyalarida foydalanish uchun ishlab chiqilgan.[154] Birinchi dengiz reaktiv eskadrilyasi 1947 yil noyabrda kelgan VMF-122 maydonni FH Phantom,[155] esa HMX-1, birinchi dengiz vertolyoti eskadrilyasi, 1947 yil noyabrda o'rnidan turdi.[156] General Geyger buni kuzatgan atom bombasi sinovlari da Bikini Atoll dengiz sohilidagi qo'shinlar, kemalar va materyallarning zich kontsentratsiyasi tufayli atom bombalari amfibiya qo'nishini qiyinlashtirishi mumkinligini bir yil oldin va bir zumda angladilar. The Hogaboom Kengash Dengiz Korpusiga dushmanning qirg'oqlariga ko'proq tarqaladigan hujumni amalga oshirish uchun transport vertolyotlarini ishlab chiqishni tavsiya qildi, natijada HMX-1 va Sikorskiy HO3S-1 va Piasecki HRP-1 vertolyotlar. Kontseptsiyani bir necha yil davomida takomillashtirib, dengiz piyoda askarlari "atamasidan foydalanishadi"vertikal konvert "havo harakatlanishi" o'rniga "yoki"havo hujumi ".
Koreya urushi
The Koreya urushi (1950-1953) shoshilinch ravishda shakllanganini ko'rdi 1-vaqtinchalik dengiz piyoda brigadasi chiziqni Pusan perimetri jangi, bu erda dengiz vertolyotlari (VMO-6 uchish HO3S1 vertolyoti ) jangovar debyutini o'tkazdilar.[157] Yonma-yon harakat qilish uchun general Duglas Makartur dengiz havo va quruqlik kuchlarini amfibiya qo'nishga chaqirdi Inchon jangi. Muvaffaqiyatli qo'nish natijasida Shimoliy Koreya liniyalari qulab tushdi va Shimoliy Koreya kuchlarini shimolga yaqin shimolga qarab quvishdi Yalu daryosi kirishigacha Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi urushga. Xitoy qo'shinlari haddan tashqari ko'paygan va soni ko'p bo'lgan AQSh kuchlarini o'rab, hayratga solib, bosib olishdi. Biroq, tartibsizlikda chekingan Sakkizinchi armiyadan farqli o'laroq, 1-dengiz piyoda bo'linmasi armiyaga qo'shilib X korpus jangovar qirg'oqqa chekinish paytida qayta to'planib, katta yo'qotishlarga duch keldi. Hozir Chosin suv omboridagi jang, bu dengiz kuchlarining qat'iyatliligi va qat'iyatliligi namunasi sifatida dengizshunoslikka kirdi. Dengiz piyoda askarlari 1953 yilgi sulhga qadar 38-parallel atrofida eskirgan jangni davom ettirdilar.
Koreya urushi dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari kuchini ishga solishda 75000 ga yaqin qisqartirishni boshdan kechirganini ko'rishdi, 1953 yilda mojaro tugagach, ularning aksariyati zahirada bo'lgan 261,000 dengiz piyodalari. Aviatsiya to'rtta havo qanotiga, 20 ta samolyot guruhiga va 78 ta uchuvchi eskadrilyaga o'sdi, bu daraja hozirgi kungacha ozmi-ko'pmi saqlanib qoldi.[154] Urush paytida 4267 dengiz piyodalari halok bo'lgan va 23 744 kishi yaralangan, 42 nafari esa mukofotlangan "Shuhrat" medali.[68]
Vaqtinchalik: Koreya-Vetnam
O'tgan yillarda dengiz piyodalari mintaqaviy inqirozga jo'natilishda davom etishadi. Davomida Suvaysh inqirozi 1956 yil kuzida dengiz piyodalari 3-batalyon 3-dengiz piyodalari amerikaliklarni evakuatsiya qildi Iskandariya.[87] 1958 yilda dengiz piyoda askarlari jo'natildi Livan ga javoban "Ko'rshapalak" operatsiyasi doirasida u erda inqiroz.[158] 1959 yildan 1960 yilgacha dengiz piyoda askarlari amerikaliklarni himoya qilish uchun Kubaga qaytib kelishdi Kuba inqilobi.[87] 5000 dengiz piyoda askarlari yuborildi Tailand hukumatni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun 1962 yil 17 mayda kurashlar qarshi Kommunistlar 30 iyulda olib qo'yilgunga qadar.[87]
