Gari Gigaks - Gary Gygax

Gari Gigaks
Oltmish yoshga kirgan erkak. U soqoli, ko'zoynagi va gavayi ko'ylagida.
Gigaks Gen Con Indy 2007 yil
Tug'ilganErnest Gari Gigaks
(1938-07-27)1938 yil 27-iyul[1]
Chikago, Illinoys, BIZ.
O'ldi2008 yil 4 mart(2008-03-04) (69 yosh)
Jeneva ko'li, Viskonsin, BIZ.
Dam olish joyiOak Hill qabristoni (Jenova ko'li, Viskonsin)
Taxallus"Rolli o'yinlarning otasi"[2]
KasbYozuvchi, o'yin dizayneri
Davr1971–2008
JanrRolli o'yinlar, xayol, urush o'yinlari
Turmush o'rtog'iMeri Jo Pauell (1958 y. M., 1983 y. Div.)
Geyl Karpenter (1987 yil 15 avgust; vafoti)
Imzo
Kitoblar-aj.svg aj ashton 01.svg Adabiyot portali

Ernest Gari Gigaks (/ˈɡaɪɡæks/ JY-gaks; 1938 yil 27 iyul - 2008 yil 4 mart)[3] amerikalik edi o'yin uslubchisi va kashshoflik yaratuvchisi sifatida tanilgan muallif rol o'ynash o'yini Dungeons & Dragons (Ar-ge ishlari) bilan Deyv Arneson.

1960-yillarda Gygax urush o'yinlari klublarini tashkil qildi va unga asos soldi Gen Con o'yin anjumani. 1971 yilda u rivojlanishiga yordam berdi Chainmail, miniatyuralar asosida urush o'yini o'rta asrlar urush. U kompaniyani asos solgan Taktik tadqiqotlar qoidalari (TSR, Inc.) bolalik do'sti bilan Don Kaye 1973 yilda. Keyingi yili u va Arneson ijod qildilar Ar-ge ishlari, bu Gygax-da kengaytirilgan Chainmail va u bolaligida sevgan xayoliy hikoyalar elementlarini o'z ichiga olgan. Xuddi shu yili u asos solgan Ajdaho, yangi o'yin atrofida nashr etilgan jurnal. 1977 yilda Gygax o'yinning yanada to'liq versiyasi ustida ishlay boshladi Rivojlangan Dungeons & Dragons. Gygax o'yin tizimi uchun ko'plab qo'llanmalarni ishlab chiqdi, shuningdek bir nechta oldindan qadoqlangan sarguzashtlar a ishlaydigan odamga beradigan "modullar" deb nomlangan Ar-ge ishlari o'yin ("Dungeon Master ") qo'pol ssenariy va muayyan o'yin stsenariysini qanday boshqarish to'g'risida g'oyalar. 1983 yilda u litsenziyalash uchun ishlagan Ar-ge ishlari muvaffaqiyatli qatorga mahsulot qatori Ar-ge ishlari multfilmlar seriyasi.

Ko'pchilikning yangi egasi bilan bog'liq muammolar yuzasidan 1986 yilda TSRni tark etgach, Gygax ko'p janrdan boshlab mustaqil ravishda rolli o'yin nomlarini yaratishda davom etdi. Xavfli sayohatlar yilda 1992. U deb nomlangan boshqa o'yin tizimini yaratdi Lejendary Adventure, 1999 yilda chiqarilgan. 2005 yilda Gygax Qal'alar va salib yurishlari uchinchi nashr o'rtasida duragay sifatida o'ylab topilgan rol o'ynash o'yini Ar-ge ishlari va Gygax tomonidan o'ylab topilgan o'yinning asl nusxasi.

Gigaks ikki marta turmush qurgan va olti farzand ko'rgan. 2004 yilda Gyagaks ikki marta qon tomirini oldi, keyinchalik yurak xurujidan ozgina qochib qoldi, so'ngra tashxis qo'yildi qorin aorta anevrizmasi va 2008 yil mart oyida vafot etdi.

Dastlabki hayot va ilhom

Gigaks Chikagoda tug'ilgan, Almina Emeli "Pozi" (Burdik)[4] va Shveytsariya muhojir va sobiq Chikago simfonik orkestri skripkachi Ernst Gigaks.[5][6] U otasining nomi bilan Ernest deb nomlangan, ammo u odatda Gari, aktyorning onasi tomonidan unga berilgan ikkinchi ism Gari Kuper.[7]:16 Oila Kenmore prospektida, etarlicha yaqin joyda yashagan Wrigley Field[8] u tomosha qilayotgan olomonning shovqinini eshitishi mumkin edi Chikagodagi bolalar o'ynash.[7]:15 7 yoshida u o'zini "Kenmore qaroqchilari" deb atagan kichik do'stlar guruhiga a'zo bo'ldi. 1946 yilda, Kenmore Pirates boshqa bolalar guruhi bilan frakka qatnashgandan so'ng,[9] otasi oilani Pozining oilaviy uyiga ko'chirishga qaror qildi Jeneva ko'li, Viskonsin,[10] Pozining oilasi 19-asrning boshlarida yashagan va Garining bobosi va buvisi hali ham yashagan.[6][11][12]

Ushbu yangi sharoitda Gygax tez orada bir qator tengdoshlari bilan do'stlashdi, shu jumladan Don Kaye va Meri Jo Pauell. Bolaligida va o'spirinligida u o'yinlarga bo'lgan muhabbatni rivojlantirdi va fantaziya va fantastika adabiyotini qadrladi. Besh yoshida u kabi karta o'yinlarini o'ynagan pinochle va keyin kabi stol o'yinlari shaxmat.[13][14] O'n yoshida u va uning do'stlari bir-biriga o'xshash o'yinlarni o'ynashdi va oxir-oqibat "jonli harakatli rol o'ynash o'yinlari "ulardan biri hakam vazifasini bajarishi bilan.[15] Otasi uni orqali fantastika va fantastika bilan tanishtirdi pulpa romanlari.[6][14] Uning o'yinlarga bo'lgan qiziqishi, tarixni qadrlash bilan birlashganda, oxir-oqibat Gyaks o'ynashni boshladi miniatyura urush o'yinlari 1953 yilda eng yaqin do'sti bilan Don Kaye.[14] O'smirlar Gyagx va Kaye o'yinchoq askarlari uchun o'zlarining miniatyura qoidalarini ishlab chiqdilar 54 mm va 70 mm portlashlarni simulyatsiya qilish uchun ular "ladyfingers" (kichik fişekler) dan foydalangan raqamlar.[16]

U o'spirin yoshiga yetguniga qadar Gigaksning ishtahasi ochilib ketdi jinoiy asar kabi mualliflar Robert Xovard, Jek Vens, Fritz Leyber, H. P. Lovecraft va Edgar Rays Burrouz.[7]:40 Gyagaks o'rtacha talaba bo'lgan va 1956 yilda, otasi vafot etganidan bir necha oy o'tgach, kenja yilida o'rta maktabni tashlab ketgan.[7]:43 U qisqa vaqt ichida dengiz piyoda askarlariga qo'shildi, ammo tashxis qo'yilgandan keyin yurish pnevmoniyasi, tibbiy chiqindilar va onasi bilan uyga qaytib ketishdi.[7]:49 U erdan u yuk tashish bo'yicha kotib sifatida ishga o'tdi Kemper sug'urta kompaniyasi Chikagoda. Qaytib kelganidan ko'p o'tmay, do'sti uni tanishtirdi Avalon tepaligi yangi urush o'yini Gettisburg, va Gygax tez orada o'yin bilan ovora bo'lib, ko'pincha haftada bir marta yoki undan ko'proq marafon mashg'ulotlarini o'tkazardi.[17] Avalon tepaligidan ham u birinchi blankni buyurtma qilgan olti burchakli xaritalash mavjud bo'lgan choyshablar, keyinchalik u o'z o'yinlarini loyihalashtirish uchun ishlatgan.[18]

Taxminan bir vaqtning o'zida u kashf etdi Gettisburg, onasi uni bolaligida Jeneva ko'lidan ketgan va endigina qaytib kelgan Meri Jo Pauell bilan yana tanishtirdi. Gyagax ayol bilan urishdi va qisqa uchrashgandan so'ng, u 19 yoshida bo'lishiga qaramay, uni turmushga chiqishga ko'ndirdi, bu uning eng yaqin do'sti Don Kay bilan ham tortishuvga sabab bo'ldi, u Maryam Juni ham tortib olgan edi. qayerda Gyaksning to'yida qatnashishdan bosh tortgan.[7]:47 (Kaye va Gigaks to'ydan keyin yarashishdi.)

