Berni Sanders 2016 prezidentlik saylovoldi tashviqoti - Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign

Berni Sanders prezidentlikka
Kampaniya	2016 yil AQSh prezident saylovi
Nomzod	Berni Sanders AQSh senatori dan Vermont (2007 yildan hozirgi kungacha)
Tegishli	Demokratik partiya (ilgari Mustaqil Senatda)
Holat	E'lon qilingan: 2015 yil 30-aprel Rasmiy start: 2015 yil 26 may Tasdiqlandi Hillari Klinton: 2016 yil 12-iyul[1] Yo'qotilgan nominatsiya: 2016 yil 26 iyul
Bosh ofis	Cherkov ko'chasi, 131, 300-uy Burlington, Vermont
Asosiy odamlar	Jeff Weaver (kampaniya menejeri)[2] Tad Devine (kampaniyaning katta strategisti)[3] Simone D. Sanders[5] (matbuot kotibi)[6]
Kvitansiyalar	180,630,234.25 AQSh dollari[7] (2016-3-31)
Shior	Ishonish uchun kelajak Men emas. Biz. Siyosiy inqilob Sotilmaydi Yetarli Bernni his eting
Nido
Veb-sayt
bernisandrlar.com

Ushbu maqola haqida ketma-ket qismidir Berni Sanders
Siyosiy lavozimlar Chet el Saylov tarixi Hayotning boshlang'ich davri Erta martaba Chikago universiteti o'tirganlar Burlington shahar hokimi Shahar hokimining martabasi AQSh vakili Vermontning katta okrugi Vakil mansab CPC Vermontdan AQSh senatori Senatorlik faoliyati 2010 yilgi soliq imtiyozlari to'g'risidagi qonun hujjati Veteranlar tanlovi to'g'risidagi qonun BEZOS aktini to'xtatish Yaman urush kuchlari qarori Prezidentlik kampaniyalari 2016 tasdiqlash "Amerika" boshlang'ich saylovlar anjuman 2020 tasdiqlash boshlang'ich saylovlar Nashr etilgan asarlar Biz yengib chiqamiz Oq uyda tashqarida Nutq Bizning inqilobimiz Berni Sanders uchun siyosiy inqilob qo'llanmasi Biz bu erdan qayerga boramiz

2016 yilda prezidentlik kampaniyasi, Vermont senatori Berni Sanders qidirdi Demokratik partiyaning nomzodi oltita asosiy nomzodlar maydonida qatnashdi va garovga qo'yilgan delegatlarning 46 foizini ilgari surgan Davlat kotibi Hillari Klinton, tanlovda 54% bilan g'olib bo'lgan. Kichik yoshdagi Sanders Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari senatori va avvalgi Vakil dan Vermont, 2015 yil 30 aprelda norasmiy e'lon bilan boshlandi,^[8][9] va 2015 yil 26 mayda Demokratik partiyaning AQSh prezidentligiga nomzodini qidirishni rejalashtirgani haqida rasmiy xabar Burlington, Vermont. Sanders kamida 2014 yil sentyabridan buyon prezidentlikka potentsial nomzod sifatida ko'rib chiqilgan edi.^[10] Garchi u ilgari an sifatida ishlagan bo'lsa ham mustaqil, u muntazam ravishda Demokratik partiya, chunki uning ko'plab qarashlari demokratlar bilan mos keladi.^[11] Demokrat sifatida qatnashish unda ishtirok etishni osonlashtirdi munozaralar va uning nomini davlat byulletenlariga yozib qo'ying.^[9]

Nomzodlik uchun Sandersning bosh raqibi bo'ldi Hillari Klinton, sobiq davlat kotibi. Sanders uning nutqiy tadbirlariga ko'plab olomonni jalb qildi^[12] va uning populist va sotsial-demokratik siyosat uni 40 yoshgacha bo'lgan amerikaliklar orasida alohida qo'llab-quvvatladi. U oq tanli saylovchilar bilan kuchli chiqish qildi, ammo qora tanli saylovchilar orasida Klintonni doimiy ravishda 30 va undan ko'proq foizga ortda qoldirdi; So'rovlar ispan saylovchilari o'rtasida yaqin irqni ko'rsatdi.^[13]

Sanders diqqatini jamladi daromad va boylik tengsizligi, u Amerikaning o'rta sinfini yemirmoqda deb ta'kidlagan va boshqalar kampaniyani moliyalashtirishni isloh qilish. Aksariyat prezidentlikka nomzodlarning aksariyatidan farqli o'laroq, Sanders cheksiz ravishda qochib ketdi super PAC, aksincha uning aksariyat mablag'larini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri shaxsiy saylov kampaniyalaridan olishni tanlash.^[14] 2015 yil sentyabr oyida, The New York Times kampaniyada bir million individual xayriya mablag'lari olinganligi va 2015 yilda ushbu chegaraga birinchi bo'lib kelganligi haqida xabar berilgan.^[15][16][17] 2016 yil yanvar oyida Sanders 20 000 000 dollar yig'di, bu o'rtacha o'sha davrda Klintondan 5 000 000 dollarga ko'proq, o'rtacha 27 dollar xayriya mablag'lari bilan.^[18] Sanders ushbu saylovoldi kampaniyasida $ 27 raqamini tez-tez o'zining asosiy qo'llab-quvvatlashining isboti sifatida eslatib o'tdi.^[19][20][21]

Oxirgi birlamchi saylovlardan so'ng (The Kolumbiya okrugi, 14 iyun kuni) Klinton taxmin qilingan Demokratik nomzodga aylandi. Keyin Sanders Klintonni ma'qulladi va u bilan respublikachilarning taxmin qilingan nomzodini mag'lub etish uchun u bilan ishlashini aytdi, Donald Tramp.^[22] 16-iyun kuni Sanders "siyosiy inqilob davom etmoqda" deb o'z tarafdorlariga jonli ravishda onlayn nutq so'zladi.^[23]12-iyul kuni Sanders Klintonni o'zi bilan bo'lgan birlik mitingida rasman tasdiqladi Portsmut, Nyu-Xempshir.

2016 yil 22-iyul kuni turli xil elektron pochta xabarlari Demokratik milliy qo'mita Demokratik partiyaning boshqaruv organi (DNC) edi oshkor qilingan va nashr etilgan Qo'mita va uning raisi tomonidan Sanders kampaniyasiga qarshi tarafkashlikni ochib berib, Debbi Vasserman Shults.^[24] Keyinchalik Shultz DNC raisi lavozimidan iste'foga chiqdi va uning o'rnini egalladi Donna Brazile, u ham fosh bo'lgan va Sanders va uning tarafdorlaridan kechirim so'ragan. In Demokratik milliy konventsiya 2016 yil 26-iyunda o'tkazilgan ovoz berish orqali Sanders 1865 ovoz oldi (39% ovoz), bu 1848 ta va'da qilingan delegatlar asosiy va kokus tanlovlarida g'olib bo'lgan (umumiy ovozlarning 46%) va 17 ta ovoz oldi. superdelegatlar (4%). Qo'ng'iroqdan so'ng Sanders o'tib ketgan Klintonni rasman nomzod qilib ko'rsatish taklifini ilgari surdi ovozli ovoz berish.

Fon

Sanders o'zining saylovoldi kampaniyasida Burlington, Vermont, 2015 yil may oyi oxirida

Sandersning avvalgi siyosiy yutuqlari Vermontda bo'lgan.^[25][26][27] U deyarli butun kattalar hayotida siyosiy faol bo'lgan. Kollejda o'qiyotgan paytida, Sanders politsiya shafqatsizligiga qarshi norozilik bildirdi, uy-joylarni ajratishga qarshi bir necha hafta davom etdi va uyning tashkilotchisi sifatida ishladi. Irqiy tenglik kongressi.^[28] 1963 yilda u Vashingtonga tashrif buyurish uchun tashrif buyurdi Vashingtonda ish va erkinlik uchun mart.^[25] Burlington shahar hokimi sifatida Sanders Vermontda qo'llab-quvvatlashni rivojlantirishda muhim rol o'ynadi Jessi Jekson prezidentlik kampaniyalari 1984 va 1988.^[25]

2013 yil noyabr oyida bo'lib o'tgan intervyusida Sanders o'zining prezidentlik saylovlarida qatnashish uchun bir nechta sabablarni aytib o'tdi, shu jumladan Global isish (joriy Iqlim o'zgarishi ), iqtisodiy tengsizlik, bilan umidsizlik Citizens United Oliy sud qarori va shunga o'xshash davlat dasturlarini saqlashning ahamiyati Medicare va Medicaid.^[29]

2014 yil 6 martda bilan intervyu Millat, Sanders "Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidentligiga nomzodini ko'rsatishga tayyor" ekanligini ta'kidladi 2016 yilda, lekin rasmiy ravishda kampaniya e'lon qilmadi.^[30] Ushbu muammoga duch kelganda, Sanders ushbu imkoniyatni mamlakat bo'ylab odamlar bilan muhokama qilayotganini aytdi, ammo bu haqda e'lon qilish erta ekanligini his qildi.^[30] 2014 yilgi Kongress saylovlaridan keyin Sanders prezidentlikka nomzodni ilgari surishni muhokama qilishni davom ettirdi.^[31]

2015 yil 28 aprelda, Vermont jamoat radiosi Sanders Demokratik partiyadan prezidentlikka nomzodini ilgari surishini 30 aprelda e'lon qilishi haqida xabar berdi.^[32] Bilan intervyuda USA Today 29-aprel kuni Sanders "ushbu saylovda g'alaba qozonish uchun qatnashayotganini" aytdi va saylovoldi kampaniyasining veb-saytini ishga tushirdi.^[8] Sandersning ta'kidlashicha, uni poyga ishtirok etishiga u daromadlar nomutanosibligi haqidagi «behayo darajalar» va kampaniyani moliyalashtirish tizimi sabab bo'lgan.^[33]

2015 yil 26 mayda Sanders o'z nomzodini Beringtonning Waterfront Parkida rasman e'lon qildi.^[34]

Demokratik partiyaning prezidentlik uchun bahslari

Sanders bilan gaplashmoqda Xorxe Ramos 2016 yil yanvar oyida Ayova shtatidagi Brown & Black prezidentlik forumida

