Buyuk Britaniyaning Leyboristlar partiyasidagi antisemitizm - Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party

Ushbu maqola bo'lishi kerak yangilangan. Iltimos, ushbu maqolani so'nggi voqealarni yoki yangi mavjud ma'lumotlarni aks ettirish uchun yangilang. (Oktyabr 2020)

Qismi bir qator kuni
Antisemitizm
Qismi Yahudiylar tarixi va Kamsitish
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Ta'riflar Uch Ds Antisemitizmning ish ta'rifi
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Antisemitik konservalar Qonni tuhmat qilish Madaniy marksizm Deitsid Dreyfus ishi Moliya nazorati Franklin bashorati Xostni tahqirlash Yahudiylarning qabulxonasi Judensau Judeo-bolshevizm Okydokomuna Yahudo-masonizm Kosher solig'i Ommaviy axborot vositalarini boshqarish Ildizsiz kosmopolit Shifokorlarning fitnasi Slanskiy sudi Orqaga tashlangan afsona Quduqdan zaharlanish ZOG fitnasi
Antisemitik nashrlar Tanqid madaniyati Etnik tozalash La France juive Ovchi (Uilyam Lyuter Pirs) Xalqaro yahudiy Mein Kampf Yahudiylar va ularning yolg'onlari to'g'risida Bizning irqimiz dunyo bo'ylab tortishuvsiz hukmronlik qiladi Sion oqsoqollarining bayonnomalari Yashirin munosabatlar Qora va yahudiylar o'rtasida Turner kundaliklari Tsveytlar Buch
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Quvg'in Qora o'lim ta'qiblari Boykotlar Chetlatishlar Bosh buyruq № 11 Evropadagi gettolar Holokost Yahudiy shlyapasi Yahudiy kvotasi Judensau Yahudiylikda shahidlik Nürnberg qonunlari Pogromlar Ajratish Ispaniya inkvizitsiyasi Sariq nishon
Qarama-qarshilik Tuhmatga qarshi liga Antisemitizmga qarshi kampaniya Jamiyat xavfsizligiga ishonch Asosiy huquqlar agentligi Filosemitizm Simon Wiesenthal markazi Janubiy qashshoqlik huquqi markazi Stiven Rot instituti Antisemitizmga qarshi Shvetsiya qo'mitasi Sovet yahudiylari kengashlari ittifoqi UN Watch Wiener kutubxonasi Antisemitizmning ish ta'rifi Yad Vashem
Turkum

Da'volari antisemitizm ichida Mehnat partiyasi Buyuk Britaniyaning (Buyuk Britaniyaning) ishlab chiqarilishi shu vaqtdan beri amalga oshirilmoqda Jeremi Korbin 2015 yil sentyabr oyida partiya rahbari etib saylangan. Izohlardan so'ng Naz Shoh 2014 yilda va Ken Livingstone 2016 yilda tergov o'tkazilguncha ularning a'zolikdan to'xtatilishiga olib keldi, Korbin Chakrabarti bo'yicha so'rov, partiyani "antisemitizm yoki irqchilikning boshqa shakllari bosib olmagan" degan xulosaga keldi, garchi "vaqti-vaqti bilan toksik atmosfera" va "johil munosabatlarning aniq dalillari" mavjud edi.^[1][2] The Uy ishlari bo'yicha qo'mitani tanlang parlament surishtiruv o'tkazdi Buyuk Britaniyada antisemitizm o'sha yili va "Leyboristlar partiyasida antisemitik munosabatlarning tarqalishi boshqa siyosiy partiyalarga qaraganda yuqori ekanligi haqidagi tushunchani tasdiqlovchi ishonchli, empirik dalillarni topa olmadi", ammo rahbariyatning harakatsizligi "da'volarga qarz berish kuchini keltirib chiqaradi Leyboristlar harakati institutsional ravishda antisemitik ".^[3]

2017 yilda Leyboristlar partiyasining qoidalari o'zgartirildi nafrat nutqi shu jumladan antisemitizm, intizomiy masala. 2018 yilda Corbyn 2012 yilda olib tashlanganligi to'g'risida so'rov o'tkazgan Insoniyat uchun erkinlik, go'yo antisemitik devor, rassomning Facebook-dagi postiga javoban,^[4][5] va antisemitik postlarni o'z ichiga olgan, asosan Falastinni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi Facebook guruhlarining a'zosi bo'lganligi uchun. O'sha yilning iyulida Leyboristlar Milliy Ijroiya Qo'mitasi (NEC) intizomiy maqsadlar uchun antisemitizm ta'rifini qabul qildi Xalqaro Holokostni xotirlash alyansi (IHRA) Ish ta'rifi, Isroilni tanqid qilish antisemitizmga qanday o'tishi mumkinligi haqida o'zgartirilgan misollar bilan.^[6][7][8][9] O'sha yilning sentyabr oyida NEC antisemitizm ta'rifiga IHRA-ning barcha 11 ta misollarini qo'shimchalarsiz qo'shdi va ularni Partiyaning odob-axloq qoidalariga kiritdi.^[10]

2019 yil fevral va iyul oylarida Leyboristlar shaxslarga qarshi antisemitizmga oid shikoyatlar bo'yicha tekshiruvlar to'g'risida ma'lumot berdi, 350 ga yaqin a'zo iste'foga chiqarildi, chiqarib yuborildi yoki rasmiy ogohlantirish oldi. Shuningdek, 2019 yil fevral oyida to'qqiz deputat Leyboristlarning chap siyosiy yo'nalishini va uning antisemitizm va Brexit - keyinchalik ularning aksariyati shakllandi Mustaqil guruh.^{[11][12][13][14]}

2019 yil may oyida Tenglik va inson huquqlari bo'yicha komissiya (EHRC) Leyboristlar "odamlarni yahudiy bo'lganliklari sababli noqonuniy ravishda kamsitganliklari, ta'qib qilganlari yoki jabrlanganlari" bo'yicha surishtiruv e'lon qildi. 2020 yil aprel oyida an 860 betlik hisobot partiyaning antisemitizm bilan ishlashida antisemitizmga oid shikoyatlarga shikoyatning boshqa shakllaridan farqli o'laroq munosabatda bo'lganligi yoki hozirgi yoki sobiq xodimlarning "antisemitik niyat bilan qo'zg'atilganligi" to'g'risida "hech qanday dalil yo'q" degan xulosaga kelishdi.^[15] 2020 yil oktyabr oyida EHRC o'z hisobotini e'lon qildi va partiyani "ta'qib qilish va kamsitishning noqonuniy harakatlari uchun javobgar" deb topdi. EHRC rahbar idorasi xodimlari va boshqalar tomonidan siyosiy aralashuvning 23 ta holati bo'lganligini va Leyboristlar ikki holatda tenglik to'g'risidagi qonunni buzganligini aniqladilar.^[16][17] Korbin Leyboristlar partiyasidan chetlashtirildi va 2020 yil 29 oktyabrda "leyboristlar ichidagi antisemitizm ko'lami muxoliflar tomonidan haddan tashqari oshirib yuborilganligi haqidagi gaplarini" qaytarib ololmagani uchun "partiyadagi qamchi olib tashlandi.^[18]

20-asr

Ikkinchi Boer urushi va "yahudiy moliya"

XIX asr oxirida antisemitizm butun Britaniya jamiyatida keng tarqalgan edi va bu siyosiy partiyalarda, shu jumladan o'z aksini topgan Liberallar va ishchilar harakati.^[19] Davomida Ikkinchi Boer urushi (1899-1902), urushga qarshi bo'lgan ishchilar buni tasdiqladilar Yahudiy oltin qazib olish operatorlari va moliyachilar Leyboristlar etakchisi bilan uning harakatlantiruvchi kuchi bo'lgan Keyr Xardi yahudiylarning moliyaviy uylari urushni targ'ib qiluvchi maxfiy "imperialist" kabalaning bir qismi ekanligini ta'kidlab.^[20] Judd va Surrijning so'zlariga ko'ra Boer urushi: tarix, Mustaqil Mehnat partiyasi va Kasaba uyushma qurultoyi barchasi "yahudiy kapitalistlarini" "urush va umuman imperializm ortida" deb ayblashdi.^[21]

Yahudiylarning immigratsiyasi va Balfur deklaratsiyasi

1880 yildan 1921 yilgacha Britaniyaning Angliya-yahudiylar jamoasi dan immigratsiya tufayli 80000 dan 317000 gacha to'rt baravar o'sdi Sharqiy Evropa va keladigan aholining yuqori tug'ilish darajasi.^[22] 20-asr davomida ingliz yahudiylari odatda qo'llab-quvvatladilar mehnat harakati. Buyuk Britaniyaning qo'li Poale Sion, deb nomlangan yahudiy ishchilar harakati Poale Sion (Buyuk Britaniya), keyinroq Yahudiylarning ishchi harakati, 1920 yilda Leyboristlar partiyasiga bog'liq.^[a] Ko'plab taniqli Leyboristlar rahbarlari maqsadlariga yaqin edi Mehnat sionizmi, ammo dastlab yahudiylarning immigratsiyasi yo'lidagi to'siqlarni bartaraf etish uchun parlamentni qo'llab-quvvatlashini istamas edi Falastin, partiyaning an antiimperialistik siyosat. 1920 yilda ular ikkalasini ham malakasiz qo'llab-quvvatladilar Balfur deklaratsiyasi va inglizlar Falastin uchun mandat.^[24] Rivojlangan asosiy printsiplar (a) tanlab olingan immigratsiya orqali yahudiylar vatanining bosqichma-bosqich o'sishi; (b) a shakllanishi ikki tomonlama jamiyat va (c) sionizmni tanqid qilish bo'lginchilarning kun tartibi.^[25]

Isroilni qo'llab-quvvatlash

Odatda, yahudiylarning davlat qurilishidagi sionist leyboristlar sotsializmi va umuman O'rta Sharqda rivojlanishga olib keladi degan umidda Isroilni ishchilarni qo'llab-quvvatlash davom etdi. Ernest Bevin, Britaniya Tashqi ishlar vaziri 1945 yildan 1951 yilgacha sionistik maqsadlarga tanqidiy munosabatda bo'lgan; u yahudiylarning Evropaga ko'chib o'tishiga ishonch hosil qilish kerakligini ta'kidladi va amerikaliklar yahudiylarning Falastinga ko'chishini qo'llab-quvvatladilar, chunki "ular Nyu-Yorkda yahudiylarning ko'p bo'lishini istamadilar". Bevin, shuningdek, yahudiylar va moliya, shuningdek, kommunizm o'rtasida antisemitik konservalarni ham aytdi. Bu uning siyosiy qarorlariga ta'sir qilganligi to'g'risida hech qanday dalil yo'q.^[26][b]

Falastinga nisbatan xayrixohlik kuchaymoqda

Aberistvit universiteti Jeyms R. Vonning ta'kidlashicha, radikalning paydo bo'lishi anti-sionizm Leyboristlar partiyasida 1969 yilga kelib O'rta Sharq Mehnat Kengashining tashkil etilishi bilan boshlangan Kristofer Mayyu.^[28][c] Deyv Boy Meyxyu Leyboristlar partiyasining "isroilparast" pozitsiyasini o'zgartirish maqsadida kengashni asos solgan degan fikrga qo'shildi^[30] va Falastinni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi faollarning ta'sir doirasiga ishora qilmoqda Yosh liberallar.^[31]

1980-yillarga kelib, saylov bilan Menaxem boshlanadi "s Likud partiya, paydo bo'lishi masihiy millatchilik, neo-liberal iqtisodiy islohotlar, G'arbiy Sohilni bosib olish va G'azo sektori va ning pasayishi Isroil Mehnat partiyasi, Isroilda sotsializm pasayib ketdi. Ushbu omillar Falastinning davlatchilikka bo'lgan intilishlariga hamdardlik kuchayib borishi bilan bir vaqtda, Isroilni leyboristlar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanishning pasayishiga yordam berdi.^[32] Iyun Edmundsning so'zlariga ko'ra, sotsiologiya o'qituvchisi Sasseks universiteti, partiya rahbariyati dastlab Isroilni qo'llab-quvvatladilar, ammo 1980-yillarning boshlarida Falastinni qo'llab-quvvatlashga o'tdilar, ammo a'zolik bunday qilmadi; Keyinchalik bu siljishdagi muammolar oxir-oqibat ikkala tomonning muvozanatli qarashiga va a-ni keng qo'llab-quvvatlashga olib keldi ikki holatli echim.^[33] Edmunds falastinliklarning mo''tadil murojaatlariga, Isroil siyosatida o'ng tomonga keskin burilishga va chap tomonda mustamlakachilikka qarshi siyosatning kuchayishiga Falastinning intilishlari tomon burilishini ta'kidlaydi.^[33]

Richard Seymur 2018 yilda yozishicha, "1982 yildan buyon Britaniya chap tomonida Falastin huquqlari tobora ko'payib bormoqda Sabra va Shatila qirg'ini "^[34] qachon "Britaniya kasaba uyushma harakati va Leyboristlar partiyasi bunga javoban Isroil bilan uzila boshlagan".^[35] Falastin bo'yicha Mehnat qo'mitasi 1982 yil iyun oyida ikki davlatli qarorni qo'llab-quvvatlagan Ishchi Yaqin Sharq Kengashiga qarshi chiqish va "sionistik davlatni irqchi, eksklyuzivist, ekspansionist va imperializmning bevosita agentligi sifatida" qarshi chiqish uchun tuzilgan. Mehnat siyosatchilari Ken Livingstone ning Buyuk London kengashi va Ted Nayt ning Lambet London Borough kengashi dastlabki tarafdorlar edi; kafedra Britaniyaning anti-sionistik tashkiloti (BAZO) faoli Toni Grinshteyn edi.^[36] Yangi qo'mita 1982 yildagi qarorni qo'llab-quvvatladi Mehnat partiyasi konferentsiyasi tan olish Falastinni ozod qilish tashkiloti (Falastin Falastini) Konferentsiyada o'tgan "Falastin xalqining yagona qonuniy vakili" sifatida, partiya rahbariyatini "sharmanda qildi".^[37]

Antisemitik munosabat 80-yillarda Leyboristlar partiyasida kamdan-kam uchragan deyishadi.^[38][39] 2012 yilgi kitobida, Britaniyalik chap va sionizm: ajralish tarixi, Manchester universiteti Pol Kelemen Leyboristlarning qarashlarini Isroilning tobora o'ng tomonga burilayotgan siyosatiga va chap tomonning muxolifatga qarshi tomonga siljishini ta'kidladi. G'arbiy sohil va G'azoni Isroil bosib oldi. U antisemitizmning o'sha davrdagi Isroil Falastin mojarosi haqidagi chap tomonning o'zgaruvchan tasavvurida rol o'ynaganligi to'g'risida hech qanday dalil topmadi.^[40][41] Daniel L. Staetskiy, katta ilmiy xodim Yahudiy siyosatini tadqiq qilish instituti, 2017 yilgi tadqiqotida aytib o'tilgan Hozirgi Buyuk Britaniyadagi antisemitizm: yahudiylar va Isroilga munosabatlarni o'rganish 1980-yillarda siyosiy chap qismlar Falastinni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi va anti-Isroil pozitsiyalarini egallab, Leyboristlar partiyasida antisemitizm ayblovlariga duch kelishdi.^[42] U anti-Isroil pozitsiyalari odatda antisemitizm bilan bog'liq emasligini aniqladi, chunki Isroilni tanqid qilganlarning aksariyati antisemitik munosabatni qo'llab-quvvatlamadilar.^[43] va chapdagi antisemitizm umumiy aholidan yuqori emas edi.^[44]

Yahudiylarning ovoz berish niyatlari

1980-yillarda yahudiy aholisining aksariyati qo'llab-quvvatladilar Margaret Tetcher, ayniqsa o'z o'rindig'ida Finchli.^[45] Toni Bler va Gordon Braun ikkalasining ham homiylari edilar Yahudiy milliy jamg'armasi va a'zolari Isroilning mehnat do'stlari va ko'plab yahudiy saylovchilari 1990 yillarning oxiriga kelib Leyboristlarga qaytib kelishdi Yangi mehnat, ovoz berish natijalariga ko'ra yahudiylar mehnat va mehnat o'rtasida teng ravishda bo'linganligini ko'rsatmoqda Konservatorlar,^[45] 2010 yilda ham shunday bo'lib qoldi,^[46] Leyboristlar yahudiylarning birinchi rahbarini saylaganlarida, Ed Miliband birodarini tor-mor keltirgan, Devid Miliband.