Dengiz piyoda askarlari ham qaytib kelishdi Santo-Domingo uchun Operatsion quvvat to'plami 1965 yil 28 aprelda.[159] Dastlab o'ldirilgan diktatorga sodiq kuchlar o'rtasidagi janglar paytida amerikaliklarni evakuatsiya qilish uchun yuborilgan Rafael Truxillo va Dominikan inqilobiy partiyasi qo'llab-quvvatlovchi Xuan Bosch, Prezident Lyndon B. Jonson Amerika ostonasida ikkinchi kommunistik millatning oldini olish uchun aralashuvni kengaytirdi. Tomonidan qo'shilgan 82-havo-desant diviziyasi va Amerika davlatlari tashkiloti, Dengiz piyoda askarlari tezda sulhni to'xtatishga majbur qilishdi, ammo 31 avgustga qadar ular chiqib ketgunga qadar kichik miqyosdagi jangovar va snayperlar tomonidan ta'qib qilinmoqda. Qolgan tinchlikparvarlar sulhga amal qilishdi va Bosch hech qachon hokimiyatni qo'lga kiritolmaydi.[160]
Vetnam urushi
Dengiz piyoda askarlari ham muhim rol o'ynadi Vetnam urushi kabi janglarda Da Nang, Xuế va Khe Sanx. Dengiz piyodalari Janubiy Vetnamning shimoliy I Korpus mintaqalarida ishlagan va ikkalasiga qarshi doimiy partizan urushi olib borgan Vietnam Kong va an'anaviy urushga qarshi Shimoliy Vetnam armiyasi doimiy. Dengiz piyoda piyoda askarlari ham unchalik taniqli bo'lmaganlarni olib borishdi Birlashgan harakatlar dasturi qo'zg'olonga qarshi urush uchun noan'anaviy usullarni amalga oshirgan. Dengiz kuchlari 1971 yilda olib qo'yilgan, ammo 1975 yilda evakuatsiya qilish uchun qisqa vaqt ichida qaytib kelgan Saygon va ekipajni qutqarishga urinish Mayagyez. Urush paytida 13091 dengiz piyodalari halok bo'ldi va 88 594 kishi yaralandi.[68] Izoh sifatida, Vetnamdagi dengiz piyoda askarlari Ikkinchi Jahon Urushi va Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan ko'ra ko'proq talafot ko'rdilar va 58 ga mukofot berildi "Shuhrat" medali.
Vaqtinchalik: Vetnamdan keyingi urush
Janubiy Vetnamdan qaytib kelgan dengiz piyoda korpusi o'z tarixidagi eng past nuqtalardan birini harbiy sudlarning yuqori stavkalari bilan urdi, suddan tashqari jazolar, ruxsatsiz chetlatishlar va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri qochishlar. Dengiz piyodalari korpusini qayta qurish 1970 yillarning oxirlarida boshlangan edi zaryadsizlantirish etarli bo'lmagan dengiz piyodalari tinchlanib, eng yomon ko'rsatkichlarni olib tashlashga olib keldi. Yangi chaqiriluvchilarning sifati yaxshilana boshlagandan so'ng, dengiz piyodalari dengiz piyodalari korpusi faoliyatining mutlaqo muhim elementi bo'lgan NKO korpusini isloh qilishni boshladilar. Vetnamdan keyin dengiz piyodalari korpusi ekspeditsiya vazifasini davom ettirdi.[87]
1979 yil 4-noyabrda, Islomchi deb nomlanganlarni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi talabalar Eron inqilobi hujum qildi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining elchixonasi yilda Tehron va 53 kishini garovga oldi, shu jumladan Dengiz xavfsizligi qo'riqchilari. Dengiz vertolyotining uchuvchilari ishtirok etdi Eagle Claw operatsiyasi, 1980 yil 24 aprelda halokatli qutqaruv tashabbusi.[161] Kutilmagan qum bo'roni bir nechtasini to'xtatdi RH-53 vertolyotlar, shuningdek qolganlarini sochib yubordi va oxir oqibat bir kishi urib ketganda bir nechtasini o'ldirdi EC-130 Gerkules ularga yonilg'i quyish uchun sahnalashtirilgan.[162] Missiya bekor qilindi va Jazoir shartnomalari 1981 yil 20-yanvarda garovga olinganlarni ozod qilish to'g'risida muzokaralar olib bordi.[163] Missiya bunga qodir samolyotga ehtiyoj borligini namoyish etdi vertikal ravishda uchish va tushish, lekin tezligi vertolyotdan kattaroq edi,[164] o'n yillardan keyin amalga oshirildi V-22 Osprey.