2016 yilgi Demokratik partiyaning prezidentlik bahslari nomzodlar o'rtasida bo'lib o'tdi uchun kampaniya partiyaning AQSh prezidentligiga nomzodi 2016 yilgi prezident saylovi. The Demokratik milliy qo'mita (DNC) 2015 yil may oyida oltita bahs bo'lishini ma'lum qildi. 2016 yil fevral oyida Klinton va Sandersning kampaniyalari printsipial ravishda yana to'rttasini, jami o'ntasini o'tkazishga kelishib oldilar.^[35] Tanqidchilarning ta'kidlashicha, munozaralarning ozligi va taqvim, shanba yoki yakshanba kunlari tunda o'ntadan to'rttasi, DNC ning oldingi nomzod Hillari Klintonni himoya qilishga qaratilgan qasddan qilingan harakatining bir qismi.^[36] Klinton Kaliforniyadagi saylovlar oldidan bo'lib o'tishi kerak bo'lgan o'ninchi munozaradan chiqib ketdi, bunga o'z vaqtini Kaliforniyadagi saylovchilar bilan bevosita aloqada bo'lishga bag'ishlash kerakligini aytdi.^[37]Dan vakili Fox News, munozarani namoyish etishi kerak bo'lgan televidenie tarmog'i "Tabiiyki, Fox News davlat kotibi Klinton bizning munozara taklifimizni rad etganidan xafsalasi pir bo'ldi, ayniqsa poyga hali ham tortishuvlarga sabab bo'lganini va u ilgari Kaliforniyadagi boshlang'ich saylovlar oldidan so'nggi bahsga rozi bo'lganligini hisobga olib . " Sanders bunga javoban: "Kotib Klintonning prezidentlikka nomzodlarni ko'rsatish jarayonidagi eng katta va eng muhim boshlang'ich saylovlar oldidan bahslashishni istamasligidan ko'nglim qoldi, lekin ajablanmadim" deb javob berdi.^[38]

Kampaniya

Minneapolisdagi Sanders o'zining kampaniyasining birinchi katta olomoniga qarshi, 2015 yil 31 mayda

Saylov kampaniyasini oldindan ko'rib chiqishda Sanders Associated Press 2015 yil 29 aprelda u boylar va korporatsiyalarga soliqlarni ko'paytirish, davlat universitetlarida bepul oliy ma'lumot berish va yagona "Medicare-for-all" sog'liqni saqlash tizimidan o'tish bo'yicha "juda aniq takliflarni" e'lon qildi. Shuningdek, u tartibga solishni sezilarli darajada qo'llab-quvvatlashini ta'kidladi Uoll-strit va uning qarshi chiqishi NAFTA va CAFTA savdo shartnomalari va Keystone XL quvur liniyasi.^[39]

U o'zining kampaniyasining asosini o'zi "odobsiz darajalar" deb atagan narsaning teskari tomoniga aylantirdi daromad va boylik tengsizligi so'nggi 40 yil ichida o'rta sinfni yemirgan.^[39]

2015 yil 1-noyabrda Sanders o'zining birinchi saylovoldi e'lonini chiqardi.^[40]

Sanders kompaniyasining saylovoldi kampaniyasi

Sandersning so'zlariga ko'ra, uning saylovoldi tashviqoti u "haqiqiy" deb hisoblagan narsalarga qaratiladi oilaviy qadriyatlar "." O'ng "oilaviy qadriyatlar" mantiyasini juda uzoq vaqtdan beri da'vo qilmoqda. Mening respublikachi hamkasblarim bu atamani ishlatganda, ular odatda kontratseptsiya vositalariga qarshi chiqish, ayolning tanlov huquqini inkor etish, gey huquqlariga qarshi chiqish va faqat abstinentsiya ta'limini qo'llab-quvvatlash kabi narsalar haqida gapirishadi ", dedi Sanders. Uning" haqiqiy oilaviy qadriyatlari " to'langan kasal vaqti, to'lanadigan ta'til va oilaviy ta'tilga chiqish.^[41] Abort qilish huquqi to'g'risida u "[Respublikachilar] Amerikadagi har bir ayolga u o'z tanasini [y] boshqarolmasligini aytmoqda. Men qo'shilmayman. Qattiq va aniq aytaylik: Ayollar o'z tanalarini boshqaradi - hukumat emas ”.^[42]

Sanders o'zining ijobiy kampaniyasini "jiddiy masalalar bo'yicha jiddiy bahslar" bilan olib borishini va "hayotida hech qachon salbiy siyosiy reklama chiqarmaganligini" ta'kidladi.^[43]

Sandersning aytishicha, agar u prezident etib saylansa, uning kabinetida "Uoll-Strit vakillari ustunlik qilmaydi". U keltirdi Pol Krugman, Jozef Stiglitz va Robert Reyx potentsial kabinet a'zolari sifatida.^[44]

2015 yil dekabr oyida Demokratik milliy qo'mita Xodim Xillari Klintonning xavfsizlik devori ishlamay qolishi paytida uning kampaniyasidan olingan ma'lumotlarni ko'rib chiqqandan so'ng, Sanders kampaniyasining saylovchilar ma'lumotlariga kirishini to'xtatdi. Xodim ma'lumotlarga kirishni rad etdi, ammo DNC uni tasdiqladi va Sanders kechirim so'radi.^[45] Sanders kampaniyasi DNC-ning reaktsiyasini haddan tashqari yuqori darajada tanqid qildi va agar Qo'mita unga kirish huquqini tiklamasa, mumkin bo'lgan qonuniy choralar bilan tahdid qildi.^[46] Kampaniya, DNC-ni bir necha oy oldin saylovchilar dasturidagi nosozliklar haqida ogohlantirganini da'vo qildi.^[47][48] 2015 yil 18 dekabrda kampaniya sudga murojaat qildi, unda Qo'mita unga kirish huquqini adolatsiz ravishda to'xtatib qo'ygani aytilgan.^[49] DNC va Sanders kampaniyasi o'sha kuni kelishuvga erishdilar, shu bilan kampaniyaning saylovchilar ma'lumotlariga kirishi tiklandi.^[50]

Respublikachilar partiyasidan oldingi nomzodning platformasiga murojaat qilish Donald Tramp ko'rinishida Xalq bilan yuzlash 27-dekabr kuni Sanders “[Trump] ning har qanday tarafdorlari ishchi odamlardir va ular g'azablanadilar va ular ish haqini pasaytirish uchun ko'proq vaqt ishlashgani uchun g'azablanadilar, chunki ularning ish joylari bor bu mamlakatni tark etib, Xitoyga yoki ish haqi past bo'lgan boshqa mamlakatlarga jo'nab ketishdi, chunki ular o'z farzandlarini kollejga o'qishga berishga qodir emasliklari sababli g'azablandilar, chunki ular munosib pensiyaga chiqa olmaydilar ».^[51] Sandersning ta'kidlashicha, bu qonuniy qo'rquv deb hisoblasa-da, Tramp ularni "meksikaliklarga qarshi g'azabga, musulmonlarga qarshi g'azabga aylantirgan", aksincha Amerika xalqi duch kelishi kerak bo'lgan "korporativ Amerika ochko'zligi" ga duch kelgan.^[51] Sanders, shuningdek, Tramp boylar uchun ko'proq soliq imtiyozlari berilishini istashini va eng kam ish haqining oshishiga qarshi ekanligini ta'kidladi.

Qarama-qarshiliklar yuzasidan Sanders tez-tez so'roq qilinardi Hillari Klinton ruxsatsiz va xavfsiz bo'lmagan elektron pochta serveridan foydalanishi uning davlat kotibi sifatida yozishmalari uchun va u o'zining saylov kampaniyasida qonunbuzarlik to'g'risidagi ayblovlardan foydalanishni doimiy ravishda rad etdi. May oyi oxirida, Davlat departamentining bosh inspektori Klintonning qonunbuzarlik to'g'risidagi da'volariga zid ekanligi haqida xabar berilganida, Sanders bu haqda so'radi. Chak Todd kuni Matbuot bilan tanishing. U javob berdi: "Yana, bilasizmi, bular men chetda qoldim. Jarayon bor, odamlar o'zlarining xulosalarini bosh inspektorning hisobotidan olishadi". Sanders so'zlarini davom ettirdi: "Men Uoll-Stritdagi banklarni tarqatib yubormoqchiman. U bunday qilmaydi. Men eng kam ish haqini soatiga o'n besh dollargacha oshirmoqchiman. U soatiga 12 dollar olishni xohlaydi. Men Iroqdagi urushga qarshi ovoz berdim. U Iroqdagi urushga ovoz berdim. Men frackingni taqiqlashimiz kerak deb o'ylayman, u bunday qilmaydi. Men uglerodga soliq solishimiz va iqlim o'zgarishi bilan shiddatli kurashishimiz kerak deb o'ylayman. Bu uning pozitsiyasi emas. Men tashviqot qilayotgan ba'zi masalalar shu. yoqilgan. "^[52]

Mablag 'yig'ish

Sanders, Feniks shahridagi shahar yig'ilishida, Arizona, 2015 yil iyul

Boshqa prezidentlikka nomzodlarning aksariyatidan farqli o'laroq, Sanders a orqali moliyalashtirishga intilmadi Super PAC, buning o'rniga kichik, individual xayr-ehsonlarga e'tibor qarating.^[53]"Hozir bizda siyosiy vaziyat mavjud, u erda milliarderlar ... saylovlar va nomzodlarni sotib olishga qodir",^[54] Sanders ag'darilishga chaqirdi Citizens United Federal saylov komissiyasiga qarshi:^[55] "Milliarderlarning saylovlarni sotib olish qobiliyatini" so'z erkinligi "bilan tenglashtirish mutlaqo bema'nilikdir. Oliy sud bu yo'lni ochmoqda jamiyatning oligarxik shakli unda bir nechta milliarderlar kabi Koch birodarlar va Sheldon Adelson bizning siyosiy jarayonimizni nazorat qiladi. "^[56]

2015 yil 30 aprelda prezidentlik kampaniyasini e'lon qilganidan keyin birinchi 24 soat ichida Sanders 150000 AQSh dollaridan ko'proq mablag 'yig'di. Bu respublikachilar nomzodlarining har biri o'zlarining e'lonlaridan keyin dastlabki 24 soat ichida to'plagan miqdoridan kattaroq edi.^[57] 5-mayga qadar Sandersning kampaniyasi taxminan 75000 ta hissani oldi va 3.000.000 AQSh dollarini yig'di.^[58] Federal saylov komissiyasiga 2015 yil iyul oyida talab qilingan hisobotlarda Sanders kampaniyasiga o'rtacha $ 31 xayriya mablag'lari bilan jami $ 15,200,000 xayriya ko'rsatildi. 30 sentyabrda The New York Times Sanders o'tgan uch oy ichida 26,000,000 dollar yig'ganligi haqida xabar bergan, bu Hillari Klintonning umumiy 28,000,000 dollaridan kam. Ammo Klinton Sandersdan o'n baravar ko'p donorlik tadbirlarini o'tkazdi, ko'p miqdordagi badallar miqdori 2700 AQSh dollarini tashkil etdi, bu ruxsat etilgan maksimal miqdor, Sandersning hissalari asosan 200 dollardan kam bo'lgan.^[15][16][59] 2016 yil yanvar oyida Sanders 20 000 000 dollar yig'di, bu o'rtacha o'sha davrda Klintondan 5 000 000 dollarga ko'proq, o'rtacha 27 dollar xayriya mablag'lari bilan.^[18] Sanders saylovoldi kampaniyasidagi ushbu 27 dollarlik ko'rsatkichni o'zining asosiy qo'llab-quvvatlashining isboti sifatida tez-tez eslatib turdi va hattoki ushbu mavzu bo'yicha televizion reklama roligini o'tkazdi.^[19][20][21] Shuningdek, u 2016 yil fevral oyida Klintondan g'azablanib, 43,5 million dollarni 30 million dollarga tortdi.^[60] Mart oyi davomida Sanders donorlar bazasidan Klintonnikidan qariyb ikki baravar katta bo'lgan 44 million dollar yig'di. Aprel oyidagi xayriya mablag'lari sezilarli darajada past bo'lib, umumiy qiymati 25,8 million dollarni tashkil etdi.^[61]

