Genri Jon Temple, 3-Viskont Palmerston - Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston
 | Ushbu maqola sarlavhasi o'zgartirilishi haqida so'rov Genri Temple, 3-Viskont Palmerston bu muhokama ostida. Iltimos Harakatlanmang muhokama yopiq bo'lguncha ushbu maqola. |
Viscount Palmerston | |
|---|---|
 Lord Palmerston v. 1857 | |
| Buyuk Britaniyaning Bosh vaziri | |
| Ofisda 1859 yil 12 iyun - 1865 yil 18 oktyabr | |
| Monarx | Viktoriya |
| Oldingi | Derbi grafligi |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Graf Rassel |
| Ofisda 1855 yil 6 fevral - 1858 yil 19 fevral | |
| Monarx | Viktoriya |
| Oldingi | Aberdin grafi |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Derbi grafligi |
| Muxolifat lideri | |
| Ofisda 1858 yil 19-fevral - 1859 yil 11-iyun | |
| Monarx | Viktoriya |
| Bosh Vazir | Derbi grafligi |
| Oldingi | Derbi grafligi |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Derbi grafligi |
| Uy kotibi | |
| Ofisda 1852 yil 28 dekabr - 1855 yil 6 fevral | |
| Bosh Vazir | Aberdin grafi |
| Oldingi | Spenser Horatio Walpole |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Ser Jorj Grey, Bt |
| Tashqi ishlar bo'yicha davlat kotibi | |
| Ofisda 1846 yil 6-iyul - 1851 yil 26-dekabr | |
| Bosh Vazir | Lord Jon Rassel |
| Oldingi | Aberdin grafi |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Earl Granville |
| Ofisda 1835 yil 18 aprel - 1841 yil 2 sentyabr | |
| Bosh Vazir | Viscount Melburn |
| Oldingi | Vellington gersogi |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Aberdin grafi |
| Ofisda 1830 yil 22-noyabr - 1834-yil 15-noyabr | |
| Bosh Vazir | Graf Grey Viscount Melburn |
| Oldingi | Aberdin grafi |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Earl Granville |
| Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar | |
| Tug'ilgan | 20 oktyabr 1784 yil Vestminster, Midlseks, Angliya |
| O'ldi | 18 oktyabr 1865 yil (80 yosh) Brokket zali, Xertfordshir, Angliya |
| Dam olish joyi | Vestminster abbatligi |
| Siyosiy partiya | Tori (1806–1830) Whig (1830–1859) Liberal (1859–1865) |
| Turmush o'rtoqlar | |
| Ota-onalar | Genri ibodatxonasi, 2-Viskont Palmerston Meri Mei |
| Olma mater | Edinburg universiteti Sent-Jon kolleji, Kembrij |
| Imzo |  |
Genri Jon Temple, 3-Viskont Palmerston, KG, GCB, Kompyuter, FRS (1784 yil 20 oktyabr - 1865 yil 18 oktyabr) a Inglizlar ikki marta xizmat qilgan davlat arbobi Bosh Vazir 19-asrning o'rtalarida. Palmerston inglizlarga ustunlik qildi tashqi siyosat 1830 yildan 1865 yilgacha, Angliya imperatorlik qudratining eng yuqori cho'qqisida turgan paytda. U 1807 yildan vafotigacha 1865 yilda deyarli doimiy ravishda ish olib borgan. U parlamentdagi faoliyatini a Tori, ga yo'naltirilgan Whigs 1830 yilda va yangi tashkil topgan birinchi bosh vazir bo'ldi Liberal partiya 1859 yilda u Britaniya jamoatchiligi tomonidan juda mashhur edi. Devid Braun "Palmerstonning murojaatining muhim qismi uning faolligi va shijoati bilan bog'liqligini" ta'kidlaydi.[1]
Genri Temple unga muvaffaq bo'ldi ota "s Irlandiyalik tengdoshlik (bu unga o'tirish huquqini bermadi Lordlar palatasi, uni o'tirish huquqini qoldirib Jamiyat palatasi ) 1802 yilda 3-Viskont Palmerston sifatida. U 1807 yilda Tori deputatiga aylandi. 1809 yildan 1828 yilgacha u Urushdagi kotib, armiya moliyasini tashkil qilish. U birinchi marta 1827 yilda kabinet darajasiga erishgan, qachon Jorj konservasi Bosh vazir bo'ldi, ammo boshqalar singari Konservalar, u bir yildan so'ng o'z lavozimidan iste'foga chiqdi.U xizmat qildi Tashqi ishlar vaziri 1830-34, 1835-41 va 1846-51 yillar. Ushbu idorada Palmerston Evropadagi bir qator nizolarga samarali javob berdi. Uning tashqi ishlar vaziri lavozimidagi jangovar harakatlari, ba'zilari juda tortishuvlarga sabab bo'ldi[kim tomonidan? ] amaliyotining prototiplari sifatida liberal aralashuv.
1852 yilda Aberdin koalitsion hukumat tuzdi. The Peelites deb turib oldi Lord Jon Rassel Tashqi ishlar vaziri bo'lib, Palmerstonni lavozimini egallashga majbur qiladi Uy kotibi. Ichki ishlar vaziri Palmerston turli ijtimoiy islohotlarni amalga oshirar ekan, garchi u saylovlarni isloh qilishga qarshi bo'lsa ham. 1855 yilda Aberdin koalitsiyasi qulab tushganida, uni boshqarish bilan shug'ullangan Qrim urushi, Palmerston parlamentdagi ko'pchilikni qo'llab-quvvatlashga qodir yagona odam edi va u bosh vazir bo'ldi. U hokimiyatda 1855-1858 va 1859-1865 yillarda, vafotidan oldin, 80 yoshida, g'alaba qozonganidan bir necha oy o'tgach, ikki davr bo'lgan. umumiy saylov unda u ko'paygan ko'pchilikka erishdi. U 2020 yilgacha qolmoqda[yangilash] lavozimida vafot etgan oxirgi Buyuk Britaniya Bosh vaziri.
Palmerston rag'batlantirish orqali jamoatchilik fikrini ustalik bilan boshqargan Britaniya millatchiligi. Qirolicha Viktoriya va siyosiy rahbariyatning aksariyati unga ishonmagan bo'lsada, u matbuot va xalqning iltifotini oldi va qo'llab-quvvatladi, ulardan "Pam" mehribon sobriketini oldi. Palmerstonning gumon qilingan zaif tomonlari orasida shaxsiy munosabatlarga noto'g'ri munosabatda bo'lish va qirolicha bilan tashqi siyosatni belgilashdagi qirol roli borasida doimiy kelishmovchiliklar bor edi.[2]
Tarixchilar Palmerstonni katta inqirozlarni boshdan kechirganligi va unga sodiqligi tufayli eng katta chet el kotiblaridan biri sifatida baholashadi kuchlar muvozanati (bu Britaniyaga ko'plab to'qnashuvlarda hal qiluvchi agentlikni taqdim etdi), uning analitik qobiliyati va Britaniya manfaatlariga sodiqligi. Uning Hindiston, Xitoy, Italiya, Belgiya va Ispaniyaga nisbatan siyosati Angliya uchun uzoq muddatli uzoq muddatli foydali oqibatlarga olib keldi: garchi uning Frantsiya, Usmonli imperiyasi va Qo'shma Shtatlarga nisbatan siyosatining oqibatlari vaqtinchalik ekanligini isbotlasa ham.