Yosh er-xotin Chikagoga ko'chib ketishdi, u erda Gyagx Kemper Insurance-da yuk tashish bo'yicha xizmatchi sifatida davom etdi; u u erda ham Meri Joga ish topdi, ammo birinchi farzandiga homilador bo'lganida, kompaniya uni ishdan bo'shatdi.[7]:53 U ham oldi antropologiya sinflar Chikago universiteti.[5][6] Gigaks, shuningdek, respublika uchastkasining kapitani sifatida ko'ngilli bo'lib xizmat qildi 1960 yilgi prezident saylovi va Demokratik hamkasbi tomonidan ko'plab qonunbuzarliklarni kuzatdi. U bular haqida xabar berish bilan qo'rqitganida, agar u jim tursa, unga Chikago universitetiga to'liq stipendiya taklif qilindi. Garchi Gyagaks oxir-oqibat qonunbuzarliklar to'g'risida xabar bermagan bo'lsa-da, hech narsa qilinmasligini his qilgani sababli, u ham stipendiyani qabul qilmadi.[7]:54

O'zining ishi, oilasini tarbiyalash va siyosiy ko'ngillilik majburiyatlariga qaramay, Gyaks urush o'yinlarini o'ynashda davom etdi. Meri Jo, ikkinchi farzandidan homilador bo'lib, u ishqiy munosabatda bo'lganiga ishongan va uni va do'stlarini xarita bilan o'ralgan stol atrofida o'tirganini aniqlash uchun do'stining podvalida duch kelgan.[7]:55

1962 yilda Gyagx sug'urta anderrayteri sifatida ishga joylashdi Fireman's Fund Insurance Co. Uning oilasi o'sishda davom etdi va uchinchi farzandi tug'ilgandan so'ng, u o'z oilasini Jeneva ko'liga qaytarishga qaror qildi.[5] Bir necha oyni hisobga olmaganda Klinton, Viskonsin,[19] ajrashganidan keyin va TSR ko'ngilochar bo'limining rahbari bo'lganida Gollivuddagi vaqtini, Jeneva ko'li butun umri davomida uning uyi bo'ladi.

1966 yilga kelib Gygax jangovar o'yin-kulgilar dunyosida faol ishtirok etdi va shu mavzuda ko'plab jurnal maqolalarini yozdi.[20]:9–10 Gigaks bu haqda bilib oldi H. G. Uells ' Kichik urushlar harbiy miniatyuralar o'yinlari uchun kitob va Fletcher Pratt "s Dengiz urushi kitob. Keyinchalik Gygax tasodifiy sonlarni yaratishning innovatsion usullarini izladi va u nafaqat oddiy, olti qirrali usullardan foydalangan zar, ammo beshta zar Platonik qattiq shakllar,[21] u maktabni etkazib berish katalogidan topdi.[12]

Gyagaks uning ta'sirini keltirdi Robert E. Xovard, L. Sprague de lager, Jek Vens, Fletcher Pratt, Fritz Leyber, Poul Anderson, A. Merritt va H. P. Lovecraft.[22]

Wargames

Serialning bir qismi:
Wargames
Kriegsspiel 1824.jpg

1967 yilda Gygax asos solgan Xalqaro Wargamers federatsiyasi (IFW) Bill Speer va Scott Duncan bilan.[20]:9–10 IFW jadal sur'atlar bilan o'sdi, ayniqsa, avval mavjud bo'lgan bir nechta urush o'yinlari klublarini assimilyatsiya qilish va barcha davrlarning urush o'yinlariga qiziqishni kuchaytirishga qaratilgan. Axborot byulletenlari va jamiyatlari orqali jangchilar uchun forum yaratdi, bu ularga mahalliy guruhlar tuzish va qoidalarni baham ko'rish imkoniyatini berdi. 1967 yilda Gygax o'z uyining podvalida 20 kishilik o'yin uchrashuvini tashkil qildi; keyinchalik bu voqea "Gen Con 0" deb nomlanadi.[21] 1968 yilda Gyagx Jeneva ko'lining uzum bilan qoplangan qismini ijaraga oldi Bog'dorchilik zali uchun 50 AQSh dollari (2019 yildagi 370 dollarga teng)[23] Gen Con nomi bilan ham tanilgan birinchi Jeneva ko'li konventsiyasini o'tkazish o'yin anjumani qisqasi.[12] Hozirda Gen Con Shimoliy Amerikaning eng katta yillik sevimli mashg'ulotlariga bag'ishlangan uchrashuvlaridan biridir.[24] Gigaks uchrashdi Deyv Arneson, kelajakdagi hammuallifi Ar-ge ishlari, 1969 yil avgustda ikkinchi Gen Conda.[12][25]

Men O'rta asrlar davrini, ayniqsa qorong'u asrlarni juda yaxshi ko'raman. Tegishli miniatyuralarni topganim sababli biz davrada o'ynashni boshladik. Men plastik figurani kiyib olgan narsaning egasi bo'lgan qoidalarni ishlab chiqa boshladim. Agar uning qalqoni bo'lsa va zirhsiz bo'lsa, unda shunchaki qalqoni bor. Qalqon va yarim zirh = yarim zirhli qoidalar; to'liq zirhli raqam = to'liq zirh qoidalari. Men qurol uchun ham qoidalar qildim.

— Gari Gigaks[26]

Don Kaye, Mayk Riz va Leon Taker bilan birgalikda Gyaks harbiy miniatyura jamiyatini yaratdi Jeneva ko'li taktik tadqiqotlar assotsiatsiyasi (LGTSA) 1970 yilda,[20]:26 birinchi shtab-kvartirasi Gigaksning podvalida.[14] Ko'p o'tmay, 1970 yilda Robert Kuntz va Gyagaks asos solganlar Qal'a va salib yurishlari jamiyati IFW.[20]:29

1970 yil oktyabr oyi oxirlarida Gyaks deyarli to'qqiz yildan so'ng sug'urta kompaniyasidagi ishidan ayrildi. Ishsiz va hozirda besh farzandli oilasi bilan - Ernest ("Erni"), Lyusion ("Lyuk"), Xeydi, Sindi va Elis[15][5]- u tijorat savdosi uchun stol o'yinlarini loyihalashtirish orqali tirikchilik qilish uchun o'yinlarga bo'lgan ishtiyoqidan foydalanishga harakat qildi. U 1971 yilda atigi 882 dollar (2019 yilda 5568 dollarga teng) ishlab topganida, bu barqaror emasligi aniq isbotlandi.[7]:84 U boshladi tosh bosish uni doimiy daromad bilan ta'minlagan va o'yinni rivojlantirishga bo'lgan qiziqishini oshirish uchun ko'proq vaqt bergan podvalidagi poyabzal.[20]:33 1971 yilda u tahrirlash ishlarini boshladi Gidon o'yinlari, nashriyoti urush o'yinlari,[15] buning uchun u stol o'yinlarini ishlab chiqardi Buyuk Aleksandr va Dyunkerk: Frantsiya jangi. O'sha yilning boshida Gygax nashr etdi Chainmail, O'rta asrlar davridagi taktik kurashni simulyatsiya qilgan miniatyuralar jangovar o'yini, u dastlab sevimli mashg'ulot do'konining egasi bilan yozgan Jeff Perren.[12][27][28] The Chainmail O'rta asr miniatyuralari qoidalari dastlab Castle & Crusade Society fanzine-da nashr etilgan Domesday kitobi. Guidon Games Gygax-ni "Miniatyuralar bilan jangovar o'yinlar" turkumini va yangi nashrini ishlab chiqarishga yolladi. Chainmail (1971) seriyadagi birinchi kitob edi.[29]:6 Ning birinchi nashri Chainmail qoidalarga fantaziya qo'shimchasini kiritdi.[28] Bular jangchilar, sehrgarlar va odamlarning irqiga oid bo'lmagan turli xil hayvonlar uchun tizimni o'z ichiga olgan. J. R. R. Tolkien va boshqa manbalar.[30] Guidon Games kabi kichik noshir uchun Chainmail nisbatan muvaffaqiyatli bo'lib, oyiga 100 nusxada sotilgan.[7]:86

Gygax ham hamkorlik qildi Traktika Mayk Riz va Leon Taker bilan, uning hissasi 20 tomonlama spinner yoki 20 raqamli poker chiplari (yoki oxir-oqibat 20 qirrali zarlar) bo'lgan kofe qutisini almashtirish, standart 6 qirrali zarlar o'rniga jangovar qarorlarni qabul qilish.[7]:87 U Deyv Arneson bilan Napoleon dengiz harbiy o'yinida ham hamkorlik qilgan Kemadan voz kechmang![25]

Deyv Arneson Chainmail uning fantaziyasi uchun qoidalar Blackmoor kampaniya.[12][bahsli (uchun: Arneson va uning futbolchilari Blackmoor-da Chainmail-dan uzoq vaqt foydalanmaganligini aytishdi) – muhokama qilish] 1972 yilning kuzida, taxminan Noyabr oyi oxirida Deyv Arneson va uning do'sti Devid Megarri, ixtirochisi Zindon! stol o'yini, Gvidon o'yinlari vakili sifatida Gyagxga o'zlarining tegishli o'yinlarini namoyish etish uchun Jeneva ko'liga sayohat qildi. Gyagx ikkala o'yinda ham potentsialni ko'rdi va Arnesonning rol o'ynash o'yinidan juda hayajonlandi.[12][31] Gyagx va Arneson zudlik bilan rivojlanib boradigan "Fantaziya O'yini" ni yaratishda hamkorlik qila boshladilar. Dungeons & Dragons.[3][12][32]