2000–2015

Sinovdan o'tgan saylov plakatlari

Ga qadar 2005 yil Birlashgan Qirollikning umumiy saylovi, Mehnat partiyasi, ostida Toni Bler, sinovdan o'tgan plakatlar ^[47] qaysi TBWA, Leyboristlarning reklama agentligi, keyinchalik Kampaniya direktoridan kelib chiqqanligini aytdi Alastair Kempbell.^[48] Ulardan birida Konservativ partiya rahbarining yuzlari tasvirlangan Maykl Xovard^[d] va soya kansleri Oliver Letvin, yahudiy bo'lganlar, uchadigan cho'chqalar ustiga joylashtirilgan. Shiori "Bir kunlik yig'ilishlar kuni" edi va plakat bu rasmni aks ettirdi adynaton, cho'chqalar uchib ketganda, hech qachon bo'lmaydigan narsa uchun ishlatiladi.^[50][51][e] Ikkinchi plakat Maykl Xovardning zanjirida cho'ntak soatini silkitib, "Men bir xil pulni ikki marta sarflashim mumkin!" sahnadan ma'lum darajada dalolat beradi gipnoz, bu erda mavzu yolg'onni qabul qilishga ishontiriladi takliflar haqiqat kabi. Konservativ orqaga qaytish Ann Widdecombe otasi Ruminiyada tug'ilgan Xovardning imidj muammosi borligi, "u haqida biron bir narsa" borligini taxmin qilgan edi. Leyboristlar strategiyasi bundan keyin Xovardni a sifatida tasvirlab, sakrab tushdi Drakula gipnoz soatini silkitadigan raqam.^[53] Poz tomonidan aytilgan Yahudiylarning xronikasi xayoliy yahudiy, jinoyatchini, masalan, pul beruvchini eslatish, Shilok, Shekspirdan Venetsiya savdogari va usta cho'ntak, Fagin, Dikkensdan Oliver Tvist.^[54] Afishalar ishlatilmadi va Labor har qanday antisemitik niyatni rad etdi.^[55][56] Ular ba'zi yahudiy guruhlarining noroziligiga sabab bo'ldilar, ammo Britaniya yahudiylarining deputatlar kengashi masalani ko'tarishdan bosh tortdi.^[47]

Isroil lobbisidan tashvish

2003 yilda Leyboristlar deputati Tam Deyliell ga ishora qilib, da'vo qilgan Qo'shma Shtatlardagi Isroil lobbisi, "Qo'shma Shtatlarda yahudiylarning ta'siri juda ko'p" va "yahudiy maslahatchilari kabineti" Amerika va Angliya siyosatini Iroqqa yo'naltirganligini ta'kidlab, Prezident Jorj Bushning etti qirg'iy maslahatchisidan oltitasi yahudiy edi, ga yaqin Ariel Sharon "s Likud va shuningdek, alohida ajratish Maykl Levi, Toni Bler va uning Yaqin Sharqdagi elchisi uchun to'qqiz yil davomida mablag 'yig'ish boshlig'i. Erik Moonman uning yaqin sherigi Dalyellni o'ylamaganligini aytdi Richard Krossman, antisemitik, ammo uning tili ushbu dunyoqarashni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi sifatida qabul qilinishi mumkin.^[57][f]

2010 yilda Leyboristlar deputati Martin Linton ga ishora qilib, dedi Buyuk Britaniyadagi Isroil lobbisi "Bu mamlakatda saylov kampaniyalarini moliyalashtiradigan va o'z maqsadlari uchun Britaniyaning siyosiy tizimiga pul qo'yadigan Isroilning uzoq vaqt davomida tententsiyalari mavjud", deydi uning yahudiy hamkasbi Leyborist deputat. Jerald Kaufman yahudiy millionerlarining Konservativ partiyada katta ulushlari borligini aytdi.^[g] Jamiyat xavfsizligiga ishonch vakili Mark Gardner bunga javoban: "Antisemitizmni tushunadigan har bir kishi, bu tirnoqlarning naqadar xunuk va e'tirozli ekanligini, yahudiylarning nazorati va pul kuchi tasvirlari bilan tan oladi" deb javob berdi.^[57][59] 2015 yilda Kaufman "yahudiylarning pullari, yahudiylarning xayr-ehsonlari Konservativ partiya ... [va] ning qo'llab-quvvatlashi Yahudiylarning xronikasi "hukumat nima qilsa ham, Isroilni qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan konservativ deputatlarning katta guruhiga olib keldi". Isroilning konservativ do'stlari; Korbin o'sha paytda Kaufmanning so'zlarini "umuman qabul qilinishi mumkin emas" deb qoralagan.^[60]

2010 yilda, Ed Miliband Leyboristlarning yahudiylarning birinchi rahbariga aylandi.^[61][62] 2014 yil avgust oyida Miliband ta'rif bergani uchun yahudiy donorlari va tarafdorlari tomonidan tanqid qilindi Isroilning 2014 yil yozida G'azoga kirib kelishi sifatida "noto'g'ri va asossiz".^[63][h] Yahudiylarning Leyboristlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashi 15 foizga tushdi 2015 yil may oyidagi umumiy saylovlar, konservatorlar uchun 64% bilan solishtirganda.^[65]

Livingstone sharhlari

2005 yilda Livingstone so'raganidan keyin antisemitizmda ayblangan Kechki standart muxbir Oliver Finegold, agar u "nemis harbiy jinoyatchisi" bo'lgan bo'lsa. Muxbir uning yahudiy ekanligini aytganda, Livingstone u "xuddi kontsentratsion lager qorovuliga o'xshaydi, siz shunchaki pul to'laganingiz uchun shunday qilyapsiz, shunday emasmi?" va u (Finegold) da "fashizmni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi ... reaktsion mutaassiblar" uchun ishlagan deb ta'kidladi Daily Mail. The Kechki standart o'shanda opaning singlisi bo'lgan Pochta30-yillarda fashizmni qo'llab-quvvatlagan.^[66][67][68]

Corbynning orqa o'rindagi rekordi

Jeremi Korbin ning homiysi Falastin birdamlik kampaniyasi^[69] va 32 yil davomida yordamchi sifatida Falastin huquqlari uchun keng miqyosda kurash olib borgan.^[70] 2015 yil avgust oyida, Corbyn paydo bo'ldi oldingi yuguruvchi sifatida ichida Leyboristlar partiyasiga rahbarlik saylovi, Yahudiylarning xronikasi o'zining birinchi sahifasini Korbinning "Holokostni rad etganlar, terrorchilar va ba'zi aniq antisemitlar" deb ta'riflagan birlashmalariga oid etti savolga bag'ishladi, ammo Korbin Yaqin Sharqda tinchlikni izlashda ular bilan uchrashganligini aytdi.^[71] Bular orasida uning Islomiy tashkilotlar bilan aloqalari ham bor edi Hizbulloh va HAMAS, Korbin "do'stlar" deb atagan tashkilotlar (garchi u ularning fikriga qo'shilmasligini aytgan bo'lsa ham);^[72] va Chronicle antisemitik bannerlar va plakatlarda Londonda "hukmronlik qilgan" deb ta'riflaganiga qarshi chiqmaganligi Quds kuni tashkilot tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan mitinglar, Urush koalitsiyasini to'xtatish 2011 yildan 2015 yilgacha Corbyn milliy kafedra edi.^[73] "Bilan bog'liq savollardan ikkitasiDayr Yassin 1948 yilda tashkil etilgan 100 dan ortiq falastinlik qishloq aholisining qatliomini yodga oladigan va eslagan "tashkiloti Holokostni rad qiluvchi Pol Eyzen.^{[74][75][76][77]} 2013 yilgacha, Jeremi Korbin va yahudiy leyborist deputati Jerald Kaufman^[78] guruhning yillik tadbirlarining "ikki yoki uchtasida" qatnashgan. Korbinning ta'kidlashicha, bu Eyzen o'zining fikrlarini jamoatchilikka ma'lum qilishidan oldin sodir bo'lgan va agar u bilganida u bilan bog'lanmagan bo'lar edi.^[79] Ma'lum qilinishicha, Eyzenning qarashlari 2005 yilda ma'lum bo'lgan va u 2008 yilda o'z veb-saytida "Mening hayotim Holokostni rad etuvchi" deb nomlangan insho yozgan.^[76][80][81]

Leyboristlar partiyasidan deputat Diane Abbott, Korbinni tanqid qiluvchilarni "Vestminster elitasi" ning bir qismi deb atab, uni himoya qildi tejamkorlikka qarshi kun tartibi.^[82] 47 taniqli yahudiy faollari, shu jumladan Lorens Dreyfus, Selma Jeyms, Miriam Margolyes, Ilan Pappe, Maykl Rozen va Avi Shlaim tanqid qilgan maktubni imzolaganlar Yahudiylarning xronikasi'Corbynning antisemitlar bilan bog'liqligi to'g'risida xabar berish.^[83]

2016

Shoh, Livingstone va Uokerning sharhlari

2016 yil aprel oyida, bu Leyboristlar deputati ekanligi aniqlangandan keyin Naz Shoh davomida edi 2014 yil Isroil - G'azo mojarosi va u deputat bo'lishidan oldin, AQShga qo'shilgan Isroilning grafigini "Qaroringiz uchun" yozuvi bilan bo'lishdi Isroil-Falastin to'qnashuvi - Isroilni Qo'shma Shtatlarga ko'chirish "," Muammo hal qilindi "degan izoh qo'shib, u tergov olib borilguncha to'xtatilgan, ammo partiyani obro'sizlantirgani uchun uzr so'rashga rozi bo'lganidan keyin o'z vazifasini tiklagan.^[84][85] 2016 yil may oyiga qadar Leyboristlar partiyasi antisemitik deb da'vo qilinganligi uchun 56 a'zosini ishdan to'xtatdi, tergovni kutishgacha; ular deputatlik guruhining 0,4 foizini, leyboristlar kengashining 0,07 foizini va partiya a'zolarining 0,012 foizini tashkil etdi.^[86] Shoh baham ko'rgan grafikani amerikalik siyosatshunos yaratgan Norman Finkelshteyn, munozarani "odobsiz" deb ta'riflagan. Korbinni buzish uchun mojarodan foydalanayotgani haqida da'vo qilingan Leyboristlar partiyasining o'ng tomonida bo'lganlarga murojaat qilib, Finkelshteyn "Ular nima qilyapti, o'liklarni hurmat qilishmaydimi?" So'radilar ... Bu quritilgan ishchi apparatlar, fashistlarning xolokostini sudrab yurishdi. Ularning hokimiyat va lavozimga intilishlari uchun loydan. Ularda uyat yo'qmi? "^[87]

Londonning sobiq meri Ken Livingstone Shohni himoya qildi va leyboristlar a'zolaridan antisemitik izohlarni hech qachon eshitmaganligini aytdi. Livstonstoun: "Gitler 1932 yilda saylovda g'alaba qozonganida, yahudiylarni Isroilga ko'chirish kerak degan siyosat bor edi. U aqldan ozguncha sionizmni qo'llab-quvvatlagan va olti million yahudiyni o'ldirgan."^[88] Bir yilga to'xtatib qo'yilgandan so'ng, 2017 yil aprel oyida Milliy Konstitutsiyaviy qo'mita tomonidan o'tkazilgan tinglovda u sudga zarar etkazuvchi va zararli xatti-harakatlarda aybdor deb topildi va uni lavozimida turish yoki partiyaning istalgan darajadagi vakili sifatida yana bir yilga to'xtatib qo'ydi.^[89] 2018 yil may oyida u partiyani to'xtatib qo'yishi bilan bog'liq masalalar chalg'itishga aylanganini aytib, partiyadan iste'foga chiqdi.^[90] Livingstone o'z bayonotida: "Men Leyboristlar partiyasini obro'sizlantirganim haqidagi da'voni qabul qilmayman - yoki men antisemitizmda aybdor emasman. Antisemitizmdan nafratlanaman, bu bilan butun umrga qarshi kurashganman va shunday qilishda davom etaman" dedi. shunday. "^[91]

2016 yil may oyida rais o'rinbosari Momentum, Jeki Uoker, uni Facebook-da oshirib yuborgan shaxsiy izohlari tufayli partiya tomonidan tekshirildi yahudiylarning Atlantika qul savdosidagi roli. Uokerning so'zlariga ko'ra, uning so'zlari kontekstdan chiqarilgan va tergov yakunlari bo'yicha boshqa choralar ko'rilmagan.^[92] Jon Lansman Momentum kafedrasi uni himoya qildi va ommaviy axborot vositalarini "irqchilikka qarshi kurashga qiziqishi juda tanlangan" linch mob "deb ta'rifladi.^[93] O'sha yilgi partiya konferentsiyasidan so'ng, u erda Walker mashg'ulotda nima uchun so'radi Holokostni xotirlash kuni kabi 1940 yilgacha bo'lgan qirg'inlarni o'z ichiga olmagan Atlantika qul savdosi, u Momentum lavozimidan olib tashlandi, keyin uning boshqaruv qo'mitasida qoldi Manuel Kortes, bosh kotibi TSSA kasaba uyushmasi, aks holda ularning mablag'lari qayta ko'rib chiqilishini aytdi.^[94][95] Lansman Uokerning izohlarini "xabardor bo'lmagan, noto'g'ri hukm qilingan va haqoratli" deb atadi, ammo antisemitik emas.^[93] Partiya tergovni kutib, uni a'zolikdan to'xtatdi.^[96] Uoker "antisemitizmni mutlaqo qoralayotganini", uning so'zlari kontekstdan chiqarilganini va "men hech qachon Shoah. Ko'plab yahudiy o'rtoqlar bilan ishlashda men tez-tez unutilib yoki minimallashtiriladigan boshqa genotsidlar to'g'risida ko'proq ma'lumot olishga intilishni davom ettirmoqdaman. Agar huquqbuzarlik sodir bo'lgan bo'lsa, men bu oxirgi narsani qilishni xohlayman va kechirim so'rayman. "^[97] U 2019 yil mart oyida noto'g'ri xatti-harakati uchun partiyadan chiqarildi.^[98]

Antisemitizm haqida so'rovlar

To'xtatib turilgandan so'ng, Corbyn buyurtma berdi so'rov boshchiligidagi antisemitizm va boshqa irqchilik shakllariga 2016 yil aprel oyida Shami Chakrabarti, advokat va inson huquqlarini himoya qilish guruhining sobiq rahbari Ozodlik. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, u Leyboristlar partiyasiga a'zo bo'lib, uning a'zolari manfaatlari va qadriyatlari qalbida ekanligini ko'rsatmoqda.^[99] So'rovda raisning ikkita o'rinbosari bor edi: Jan Royall, shuningdek, antisemitizm haqidagi da'volarni tekshirgan Oksford universiteti mehnat klubi va Devid Feldman, Direktori Armut Antisemitizmni o'rganish instituti. 2007 yilda Feldman imzolagan edi Mustaqil yahudiy ovozlari, 2016 yil may oyida Leyboristlar ichidagi antisemitizmga oid ba'zi da'volarni "asossiz va bir-biriga mos kelmaydigan" deb ta'riflagan va Chakrabarti ushbu izohdan uzoqlashishini aytgan.^[99]

Iyun oyida tergov "vaqti-vaqti bilan toksik atmosfera" mavjud bo'lsa-da, Laboratoriyada tizimli antisemitizmning "dalillarini" topmaganligini xabar qildi va 20 ta tavsiyanomani berdi, jumladan, haqoratli qoidalarni bekor qilish va intizomiy tartiblarni takomillashtirish.^[35] Javoblar qabul qilishni ham, tanqidni ham o'z ichiga oladi. Yahudiy ishchilar harakati raisi Jeremi Nyukmark: "Bu partiyaning kuchli platformasi ... irqchilik va antisemitizmga qarshi kurashda oltin standartni o'rnatishi kerak" dedi. Jon Mann Antisemitizm bo'yicha barcha partiyalar parlament guruhining raisi, deputat buni "juda muhim" deb atadi. Yahudiylarning etakchilik kengashi va Jamiyat xavfsizligiga ishonch tomonlarini birgalikda kutib oldi.^[100] The Britaniya yahudiylarining deputatlar kengashi dedi: "Ushbu hisobotni amalga oshirish qat'iy va tezkor bo'ladi deb umid qilamiz."^[101] Bosh ravvin Efraim Mirvis shuningdek, "hisobot natijalarini to'liq va shubhasiz amalga oshirishga" chaqirdi.^[102]

Chakrabarti Leyboristlarning yagona nomzodi edi Lordlar palatasi yilda Devid Kemeron 2016 yil avgust Iste'fodagi faxriylar. U sentyabr oyida tengdoshga aylandi va keyingi oy tayinlandi Soya Bosh prokurori. Sharhlovchilar darhol tanqidiy munosabatda bo'lishdi va hisobot "peerage skandali uchun oqartirish" deb ta'riflandi. Britaniya yahudiylarining deputatlar kengashi^{[103][104][105]} Britaniya muallifi esa Xovard Jeykobson surishtiruvni "partiyani antisemitizm bilan ayblayotgan juda oz odam bilan gaplashgan va ularning dalillarini kamroq anglagan" "superfikslarning qisqa va shaffof aralashishi" deb atadi,^[106] va partiyadagi antisemitizm masalalarini ko'targanlarga tengdoshlik nafrat ko'rsatayotganini aytdi.^[107]

2018 yil aprel oyida Chakrabarti ba'zi tavsiyalar bajarilmaganligini qabul qildi va Leyboristlar partiyasining yangi bosh kotibi Jenni Formbi buni ustuvor vazifa deb bilishini aytdi.^[108]

Oksford universiteti mehnat klubidagi antisemitizm haqidagi da'volardan so'ng, surishtiruv boshlandi Mehnat talabalari, Jan Royall tomonidan boshqariladi.^[109] Partiya Milliy Ijroiya Qo'mitasi hisobotni 2016 yil may oyida qabul qildi. Hisobotda "klubning o'zi antisemitizmga qarshi ekanligi to'g'risida hech qanday dalil yo'q" deb topildi, ammo "madaniy muammo" mavjud edi (antisemitik) "ilgari toqat qilib bo'lmaydigan xatti-harakatlar va til. endi toqat qilayapman ".^[110]