Dastlabki hayoti: 1784-1806
Genri Jon Temple uning oilasida tug'ilgan Vestminster 1784 yil 20 oktyabrda Temple oilasining Irlandiya filialiga uy. Uning oilasi o'z nomlarini Irlandiyaning tengdoshligi, garchi u deyarli hech qachon tashrif buyurmaydi Irlandiya. Uning otasi edi Ikkinchi Viskont Palmerston (1739-1802), an Angliya-Irlandiya tengdoshi va uning onasi Maryam (1752-1805), London savdogari Benjamin Meening qizi edi.[3] 1792 yildan 1794 yilgacha oilasini uzoq qit'a safari bilan kuzatib bordi. Italiyada Palmerston italiyalik repetitorga ega bo'lib, unga italyan tilida ravon gapirishni va yozishni o'rgatgan.[4] Oila juda katta egalik qildi qishloq mulki shimolida Sligo okrugi Irlandiyaning shimoli-g'arbida.[5]
U o'qigan Harrow maktabi (1795–1800). Admiral Ser Augustus Clifford, 1-chi Bt., edi a fag Palmerstonga, Viskont Althorp va Viscount Duncannon va keyinchalik Palmerstonni uch kishining eng rahmdilsi sifatida esladi.[6] Ma'bad tez-tez maktabda janjallar bilan shug'ullanar edi va qadimgi Xarroviylar Templeni uning kattaligidan ikki baravar balandroq bezorilarga qarshi turadigan kishi sifatida eslashardi.[6] Genri Templening otasi uni 1799 yilda jamoatlar palatasiga olib bordi, u erda yosh Palmerston Bosh vazir bilan qo'l berib ko'rdi, Uilyam Pitt.[7]
Ma'bad o'sha paytda edi Edinburg universiteti (1800-1803), u erda siyosiy iqtisodni o'rgangan Dyugald Styuart, Shotlandiya faylasuflarining do'sti Adam Fergyuson va Adam Smit.[8] Keyinchalik Temple Edinburgdagi vaqtini "menda mavjud bo'lgan har qanday foydali bilim va ong odatlarini ishlab chiqaradigan" deb ta'riflagan.[9] Lord Minto yosh Palmerstonning ota-onasiga Genri ibodatxonasi odobli va dilbar ekanligi haqida yozgan. Styuart Do'stiga Temple haqida shunday deb yozgan edi: "U o'zini tutishi va o'zini tutishi uchun uning do'stlari xohlagan hamma narsadir. Darhaqiqat, men hayotning shu davrida hech qanday benuqson fe'l-atvorni ko'rganman, deb aytolmayman. do'stona kayfiyat. "[10]
Genri Temple otasidan keyin unvonga sazovor bo'ldi Viskont Palmerston 18 yoshga to'lgunga qadar 1802 yil 17-aprelda unga ulkan meros qolgan qishloq mulki shimolida Sligo okrugi g'arbida Irlandiya. Keyinchalik u qurdi Classiebawn qal'asi ushbu mulk bo'yicha. Palmerston bordi Sent-Jon kolleji, Kembrij (1803–1806).[11] Zodagon sifatida u o'z huquqini olishga haqli edi MA imtihonlarsiz, ammo Palmerston imtihonlar orqali o'z darajasiga ega bo'lishni xohladi. Unga kollejning alohida imtihonlarini topshirishga ruxsat berilsa-da, u rad etildi, u erda u birinchi darajali imtiyozlarni oldi.[12]
1803 yilda Frantsiyaga urush e'lon qilingandan so'ng Palmerston qo'shildi Ko'ngillilar qarshi chiqish uchun yig'ildi a Frantsiya bosqini, Sent-Jon kolleji uchun bo'limdagi uchta zobitdan biri bo'lgan. Shuningdek, u Romsey ko'ngillilarining podpolkovnik qo'mondoni etib tayinlandi.[13]
Dastlabki siyosiy faoliyati: 1806-1809
1806 yil fevralda Palmerston saylovda mag'lubiyatga uchradi Kembrij universiteti okrugi.[14] Yilda Noyabr u uchun saylangan Horsham lekin 1807 yil yanvarida, jamoatdagi viglar ko'pligi uni echish to'g'risida iltimosnoma uchun ovoz berganida o'tirilmagan edi.[15]
Homiyligi tufayli Lord Chichester va Lord Malmesbury, Lord Palmerstonga kichik lord lavozimi berildi Admirallik vazirligida Portlend gersogi.[16] U yana Kembrij o'rindig'i uchun turdi May ammo u o'z tarafdorlariga Torining saylanishini ta'minlash uchun ikki deputatlik okrugidagi boshqa Tori nomzodiga ovoz berishni maslahat berganidan keyin u uch ovoz bilan yutqazdi.[17]
Palmerston parlamentga Tori deputati sifatida kirdi cho'ntak tumani ning Newport Vayt orolida 1807 yil iyun oyida.[18]
1808 yil 3-fevralda u diplomatiya va Kopengagenni bombardimon qilish va Daniya dengiz flotini Qirollik floti tomonidan qo'lga olinishi va yo'q qilinishidagi maxfiylikni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun nutq so'zladi. Kopengagen jangi.[19] Daniya betaraf edi, ammo Napoleon yaqinda ruslar bilan kelishib olgan edi Tilsit shartnomasi Britaniyaga qarshi dengiz ittifoqini qurish, shu jumladan Daniya dengiz flotini Angliyaga bostirib kirish uchun ishlatish.[20] Buni oldindan bekor qilgan inglizlar Daniyaga o'z harbiy dengiz flotini urush tugaguniga qadar yoki dengiz floti yo'q qilinguncha vaqtincha topshirishni tanlashni taklif qilishdi. Daniyaliklar bu talabni bajarishdan bosh tortdilar va shu sababli Kopengagen bombardimon qilindi. Palmerston, hujumni Napoleonning Daniya flotini nazorat qilishni o'z zimmasiga olishga bo'lgan intilishlariga asoslanib, peroratsiya bilan oqladi:
Frantsiyaning ulkan kuchi unga kuchsizroq davlatni Angliyaning dushmaniga aylantirishga majbur qilishi mumkinligi sababli himoyalangan ... Angliya o'zining sud jarayonini oqlash uchun murojaat qilgani o'zini himoya qilish qonuni. Hurmatli janob va uning tarafdorlari e'tirof etishlaricha, agar Daniya bu mamlakatga nisbatan har qanday dushmanlikni isbotlagan bo'lsa, biz qasos choralari bilan oqlanishimiz kerak edi ... Daniya dushmanlik bilan majburlangan Daniya ixtiyoriy ravishda dushmanlik bilan bir xil holatda turadi, qachonki o'zini o'zi himoya qilish qonuni kuchga kiradi ... Kimdir Buonapartni boshqa davlatlarga nisbatan qilgan ishi kabi Daniyaga nisbatan harakat qilish huquqidan mahrum qiladi deb ishonadimi? ... Angliya, o'sha o'zini o'zi himoya qilish qonuniga binoan bu millatlar qonunining asosiy printsipi bo'lgan Frantsiya majburan majbur qilgan holda faol dushmanlikka aylantirgan betaraflikni Daniyadan ta'minlash va shu sababli amalga oshirishda oqlanadi.[21]
Do'stiga 1807 yil 24-dekabrda yozgan xatida u marhum Whig deputatini tasvirlab bergan Edmund Burk "siyosiy bashoratning kaftiga" ega.[22] Bu uning imperatorlik tashqi siyosati yo'nalishini tasavvur qilishda o'z karerasi uchun metafora bo'ladi.
Urushdagi kotib: 1809–1828
Palmerstonning nutqi shu qadar muvaffaqiyatli bo'lganki Spenser Perceval, 1809 yilda o'z hukumatini tuzgan, undan bo'lishni so'ragan Bosh vazirning kansleri, keyin XIX asrning o'rtalaridan boshlab unchalik muhim bo'lmagan ofis. Palmerston ofisni afzal ko'rdi Urushdagi kotib, faqat armiyaning moliyaviy biznesi bilan bog'liq. 1827 yilgacha kabinetda o'tirmasdan, u oxirgi lavozimda 20 yil qoldi.[23]
1818 yil 1-aprelda harbiy idoradan nafaqa olish to'g'risidagi arizasi bilan norozi bo'lgan va yana jinnilikda bo'lgan yarim maoshli iste'fodagi ofitser, leytenant Devies, lord Palmerstonni urush idorasi zinapoyasidan ko'tarilayotganda otib tashladi. O'q faqat orqasini o'tlatdi va yara engil edi. Deviesning aqldan ozganligini bilib, sudda o'zining huquqiy himoyasi uchun pul to'ladi (Devies yuborilgan Bedlam ).[24]
O'z joniga qasd qilganidan keyin Castlereagh 1822 yilda Tori kabineti Robert Benks Jenkinson, "Liverpul" ning ikkinchi grafligi siyosiy yo'nalishlar bo'yicha bo'linishni boshladi. Tori hukumatining yanada liberal qanoti ba'zi asoslarni yaratdi, bilan Jorj konservasi bo'lish Tashqi ishlar vaziri va Jamoalar palatasi rahbari, Uilyam Xussisson erkin savdo doktrinalarini himoya qilish va qo'llash va Katolik ozodligi ochiq savol sifatida paydo bo'ldi. Palmerston kabinetda bo'lmaganiga qaramay, u konservalash va uning do'stlarini choralarini samimiy qo'llab-quvvatladi.
1827 yil aprel oyida Lord Liverpul iste'foga chiqqandan so'ng, Konservatsiya Bosh vazir bo'lish uchun chaqirildi. Qancha konservativ hikoyalar, shu jumladan Ser Robert Peel, qo'llab-quvvatlanishidan voz kechdi va kech vazirlikning liberal a'zolari va Whiglar o'rtasida ittifoq tuzildi. Palmerstonga byudjet kansleri lavozimi taklif qilindi, u buni qabul qildi, ammo bu tayinlash, ba'zi bir fitnalar tufayli hafsalasi pir bo'ldi. Qirol va Jon Charlz Xerri. Lord Palmerston urushda kotib bo'lib qoldi, garchi u birinchi marta kabinetdan joy oldi. Konservatsiya ma'muriyati Bosh vazir vafot etganidan keyin to'rt oy o'tgach tugadi va undan keyin vazirlik tomonidan ta'qib qilindi Lord Goderich, bu yil zo'rg'a omon qoldi.
The Konservalar ta'sirli bo'lib qoldi va Vellington gersogi Palmerston, Huskisson, Charlz Grant, Uilyam Qo'zi va Dadli grafi keyinchalik u tuzgan hukumatda. Biroq, Vellington va Xuskisson o'rtasida Manchester va Birmingemdagi parlament vakolatxonasi masalasi bo'yicha tortishuv Xuskisson va uning sheriklari, shu jumladan Palmerstonning iste'fosiga olib keldi. 1828 yil bahorida, yigirma yildan ko'proq vaqt davomida doimiy lavozimida bo'lganidan so'ng, Palmerston o'zini oppozitsiyada topdi.