Arnesonnikidan ikki hafta o'tgach Blackmoor namoyishi, Gygax 50 betlik qoidalar to'plamini ishlab chiqdi va uni o'zining eng keksa bolalari Erni va Elisda "Greyhavk" deb nomlangan joyda sinab ko'rishga tayyor edi. Ushbu guruh tezda Don Kaye, Rob Kuntz va oxir-oqibat ko'plab o'yinchilar doirasini o'z ichiga oldi. Gygax 50 sahifa qoidalarni o'zining urush o'yinlariga yubordi va ulardan yangi o'yinni o'ynashni so'radi. Gyagx va Arneson o'zlarining kampaniyalari to'g'risida notalarni sotishda davom etishdi. Ammo yakuniy loyihada Arneson tekshirmagan o'zgarishlarni o'z ichiga olgan va Gyaksning fikri Arneson afzal qilgan ba'zi qoida tafsilotlari bo'yicha farq qilgan.[7]:100

Olingan fikr-mulohazalar asosida Gyagx 1973 yil o'rtalariga qadar qoidalarning 150 betlik tahririni yaratdi. O'yinda sehrni boshqaradigan tizimning bir nechta jihatlari ilhomlantirildi O'layotgan Yer fantaziya muallifining hikoyalari Jek Vens (xususan, bu haqiqat sehrgarlar o'yinda ularni tashlash paytida darhol o'rgangan sehrlarini unuting va ularni qayta o'qish uchun ularni qayta o'rganib chiqing) va umuman tizim mualliflarning ishiga e'tibor qaratdi. Robert E. Xovard, L. Sprague de lager, Maykl Murkok, Rojer Zelazniy, Poul Anderson, Tolkien, Bram Stoker va boshqalar.[33] U Guidon Games-dan uni nashr etishni so'radi,[29]:7 ammo etiketli qutiga o'rnatilgan 3 jildli qoida kichik noshirning imkoniyatlaridan tashqarida edi. Gygax o'yinni Avalon Hillga o'tkazishga urindi, ammo urush o'yinlaridagi eng yirik kompaniya rol o'ynashning yangi kontseptsiyasini tushunmadi va uning taklifini rad etdi.[34]

1974 yilga kelib Gyagxning o'zi bilan boshlangan Greyhawk guruhi, Erni Gigaks, Don Kay, Rob Kuntz va Terri Kuntz, 20 kishidan oshdi, Rob Kuntz hamzindon-usta bo'ldi, shunda ularning har biri o'nlab o'yinchilardan iborat hakamlik qilishlari mumkin edi.[29]:7

TSR

Gyagx 1973 yilda Gidon o'yinlarini tark etdi va oktyabr oyida Don Kaye sherik sifatida tashkil etildi Taktik tadqiqotlar qoidalari, keyinchalik TSR, Inc.[34][35] Ikkala odam har biri sarmoya kiritdi 1000 AQSh dollari tashabbusda - Kaye o'z hayotini sug'urta qilish polisida o'z ulushini qarz oldi[16]- ming nusxasini chop etish uchun Dungeons & Dragons quti to'plami.[36]:26 Shuningdek, ular darhol jangovar o'yin qoidalari to'plamini nashr etish orqali pul yig'ishga harakat qilishdi Kavalerlar va dumaloq boshlar, ammo sotuvlar yomon edi; bosib chiqarish ming nusxaga tushganda Dungeons & Dragons 2000 dollardan 2500 dollarga ko'tarildi,[36]:26 uni nashr etish uchun hali ham kapitallari yo'q edi. Endi Gyagx qoidalari bilan tanish bo'lgan boshqa pleystestlar va jangovarlar avval bozorga o'xshash mahsulotni olib kelishidan xavotirda,[20]:78 ikkalasi 1973 yil dekabrida tanish o'yin o'ynash orqali taklifni qabul qilishdi Brayan Blyum teng uchdan bir sherik bo'lish uchun TSRga 2000 dollar sarmoya kiritish.[20]:78 (Gyagx Blyumning taklifini darhol qabul qildi. Kaye unchalik g'ayratli emas edi va bir hafta o'tgach, taklifni ko'rib chiqib, Blyumni tan olishdan oldin uni diqqat bilan so'roq qildi.)[7]:110 Blumening sarmoyasi, nihoyat, ularni nashr etishlariga imkon beradigan mablag'ni keltirdi Ar-ge ishlari.[32] Gygax ko'proq miniatyuralar va stol usti jangovar o'yinlar qoidalari ustida ishladi Klassik urush (Qadimgi davr: miloddan avvalgi 1500 yildan milodiy 500 yilgacha) va Marsning jangchilari.[16]

Ning birinchi tijorat versiyasi Ar-ge ishlari 1974 yil yanvar oyida TSR tomonidan chiqarilgan quti to'plami.[37] Gygaxning uyida to'plangan 1000 nusxada qo'lda yig'ilgan nashrning sotuvi,[27] bir yildan kamroq vaqt ichida sotildi.[5][6] (2018 yilda qutidagi to'plamning birinchi nusxasi kim oshdi savdosida 20 ming dollardan oshiq narxda sotildi).[36]:424

1974 yil oxirida D&D savdosi keskin ko'tarilib, 36 yoshga to'lgan Gygax va Kaye uchun kelajak porloq ko'rinardi. Ammo 1975 yil yanvar oyida Kay kutilmaganda yurak xurujidan vafot etdi. U o'z irodasida kompaniyaning uchdan bir qismiga tegishli biron bir aniq ko'rsatma bermagan, shunchaki butun mulkini xotini Donnaga qoldirgan.[38] U qisqa vaqt ichida TSRda buxgalter sifatida ishlagan bo'lsa-da, u erining o'yin o'ynashga bo'lgan ishtiyoqi bilan o'rtoqlashmagan va kompaniyani boshqarish bilan hech qanday aloqasi yo'qligini aniq aytgan. Gyagx uni "odamga qaraganda kamroq ... Don vafot etganidan keyin u barcha taktik tadqiqotlar qoidalari materiallarini mening peshayvomga tashlab yubordi. U bilan sherik sifatida ish olib borish imkonsiz bo'lar edi."[38] Kaye vafotidan keyin TSR Kayning ovqat xonasidan Gyaksning podvaliga ko'chib o'tishga majbur bo'ldi.[29]:7 1975 yil iyulda Gygax va Blyum o'z kompaniyalarini sheriklikdan TSR Xobbi deb nomlangan korporatsiyaga aylantirdilar. Gygax 150 ta aktsiyaga, Blyum qolgan 100 ta aktsiyaga ega edi va ikkalasi ham kelajakda istalgan vaqtda 700 tagacha aktsiyalarni sotib olish huquqiga ega edilar. Ammo TSR Xobbilarida nashr etiladigan hech narsa yo'q edi - Ar-ge ishlari hali ham TSRning uch tomonlama sherikligiga tegishli edi va Gyaksda ham, Blyumda ham Kayening rafiqasiga tegishli aktsiyalarni sotib olishga pul yo'q edi. Blyum otasi Melvin Blyumga Donnaning aktsiyalarini sotib olishga ruxsat berishni istamagan Gigaksni ishontirdi va ular TSR Xobbi-ning 200 ta aktsiyasiga aylantirildi.[39] Bundan tashqari, Brayan yana 140 ta aktsiyalarni sotib oldi.[7]:117 Ushbu xaridlar Gygax-ni kompaniyani boshqarishdagi aksariyat aktsiyadordan minoritar aktsiyadorgacha kamaytirdi; u samarali ravishda Blyumzning xodimi bo'ldi.[29]:8

Gyagx qo'shimchalarni yozgan Greyhawk, Eldritch sehrgarligi va Qilichlar va sehrlar asl nusxasi uchun Ar-ge o'yini. Brayan Blyum bilan Gygax shuningdek dizaynlashtirilgan yovvoyi g'arbiy - yo'naltirilgan rolli o'yin Boot Hill. Xuddi shu yili Gygax jurnalni yaratdi Strategik sharh o'zi bilan muharriri sifatida.[15] Ammo butun sanoat bo'ylab davriy nashrni xohlagan holda, u yolladi Tim Kask TSRning ushbu jurnalni fantastik davriy nashrga o'zgartirgan birinchi xodimi sifatida Ajdaho,[21] Gyagx bilan yozuvchi, sharhlovchi va noshir sifatida (1978 yildan 1981 yilgacha).[40] Ajdaho debyuti 1976 yil iyun oyida bo'lib o'tdi va Gyagaks yillar o'tib muvaffaqiyati haqida quyidagicha izoh berdi: «Men shunday qaror qilganimda Strategik sharh to'g'ri transport vositasi emas edi, Tim Kaskni "Taktik tadqiqotlar qoidalari" jurnalining muharriri sifatida yolladi va o'zi chiqarishi kerak bo'lgan yangi nashrni nomladi Ajdaho, Biz oxir-oqibat butun dunyo bo'ylab o'yin ixlosmandlariga xizmat ko'rsatadigan ajoyib davriy nashrga ega bo'lamiz deb o'yladim ... Hech qachon men bunday katta muvaffaqiyat yoki shunchalik uzoq umr ko'rish haqida o'ylamagan edim. "[41]