2016 yil aprel oyida kampaniyani moliyalashtirish bo'yicha kuzatuvchilar va Sanders tarafdorlari bu borada tashvish bildirishdi Hillari g'alaba jamg'armasi Klinton tarafdorlari Klintonning prezidentlik kampaniyasidan, Demokratik Milliy Qo'mitadan va 32 shtat partiya qo'mitalaridan tashkil topgan mablag 'yig'ish qo'mitasi sifatida qatnashdilar. O'rnatish Klintonga xayr-ehson cheklovlarini chetlab o'tishga va tarafdorlaridan 350 ming dollar va undan ortiq miqdordagi chexlarni so'rashga imkon berdi. Ga binoan Politico, "Hillari g'alaba jamg'armasi onlayn reklama kampaniyasida qo'shma mablag 'yig'ish chegaralarini kuchaytirayotganga o'xshaydi, bu ko'plab o'quvchilarni" Trampni to'xtating "yoki Klintonni qo'llab-quvvatlashga da'vat etgan reklamalarni o'z ichiga olgan." Aprel oyida Sanders kampaniyasining advokati DNCga ochiq maktub yubordi, u "g'alaba jamg'armasi aslida Klintonga uning saylov kampaniyasi qonuniy ravishda qabul qilishi mumkin bo'lgan miqdordan oshib ketgan badallardan foyda olishiga imkon beradigan yo'l edi" deb da'vo qildi. Xat bilan birga kelgan yangiliklar nashrida Sanders kampaniyasining menejeri Jeff Weaver "DNC tomonidan bahsli nomzodlar bellashuvi paytida qo'shma qo'mitadan bitta nomzod foydasiga foydalanishga ruxsat berish misli ko'rilmagan".^[62]

Iyun oyida Klinton nomzodi qo'yilgandan so'ng Sanders o'zining saylovoldi kampaniyasidagi ko'ngillilariga minnatdorchilik bildirib: "Shuningdek, bizning mamlakatimizdagi har bir shtatdagi yuz minglab ko'ngillilarga bizning saylov kampaniyamizda juda ko'p mehnat qilganlarga va dunyoga ko'rsatgan millionlab hissadorlarimizga minnatdorchilik bildiraman. kichik milliy hissalar asosida muvaffaqiyatli milliy kampaniyani o'tkazishimiz mumkin edi - ularning 2 1/2 millioni. "^[63] Sandersning mablag 'yig'ish harakatlari saylovchilar bilan onlayn aloqada bo'lish va zamonaviy nomzodning Super PAC va yirik donorlar ko'magisiz prezidentlik saylovlarida g'olib bo'lishini isbotlashda juda innovatsion deb topildi.^[64]

Superdelegatni qo'llab-quvvatlash

A superdelegat avtomatik tarzda o'tirgan Demokratik Milliy Kongressning delegati bo'lib, saylovchilar tomonidan birlamchi yoki kokusda saylanmagan. Superdelegatlar orasida taniqli partiyalar rahbarlari va saylangan mansabdor shaxslar, shu qatorda Palata va Senatning barcha Demokratik a'zolari va o'tirgan Demokratik hokimlar kiradi. Boshqa superdelegatlar asosiy mavsum davomida tanlanadi. Demokratik superdelegatlar prezidentlikka nomzod uchun har qanday nomzodni qo'llab-quvvatlashi mumkin. May oyidan boshlab Demokratik partiyaning superdelegatlari Hillari Klintonni ko'pchilik qo'llab-quvvatladi.

Yoqilgan Xalq bilan yuzlash, Jon Dikerson Demokratik tizim "qalbakilashtirilgan" yoki yo'qligini so'radi Sanders. Sanders bunga javoban: "Men" soxtalashtirilgan "so'zini ishlatmas edim [...], lekin haqiqatan ham soqov bo'lgan narsa shundaki, siz Nyu-York shtatida bo'lgani kabi, demokratlar yoki respublikachilar bo'lgan uch million odam ishtirok eta olmaydigan yopiq ibtidoiy saylovlar o'tkazgansiz, Sizda shunday vaziyat yuzaga keldiki, Klintonning saylovoldi kampaniyasida hech kim qatnashishdan oldin, birinchi ovoz berilishidan sakkiz oy oldin 400 dan ortiq superdelegatlar qatnashgan. " Sanders so'zlariga ko'ra, u g'alaba qozongan shtatlarda u super delegatlar "o'sha shtatlarda odamlarni tinglashi va xalq tanlagan nomzodga ovoz berishi kerak" deb hisoblaydi.^[65]

Gapirish voqealari

Olomon oldida Sanders Konvey, Nyu-Xempshir, 2015 yil avgust

Sanders tez-tez katta olomonni jalb qilar edi, ko'pchilik o'z imkoniyatlarini to'ldirar edi, ba'zilari esa maydonga sig'magan, ammo hanuzgacha tashrif buyurishni istagan qo'shimcha tarafdorlari bo'lgan.^[66] Uning saylovoldi kampaniyasining boshida ommaviy axborot vositalari uning mitinglarga qatnashishini ijobiy taqqosladilar Hillari Klinton.^[67] Uning kampaniyasi rejalashtirilgan tadbirlar mamlakat bo'ylab "to'lib toshgan olomonni" jalb qilar edi.^[68] Sanders 700 dan ortiq tarafdorlarini Ayova shtatidagi iyun o'rtalarida bo'lib o'tgan tadbirga jalb qildi The Wall Street Journal "yakshanba kuni Xillari Klintonning bufet stoli va jonli musiqa guruhi ishtirok etgan tadbirga borganlar soni" qayd etildi.^[68][69][70] Minneapolisdagi tadbirga taxminan 3000 kishi tashrif buyurganidan so'ng, Sanders uning so'zlarini aytdi: "Hayratda qoldim. Hayratda qoldim. Men xonaga kirish uchun kurashishim kerak edi. Faqatgina turgan xonada. Minneapolis so'zma-so'z ishonib bo'lmaydigan darajada edi".^[68]

Iyundan boshlab Sanders voqealarida olomon shu paytgacha e'lon qilgan prezidentlikka nomzodlarning barchasidan ancha ko'paydi.^[71] 20 iyunda paydo bo'lganida Denver, Sanders Hillari Klintonning saylovoldi marosimidagi nutqidagi olomon soniga teng ravishda odatdagi saylov kampaniyasida taxminan 5000 tarafdorini jalb qildi. Nyu-York shahri oldingi hafta oxiri.^[71]

1 iyul kuni Sandersni ko'rish uchun kamida 10 ming kishilik olomon keldi Madison, Viskonsin, uning asosiy asosiy raqibi Hillari Klintonning eng katta olomonidan deyarli ikki baravar katta.^[72] Sanders kampaniyasi Kengash Bluffs, Ayova, 3 iyul kuni 2500 dan ortiq tarafdorlarini jalb qildi. Bugungi kunga kelib, bu 2016 yilgi prezidentlikka nomzodlarning eng katta auditoriyasi bo'lgan Ayova.^[73] 18 iyul kuni Sanders 11000 dan ziyod odamlarni jalb qildi Feniks, Arizona. O'sha paytda bu har qanday partiyaning 2016 yildagi nomzodlari orasida eng katta olomon edi.^[74]

Berni Sandersning mitingi Oregon shtatining Portlend shahrida, 2015 yil avgust

Avgust oyida uch kunlik G'arbiy Sohil safari davomida, Qora hayot masalasi faollar Sietldagi tadbirni to'xtatdilar. Faollar Sandersni shohsupadan olib tashlashdi va Sanders ular gaplashayotgan paytda qarab turishdi. Aksiya oxir-oqibat tadbirni yopdi.^[75] Ertasi kuni Sanders 28000 tarafdorlaridan iborat olomon bilan suhbatlashdi Moda markazi yilda Portlend, Oregon,^[76] 10 avgust kuni uning mitingiga 27000 dan ortiq odam qatnashdi Los-Anjelesdagi Memorial Sport Arena.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} 2015 yil 14 sentyabrda Sanders so'zga chiqdi Ozodlik universiteti, juda Respublika - ta'sirlangan kollej,^{[muvofiq? – muhokama qilish]} ular davomida Chaqiruv.^[77]

Sentabr oyida Sanders Nyu-Xempshirda Mehnat kuni munosabati bilan o'zining "Bizning inqilob" siyosiy guruhi boshlangandan beri birinchi saylov kampaniyasi paytida uchta nutq so'zladi. Ularda u o'zini qo'llab-quvvatlagan taraqqiyparvarlarni Klintonni qo'llab-quvvatlashga ishontirishga urindi. Shunday qilib, u Jil Shtayn singari uchinchi tomon nomzodlarini qo'llab-quvvatlagan va Klintonga ularning partiyasi nomzodi sifatida qarshi bo'lgan tomoshabinlarning keskin e'tirozlariga duch keldi.^[78]

So'rovnomalar

Sanders tarafdorlari, 2016 yil yanvar

Butun mamlakat bo'ylab Sanders oq tanli va liberalparast demokratlar tomonidan katta qo'llab-quvvatlandi, ammo oq bo'lmagan va mo''tadil yoki konservativ demokratlar orasida kamroq. Aprel 2015 hisoboti The New York Times "Demokratik tarafdorlarning qariyb to'rtdan bir qismi, ularni Klinton xonimning chap tomoniga qo'yishi mumkin bo'lgan doimiy liberal qarashlarga ega bo'lishlarini" taklif qildi.^[79] 2015 yil iyun Nyu-York Tayms hisobotda "an NBC /Wall Street Journal shu hafta o'tkazilgan so'rovnomada, oq tanli bo'lmagan Demokratik saylovchilarning 95 foizi Klinton xonimni birlamchi saylovda nomzod sifatida qo'llab-quvvatlashlarini ko'rishlarini aytishdi. Respondentlarning faqat to'rtdan bir qismi janob Sandersga ovoz berayotganlarini ko'rishlari mumkinligini aytdilar ".^[25]

2015 yil ikki avgustda o'tkazilgan so'rov natijalariga ko'ra Nyu-Xempshirda Sanders Klintonni etti ochko bilan boshqargan.^[80][81] Ikkalasi ham RealClearPolitics ovoz berish o'rtacha va Huffington Post Nyu-Xempshir shtatidagi Demokratik saylovlar bo'yicha so'rovnomaning o'rtacha natijalari Sandersning 2015 yil 28 avgustda Klintonni 3,5 foizga etaklaganligini ko'rsatdi.^[82][83]

20-noyabr kuni onlayn NBC News So'rov natijalariga ko'ra Sandersning milliy qo'llab-quvvatlashi o'sishda davom etmoqda. Butun mamlakat bo'ylab 5755 nafar kattalar orasida o'tkazilgan so'rov natijalariga ko'ra, Sanders Demokratik va mustaqil saylovchilarning 33 foizining eng yaxshi nomzodi bo'lib, Klintondan 16 ochko ortda qolmoqda.^[84] Sanders yosh saylovchilar orasida etakchilikni davom ettirdi va oq tanli saylovchilar orasida atigi uch ochko bilan Klintonni ortda qoldirdi.