Dengiz piyoda askarlari Bayrutga qaytib kelishdi 1982 yil Livan urushi 24-avgustda 32-dengiz amfibiya bo'linmasi kelishi bilan (keyinchalik qayta tuzilgan) 22-dengiz ekspeditsiya bo'limi ) va Livandagi ko'p millatli kuch (MNF).[87] Tinchlik shartnomasining bir qismi sifatida Falastinni ozod qilish tashkiloti qaytarib olindi Tunis va dengiz piyodalari kemalariga qaytishdi. Sababli zo'ravonlikning kuchayishi hali ham davom etmoqda Livan fuqarolar urushi, Prezident Ronald Reygan dengiz piyodalariga 29 sentyabr kuni shaklda qaytishni buyurdi 2-batalyon 8-dengiz piyodalari.[87] Tomonidan ozod qilindi 3-batalyon 8-dengiz piyodalari oktyabr oyida MNF tobora ko'proq turli xil fraktsiyalardan o't ochdi. The AQSh elchixonasi bombardimon qilindi MNFning mavjudligiga qarshi bo'lib, 1983 yil 18 aprelda; 1-batalyon 8-dengiz piyodalari ning buyrug'i bilan aylantirildi 24-MAU. 1983 yil 23 oktyabrda Beyrutdagi dengiz kazarmalari bombardimon qilindi, Korpusga tarixidagi eng yuqori tinchlik paytida yo'qotishlarni keltirib chiqardi: 220 dengiz piyodalari, 18 dengizchi va uchta askar, shuningdek 55 frantsuz Parashyutchilar ning 1-parashyut shassisi polki va 3 Frantsiya parashyutchilari ning 9-parashyut shasiri polki in a near-simultaneous bombing 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) away. As violence increased, public pressure mounted to withdraw forces from Lebanon. After an additional 24 American deaths, the Marines were ordered to leave and began on 7 February 1984, and finished on the 26th.
Marines recovered from this low point and began a series of successes. The Grenadaning bosqini, known as "Operation Urgent Fury", began on 25 October 1983 in response to a coup by Bernard Koard and possible "Soviet-Cuban militarization" on the island. The 22nd Marine Amphibious Unit quickly took the northern sectors, and were withdrawn by 15 December. Interservice rivalry and cooperation issues shown during the invasion resulted in the Goldwater-Nichols qonuni of 1986 altering the buyruq zanjiri Qo'shma Shtatlar harbiy xizmatida. When Operation Classic Resolve began on 2 December 1989 in the Philippines (in retaliation for the to'ntarish tashabbusi ), a company of Marines was dispatched from Subic Bay dengiz bazasi himoya qilish Embassy of the United States in Manila.[87] The Panamaga bostirib kirish, known as "Operation Just Cause" began on 20 December of the same year, and deposed the military dictator Manuel Noriega.