1976 yilda TSR Gyagxning uyidan o'zining "Dungeon Hobby Shop" nomi bilan tanilgan birinchi professional uyiga ko'chib o'tdi.[29]:8 Deyv Arneson ijodiy xodimlarning bir qismi sifatida ishga qabul qilindi, ammo atigi o'n oydan keyin qo'yib yuborildi, bu Gyaks va Arnesonning hali ham ilmiy-tadqiqot ishlarida ijodiy farqlari borligining yana bir belgisi.[7]:129

Rivojlangan Dungeons & Dragons va Gollivud

The Dungeons & Dragons asosiy to'plami, 1977 yilda chiqarilgan, asl nusxaning kirish versiyasi edi Ar-ge ishlari yangi o'yinchilarga yo'naltirilgan va tahrir qilgan J. Erik Xolms.[27] Xuddi shu yili TSR Xobbi butunlay yangi va murakkab versiyasini chiqardi Ar-ge ishlari, Rivojlangan Dungeons & Dragons (AD & D). The Monster qo'llanmasi, o'sha yil oxirida chiqarilgan, yangi tizimning birinchi qo'shimcha qoida kitobiga aylandi va yana ko'plari amal qildi.[32] The AD & D qoidalariga to'liq mos kelmadi D&D asosiy to'plami va natijada Ar-ge ishlari va AD & D alohida mahsulot turlariga aylandi.[7]:135 O'yin chiziqlarini ikkiga ajratish Gyaks va Arneson o'rtasida yana bir ziddiyat yaratdi; garchi Arneson hamma sotishda 10% royalti olgan bo'lsa Ar-ge ishlari Gygax unga gonorar to'lashdan bosh tortdi AD & D yangi va boshqa mulk ekanligini da'vo qilgan kitoblar. 1979 yilda Arneson TSRga qarshi sudga murojaat qildi; oxir-oqibat 1981 yil mart oyida Arneson barcha AD & D mahsulotlariga 2,5% royalti olishiga kelishib, kelgusi o'n yil ichida unga juda qulay olti raqamli yillik daromad berishga kelishib olindi.[7]:139

Gyagx yozgan AD & D hardsovers Aktyorlar uchun qo'llanma, Dungeon Masters uchun qo'llanma, Monster Manual, va Monster Manual II. Gygax ham ko'p yozgan yoki birgalikda yozgan AD & D va asosiy Ar-ge ishlari sarguzasht modullari, shu jumladan Chegara orollarida saqlang, Dahshat maqbarasi, To'siq cho'qqilariga ekspeditsiya, Elemental yomonlik ibodatxonasi, Unutilgan Tarizdun ibodatxonasi, Mordenkainenning hayoliy sarguzashtlari, Maymun oroli va keyinchalik barcha yettita modul birlashtirildi O'rgimchaklarning malikasi. 1980 yilda Gygaxning uzoq yillik kampaniyasi Greyhawk shaklida nashr etilgan Greyhawk Fantasy World sozlamalari dunyosi 1983 yilda kengaytirilgan folio World of Greyhawk Fantasy Game Setting quti to'plami. Sotish Ar-ge ishlari o'yin yetdi 8,5 million AQSh dollari 1980 yilda.[5] Gygax shuningdek, yordam ko'rsatdi Gamma dunyosi 1981 yilda fantastika rolini o'ynash va hammualliflik qilgan Gamma dunyosi sarguzasht Oltin legioni.

1979 yilda a Michigan shtati universiteti talaba, Jeyms Dallas Egbert III, go'yoki jonli efirdagi versiyasini ijro etayotganda maktabning bug 'tunnellariga g'oyib bo'lgan Ar-ge ishlari. Darhaqiqat, Egbert bir necha haftadan so'ng Luiziana shtatida topilgan,[7]:145 ammo ommaviy axborot vositalarining salbiy e'tiboriga e'tibor qaratildi Ar-ge ishlari sabab sifatida. 1982 yilda, Patrisiya tortishish o'g'li o'zini o'ldirdi. Ayblash Ar-ge ishlari o'g'lining o'z joniga qasd qilganligi uchun Pulling B.A.D.D nomli tashkilot tuzdi. (Dungeons & Dragons haqida bezovtalangan) o'yinni va uni ishlab chiqargan kompaniyani hujum qilish uchun. Gygax o'yinni segmentida himoya qildi 60 daqiqa,[6][42] 1985 yilda efirga uzatilgan. TSR ofisiga o'lim tahdidi kela boshlagach, Gyagaks tansoqchini yollagan.[5][12] Salbiy oshkoralikka qaramay, yoki ehtimol shuning uchun ham TSR yillik Ar-ge ishlari sotish 1982 yilda o'sdi 16 million AQSh dollari,[12] va 1983 yil yanvar oyida, The New York Times deb taxmin qildi Ar-ge ishlari xuddi shu tarzda "1980-yillarning buyuk o'yini" bo'lishi mumkin Monopoliya ramziy ma'noga ega edi Katta depressiya.[43]

Brayan Blyum Gyagoksni Brayanning ukasi Kevinga Melvin Blyum aktsiyalarini sotib olishga ruxsat berishga ko'ndirdi. Bu birodarlarga Blyumeni boshqarishga qiziqish uyg'otdi,[39] 1981 yilga kelib Gygax va Blyumz kompaniyani boshqarish borasida tobora ko'proq kelishmovchiliklarga duch kelishdi. Gigaksning ishdagi ko'ngilsizliklari va uning saxiy qirollik cheklaridan farovonlikning oshishi uning shaxsiy hayotiga bir qator o'zgarishlar kiritdi. U va Meri Jo mahalliy aholining faol a'zolari bo'lgan Yahova Shohidlari, ammo jamoatdagilar Gyaksning chekishi va ichkilikka berilishidan bezovtalanishgan; uning "shaytoniy" Ar-ge o'yiniga aloqasi etarli darajada ishqalanishni keltirib chiqardi, natijada Gigakslar o'zlarini Yahova Shohidlaridan ajratdilar.[7]:156 Meri Jo, erining "o'yin o'ynashga" sarflagan vaqtidan noroziligini davom ettirar ekan, haddan tashqari ichishni boshladi va er-xotin tez-tez tortishib qolishdi. 1970 yilda sug'urta ishidan mahrum bo'lganida marixuana chekishni boshlagan Gyagaks, kokain iste'mol qilishni boshladi va bir qator nikohdan tashqari ishlarga duch keldi. Nihoyat, 1983 yilda ikkalasi keskin ajrashishdi.[7]:187

Shu bilan birga, Blyumzlar Gygaxni Jeneva ko'lidan chiqarishni istab, shunda ular kompaniyani uning "aralashuvisiz" boshqarish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lishdi va TSR sevimli mashg'ulotlarini TSR, Inc. va TSR Entertainment, Inc kompaniyalariga ajratishdi. Gyaks TSR Entertainment prezidenti bo'ldi , Inc.,[16] va Blyumz uni televizor va kino imkoniyatlarini rivojlantirish uchun uni Gollivudga yubordi.[29]:13 U litsenziyaning birgalikda ishlab chiqaruvchisi bo'ldi Ar-ge ishlari multfilmlar seriyasi uchun CBS,[44] bu ikki yil davomida vaqt oralig'ini boshqargan.[3]

Gygax, yangi turmush qurmagan, G'arbiy sohilda bo'lgan vaqtidan foydalangan, ulkan qasrni ijaraga olgan, kokain iste'molini ko'paytirgan va bir necha yosh yulduzcha bilan vaqt o'tkazgan.[7]:168

TSRni tark etish

U Gollivudda filmni olib tashlash bilan mashg'ul bo'lganligi sababli, Gyagx TSRning kundalik faoliyatini Kevin va Brayan Blyumga topshirishi kerak edi.[12] 1984 yilda bir necha oy davom etgan muzokaralardan so'ng u bilan kelishuvga erishdi Orson Uells ilmiy-tadqiqot filmida qatnashish va Jon Boorman prodyuser va rejissyor sifatida harakat qilish. Ammo deyarli bir vaqtning o'zida u Jeneva ko'lida TSR jiddiy moliyaviy qiyinchiliklarga duch kelganligi va Kevin Blyum kompaniyani xarid qilgani haqida xabar oldi. 6 million AQSh dollari.[7]:171