2-dekabr kuni bo'lib o'tgan Quinnipiac universiteti tomonidan o'tkazilgan milliy so'rov natijalariga ko'ra Sanders umumiy saylovlar natijalariga ko'ra Respublikachilar partiyasining eng yaxshi to'rttasi oldida so'rov o'tkazdi.^[85][86]

Demokratik saylovlar oldidan bir necha hafta oldin Sanders Nyu-Xempshirda 50% Klintonning 46 foiziga, Ayova shtatidagi Klintonning 48 foizidan 45 foizigacha etakchilik qilmoqda.^[87] 2016 yil 12 yanvarda bo'lib o'tgan Quinnipiac universiteti tomonidan o'tkazilgan so'rov natijalariga ko'ra Ayova shtatida Sanders 49 foizga, Klinton 44 foizga etakchilik qilmoqda.^[88]

Kongresslar va boshlang'ich saylovlar

2016 yil 1 fevralda Sanders deyarli yutqazdi Ayova shtatidagi Demokratik guruhlar 0,25% ovoz bilan (49,59 Klintonning 49,84 ovoziga).^[89] U g'alaba qozondi Nyu-Xempshir shtatidagi Demokratik saylovlar 2016 yil 9 fevralda 22,4% ovoz bilan (60,4% Klintonga 38,0%) ovoz berib, "halol va ishonchli" nomzodni ko'rsatish muhim deb hisoblagan saylovchilar tomonidan kuchli qo'llab-quvvatlandi.^[90][91] Bu uni o'zini birinchi ta'riflaganga aylantirdi demokratik sotsialistik va birinchi partiyada AQSh prezidentlik saylovida g'olib bo'lgan nasroniy bo'lmaganlar.^[92][93][94] O'z uyi Vermont shtatida Sanders 86,1% ovoz to'plab, Klintonni barcha delegatlarni rad etdi. Shuningdek, u Vashington, Alyaska va Gavayida "g'alati" g'alabalarni qo'lga kiritdi. 8 mart kuni Sanders Michigan shtatidagi Demokratik partiyada bo'lib o'tgan saylovlarda xafagarchilikni boshladi, saylov uchastkalari Klintonni katta farq bilan ma'qulladi.^[95] 2016 yil 10-mayga qadar boshlang'ich saylovlar va kokuslarda ajratilgan va'da qilingan 78 foiz delegatlardan Klinton Sandersning 46 foizidan 54 foizini yutgan.^[96] 715 dan qarzsiz delegatlar yoki "superdelegatlar" kim ovoz bergan iyul oyida bo'lib o'tgan anjuman, Klinton 505 (71%), Sanders 41 (6%) tomonidan tasdiqlangan.

Nevada shtati konvensiyasi

Da Nevada Demokratik shtat konvensiyasi may oyida Sanders delegatlari qoidalarga kiritilgan o'zgartirishlar va talqinlardan g'azablanishdi, natijada 60 ga yaqin Sanders tarafdorlarining ishonch yorliqlari inkor etildi, natijada Sanders Klintonni milliy konferentsiya delegatlariga qo'shib qo'yish o'rniga ikkinchi o'rinni egalladi.^[97] G'azablangan Sanders tarafdorlari asosiy ma'ruzachi deb baqirishdi Barbara bokschi, Klinton tarafdori. Nevada Demokratik partiyasi raisi Roberta Lange qurultoyni erta tugatguniga qadar ba'zi bir shov-shuvlar va stullarni va boshqa narsalarni tashlashni boshlagani haqida keng tarqalgan edi, ammo stulni uloqtirishning aniq dalillari paydo bo'lmadi.^[98][99] Anjuman to'xtatilgandan so'ng, kazino xavfsizlik xizmati xodimlari va mahalliy politsiya kazino bal zalidan chiqishni rad etgan Sanders tarafdorlarini olib tashlashga chaqirildi.^[100] "Sanders tarafdorlari Langening uyi va biznes manzillarini, elektron pochta manzilini va uyali telefon raqamini Internetga joylashtirgandan" so'ng, Lange o'ziga va oilasiga o'lim tahdidini onlayn va telefon orqali oldi. Sanders vakili Maykl Briggz "Biz zo'ravonlikni kechirmaymiz yoki zo'ravonlikni va hatto zo'ravonlik tahdidini rag'batlantirmaymiz" dedi va kampaniya "partiya shikoyat qilayotgan faoliyatni rag'batlantirishda" rol o'ynaganini rad etdi.^{[101][102][103]}

Nevada Demokratik partiyasi Demokratik milliy qo'mita Sanders tarafdorlarini "konvensiya sharoitida demokratik xatti-harakatlar o'rnida parlamentdan tashqari xatti-harakatlar, haqiqatan ham haqiqiy zo'ravonlik uchun moyillik" ni ayblash.^[104] Sanders bunga javoban: "Bizning kampaniyamiz, albatta, zo'ravonliksiz o'zgarishlarga ishonadi va men zo'ravonlikning har qanday va har qanday shakllarini, shu jumladan shaxslarning shaxsiy ta'qibini qoralashimni aytaman", deb javob berdi, ammo uning tarafdorlariga "adolatli va adolatli" munosabat bildirilmaganligini qo'shimcha qildi. hurmat. "^[104] 2017 yil aprel oyida, Nyu-York kuzatuvchisi DNC raisi haqida xabar berdi Debbi Vasserman Shults "Sanders tarafdorlariga hujum qilish uchun stendlarni uloqtirayotgani to'g'risida tarqatish uchun milliy hisobotda bo'lgan Nevada konventsiyasidan foydalangan. Vasserman Shultz hech qachon kechirim so'ramagan va izohlarini bekor qilmagan."^[105]

Namoyishlar

Sanders tarafdorlari uning kampaniyasini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun turli namoyishlar uyushtirishdi. Ular ko'p sonli ishtirok etganligi ma'lum Donald Tramp Chikagodagi miting noroziligi^[106] va Demokratiya bahori norozilik namoyishlari.^[107] 3 aprel kuni ko'p sonli Sanders tarafdorlari CNN bosh qarorgohi oldida norozilik bildirdi yilda Los Anjeles, boshqa nomzodlar bilan taqqoslaganda Sanders olgan efir vaqti miqdorini namoyish qildi.^[108]

Reklama

Kampaniya reklama sotib olishni 2015 yil noyabr oyida boshlagan, unda 2 dollar sarflangan televizion reklamalarda million.^[109] Dekabrning so'nggi ikki haftasi va yanvarning birinchi haftasida Sanders kampaniyasi 4,7 dollar sarfladi televizor reklamalarida million, Klinton kampaniyasidan ustun.^[110] Ayova shtatidagi kokuslar va Nyu-Xempshir shtatidagi boshlang'ich saylovlar oldidan kampaniya reklama boshlagan "Amerika ".^[111]

Xodimlar

Saylovoldi tashviqoti shtabida siyosiy targ'ibotda chuqur tajribaga ega odamlar va saylov kampaniyasini tashkil etishda yangi odamlar bo'lgan.^[112] Aksiya menejeri Jeff Weaver siyosatda Sandersning 1986 yilgi gubernatorlik kampaniyasida boshlangan.

Kler Sandberg Digital Organizing direktori bo'lgan. U katta maslahatchilar Beki Bond va Zack Exley aksiya hanuzgacha ish haqi to'lamagan xodimlarga ega bo'lmagan ko'ngillilarni jalb qilgan holda tarqatilgan operatsiyalarni o'tkazish.^[113]

2016 yil 14 aprelda Sanders kampaniyaning yahudiylar bilan ishlash bo'yicha milliy koordinatori Simone Zimmermanni Facebook ijtimoiy tarmog'ida Isroil Bosh vaziri va Hillari Klintonni ta'riflash uchun qo'pol so'zlardan foydalanganligi aniqlangandan keyin ishdan bo'shatdi. Iordan daryosining g'arbiy sohilida va G'azoda Isroil siyosatiga qarshi bo'lgan tarixga ega bo'lgan Zimmermanning yollanishi yahudiy guruhlari tomonidan qattiq tanqid qilingan edi.^[114]

Gender bo'yicha diskriminatsiya bo'yicha ayblovlar

2019 yil yanvar oyida, The New York Times kampaniyasida ayollarga nisbatan jinsiy zo'ravonlik, kamsitilgan muomala va haq to'lamaslik ayblovlari elektron pochta orqali tarqatilayotgani haqida xabar berdi.^[115] Sanders bunday nojo'ya xatti-harakatlarni xodimlarining a'zolari bilan bog'lab, u nafaqat ular haqida bexabarligini, balki bu kabi muammolarni hal qilish uchun yangi protokollar tuzganligini da'vo qildi.^[116] Jeff Weaver, Sandersning 2016 yildagi saylov kampaniyasi menejeri muammolarning mavjudligini tan oldi va kelajakdagi har qanday kampaniyada yaxshiroq ishlash istagini bildirdi.^[117] Sanders CNN-da "o'zini munosib muomala qilmagandek his qiladigan ayolga" uzr so'radi.^[118]

Sandersning saylovoldi tashviqoti qo'mitasi tashviqot ishchilariga tashvishlarni ko'targani uchun tashakkur bildirgan va 2018 yilgi Senatdagi qayta saylov kampaniyasida 2016 yilgi voqealar paydo bo'lishidan oldin allaqachon amalga oshirilgan yangi siyosatiga ishora qilgan.^[119] Sobiq xodimlar voqealarni hal qilish uchun yig'ilishga murojaat qilishdi,^[119] va bunga javoban Sanders yanvar oyining o'rtalarida ular bilan uchrashdi.^[120] Uchrashuvga ish joyida va ish bilan ta'minlashda uchta ayol rahbar yordam berdi. Ular bu "kampaniya madaniyatini oshirishning amaliy usullarini yaratish jarayonining" bir qismi ekanligini ta'kidladilar va boshqa kampaniyalar ham e'tiborga olinishiga umid qilishdi.^[120]