1990-yillar
Ko'rfaz urushi
Dengiz piyodalari ham ozod qilish uchun javobgardilar Quvayt davomida Fors ko'rfazi urushi of 1990 and 1991, as the Army III, VII and XVIII corps made an attack to the west and north directly into Iraq to kill the Iraqi army and cut off forces in Kuwait.[5] The Men dengiz ekspeditsiya kuchlari 92,990 kuchga ega bo'lib, "Cho'l bo'roni" operatsiyasini tarixdagi eng katta dengiz piyodalari operatsiyasiga aylantirdi. A total of 24 Marines were killed in action or later died of wounds, while 92 were wounded.[68]
Bosniya urushi
Marines played a modest role in the Bosniya urushi va NATOning aralashuvi. "Parvozni rad etish" operatsiyasi began on 12 April 1993, to enforce the United Nations uchish taqiqlangan hudud yilda Bosniya va Gertsegovina and provide air support to the Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining himoya kuchlari. The F/A-18D Hornet was proven to be a "highly resourceful multirole platform",[165] in addition to showcasing the importance of precision-guided munitions. In 1995, the mission was expanded to include a bombardimon kampaniyasi called "Operation Deliberate Force". On 2 June 1995, Havo kuchlari Kapitan Scott O'Grady "s F-16 tomonidan urib tushirilgan Bosnian Serb Army "yer-havo" raketasi ichida Mrkonjić Grad incident. Marines from the 24th MEU, based on the USSKearsarge, rescued him from western Bosnia on 8 June. Marines would support the IFOR, SFOR va KFOR until 1999. On 3 February 1998, an EA-6B Prowler dan VMAQ-2, joylashtirilgan Aviano aviabazasi to support the peacekeeping effort, hit an aerial tram cable and killed 20 European passengers.[166]
Boshqalar
In the summer of 1990, the 22nd and 26-dengiz ekspeditsiya bo'linmalari o'tkazildi Sharp Edge operatsiyasi, a noncombatant evacuation in the west Liberiya shahri Monroviya.[87] Liberiya suffered from civil war at the time, and citizens of the United States and other countries could not leave via conventional means. With only one reconnaissance team having come under fire with no casualties incurred on either side, the Marines evacuated several hundred civilians within hours to Navy vessels waiting offshore. On 8 April 1996, Marines returned for Operation Assured Response, helping in the evacuation of 2,444 foreign and United States citizens from Liberia.[87] On 23 May 1996, President Bill Klinton diverted Marines from Joint Task Force Assured Response to Bangi, Markaziy Afrika Respublikasi until 22 June, where they provided security to the American Embassy and evacuated 448 people.[87] Due to increased threats against Americans as part of the fallout from the Lottery Uprising yilda Albaniya, 200 Marines and 10 Dengiz muhrlari were deployed on 16 August 1998 to the American embassy there.[87] Sifatida Indoneziya istilosi ning Sharqiy Timor ended in the fall of 1999, President Clinton authorized the 31-dengiz ekspeditsiya bo'limi, asosida USSBelleau Wood, to deploy there until the Sharqiy Timor uchun xalqaro kuch could arrive in October.[87]
Marines participated in combat operations in Somali (1992–1995) during Operations Umidni tiklang,[167] Restore Hope II, and Birlashgan Shild. While Operation Restore Hope was designated as a humanitarian relief effort, Marine ground forces frequently engaged Somali militiamen in combat. Elements of Battalion Landing Team 2-batalyon 9-dengiz piyodalari with 15th MEU were among the first troops of the Birlashgan Millatlar effort to land in Somalia in December 1992, while Marines of Battalion Landing Team 3rd Battalion 1st Marines participated in the final withdrawal of United Nations troops from Somalia in 1995.
Yigirma birinchi asr
Keyingi 11 sentyabr hujumlari of 2001, U.S. President Jorj V.Bush e'lon qildi Terrorizmga qarshi urush. The stated objective of the Global War on Terror is "the defeat of Al-Qoida, boshqa terrorchi groups and any nation that supports or harbors terrorists".[168] Since then, the Marine Corps, alongside other military and federal agencies, has engaged in global operations around the world in support of that mission.