Oktyabr oyida Jamiyat palatasi Uy ishlari bo'yicha qo'mitani tanlang surishtiruv o'tkazdi Buyuk Britaniyada antisemitizm.^[3] Qo'mita "Leyboristlar partiyasida antisemitik munosabatlarning tarqalishi boshqa partiyalarga nisbatan yuqori ekanligi haqidagi tushunchani tasdiqlovchi ishonchli, empirik dalillarni topmadi". Bu Corbynning Leyboristlar deputatlariga qarshi antisemitik hodisalarga munosabati tanqidiy edi va Chakrabarti so'rovini "oxir-oqibat murosaga kelgan" deb ta'rifladi.^[3] Hisobotda, shuningdek, "Leyboristlar partiyasining so'nggi yillarda antisemitizm hodisalari bilan izchil va samarali kurash olib borolmasligi, leyboristlar harakati elementlari institutsional ravishda antisemitizm ekanligi haqidagi da'volarga kuch berish uchun xavf tug'dirishi" aniqlandi.^[111]

Musulmonlarning xurofoti

2016 yil may oyida, Baronessa Rut Deech "juda ko'p sonli leyborist siyosatchilar yahudiylarga qarshi troplarni va isroilliklarga qarshi jinlarni qabul qilishadi, deb o'ylashadi. Britaniya musulmoni ovozlar, jamiyatda mavjud bo'lgan xurofotga qarshi turish o'rniga ".^[112] Xuddi shu oyda Dr. Manfred Gerstenfeld eng ashaddiy antisemitik shafqatsizliklarning hammasi ham mehnatning musulmon vakillari tomonidan qilinmagan bo'lsa-da, ular antisemitik jinoyatchilarning nomutanosib ravishda katta qismini anglatadi. Gerstenfeldning so'zlariga ko'ra, Leyboristlarning antisemitizm bilan bog'liq masalasi "partiya musulmon saylovchilarni jalb qilish uchun orqaga qarab egilganda nima bo'lishini namoyish etadi".^[113]

2017

Umumiy saylovlarda yahudiy okruglari

Davomida 2017 yilgi umumiy saylovlar kampaniyasi, Jeremy Newmark, raisi Yahudiylarning ishchi harakati, "Jeremy Corbyn zamonaviy antisemitizmning mohiyatini uning maqsadli guruhining aksariyati tushunganidek tushunolmaganga o'xshaydi". Leyboristlar deputati Wes Streeting partiyaning antisemitizmga oid yozuvlarini tanqid qilib, "Mening saylov okrugimdagi yahudiy saylovchilarining barchasi umuman Leyboristlar partiyasining bunga qanday munosabatda bo'lishidan juda ta'sirlangan deb o'ylamayman", deb aytdi, ammo Korbin antisemitik ekanligini rad etdi.^[114][115] 2015 yildagi so'rov natijalariga ko'ra siyosatchilarning Isroilga bo'lgan munosabati Britaniyalik to'rt yahudiydan uchtasining ovoziga ta'sir qiladi.^[116][117]

Taxminlarga ko'ra yahudiy saylovchilarining 26 foizi Leyboristlar uchun ovoz bergan.^[118] Saylovlar bo'yicha tahlilchilar prof. Stiven Fisher, prof Rob Ford, prof ser Jon Kurtis va Patrik Ingliz tiliga asoslangan Britaniya umumiy saylovlari 2017 yilgacha Filipp Kovli va Dennis Kavanag Shunga binoan Buyuk Britaniyaning beshta okrugida 2011 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish, aholining 10% dan ko'prog'i yahudiy ekanliklarini aniqlaydilar: Finchley va Golders Green (21.1%), Xendon (17.0%), Hertsmere (14.3%), Hackney North va Stoke Newington (11,3%) va Janubni ko'mish (10,2%), 2017 yilgi umumiy saylovlarda Leyboristlar tomonidan berilgan ovoz ulushi o'rtacha yettita punktga oshdi, bu mamlakat o'rtacha ko'rsatkichidan deyarli uch pog'onaga kamdir. Bunga Hackney North va Stoke Newington shtatlaridagi Leyboristlar uchun o'rtacha darajadan yuqori burilish kiradi.^[119]

Nafrat bilan so'zlash intizomiy javobgarlikni keltirib chiqardi

2017 yilgi Leyboristlar konferentsiyasi paytida yahudiy ishchilar harakati tomonidan taklif qilingan va Jeremi Korbin tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan yangi qoidalar nafrat so'zlari bilan qabul qilindi. Ilgari, partiyaning a'zolari "faqat e'tiqod va fikrlarni bildirganliklari yoki ularni ifoda etganliklari" uchun intizomiy jazoga tortilmasdilar. Yangi qoidalarga ko'ra, antisemitik yoki nafrat nutqining boshqa shakllarini, shu jumladan irqchilik, islomofobiya, seksizm va gomofobiya yoki boshqa "partiyaga zarar etkazuvchi xatti-harakatlar" ni ifoda etganlar intizomiy jazoga tortilishi mumkin.^[120]

Mualliflarning jamoat xati

2017 yil noyabr oyida yahudiy mualliflari Xovard Jeykobson, Simon Shama va Simon Sebag Montefiore ga maktubda The Times "So'nggi bir necha yil ichida Isroil hukumatlarining konstruktiv tanqidlari anti-sionizm deb atalmish libos ostida antisemitizmga yaqinroq narsa bo'lib qolganidan biz xavotirdamiz", dedi "Garchi anti-sionistlar har qanday antisemitik niyatda aybsiz deb da'vo qilsa ham , anti-sionizm tez-tez klassik yahudiylarning nafratlanishini tuhmat qilmoqda "va" Xalqaro yahudiylarning fitnasi va ommaviy axborot vositalarining nazorati sionizmning mustamlakachilik va imperializm bilan yolg'on tenglamalarini qo'llab-quvvatlash va yanglish, xayoliy o'xshashliklarni ilgari surish uchun yana paydo bo'ldi. genotsid va natsizm "deb nomlangan.^[121][122]

2018

Corbynning orqa o'rindagi rekordi

Jeremy Corbyn-ning himoyachilari uning irqchilik va antisemitizmga qarshi chiqish va kampaniya olib borganligini qayd etishdi.^{[123][124][125][126][127][128]} va yahudiylarning kommunal tashabbuslarini qo'llab-quvvatlash.^[129] U 1970-yillarning Milliy frontining yurishiga qarshi namoyish uyushtirdi Yog'och Yashil; ning 80 yilligida so'zga chiqdi Kabel ko'chasidagi jang, onasining norozilik namoyishi ekanligini ta'kidlab;^[130] ko'plab imzolangan Kunning dastlabki harakatlari antisemitizmni qoralash;^[131] 1987 yilda Islington Kengashining yahudiy qabristonini yo'q qilish uchun rejalashtirish arizasini berish to'g'risidagi qarorini bekor qilish kampaniyasini o'tkazdi;^[132] va 2010 yilda Buyuk Britaniya hukumatini kelishuvni engillashtirishga chaqirdi Yaman yahudiylari Britaniyada.^[129] Shuningdek, u o'zining Islington saylov okrugida asl joyni yod etish marosimida ishtirok etdi Shimoliy London ibodatxonasi^[129] va tashrif buyurgan Theresienstadt Getto, uni o'ta o'ng siyosat, antisemitizm va irqchilik xavfini eslatuvchi deb atadi.^[133] Uning himoyachilari raqiblarning taktikasini tanqid qilishdi^[134] va ommaviy axborot vositalarining roli.^[135] Korbinning orqada turgan paytida qilgan quyidagi harakatlari tanqid mavzusi bo'lgan.

Xajo Meyerning suhbati

2010 yil yanvar oyida, Buyuk Britaniya davrida Holokost yodgorlik haftasi, Leyboristlar partiyasidan deputat Jeremy Corbyn Hamjamiyatlar palatasida yig'ilishda hamraislik qildi, asosiy nutqi anti-sionistik Osvensimdan omon qolgan Xajo Meyer Isroil fashistlar bilan taqqoslangan "Siyosiy maqsadlar uchun qirg'inni suiste'mol qilish" deb nomlangan.^[136] Meyerning aytishicha, "Isroilda yahudiylik o'rnini Holokost dini egalladi. U bosh ruhoniy hisoblanadi Elie Vizel."^[137] 2018 yil avgust oyida, Luiza Ellman Deputat Bi-bi-siga Meyberning nutqiga raislik qilgani uchun Korbinda "juda dahshatli" bo'lganini aytdi.^[138] Uchrashuvga aloqadorligi to'g'risida berilgan savolga Korbin shunday dedi: "Uchrashuvda men qabul qilmayman yoki kechirmayman, degan qarashlar bildirilgan. Ilgari Falastin xalqi uchun adolat va Isroil / Falastinda tinchlik o'rnatish uchun Mening fikrlarimni butunlay rad etadigan odamlar bilan platformalarda paydo bo'ldi. Bu sabab bo'lgan xavotir va xavotir uchun uzr so'rayman ".^[136][137]

Holokostni xotirlash kunining nomini o'zgartirish

2011 yil yanvar oyida nomini o'zgartirish to'g'risida iltimosnoma yuborildi Holokostni xotirlash kuni "Genotsidni xotirlash kuni" ga 23 deputat, asosan Leyboristlar partiyasi va shu qatorda Korbin tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi. Karen Pollock, bosh ijrochi direktori Holokost ta'limiga ishonish 2018 yilda "Xolokostni xotirlash kuni allaqachon haqli ravishda natsistlar va undan keyingi genotsidlarning barcha qurbonlarini o'z ichiga oladi, ammo Xolokost o'ziga xos jinoyat edi, uning negizida antisemitizm bo'lgan. Ushbu o'ziga xoslikni olib tashlashga qaratilgan har qanday urinish rad etish va buzilishning bir shakli hisoblanadi. " Leyboristlar bunga javoban "bu Holokostni xotirlash kunining allaqachon kengroq bo'lganligini ta'kidlash uchun katta konservativ deputat tomonidan homiylik qilingan partiyalararo tashabbus edi. Ushbu muhim esdalik uchun ism o'zgartirish bizning siyosatimiz emas" dedi.^{[139][140][141]}

Jon A. Xobsonning so'zboshisi

2011 yilda Korbin 1902 yilgi kitob respublikasi uchun so'z boshini yozdi Imperializm: o'rganish, tomonidan Jon A. Xobson Bu moliya "millatlar siyosatini boshqarish uchun noyob mavqega ega bo'lgan" ko'p asrlik moliyaviy tajribaga ega bo'lgan "yagona va o'ziga xos irq egalari tomonidan boshqariladi" degan fikrni o'z ichiga oladi. O'zining so'z boshida Korbin kitobni "buyuk tom" va "yorqin va o'sha paytda juda tortishuvli" deb atagan. Korbin so'zlari uchun 2019 yilda, uning so'z boshi haqida konservativ tengdosh xabar berganidan keyin tanqid qilindi Daniel Finkelshteyn yilda The Times.^{[142][143][144]} Corbyn, Hobson ijodidagi ozchiliklarni tasvirlash uchun ishlatiladigan til "mutlaqo achinarli", deb javob berdi, ammo uning so'zboshisi "olib borgan jarayonni tahlil qildi" deb ta'kidladi. birinchi jahon urushi "u buni Hobsonning tili emas, balki kitobning mavzusi deb bilgan.^[144]

Xobsonni ilgari leyboristlar rahbarlari ham tilga olishgan va maqtashgan.^[145] 2005 yilda, Gordon Braun dedi a Chatham House nutq: "Bu erkinlik g'oyasi kuchaytirish kabi yangi g'oya emas, - deb so'radi JA Xobson," bu shaxsiy rivojlanish va mehnatning barcha moddiy va ma'naviy vositalariga kirish uchun o'z tengdoshlari bilan teng imkoniyatga ega bo'lmagan erkin odam. uning va jamiyatning farovonligi? ""^[146] Toni Bler Hobsonni "ehtimol o'sha paytdagi tom ma'noda eng mashhur liberal konvertatsiya qilgan" deb ta'riflagan.yangi mehnat '."^[147]

Rasmga javob

2012 yil Insoniyat uchun erkinlik sharqiy Londonda amerikalik rassom tomonidan bo'yalgan ko'cha devorlari edi Mear One. Badiiy asarda Mear One "elit bankir karteli" deb ta'riflagan narsa tasvirlangan Rotshildlar, Rokfellerlar, Morgans va boshqalar atrofida o'tirgan a Monopoliya - qora tanli erkaklarning orqa tomonidagi stol usti o'yini.^[148][149] Vaqtinchalik devoriy rasm keyinchalik muddatidan oldin olib tashlangan Tower Hamlets kengashi aholining shikoyatlaridan so'ng. Lutfur Rahmon, keyin Tower Xamlets meri "bankirlarning tasvirlari moliyaviy va siyosiy institutlarning yahudiylarning fitna hukmronligi to'g'risida antisemitik targ'ibotni davom ettiradi" dedi.^[150] Bunga javoban Mear One devorning antisemitik ekanligini rad etdi; u devoriy rasm "sinf va imtiyoz" haqida ekanligini aytdi va tasvirlangan rasmlarda "yahudiy va oq anglos" ham borligini ta'kidladi.^[149][151] Tarixchining fikriga ko'ra Debora E. Lipstadt, shuningdek, zamonaviy mahalliy ommaviy axborot vositalari, yahudiylarning karikaturalari ishlatilgan tasvirga o'xshash edi Der Shturmer fashistlar Germaniyasida.^[152]Rassomning Facebook-dagi postiga javoban Corbyn, rasmning rasmini o'z ichiga olgan, uning olib tashlanganidan afsuslanib, ifoda erkinligiga murojaat qilgani, ommaviy axborot vositalarida tanqid qilinmasdan oldin, "Nega? Siz yaxshi kompaniyadasiz. Rokerfeller (sic) Diego Vieraning devor rasmini yo'q qildi, chunki unda Leninning surati bor "^[153] ga ishora qiladi Nelson Rokfeller yo'q qilish Diego Rivera "s Odam chorrahada 1934 yilda fresk.^[150]

2018 yil mart oyida Leyboristlar deputati Luciana Berger - deb so'radi Korbin nega u devorning olib tashlanishiga shubha bilan qaraganini.^[154] Korbinning vakili shu kuni bayonot bilan chiqdi: "Jeremi so'zni erkinligi sababli jamoat san'ati olib tashlanishi haqidagi xavotirga javob berdi. Rasm rasmlari haqoratli edi, antisemitik tasvirlardan foydalanildi, bu bizning jamiyatimizda joyi yo'q va bu to'g'ri u olib tashlanganligi to'g'risida ".^[155][154] Bergerning aytishicha, javob "umuman etarli emas".^[153] O'zining bayonotida Korbin shunday dedi: "Men sharhlayotgan tasvirning mazmunini chuqur bezovta qiluvchi va antisemitikka diqqat bilan qaramaganim uchun chin dildan afsusdaman". "Erkin so'zni himoya qilish antisemitizmni har qanday shaklda targ'ib qilish uchun asos sifatida ishlatilishi mumkin emas. Men doim shunday fikr yuritganman."^[156][157] Karen Pollok Holokost ta'limiga ishonish devor "himoyasiz", chunki u "antisemitizmga qarshi tashviqotda keng tarqalgan rasmlardan foydalangan holda antisemitizmni ochiqdan-ochiq aks ettirgan - buni sezmaslikning iloji yo'q".^[158] Jeremy Gilbert, madaniy va siyosiy nazariya professori Sharqiy London universiteti ushbu ayblov a ga asoslanganligini ta'kidladi mantiqiy xato Bu da'vo "o'xshashlikdan kelib chiqqan oddiy dalilni anglatadi: chunki kapitalistik nutq va antisemitizm nutqi ba'zi tuzilish xususiyatlariga ega, ular tubdan bir xil". Masalan, anti-kapitalistik nutq ham, antisemitik nutq ham ko'pincha fitna xarakteriga ega; ammo o'xshashlik bir xil motiv yoki niyatni anglatmaydi.^[159]

Ba'zi sionistlar haqida sharhlar

2013 yil yanvar oyida parlamentdagi yig'ilishda Buyuk Britaniyaning Falastin ma'muriyati vakili Manuel Hassassian yahudiylar "Xudoning yagona farzandlari ... chunki hech kim Isroilni Eretz Isroil (Isroil yurti) haqidagi xayoliy orzusini barpo etishda to'xtamaydi".^[160] Uchrashuvda Isroilni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi faollar Xassassiga qarshi chiqishdi.^[160] 2018 yil avgust oyida MailOnline Falastin Qaytish Markazi tomonidan chaqirilgan Eustondagi Do'stlar uyida ushbu tadbirdan bir necha kun o'tib Corbyn tomonidan qilingan sharhlarning kadrlarini e'lon qildi. U erda u Xassassianning Falastin tarixiga oid ilgari aytgan fikrlarini himoya qildi, uning so'zlariga ko'ra, tinglovchilar orasida "minnatdor jim sionistlar tomonidan ehtiyotkorlik bilan qayd etilgan".^[161] Korbin so'zlariga ko'ra, ushbu "sionistlar" Hassassianga murojaat qilishgan va "keyin aytgan so'zlari uchun uni xafa qilishgan",^[161] va bu "sionistlar" ning "ikkita muammolari" bo'lganligi: "Birinchisi, ular tarixni o'rganishni istamaydilar, ikkinchidan, bu mamlakatda juda uzoq vaqt yashab, ehtimol butun umri davomida, ular ingliz istehzosini tushunmaydilar. Manuel [Xassian] ingliz tilidagi kinoyani yaxshi tushunadi va uni juda samarali ishlatadi, shuning uchun men ularga yordam beradigan ikkita dars kerak deb o'ylayman ".^[162] Uning mulohazalarini ba'zi odamlar antisemitizmda, jumladan leyboristlar deputatlari Lusiana Berger tomonidan ayblangan, Wes Streeting, Mayk Geyps, Ketrin MakKinnel,^[161][162] va siyosiy strateg Jon Makteran.^[163] Bir qator konservativ deputatlar Corbynni sharhlar yuzasidan parlament standartlarini nazorat qiluvchi tashkilotga xabar berishdi.^[164] Tarixchi Debora Lipstadt, yozish Atlantika, asserted that Corbyn had crossed the line from anti-Zionism to antisemitism.^[165] Corbyn's remarks were defended by shadow chancellor Jon McDonnell, who argued that the comments were "taken out of context".^[162] A Labour spokesperson said that parts of the speech which contexualised Corbyn's language were "edited out of the footage ... He had been speaking about Zionists and non-Zionist Jews and very clearly does not go on to use Zionists as any kind of shorthand for Jews".^[161]