Qabul qilish

Vashington maydonidagi Parkdagi Berni Sanders mitingiga kirish uchun chiziqning bir qismi

Sandersning "siyosiy inqilob" haqidagi qarashlarini keng qo'llab-quvvatladilar, ammo boshqalar uning fikrini haqiqiy emas yoki o'ta chapparast deb hisoblashdi.^[121] Gapirish Matbuot bilan tanishing 24 yanvar kuni konservativ siyosiy sharhlovchi Devid Bruks Klinton va Sandersning avvalgi intervyulariga izoh berib, "Agar men bugun bu orqadagi suhbatlarni ko'rmagunimcha poyga haqida hech narsa bilmasam edi, men voy, Sanders haqiqatan ham o'z xabarini yozib oldi va u ikkalasining ham haqiqiyligini ushladi. va xursandchilik, va Hillari Klinton o'z xabarini yo'q qildi. "^[122]

Ayova shtatidagi saylov kampaniyasida Sandersni to'ldirish, Cornel West olomonni "elektrlashtirdi" va o'z nutqini ochib, "Bu erda Ayovaning markazida joylashgan barcha rangdagi birodarlarim va opa-singillarim bilan bo'lish qanday baxt! Biz Berni og'a va men buyuk an'ana, Martin Lyuter King kichik va Albert Eynshteyn; ning an'anasi Xelen Keller va Ella Beyker; ning an'anasi Jon Devi - kimning asoschisi pragmatizm, lekin u ham demokratik sotsialist edi. Gap shundaki, siz ko'rganingizdek, demokratik sotsializm begona element emas. Bu millat tarixida organik va mahalliy hisoblanadi. "^[123]

So'rovlar natijasida Klinton 8 mart kuni bo'lib o'tgan Michigan shtatidagi praymerizda katta farq bilan etakchilik qilganini ko'rsatgandan so'ng, Sanders "zamonaviy siyosiy tarixdagi eng dahshatli voqealardan biri" deb nomlangan g'alabani qo'lga kiritdi.^[124] siyosiy ekspertlardan izoh olish. ABC News telekanali yozishicha, "Berni Sandersning Michigan shtatidagi g'alabasi saylovlar tsiklining g'alati natijasidir. Uning saylovoldi kampaniyasida raqobatchining tanqidiy bosqichida yangi mantiqiy asos va yangi dalillar mavjud. Sandersning g'alabasi ko'tariladi Hillari Klintonning saylovoldi kampaniyasining taxmin qilingan kuchi va ustunligi haqidagi yangi savollar (shuningdek, davlat darajasida o'tkazilgan so'rovlarning ishonchliligi to'g'risida savollar tug'iladi). "^[125] Sanders g'alaba haqida: "Biz qilgan narsalar g'alaba qozonishimiz kerak bo'lgan turtki yaratdi".^[126]

2016 yil 1 aprelda Sanders tomonidan intervyu berildi Nyu-York Daily News tahririyat kengashi.^[127] Dilan Byers CNN siyosatining yozishicha, intervyuda "tashqi va ichki siyosat bilan bog'liq ba'zi savollarga aniq javob berishda qiynalayotganligi ko'rsatilgan". Matbuotning tanqidlariga javoban, Sanders kampaniyasining katta maslahatchisi Tad Devine CNNga "Nyu-Yorkka borganingizda tabloidlar sizni urishini tushunaman, primerlar shundan iborat" .^[128] Klintonning saylovoldi kampaniyasi Sandersning yomon ishlashi deb hisoblagan,^[129] va Sanders o'zining eng katta maqsadlarini qanday amalga oshirishni o'ylamaganligini ta'kidlab, intervyu stsenariyasini mablag 'yig'ish elektron pochtasida millionlab qo'llab-quvvatlovchilariga yubordi.^[130] Ammo Piter Eavis The New York Times "Berni Sanders, ehtimol uning tanqidchilari unga kredit bergandan ko'ra banklarni tarqatib yuborish haqida ko'proq bilishini" va "umuman olganda, janob Sandersning javoblari mantiqiy ko'rinadi" deb yozgan.^[131]

NBC /Wall Street Journal 15-maydan 19-maygacha o'tkazilgan so'rovnomada Klinton va respublikachilarning taxminiy nomzodi Donald Tramp xatolar chegarasida "o'lik issiqlikda" ekanligi aniqlandi. Ammo o'sha so'rov natijalariga ko'ra, agar Sanders Demokratlar partiyasidan nomzod bo'lsa, saylovchilarning 53% uni Tramp uchun 39% ga qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.^[132] Klinton va Tramp so'rovnoma tarixidagi eng kam ehtimolli nomzodlar bo'lgan. Sanders 43% ijobiy, 36% salbiy baho oldi.^[133]

Klinton taxmin qilingan nomzodni e'lon qildi

2016 yil 6-iyun kuni Associated Press va NBC News Klinton aylanganini xabar qildi taxmin qilingan nomzod nomzodlikni ta'minlash uchun kerakli miqdordagi delegatlar, shu jumladan garovga qo'yilgan va garovga qo'yilmagan delegatlar (superdelegatlar) etib bo'lgandan keyin.^[134] 7-iyun kuni Klinton Kaliforniya va Nyu-Jersi shtatlaridagi dastlabki saylovlarda g'olib chiqqanidan keyin va'da qilingan delegatlarning ko'pchiligini ta'minladi. Oxirgi birlamchi saylovlardan so'ng, 14 iyun kuni Kolumbiya okrugi Sanders Klinton bilan uchrashdi va uni muvaffaqiyatli saylov kampaniyasi bilan tabrikladi. 16 iyun kuni Sanders o'z tarafdorlariga onlayn tarzda jonli efirda nutq so'zladi:

Kelgusi haftalarda sizning ovozlaringiz eshitilishi va Demokratik Partiya o'z tarixidagi eng ilg'or platformadan o'tishi va demokratlar ushbu kun tartibi uchun kurashishlariga ishonch hosil qilish uchun ikki kampaniya o'rtasida munozarani davom ettirishni umid qilaman. Demokratik partiyani o'zgartirish uchun men davlat kotibi Klinton bilan ishlashni orziqib kutmoqdaman, shunda u nafaqat kampaniyaning badavlat ishtirokchilari, balki Wall Street-da, farmatsevtika sanoatida qatnashishga jur'at etadigan partiyada ham ishchilar va yoshlar partiyasiga aylanadi. , fotoalbom yoqilg'i sanoati va bizning siyosiy va iqtisodiy hayotimizning aksariyat qismida hukmronlik qiladigan boshqa kuchli maxsus manfaatlar.^[23]

Nutqdan keyin Milliy hamshiralar birlashgan, Sandersni qo'llab-quvvatlagan birinchi milliy ittifoq shunday dedi: "Biz Berni haqida bilganimiz shundaki, u o'sha erda bo'ladi. U har doim Senatda jangchi sifatida bo'lgan, ammo u bizni qo'llab-quvvatlashda davom etadi. Ammo eng muhimi, uning xabari shu edi, biz u erda bo'lishimiz kerak, harakatni qurishimiz kerak va kurashishimiz kerak. "^[135] Iyul oyida Sandersning ma'qullashiga va uning tarafdorlarining roziligiga erishish uchun Klinton u ilgari surgan bir necha yangi siyosatni, shu jumladan davlat kollejlari va universitetlarida o'qishni bekor qilish va jamoat sog'liqni saqlash markazlari uchun xarajatlarni ko'paytirish rejalarini ma'qulladi.^[136] 12-iyul kuni Sanders Klintonni ma'qulladi va tayyorlangan bayonotida:

Nyu-Xempshirda va butun mamlakat bo'ylab o'tkazgan kampaniyamizdan faxrlanaman. Bizning saylov kampaniyamiz 22 shtatdagi boshlang'ich saylovlar va kokuslarda g'olib bo'ldi va Filadelfiyadagi Demokratik Milliy Kongressdagi chaqiriq e'lon qilinganda, biz deyarli 1900 delegatni yutganimizni ko'rsatamiz. Bu juda ko'p delegatlar, deyarli har bir kishi biz g'alaba qozonamiz deb o'ylaganidan ancha ko'p. Ammo nominatsiyani yutib olishning o'zi etarli emas. Kotib Klinton qurultoyga bizdan 389 ta ko'proq va'da qilingan delegatlar va juda ko'p super delegatlar bilan boradi. Kotib Klinton Demokratlar partiyasidan nomzodlarni ko'rsatish jarayonida g'olib chiqdi va men uni buning uchun tabriklayman. U Demokratlar partiyasidan prezidentlikka nomzod bo'ladi va men uning AQShning keyingi prezidenti bo'lishiga ishonch hosil qilish uchun qo'limdan kelgan barcha ishni qilaman.^[63]

Wikileaks elektron pochta orqali chiqarilishi

2016 yil 22 iyulda, WikiLeaks 20000 dan oshiqni ozod qildi DNC elektron pochta xabarlari Ularning ba'zilari DNC rasmiylariga dastlabki saylov paytida Klintonni Sandersga ustun qo'yganini ko'rsatgandek edi. Boshqa narsalar qatorida, DNC-ning yuqori lavozimli rasmiylaridan biri janubiy shtatlarda Sandersning dinsiz tendentsiyalarini kampaniya mavzusiga aylantirish imkoniyatini muhokama qildi va DNC raisi Debbi Vasserman Shults kampaniya menejeriga yuborilgan Jeff Weaver "ASS" va "la'natchi yolg'onchi" sifatida va Sandersning partiyasiga sodiqligini bir necha bor shubha ostiga qo'ydi. Wasserman Schultz resigned as DNC chair after the leak, replaced by Donna Brazile, and the Democratic National Committee apologized to Sanders.^[137] Gapirish CNN, Sanders responded to the email leak: "it is an outrage and sad that you would have people in important positions in the DNC trying to undermine my campaign. It goes without saying: The function of the DNC is to represent all of the candidates — to be fair and even-minded. But again, we discussed this many, many months ago, on this show, so what is revealed now is not a shock to me."^[138]

In October 2016, WikiLeaks released elektron pochta xabarlari from Clinton campaign Chair Jon Podesta showing that Donna Brazile, who was working as a DNC Vice Chair, had given Clinton staff information on the questions to be asked at an upcoming CNN town-hall meeting. Brazile has denied that she was showing favoritism.^[139]

Saylovdan so'ng AQSh razvedka hamjamiyati va Maxsus advokatning tekshiruvi assessed that the email leaks were part of a larger Rossiya hukumati tomonidan aralashuv kampaniyasi AQShda siyosiy beqarorlikni keltirib chiqarish va Donald Tramp, Berni Sanders va Djil Shteyn nomzodlarini kuchaytirish orqali Hillari Klinton kampaniyasiga zarar etkazish.^{[140][141][142]}

Demokratik milliy konventsiya

Bernie Sanders speaking at the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia, on July 25, 2016.