2002 yilda, Birlashtirilgan qo'shma tezkor guruh - Afrika shoxi was stood up at Lemonnier lageri, Jibuti, to provide regional security.[169] Despite transferring overall command to the Navy in 2006, the Marines continued to ishlash ichida Afrika shoxi into 2010.[170]
In the summer of 2006, Marines from the 24th MEU evacuated Americans from Livan va Isroil in light of the fighting of the 2006 yil Livan urushi.[87] The 22nd and 24th MEUs returned to Haiti after the 2010 yilgi zilzila in January as part of Operation Unified Response.[171][172]
Afg'onistondagi urush
After the U.S. was attacked by terrorists on September 11, 2001, Marines and other U.S. forces began staging in Pokiston va O'zbekiston chegarasida Afg'oniston as early as October 2001 in preparation for Doimiy erkinlik operatsiyasi.[173] The 15-chi va 26-dengiz ekspeditsiya bo'linmalari were some of the first conventional forces into Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in November 2001.[174] Since then, Marine battalions and squadrons have been rotating through, engaging Toliblar va Al-Qoida kuchlar. Marines of the 24-dengiz ekspeditsiya bo'limi flooded into the Taliban-held town of Garmsir on 29 April 2008, in Hilmand viloyati, in the first major American operation in the region in years.[175] In June 2009, 7,000 Marines with the 2-dengiz ekspeditsiya brigadasi deployed to Afghanistan in an effort to improve security,[176] va boshladi Qilich urishi operatsiyasi the next month. Thus far, 449 Marines have been reported killed.[68]
Iroq urushi
Most recently, the Marines have served prominently in the Iroq urushi qismi sifatida Iroq ozodligi operatsiyasi. The Men dengiz ekspeditsiya kuchlari, along with the Army's 3-piyoda diviziyasi, boshchiligidagi 2003 yil Iroqqa bostirib kirish[177] va oldi Prezident bo'limi ma'lumotnomasi, the first time a Marine unit has received that award since 1968.[178] The Marines left Iraq in the fall of 2003, but returned for occupation duty in the beginning of 2004. They were given javobgarlik uchun Al Anbar Province, the large desert region to the west of Bag'dod. During this occupation, the Marines spearheaded both assaults on the city of Falluja in April (Operation Vigilant Resolve ) and November 2004 ("Phantom Fury" operatsiyasi ) and also saw intense fighting in such places as Ramadi, Al-Qaim va Ht.[179] Their time in Iraq has also courted controversy with the Haditha killings va Hamdaniya voqeasi.[180][181] The Anbar Awakening va 2007 surge reduced levels of violence. On 1 March 2009, President Barak Obama e'lon qilindi an accelerated withdrawal during a speech at Camp Lejeune, promising all combat troops out by August 2010.[182] The Marine Corps officially ended its role in Iraq on 23 January 2010 when they handed over responsibility for Al Anbar Province to the United States Army.[182][183][184] 1,022 Marines were killed in the war[185][186] with an additional 8,623 wounded,[68] while only Cpl Jason Dunham oldi "Shuhrat" medali.
Dengiz kuchlari qurbonlari: 1775–2015
| Mojaro | Amalda o'ldirilgan | Amalda yaralangan |
|---|---|---|
| Amerika inqilobiy urushi | 49 | 70 |
| Yarim urush | 6 | 11 |
| Barbary Wars | 4 | 10 |
| 1812 yilgi urush | 46 | 66 |
| Creek-Seminole Indian War | 8 | 1 |
| Meksika-Amerika urushi | 11 | 47 |
| Amerika fuqarolar urushi | 148 | 131 |
| Ispaniya-Amerika urushi | 7 | 21 |
| Samoa (1899) | 0 | 2 |
| Bokschining isyoni | 9 | 17 |
| Nicaragua (1912) | 5 | 16 |
| Mexico (1914) | 5 | 13 |
| Dominican Republic (1916–1920) | 17 | 50 |
| Haiti (1915–1934) | 10 | 26 |
| Nicaragua (1926–1933) | 47 | 66 |
| Birinchi jahon urushi | 2,461 | 9,520 |
| Ikkinchi jahon urushi | 19,733 | 68,207 |
| Koreya urushi | 4,267 | 23,744 |
| Dominikadagi fuqarolar urushi | 9 | 25 |
| Vetnam urushi | 13,091 | 88,594 |
| Lebanon (1982–1984) | 240 | 151 |
| Grenada (1983) | 3 | 15 |
| Persian Gulf (1988) (Oil Platforms) | 2 | 0 |
| Panama (1989) | 2 | 3 |
| Somalia (1992–1994) | 2 | 15 |
| Afghanistan (2001–2015) | 378 | 4,955 |
| Iraq (2003–2016) | 853 | 8,642 |
Shuningdek qarang
- Qo'shma Shtatlar dengiz piyoda korpusining madaniyati
- Qo'shma Shtatlar dengiz piyoda korpusi ishtirokidagi filmlar ro'yxati
- List of historically notable United States Marines
- Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining harbiy tarixi
- Dengiz piyodalari korpusining milliy muzeyi
- Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari tarixi bo'limi
Adabiyotlar
https://web.archive.org/web/20111105071128/http://www.marines.mil/unit/mcbjapan/Pages/2011/111104-birthday.aspx
Ushbu maqola o'z ichiga oladijamoat mulki materiallari veb-saytlaridan yoki hujjatlaridan Qo'shma Shtatlar dengiz piyoda korpusi. Ushbu maqola o'z ichiga oladijamoat mulki materiallari veb-saytlaridan yoki hujjatlaridan Kongress tadqiqot xizmati.Ushbu maqolada jamoat mulkiAmerika dengiz qiruvchi kemalarining lug'ati.