Corbyn's membership of Facebook groups

In March 2018, it was reported that, in 2014, Corbyn and some of his staff had been members of three private Facebook groups, including "Palestine Live" and "History of Palestine", containing antisemitic posts. A spokesman said that Corbyn had been added to the first two groups by others, had little involvement in them, and had either left them already or left following the reports. The Labour Party stated that a full investigation would be undertaken and action taken against any member involved.^{[166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173]}

Facebook guruhlari

2018 yil aprel oyining boshida, Sunday Times reported that it had uncovered over 2,000 examples of antisemitic, racist, violent threats and abusive posts in Corbyn-supporting private Facebook groups, including frequent attacks on Jews and Holocaust denying material.^[174][175] The 20 largest pro-Corbyn private Facebook groups, which have a combined membership of over 400,000, were reported to have as members 12 senior staff who work for Corbyn and shadow chancellor Jon McDonnell.^[176] Many of the posts criticised Labour MP Luciana Berger and Jonathan Arkush, president of the Board of Deputies of British Jews.^[177][175] A Labour Party spokesperson said the groups "are not officially connected to the party in any way". Labour MPs urged Corbyn to instruct his supporters to shut down groups containing abusive posts.^[178][179] Subsequently, Corbyn deleted his own personal Facebook account that he had set up before becoming Labour leader, although his official page remained.^[180]

Christine Shawcroft resignation

2018 yil mart oyida, Kristin Shoukroft, yaqinda tayinlangan^[181] head of the Party's disputes panel, resigned after it emerged she had opposed the suspension of Peterborough council candidate Alan Bull, for what she called "a Facebook post taken completely out of context and alleged to show anti-Semitism". She later said that she had not seen the "abhorrent" Facebook post in question. Bull, in 2015, had shared in a closed Facebook group an article suggesting that the Holocaust was a hoax to "invite discussion and debate". Bull later said "I'm not an anti-Semite, I am not a holocaust denier – I support equal rights for Palestinian people".^{[182][183][184][185][186]}

Yahudiylar jamoati bilan aloqalar

In March 2018, the Board of Deputies of British Jews and the Yahudiylarning etakchilik kengashi issued an open letter stating that Corbyn was "repeatedly found alongside people with blatantly anti-Semitic views", concluding that Corbyn "cannot seriously contemplate anti-Semitism, because he is so ideologically fixed within a far-left worldview that is instinctively hostile to mainstream Jewish communities".^[187] Following the open letter's publication accusing Corbyn of siding with antisemites "again and again", hundreds of people outside Parliament Square gathered to protest 'Enough is Enough' against antisemitism in the Labour Party,^[188] demanding that Corbyn do more to tackle anti-Jewish feeling in Labour Party ranks.^[189] Jewish Voice for Labour organised a smaller counter-demonstration.^[189] A Jewish Voice for Labour spokesman said after the event: "There is a massive difference between saying that more needs to be done within the party and a demonstration like this which is implicitly trying to force him [Corbyn] out ... This protest is unnecessary, inflammatory and politicised."^[190] The organisation said in a statement that it was "appalled" by the Board of Deputies' letter. "They do not represent us or the great majority of Jews in the party who share Jeremy Corbyn's vision for social justice and fairness. Jeremy's consistent commitment to anti-racism is all the more needed now."^[124] Jewish Voice for Labour's Chair Jenny Manson defended Corbyn on Kundalik siyosat, saying he had taken "enormously strong action" to deal with the issue in his party.^[191]

In April 2018, Corbyn attended a "third night" Fisih bayrami Seder celebration held in his constituency by the radical Jewish group Jewdas.^{[192][193][194][195]} Corbyn was criticised for attending the event by the Jewish Leadership Council, while the Board of Deputies of British Jews said: "If Jeremy Corbyn goes to their event, how can we take his stated commitment to be an ally against anti-Semitism seriously?"^[196][197] Sharlotta Nikols, Yosh mehnat 's women's officer and a member of Jewdas, commended Corbyn for attending the event,^[198] arguing that it was "absolutely right" for Corbyn to "engage with the community at all levels"^[199] and that many of the event attendees "are absolutely part of the 'mainstream community'".^[200]

In April 2018, following a meeting with Corbyn to discuss antisemitism in the Labour Party, the Jewish Leadership Council and the Board of Deputies said "We are disappointed that Mr Corbyn's proposals fell short of the minimum level of action which our letter suggested. In particular, they did not agree in the meeting with our proposals that there should be a fixed timetable to deal with antisemitism cases; that they should expedite the long-standing cases involving Ken Livingstone va Jeki Uoker; that no MP should share a platform with somebody expelled or suspended for antisemitism; that they adopt the full Xalqaro Holokostni xotirlash alyansi definition of antisemitism with all its examples and clauses; that there should be transparent oversight of their disciplinary process".^[201][202] Corbyn described the meeting as "positive and constructive" and re-iterated that he was "absolutely committed" to rooting out antisemitism in the Labour Party.^[203]

2018 yil aprel oyida Isroil Mehnat partiyasi, the sister party of the Jewish Labour Movement,^[204] boshchiligidagi Avi Gabbay announced it would cut ties with Corbyn and his office due to their handling of antisemitism, but still retain ties with the UK Labour Party as a whole. In a letter to Corbyn, Gabbay wrote of "my responsibility to acknowledge the hostility that you have shown to the Jewish community and the antisemitic statements and actions you have allowed".^[205]

In September 2018, Femke van Zijst, spokesperson of the Labour Party of the Netherlands, declared that her party found "recent reports worrisome" about Corbyn and the growth of anti-semitism in the Labour Party of the United Kingdom.^[206]

2018 yil noyabr oyida, Mari van der Zyl, president of the Board of Deputies of British Jews, said "Over the summer, we showed how we could keep this issue of antisemitism on the front pages day after day, week after week, exacting a severe political and reputational cost for continued failure."^[207]

Working definition of antisemitism

Tanqid

In December 2016, Labour adopted the Xalqaro Holokostni xotirlash alyansi (IHRA) Antisemitizmning ish ta'rifi.^[10] 2017 yil may oyida, Stiven Sedli said: "Anti-Semitism, where it manifests itself in discriminatory acts or inflammatory speech, is generally illegal. Criticism of Israel or of Zionism is protected by law. The IHRA working definition conflates the two by characterising everything other than anodyne criticism of Israel as anti-Semitic".^[208] Labour formally adopted the definition at its September 2017 Conference. Jewish Voice for Labour's Jonathan Rosenhead described it as intentionally "vague", allowing for "the protection of Israel" via "a side door" and thus "encouraging the presumption that Isroilni tanqid qilish is likely to be antisemitic".^[209][210] The organisation saw the change as an "anti-democratic restriction on political debate",^[211] and offered their own definition.^[212]

In July 2018, 39^{[213][214][215]} left-wing Jewish organisations in 15 countries, including six in the UK, declared that the definition was "worded in such a way as to be easily adopted or considered by western governments to intentionally equate legitimate criticisms of Israel and advocacy for Palestinian rights with antisemitism, as a means to suppress the former" and that "this conflation undermines both the Palestinian struggle for freedom, justice and equality and the global struggle against antisemitism. It also serves to shield Israel from being held accountable to universal standards of human rights and international law".^[216][217] Writer and scholar of antisemitism Antoniy Lerman said "Jewish leaders claim exclusive rights to determine what is antisemitism, potentially putting Jewish sentiment above the law of the land. The fundamental principle that IHRA is so flawed it should be abandoned, not tinkered with. The answer to hate speech is more speech, not suppression of offensive views".^[218][219]

Qayta ko'rib chiqish

In July 2018, Labour's Milliy Ijroiya Qo'mitasi (NEC) adopted a new code of conduct defining antisemitism for disciplinary purposes, intended to make the process more efficient and transparent.^[220] It included the IHRA definition, but amended or omitted four of the eleven examples, all relating to Israel,^{[221][222][6]} and added three others.^[8][7] "Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations", is described as wrong, rather than antisemitic. "Comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis" is only to be regarded as antisemitic if there is evidence of antisemitic intent. The omitted examples were "the existence of a State of Israel is a racist endeavor" and "Requiring higher standards of behaviour from Israel than other nations".^[223][224]

Jenni Formbi, the general secretary, said the code supplements the definition "with additional examples and guidance", creating "the most thorough and expansive Code of Conduct on anti-Semitism introduced by any political party in the UK".^[225] NEC a'zosi Jon Lansman said "Clear and detailed guidelines are essential to ensure that antisemitism isn't tolerated, while protecting free speech on Israel's conduct, within a respectful and civil environment. This is what Labour's code of conduct provides."^[226][220]

Javob

The Britaniya yahudiylarining deputatlar kengashi va Yahudiylarning etakchilik kengashi said that the new rules "only dilute the definition and further erode the existing lack of confidence that British Jews have in their sincerity to tackle anti-Semitism within the Labour movement".^[227]Margaret Xodj MP called Corbyn a "fucking anti-Semite and a racist."^[228][229] Law lecturer Tom Frost said the code ignored the Macpherson Principle that "A racist incident is any incident which is perceived to be racist by the victim or any other person."^[230] On 16 July, over 60 British rabbis, including Harvey Belovski, Laura Janner-Klausner, Danny Rich va Jonathan Wittenberg said that Labour had "chosen to ignore the Jewish community", that it was "not the Labour party's place to rewrite a definition of antisemitism", and that the full definition had been accepted by the Crown Prosecution Service, the Scottish parliament, the Welsh assembly and 124 local authorities.^[231][232] Later in July, in an unprecedented move, three UK Jewish newspapers, Yahudiylarning xronikasi, Yahudiy yangiliklari va Yahudiy telegrafi, carried a joint editorial saying that a Corbyn government would be an "existential threat to Jewish life" in the UK^[233] ko'ra, qaysi David Patrikarakos, was the most drastic step taken by the Anglo-Jewish community beri Oliver Kromvel allowed Jews back into the country in the 1650s.^[234] The former chief rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks in turn stated that Labour's antisemitism was causing British Jews to consider leaving the country.^[235][236] The newspapers also stated that "Had the full IHRA definition with examples relating to Israel been approved, hundreds, if not thousands, of Labour and Momentum members would need to be expelled." A Labour spokesman said the party posed "no threat of any kind whatsoever to Jewish people".^[237]

Mudofaa

Human rights solicitor Jefri Bindman said that "The new code of conduct on antisemitism seeks to establish that antisemitism cannot be used as a pretext for censorship without evidence of antisemitic intent in line with the view of the all-party Commons home affairs select committee in October 2016 that the IHRA definition should only be adopted if qualified by caveats making clear that it is not antisemitic to criticise the Israeli government without additional evidence to suggest antisemitic intent… Far from watering down or weakening it, Labour's code strengthens it by addressing forms of discrimination that the IHRA overlooked."^[238] Jefri Robertson QC made a similar point.^[239][240] Philosopher and scholar of antisemitism Brayan Klug said "The IHRA code is a living document, subject to revision and constantly needing to be adapted to the different contexts in which people apply its definition. This is the spirit in which the drafters of Labour's code have approached their task."^[8][241] In Historian Jefri Alderman wrote: "This Labour Party row will not be settled by relying on a flawed and faulty definition of antisemitism."^[242]

Outcome and media review

In September 2018, all 11 examples were accepted by the NEC, while Jeremy Corbyn said that they would not prevent criticism of the Israeli government or advocating Palestinian rights.^[10] Also in September 2018, the Media Reform Coalition examined over 250 articles and broadcast news segments covering the issue, and found over 90 examples of misleading or inaccurate reporting. The research found evidence of "overwhelming source imbalance", in which Labour's critics dominated coverage which failed to include those defending the code or critiquing the IHRA definition, and omitted contextual facts about the IHRA definition, concluding these were "systematic reporting failures" disadvantaging the Labour leadership.^[243]

Corbyn's responses

In March 2018, in response to claims that he may be seen as antisemitic, Corbyn stated, "I'm not an anti-Semite in any form" and that he challenges "anti-Semitism whenever it arises and no anti-Semitic remarks are done in my name or would ever be done in my name".^[244] In the same month, Corbyn also said that he would not tolerate antisemitism "in and around" Labour. "We must stamp this out from our party and movement", he said. "We recognise that anti-Semitism has occurred in pockets within the Labour Party, causing pain and hurt to our Jewish community in the Labour Party and the rest of the country. I am sincerely sorry for the pain which has been caused, and pledge to redouble my efforts to bring this anxiety to an end".^[245] The following month, writing in the Kechki standart, Corbyn said, "We have not done enough fully to get to grips with the problem, and for that the Jewish community and our own Jewish members deserve an apology. My party and I are sorry for the hurt and distress caused".^[246]

In August 2018, he said that antisemitism was a "problem that Labour is working to overcome". He said that some criticism of Israel may stray into antisemitism at times, but denied that all forms of anti-Zionism were inherently racist, and pledged to "root out antisemitism" within the party,^[247][248] saying: "People who dish out anti-Semitic poison need to understand: You do not do it in my name. You are not my supporters and have no place in our movement."^[249] In a video release a few days later, Corbyn apologised again, saying, "I acknowledge there is a real problem of antisemitism that Labour is working to overcome. I am sorry for the hurt that has been caused to many Jewish people".^[250] In the same month, Corbyn said that the notion that he or Labour posed an "existential threat" to British Jews was "overheated rhetoric", but agreed that factions of the Labour Party had issues with antisemitism and that there was work to be done for Labour to regain the trust of British Jews.^[251][252]

In September 2018, at the Labour Party Conference, Corbyn said he wants Labour and the Jewish community to "work together and draw a line" under antisemitism. He went on to attack the record of the Conservative Party for accusing Labour of "anti-Semitism one day, then endorse Viktor Orban 's hard-right government the next day".^[253]

In February 2019, Corbyn reiterated, "As leader ... I wish to set out my own commitment along with that of the wider shadow cabinet as the leaders of the Labour Party in parliament to root out antisemitism. I am determined we will defeat racism wherever we see it and I know that antisemitism is one of the oldest, nastiest and most persistent forms of racism."^[254] A week later, he said in Parliament, "(Antisemitism has) no place whatsoever in any of our political parties, in our lives, in our society".^[255]

In July 2019, Corbyn said "While other political parties and some of the media exaggerate and distort the scale of the problem in our party, we must face up to the unsettling truth that a small number of Labour members hold anti-Semitic views and a larger number don't recognise anti-Semitic stereotypes and conspiracy theories. The evidence is clear enough. The worst cases of anti-Semitism in our party have included Holocaust denial, crude Jewish-banker stereotypes, conspiracy theories blaming Israel for 9/11 or every war on the Rothschild family, and even one member who appeared to believe that Hitler had been misunderstood. I am sorry for the hurt that has been caused to many Jewish people. We have been too slow in processing disciplinary cases of mostly online anti-Semitic abuse by party members. We are acting to speed this process up. People who hold anti-Semitic views have no place in the Labour Party. They may be few – the number of cases over the past three years represents less than 0.1% of Labour's membership of more than half a million – but one is too many."^[256][257]

In October 2019, a Labour spokesperson said "Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party are fully committed to the support, defence and celebration of the Jewish community and continue to take robust action to root out antisemitism in the party and wider society."^[258]

Davomida 2019 yilgi umumiy saylov, Corbyn apologised on ITV's Bugun tongda dastur.^[259] A few days before, other members of the soya shkafi, shu jumladan Nia Griffit, Richard Burgon va Jon McDonnell, apologised for antisemitism in their party.^[260]

In June 2020, Corbyn said claims he tolerated antisemitism among his supporters were "wrong and extremely unfair" and that he had taken steps to create a "robust process" to deal with the claims, describing antisemitism as "absolutely, totally unacceptable in any form".^{[261][262][263]}

2019

Ta'lim va tarbiya

In 2018, the Jewish Labour Movement was invited to provide antisemitism awareness training to those subject to disciplinary proceedings but declined as they did not believe training was an appropriate sanction.^[264]

2018 yil iyul oyida, Yahudiylarning mehnat uchun ovozi asked its members for help in delivering an "expanded programme" of antisemitism training to party members in response to what it called a "growing number of requests".^[265]