1828 yil 26-fevralda Palmerston katolik ozodligi foydasiga nutq so'zladi. U dissidentlarning "xayoliy shikoyatlari" ni tashkil etilgan cherkovdan xalos qilish, shu bilan birga Buyuk Britaniyaning "katoliklarga qarshi qilingan haqiqiy azoblarini" yengil deb bildi.[25] Palmerston, shuningdek, franshizani Britaniyada ko'proq erkaklarga tarqatish uchun islohotlar to'g'risidagi qonunni qabul qilish kampaniyasini qo'llab-quvvatladi.[26] Uning biograflaridan biri shunday degan edi: "Ko'plab pittilar singari, hozir ham yozilgan hikoyalar, u yuragi yaxshi husnbuzar edi".[9] The Rim katoliklariga yordam berish to'g'risidagi qonun 1829 yil nihoyat 1829 yilda Palmerston oppozitsiyada bo'lganida parlamentdan o'tgan.[27] The Katta islohotlar to'g'risidagi qonun 1832 yilda parlamentdan o'tgan.
Qarama-qarshilik: 1828-1830
Uning Palmerston oppozitsiyasiga o'tganidan keyin tashqi siyosatga diqqat bilan qaragan ko'rinadi. U allaqachon Vellingtonni faol aralashishga undagan edi Yunonistonning mustaqillik urushi va u bir necha bor tashrif buyurgan edi Parij, bu erda u yaqinlashib kelayotgan ag'darishni katta aniqlik bilan oldindan bilgan Burbonlar. 1829 yil 1-iyunda u tashqi ishlar bo'yicha birinchi ajoyib nutqini qildi.
Lord Palmerston notiq edi; uning tili o'rganilmagan va etkazib berish biroz xijolat bo'lgan; lekin umuman olganda u so'zlarni to'g'ri vaqtda aytish va jamoat palatasida nutq so'zlash uchun o'z tinglovchilarining imkoniyatlari va fe'l-atvoriga moslashgan holda topdi.
— "Lord Palmerston", "Britannica ensiklopediyasi 13-nashr"
1830 yil sentyabr oyida Vellington gersogi Palmerstonni kabinetga qayta kirishga undashga urinish qildi, ammo u buni qilmasdan rad etdi Lord Lansdowne va Lord Grey, ikkita taniqli Whig. Buni 1830 yilda, uning partiyasiga sodiqligi o'zgargan paytda, deyish mumkin.[28]
Tashqi ishlar vaziri: 1830–1841
Palmerston Tashqi ishlar vaziri lavozimiga katta kuch bilan kirdi va yigirma yil davomida o'z ta'sirini o'tkazishda davom etdi; u 1830 yildan 1834 yilgacha - uning shogirdlik yillari[29] - 1835 yildan 1841 yilgacha va 1846 yildan 1851 yilgacha. Palmerston asosan Buyuk Britaniyaning tashqi siyosati uchun 1830 yilgi Frantsiya va Belgiya inqiloblari davridan 1851 yil dekabrigacha mas'ul bo'lgan. Uning abraziv uslubi unga "Lord Pumice Stone" laqabini beradi. va uning chet el hukumatlari bilan muomala uslubi, ayniqsa keyingi yillarda[30] asl nusxasi edi "qurolli diplomatiya ".[31][32]
1830 yilgi inqirozlar
The 1830 yilgi inqiloblar 1814–15 yillarda yaratilgan barqaror Yevropa tizimiga qarshi turtki berdi. The Niderlandiyaning Birlashgan Qirolligi tomonidan yarimga ijaraga olingan Belgiya inqilobi,[33] The Portugaliya qirolligi sahnasi edi Fuqarolar urushi, va Ispaniya haqida edi joylashtirmoq go'dak malika taxtda. Polsha qarshi qurol edi Rossiya imperiyasi, shimoliy kuchlar (Rossiya, Prussiya va Avstriya) yaqindan ittifoq tuzib, Evropaning tinchligi va erkinliklariga tahdid solayotgandek edi. Polshalik surgunlar Buyuk Britaniyani Rossiyaga qarshi aralashishga chaqirishdi Noyabr qo'zg'oloni 1830 yil[34]
Palmerstonning umumiy siyosati Britaniyaning manfaatlarini himoya qilish, tinchlikni saqlash, kuchlar muvozanatini saqlash va Evropada mavjud vaziyatni saqlab qolish edi. U Rossiyaga qarshi hech qanday shikoyat qilmagan va Polsha ishiga yakdil bo'lganida, tashqi ishlar vaziri sifatida u Polsha talablarini rad etgan. Belgiya va Italiyada bir vaqtning o'zida jiddiy muammolar yuzaga kelganida va Gretsiya va Portugaliyada unchalik katta bo'lmagan muammolar yuzaga kelganida, u Evropadagi ziddiyatlarni kuchaytirmaslik o'rniga, ularni yumshatishga intilib, universal aralashmaslik siyosatini ma'qulladi.[35] Shuning uchun u asosan Belgiyadagi inqirozni tinch yo'l bilan hal qilishga erishishga e'tibor qaratdi.[36]
Belgiya
Niderlandiyalik Uilyam I uning huquqlarini saqlab qolish uchun Napoleon urushlaridan keyin uni taxtga qo'ygan buyuk kuchlarga murojaat qildi. The 1830 yilgi London konferentsiyasi ushbu savolga murojaat qilish uchun chaqirilgan. Britaniyaning echimi Belgiyaning mustaqilligini o'z ichiga olgan bo'lib, Palmerston bu Britaniyaning xavfsizligiga katta hissa qo'shadi, deb hisoblagan, ammo har qanday echim oddiy emas edi. Bir tomondan, shimoliy kuchlar Uilyam I ni himoya qilishga intilishgan; boshqa tomondan, ko'plab Belgiya inqilobchilari, kabi Sharl de Brouker va Charlz Rojier, Belgiya viloyatlarini Frantsiyaga qo'shilishini qo'llab-quvvatladi, Angliya esa mustaqil davlatga frantsuz ta'sirini emas, balki Gollandiyani yoqtirdi.[37]
Angliyaning paydo bo'lgan siyosati Frantsiya bilan yaqin ittifoq edi,[38] ammo qit'adagi kuchlar muvozanatiga, xususan Belgiya mustaqilligini saqlashga bo'ysunadi. Agar shimoliy kuchlar Uilyam I ni kuch bilan qo'llab-quvvatlasa, qurol bilan birlashgan Frantsiya va Angliyaning qarshiligiga duch kelishardi. Agar Frantsiya Belgiyani qo'shib olishga harakat qilsa, u Angliya ittifoqidan mahrum bo'lib, o'zini butun Evropa qarshiligiga olib keladi. Oxir oqibat Angliya siyosati ustun keldi.[39] Qit'a urushga yaqin bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, London va Shahzoda shartlariga ko'ra tinchlik saqlanib qoldi Saks-Koburgning Leopoldi, Britaniyalik malika bevasi Belgiya taxtiga joylashtirildi. Fishman aytadiki London konferentsiyasi "favqulodda muvaffaqiyatli konferentsiya" bo'ldi, chunki u "zamonning etakchi kuchlari Evropa tinchligini himoya qiladigan institutsional bazani taqdim etdi".[40][41]
Shundan so'ng, 1831 yilda Gollandiyaning bosqini va frantsuzlarning qarshi hujumiga qaramay, Frantsiya va Buyuk Britaniya Belgiya va Gollandiya o'rtasida shartnoma tuzishni imzoladilar va uchta Shimoliy kuchlarni ham unga qo'shilishga undashdi;[38] Palmerstonning ikkinchi lavozimida bo'lganida, uning vakolati o'sib borar ekan, u Belgiya va Gollandiya o'rtasidagi munosabatlarni 1838-9 yillarda tuzilgan shartnomaga binoan o'rnatdi - endi Gollandiyaga va Shimoliy kuchlarga ko'proq suyanib (va Britaniya) mustaqilligini tasdiqladi. va Belgiya / Frantsiya o'qiga qarshi.[42]
Frantsiya, Ispaniya va Portugaliya 1830-yillar
1833 va 1834 yillarda yosh malikalar Ispaniyalik Isabella II va Portugaliyalik Mariya II o'z mamlakatlarining konstitutsiyaviy partiyalari vakillari va umidlari edi. Ularning pozitsiyalari mutlaq muttaham qarindoshlari Dom tomonidan bir oz bosim ostida edi Portugaliyalik Migel va Don Karlos vorislik yo'nalishida eng yaqin erkak bo'lgan Ispaniyaning. Palmerston G'arbning konstitutsiyaviy davlatlarining to'rt kishilik ittifoqi rejasini tuzdi va amalga oshirib, shimoliy alyansga kontrakt sifatida xizmat qildi. Yarim orolni tinchlantirish to'g'risidagi shartnoma 1834 yil 22 aprelda Londonda imzolandi va garchi Ispaniyada kurash biroz cho'zilgan bo'lsa ham, u o'z maqsadiga erishdi.[43]
Frantsiya ushbu shartnomaning istamagan tomoni bo'lgan va hech qachon bu erda o'z rolini juda g'ayrat bilan bajarmagan. Lui Filipp yashirin ravishda foydasiga ayblangan Carlists - Don Karlosning tarafdorlari - va u Ispaniyaga bevosita aralashuvni rad etdi. Ehtimol, Frantsiya sudining bu savolga ikkilanishi Palmerstonning keyinchalik Frantsiya qiroliga ko'rsatgan doimiy shaxsiy dushmanligining sabablaridan biri bo'lishi mumkin, ammo bu fikr ilgari ham paydo bo'lishi mumkin edi. Garchi Palmerston 1834 yil iyun oyida Parij "mening tashqi siyosatimning asosiy yo'nalishi" deb yozgan bo'lsa-da, ikki mamlakat o'rtasidagi tafovutlar doimiy, ammo steril raqobatga aylanib, ikkalasiga ham foyda keltirmadi.[44]
Bolqon va Yaqin Sharq: Turkiyani himoya qilish, 1830-yillar
Palmerstonni Sharqiy Evropaning diplomatik savollari juda qiziqtirgan. Davomida Yunonistonning mustaqillik urushi u g'ayrat bilan Yunoniston ishini qo'llab-quvvatladi va uni qo'llab-quvvatladi Konstantinopol shartnomasi bu Yunonistonga mustaqillik berdi. Biroq, 1830 yildan boshlab mudofaa Usmonli imperiyasi uning siyosatining asosiy ob'ektlaridan biriga aylandi. U Bulverga (Lord Dalling) yozganidek, u Turkiyaning qayta tiklanishiga ishongan: "Turkiya imperiyasining parchalanishi va uning o'lik tanasi yoki sharbatsiz tanasi bo'lishi va shu kabilar haqida eshitganlarimizning barchasi sof bema'nilikdir. . "[45]