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Qo'shimcha o'qish
- Umumiy va sanasi yo'q
- Xaynl, Robert D. (1962). Dengiz askarlari: AQSh dengiz piyoda korpusi. Annapolis: AQSh dengiz instituti matbuoti.
- Aleksandr; Horan, Don (1999). Dengizchilarning jang tarixi: jasorat bilan do'stlik. Harper ko'p yillik. ISBN 978-0-06-018266-3.
- Nofi, Albert A. (2001). Dengiz kuchlari ro'yxati kitobi: Dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari haqida aniq ma'lumot, fe'l-atvor va an'analar to'plami. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-938289-89-0.
- Millett, Allan R. Semper Fidelis: Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari tarixi (1991 yil 2-nashr), to'liq, keng qamrovli ilmiy tadqiqot.
- Tayson, Kerolin A.; Ralf V. Donnelli; Gabrielle N. Neufeld (1971). Qo'shma Shtatlar dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari xronologiyasi: 1947-1964 (PDF). Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari tarixiy bo'limi. Olingan 22 avgust 2008.
- Birinchi jahon urushi
- Smit, Gordon. "Jahon urushida AQSh dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari xronologiyasi". Naval-History.Net. Olingan 25 mart 2011.
- McClellan, Maj Edwin N. (1920). Jahon urushida AQSh dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari (PDF). Dengiz kuchlari korpusining tarixiy bo'limi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2013 yil 8 mayda. Olingan 25 mart 2011.
- Gifliard, Jek B. (1967 yil 14 aprel). Birinchi jahon urushida AQSh dengiz piyoda qo'shinlarining izohli bibliografiyasi (PDF). Dengiz kuchlari korpusining tarixiy bo'limi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2013 yil 8 mayda. Olingan 25 mart 2011.
- Amfibiya urushi
- Isely Jeter A., Philip A. Crowl. AQSh dengiz piyodalari va amfibik urushi Uning nazariyasi va Tinch okeanidagi amaliyoti (1951)
- Mur, Richard S. "G'oyalar va yo'nalish: Amfibiya doktrinasini yaratish" Dengiz kuchlari korpusi gazetasi (1982) 66 # 11 49-58 betlar.
- Reber, Jon J. "Pit Ellis: Amfibiya urushi payg'ambari," AQSh dengiz instituti materiallari (1977) 103 # 11 bet 53-64.
- Venzon, Anne Cipriano. Whaleboats-dan amfibik urushlargacha: general-leytenant "Howling Mad" Smit va AQSh dengiz piyodalari korpusi (Praeger, 2003)
- Ikkinchi jahon urushi
- Qirq, Jorj. AQSh dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari uchun qo'llanma 1941–45 (Tarix matbuoti, 2013).
- LtCol Hough, Frank O.; Maj Lyudvig, Verle E.; Shou kichik, Genri I. Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidagi AQSh dengiz piyodalari korpusining operatsiyalar tarixi (PDF). I jild: Pearl Harbordan Guadalkanalgacha. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari tarixiy bo'limi. Olingan 2 mart 2017.