In March 2019, the Labour Party, referencing the volunteer-led nature of existing antisemitism training, announced that a short course in antisemitism would be developed by the Armut Antisemitizmni o'rganish instituti and that Jewish communal organisations would be consulted. The intention would be to enrol staff, NCC and NEC members on the course. The Jewish Labour Movement, which had provided volunteer-led training for the past three years, then withdrew its training provision for branches.^[266]

In June 2019, Labour peer Piter Xeyn and former Israeli negotiator in peace talks Daniel Levy argued that "actually the problem is political, and therefore requires a political not simply a procedural solution".^[267][268] In July 2019, Labour MP Kliv Lyuis maqolasida Mustaqil wrote that: "Expulsions alone will not solve Labour's antisemitism crisis. Political education about antisemitism can help to ensure a socialist politics based on real equality becomes the common sense across the party."^[269]

In July 2019, Labour appointed Heather Mendick as a liaison officer to improve the party's relationships with the Jewish community.^[270] Yahudiylarning etakchilik kengashi Chair Jonathan Goldstein expressed objections to the appointment and said that the JLC will not be engaging with Mendick.^[271]

Later in July 2019, Labour issued an online leaflet entitled "No Place For Antisemitism" alongside related documents and videos, as the launch of a programme of educating members on oppression and social liberation, and to help them confront racism and bigotry. This was promoted to all party members by an email from Jeremy Corbyn.^[256][257]

Disciplinary processes, outcomes and staff claims

Disciplinary processes

In April 2018, the new Labour General Secretary, Jenni Formbi, announced that a team of lawyers had been seconded to handle disciplinary cases and that a new post of in-house general counsel had been advertised "to advise on disciplinary matters and improvements to our processes".^[272]

In September 2018, the NEC approved a doubling of the size of the party's key disciplinary body, the National Constitutional Committee, in order to speed up the handling of antisemitism claims.^[273]

In February 2019, Formby noted that the Governance and Legal Unit had suffered during 2018 from a high level of staff sickness and departures, which was addressed in part by secondments. She also said that the unit was now back to full strength and that the size of the unit will be more than doubled.^[274]

Keyinchalik oyda, Lord Falconer accepted an invitation to examine Labour's processes in order to increase transparency though this did not take place due to the announcement of the Tenglik va inson huquqlari bo'yicha komissiya 's investigation.^[275] Formby asked that a request by Mehnat partiyasi rahbarining o'rinbosari Tom Uotson to Labour parliamentarians, asking that complaints about antisemitism be copied to him for monitoring, be disregarded on the grounds that this would disrupt the official process and be in breach of data protection law.^[276]

In May 2019, Labour National Executive Committee member Jon Lansman wrote that leaked emails "...suggest that former compliance unit officials from the Labour right may have delayed action on some of the most extreme and high-profile antisemitism cases, including Holocaust denial, allowing a backlog of cases to build up that would damage the party and Jeremy's leadership." He also accused former General Secretary Iain McNicol and his team of delaying action on handling antisemitism cases, and allowing a backlog of cases to build up that would damage the party and Jeremy Corbyn's leadership.^[277]

In July 2019, a Labour spokesperson said that the rate at which antisemitism cases have been dealt with had increased fourfold after Formby took up her position in May 2018.^[278] 2019 yil avgust oyida, Yahudiylarning mehnat uchun ovozi said that Labour's processes had greatly improved since April 2018.^[279]

Later in the month, the NEC agreed to speed up determination of the most serious cases by giving a special panel comprising the General Secretary and NEC officers the authority to consider these cases and expel members where appropriate, rather than requiring the cases to be referred to the quasi-judicial National Constitutional Committee. The rule change will be submitted for approval to the Labour Party Conference in September.^[280]

In June 2020, following the election as leader of Keir Starmer, it was reported that "a trusted ally of the Labour leader" had been appointed as a "management enforcer" to oversee the management of allegations of antisemitism. According to a party source, "For anyone seeking to stay in their jobs it would not be sensible to disobey the new manager's requests. The manager has also been given the power to step in and make decisions himself about cases."^[281]

Disciplinary outcomes

In February 2019, Formby announced to Labour MPs that, of the complaints about antisemitism received by the party from April 2018 to January 2019, 400 related to individuals who were not party members. In a further 220 cases, Labour had found that there was insufficient evidence of a breach of party rules. Some of the remaining 453 complaints, i.e. those where there was sufficient evidence of a breach of party rules, related to social media posts dating back a number of years. These 453 complaints received over the ten month period represented 0.06% of Labour's 540,000 membership.^[282][283] Investigations had resulted in 12 expulsions and 49 resignations from the party and 187 formal warnings, while some complaints received recently were still under investigation.^[274] Some Labour MPs questioned the accuracy of the data.^[284]

In July 2019, Formby provided updated disciplinary figures regarding complaints of antisemitism and committed to regularly publishing statistics. During the first six months of 2019, 625 complaints about members had been received, some members being the subject of multiple complaints,^[285] and 116 members suspended. A further 658 complaints were received about people who were not members.^[286] Of the complaints received relating to members, Labour decided that 100 lacked sufficient evidence and 163 showed no rule breaches, 90 received formal warnings or reminders of conduct and 97 had been referred to the National Constitutional Committee, which has the power to expel members. 146 cases were still being processed.^[287] National Executive Committee Antisemitism Panels had met six times and made 190 decisions, compared with two and eight in the same period the previous year. The National Constitutional Committee had concluded 28 cases and made eight expulsions with another twelve members resigning, compared with ten, seven and three in the same period the previous year.^[288][289]

In January 2020, the Labour Party reported that 149 members resigned or were expelled during 2019 as a result of disciplinary processes relating to antisemitism. Of these, 45 members were expelled, compared to ten in 2018 and one in 2017. NEC disciplinary panels heard 274 cases, compared with 28 cases in 2017. 296 members were suspended, compared to 98 in 2018, itself a big increase on the previous year. After the September 2019 annual conference gave NEC panels the power to expel, twice the number of people were expelled in two months than had been expelled during the whole of 2018.^[290]

Claims by former staff

In April 2019, the Party's lawyers wrote to its former head of disputes asking what information he had shared with the media and for his commitment not to commit further breaches of his oshkor qilmaslik to'g'risidagi bitim.^[291][292] In July, an edition of the BBC programme Panorama huquqiga ega "Mehnat antisemitizmmi?" tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan John Ware, included a claim by former staff that, in the first half of 2018, senior Labour figures had interfered in the complaints process while new senior officials in their department downgraded outcomes for antisemitic behaviour.^[293][294] Labour denied that there was interference and said the former staff included those who had "personal and political axes to grind". The Party added "The Panorama programme was not a fair or balanced investigation. It was a seriously inaccurate, politically one-sided polemic, which breached basic journalistic standards, invented quotes and edited emails to change their meaning."^[295] The BBC responded that "the investigation was not pre-determined, it was driven by the evidence". Labour later submitted a formal complaint about the programme to the BBC, one of around 1,600 received.^{[296][297][298]} Staff members represented by the GMB kasaba uyushmasi voted overwhelmingly to call on the Party to be consistent in supporting hushtak chaluvchilar wherever they worked and to apologise to their former colleagues.^[299]

Resignations of MPs and peers

In August 2018, Labour MP Frenk Fild resigned the Labour whip over a "culture...of nastiness". He retained his party membership, announcing that he would sit as an "independent Labour MP".^[300] Tomonidan taklif qilingan Ouen Jons that the resignation had little to do with antisemitism,^[301] whilst Andrew Grice (a columnist for Mustaqil ) and others have suggested that Field left before he was deselected by his local party, as he had lost a vote of confidence in his constituency over his support for Theresa May's Brexit plans in a recent parliamentary vote.^[302][303]

In February 2019, seven MPs quit Labour to form Mustaqil guruh (ikkinchidan Buyuk Britaniyani o'zgartiring ), citing their dissatisfaction with the party's leftward political direction, its approach to Brexit and to allegations of antisemitism. They were later joined by four more MPs, including three from the Conservative Party.^[304] Another MP resigned from Labour to sit as an independent.^[11][12][13] One of the original seven, Luciana Berger, said that Labour had become "sickeningly institutionally racist".^[305][306] Two days later, Corbyn said in Parliament, in response, "(Antisemitism has) no place whatsoever in any of our political parties, in our lives, in our society".^[255] Four of the MPs had recently lost votes of no-confidence brought by their constituency parties,^[307][308] while two such motions against Berger had recently been withdrawn.^[307] Following its failure to secure any seats in May 2019 European Parliament election, six of its MPs resigned to sit as independents.^[309]

In July 2019, three members of the Lordlar palatasi, Devid Trizman, Lesli Arnold Ternberg va Ara Darzi resigned the Labour whip to sit as independents, citing dissatisfaction with the party's handling of antisemitism, Brexit and defence policy.^[310]

2019 yil oktyabr oyida, Luiza Ellman MP resigned from the party, citing her worries about antisemitism in the party and opposition to the prospect of a government led by Corbyn.^[11] Labour responded that "Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party are fully committed to the support, defence and celebration of the Jewish community and continue to take robust action to root out antisemitism in the party and wider society."^[311] Motions of no confidence in Ellman had recently been submitted for discussion in three branches of her constituency Labour Party.^[312][313] Riverside constituency Labour party said: "[S]he made it very clear at the last CLP meeting that she could not support a Jeremy Corbyn-led government. This inevitably meant that Louise would be triggered and was very unlikely to win any reselection process."^[314]

External investigations

2018 yil noyabr oyida Metropoliten politsiya komissari Kressida Dik announced that they had been passed an internal Labour dossier detailing 45 allegations of antisemitic hate crimes committed by Labour Party members and would review them with a view to investigation.^{[315][316][317]}

2019 yil may oyida, tomonidan yuborilgan shikoyatlardan so'ng Yahudiylarning ishchi harakati va Antisemitizmga qarshi kampaniya, Tenglik va inson huquqlari bo'yicha komissiya (EHRC) Leyboristlar "odamlarni yahudiy bo'lganligi sababli noqonuniy ravishda kamsitganligi, ta'qib qilgani yoki jabrlangani" to'g'risida rasmiy tergov boshladi: xususan, "noqonuniy xatti-harakatlar partiya va / yoki uning xodimlari va / yoki uning agentlari tomonidan qilinganmi yoki yo'qmi" va partiyaning noqonuniy xatti-harakatlar to'g'risidagi shikoyatlarga qonuniy, samarali va samarali javob berganligi. "^[318] In 2016, Labour MP Harriet Xarman had expressed concern about the suitability of its chair, David Isaac, given his principal role as an equity partner at a City law firm that advises the Conservative government, Pinsent masonlari.^[319] Previously, in September 2017, the EHRC Chief Executive, Rebecca Hilsenrath, had demanded a zero tolerance approach to antisemitism in the Labour Party and swift action by the leadership to deal with it.^[320] Antoniy Lerman, sobiq ta'sischi direktori Yahudiy siyosatini tadqiq qilish instituti, raised concerns that such a statement made Hilsenrath unsuitable to lead a probe into Labour. U yozgan ochiq demokratiya: "Tergov oldidan bosh direktorning Leyboristlar partiyasi nima qilishi kerakligini bilishini da'vo qilishi xavotirli emasmi?"^[319] Hilsenrath later recused herself from the decision to investigate the Labour Party as her status as "an active member of the Anglo-Jewish community" could cause a perception of bias.^[319] Mehnat partiyasi tergov jarayonida EHRCdan har qanday vaqtinchalik tavsiyalarni etkazishni so'radi.^[321]

The Soya kansleri, Jon McDonnell, looked forward to the investigation's conclusions stating: "I want it quicker actually, I need it speeded up. Let's learn the lessons and then also work with the organisation to implement what recommendations they bring forward. On that basis I'm hoping we'll get a clean bill of health but more importantly we can become much more effective at tackling not just antisemitism but racism, both in our party and society overall."^[322]

Yahudiylarning mehnat uchun ovozi welcomed the investigation by the EHRC. The organisation produced a dossier for the EHRC in response to its request for evidence in relation to its investigation. JVL holds that without making public the complaints and Labour's response when the EHRC shared them ahead of launching the investigation, the EHRC have violated the Tenglik to'g'risidagi qonun 2006 yil which requires that they specify who is being investigated and "the nature of the unlawful act" they are suspected of committing, both required by its own terms of reference. Signatories to JVL's letter includes human rights lawyer Sir Jefri Bindman QC and University of Oxford professor Avi Shlaim.^[323]

In June 2020, Jeremy Corbyn said that the Conservatives in power had "for some reason, which I don't fully understand... decided to take away its independent status and make it part of the government machine".^{[261][262][263]}

Criticism of Labour Party advocates

In 2019, those seeking to defend the Labour Party and some members from what they saw as unfair or exaggerated allegations themselves came under attack. Kris Uilyamson "Irqchilikka qarshi kurashishda ko'proq ish qilgan partiya endi irqchi, mutaassib partiya sifatida shaytonga aylanmoqda. Men shuni aytishim kerakki, partiyamizning javobi bunga qisman javobgar edi" chunki mening fikrimcha ... biz haddan tashqari chekindik, juda ko'p asos berdik, juda kechirim so'radik ... Biz antisemitizm balosini engish uchun boshqa siyosiy partiyalarga qaraganda ko'proq ish qildik va shu bilan birga bizni sotib olishmoqda. ".^[324][325] Jeki Uoker va Jodugarga qarshi mehnat kabi, tadbirlarda uning so'zlashiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun harakatlar qilingan.^[326] 2019 yilgi umumiy saylovlar oldidan Leyboristlar partiyasi Uilyamsonni leyboristlar partiyasidan nomzod sifatida qatnashishni taqiqladi.^[327]

Kabi Pro-Corbyn veb-saytlari Kanareyka tomonidan reklama boykot kampaniyasining maqsadi bo'lgan Soxta yangiliklarni moliyalashtirishni to'xtatish, buni aytgan Kanareyka muntazam ravishda "soxta yangiliklar" va "antisemitizmni oqlashga" urinishlarni e'lon qildi va uning ikki yozuvchisi antisemitik izohlar berishdi.^[328] Ga binoan Yahudiy yangiliklari, aksiya qo'llab-quvvatlandi Reychel Rili,^[329] partiya rahbariyatining antisemitizm haqidagi da'volarni ko'rib chiqishiga qarshi kim kampaniya olib boradi Kanareyka ayblovlarni qoralash va kampaniya ortida turganlarni "siyosiy sionistlar" deb atadi.^[330] Tomonidan olib borilgan tadqiqotlar Jamiyat xavfsizligiga ishonch partiyadagi antisemitizm haqidagi da'volar "bo'rttirilgan, qurollangan, ixtiro qilingan yoki mutanosib ravishda chiqarib yuborilgan, yoki Leyboristlar va Korbinlar qoralash kampaniyasining qurbonlari" deb da'vo qilgan Jeremi Corbyn va Leyboristlarni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi bir qator ijtimoiy tarmoq akkauntlarini aniqladilar. antisemitizm ".^[331][332] Mustaqil tadqiqotchi Devid Kollierning 14 ta Leyboristlar partiyasining ijtimoiy tarmoqlardagi faoliyati to'g'risidagi hisobotida Korbin rahbar etib saylanganidan keyin Isroil, antisemitizm va ingliz yahudiyligiga nisbatan ko'rsatmalar ko'payganligi ko'rsatilgan.^[333] Bu Leyboristlar partiyasida antisemitizm haqidagi da'volarni ommaviy axborot vositalarida tanqidiy yoritilishiga javob sifatida berilgan.^[243][219]

Ravvinga qilingan hujumga javob

2019 yil noyabr oyida Londonga tashrif buyurgan Isroil ravviniga hujum qilingandan so'ng, Korbin Rabbiyga qo'ng'iroq qildi Xersel Gluk, yahudiy mahallalarini tomosha qilish tashkiloti raisi Shomrim, o'z tashvishini va hamjamiyat bilan hamdardligini ifoda etish. U tvitterda "Biz bu antisemitizm balosini to'xtatishimiz kerak" deb yozdi. Glyukning fikricha, jamiyat Korbinning tashvishini yuqori baholaydi va Korbin telefon qilgan yagona partiya rahbari.^[334]

2020

Keyr Starmerning bayonotlari

2020 yil 4 aprelda yangi saylangan partiya rahbari Keir Starmer "Antisemitizm bizning partiyamizga dog 'bo'ldi" degan fikrni bildirdi va leyboristlar partiyasi nomidan yahudiy jamoatidan uzr so'radi va unga qarshi kurashishga va'da berdi.^[335][336] Starmer ilgari Leyboristlar partiyasidagi antisemitizmni yo'q qilishni o'zining saylovoldi tashviqotining asosiy masalalaridan biriga aylantirgan edi va u partiya rahbarligini o'z zimmasiga olgan "birinchi kunida" uni yo'q qilish uchun choralar ko'rishini aytdi. Shuningdek, u EHRCning partiyadagi antisemitizm bo'yicha tekshiruvi bilan to'liq hamkorlik qilishga intilishini aytdi.^[336]