Sanders received a three-minute standing ovation when he rose to speak at the Demokratik milliy konventsiya on July 25. He thanked and congratulated his campaign workers and spoke of his work with the Democratic Platform Committee, saying, "there was a significant coming together between the two campaigns and we produced, by far, the most progressive platform in the history of the Democratic Party...Our job now is to see that platform implemented by a Democratic Senate, a Democratic House and a Hillary Clinton presidency – and I am going to do everything I can to make that happen."^[143]

The first night of the Democratic National Convention was frequently disrupted with booing and chanting by a segment of Sanders's campaign workers termed the "Bernie or Bust" contingent. Even Sanders was booed when he said, "We must vote for Hillary Clinton."^[144][145] Komediyachi Sara Silverman, who had campaigned for Sanders but pledged support for Clinton at the convention, said, "Can I just say: To the 'Bernie or Bust' people, you're being ridiculous."^[146] A July 25 report by the Pew tadqiqot markazi tracing Democratic voters’ support for candidates from March 2015 to June 2016 indicated that 90% of Democratic voters who had consistently supported Sanders said they would support Clinton in the general election.^[145]

After Sanders lost the primary to Clinton, Jil Shteyn ning Yashil partiya offered to let Sanders run on the Green ticket, but he did not respond to her offer.^[147] On October 28, 2016, Sanders was declared an eligible yozish uchun nomzod for president in California, with Tulsi Gabbard uning vitse-prezidentlikka nomzodi sifatida.^[148] For write-in candidates' votes to be counted in California, the candidate must be certified, which "only requires that 55 'electors' sign on to declare a person a write-in candidate, not that the person consent".^[148]

Xulosa

On November 8, as Clinton was defeated by Trump in the umumiy saylov, Sanders received almost 6% of the vote Vermontda, despite not being a candidate. This was the highest share of a statewide presidential vote for a yozish chaqiruv kampaniyasi Amerika tarixida.^[149] He also received more votes in Vermont than Gari Jonson, Ozodlik nomzod va Jil Shteyn, Yashil candidate, combined.^[150]

Nationwide, it was possible to vote for Sanders as a write-in candidate in 12 states,^[151] and exact totals of write-in votes for Sanders were published in three states: Kaliforniya,^[152] Nyu-Xempshir,^[153] va Vermont.^[150] In those three states, Sanders received 111,850 write-in votes, approximately 15% of the write-in vote nationwide and 0.08% of the vote overall.^[151]

On December 19, the day that the Saylov kolleji convened in state capitols around the country, Sanders received one electoral vote for president, from David Mulinix, a ishonchsiz elektorat yilda Gavayi who also voted for Senator Elizabeth Uorren uchun vitse prezident.^[154] This was the first electoral vote ever cast for a Yahudiy amerikalik for president in United States electoral history.^[155] Two other faithless electors, David Bright in Meyn and Muhammad Abdurrahman in Minnesota, attempted to cast their electoral votes for Sanders, but their votes were invalidated by their states' faithless elector laws. Bright subsequently switched his vote to Clinton as pledged, while Abdurrahman was replaced by another elector who voted for Clinton as pledged.^[156][157]

Sanders was one of five people who received electoral votes from faithless electors in the 2016 election; the other four were former AQSh davlat kotibi Kolin Pauell (who received three electoral votes),^[158] Tug'ma amerikalik faol Iymonli burgut,^[158] former United States Vakil va Respublika prezidentlikka nomzod Ron Pol,^[159] va Hokim Jon Kasich ning Ogayo shtati.^[159] The seven faithless electoral votes for president were the most in history, with the exception of the 63 electors who did not vote for their pledged candidate, Horace Greeley, yilda 1872 (Greeley had died between election day and the convening of the Electoral College).^[160][161]

Ommaviy axborot vositalarida yoritish

Some Sanders supporters raised concerns that publications such as The New York Times minimized coverage of his campaign in favor of other candidates', especially Trump's and Clinton's.^[162][163] A December 2015 report found that the three major networks – CBS, NBC va ABC – had spent 234 minutes reporting on Republican candidate Donald Trump and 10 minutes on Sanders, despite their similar polling results. Hisobotda ta'kidlangan ABC World News Tonight had spent 81 minutes on Trump and less than 1 minute on Sanders during 2015.^[164]

On April 3, 2016, hundreds of Sanders supporters protested CNN 's coverage of the presidential elections at CNN headquarters. Calling themselves "Occupy CNN", they claimed that major media networks had intentionally minimized Sanders's airtime in favor of candidates such as Hillari Klinton va Donald Tramp.^[165]

In May 2016, MSNBC's Mika Bjezinski chaqirildi Debbi Vasserman Shults, chairwoman of the DNC, to step down over the DNC's bias against the Sanders campaign.^[166] The July 2016 yil Demokratik Milliy Qo'mitaning elektron pochta orqali tarqalishi revealed that Wasserman Schultz was angry about the media's negative coverage of her actions, and that she emailed Chak Todd on May 18 to say that such coverage of her "must stop".^[167] Qabul qilishni "SO'NGGI somon" deb ta'riflagan holda, u DNC aloqa direktoriga MSNBC prezidentiga qo'ng'iroq qilishni buyurdi Fil Griffin Bjezinskiydan uzr so'rashni talab qilish.^[168][169]

Ijtimoiy tarmoqlar

Sanders used ijtimoiy tarmoqlar to help his campaign gain momentum.^[170] His campaign utilized Twitter, Facebook,^[171] Snapchat, Instagram, Tumblr va Reddit.^[172] Sanders gained a large online oddiy following, with supporters rallying support on Twitter under the hashtag #FeelTheBern.

The Sanders campaign was also known for the intense social media activity of some of his backers. Some online activists who enthusiastically promoted Sanders and criticized Clinton supporters were pejoratively called Berni Bros, insinuating they were sexist in their critique of Clinton.^[173][174]

Sanders gained tens of thousands of followers on Twitter during and after his debate appearances.^[175][176] Although Twitter followers are only one metric of success, this led USA Today to speculate that he had won the October debate.^[177]

Ommabop ommaviy axborot vositalari

Larry David parodied Sanders on Saturday Night Live

Saturday Night Live (SNL) highlighted Sanders in its October 17, 2015, sovuq ochiq komediyachi bilan Larri Devid portraying him in a parodiya^[178] birinchisi Democratic Primary Presidential debate, which had aired four days earlier on CNN. David returned to the show for the first time in 30 years to portray Sanders.^[179] His impression of Sanders, widely received favorably on Twitter, had him waving his arms and saying: "I'm going to dial it right up to a ten: We're doomed! We need a revolution! We've got millions of people in the streets. We gotta do something and we gotta do it now".^[179] When shown a clip of David's impression of him by Jorj Stefanopulos ABC-da Ushbu hafta, Sanders responded: "I think we'll use Larry at our next rally. He does me better than I do."^[180]

David portrayed Sanders again on SNL's November 7, 2015, cold open, a parody of a Democratic candidates' forum hosted by Reychel Maddov that had aired on MSNBC o'sha hafta boshida.^[181][182]

Although he did not win the official award, in December 2015 Sanders won the readers' poll for Vaqt magazine's 2015 Yil odami with 10% of vote.^[183]

Internet-memlar

Sanders's campaign generated many Internet-memlar. A Facebook guruhi deb nomlangan Berni Sandersning Dank Meme Stash was created to help spread information and comedic entertainment about Sanders. As of March 20, 2016, the group had nearly 420,000 members.^[184]

Onlayn tanishuv xizmati

Sanders's campaign also inspired an onlayn tanishuv xizmati, Bernie Singles.^{[185][186][187][188][189][190]} Tomonidan tashkil etilgan Arizona shtati universiteti siyosatshunoslik ikkinchi kurs student Colten Caudle and co-owner David Boni on February 17, 2016,^[188] Bernie Singles became a trend mavzusi kuni Facebook, Reddit va Twitter.^[191]

Tinder

On February 5, 2016, members of the Facebook guruhi "Bernie Sanders Dank Tinder Convos" (BSDTC) (a spin-off of Berni Sandersning Dank Meme Stash ) were reportedly being taqiqlangan from dating and ijtimoiy kashfiyot mobil ilova Tinder for promoting Sanders's presidential campaign. BSDTC members would send messages to other Tinder users promoting Sanders and imploring them to ovoz berish uning uchun. In response, many BSDTC members' profiles would either become locked or deleted after being flagged for posting Spam yoki bo'lish botlar.^{[192][193][194][195][196][197]} Tinder spokeswoman Rosette Pambakian stated in an email, "We wholeheartedly support people sharing their political views on Tinder, but we don't allow spamming. So feel free to spread the Bern, just don't spam."^{[193][197][198]}

Berni yoki Bust

Bernie or Bust protesters (with some carrying Bernie or Bust picket signs) at the Wells Fargo markazi during the roll call vote when nominating Hillary Clinton at the DNC

"Bernie or Bust" refers to the intention of some of Sanders's supporters not to vote for Hillary Clinton if she won the Democratic nomination, but rather to write in Sanders, vote for a third-party candidate such as Jil Shteyn yoki Gari Jonson, or not to vote at all.^[199]

The movement stemmed from distrust of the Democratic Party establishment and the party's asosiy tizim. The party was accused of bias in Clinton's favor beginning around December 2015, culminating in sizib chiqqan elektron pochta xabarlari oldin 2016 yilgi Demokratik milliy konventsiya.^[200] Sanders repeatedly said he would vote for Clinton in the general election in order to avoid a "disastrous" Trump presidency and encouraged his supporters to do the same.^[201]

The Bernie or Bust movement is often cited as one of the contributing factors in Hillary Clinton's loss in the general election via the spoyler ta'siri.^{[202][203][204]} Other media commentators have disagreed.^[205][206] Ga binoan Milliy radio va Newsweek, more than 20% of Sanders voters voted for Trump or another candidate (or did not vote) in the 2016 general election.^[207][208]

The movement experienced controversy when, at the Democratic National Convention, comedian Sara Silverman urged other Sanders supporters to back Hillary Clinton and remarked that Bernie or Bust people were "being ridiculous."^[146]

Unaffiliated Sanders-for-President organizations

Among the organizations that worked to elect Sanders without any formal affiliation with his campaign was People for Bernie, an online group that grew out of the Harakatni bosib oling^[209] and was active in sending protesters to shut down Donald Trump rallies.^[210][211]

Berni Sanders uchun faxriylar, also known as "Vets for Bernie," was the first national grassroots association of harbiy faxriylar ever to organize on behalf of a presidential candidate.^[212] VFB mobilized veterans in all 50 states to attend Sanders events, including a veterans' rally in Gettysburg. The group has been credited with developing innovative "social media content based around endorsements from individual veterans."^[212][213]

In April 2015, the grassroots group Berni uchun kollej talabalari was created by college students from universities from across the country. The group served as an outlet and a resource for college students to take an active role in the 2016 election by campaigning for Sanders and fighting for progressive causes. The organization had over 260 chapters established at various universities and colleges in the Qo'shma Shtatlar.