Uning ikkita buyuk maqsadi Rossiyaning o'zini o'zi o'rnatishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik edi Bosfor va Frantsiyaning Nil daryosida ham shunday qilishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik. U hokimiyatni saqlashni ko'rib chiqdi Yuksak Porte bu ikkala rivojlanishga qarshi asosiy to'siq sifatida.[iqtibos kerak ]
Palmerston uzoq vaqtdan beri Rossiyaga nisbatan shubhali va dushmanona munosabatda bo'lib kelgan, uning avtokratik hukumati uning liberal tamoyillarini xafa qilgan va hajmi tobora o'sib borayotgan Britaniya imperiyasining kuchiga qarshi bo'lgan. U 1833 yildan g'azablangan Hünkar İskelesi shartnomasi, Rossiya va Usmonlilar o'rtasida o'zaro yordam shartnomasi, ammo g'azablangan va dushman bo'lgan Devid Urquxart, yaratuvchisi Vixen ishi, Rossiya blokadasini boshqarmoqda Cherkesiya 1830 yillarning o'rtalarida.[46]
Devid Urquxart o'z navbatida Palmerstonni "Rossiyaning yollanma yolchisi" deb hisoblagan va Londonda "Erkin press" jurnalini asos solgan va u erda bu qarashlarni doimiy ravishda targ'ib qilgan. Ushbu jurnalning doimiy muallifi bo'lgan Karl Marks, "Buyuk Pyotr davridan Qrim urushigacha London va Sankt-Peterburg idoralari o'rtasida maxfiy kelishuv bo'lgan va Palmerston podsho siyosatining buzuq vositasi bo'lgan" deb aytgan.[47]
Ommabop obro'siga qaramay, u 1831 yilda Turkiya sultoniga yordam berishda ikkilanib turardi tahdid ostida dan Muhammad Ali, Misr poshshosi.[48] Keyinchalik, Rossiya yutuqlaridan so'ng, 1833 va 1835 yillarda u moddiy yordam ko'rsatish to'g'risida takliflar kiritdi, ularni kabinet bekor qildi. Palmerston "agar biz bunga beshta kuchning birgalikdagi himoyasi ostida o'n yillik tinchlikni sotib olsak va o'sha yillar imperiyaning ichki tizimini qayta tashkil etishda foydaliligimiz bo'lsa, nima uchun u yana qaytmasligi uchun hech qanday sabab yo'q" deb ta'kidlagan. hurmatli qudrat "va taqqoslash talab qilinadigan eski davlat, masalan, Turkiya singari ahvolda bo'lishi kerak degan metafora bilan kurashdi:" Insoniyat chiqadigan noto'g'ri xulosalarning yarmi metaforalarni suiiste'mol qilish va generalni noto'g'ri talqin qilish orqali amalga oshiriladi. o'xshashlik yoki haqiqiy o'ziga xoslik uchun xayoliy o'xshashlik. "[49] Biroq, Muhammad Alining kuchi Usmonli sulolasining mavjudligiga tahdid solganida, ayniqsa Sultonning o'limini hisobga olgan holda Mahmud II 1839 yil 1-iyulda u buyuk davlatlarni Evropaning xavfsizligi va tinchligini saqlab qolish uchun Turkiya imperiyasining mustaqilligi va yaxlitligini saqlab qolish majburiyatini olgan holda 27-iyul kuni jamoa notasini imzolashga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Biroq, 1840 yilga kelib Muhammad Ali bosib oldi Suriya va g'olib bo'ldi Nezib jangi turk kuchlariga qarshi. Lord Ponsonbi, Buyuk Britaniyaning Konstantinopoldagi elchisi, qat'iyan Britaniya hukumatini aralashishga chaqirdi. Pasha bilan ko'pchilikdan ko'ra yaqinroq aloqada bo'lgan Frantsiya, o'tgan yili notani imzolaganiga qaramay, unga nisbatan majburlov choralari ishtirokchisi bo'lishdan bosh tortdi.[50]
Frantsiyaning Misr siyosatidan g'azablangan Palmerston imzoladi London konvensiyasi 1840 yil 15-iyul kuni Londonda Avstriya, Rossiya va Prussiya - Frantsiya hukumati bilmagan holda. Ushbu chora katta ikkilanmasdan va vazirlar mahkamasining bir nechta a'zolari tomonidan qattiq qarshilik bilan qabul qilindi. Palmerston bu chorani qisman Bosh vazirga yozgan xatida e'lon qilib, Lord Melburn London konvensiyasi Suriya va Livandan chiqib ketish evaziga Misrda Muhammad Aliga merosxo'rlik hukmronligini berdi, ammo pasha tomonidan rad etildi. Evropa kuchlari bunga aralashishdi va bombardimon qilishdi Bayrut, tushishi Akr va Muhammad Alining qudratining to'liq qulashi tez ketma-ketlik bilan davom etdi. Palmerstonning siyosati g'alaba qozondi va uning muallifi asrning eng qudratli davlat arboblaridan biri sifatida obro 'qozondi.[51]
1838 yil sentyabr oyida Palmerston Savdo kengashining an'anaviy maslahatisiz Quddusdagi Buyuk Britaniyaning konsulini tayinladi va shaharda Anglikan cherkovi qurilishiga yordam berish to'g'risida ko'rsatma berdi. Lord Shaftesbury, taniqli Nasroniy sionist.[52]
Xitoy: Birinchi afyun urushi
Xitoy tashqi savdo faoliyatini chekladi Kanton tizimi faqat bitta portga va irmoqlik mamlakatlaridan tashqari barcha rasmiy diplomatik aloqalardan bosh tortdi. 1833-35 yillarda London Sharqiy Hindiston kompaniyasining Xitoy bilan savdo-sotiq monopoliyasini tugatishi bilan Tori va Vig hukumatlari ham tinchlik va yaxshi savdo aloqalarini saqlashga intildilar. Ammo Lord Napier Xitoyda savdoni ochadigan inqilobni qo'zg'atmoqchi edi. Palmerston boshchiligidagi Tashqi ishlar vazirligi qarama-qarshi turdi va tinchlikni izladi.[53] Xitoy hukumati o'zgarishni rad etdi va ingliz kontrabandachilariga to'siq qo'ydi afyun Xitoyda taqiqlangan Hindistondan. Britaniya bunga harbiy kuch bilan javob qaytardi Birinchi afyun urushi, 1839–42 yillar, bu inglizlarning g'alabasi bilan yakunlandi. Ostida Nankin shartnomasi, Xitoy tovon puli to'lab, beshtasini ochdi shartnoma portlari jahon savdosiga. Ushbu portlarda Britaniya fuqarolari uchun ekstritritorial huquqlar mavjud bo'lar edi. Shunday qilib Palmerston o'zining asosiy maqsadlariga erishdi - diplomatik tenglik va Xitoyni savdoga ochish. Ammo uning g'azablangan tanqidchilari afyun savdosining axloqsizligiga e'tibor berishdi.[54]
Palmerstonning tarjimai holi Jasper Ridli hukumatning pozitsiyasini bayon qiladi:
- Xitoy va Angliya o'rtasidagi ziddiyat muqarrar edi. Bir tomonda o'ta imtiyoz va kamsitishlarni amalga oshirish uchun odatdagidan ko'proq urf-odatlarga tayanadigan va chuqur ildiz otganlarning ko'zi ojiz bo'lgan, urush olib borish istagi yoki qobiliyati bo'lmagan, buzilgan, dekadent va kasta-despotizm edi. Harbiy kuchga ega bo'lmasdan o'zlarining evropaliklardan ustunligini tasdiqlashlari mumkinligiga ishonish uchun ustunlik. Boshqa tomondan, dunyodagi iqtisodiy jihatdan eng rivojlangan xalq, itarib yuboradigan, tiqilinch savdogarlar, o'z-o'ziga yordam beradigan, erkin savdo qiladigan va Jon Bullning hiyla-nayrang fazilatlari xalqi edi.[55]
Britaniyaliklarning nuqtai nazari mutlaqo qarama-qarshi edi, gitaritaristlar va xartistlar va yoshlar boshchiligidagi diniy nonformistlar kabi islohotchilar. Uilyam Evart Gladstoun. Ularning fikriga ko'ra, Palmerston faqat Buyuk Britaniyaga olib keladigan katta foyda bilan shug'ullangan va Xitoy hukumati mardlik bilan yo'q qilishga urinayotgan afyunning dahshatli axloqiy illatlarini umuman unutgan.[56][57]
Shu bilan birga, u o'z bo'limini, shu jumladan idora ichidagi aloqalarni va boshqa mansabdor shaxslarni nazoratini kuchaytirish uchun ma'lumot va jamoatchilik fikrini boshqargan. U matbuotga sirlarni oshkor qildi, tanlangan hujjatlarni e'lon qildi va o'zini ko'proq nazorat qilish va oshkoralik berish uchun xatlarni chiqardi, shu bilan birga ingliz millatchiligini qo'zg'atdi.[58] U bilan adovat The Times, tahrirlangan Tomas Barns, uning targ'ibot hiyla-nayranglari bilan birga o'ynamadi.[59][60]
Nikoh
1839 yilda Palmerston ko'p yillar davomida taniqli Uig styuardessa bilan turmush o'rtog'iga uylandi Emili Qo'zi, Piter Leopoldning bevasi Lui Frensis Nassau Klavering-Kovper, 5-graf Kovper (1778-1837) va uning singlisi Uilyam Qo'zi, 2-Viskont Melburn, Bosh Vazir (1834 va 1835-1841). Ularda qonuniy farzandlar bo'lmagan, garchi Lord Kouperning taxminiy bolalaridan kamida bittasi, Ledi Emili Kouper, uning rafiqasi Entoni Eshli-Kuper, Shaftberining 7-grafligi, Palmerston tomonidan otasi bo'lganiga keng ishonishgan.[61] Palmerston yashagan Brokket zali yilda Xertfordshir, uning xotinidan meros. Uning London shahar uyi edi Kembrij uyi kuni Pikdadilli yilda Mayfair. U shuningdek egalik qilgan Broadlands da Romsi Xempshirda.[62]
Emilining kuyovi, Lord Shaftesbury "Ledi Palmerstonga, ularning ikkalasi ham yillar davomida yaxshi munosabatda bo'lishganida, uning munosabatlari abadiy sevgiga tegishli edi. Ruhiyat o'zaro bog'liq edi; va men ularni ertalab daraxtlar ekish uchun chiqib, deyarli ishongan holda ko'rganman. ular meva yeyish uchun yashashi yoki soyada birga o'tirishi.[63]
Yosh qirolicha Viktoriya 50 yoshdagi odamlar turmush qurishi mumkin emas deb topdi, ammo biografga ko'ra Kovper-Palmerston nikohi Gillian Gill:
- ilhomlangan siyosiy ittifoq edi, shuningdek shaxsiy baxtga zarba berdi. Garri va Emili bir-biriga juda mos kelishgan. Do'stlari jamiyatning eng yaxshi odamlari bo'lgan go'zal, maftunkor, aqlli, boy ayolning eri sifatida Palmerston nihoyat Britaniya siyosatining eng yuqori pog'onasiga ko'tarilish uchun zarur bo'lgan pul, ijtimoiy sharoit va shaxsiy xavfsizlikka ega edi. Xonim Palmerston, xuddi u singari, erini xursand qildi va u o'zi uchun siyosiy kuch edi. Palmerston hayotining so'nggi va eng muvaffaqiyatli o'n yilliklarida u eng yaxshi maslahatchi va eng ishonchli amanuensis edi. Ular asrning buyuk nikohlaridan biri edi.[64]
Qarama-qarshilik: 1841–46
Bir necha oy ichida Melburn ma'muriyati tugadi (1841) va Palmerston besh yil davomida ishdan chetda qoldi. Inqiroz o'tmishda edi, ammo almashtirish bilan sodir bo'lgan o'zgarish Fransua Gizot uchun Adolphe Thiers Frantsiyada va Lord Aberdin chunki Britaniyadagi Palmerston tinchlikni saqlab qoldi. Palmerston, Frantsiya bilan tinchlikka ishonib bo'lmaydi, deb ishongan va haqiqatan ham ikki mamlakat o'rtasidagi urush ertami-kechmi muqarrar edi. Aberdin va Gizot boshqacha siyosatni ochdilar: o'zaro ishonch va do'stona idoralar bilan ular ikki hukumat o'rtasidagi eng samimiy tushunishni tiklashga muvaffaq bo'lishdi va Palmerston qo'zg'atgan g'azab asta-sekin to'xtadi. Ma'muriyati paytida Ser Robert Peel, Palmerston nafaqaga chiqqan hayot kechirdi, ammo u o'ziga xos achchiqlik bilan hujum qildi Vebster-Ashburton shartnomasi 1842 yil AQSh bilan. Bu AQSh bilan bir qator Kanadadagi chegara nizolarini, xususan o'rtasidagi chegara bilan hal qildi Nyu-Brunsvik va davlat Meyn va Kanada va Shtat o'rtasida Minnesota Superior ko'li va O'rmon ko'lidan. U buni tanqid qilar ekan, shartnoma Palmerston uzoq vaqtdan beri tashvishlanib kelayotgan chegara masalalarini muvaffaqiyatli yopib qo'ydi.[65]
Palmerstonning interventsioner sifatida obro'si va qirolichaga unchalik yoqmasligi shunday edi Lord Jon Rassellnikidir 1845 yil dekabrda vazirlik tuzishga urinish muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi Lord Grey Palmerston tashqi ishlarni boshqaradigan hukumatga qo'shilishdan bosh tortdi. Bir necha oydan so'ng, viglar hokimiyatga keldilar va Palmerstonni Tashqi ishlar vazirligiga qaytarishdi (1846 yil iyul). Rassel Palmerstonning siyosati tanqidchilarga "a moyillik urush boshlash uchun ", ammo u Britaniyaning manfaatlarini katta mojarolarsiz, agar umuman tinch yo'l bilan olmasa ham ilgari surgan.[9]
Tashqi ishlar vaziri: 1846–1851
1846-1851 yillarda Palmerstonning tashqi ishlar vaziri sifatida butun Evropadagi zo'ravonliklarni boshdan kechirishni o'z ichiga olgan - uni biograf Devid Braun "porox vazir" deb atagan.[66]
Frantsiya va Ispaniya, 1845 yil
Frantsiya hukumati Palmerstonning tayinlanishini yangi urush harakatlarining ma'lum bir belgisi sifatida qabul qildi. Ular Gizot va Lord Aberdin o'rtasida tuzilgan kelishuvlardan chiqib ketish uchun asos sifatida Ispaniyaning yosh malikasi qo'liga nomzod sifatida Koburg shahzodasining nomini ilgari surgan jo'natishdan foydalandilar. Biroq, frantsuz hukumatining Ispaniya nikohlari to'g'risidagi bitimidagi xatti-harakatlarini ozgina oqlash mumkin emas, ammo bu Palmerstonda Frantsiyaning tinch va nozik dushmani borligiga ishonishidan kelib chiqqan. Angliya vazirining Ispaniya malika ayollarining frantsuzcha nikohlarini buzishga qaratilgan harakatlari Utrext shartnomasi va Evropaning boshqa kuchlari umuman muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lishdi; Frantsiya g'alaba qozondi, ammo sharafli obro'sini ozgina yo'qotmasdan.[67]
Tarixchi Devid Braun 1840-yillarning boshlarida Aberdin Frantsiya bilan entente cordiale tuzganligi haqidagi an'anaviy talqinni rad etadi, shundan so'ng 1846 yildan keyin urushayotgan Palmerston ushbu do'stona munosabatlarni buzdi. Braunning ta'kidlashicha, 1846 yildan 1851 yilgacha tashqi ishlar vaziri va keyinchalik bosh vazir sifatida Palmerston Evropada kuchlar muvozanatini saqlashga intilgan, ba'zida hatto buni amalga oshirish uchun Frantsiya bilan kelishgan.[68][69]
Irlandiyalik ochlik
Sifatida Angliya-irlandiyalik uy egasi, Palmerston uning 2000 tasini chiqarib yuborgan Irland davomida ijara haqini to'lamaganligi uchun ijarachilar Buyuk Irlandiyalik ochlik 1840 yillarning oxirlarida Irlandiyani vayron qilgan.[70] U och qolgan Irlandiyalik ijarachilarning Atlantika okeanidan Shimoliy Amerikaga ko'chishini moliyalashtirgan[71] qilgan kabi Kichkina-Fitzmaurice (Lord Lansdowne) teng mashhurlikka; ammo komparator tomonidan hech qanday emigratsiyaga homiylik qilmaslikning jazolangan qoloqligi Ulik de Burg, Klanrikardning 1-Markizi va ehtimol uning o'g'li ko'proq o'limga sabab bo'lishi mumkin.[72] Palmerstonning ta'kidlashicha, "... Irlandiyaning ijtimoiy tizimidagi har qanday ulkan yaxshilanish, kichik egalar va Squatting Cottiers-ni uzoq vaqt davomida va muntazam ravishda chiqarib yuborish orqali hozirgi agrar ishg'ol holatidagi keng o'zgarishlarga asoslanishi kerak".[73]
Chet elda inqiloblarni qo'llab-quvvatlash
The 1848 yilgi inqiloblar to'qnashuv kabi Evropa bo'ylab tarqaldi va qit'ada Rossiya, Ispaniya va Belgiyadan tashqari barcha taxtlarni silkitdi. Palmerston sympathised openly with the revolutionary party abroad. In particular, he was a strong advocate of milliy o'z taqdirini o'zi belgilash, and stood firmly on the side of constitutional liberties on the Continent. Despite this, he was bitterly opposed to Irlandiya mustaqilligi, and deeply hostile to the Young Ireland harakat.[74]
Italian independence
No state was regarded by him with more aversion than Avstriya. Yet, his opposition to Austria was chiefly based upon its occupation of northeastern Italy and its Italian policy. Palmerston maintained that the existence of Austria as a great power north of the Alps was an essential element in the system of Europe. Antipathies and sympathies had a large share in the political views of Palmerston, and his sympathies had ever been passionately awakened by the cause of Italian independence. He supported the Sicilians against the Qirol ning Neapol, and even allowed arms to be sent them from the arsenal at Woolwich. Although he had endeavoured to restrain the Qirol ning Sardiniya from his rash attack on the superior forces of Austria, he obtained for him a reduction of the penalty of defeat. Austria, weakened by the revolution, sent an envoy to London to request the mediation of Britain, based on a large cession of Italian territory. Palmerston rejected the terms he might have obtained for Piedmont. After a couple of years this wave of revolution was replaced by a wave of reaction.[75][76]
Hungarian independence
Yilda Vengriya The 1848 war for independence dan Avstriya imperiyasi, ruled by the Xabsburglar sulolasi, was defeated by the joint army of Austrian and Russian forces. Prince Schwarzenberg assumed the government of the empire with dictatorial power. In spite of what Palmerston termed his judicious bottle-holding, the movement he had encouraged and applauded, but to which he could give no material aid, was everywhere subdued. The British government, or at least Palmerston as its representative, was regarded with suspicion and resentment by every power in Europe, except the French republic.[77] Even that was shortly afterwards to be alienated by Palmerston's attack on Greece. Qachon Layos Kossut, the Hungarian democrat and leader of its constitutionalists, landed in England in 1851 to wide applause, Palmerston proposed to receive him at Broadlands, a design which was only prevented by a peremptory vote of the cabinet.[78]
Royal and parliamentary reaction to 1848
This state of things was regarded with the utmost annoyance by the British court and by most of the British ministers. On many occasions, Palmerston had taken important steps without their knowledge, which they disapproved. Ustidan Tashqi ishlar vazirligi he asserted and exercised an arbitrary dominion, which the feeble efforts of the premier could not control. The Queen and the Shahzoda Konsort did not conceal their indignation at the fact that they were held responsible for Palmerston's actions by the other Courts of Europe.[79]
When Disraeli attacked Palmerston's foreign policy, the foreign minister responded to a five-hour speech by Anstey with a five-hour speech of his own, the first of two great speeches in which he laid out a comprehensive defence of his foreign policy and of liberal interventionism more generally. Arguing for domestic political effect, Palmerston declaimed:
- I hold that the real policy of England... is to be the champion of justice and right, pursuing that course with moderation and prudence, not becoming the Quixote of the world, but giving the weight of her moral sanction and support wherever she thinks that justice is, and whenever she thinks that wrong has been done.[80]
Russell and the Queen both hoped that the other would take the initiative and dismiss Palmerston; the Queen was dissuaded by her husband Shahzoda Albert, who took the limits of constitutional power very seriously, and Russell by Palmerston's prestige with the people and his competence in an otherwise remarkably inept Cabinet.
Don Pacifico Affair
In 1847 the home of Don Pacifico, a Gibraltarian merchant living in Athens, Greece, was attacked by an anti-Semitic mob which included the sons of a Greek government minister. The Greek police did not intervene in the attack, despite being present.[81] Because Don Pacifico was a British subject, the British government expressed concern. In January 1850, Palmerston took advantage of Don Pacifico's claims on the Greek government, and blockaded the port of Piraeus in the kingdom of Greece. As Greece was under the joint protection of three powers, Russia and France protested against its coercion by the British fleet.[82][83]
After a memorable debate on 17 June, Palmerston's policy was condemned by a vote of the House of Lords. The House of Commons was moved by Roebuck to reverse the rebuke, which it did on 29 June by a majority of 46, after having heard from Palmerston on 25 June. This was the most eloquent and powerful speech he ever delivered, wherein he sought to vindicate not only his claims on the Greek government for Don Pacifico, but his entire administration of foreign affairs.
It was in this speech, which lasted for five hours, that Palmerston made the well known declaration that a British subject ought everywhere to be protected by the strong arm of the British government against injustice and wrong; comparing the reach of the British Empire to that of the Roman Empire, in which a Roman citizen could walk the earth unmolested by any foreign power. This was the famous Civis Romanus sum ("I am a citizen of Rome") speech. After this speech, Palmerston's popularity had never been greater.[84]
Crossing the Queen and resigning, 1851
Notwithstanding his parliamentary triumph in the Don Pacifico affair, many of his own colleagues and supporters criticized the spirit in which the foreign relations of the Crown were carried on. The Queen addressed a minute to the Prime Minister in which she recorded her dissatisfaction at the manner in which Palmerston evaded the obligation to submit his measures for the royal sanction as failing in sincerity to the Crown. This minute was communicated to Palmerston, who accepted its criticisms.[85]
On 2 December 1851, Louis Napoleon – who had been elected President of France in 1848 – carried out a Davlat to'ntarishi by dissolving the National Assembly and arresting the leading Republicans. Palmerston privately congratulated Napoleon on his triumph, noting that Britain's constitution was rooted in history but that France had had five revolutions since 1789, with the French Constitution of 1848 being a "day-before-yesterday tomfoolery which the scatterbrain heads of Marrast va Tokvil invented for the torment and perplexity of the French nation".[86] However, the Cabinet decided that Britain must be neutral, and so Palmerston requested his officials to be diplomatic. Palmerston's widespread support among the press, educated public opinion, and ordinary Britons caused apprehension and distrust among other politicians and angered the Court. Prince Albert complained Palmerston had sent a dispatch without showing the Sovereign. Protesting innocence, Palmerston resigned.[87] Palmerston was weakened because Parliament, where he had great support, was not in session. Palmerston continued to have wide approval among the newspapers, elite opinion, and the middle class voters. His popularity led to distrust among rivals and especially at the Royal Court. His fall demonstrates the lack of power of public opinion in a pre-democratic era. However, Palmerston kept his public support and the growing influence of public opinion steadily increased his political strength in the 1850s and 1860s.[88]
Home Secretary: 1852–1855
After a brief period of Conservative minority government, the Earl of Aberdeen became Prime Minister in a coalition government of Whigs and Peelites (with Rassel taking the role of Foreign Secretary and Leader of the Jamiyat palatasi ). It was regarded as impossible for them to form a government without Palmerston, so he was made Uy kotibi in December 1852. Many people considered this a curious appointment because Palmerston's expertise was so obviously in foreign affairs.[89] There was a story that after a great wave of strikes swept Northern England, the Queen summoned Palmerston to discuss the situation. When she enquired after the latest news, Palmerston is said to have replied: "There is no definite news, Madam, but it seems certain that the Turks have crossed the Danube".[90]
Ijtimoiy islohot
Palmerston passed the Factory Act 1853 which removed loopholes in previous Zavod aktlari and outlawed all labour by young persons between 6pm and 6am. He attempted to pass a Bill that confirmed the rights of workers to combine but this was thrown out by the House of Lords. U tanishtirdi Truck Act which stopped the practice of employers paying workmen in goods instead of money, or forcing them to purchase goods from shops owned by the employers. In August 1853 Palmerston introduced the Smoke Abatement Act in order to combat the increasing smoke from coal fires, a problem greatly aggravated by the Industrial Revolution.[91] He also oversaw the passage of the Vaccination Act 1853 into law, which was introduced as a private member's bill, and which Palmerston persuaded the government to support. The Act made vaccination of children compulsory for the first time. Palmerston outlawed the burying of the dead in churches. The right to bury the dead in churches was held by wealthy families whose ancestors had purchased the right in the past. Palmerston opposed this practice on public health grounds and ensured that all bodies were buried in a churchyard or public cemetery.[91]
Jazoni isloh qilish
Palmerston reduced the period in which prisoners could be held in solitary confinement from eighteen months to nine months.[92] He also ended transportation to Tasmaniya for prisoners by passing the Penal Servitude Act 1853, which also reduced the maximum sentences for most offences.[93] Palmerston passed the Reformatory Schools Act 1854 which gave the Home Secretary powers to send juvenile prisoners to a reformatory school instead of prison. He was forced to accept an amendment which ensured that the prisoner had to have spent at least three months in jail first.[94] When in October 1854 Palmerston visited Parkhurst jail and conversed with three boy inmates, he was impressed by their behaviour and ordered that they be sent to a reformatory school. He found the ventilation in the cells unsatisfactory and ordered that they be improved.[95]
Palmerston strongly opposed Lord Jon Rassel 's plans for giving the vote to sections of the urban working-classes. When the Cabinet agreed in December 1853 to introduce a bill during the next session of Parliament in the form which Russell wanted, Palmerston resigned. However, Aberdeen told him that no definite decision on reform had been taken and persuaded Palmerston to return to the Cabinet. The electoral Reform Bill did not pass Parliament that year.[96]
Qrim urushi
Palmerston's exile from his traditional realm of the Foreign Office meant he did not have full control over British policy during the events precipitating the Qrim urushi. One of his biographers, Jasper Ridley, argues that had he been in control of foreign policy at this time, war in the Crimea would have been avoided.[97] Palmerston argued in Cabinet, after Russian troops concentrated on the Ottoman border in February 1853, that the Royal Navy should join the French fleet in the Dardanel as a warning to Russia. He was overruled, however.