Mehnatni boshqarish va yuridik bo'limga nisbatan ichki tergov

Keyingi hafta, Sky News partiyaning antisemitizm bilan shug'ullanishi to'g'risidagi 860 sahifadan iborat hisobot, ilgari taqdim etilgan materiallardan tashqari EHRCga yuborilishi rejalashtirilgan, advokatlarning maslahatiga binoan ushlab qolinadi.^[15] Hisobot intizomiy ishlarni ko'rib chiqadigan Leyboristlarning boshqaruv va yuridik bo'linmasida o'tkazilgan ichki tekshiruv natijalari edi.^[337] Hisobotda antisemitizmga oid shikoyatlar boshqa shikoyat turlaridan farqli o'laroq ko'rib chiqilganligi yoki hozirgi yoki sobiq xodimlar "antisemitik niyatda" bo'lganligi to'g'risida "hech qanday dalil yo'q" degan xulosaga kelishdi. Hisobotda shuningdek, Korbinning jamoasi "mustahkam jarayonlar, tizimlar, o'qitish, ta'lim va samarali boshqaruvni" etishmasligi meros bo'lib o'tgani va sobiq yuqori lavozimli mulozimlarning Corbinga bo'lgan dushmanligi "tezkor va qat'iyatli ishlashga ta'sir qilgan" xatolar litani "ga sabab bo'lganligi aniqlandi. intizomiy shikoyatlar ", shu jumladan Corbyn ofisiga antisemitizm ayblovlari ko'lami va ko'rib chiqilishi to'g'risida" yolg'on va chalg'ituvchi ma'lumotlar "taqdim etish. Hisobot EHRCni sobiq xodimlarning "shaxsiy ko'rsatmalarining to'g'riligini shubha ostiga olishga" undaydi.^[15] Bundan tashqari, Mustaqil Ma'lumotnomani to'liq ko'rgan xabarda, Leyboristlar partiyasining o'ng qanoti bilan bog'liq bo'lgan xodimlar Korbinga putur etkazish va Leyboristlarning 2017 yilgi umumiy saylovlarda g'olib bo'lishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun yomon natijalar etakchilar musobaqasini boshlashiga umid qilishgan. Korbinni rahbar sifatida olib tashlash.^[338]

Sobiq soya kansleri Jon McDonnell mustaqil tergov natijalariga qadar hujjatda ko'rsatilgan ba'zi sobiq xodimlarning zudlik bilan to'xtatilishini talab qildi va hujjat partiyaga nisbatan EHRC tergoviga taqdim etilishi kerak. U shunday dedi: "Ular barcha ma'lumotlarga ega bo'lishlari kerak. Biz o'zimizga juda zarur bo'lgan paytda leyboristlar hukumatiga to'sqinlik qiladigan bu madaniyatdan xalos bo'lishimiz kerak, shuningdek, tashqi ko'rinishiga ko'ra, partiya qobiliyatini pasaytiramiz" antisemitizm bilan samarali kurashish "^[339] va "fosh qilingan Leyboristlar to'g'risidagi hisobotdagi oyatlar haqiqiy mojaro" deb yozgan.^[337]

23 aprelda Leyboristlarning NEC yig'ildi va iyul oyining o'rtalariga qadar o'z hisoboti bilan yakunlash uchun ichki hisobotning holatlari, mazmuni va chiqarilishi bo'yicha mustaqil tergov uchun texnik topshiriqlarni kelishib oldi. NEC tomonidan bir nechta tuzatishlar qabul qilindi, shu jumladan Rayner tomonidan buzilganlarni himoya qiluvchi vositalarni himoya qilish taklifiga tegishli.^[340] 1 may kuni NEC partiyaning ichki antisemitizm shikoyatlarini ko'rib chiqishi to'g'risidagi hisobotni tekshirish uchun to'rt kishilik hay'atni tayinladi. Mustaqil so'rovga raislik qilish uchun NEC tomonidan advokat Martin Forde QC tanlandi. Uni uchta Leyborist tengdoshlari qo'llab-quvvatlaydi: baronessa Debbi Uilkoks Rabbim Larri Uitti va baronessa Rut Lister.^[341]

2020 yil iyun oyida Jeremy Corbyn shunday dedi: "Men Leyboristlar partiyasida sog'lom, deyarli o'zini o'zi boshqaradigan byurokratiya madaniyati mavjudligini har doim bilardim. Barcha tashkilotlarda ular haqida o'z-o'zini abadiylashtiradigan byurokratiya bor".^{[261][262][263]}

2020 yil iyun oyida Leyboristlar partiyasi a Oliy sud Eshitilgan antisemitizm to'g'risidagi hisobot bo'yicha tergovning yaxlitligini himoya qilish uchun ba'zi partiyalar a'zolarini to'xtatib qo'yganligi to'g'risida.^{[342][343][344]} Ga binoan Novara Media, partiyaning sobiq direktori Emili Oldouf, oshkor qilingan hujjatlarda muhim o'rinlarni egallagan va Patrik Xenegan, Leyboristlarning saylovlar, kampaniyalar va tashkilotlar bo'yicha sobiq ijrochi direktori to'xtatilgan a'zolari orasida.^[344]

Iyun oyida Leyboristlarning matbuot xizmati partiya huquqshunoslari tomonidan tayyorlangan izohlarni himoya qilgan voqeani yoritgan jurnalistlarga bayonot berdi va tanqidni "yuzma-yuz" deb ta'rifladi va quyidagilarni bayon qildi: "Bular hamkasblar o'rtasida saqlanib qolinishini kutgan holda almashinadigan xabarlar edi. maxfiy va maxfiy va ishlatilgan tilning ohanglari buni aks ettiradi. " Bunga javoban 13 nafar NEC a'zosi (NECning uchdan bir qismi), shu jumladan to'rtta kasaba uyushma vakillari Transport maoshli xodimlar assotsiatsiyasi, Yong'in brigadalari ittifoqi, Lokomotiv muhandislari va o't o'chiruvchilar assotsiatsiyasi va Ittifoqni birlashtiring Leyboristlar partiyasi rahbari Keir Starmerga o'z ofisini partiyaning hisobotda batafsil bayon qilingan batafsil mansabdor shaxslarning WhatsApp-da tarqatilgan xabarlari bilan qanday munosabatda bo'lganligi va partiya rasmiylarini hamkasblari haqidagi "irqchi, jinsiy va tahqirlovchi" xabarlarni himoya qilishda ayblashi va ularni "to'g'ridan-to'g'ri oldindan hukm qilganligi to'g'risida ularni chalg'itishda aybladi. aniq masalalar Martin Ford NEC a'zolari Starmerdan kechirim so'rashga va undan voz kechishga chaqirishdi.^[345]

Rebekka Long-Beylini ishdan bo'shatish

2020 yil iyun oyida, Rebekka Long-Beyli sifatida iste'foga chiqishi so'ralgan Ta'lim bo'yicha soya davlat kotibi Leyboristlar rahbari Keir Starmer u an havolasini baham ko'rgandan so'ng Mustaqil aktyor bilan intervyu Maksin Pik quyidagi so'zlarni o'z ichiga olgan:

"Amerikada politsiya tomonidan Jorj Floydning bo'yniga tiz cho'kkan taktika, bu Isroil maxfiy xizmatlari bilan o'tkazilgan seminarlardan o'rganilgan."^[346]

Maqolaning asl nusxasida "Isroil politsiyasi buni rad etdi" deb aytilgan.^[347] Starmerning ta'kidlashicha, ushbu maqola Long-Beyli tomonidan tarqatilmasligi kerak edi, chunki unda antisemit fitna nazariyalari bor edi.^[348][349] Mustaqil maqolaning asl nusxasini o'zgartirib, "AQSh politsiyasiga Isroil maxfiy xizmatlari tomonidan" bo'yniga tiz cho'kish "taktikasini o'rgatgan degan da'vo asossiz" degan yozuvni qo'shdi.^[350] Keyinchalik Pik o'zini "Amerika politsiyasining o'qitilishi va uning manbalari to'g'risida taxmin qilishda noto'g'ri" deb aytgan.^[351] Da'vo tomonidan hisobot bilan bog'langan Xalqaro Amnistiya, ammo Amnistiya hech qachon Isroil xavfsizlik kuchlari ushbu texnikani o'rgatgani haqida xabar bermaganligini aytdi.^[352]

Guardian "bir qator individual deputatlar bu qarorni qoralashdi" va ba'zilari Pikning ayblovlarini antisemitizm deb hisoblamadilar. Jon McDonnell, Jeremy Corbyn boshchiligidagi soya kansleri, "Isroil davlatining amaliyotini tanqid qilish antisemitizmga ega emas", dedi. U Long-Beyli ishdan bo'shatilishi va u bilan "birdamlikda" turishi kerakligiga ishonmadi.^[350][352] NEC a'zosi Jon Lansman dedi: "Men [Maxine Peake] intervyusida antisemitik narsa yo'qligiga ishonmayman va Rebekkani ishdan bo'shatish Keir Starmerning beparvolik haddan tashqari reaktsiyasi".^[353]

Stiv Rid

2020 yil iyulda, Stiv Rid Twitter-dan Konservativ partiyaning donorligini taklif qilish uchun foydalangan Richard Desmond Desmond va vazir bilan bog'liq rejalashtirish mojarosiga nisbatan "butun Tori kabinetiga qo'g'irchoq ustasi" edi Robert Jenrik. Ushbu tvitda "yahudiy tadbirkoriga oid klassik antisemitik trop" borligi uchun antisemitik deb tanqid qilindi va konservativ deputatlar Starmerdan Ridni ishdan bo'shatishni so'rashdi. Rid tvitni o'chirib tashlab, kechirim so'raganidan so'ng, unga nisbatan boshqa choralar ko'rilmadi.^[354][355]

2019 yil yakunlari Panorama dastur

2020 yil iyul oyida Leyboristlar partiyasi 2019 yilgi Bi-bi-si-da paydo bo'lgan etti nafar sobiq xodimlar tomonidan tuhmat uchun sudga berildi Panorama dastur Mehnat antisemitizmmi? Sobiq xodimlarning ta'kidlashicha, Leyboristlar partiyasining yuqori martabali arboblari ularning obro'siga tajovuz qilgan va dasturda ishtirok etib, partiyaga putur etkazish uchun o'ta siyosiy va shaxsiy maqsadlari borligini ko'rsatgan. Dastur efirga uzatilgach, Leyboristlar partiyasining vakili ularni "norozi sobiq amaldorlar" deb atagan va ular "Korbinni buzish uchun faol ishlaganliklarini" va "ham shaxsiy, ham siyosiy o'qlar" borligini aytgan. Sudga javoban Starmer sobiq xodimlarga etkazilgan zararni to'lashga va rasmiy ravishda kechirim so'rashga rozi bo'ldi.^[356]

Korbin Starmerning qaroridan hafsalasi pir bo'lganini va Leyboristlar partiyasi "so'nggi yillarda Leyboristlar partiyasida antisemitizm bilan kurashish bo'yicha ko'rilgan choralar to'g'risida chalg'ituvchi va noaniq da'volarga ishonch berish" bilan tavakkal qilayotganini va aholi punktlari "siyosiy qaror emas, balki qonuniy ". Bunga javoban shou boshlovchisi John Ware shaxsan Korbinni sudga berishga qaror qildi.^[357][358] Korbinga Vare harakati bilan bog'liq yuridik to'lovlarda yordam berish uchun dastlabki 20000 funt sterling miqdorida mablag 'yig'ish kampaniyasi bir necha kun ichida 270 ming funtdan oshdi.^[359] Starmerning qarori, shuningdek, Leyboristlar partiyasining eng katta qo'llab-quvvatlovchisi - kasaba uyushmasiga turtki berdi Birlashtir tomonidan boshqariladi Len Makkluski, partiyaga qilgan xayr-ehsonlarini ko'rib chiqish. Makkluski "Bu a'zolarning pullarini suiiste'mol qilish ... Bu go'yoki Leyboristlar partiyasi tashqarisida" bu erda sizning yozuvingiz bilan navbat qiling va to'lovingizni o'sha erda oling "degan ulkan belgi qo'yilganiga o'xshaydi" dedi.^[360]

EHRC hisobotini nashr etish

2020 yil 29 oktyabrda Tenglik va inson huquqlari bo'yicha komissiya Leyboristlar partiyasida antisemitizm haqida o'zlarining hisobotlarini e'lon qildilar, unda "ishchilar partiyasi rahbariyatining antisemitizmga qarshi jiddiy kamchiliklari va antisemitizmga oid shikoyatlarni ko'rib chiqish uchun etarli bo'lmagan jarayon" topildi.^[361] Hisobotda antisemitizm shikoyatlariga siyosiy aralashuv, antisemitizm shikoyatlarini ko'rib chiqish bo'yicha mashg'ulotlar o'tkazilmaganligi va ta'qiblar Tenglik to'g'risidagi qonun 2010 yil.^[362]

Hisobot nashr etilgandan so'ng, Jeremi Korbin uning jamoasi "bu jarayonga to'sqinlik qilmasdan, tezlashtirish uchun harakat qilganini" va Leyboristlar ichidagi antisemitizm ko'lami "siyosiy sabablarga ko'ra keskin oshirib yuborilganligini" aytdi. Korbin ishdan voz kechishdan bosh tortganida, Leyboristlar partiyasi tomonidan olib borilgan tergov kutib turilguncha to'xtatib qo'yilgan.^[363] Korbinning to'xtatib qo'yilishini Leyboristlar, shu jumladan mamnuniyat bilan kutib olishdi Margaret Xodj,^[363] va Harriet Xarman,^[364] shuningdek Britaniya yahudiylarining deputatlar kengashi.^[365] Korbin o'z lavozimidan chetlatilishiga "qattiq qarshi chiqishini" aytdi.^[366] Jon McDonnell, Birlashtir lider Len Makkluski va Momentum Korbinning to'xtatib qo'yilishiga qarshi ekanligini bildirdi.^[366]

Rad etishlar

Ishchilar harakati

2017 yil sentyabr oyida Bosh kotib Ittifoqni birlashtiring, Len Makkluski qator "Jeremy Corbynni buzmoqchi bo'lgan odamlar tomonidan yaratilgan" deb aytdi.^[367] U partiya yig'ilishida antisemitik so'zlarni hech qachon eshitmaganligini ta'kidlab, "Afsuski, o'sha paytda juda ko'p odamlar o'yin o'ynashgan, hamma Jeremy Corbyn rahbariyati misogynist, irqchi va antidematik bo'lgan degan obrazni yaratmoqchi edi. Semitik va bu noto'g'ri edi. "^[367]

2017 yil oktyabr oyida, Jodugarga qarshi mehnat da'vogar antisemitizmga nisbatan leyboristlar faollariga nisbatan asossiz intizomiy choralar ko'rilganiga qarshi turish uchun tashkil qilingan.^[368]

2017 yil dekabr oyida, Momentum asoschisi Jon Lansman Leyboristlar partiyasidagi antisemitizmni uchta shaklga ajratdi: partiyadagi "ksenofobik mulohazalar, u juda ko'p narsa bor deb o'ylamaydi"; eski maktab tuhmat qoni Lansmanning so'zlariga ko'ra "juda kam uchraydigan" antisemitizm turi; va Isroil-Falastin to'qnashuvi Lansmanning aytishicha, "bu mojaro qizib ketgach, bu dahshatli antisemitizmga olib kelishini hammamiz tushunamiz. Bunga olib kelmaslik kerak, ammo shunday bo'ladi".^[369]

2019 yil may oyida Mehnat milliy ijroiya qo'mitasi a'zosi Piter Uillsman Isroil elchixonasi "bu barcha antisemitizm ortida" va "hammasini qamchilayotganlar" ekanligini ta'kidladi. U qo'shimcha qildi: "Ular Leyboristlar partiyasida kimnidir qo'lga olishdi. Ma'lum bo'lishicha ular Isroil elchixonasida agent bo'lgan". Lobbi.^[370]

2019 yil iyun oyida mehnat tengdoshi Piter Xeyn va tinchlik muzokaralarida Isroilning sobiq muzokarachisi Deniel Levining ta'kidlashicha, Leyboristlarning pozitsiyasining antisemitizmga ta'siri "Isroil hukumatining falastinliklarga nisbatan mutlaqo qabul qilib bo'lmaydigan hujumlari va ularning huquqlarini doimiy ravishda oyoq osti qilish uchun apologlarga kuch berishdir - bu apologlarga o'zlarining insofsizlarida yangi cho'qqilarni ko'tarishlariga imkon berish. Isroilning siyosatini tanqidni "antisemitik" deb belgilashga urinishlar.^[267][268]

2019 yil iyul oyida Shimoliy Irlandiyadagi ishchilar partiyasi (LPNI) ning ikkinchi to'xtatilishiga qarshi bayonot chiqardi Kris Uilyamson bu "o'zboshimchalik va asossiz" degan asosda va "Leyboristlar partiyasida keng tarqalgan antisemitizm" da'volari batafsil tadqiqotlarga va da'volarning to'g'riligini aniqlash uchun bir qator tekshiruvlar o'tkazilishiga olib keldi. tadqiqot Buyuk Britaniyaning Mehnat partiyasiga mansubligi, qo'llab-quvvatlanishi yoki unga sodiqligi bo'lmagan, dunyoga mashhur yahudiy tashkilotlari tomonidan olib borilgan. Ularning aniq ob'ektiv va mustaqil ishonchlariga qaramay; ularning topilmalari Buyuk Britaniya ommaviy axborot vositalari tomonidan deyarli hamma e'tiborga olinmagan. " Keyinchalik "Leyboristlar partiyasida antisemitizm bilan bog'liq muammolar mavjud emasligini aytish adolatli sharhdir. Bundan tashqari, leyboristlar partiyasining a'zolari bu erda bayon qilingan bayonotda aybdor emas deb aytish adolatli. partiyadagi antisemitizm bilan bog'liq alohida muammo. Bundan mantiqan kelib chiqadiki, Leyboristlar partiyasi a'zolari yolg'on ekanligi ko'rsatilgan narsadan uzr so'rashlari kerak deb o'ylamasliklari kerak. "^[371][372]