Gyagx darhol uning kino ambitsiyalaridan voz kechdi Ar-ge ishlari kino hech qachon suratga olinmaydi va yana Jeneva ko'liga uchib ketadi. U erda, u sanoatning etakchisi TSR daromad keltirayotgan bo'lsa-da, hayratga tushdi 30 million AQSh dollari, bu hatto zo'rg'a sindirdi;[7]:171 bu aslida edi 1,5 million AQSh dollari nochorlik chekkasida qarz va tetiklik.[12] Buning sabablarini o'rganib chiqib, Gyagx o'z topilmalarini boshqa beshta kompaniya direktorlariga etkazdi. (1982 yildan beri TSR, Inc.) ning tavsiyalariga mos keladi Amerika menejment assotsiatsiyasi kengashga uchta "tashqi" direktorni qo'shib, uning hajmini oltitaga etkazish bilan.) Gyaks moliyaviy inqirozni Kevin Blyumning noto'g'ri boshqarishi sababli aybladi: ortiqcha zaxiralar, ortiqcha shtatlar soni, juda ko'p kompaniyalar mashinalari va ba'zi shubhali (va qimmat) loyihalar 19-asrning halokatga uchragan kemasini chuqurlashtirish kabi.[7]:172 Gyagx Kevin Blumeni kompaniya prezidenti lavozimidan olib tashlashni talab qildi va uchta tashqi direktor u bilan rozi bo'ldi. Biroq, boshqaruv kengashi moliyaviy muammolar terminal va kompaniyani sotish kerak deb hisobladi. Nazoratni saqlab qolish uchun, 1985 yil mart oyida Gygax o'zining 700 ta aktsiyadorlik opsiyasini amalga oshirdi va unga 50 foizdan sal ko'proq nazorat qildi. U o'zini prezident va bosh direktor etib tayinladi va kompaniyani sotishdan ko'ra, yangi daromad keltiradigan mahsulotlar ishlab chiqarish choralarini ko'rdi. Shu maqsadda u Blackmoor materialini ishlab chiqarish maqsadida Deyv Arneson bilan bog'landi. Shuningdek, u yangi AD&D kitobiga katta pul tikdi, Arcana topildi, dan olingan materiallar to'plami Ajdaho jurnal maqolalari. Va tezda Greyhawk muhitida roman to'plamini yozdi, Eski shahar dostoni, Gord Rogue deb nomlangan qahramon ishtirokida. TSRga moliyaviy barqarorlikni oshirish uchun u kompaniya menejerini yolladi, Lorraine Uilyams.[iqtibos kerak ]

Qachon Arcana topildi Iyul oyida chiqarilgan, Gygaxning garovi to'langan, chunki yangi kitob birinchi oyda 90 000 nusxada sotilgan. Uning romani ham yaxshi sotildi va u darhol davomini nashr etdi, Yovuzlik asarlari. Moliyaviy inqirozning oldi olindi, ammo Gyagaks o'zining qulashi uchun yo'l ochib berdi. 1985 yil oktyabr oyida yangi menejer Lorraine Uilyams Kevin va Brayan Blyumlarning barcha aktsiyalarini sotib olganini, chunki Brayan o'zining 700 aktsiya opsiyasini ishga tushirgandan so'ng. Endi Uilyams aksariyat aksiyador bo'lib, Gyagaksni prezident va bosh direktor lavozimiga tayinladi. Shuningdek, u Gygaxning TSRga bundan keyin ham ijodiy hissa qo'shmasligini aniq aytdi. Uning bir nechta loyihalari darhol to'xtatildi va hech qachon nashr etilmadi. Gyagx Blyumsning o'z aktsiyalarini Uilyamsga sotishini blokirovka qilish maqsadida TSRni sudga berdi, ammo u yutqazdi.[45]

Sotish Ar-ge ishlari yetdi 29 million dollar 1985 yilda,[5] ammo Gyagx, TSRdagi kelajagini ishonib bo'lmaydigan deb bilgan holda,[44] 1986 yil oktyabr oyida TSR, Inc bilan barcha lavozimlardan iste'foga chiqdi va TSR bilan nizolarni 1986 yil dekabrda hal qildi.[45] TSR bilan kelishuv shartlariga ko'ra, Gygax Gord Rogue-ga bo'lgan huquqlarini saqlab qoldi Ar-ge ishlari ismlari anagramma yoki o'z nomidagi o'yinlar bo'lgan belgilar (masalan, Yrag va Zagig).[46] Biroq, u boshqa barcha asarlari, shu jumladan, huquqlarini yo'qotdi Greyhawk dunyosi va shunga o'xshash TSR materiallarida u ishlatgan barcha belgilar nomlari Mordenkainen, Robilar va Tenser.

TSRdan keyin

1985–1989: New Infinities Productions, Inc.

TSRni tark etgandan so'ng, Gygaxga 1983 va 1984 yillarda TSR uchun konsalting ishlarini olib borgan urush tanishi Forrest Beyker murojaat qildi.[7]:188 Kompaniya menejmentidan charchagan Gyagx, shunchaki Gord the Rogue romanlarini ko'proq sotish uchun biron bir usul izlayotgan edi, ammo Beyker yangi o'yin kompaniyasi haqida tasavvurga ega edi. U biznes oxiriga, Gygax ijodiy loyihalar bilan shug'ullanishiga va'da berdi. Beyker, shuningdek Gyagxning nomidan foydalanib, bir milliondan ikki million dollargacha sarmoyalar keltirishi mumkinligiga kafolat berdi.[7]:188 Gygax bu yaxshi imkoniyat deb qaror qildi va 1986 yil oktyabrda, Infinities yangi ishlab chiqarishlari, Inc. (NIPI)[47][29] ommaviy ravishda e'lon qilindi.[29]:237 Unga ijodiy ishda yordam berish uchun Gyagaks brakonerlik qildi Frank Mentzer va Ajdaho jurnal muharriri Kim Mohan TSR dan.[45] Ammo bitta mahsulot chiqarilishidan oldin, Forrest Beyker bir milliondan ikki million dollargacha bo'lgan tashqi sarmoyasi amalga oshmay qolganda NIPIni tark etdi.[29]:237

Uning irodasiga qarshi Gigaks yana mas'ul edi; u darhol NIPIni erdan olib tashlash uchun tezkor mahsulotni qidirdi. U TSR bilan ishdan bo'shatish to'g'risidagi shartnomaning bir qismi sifatida Gord Rogue-ga huquqlarini saqlab qolgan edi, shuning uchun u Grexavkni TSR-dan litsenziyaladi va yangi romanlarni yozishni boshladi. O'lim dengizi (1987); sotuvlar jadal edi va Gygaxning "Gord the Rogue" romanlari biznesda yangi cheksizlikni saqlab qolish bilan yakunlandi.[29]:237

Gigaks olib keldi Don Ternbull dan O'yinlar ustaxonasi kompaniyani boshqarish uchun, keyin Mohan va Mentzer bilan ilmiy fantastik mavzudagi RPG ustida ishlagan, Cyborg qo'mondoni 1987 yilda nashr etilgan.[29]:237 Biroq, yangi o'yinning savdosi tezkor bo'lmagan: o'yin juda salbiy qabul qilindi. NIPI hali ham Gord Rog'un GESiga qaram edi.

Mentzer va Mohan, shuningdek, umumiy RPG sarguzashtlarini yozdilar Gari Gigaks Fantaziya ustasini taqdim etadi. Shuningdek, ular Mentzer tomonidan yozilgan sarguzasht bilan boshlangan mahsulotlarning uchinchi qatorida ishlashni boshladilar Konvertatsiya (1987); Mentzer sarguzashtni RPGA turniri sifatida yozgan edi Ar-ge ishlari, lekin TSR uni nashr etishga qiziqmagan. Mentzer uni New Infinities bilan nashr etish uchun og'zaki ruxsat oldi, ammo ruxsat yozma ravishda bo'lmaganligi sababli, TSR sarguzashtlarning sotilishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik to'g'risida buyruq berdi, garchi keyinchalik buyruq bekor qilindi.[29]:238[7]:190 Sud xarajatlari kapital NIPIni yanada susaytirdi.