/r/SandersForPresident subreddit

Ommabop subreddit with over 500,000 subscribers,^[214] /r/SandersForPresident was an organizing forum that mobilized resources for the campaign. As one of the first places Sanders announced his campaign,^[215] it was connected through Grassroots For Sanders,^[216] the campaign's digital arm.^[217] It was created on December 6, 2013, about 17 months before Sanders announced his candidacy, by Aidan King, a graduate of the Nyu-Xempshir universiteti,^[218] and David Fredrick, co-creator of Grassroots For Sanders.^[219] King eventually became the Sanders campaign's social media coordinator.

Although the Sanders campaign did not control the subreddit, it communicated with its moderators.^[217] Kenneth Pennington, the Sanders campaign's digital director, told media company Mikrofon that "We work closely with those in leadership roles on the subreddit to make sure that the large audience on Reddit knows exactly how to get involved in the campaign and spread the senator's message".^[218]

Siyosiy lavozimlar

Percentage of vote received by Sanders by state or territory in the primaries.

  10.0–19.9%

  20.0–29.9%

  30.0–39.9%

  40.0–49.9%

  50.0–59.9%

  60.0–69.9%

  70.0–79.9%

  80.0%+

State-by-state performance.

  Berni Sanders

  Hillari Klinton

Generally speaking, Bernie Sanders's views have been described as being to the siyosiy chap of those of competitor Hillary Clinton and President Barak Obama.

Iqtisodiyot

Daromad va boylikning tengsizligi

A cornerstone of Sanders's campaign was to fight the decreasing daromad of the middle class and the increase of boylik tengsizligi:

What we have seen is that while the average person is working longer hours for lower wages, we have seen a huge increase in income and wealth inequality, which is now reaching obscene levels. ... This is a rigged economy, which works for the rich and the powerful, and is not working for ordinary Americans ... You know, this country just does not belong to a handful of billionaires.

— Berni Sanders, Guardian (2015 yil aprel)^[39]

In July 2015 Sanders introduced legislation that would incrementally increase the federal eng kam ish haqi to $15 an hour by the year 2020.^[220][221] On November 10, 2015, Sanders joined striking Senate cafeteria workers at a "15 dollar uchun kurash " rally in Washington DC and voiced support for the harakat.^[222]

Soliqlar

Sanders supported repeal of some tax deductions that benefit to'siq mablag'lari and corporations, and would have raised taxes on kapitaldan olingan daromad and the wealthiest two percent of Americans, using some of the added revenues to lower the taxes of the middle and lower classes.^[223][224] Reporting that offshor soliq boshpanalari have allowed America's largest corporations to avoid taxes on more than $1 trillion in profits, Sanders also introduced legislation to end offshore banking.^[225][226] He believed the American government should invest the resulting revenue in America's small businesses and in aid for working people.^[227]

Wall Street islohoti

On May 6, 2015, Sanders introduced legislation to break up "muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lish uchun juda katta " financial institutions. With three of the four banks that were bailed out during the 2007–08 Jahon moliyaviy inqirozi now larger than they were then, Sanders believed that "no single financial institution should have holdings so extensive that its failure would send the world economy into crisis. If an institution is too big to fail, it is too big to exist."^[228][229]

Ishlar

Sanders introduced amendments to Senate bills that promote the creation of millions of middle-class jobs by investing in infrastructure, paid for by closing loopholes in the corporate and international tax system.^[230][231] He also supported legislation that would make it easier for workers to join or form a birlashma.^[232] Sanders's campaign website also recognized the plight of the uzoq muddatli ishsizlar, citing that “[t]he real unemployment rate is much higher than the ‘official’ figure typically reported in the newspapers”.^[233]

Savdo

Sanders qarshi chiqdi Trans-Tinch okeani sherikligi (TPP) trade agreement, which he called "a continuation of other disastrous trade agreements like NAFTA [va] CAFTA."^[234][235] In 2014, Sanders wrote that "the TPP is much more than a 'free trade' agreement. It is part of a global race to the bottom to boost the profits of large corporations and Wall Street by outsourcing jobs; undercutting worker rights; dismantling labor, environmental, health, food safety and financial laws; and allowing corporations to challenge our laws in international tribunals rather than our own court system".^[236]

Federal zaxira

Sanders proposed these reforms of the Fed: "Banking industry executives must no longer be allowed to serve on the Fed's boards...The Fed should charge (banks) a fee that would be used to provide direct loans to small businesses...As a condition of receiving financial assistance from the Fed, large banks must commit to increasing lending to creditworthy small businesses and consumers."^[237]

Pullik ta'til

Sanders became a prominent supporter of laws requiring companies to provide their workers ota-ona ta'tili, kasallik ta'tillari va ta'til vaqti, arguing that such laws have been adopted by almost every developed country, and that there are significant disparities among the types of workers who have access to paid sick and paid vacation time.^[238][239]

Sanders's Guaranteed Paid Vacation Act (S.1564) would have mandated that companies provide 10 days of paid vacation for employees who have worked for them for at least one year. He cosponsored a Senate bill that would give mothers and fathers 12 weeks of paid family leave to care for a baby. Sanders also cosponsored a bill that would guarantee workers at least seven paid sick days per year for short-term illness, routine medical care, or to care for a sick family member.^[238][239]

Atrof muhit

Sanders considered Global isish a serious problem.^[240][241] Senator bilan bir qatorda Barbara bokschi, Sanders tanishtirdi 2007 yilgi global isish ifloslanishini kamaytirish to'g'risidagi qonun 2007 yil 15-yanvarda.^[242] 2012 yil 26 iyulda Senatdagi nutqida Sanders senator tomonidan qo'yilgan da'volarga murojaat qildi Jim Inxof: "Xulosa shuki, senator Inxof global isish hiyla-nayrang, u iqlimshunoslarning aksariyat fikriga ko'ra u shunchaki noto'g'ri", dedi.^[243] U edi Iqlim Hawks uchun ovoz berish mintaqadagi iqlim etakchisi bo'yicha eng yuqori reytingga ega senator 113-Kongress.^[244]

Sog'liqni saqlash

Sanders was a staunch supporter of a universal sog'liqni saqlash system, and said, "if you are serious about real healthcare reform, the only way to go is single‑payer ".^[245] He advocated lowering the cost of drugs that are high because they remain under patent for years; some drugs that cost thousands of dollars per year in the U.S. are available for hundreds, or less, in countries where they can be obtained as generics.^[246]

As chairman of the Senate Subcommittee on Primary Health and Aging, Sanders introduced legislation to reauthorize and strengthen the Keksa amerikaliklar harakati qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan G'ildiraklardagi ovqatlanish va qariyalar uchun boshqa dasturlar. Sanders believed that supporting seniors "is not only the right thing to do, it is the financially smart thing to do", because it decreases expensive hospitalizations and allows seniors to remain in their homes.^[247]

NARAL Pro-Choice America gave Sanders a 100% score on his tanlov uchun tanlov ovoz berish qaydnomasi.^[248]

Aksiyani moliyalashtirish

Sanders supported the saylovlarni davlat tomonidan moliyalashtirish and supported both versions of the QO'ShIMChA QOIDA, legislation would have made campaign finances more transparent, and would have banned U.S. corporations controlled by foreign interests from making political expenditures.^[249] He was outspoken in calling for an overturn of Citizens United, 2010 yil Oliy sud decision that overturned Makkeyn-Fingold restrictions on political spending by corporations and kasaba uyushmalari, as it deemed such restrictions a violation of the Birinchi o'zgartirish.^[55] Saying that he believed that the Citizens United decision is "one of the Supreme Court's worst decisions ever" and that it has allowed big money to "deflect attention from the real issues" facing voters,^[250] u taklif qildi konstitutsiyaviy o'zgartirish to undo the ruling.^[251] "We now have a political situation where billionaires are ... able to buy elections and candidates", he said.^[54]

Tashqi siyosat va milliy xavfsizlik

Isroil-Falastin to'qnashuvi

Sanders supported Israel's mavjud bo'lish huquqi va qo'llab-quvvatladi a ikki holatli echim.^[252] In July 2014, Sanders formed part of the "bir ovozdan rozilik " on the Senate Resolution in support of Himoya chekkasi operatsiyasi, a military operation Israel launched on July 8, 2014.^[253] Sanders said that Israel must have a right to live in peace and security.^[254] He compared himself to the first Israeli Prime Minister, Devid Ben-Gurion.^[254]

When asked about the Palestinian situation, Sanders consistently said that the Palestinians have a right to a state, while Israel has a right to security.^[255] A statement published on his Senate website read in part: "Sanders believes the Israeli attacks that killed hundreds of innocent people – including many women and children – in bombings of civilian neighborhoods and UN controlled schools, hospitals, and refugee camps were disproportionate, and the widespread killing of civilians is completely unacceptable. Israel's actions took an enormous human toll, and appeared to strengthen support for Hamas and may well be sowing the seeds for even more hatred, war and destruction in future years."^[256]

Nazorat

Sanders was critical of U.S. government global surveillance siyosatlar. U qarshi ovoz berdi AQSh PATRIOT qonuni and all of its renewals and the AQSh erkinlik to'g'risidagi qonun and has characterized the Milliy xavfsizlik agentligi sifatida "nazoratdan tashqarida". He frequently criticized telefonni telefon orqali tinglash va Amerika fuqarolarining telefon, elektron pochta, kutubxona va Internet-varaqlarini ro'yxatdan o'tkazish tartibini holda yig'ish:^[257]

Mening fikrimcha, NSA boshqaruvdan tashqarida va an konstitutsiyaga zid uslubi. "Men bu masala haqida gapirmayman, bu kitobni o'qimayman yoki bu g'oyani o'rganmayman, chunki kimdir meni terrorchi deb o'ylashi mumkin" deb o'ylaydigan jamiyatda o'sayotgan bolalar haqida juda xavotirdaman. Bu bizning bolalarimiz uchun xohlagan erkin jamiyat emas.^[258]