2019 yil avgustda Leyboristlar partiyasi rahbarining sobiq o'rinbosari va Shadow uy kotibi Lord Xettersli Leyboristlar antisemitizmni "partiyani yo'q qilishga muvaffaq bo'ldi", deb ishonishini aytdi.^[373]

Yahudiy faollari va tashkilotlari

Ba'zi chap qanotli yahudiy guruhlari antisemitizm haqidagi da'volarga qarshi chiqishdi. Bunga quyidagilar kiradi Yahudiylarning mehnat uchun ovozi,^[374][375] Yahudiylar Falastinliklar uchun adolat tarafdori,^[376] Yahudiy sotsialistlar guruhi,^[377] Yahudiylar^[378] va Mustaqil yahudiy ovozlari;^[379] ularning barchasi, ishchilar partiyasiga qarshi antisemitizmni ayblash ikki xil maqsadga ega, deb aytdi: birinchidan, bunday tanqidni oldini olish uchun antisemitizmni Isroilni tanqid qilish bilan aralashtirish va ikkinchidan, Korbin 2015 yilda rahbar etib saylanganidan beri leyboristlar rahbariyatiga putur etkazish.^{[380][381][382]}

2015 yil avgust oyida o'nlab taniqli yahudiy faollari tanqid qilgan ochiq xatga imzo chekdilar Yahudiylarning xronikasi chunki ular Korbinni "xarakterli suiqasd" deb hisoblashgan. Ular shunday deb yozishgan: "Jeremy Corbynga qilgan hujumingizni" ingliz yahudiylarining katta qismi qo'llab-quvvatlamoqda "degan fikringiz asossizdir. Biz sizning bu mamlakatda rivojlanib borayotgan yahudiylar nomidan gaplashishingizni qabul qilmaymiz. Siz faqat qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan yahudiylar uchun gapirasiz. Isroil, to'g'ri yoki noto'g'ri. " Ular davom etishdi: "Sizda juda yoqimsiz va insofsiz narsa bor Makkartit uyushma tomonidan ayb texnika. Jeremi Corbynning 32 yillik parlamentdagi faoliyati barcha irqchilikka, shu jumladan antisemitizmga qarshi doimo qarshi bo'lgan. "Maktubni imzolaganlar Lorens Dreyfus, Selma Jeyms, Miriam Margolyes, Ilan Pappe, Maykl Rozen va Avi Shlaim.^[83]

2016 yil aprel oyida Richard Kuper, matbuot kotibi Yahudiylar Falastinliklar uchun adolat tarafdori "Buyuk Britaniyadagi keng jamiyatda bo'lgani kabi" Leyboristlar partiyasida va uning atrofida ba'zi antisemitizm mavjud "bo'lsa-da," antisemitizmning mohiyati va hajmini bo'rttirish uchun muvofiqlashtirilgan, irodali va malign kampaniya mavjud. Korbin boshchiligidagi Leyboristlar partiyasini mag'lub etish uchun tayoq.^[383] Xuddi shu oyda, Yan Savil yahudiy sotsialistlar guruhi va leyboristlar partiyasi a'zosi, antisemitizmdan "leyboristlar partiyasida chapga hujum qilishda foydalanilgani" tufayli uni "bezovta qilganini" aytdi.^[383][384]

2016 yil aprel oyida Yahudiy sotsialistlar guruhi "Jeremy Corbyn boshchiligidagi Leyboristlar partiyasiga Leyboristlar" antisemitizm "muammosi" bor degan da'volar bilan hujum qilish "uchun antisemitizm ayblovlari" qurollanmoqda ". "Bunday holatlarning juda oz qismi antisemitizmning haqiqiy misollari bo'lib ko'rinadi. Boshqalari esa aslini anglatadi Isroil siyosatini tanqid qilish va qo'llab-quvvatlash Falastinning huquqlari "Yahudiy sotsialistlar guruhi Leyboristlar partiyasida antisemitizm bilan bog'liq hozirgi qo'rquvni ko'rmoqda - bu o'ng qanotli siyosiy kuchlarning yahudiylar va yahudiy bo'lmaganlar o'rtasida tobora ortib borayotgan qo'llab-quvvatlashga putur etkazish uchun ongli va kelishilgan sa'y-harakatlari. Jeremi Corbynning Leyboristlar partiyasi rahbariyati va uning raqiblarining umidsizligi o'lchovi ".^[385]

O'sha oyning oxirida 82 "leyboristlar partiyasi va Jeremi Corbyn rahbariyatining yahudiy a'zolari va tarafdorlari" ga ochiq xat yozishdi. Guardian ular "antisemitizm Leyboristlar partiyasida" avj olganini "qabul qilmasliklarini" va "bu ayblovlar Leyboristlar rahbariyatiga qarshi olib borilayotgan kengroq kampaniyaning bir qismidir va ular, ayniqsa, Leyboristlar partiyasiga va uning istiqbollariga ziyon etkazish uchun o'z vaqtida qilinganligini ta'kidladilar. yilda kelgusi hafta bo'lib o'tadigan saylovlar."^{[125][386][387]} Yahudiy a'zolari va tarafdorlari shu jumladan Miriam Devid, Ivor Dembina, Professor Stiven Doych, Selma Jeyms, Miriam Margolyes, Charlz Shaar Myurrey, Yan Savil va Lynne Segal.^{[125][385][388]}

2017 yil dekabr oyida, Yahudiylar ayblovlar partiyani obro'sizlantirishga qaratilgan deb taxmin qildi^[192] va ularga bo'lgan munosabatni "ikkiyuzlamachilik va fursatparastlik bilan yog'langan g'azabli kurash" deb atab, bu "bu o'zlarining aniq sadoqati bo'lgan odamlar tomonidan qilingan hiyla-nayranglarning ishi" deb aytdi. Konservativ partiya va Leyboristlar partiyasining o'ng qanoti ".^[389]

2018 yil mart oyida Jozef Finlay, muharrirning sobiq o'rinbosari Yahudiylar har chorakda jurnali va bir necha boshlang'ich yahudiy tashkilotlarining hammuassisi Yahudiy yangiliklari Korbinni himoya qilib, uni "etakchilardan biri" deb ta'riflagan irqchilarga qarshi parlamentda ", va bu;" Antisemitizm har doim rangdan tashqarida. Hozir yarim milliondan ziyod a'zosi bo'lgan Leyboristlar safida oz miqdordagi antisemitlar mavjud va u ularni topganida to'xtatadi. Men irqchilikka qarshi partiya va irqchilikka qarshi etakchidan kam narsa kutmayman. "U so'zlarini davom ettirdi:" Yahudiylarga tahdidlar ko'p - va biz hushyor bo'lishimiz haq. ... Britaniyaning etakchi anti-irqchi siyosatchi yahudiylar jamoati duch keladigan asosiy muammo ekanligi haqidagi fikr bema'nilik, chalg'ituvchi narsa va katta xato. "^[390]

2018 yil may oyida Falastin-Isroil Sotsialistik kurash harakati ular "Korbinga antisemitizmning kuchli raqibi sifatida qarashadi va unga qilingan hujumlarni o'zlari uchun ko'rmoqdalar: kapitalistlar tomonidan ishchi sinf foydasiga o'ta radikal deb topilgan manifestni ilgari surgan chap qanot siyosatchisini obro'sizlantirishga urinishlar. manfaatlar ... Korbinga qarshi tuxmat kampaniyasi chap va sotsialistik echimlar uchun kurashni sabotaj qilishga qaratilgan xavfli urinishdir ".^[391]

2019 yil fevral oyida 200 dan ortiq yahudiy a'zolari va Leyboristlar partiyasining tarafdorlari nashr etilgan maktubni imzoladilar Guardian, Korbin boshchiligidagi partiyani "mutaassiblik va reaktsiyaga qarshi kurashda hal qiluvchi ittifoqchi" deb atash va Korbinning "antisemitizmga qarshi tashabbuslarni" qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun doimiy ravishda tashviqot olib borishi. Shuningdek, ular Leyboristlarning "Isroil va falastinliklarning huquqlarini ifoda etish erkinligini" qo'llab-quvvatlashini olqishladilar. Ular "nomutanosiblik chap tomonda antisemitizmga qaratilgan, bu nafratlanarli, ammo nisbatan kam" deb hisobladilar. Yahudiy a'zolari va tarafdorlari prof Devid Epshteyn, Mayk Ley, Prof Maykl Rozen, Prof Avi Shlaim, Gillian Slovo, Prof Annabelle Sreberniy, Uolter Volfgang, Piter Bakman, Erika Burman, Keyt Bershteyn, Miriam Devid, Maykl Ellman, Nik Foster, Syuzan Ximmelveyt, Selma Jeyms, Ann Jungman, Frank Land, Gillian Makkol, Xelen Pirson va Yan Savil.^{[126][127][128]}

2019 yil iyul oyida, Endryu Faynshteyn, korrupsiyaga qarshi kurashish bo'yicha kampaniya va ijrochi direktor Korruptsiyani kuzatish "Leyboristlar a'zolarining juda ozgina qismi antisemitizmga qarshi qarashlarga ega va 2015 yilda YouGov tomonidan o'tkazilgan so'rov natijalariga ko'ra Leyboristlar har qanday siyosiy partiyaning ikkinchi eng kam miqdorini, faqat Liberal Demokratlardan keyingi o'rinni egallaganini ta'kidladilar. 2017 yilda Jeremi Korbinning boshchiligidagi ikki yil ichida etakchilik, Leyboristlarga qarshi antisemitizm darajasi, so'rov natijalariga ko'ra, aslida tushib ketgan ".^[319]

2019 yil avgust oyida, Gabor Maté, Kanadalik psixolog va yozuvchi, yahudiy qirg'inidan qutulgan va sobiq sionist, Leyboristlar partiyasidagi antisemitizm haqidagi da'volar haqida so'raganida: "... Falastin masalasi haqida gap ketganda, butun antisemitizm ayblovi shunchaki qo'rqitish va sukut saqlashning bir usuli. dahshatli Isroil siyosatining tanqidchilari. "^[392]

2019 yil noyabr oyida, John Bercow, yahudiy sobiq Umumiy palataning spikeri va konservativ deputat, u hech qachon Leyboristlar partiyasi a'zolaridan antisemitizmni boshdan kechirmaganligini va Korbinni 22 yildan beri bilishini va uning antisemitik ekanligiga ishonmasligini aytdi.^[393] 2020 yil fevral oyida Bercov o'zining konservativ partiyasi a'zolaridan faqat "nozik" antisemitizmni boshdan kechirganini va hech qachon Leyboristlar partiyasidan antisemitizmni boshdan kechirmaganligini ta'kidladi.^[394]

2019 yil noyabr oyida 14 britaniyalik yahudiylar nashr etilgan maktubga imzo chekdilar Guardian bayonotida: "Britaniyalik yahudiylar, aksariyati Isroilda oilasi bo'lgan va Holokostda oilasini yo'qotganlar va barchamiz anjomlarni yuzma-yuz qabul qilish bo'yicha ko'plab tajribaga ega bo'lgan siyosiy spektrda, biz to'p otish uchun foydalanishga tayyor emasmiz. aslida Leyboristlar partiyasining siyosiy qamalida ". Britaniya yahudiylari kiritilgan Antoniy Lerman, Lynne Segal, Jaklin Rouz, Miriam Devid, Brayan Klug, Jonathan Rozenxed, Grem Segal va Stiven Sedli.^[395]

Akademiklar va tadqiqotchilar

2016 yil aprel oyida mustaqil tadqiqotchi Jeymi Stern-Vayner antisemitizm ishlarini ko'rib chiqqanida, ularning ba'zilari ommaviy axborot vositalarida "sionistlar" haqidagi sharhlarni Xolokostni inkor qilish va antisemitik fitna nazariyalari haqidagi sharhlar bilan bir xil tarzda muomalada bo'lishgan.^[35][396] 2016 yil may oyida Isroil tarixchisi va Oksford universiteti xalqaro munosabatlar professori Avi Shlaim "yahudiylarga nisbatan nafrat ayblovlari sionistik tarafdorlarning kun tartibiga xizmat qilish uchun ataylab manipulyatsiya qilinmoqda" deb ta'kidladi.^[35][397] Xuddi shu oyda, Norman Finkelshteyn dedi: "Yagona mantiqiy javob bu siyosiy, bu haqiqat bilan hech qanday aloqasi yo'q; aksincha antisemitizmning gumon qilingan bir nechta holatlari - ba'zilari haqiqiy, ba'zilari esa yolg'on siyosiy maqsad uchun ishlatilmoqda. Biri katta odam sifatida Leyboristlar deputati bir kun oldin shaffof ravishda qoralash kampaniyasi dedi. "^[398]

2017 yil yanvar oyida, Jon Newsinger, Bath Spa Universitetining tarix professori, shunday deb yozgan edi: "Korbinitlarni antisemitizm bilan bog'liq jiddiy muammolarga duch kelayotgan leyboristlar partiyasi uchun qandaydir mas'ul ekanliklarini, leyboristlar chap va chap tomonlarni ayblash bilan doimiy ravishda obro'sizlantirishga urinishlar qilingan. Leyboristlar partiyasi tashqarisida, aslida antisemitizm ... Bu erda ta'kidlash kerak bo'lgan ikkita nuqta bor: birinchi navbatda, ayblovlar siyosiy sabablarga ko'ra bulg'angan, odamlar tomonidan uyatsiz holda amalga oshirilgan, ikkinchidan, ular haqiqiy jangga katta zarar etkazgan. antisemitizmga qarshi ".^[399] Shuningdek, 2017 yilda tilshunos va faylasuf Noam Xomskiy "Men har qanday odamni Isroilni antisemitik deb tan olmasdan tanqid qilish huquqini chin dildan qo'llab-quvvatlayman. Bu, xususan, Jeki Uoker."^[400]

2018 yil aprel oyida 42 ta katta akademik maktub yozdi Guardian munozarani yoritishda Korbinga qarshi tarafkashlikni qoraladi va "ommaviy axborot vositalarining dominant bo'linmalari voqeani shu tarzda tuzib chiqdiki, antisemitizm asosan mehnat bilan bog'liq muammo va Corbyn bu ishni bajarmaganligi uchun shaxsan javobgar. Ushbu yoritishda deputatlar kengashi, yahudiylarning etakchilik kengashi va Korbinning taniqli siyosiy muxoliflari kabi bir nechta manbalarga tayanildi. " Ular davom etdilar: "bu emas"nima haqida "antisemitizm haqidagi munozaralar yahudiylarga qarshi mutaassiblikning haqiqiy manbalarini sirlashtirib, buning o'rniga uni faqat bir siyosiy arbobga qarshi qurollantirishga qaratilgan tarzda tuzilgan deb taxmin qilish. muhim saylovlar. Antisemitizmni u qaerda bo'lsa ham qoralaymiz. Shuningdek, biz Jeremy Corbynni qoralashga qaror qilishda kontekst, nuqtai nazar va mazmunli ovozlar doirasiga ega bo'lmagan jurnalistikani qoralaymiz. " Lynne Segal, Annabelle Sreberniy, Beverli Skeggs, Gari Xoll, Neve Gordon, Margaret Gallager, Mariya Chatzichristodoulou, Jill Daniels va Rut Ketlou.^[401] Akademiklardan biri, Vinchester universiteti xodimi Jeyn Diplni o'zi va Leyboristlar partiyasi Facebook da antisemitik postlar qo'yganligi sababli o'zi tekshirgan. 2018 yil avgust oyida universitet Dipple endi u erda ishlamasligini aytdi, ammo u ishdan bo'shatilganmi yoki iste'foga chiqarilganligini aytishdan bosh tortdi.^[402][403]

Keyinchalik o'sha aprel oyida Isroil tarixchisi va sotsialistik faol Ilan Pappe "Korbin antisemit emas va leyboristlar partiyasi, uning saylanishigacha u isroillik tarafdori edi ..." va "barcha ingliz partiyalari orasida antisemitizm mavjud - va o'ng tomonda emas, balki chapga. " U davom etdi: "Antisemitizm bilan band bo'lgan Leyboristlar partiyasi emas; bu ingliz ommaviy axborot vositalari va siyosiy tizimlari ikkiyuzlamachilikka duchor bo'lgan, qo'rqitish bilan falajlangan va yashirin qatlamlar bilan yurgan Islomofobiya va keyingi shovinizm Brexit."^[404] 2018 yil may oyida, Stiven Sedli, Apellyatsiya sudining sobiq sudyasi, Mehnat partiyasining "institutsional" yoki "madaniy" antisemitik degan ayblovini rad etdi. Uning yozishicha, "partiya ichida e'lon qilinmagan urush davom etmoqda, yahudiy ishchilar harakati kabi isroillik tarafdorlari Falastinni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi yahudiylar ovozi singari guruhlarni ularni qoralash bilan haydab chiqarishga intilmoqda va Korbin ular bilan birga -Semitik. " Uning fikricha, Britaniya Yahudiylari Deputatlar Kengashi va Yahudiylarning Etakchilik Kengashi singari tashqi organlar - "na Isroilni mutanosib tanqid qilishlari bilan tanilganlar" - "ommaviy axborot vositalarining saxovatli xabarlari" yordam berishadi.^[405]