Ushbu drama davomida Gyaks yana ota bo'ldi. O'tgan yil davomida u TSRda sobiq yordamchisi Geyl Karpenter bilan romantik munosabatlarni o'rnatgan. 1986 yil noyabr oyida u Gyaksning oltinchi farzandi Aleksni tug'di. Biograf Maykl Vitverning fikriga ko'ra, Aleksning tug'ilishi Gyaksni ish, o'yin va oila tenglamasini qayta ko'rib chiqishga majbur qildi, bu vaqtgacha bu erda ish va o'yin ustunlik qilgan. "Gari o'tmishda ota va er sifatida xatolarga yo'l qo'yganini juda yaxshi bilar edi, bunday xatolarni takrorlamaslikka qat'iy qaror qildi ... Gari ham realist edi va yaxshi otalik talab etadigan narsani bilar edi, ayniqsa uning yoshida."[7]:189 1987 yil 15-avgustda, ota-onasining to'yining 50 yilligi qanday bo'lar edi, Gyagx Gail Carpenterga uylandi.[18]

1987 va 1988 yillar davomida Gygax bilan ishlagan Flint Dil ustida Barbarni Sagard kitoblar,[6] shu qatorda; shu bilan birga Rollarni ijro etish mahorati va uning davomi, O'yin ustasi.[7]:191 U yana ikkita Gord the Rogue romanini yozdi, Hawks shahri (1987) va Endless Darkness keling (1988). Biroq, 1988 yilga kelib TSR Greyhavk dunyosini qayta yozdi va Gygax TSR "o'z" ijodini olib borayotgan yangi yo'nalishdan mamnun emas edi. Uning eski dunyosi o'lganligi va Greyhawkning hamma narsasi bilan toza tanaffus qilishni xohlaganligi haqidagi adabiy bayonotida Gyaks uning versiyasini yo'q qildi. Oert oxirgi "Gord Rogue" romanida, Jinlarning raqsi.[48]

"Gord Rogue" romanlari tugashi bilan NIPIning doimiy daromad manbai qurib qoldi. Korxonaga yangi mahsulot kerak edi. Gygax 1988 yilda kompaniyaning axborot byulletenida Greyhavk kampaniyasining dastlabki kunlarida u va uning zindoni ustasi Rob Kuntz yana bir jamoa bo'lib ishlashganini e'lon qildi. Bu safar ular "Cheksiz sarguzashtlar" deb nomlangan yangi ko'p janrli fantastik RPG yaratadilar, uni turli janrlar uchun turli xil o'yin kitoblari qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[29]:61 Gyagx va Kuntz ularni dastlab tasavvur qilgani kabi, Greyhawk qal'asi va shahri haqida batafsil ma'lumot berishlari kerak edi, endi ular "Qal'a Dunfalcon" deb nomlangan.[29]:239

Biroq, ushbu loyihada ish boshlanishidan oldin, NIPI pullari tugadi, bankrotlikka majbur bo'ldi va 1989 yilda tarqatib yuborildi.[29]:239

1990–1994: Xavfli sayohatlar

NIPI katlangandan so'ng, Gygax butunlay yangi RPG yaratishga qaror qildi Duradgor loyihasi,[29]:61 uning asl nusxasiga qaraganda ancha murakkab va "qoida og'irroq" Ar-ge ishlari faqat 150 ta varaq bilan yozilgan tizim.[7]:194 Shuningdek, u yangi RPG uchun dahshatli sozlamani yaratmoqchi edi Nafas olinmagan. U o'yin dizayneri Mayk Makkulining yordami bilan RPG va sozlamalar ustida ishlay boshladi.[7]:193 O'yin dizaynerlari ustaxonasi yangi tizimni nashr etishga qiziqib qoldi va bu ham e'tiborni tortdi QK va NEC, yangi RPG tizimini qidirib topganlar va bir qator kompyuter o'yinlariga aylanish uchun sozlangan.[7]:194 NEC va JVC dahshatga qiziqish bildirmadi va ular ustida ishlashdi Nafas olinmagan deb nomlangan fantaziya sozlamalari foydasiga o'rnatildi Mif. JVC, shuningdek, RPG uchun nom o'zgarishini xohladi Xavfli o'lchovlar ustida Duradgor loyihasi.[29]:61–62 Ish 1992 yil martigacha, TSR qarshi ko'rsatma bergan paytgacha ijobiy rivojlandi Xavfli o'lchovlar, ism va bosh harflarni talab qilish juda o'xshash edi Dungeons & Dragons. Gygax, NEC va JVC ma'qullashi bilan tezda nomini o'zgartirdi Xavfli sayohatlar,[49] va yangi o'yin ustida ishlash davom etdi.

Uchun marketing strategiyasi Xavfli sayohatlar: afsona ko'p qirrali edi: RPG va sozlamalarga qo'shimcha ravishda Games Designers Workshop tomonidan nashr etiladigan va Mif kompyuter o'yinlari NEC va JVC tomonidan tayyorlanmoqda, shuningdek Gygax tomonidan yozilgan Mythus sozlamalari asosida bir qator kitoblar mavjud bo'ladi. Shunday qilib, RPG va Mif Gygax noshiri ostida chop etilgan uchta roman yozdi Penguen / Roc va keyinchalik qayta nashr etilgan Paizo nashriyoti: Anubis qotilliklari, Samarqand Qaroriva Dehlida o'lim.

1992 yil oxirida Xavfli sayohatlar RPG Games Designer Workshop tomonidan chiqarildi,[6][50] ammo TSR zudlik bilan barchaga qarshi buyruq berish uchun murojaat qildi Xavfli sayohatlar RPG va Mif sozlash, bunga asoslanib Xavfli sayohatlar asoslangan edi Ar-ge ishlari va AD & D. Garchi buyruq bajarilmasa ham, TSR sud jarayoni bilan oldinga siljidi. Gyagx sud ishi foydasiz deb hisoblagan va Lorraine Uilyamsning shaxsiy adovati bilan ta'minlangan,[7]:195 ammo NEC va JVC ikkalasi ham loyihani tark etishdi va o'ldirishdi Mif kompyuter o'yini.[7]:194 1994 yilga kelib sudga qadar bo'lgan bir necha oylik kashfiyot bilan bog'liq yuridik xarajatlar Gygaxning barcha resurslarini tugatdi; TSR ham azob chekayotganiga ishongan Gyagaks joylashishni taklif qildi. Oxir oqibat, TSR Gygax-ga to'liq huquqlar uchun pul to'ladi Xavfli sayohatlar va Mif.[51] Garchi Gigaks ko'p yillik ishi uchun yaxshi tovon puli to'lagan bo'lsa ham Xavfli sayohatlar va Mif, TSR darhol va doimiy ravishda ikkalasini ham to'xtatdi.

1995–2000: Lejendary sarguzashtlari

Gari Gigaks 1999 yilda ModCon Game Fair ko'rgazmasida, Modena, Italiya. Uning futbolkasi uchinchi nashrini e'lon qiladi Ar-ge ishlari, keyingi yil chiqarilishi kerak edi.

1995 yilda Gygax yangi kompyuterli rol o'ynash o'yini ustida ish boshladi Lejendary sarguzashtlari.[21] Og'ir qoidalardan farqli o'laroq Xavfli sayohatlar, ushbu yangi tizim oddiy va asosiy qoidalarga qaytish edi. Garchi u a-ni muvaffaqiyatli chiqara olmagan bo'lsa ham Lejendary sarguzashtlari kompyuter o'yini, Gygax o'rniga uni stol usti o'yini sifatida nashr etishga qaror qildi.[29]:380

Shu bilan birga, 1996 yilda o'yin sanoatida TSR erimaydigan moliyaviy muammolarga duch kelgani va ularni sotib olganligi haqidagi xabar larzaga keldi. Sohil sehrgarlari. WotC TSR mahsulotlarini qayta ishlash bilan band bo'lganida, Ichki shahar o'yinlari dizayni bo'yicha Kristofer Klark 1997 yilda Gygaxga murojaat qilib, TSR boshqacha tarzda ishg'ol qilingan paytda o'yin do'konlarida sotish uchun ba'zi sarguzashtlarni ishlab chiqarishni taklif qilishdi; Natijada Ichki shahar o'yinlari tomonidan nashr etilgan bir nechta hayoliy sarguzashtlar paydo bo'ldi: Arms of Challenge (1998) va Oltin ko'zlarning marosimi (1999).[29]:380 Gygax ba'zi investorlarni Klarkning nashrini sozlash bilan tanishtirdi va garchi investorlar nashrni moliyalashtirishni xohlamasalar ham Afsonaviy sarguzashtlar, Klark va Gigaks Hekaforge Productions deb nomlangan sheriklikni tashkil etishdi.[29]:380 Shunday qilib Gygax nashrga qaytishga muvaffaq bo'ldi Lejendary sarguzashtlari 1999 yilda.[6] O'yin uch tomlik to'plam sifatida nashr etildi: Barcha o'yinchilar uchun Lejendary qoidalari (1999), Lejend magistrlik tajribasi (2000) va Lejend hayvonlari (2000).[29]:380

TSR-ning yangi egasi WotC's Piter Adkison, Lotin Lotin Uilyamsning Gyagaksga nisbatan yomon niyatlarini yashirmagan: Adkison Gygaxning D&D va AD&Dga bo'lgan qolgan barcha huquqlarini olti raqamli summa evaziga sotib olgan.[7]:203 Garchi Gygax TSR yoki WotC uchun yangi qo'shimchalar yoki kitoblar yozmagan bo'lsa ham, u 1998 yilgi sarguzashtning muqaddimasini yozishga rozi bo'ldi. Dahshat maqbarasiga qaytish, Gygax-ning asl AD & D sarguzashtiga paean Dahshat maqbarasi.[41] Shuningdek, u Dragon Magazine sahifalariga qaytdi va "Sovun qutisiga" ustunini 268-sondan (2000 yil yanvar) № 320-songa (2004 yil iyun) qadar yozdi.[29]:282

2000-2008: Keyinchalik ishlar va o'lim

Gigaks ishlashni davom ettirdi Lejendary sarguzashtlari u o'zining eng yaxshi asari deb ishongan. Biroq, sotuvlar kutilganidan past edi.[7]:204