In May 1853 the Russians threatened to invade the principalities Valaxiya va Moldaviya unless the Ottoman Sultan surrendered to their demands. Palmerston argued for immediate decisive action; the Royal Navy should be sent to the Dardanelles to assist the Turkish navy and that Britain should inform Russia of the intention to go to war if it invaded the principalities. However, Aberdeen objected to all of Palmerston's proposals. After prolonged arguments, a reluctant Aberdeen agreed to send a fleet to the Dardanelles but objected to his other proposals. The Russian Emperor was annoyed by Britain's actions but it was not enough to deter him. When the British fleet arrived at the Dardanelles the weather was rough so the fleet took refuge in the outer waters of the straits. The Russians argued that this was a violation of the Straits Convention of 1841 and therefore invaded the two principalities. Palmerston thought that this was the result of British weakness and thought that if the Russians had been told that if they invaded the principalities the British and French fleets would enter the Bosfor yoki Qora dengiz, they would have been deterred.[98] In Cabinet, Palmerston argued for a vigorous prosecution of the war against Russia by Britain but Aberdeen objected, as he wanted peace. Public opinion was on the side of the Turks and with Aberdeen becoming steadily unpopular, Lord Dudli Styuart in February 1854 noted, "Wherever I go, I have heard but one opinion on the subject, and that one opinion has been pronounced in a single word, or in a single name – Palmerston."[99]
On 28 March 1854 Britain and France declared war on Russia for refusing to withdraw from the principalities. The war progressed slowly, with no gains in the Baltic and slow gains in Crimea at the long Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855). Dissatisfaction with the conduct of the war was growing with the public in Britain and in other countries, aggravated by reports of fiascos and failures, especially the mismanagement of the heroic Yorug'lik brigadasining to'lovi da Battle of Balaclava. The health and living conditions of the British soldiers was notorious and the press, with correspondents in the field, made the most of it. Tories demanded an accounting of all soldiers, cavalry and sailors sent to the Crimea and accurate figures as to the number of casualties. When Parliament passed a bill to investigate by the vote of 305 to 148, Aberdeen said he had lost a vote of no confidence and resigned as prime minister on 30 January 1855.[100]Queen Victoria deeply distrusted Palmerston and first asked Lord Derbi to accept the premiership. Derby offered Palmerston the office of Secretary of State for War which he accepted under the condition that Klarendon remained as Foreign Secretary. Clarendon refused and so Palmerston refused Derby's offer and Derby subsequently gave up trying to form a government. The Queen sent for Lansdowne but he was too old to accept: so she asked Russell; but none of his former colleagues except Palmerston wanted to serve under him. Having exhausted the possible alternatives, the Queen invited Palmerston to Buckingham Palace on 4 February 1855 to form a government.[101]
Prime Minister: 1855–1858
Aged 70 years, 109 days, Palmerston became the oldest person in British political history to be appointed Prime Minister for the first time. As of 2020 no Prime Minister entering Dauning ko'chasi, 10-uy for the first time since Palmerston has surpassed his record.
Ending the Crimean War
Palmerston took a hard line on the war; he wanted to expand the fighting, especially in the Baltic where St. Petersburg could be threatened by superior British naval power. His goal was to permanently reduce the Russian threat to Europe. Sweden and Prussia were willing to join, and Russia stood alone. However, France, which had sent far more soldiers to the war than Britain, and had suffered far more casualties, wanted the war to end, as did Austria.[102] In March 1855 the old Tsar died and was succeeded by his son, Aleksandr II, who wished to make peace. However, Palmerston found the peace terms too soft on Russia and so persuaded Frantsuz Napoleon III to break off the peace negotiations until Sevastopol could be captured, putting the allies in a stronger negotiating position. In September Sevastopol finally surrendered and the allies had full control of the Black Sea theatre. Russia came to terms. On 27 February 1856 an armistice was signed and after a month's negotiations an agreement was signed at the Congress of Paris. Palmerston's demand for a demilitarised Black Sea was secured, although his wish for the Crimea to be returned to the Ottomans was not. The tinchlik shartnomasi was signed on 30 March 1856. In April 1856 Palmerston was appointed to the Garter buyrug'i by Victoria.[103]
Arrow controversy and the Second Opium War
In October 1856 the Chinese seized the pirate ship Ok, and in the process, according to the local British official Harry Parkes, insulted the British flag. When the Chinese Commissioner Ye Mingchen refused to apologize, the British shelled his compound. The commissioner retaliated with a proclamation that called on the people of Canton to "unite in exterminating these troublesome English villains" and offered a $100 bounty for the head of any Englishman. The British factories outside the city were also burned to the ground by incensed locals. Palmerston supported Parkes while in Parliament the British policy was strongly attacked on moral grounds by Richard Kobden va William Gladstone. Playing the patriotism card, Palmerston said that Cobden demonstrated "an anti-English feeling, an abnegation of all those ties which bind men to their country and to their fellow countrymen, which I should hardly have expected from the lips of any member of this House. Everything that was English was wrong, and everything that was hostile to England was right."[104] He went on to say that if a motion of censure was carried it would signal that the House had voted to "abandon a large community of British subjects at the extreme end of the globe to a set of barbarians – a set of kidnapping, murdering, poisoning barbarians."[104] The censure motion was carried by a majority of sixteen and the election of 1857 followed. Palmerston's stance proved popular among a large section of the workers, the growing middle classes and the country's commercial and financial interests. With the expanded franchise, his party swept on a wave of popular feeling to a majority of 83, the largest since 1835. Cobden and Jon Brayt lost their seats.
Xitoyda Ikkinchi afyun urushi (1856–1860) was another humiliating defeat for a Qing dynasty,[105] already reeling as a result of the domestic Taiping isyoni.
Istefo
After the election, Palmerston passed the Matrimonial sabablar to'g'risidagi qonun 1857 yil, which for the first time made it possible for courts to grant a divorce and removed divorce from the jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts. The opponents in Parliament, who included Gladstone, were the first in British history to try to kill a bill by filibuster. Nonetheless, Palmerston was determined to get the bill through, which he did. In June news came to Britain of the 1857 yildagi hind qo'zg'oloni. Palmerston sent Sir Kolin Kempbell and reinforcements to India. Palmerston also agreed to transfer the authority of the British East India kompaniyasi to the Crown. This was enacted in the Hindiston hukumati to'g'risidagi qonun 1858 yil. After the Italian republican Felice Orsini tried to assassinate the French emperor with a bomb made in Britain, the French were outraged (see Orsini affair ). Palmerston introduced a Conspiracy to Murder bill, which made it a felony to plot in Britain to murder someone abroad. At first reading, the Conservatives voted for it but at second reading they voted against it. Palmerston lost by nineteen votes. Therefore, in February 1858 he was forced to resign.[106]
Opposition: 1858–1859
The Conservatives lacked a majority, and Russell introduced a resolution in March 1859 arguing for widening the franchise, which the Conservatives opposed but which was carried. Parliament was dissolved and umumiy saylov ensued, which the Whigs won. Palmerston rejected an offer from Disraeli to become Conservative leader, but he attended the meeting of 6 June 1859 in Willis's Rooms at St James Street, where the Liberal Party was formed. The Queen asked Lord Granville to form a government, but although Palmerston agreed to serve under him, Russell did not. Therefore, on 12 June the Queen asked Palmerston to become prime minister. Russell and Gladstone agreed to serve under him.[107]
Prime Minister: 1859–1865
Historians usually regard Palmerston, starting in 1859, as the first Liberal prime minister.[108] In his last premiership Palmerston oversaw the passage of important legislation. The Offences against the Person Act 1861 codified and reformed the law, and was part of a wider process of consolidating criminal law. The Companies Act 1862 was the basis of modern company law.[109]
Foreign policy continued to be his main strength; he thought that he could shape if not control all of European diplomacy, especially by using France as a vital ally and trade partner. However, historians often characterize his method as bluffing more than decisive action.[110]
Some people called Palmerston a womaniser; The Times named him Lord Cupid (on account of his youthful looks), and he was cited, at the age of 79, as co-respondent in an 1863 divorce case, although it emerged that the case was nothing more than an attempted blackmail.