2018 yil iyul oyida antisemitizmning faylasufi va olimi Brayan Klug shunday deb yozgan edi: "Agar hozirgi paytda Leyboristlar o'z saflarida antisemitizmga qarshi kurash zarurligini uyg'otayotgan bo'lsa, o'tmishda u bilan kurashmaganligi sababli baqirib yuborilsa, bu paradoksaldir".^[241] Oktyabr oyida u shunday deb yozgan edi: "Ko'rinib turibdiki, yahudiylar rahbariyati ikki xil maqsadga zid kelmoqda: antisemitizmga qarshi kurash va Korbinni ag'darish".^[406] 2018 yil avgust oyida Lorna Finlayson, siyosiy falsafa o'qituvchisi Esseks universiteti "Hech kim hali antisemitizm Leyboristlar partiyasida Buyuk Britaniya jamiyatining boshqa joylaridan (masalan, Konservativ Partiya tarkibiga qaraganda) ko'proq tarqalganligi yoki Korbin rahbar bo'lganidan keyin uning Leyboristlar bilan kasallanish darajasi oshgani haqida hech qanday dalil keltirmagan".^[407] Sentabr oyida adabiyot nazariyotchisi, professor Rebekka Rut Gould "Mehnat yahudiylar jamoatining ichki xilma-xilligini tan olishi va siyosiy fraksiya hozirgacha misli ko'rilmagan darajada sodir bo'layotgani kabi boshqa qarashlarni sukut qilishiga yo'l qo'ymasligi kerak" dedi.^[408]

2018 yil oktyabr oyida, Goldsmiths, London universiteti Taniqli ommaviy axborot vositalarini isloh qilish koalitsiyasi hisobot e'lon qildi^[409] "250 dan ortiq maqola va translyatsiya qilingan yangiliklar segmentlarini" o'rganib chiqqan antisemitizm bo'yicha Mehnat kodeksining qayta ko'rib chiqilganligi haqida. Xabarlarga ko'ra, "90 dan ortiq noto'g'ri yoki noto'g'ri xabar berishning misollari" topilgan. Antisemitizmning IHRA ta'rifi bilan bog'liq holda, tadqiqot natijalariga ko'ra, mehnatni tanqid qiluvchilarni haddan tashqari ko'p vakili bo'lgan, kodni himoya qiladigan yoki IHRA ta'rifini tanqid qilganlar haqida hisobot bermagan va "IHRA ta'rifi to'g'risida" kontekstli faktlarni chiqarib tashlagan "manbalarning katta muvozanati" isbotlangan. . " Bir guruh, shu jumladan Noam Xomskiy, Yanis Varoufakis, Ken Loach va Brayan Eno yozgan Guardian gazetaning xabarlariga norozilik bildirmoqda.^[243] Noyabr oyida hisobotning asosiy muallifi doktor Jastin Shlosberg Reader muharririga ochiq xat yozdi Guardian (hisobot tanqid qilingan) gazetaning "keng ko'lamli ekspertlar va jamoat arboblari tomonidan ma'qullanganiga" qaramay, tadqiqotga oid xabarlarni yoki izohlarni yo'qligini tanqid qildi. va "ijtimoiy media platformalarida katta munozaralarga sabab bo'ldi va mustaqil ommaviy axborot vositalarining katta e'tiborini tortdi."^[410]

2019 yil mart oyida, Neve Gordon, Negevdagi Ben-Gurion Universitetining Siyosat va hukumat professori: "ziddiyatning asl nuqtasi ... partiyaning antisemitizmga toqat qilishi kerakligi haqida emas, aksincha antisemitizm nima ekanligini anglatadi."^[411][412]

Jurnalistlar va mualliflar

2018 yilda, Mark Seddon va Frensis Bekket "(t) u munozara zaharli bo'lib qoldi. Hammasi suiiste'mol qilish va bezorilik va ochko to'plash. Bu uzoq vaqtdan beri bir tarafdan ingliz yahudiylarini himoya qilish va Britaniyada yaxshi va teng huquqli jamiyat yaratishga to'xtadi. boshqa tomondan. "^[413] Uchun Mett Seaton Leyboristlarning yahudiylarga va antisemitizmga bo'lgan munosabati bo'yicha ziddiyatlar a ishonchli vakilga qarshi kurash haqiqiy mojaro bu o'rtada o'tkazilgan tomonning ruhi uchun kurashlardan biridir sotsial-demokratlar va an'anaviy anti-imperialist sotsialistlar.^[414] Rob Fergyuson Buyuk Britaniyadagi Jeremy Corbyn-ga qarshi hujumni 1967 yildan beri va ayniqsa 2000-yillarning boshlaridagi xalqaro voqealar sharoitida aniqlaydi.^[415]

2018 yil iyul oyida antisemitizm bo'yicha yozuvchi va olim Antoniy Lerman "Jeremy Corbyn rahbar etib saylanganidan beri partiyadagi antisemitizm masalasida tortishuvlarni boshdan kechirganidan keyin va partiyaning hech narsa qilmaganligi tanqidchilarini to'liq joylashtira olmaganidan so'ng, rasmiylarning taxminlarga ko'ra universal bo'lishini kutishganiga ishonish qiyin. Ammo yangi kodeks [odob-axloq qoidalari] kun yorug'ligini deyarli ko'rmagan edi, uni hamma va har xil odamlar qattiqroq hukm qilishdi ... "^[218] Sentyabr oyida u "... deyarli barcha asosiy ommaviy axborot vositalarining standart rejimi partiyaning institutsional ravishda antisemitik ekanligini hisobga olgan holda qabul qilish" va "Corbynni antisemit bilan bo'yashga har doim ham vahshiylik ikki barobar ko'payishi va tobora ko'payib borishga urinishlarni to'xtatish uni rahbariyatdan yahudiylarga nafratlanishni qurol sifatida foydalanib, bunga erishadi. "^[219]

2018 yil avgust oyida muallif Lev Golinkin shunday deb yozgan edi: "shuncha ko'p odamlar ham antisemitizm tarafdorlari, bu hech bo'lmaganda xavfli. Va shunga qaramay Buyuk Britaniyaning Leyboristlar partiyasiga qarshi qurol ko'targan bir xil rahbarlar va muassasalar qayta-qayta muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi, "va" tegishli g'azabni bildirish uchun ushbu muassasalarning aksariyati uchun Korbin va Farraxon bular osmondan manna, chunki ular ularga antisemitizm bilan qanchalik qattiq kurashishlarini, aslida noqulay bo'lgan joylarda bunday qilishlariga hojat yo'qligini dunyoga ko'rsatishga imkon beradi. "^[416] Isroil jurnalisti va muallifi Gideon Levi Korbinni "chapparastning paragonasi, butun umri o'zi ishongan qadriyatlar uchun kurashgan" deb atagan. U qo'shimcha qildi: "Korbinga qarshi qo'zg'atish kampaniyasini tark eting va unga omad tilang: u vijdonli odam, va u Buyuk Britaniyaning bosh vaziri bo'lishiga umid qilaman. Bu Isroil uchun ham yaxshi bo'lishi mumkin".^[417] 2019 yil noyabr oyida Levi "Isroil va sionistik tuzilmaning yangi va samarali strategiyasi har bir adolat izlovchini antisemit, Isroilni har qanday tanqid qilishni yahudiylarga nafrat deb biladi. Korbin bu strategiyaning qurboni bo'lib, u tahdid solmoqda Isroilga nisbatan Evropani shol qilib, sukut saqlang.^[418]

Yozuvchi Richard Seymur shunday deb yozgan edi: "... Leyboristlar institutsional ravishda antisemitik yoki Korbinning o'zi irqchi, odamlar haqiqat deb taxmin qilgan narsalarga emas, ularga qarshi kurashgan degan da'volar. Korbinni yoqtirmaydiganlar uni o'zini siyosiy jihatdan to'g'ri tinchlikparvar deb o'ylashadi. , yahudiy nafratlanuvchi emas. "^[34]

2018 yil avgust oyida amerikalik olimlar Noam Xomskiy va Norman Finkelshteyn, Corbyn va Leyboristlarning tanqidlarini "aqldan ozgan" va "isteriya" deb atagan va kuchli manfaatlar etakchiligida bo'lgan, Xomskiy maqsad Korbinning elektoratga javob beradigan siyosiy partiya tuzishga bo'lgan urinishlariga putur etkazish, degan fikrni ilgari surgan va Finkelshteyn buni tasdiqlagan holda dalillar, kampaniya hisoblab chiqarilgan yolg'on edi.^[419] 2019 yil may oyida Finkelshteyn antisemitizm haqidagi ayblovlarni "jodugar-ov isteriyasi" deb atadi. 2019 yil iyulda Xomskiy shunday dedi: "Britaniyada antisemitizm ayblovlaridan Korbin boshchiligidagi Leyboristlar partiyasiga putur etkazishda foydalanilayotgani nafaqat sharmandalik, balki ... Xolokost qurbonlari xotirasini haqorat qilishdir. "^[420]

2019 yil fevral oyida jurnalist va muallif Jonathan Cook Jeynni Formbining leyboristlar partiyasining hisobotida leyboristlarning antisemitizm holatlari bo'yicha raqamlar keltirilganligi, Corbynning tanqidchilarining "nafaqat leyboristlardagi endemik antisemitizm, balki har qanday muhim muammo haqida" da'volari "qat'iy ravishda qisqartirilganligi" ta'kidlandi.^[421] 2019 yil noyabrda u "OAV va Isroil lobbisi, asosan, Korbinni bosh vazir bo'lishini to'xtatish uchun o'z manfaatlari yo'lidagi kampaniyasiga Britaniyalik yahudiylarni va boshqa ko'plab odamlarni jalb qilishda muvaffaqiyat qozongan bo'lishi mumkin ..." dedi.^[422] 2019 yil aprel oyida tarixchi va Bukingem universiteti siyosati professori Jefri Alderman da yozgan Yahudiy telegrafi Jeremy Corbyn "yahudiylarning kommunal tashabbuslarini qo'llab-quvvatlash borasida ta'sirchan namoyishkorona rekordga ega".^[129] May oyida u yozgan Tomoshabin "Men vaqti-vaqti bilan, orqa tarafdagi deputat va partiya rahbari sifatida Korbin nohaqlik qilganiga rozi bo'laman. Ammo uni antisemit deb atash uchun asos shunchaki mavjud emas".^[132]

2019 yil oktyabr oyida Greg Filo, bosh muallifi Mehnat uchun yomon xabar: Antisemitizm, partiya va jamoat ishonchi bilan suhbatda ta'kidladi Yakobin jurnali, "BBC ham, hattoki qog'oz ham shunga o'xshash Guardian ushbu masalani jamoatchilik tomonidan noto'g'ri tushunishga hissa qo'shdi. Biz taqdim etgan yangi dalillar va tahlillarni muhokama qilish ular uchun axloqiy burchdir. Ammo ikkalasi ham buni qamrab olmagan. Bu ularning kuchining asosiy manbai - ular sukut saqlashlari va o'zlarining rollarini muhokama qilishdan bosh tortishlari mumkin. "^[423] Falastinlik muallif va akademik Gada Karmi "Mehnat" institutsional ravishda irqchi "emas, aksincha antisemitizmga qarshi asossiz ayblovlar uyushtirilgan kampaniyasining qurbonidir" deb yozgan.^[424]

So'rovlar va tadqiqotlar

Umumiy aholi

2015, 2016 va 2017 yillarda, Antisemitizmga qarshi kampaniya (CAA) foydalanishga topshirildi YouGov inglizlarning yahudiylarga bo'lgan munosabatini o'rganish.^[425] 2017 yilgi so'rov natijalariga ko'ra Leyboristlar partiyasi tarafdorlari antisemitik qarashlarga ega emaslar Konservativ partiya yoki Buyuk Britaniya Mustaqillik partiyasi (UKIP), shu bilan birga Liberal-demokratlar bunday qarashlarga ega bo'lish ehtimoli eng past bo'lgan. Leyboristlarning 32% tarafdorlari CAA tomonidan belgilangan kamida bitta "antisemitik munosabatni" qo'llab-quvvatladilar, Liberal Demokrat uchun 30%, UKIP tarafdorlari uchun 39% va Konservatorlar uchun 40%.^[425][426] Blog tomonidan keyingi tahlil Siyosatni rivojlantirish So'rov ma'lumotlaridan ma'lum bo'lishicha, Leyboristlar partiyasi tarafdorlari orasida antisemitizm 2015-2017 yillarda kamaygan.^[427]

2017 yilgi JPR so'roviga ko'ra Buyuk Britaniya aholisi o'rtasida antitemitik munosabat siyosiy mavqei bo'yicha. Aynan o'ng qanot eng antisemitik, siyosiy spektrning chap tomoni esa keng jamoatchilikning o'rtacha ko'rsatkichiga mos keladi.

A Populus 2018 yil avgust oyida o'tkazilgan so'rov natijalariga ko'ra Buyuk Britaniyaning keng jamoatchiligi Leyboristlar partiyasidagi antisemitizm bilan bog'liq taniqli yangiliklarning yoritilishiga katta ahamiyat bermadi. 5% dan ko'p bo'lmaganlar buni eng ko'p ko'rgan yangiliklar sifatida baholashdi.^[428]

Britaniyadagi zamonaviy antisemitizm bo'yicha tadqiqot Yahudiy siyosatini tadqiq qilish instituti (JPR) in September 2017 found that "Levels of antisemitism among those on the left-wing of the political spectrum, including the far-left, are indistinguishable from those found in the general population. Yet, all parts of those on the left of the political spectrum – including the 'slightly left-of-centre,' the 'fairly left-wing' and the 'very left-wing' – exhibit higher levels of anti Israelism than average." It went on, "The most antisemitic group on the political spectrum consists of those who identify as very right-wing: the presence of antisemitic attitudes in this group is 2 to 4 times higher compared to the general population."^[429] It continued: "However, in relation to anti-Israel attitudes, the very left-wing lead: 78% (75–82%) in this group endorse at least one anti-Israel attitude, in contrast to 56% in the general population, and 23% (19–26%) hold 6–9 such attitudes, in contrast to 9% in the general population. Elevated levels of anti-Israel attitudes are also observed in other groups on the political left: the fairly left-wing and those slightly left-of-centre. The lowest level of anti-Israel attitudes is observed in the political centre and among those who are slightly right-of-centre or fairly right-wing." The report, however, found that "...anti-Israel attitudes are not, as a general rule, antisemitic; but the stronger a person's anti-Israel views, the more likely they are to hold antisemitic attitudes. A majority of those who hold anti-Israel attitudes do not espouse any antisemitic attitudes, but a significant minority of those who hold anti-Israel attitudes hold them alongside antisemitic attitudes. Therefore, antisemitism and anti-Israel attitudes exist both separately and together."^[430] The study stated that in "surveys of attitudes towards ethnic and religious minorities... The most consistently found pattern across different surveys is heightened animosity towards Jews on the political right..." and that "The political left, captured by voting intention or actual voting for Labour, appears in these surveys as a more Jewish-friendly, or neutral, segment of the population."^[42]

Britaniya yahudiylari

In 2017, a poll commissioned by Campaign Against Antisemitism of 1,864 British Jewish adults^[431] found that 83% (in 2016, 87%) felt that the Labour Party was too tolerant of antisemitism among its MPs, members, or supporters.^[432]

A Najot poll by Yahudiylarning xronikasi prior to the 2017 general election found that 13% of Jews intended to vote for Labour, an increase from the 8.5% in May 2016. When asked to rank the degree of "antisemitism among the political party's members and elected representatives" between 1 (low) to 5 (high), Jews ranked Labour at 3.94, compared with 3.64 for UKIP, 2.7 for the Liberal Democrats, and 1.96 for the Conservatives.^{[433][birlamchi bo'lmagan manba kerak ]}

2018 yil sentyabr oyida a Najot uchun o'tkazilgan so'rovnoma Yahudiylarning xronikasi found that 85.9% of British Jews considered Jeremy Corbyn antisemitic, and 85.6% considered the Labour Party to have "high" or "very high" levels of antisemitism within the party's members and elected representatives. This compares to 1.7% and 6.1% for Theresa May and the Conservative Party respectively. This was an increase from 69% who considered the party to have "high" or "very high" levels of antisemitism in 2017.^{[434][birlamchi bo'lmagan manba kerak ]}

A poll conducted for Yahudiylarning xronikasi tomonidan Najot in October 2019 showed that 87% of British Jews believed that Corbyn was antisemitic, with 47% "seriously considering" leaving the country if Corbyn became Prime Minister.^{[435][birlamchi bo'lmagan manba kerak ]}

Mehnat partiyasi a'zolari

2016 yil may oyida, a YouGov poll found that 49% of Labour members felt that the party did not have a problem with antisemitism, 47% agreed that it was a problem, but "no worse than in other parties, while 5% thought that antisemitism is a bigger problem in Labour than in other parties.^[436] In March 2018, a poll showed 77% of Labour members believed the charges of antisemitism to be deliberately exaggerated to undermine the leader or stop criticism of Israel, while 19% said it was a serious issue.^[437] A July 2019 poll by YouGov amongst Labour Party members found that 70% of members thought that antisemitism in the party was a "genuine" problem.^[438]

Shuningdek qarang

• Antisemitism in the UK Conservative Party
• Buyuk Britaniya konservativ partiyasidagi islomofobiya
• Racism in the UK Conservative Party
• Lobbi (TV seriallar)

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

Manbalar

Bibliografiya