2001 yil 11 iyunda, Stiven Chenault va Devis Chenault ning Troll Lord o'yinlari Gygax o'z kompaniyalari uchun kitoblar yozishini e'lon qildi.[29]:378 Gyagxning Troll Lord uchun dastlabki ishi oxir-oqibat "Gygaxian Fantasy Worlds" deb nomlangan qattiq qopqoqli kitoblarni o'z ichiga olgan; birinchisi Ekipaj (2002), firibgarlar dunyosiga qarash. U shuningdek yozgan Jahon quruvchisi (2003) va Living Fantasy (2003), turli xil sharoitlarda foydalanish mumkin bo'lgan umumiy o'yin dizayni bo'yicha kitoblar. Seriyadagi dastlabki to'rtta kitobdan so'ng, Gygax yozuvchilikdan voz kechdi va maslahat rolini o'ynadi, garchi uning logotipi uning nomini olib yurgan bo'lsa ham.[29]:379 Troll Lord shuningdek Gygax bilan hamkorlik natijasida bir nechta sarguzashtlarni nashr etdi, shu jumladan Zohid (2002) d20 uchun mo'ljallangan sarguzasht va shuningdek Lejendary sarguzashtlari.[29]:379

2002 yilga kelib Gigaks Xekaforge shahridan Kristofer Klarkga Lejendary Yerni tavsiflovchi 72000 so'zdan iborat entsiklopedik matn berdi. Klark qo'lyozmani beshta kitobga bo'linib, uni kengaytirdi va yakuniy kitoblarning har biri taxminan 128000 so'zdan iborat bo'lib, Hekaforgega asosiy qoidalar va sarguzashtlarni to'ldirish uchun uchinchi Lejendary Adventures qatorini berdi. Hekaforge managed to publish the first two of those Lejendary Earth sourcebooks, Gazetachi (2002) va Noble Kings and Great Lands (2003),[29]:380 but by 2003 the small company was having financial difficulties. Clark had to ask Troll Lord Games to become an "angel" investor by publishing the three remaining Lejendary Adventures kitoblar.[29]:381

On October 9, 2001, Necromancer o'yinlari announced that they would be publishing a d20 versiyasi Nekropol, an adventure originally planned by Gygax for New Infinities Productions and later printed in 1992 as a Mif adventure by GDW; Gari Gigaksning nekropoli bir yildan keyin nashr etildi.[29]:366–367

Gygax also performed voiceover narration for cartoons and video games. In 2000, he voiced his own cartoon self for an episode of Futurama, "Qiziqishlar antologiyasi I "[5][52] that also included the voices of Al Gor, Stiven Xoking va Nichelle Nichols.[7]:202 Gygax also performed as a guest Dungeon Master in the Delera's Tomb quest series of the ommaviy multiplayer onlayn rol o'ynash o'yini Dungeons & Dragons Online: Stormreach.[53]

Gary Gygax at Gen Con 2003 yilda. U o'tirgan Troll Lord o'yinlari booth with Stiven Chenault.

During his time with TSR, Gygax had often mentioned the mysterious Castle Greyhawk which formed the centre of his own home campaign. But despite all of his written output over the previous 30 years, Gygax had never published details of the castle. In 2003, Gygax announced that he was again partnering with Rob Kuntz to publish the original and previously unpublished details of Greyhawk qal'asi va Greyhawk shahri in 6 volumes, although the project would use the rules for Qal'alar va salib yurishlari dan ko'ra Ar-ge ishlari. As Gygax wrote in an on-line forum: "I have laid out a new schematic of castle and dungeon levels based on both my original design of 13 levels plus side adjuncts, and the 'New Greyhawk Castle' that resulted when Rob and I combined our efforts and added a lot of new levels too. From that Rob will draft the level plans for the newest version of the work. Meantime, I am collecting all the most salient feature, encounters, tricks, traps, etc. for inclusion on the various levels. So the end result will be what is essentially the best of our old work in a coherent presentation usable by all DMs, the material having all the known and yet to be discussed features of the original work that are outstanding ... I hope."[54] Beri Sohil sehrgarlari, which had bought TSR in 1997, still owned the rights to the name "Greyhawk", Gygax changed the name of Castle Greyhawk to "Castle Zagyg", a reverse homophone of his own name, and also changed the name of the nearby city to "Yggsburgh", a play on his initials "E.G.G."[7]:208

The scale of the project was enormous: By the time Gygax and Kuntz had stopped working on their original home campaign, the castle dungeons had encompassed 50 levels of cunningly complex passages with thousands of rooms and traps. This, plus plans for the city of Yggsburgh and encounter areas outside the castle and city, would clearly be too much to fit into the proposed 6 volumes. Gygax decided he would compress the castle dungeons into 13 levels, the size of his original Castle Greyhawk in 1973[55] by amalgamating the best of what could be gleaned from binders and boxes of old notes.[56] However, neither Gygax nor Kuntz had kept careful or comprehensive plans. Because they had often made up details of play sessions on the spot,[57] they usually just scribbled a quick map as they played, with cursory notes about monsters, treasures, and traps.[58] These sketchy maps had contained just enough detail that the two could ensure their independent work would dovetail. All of these old notes now had to be deciphered, 25-year-old memories dredged up as to what had happened in each room, and a decision made whether to keep or discard each new piece.[59] Recreating the city too would be a challenge. Although Gygax still had his old maps of the original city, all of his previously published work on the city was owned by WotC, so he would have to create most of the city from scratch while still maintaining the "look and feel" of his original.[60]

Due to creative differences, Kuntz backed out of the project, but created an adventure module that would be published at the same time as Gygax's first book.[61] Gygax continued to painstakingly put Castle Zagyg together on his own, but even this slow and laborious process came to a complete halt when Gygax suffered a serious stroke in April 2004 and then another one a few weeks later.[7]:211 Although he returned to his keyboard after a seven-month convalescence, his output was reduced from 14-hour work days to only one or two hours per day.[62] Finally in 2005, Castle Zagyg Part I: Yggsburgh, the first book in the six-book series, appeared.[29]:381 Later that year, Troll Lord Games also published Castle Zagyg: Dark Chateau (2005), the adventure module written for the Yggsburgh setting by Rob Kuntz.[29]:381 Jeff Talanian helped with the creation of the dungeon, eventually resulting in publication of the limited edition CZ9: The East Marks Gazetteer (2007).[29]:381

That same year, Gygax was diagnosed with a potentially deadly qorin aorta anevrizmasi. Doctors concurred that surgery was needed, but their estimates of success varied from 50% to 90%. With no firm medical consensus, Gygax came to believe that he would likely die on the operating table; he refused to consider surgery, although he realized that a rupture of the aneurysm – likely inevitable – would be fatal.[7]:216 In one concession to his condition, he switched from cigarettes, which he had smoked since high school, to cigars.[7]:212

It wasn't until 2008 that Gygax was able to finish the second volume of six volumes, Zagyg qal'asi: Yuqori ishlar, which described details of the castle above ground. The next two volumes were supposed to detail the dungeons beneath Castle Zagyg. However, before they could be written, Gygax died in March 2008. Three months after his death, Gygax Games – a new company formed by Gary's widow, Gail – withdrew all of the Gygax licenses from Troll Lord,[29]:382 and also from Hekaforge.[29]:381

Shaxsiy hayot

From an early age, Gygax hunted and was a target-shooter with both bow and gun.[63] He was also an avid gun collector, and at various times owned a variety of rifles, shotguns, and handguns.[64]

Mukofotlar va sharaflar

A plaque dedicated to Gary Gygax at Gen Con 2008 reading:
The first DM,
He taught us to roll the dice.
He opened the door to new worlds.
His work shaped our industry.
He brought us Gen Con,
For this we thank him.

In fond memory of Gary Gygax
and in celebration of his spirit and accomplishments.