Iroq

Sanders strongly opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq and voted against the 2002 qaror authorizing the use of force against Iraq. In a 2002 speech, he said, "I am opposed to giving the President a blank check to launch a unilateral invasion and occupation of Iraq" and "I will vote against this resolution. One, I have not heard any estimates of how many young American men and women might die in such a war or how many tens of thousands of women and children in Iraq might also be killed. As a caring Nation, we should do everything we can to prevent the horrible suffering that a war will cause. War must be the last recourse in international relations, not the first. Second, I am deeply concerned about the precedent that a unilateral invasion of Iraq could establish in terms of international law and the role of the United Nations."^[259]

Sanders called the Iroq va Suriya Islomiy davlati (ISIS) "a barbaric organization" and "a growing threat", but did not believe that the U.S. should lead the fight against it, saying, "the United States should be supportive, along with other countries, but we cannot and we should not be involved in perpetual warfare in the Middle East—the Musulmon davlatlari themselves must lead the effort".^[260]

Ta'lim

Erta bolalik

Drawing figures from an OECD report that ranks the U.S. 33rd out of 36 nations in reading literacy, 27th in mathematical literacy, 22nd in science literacy, and 18th overall in secondary education, Sanders said, "In a society with our resources, it is unconscionable to that we do not properly invest in our children from the very first stages of their lives". U olti haftalik barcha bolalarga bolalar bog'chasi orqali bolalarni parvarish qilish va erta ta'lim berish bo'yicha qonunchilikni joriy etdi. Sanders said "the Foundations for Success Act would provide preschool children with a full range of services, leading to success in school and critical support for hard-pressed families nationwide."^{[238][239][261]}

Talabalar uchun kreditlar

Sanders was an advocate of making college more affordable. He spoke out against the high interest rates on federal student loans, noting that in the next ten years, the federal government will profit by as much as $127 billion from them. He also criticized President Obama for signing legislation that temporarily froze student loan interest rates in exchange for allowing the rates to reach historic highs over the next two years. Sanders believed tax reform was the solution, and developed a plan to bring matching grants from the federal and state governments to cut tuition at public universities by more than half. He criticized both Republicans and Democrats for failing to institute reforms that will stop predatory lending practices in the student loan market.^[262]

O'qisiz davlat universitetlari

Sanders was in favor of public funding for college students. He believed that "we live in a highly competitive global economy and, if our economy is to be strong, we need the best-educated work force in the world." He further maintained that many developed nations in Western Europe have long taken this approach to higher education. Sanders expected his plan to meet strong opposition from the Republican Party, but said it was ultimately "the American people" who would determine its failure or success.^[263]

On May 19, 2015, Sanders introduced the College for All Act (S.1373), which would have used a Robin Gud solig'i Qabul qilish standartlariga javob beradigan talabalar uchun to'rt yillik davlat kollejlari va universitetlarida o'qishni moliyalashtirish uchun har bir "100 dollarlik birja savdolarida" 50 sent.^{[264][265][266]} In addition, the Robin Hood tax would have included a .5% speculation fee to be charged on investment houses, hedge funds, and other stock trades, while a .1% fee would be charged on bonds, and a .005% fee on derivatives.^[267]

Madaniy xilma-xillik

Irqiy adolat

Sanders was a civil rights organizer at the Chikago universiteti in the 1960s, and has a 100% rating from the NAACP uning fuqarolik huquqlari bo'yicha ovoz berish yozuvlari uchun. In 1988, Sanders worked for Jessi Jekson "s prezidentlik kampaniyasi saying: "Jesse Jackson uniquely and alone has shown the courage to tackle the most important and basic issues facing working class Americans, poor people, elderly people, environmentalists, peace activists, women, and America's minorities."^[268]

As part of his 2016 presidential platform, Sanders called for an end to “the four central types of violence waged against black and brown Americans: physical, political, legal and economic.”^[269][270] Speaking on these issues, Sanders said:

It is an obscenity that we stigmatize so many young Americans with a criminal record for smoking marijuana, but not one major Wall Street executive has been prosecuted for causing the near collapse of our entire economy. This must change. We must address the lingering unjust stereotypes that lead to the labeling of black youths as "thugs." We know the truth that, like every community in this country, the vast majority of people of color are trying to work hard, play by the rules and raise their children. It’s time to stop demonizing minority communities.

Immigratsiya

In 2007, Sanders helped kill a bill introducing comprehensive immigration reform, arguing that its guest-worker program would depress wages for American workers.^[271] Sanders voted for the comprehensive immigration reform bill in 2013,^[272] saying, "It does not make a lot of sense to me to bring hundreds of thousands of [foreign] workers into this country to work for minimum wage and compete with American kids." Sanders opposed guest worker programs^[273] and was also skeptical about skilled immigrant (H-1B ) visas, saying, "Last year, the top 10 employers of H-1B guest workers were all offshore outsourcing companies. These firms are responsible for shipping large numbers of American information technology jobs to India and other countries."^[274] He believes a path to citizenship should be created for new immigrants.^[275] During the campaign, Sanders expressed opposition to "ochiq chegaralar ", telling Vox's Ezra Klein that it was a "Koch birodarlar proposal".^[276]

LGBT huquqlari

Sanders has supported full equality for gay Americans since at least 1972.^[277]

Sanders long supported LGBT huquqlari, qarshi ovoz berish 1996 Defense of Marriage Act when he was in the House of Representatives, and his home state of Vermont was the first to legalize same-sex unions in 2000, and gay marriage in 2009, both of which Sanders actively supported.^[278] Keyingi Oliy sud hukmronlik qilish Obergefell va Xodjes in June 2015, Sanders said: "For far too long our justice system has marginalized the gay community, and I am very glad the court caught up to the American people."^[278]

Jinoyat

Qurol bilan zo'ravonlik

Sanders speaking at a rally in Vallexo, Kaliforniya, 2016 yil may

Sanders supports banning semi-automatic weapons and closing a loophole that allows buyers to skirt regulations when making a purchase at a gun show. He is also in favor of instant background checks for gun owners,^[279] although he previously opposed the Brady akti, which provided for federal background checks.^[280]

In the House of Representatives, Sanders voted for the 2005 Qurol-yarog 'qonuniy savdoni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun.^[281] Gapirish CNN "s Jeyk Tapper kuni Ittifoq davlati, Sanders said, "If somebody has a gun and it falls into the hands of a murderer and the murderer kills somebody with a gun, do you hold the gun manufacturer responsible? Not any more than you would hold a hammer company responsible if somebody beats somebody over the head with a hammer." Sanders has said, "we have millions of people who are gun owners in this country—99.9% of those people obey the law. I want to see real, serious debate and action on guns, but it is not going to take place if we simply have extreme positions on both sides. I think I can bring us to the middle."^[279] Sanders also dismissed the idea that gun control measures could have prevented the massacre at Sandy Hook Elementary School, saying "if you passed the strongest gun control legislation tomorrow, I don't think it will have a profound effect on the tragedies we have seen."^[280]

Adolatni isloh qilish

Sanders has called for reforms to sentencing guidelines, drug policy, and use of force policies within police departments. Odamlar ko'proq ekanligini ta'kidlab AQShda qamoqda soliq to'lovchilar uchun yillik xarajatlari dunyodagi har qanday davlatga qaraganda 70 milliard dollarni tashkil etadi, Sanders bu pulni ta'lim va ish joylariga sarflash yaxshiroq bo'lishini ta'kidlamoqda. U qarshi chiqdi politsiya shafqatsizligi and the uneven rates of arrest of African-Americans and other minorities, saying: "From Ferguson to Baltimore and across this nation, too many African-Americans and other minorities find themselves subjected to a system that treats citizens who have not committed crimes as if they were criminals and that is unacceptable."^[282] Afroamerikalikning hibsga olinishi tasvirlangan kadrlar chiqarilgandan so'ng Sandra Bland for a minor traffic violation, Sanders strongly condemned the “totally outrageous police behavior” shown in the video, stating that: “This video highlights once again why we need real police reform. People should not die for a minor traffic infraction. This type of police abuse has become an all-too-common occurrence for people of color and it must stop."^[283] Gapirish Xalq bilan yuzlash on December 27, Sanders said that “[t]he way [Sandra Bland] was yanked out of that car and the way she was treated by that police officer is not something I think would have happened to the average middle class white woman”.^[51]

Sanders ham qarshi chiqdi privatization of prisons throughout the United States, bildirgan:

Amerika bo'ylab qamoqxonalarni xususiylashtirganimiz axloqiy jihatdan jirkanch va milliy fojia. Mening fikrimcha, korporatsiyalarga ko'proq qamoqxonalar qurish va ko'proq amerikaliklarni panjara ortida saqlash orqali foyda olishga yo'l qo'yilmasligi kerak. Biz Amerikadagi shaxsiy daromad uchun qamoqxona reketini tugatishimiz kerak!

— Remarks by Senator Sanders to the National Urban League (July 2015).^[284]

2015 yil 17 sentyabrda Sanders "Adolat sotilmaydi" qonuni,^[285] which prohibits the United States government at federal, state and local levels from contracting with private firms to provide and/or operate detention facilities within two years. He noted that "We cannot fix our criminal justice system if corporations are allowed to profit from mass incarceration."^[286][287]

O'lim jazosi

Sanders has been a strong opponent of the o'lim jazosi uning siyosiy faoliyati davomida.^[288]

Marixuanani qonuniylashtirish

On October 28, 2015, Sanders expressed his support for the federal marixuanani qonuniylashtirish by way of its removal from the Boshqariladigan moddalar to'g'risidagi qonun, removing it from the list of dangerous substances outlawed by the federal government. This would clear the way for it to be fully legalized at the state level unimpeded by the federal government. Sanders is also in favor of the regulated sale and taxation of marijuana at the state level in a similar manner to alcohol and tobacco.^[289]

Tavsiyalar

Shuningdek qarang

• Bizning inqilobimiz
• Yangi Kongress
• Adolat demokratlari
• Berni Sanders-2020 prezidentlik saylovoldi tashviqoti

Adabiyotlar

Sahifa matni. ‹Ref›Barchaga Medicare, qo'shimcha matn. ‹/ref› Sahifa matni. ‹ref›[1]^{[doimiy o'lik havola ]}, qo'shimcha matn. ‹/ref›

Tashqi havolalar

• Rasmiy veb-sayt
• Biografiya da Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressining biografik ma'lumotnomasi
• Profil da Smart ovoz bering
• Moliyaviy ma'lumot (federal ofis) da Federal saylov komissiyasi
• Qonunchilik homiysi da Kongress kutubxonasi
• Berni Sanders (Video 59:43; C-SPAN; 2015 yil 9 mart; Milliy press-klub).
• Berni Sanders Ozodlik Universitetida Savol-javob bilan, 2015 yil 14 sentyabr