- Shou kichik, Genri I.; Maj Keyn; Duglas T. Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidagi AQSh dengiz piyodalari korpusining operatsiyalar tarixi (PDF). II jild: Rabaulni izolyatsiya qilish. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari tarixiy bo'limi. Olingan 2 mart 2017.
- Shou kichik, Genri I.; Nalti, Bernard S.; Ternbladx, Edvin T. Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidagi AQSh dengiz piyodalari korpusining operatsiyalar tarixi (PDF). III jild: Markaziy Tinch okeani haydovchi. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari tarixiy bo'limi. Olingan 2 mart 2017.
- Garand, Jorj V.; Strobridge, Truman R. Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidagi AQSh dengiz piyodalari korpusining operatsiyalar tarixi (PDF). IV jild: G'arbiy Tinch okeanidagi operatsiyalar. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari tarixiy bo'limi. Olingan 2 mart 2017.
- Frank, Benis M.; Shou kichik, Genri I. Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidagi AQSh dengiz piyodalari korpusining operatsiyalar tarixi (PDF). V jild: G'alaba va ishg'ol. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari tarixiy bo'limi. Olingan 2 mart 2017.
- Tayson, Kerolin A. (1965). Qo'shma Shtatlar dengiz piyodalari kronologiyasi: 1935–1946 (PDF) (1971, 1977 yil nashrda qayta nashr etilgan). Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari tarixiy bo'limi. Olingan 2 mart 2017.
- O'Qinlivan, Maykl; Jek B. Xilliard (1965). Ikkinchi Jahon urushidagi AQSh dengiz piyoda qo'shinlarining izohli bibliografiyasi (PDF). Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari tarixiy bo'limi. Olingan 2 mart 2017.
- Devid J. Ulbrich (2011). G'alabaga tayyorgarlik: Tomas Xolkomb va zamonaviy dengiz piyoda korpusini yaratish, 1936–1943. Annapolis, Merilend: Dengiz instituti matbuoti. ISBN 978-1-59114-903-3.
- Vetnam va yaqinda
- Lager, Dik. Osmondan hujum: AQSh dengiz piyoda korpusining Vetnamdagi vertolyot operatsiyalari (Casemate, 2013).
- Gilbert, Ed. Vetnam urushidagi AQSh dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari: III dengiz piyoda amfibiya kuchlari 1965–75 (Osprey Publishing, 2013).
- Xolms-Eber, Pola. Ziddiyatdagi madaniyat: tartibsiz urushlar, madaniyat siyosati va dengiz piyoda korpusi (Stenford universiteti matbuoti, 2014).
- Neufeld, Gabrielle N. (1971). Qo'shma Shtatlar dengiz piyodalari kronologiyasi: 1965–1969 (PDF). Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari tarixiy bo'limi. Olingan 22 avgust 2008.
- Sautard, Jon. Himoya qiling va do'st bo'ling: AQSh dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari va Vetnamdagi birlashgan harakat platonlari (Kentukki universiteti matbuoti, 2014).
- Pettegrew, Jon. Yorit: Iroq uchun urushda dengiz ko'zlari (Jons Xopkins universiteti matbuoti, 2015). xvi, 215 bet.
- Kichik Shultz, Richard H. Dengiz piyodalari Anbarni olib ketishmoqda: al-Qoida bilan to'rt yillik kurash (2013)
Tashqi havolalar
- Rasmiy veb-sayt uchun Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz piyoda qo'shinlari tarixi bo'limi
- "Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz piyodalari kronologiyalari". Tarix bo'limi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2013 yil 8 mayda. Olingan 31 yanvar 2013. (Yil yoki kampaniya bo'yicha kirish)
- "Buyurtma va ko'rsatmalar: tarixiy". Tarix bo'limi.
- onlayn kutubxona ning Dengiz kuchlari universiteti
- Dengiz piyodalari korpusining rasmiy veb-sayti: Yangiliklar, ommaviy axborot vositalari, xabarlar, buyruqlar, ko'rsatmalar va nashrlar
- Navy & Marine Living History Association
- B.J.Omansonning kitoblar to'plami
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