As the "father of role-playing games", Gygax received many awards, honors, and tributes related to gaming:

  • He was inducted into the Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts and Design Origins mukofoti Hall of Fame, also known as the Charlz Roberts mukofotlari Shon-sharaf zali, 1980 yilda.[65]
  • Sinxronizatsiya magazine named Gygax number one on the list of "The 50 Biggest Nerds of All Time".[66]
  • SFX magazine listed him as number 37 on the list of the "50 Greatest SF Pioneers".[67]
  • 1999 yilda, Piramida magazine named Gygax as one of "The Millennium's Most Influential Persons" "in the realm of adventure gaming".[68]
  • Gygax was tied with J. R. R. Tolkien for number 18 on GameSpy's "30 Most Influential People in Gaming".[69]
  • A strain of bacteria was named in honor of Gygax, "Arthronema gygaxiana sp nov UTCC393".[70]
  • Inducted into the Pop Culture Hall of Fame Class of 2019[71]

Gail Gygax, the widow of Gary Gygax, has been raising funds to construct a memorial in her late husband's honor by establishing the nonprofit Gygax Memorial Fund. 2010 yil yanvar holatiga ko'ra, plans were to secure a location on the lakefront in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. As of March 28, 2011 the City Council of Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, approved Gail Gygax's application for a site of memorial in Donian Park. The statue monument will include "a castle turret with a bust on top and possibly have a dragon wrapped around the turret".[iqtibos kerak ]

In 2014, with the approval of Gary's eldest son, Ernie, Epic Quest Publishing started a Kickstarter campaign to raise the initial funding for a museum dedicated to Gary featuring a gaming and event center and hall of fame for authors, artists, designers and game masters.[72]

Ommaviy madaniyatda

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

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  48. ^ Savol: "Siz TSRni tark etganingizdan so'ng, Gorddagi Rog'un GESi haqidagi kitoblarni tugatdingiz. Tsikl oxirida Oert o'qni tishlaydi. Greyxavk vafot etdi va muxlislar TSR versiyasidan nafrat bilan yuz o'girishlari kerakmi? " Gygax: "Mening fikrimcha, T $ R sozlamani axlat qutilari bilan o'ldirganligi sababli, sozlamani yo'q qilish orqali sharmandalikni yo'q qilish vaqti keldi.""Gari Gigaks: Savol-javob (VII qism, 2-bet)". EN dunyo. 2004 yil 19-noyabr. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2012 yil 31 yanvarda. Olingan 15 mart, 2009.
  49. ^ Sakko, Ciro Alessandro. "Gari Gigaks bilan yakuniy intervyu". thekyngdoms.com. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2011 yil 23 dekabrda. Olingan 24 oktyabr, 2008.
  50. ^ Uilyams, Drew (9 oktyabr 1992 yil). "Dungeons and Dragons Creator xayolni cho'zish uchun yangi o'yin". Pantagraf. p. C6. ProQuest  251973031. (Ro'yxatdan o'tish talab qilinadi)
  51. ^ Gygax: "When the new [fantasy roleplaying game] was introduced at the GTS, a lawsuit was filed by TSR, they claiming it violated the copyright of AD&D. Quite a stretch that, but only a judge intimately familiar with RPGs would know that and dismiss it. So what followed was a long period of discovery and depositions that ran up a huge lawyers' bill—far more on the TSR end than on ours, four to one is likely. Eventually the suit was settled. TSR paid us a very large sum and they got all the rights to the DJ system and Mythus. I suggested to TSR (Lorraine Williams) that the next time I wrote a new RPG they just offer me 1 million AQSh dollari for the rights to it, thus saving at least that much money.""Gari Gigaks: Savol-javob (V qism, 4-bet)". EN dunyo. 2004 yil 4-yanvar. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2012 yil 31 yanvarda. Olingan 12 may, 2010.
  52. ^ a b Writers: Rogers, Eric; Keeler, Ken; Cohen, David X. Directors: Loudon, Chris; Moore, Rich (May 21, 2000). "Qiziqishlar antologiyasi I ". Futurama. Season 2. Episode 29.
  53. ^ "Dungeons & Dragons Creators Lend Their Voices to Dungeons & Dragons Online: Stormreach; Legends Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson Sign On For Turbine's Highly Anticipated OG". Ish simlari. 2006 yil 18-yanvar. Olingan 17 dekabr, 2008.
  54. ^ "Gari Gigaks: Savol-javob (IX qism, 81-bet)". EN dunyo. 2005 yil 15-dekabr. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2012 yil 31 yanvarda. Olingan 15 mart, 2009.
  55. ^ Gygax: "The whole of the combined material Rob and I put together would be far too large for publication, 50 levels or so. What I have done is gone back to my original design of more modest scope, because I doubt the work will need to accommodate groups of 20 PCs delving on a daily basis.""Gari Gigaks: Savol-javob (IV qism, 9-bet)". EN dunyo. November 2, 2003. Archived from asl nusxasi 2012 yil 31 yanvarda. Olingan 15 mart, 2009.
  56. ^ Gygax: "... the original upper and lower parts of Castle Greyhawk changed many times over the years they were in active use. What we will do is to take the best of the lot and put that into a detailed format usable by anyone.""Gari Gigaks: Savol-javob (IV qism, 9-bet)". EN dunyo. November 2, 2003. Archived from asl nusxasi 2012 yil 31 yanvarda. Olingan 15 mart, 2009.
  57. ^ Gygax: "I did indeed create details for the PC party on the spot, adding whatever seemed appropriate, and as Rob played and learned from me, he did the same, and when we were actively co-DMing we could often create some really exciting material on the spot, if you will.""Gari Gigaks: Savol-javob (IX qism, 81-bet)". EN dunyo. 2005 yil 15-dekabr. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2012 yil 31 yanvarda. Olingan 15 mart, 2009.
  58. ^ Gygax: "As Rob learned from me, he too DMed by the proverbial seat of the pants method. A single line of notes for an encounter was sufficient for either of us to detail a lengthy description, action, dialog, tricks or traps, and all the rest.""Gari Gigaks: Savol-javob (IV qism, 9-bet)". EN dunyo. November 2, 2003. Archived from asl nusxasi 2012 yil 31 yanvarda. Olingan 15 mart, 2009.
  59. ^ Gygax: "What our challenge is going to be is to cull the extraneous, take the best, and re-create the details we made up on the spot. Of course the most famous things will be there, along with most of the best parts that are not well-known through story and word of mouth.""Gari Gigaks: Savol-javob (IV qism, 9-bet)". EN dunyo. November 2, 2003. Archived from asl nusxasi 2012 yil 31 yanvarda. Olingan 15 mart, 2009.
  60. ^ Gygax: "Yggsburgh was a pain in the rump to write because I wanted to include as much detail as possible for the GM interested in using it as a campaign base. So there are sections on history, costume, monetary system and economy of the area, and complete descriptions of the town, its main locations, and the outstanding geographical areas all with encounters or suggestions for same.""Gary Gygax: Q & A (Part VII, Page 23)". EN dunyo. 2005 yil 18 fevral. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2012 yil 31 yanvarda. Olingan 15 mart, 2009.
  61. ^ Gygax: "Rob has finished his add on module, but I have not been up to doing the work needed to create the upper works of the castle proper, let alone the dungeon levels below them.""Gary Gygax: Q & A (Part VII, Page 23)". EN dunyo. 2005 yil 18 fevral. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2012 yil 31 yanvarda. Olingan 15 mart, 2009.
  62. ^ Gygax: "the problem is that I tire out after about an hour.""Gari Gigaks: Savol-javob (IV qism, 9-bet)". EN dunyo. November 2, 2003. Archived from asl nusxasi 2012 yil 31 yanvarda. Olingan 15 mart, 2009.
  63. ^ Gygax: "I got my first BB pistol when I was about 10, a Daisy BB gun when I was 11, and my first .22 rifle, a single-shot, bolt action Winchester for my 12th birthday—thanks to my grandfather, for mother was not keen on that. I loved plinking and hunting, and how badly I wanted a .25 lever action carbine I used to gaze at in the local Gamble's store is difficult to express in words. Never did get it. I did get a fine lemonwood bow made by Bear Archery, though. It had only a 38-pound pull, so my range was only about 120 yards with a hunting arrow.""Gary Gygax: Q & A (Part VII, Page 23)". EN dunyo. 2005 yil 18 fevral. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2012 yil 31 yanvarda. Olingan 15 mart, 2009.
  64. ^ Gygax: "Yes I own a number of handguns and shoulder weapons... over the next few years I did add several more .22 rifles, a bolt-action, three shot Mossberg 16 gauge shotgun, a old single-barreled 12 gauge, and a .32 pistol. The rifles were used for squirrel, rabbit, and varmint hunting, the shotguns for pheasants, ducks, and geese, and the revolver for target shooting. In later years I got rid of the old weapons, added a 7.62 Argentine Mauser, a 30–30 carbine, and various other rifles, shotguns, and quite a few handguns. Years later, when I used to get death threats because of D&D I always had a .357, 9 mm, or .45 caliber pistol handy. If those were too conspicuous, a little .32, .25, or .22 derringer from Defender Arms was around. Sure glad I didn't need to use them....""Gary Gygax: Q & A (Part VII, Page 23)". EN dunyo. 2005 yil 18 fevral. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2012 yil 31 yanvarda. Olingan 15 mart, 2009.
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  66. ^ "The 50 Biggest Nerds of All Time". Sinxronizatsiya. December 2005 – January 2005. Number 1: Gary Gygax: Cocreator of Dungeons & Dragons and father of role-playing games. … Between 1977 and 1979, Gygax released Advanced Dungeons & Dragons for advanced dorks, taking the cult phenomenon to new heights whilst giving himself a +5 salary of lordly might.
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  72. ^ Schultz, Chris (September 2, 2014). "Campaign seeks Gygax museum". Jeneva ko'li yangiliklari. Olingan 27 sentyabr, 2018.
  73. ^ "RIP Gary Gygax", Kolbert hisoboti, 2008 yil 5 mart
  74. ^ Sjoberg, Lore (March 4, 2008). "Gary Gygax, 'Father of D&D,' Dies at 69". Simli.
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