Relationship with Gladstone
Although Palmerston and William Gladstone treated each other as gentlemen, they disagreed fundamentally over Church appointments, foreign affairs, defence and reform;[111] Palmerston's greatest problem during his last premiership was how to handle his Chancellor of the Exchequer. The MP Sir Uilyam Gregori was told by a member of the Cabinet that "at the beginning of each session and after each holiday, Mr Gladstone used to come in charged to the muzzle with all sorts of schemes of all sorts of reforms which were absolutely necessary in his opinion to be immediately undertaken. Palmerston used to look fixedly at the paper before him, saying nothing until there was a lull in Gladstone's outpouring. He then rapped the table and said cheerfully: 'Now, my Lords and gentlemen, let us go to business'."[112] Palmerston told Lord Shaftesbury: "Gladstone will soon have it all his own way and whenever he gets my place we shall have strange doings". He told another friend that he thought Gladstone would wreck the Liberal Party and end up in a madhouse.[113]
When in May 1864 the MP Edvard Beyns introduced a Reform Bill in the Commons, Palmerston ordered Gladstone to not commit himself and the government to any particular scheme.[114] Instead Gladstone said in his speech in the Commons that he did not see why any man should not have the vote unless he was mentally incapacitated, but added that this would not come about unless the working class showed an interest in reform. Palmerston believed that this was incitement to the working class to begin agitating for reform and told Gladstone: "What every Man and Woman too have a Right to, is to be well governed and under just Laws, and they who propose a change ought to shew that the present organization does not accomplish those objects".[115]
French intervention in Italy had created an invasion scare and Palmerston established a Buyuk Britaniyani mudofaa qilish bo'yicha qirollik komissiyasi which reported in 1860. It recommended a huge programme of fortifications to protect the Royal Navy Dockyards and ports, which Palmerston vigorously supported. Objecting to the enormous expense, Gladstone repeatedly threatened to resign as Chancellor when the proposals were accepted. Palmerston said that he had received so many resignation letters from Gladstone that he feared that they would set fire to the chimney.[116]
Relationship with Lord Lyons
During the advent and occurrence of the Amerika fuqarolar urushi, the British Ambassador to the United States was Palmerston's close friend and ally Richard Lyons, 2nd Baron Lyons. Palmerston had first appointed Richard Lyons to the Foreign Service in 1839, and was a close friend of his father, Edmund Lionlar, 1-baron Lionlar, with whom he had vehemently advocated increased aggression in the Qrim urushi. Palmerston and Lyons both had similar sociopolitical sympathies: both advocated monarchy and foreign interventionism. Throughout the American Civil War, Palmerston and Richard Lyons maintained an extensive confidential correspondence. Their actions were responsible for the peaceful resolution of the Trent ishi. When Lyons resigned from the position of American Ambassador, Palmerston attempted to persuade him to return, but Lyons declined the offer.[117]
Amerika fuqarolar urushi
Palmerston's sympathies in the Amerika fuqarolar urushi (1861–65) were with the secessionist Amerika Konfederativ Shtatlari. Although a professed opponent of the slave trade and qullik, he held a lifelong hostility towards the United States, and believed a dissolution of the Union would enhance British power. Additionally, the Confederacy "would afford a valuable and extensive market for British manufactures".[118][119]
Britain issued a proclamation of neutrality at the beginning of the Civil War on 13 May 1861. The Confederacy was recognised as a belligerent but it was too premature to recognise it as a sovereign state. The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari davlat kotibi, Uilyam Syuard, threatened to treat as hostile any country which recognised the Confederacy. Britain depended more on American corn than Confederate cotton, and a war with the U.S. would not be in Britain's economic interest.[120] Palmerston ordered reinforcements sent to the Kanada viloyati because he was convinced the Shimoliy would make peace with the South and then invade Canada. He was very pleased with the Confederate victory at the Bull Running birinchi jangi in July 1861, but 15 months later he felt:
"...the American War... has manifestly ceased to have any attainable object as far as the Northerns are concerned, except to get rid of some more thousand troublesome Irish and Germans. It must be owned, however, that the Anglo-Saxon race on both sides have shown courage and endurance highly honourable to their stock."[121]
The Trent Ish in November 1861 produced public outrage in Britain and a diplomatic crisis. A U.S. Navy warship stopped the British steamer Trent and seized two Confederate envoys yo'nalishida Evropaga. Palmerston called the action "a declared and gross insult", demanded the release of the two diplomats and ordered 3,000 troops to Canada. In a letter to Queen Victoria on 5 December 1861 he said that if his demands were not met:
"Great Britain is in a better state than at any former time to inflict a severe blow upon and to read a lesson to the United States which will not soon be forgotten."[122]
In another letter to his foreign secretary, he predicted war between Britain and the Union:
"It is difficult not to come to the conclusion that the rabid hatred of England which animates the exiled Irishmen who direct almost all the Northern newspapers, will so excite the masses as to make it impossible for Lincoln and Seward to grant our demands; and we must therefore look forward to war as the probable result."[122]
In fact, Irishmen did not control any major newspapers in the North, and the U.S. decided to release the prisoners rather than risk war. Palmerston was convinced the presence of troops in Canada persuaded the U.S. to acquiesce.[123]
Prezidentdan keyin Avraam Linkoln 's announcement in September 1862 that he would issue an Emansipatsiya to'g'risidagi e'lon in ninety days, the cabinet debated intervention as a humanitarian move to stop a likely race war. At the same time however there was a cabinet crisis in France over the overthrow of the Greek king and the growing Eastern Question with regard to Russia. The British Government had to determine whether the situation in North America or the containment of Russia was more urgent. The decision was to give priority to threats closer to home and to decline France's suggestion of a joint intervention in America; the threatened race war over slavery never happened.[124] Palmerston rejected all further efforts of the Confederacy to gain British recognition.[121]
The raiding ship CSS Alabama, built in the British port of Birkenhead, was another difficulty for Palmerston. On 29 July 1862, a law officer's report he had commissioned advised him to detain Alabama, as its construction was a breach of Britain's neutrality. Palmerston ordered Alabama detained on 31 July, but it had already put to sea before the order reached Birkenhead. In her subsequent cruise, Alabama captured or destroyed many Union merchant ships, as did other raiders fitted out in Britain. The U.S. accused Britain of complicity in the construction of the raiders. This was the basis of the postwar Alabama claims for damages against Britain, which Palmerston refused to pay. After his death, Gladstone acknowledged the U.S. claim and agreed to arbitration, paying out $15,500,000 in damages.
In the autumn of 1862, Gladstone, then Chancellor of the Exchequer, opened a cabinet debate on whether Britain should intervene. Gladstone had a favourable image of the Confederacy, and indeed of slavery (his family wealth depended on slavery in the G'arbiy Hindiston ). He emphasized the humanitarian intervention to stop the staggering death toll, risk of a race war, and failure of the Union to achieve decisive military results, but Prime Minister Palmerston had other concerns at the same time, including a crisis connected with the overthrow of the Greek king, which put the Eastern Question in play. The Cabinet decided that the American situation was less urgent than the need to contain Russian expansion, so it rejected Gladstone's suggestions.[125]
Daniya
The Prusscha Bosh Vazir Otto fon Bismark wanted to annex the Danish duchy of Shlezvig and the neighboring German duchy of Golshteyn, whose Duke was the King of Denmark, chiefly for its port of Kiel, and had an alliance with Austria for this purpose. In a speech to the Commons on 23 July 1863, Palmerston said the British government, like those of France and Russia, wished that "the independence, the integrity, and the rights of Denmark may be maintained. We are convinced—I am convinced at least—that if any violent attempt were made to overthrow those rights and interfere with that independence, those who made the attempt would find in the result that it would not be Denmark alone with which they would have to contend".[126] Palmerston's stance derived from the traditional belief that France was the greater threat to Britain and was much stronger than Austria and Prussia.[127] In any case, France and Britain were at odds over Poland, and Paris refused to cooperate with London on the Danish crisis.[128] Public opinion in Britain was strongly pro-Danish, thanks especially to the Danish princess who married the Prince of Wales. However Queen Victoria was intensely pro-German and strongly urged against threatening war.[129] Palmerston himself favoured Denmark but he also had long been pacifistic in this matter and did not want Britain to become militarily involved.[130]
For five months Bismarck did nothing. However, in November the Danish government instituted a new constitution whereby Schleswig was bound closer to Denmark. By the year's end, the Prussian and Austrian armies had occupied Holstein and were massing on the River Eider, the border with Schleswig. On 1 February 1864 the Prussian-Austrian armies invaded Schleswig, and ten days afterwards the Danish government requested British help to resist this. Russell urged Palmerston to send a fleet to Copenhagen and persuade Napoleon III that he should mobilise his French soldiers on the borders of Prussia.
Palmerston replied that the fleet could not do much to assist the Danes in Copenhagen and that nothing should be done to persuade Napoleon to cross the Rhine. Britain had a small army and it had no powerful ally to help.[127] Bismarck remarked that the Royal Navy lacked wheels—it was powerless on land where the war would be fought.[131] In April Austria's navy was on its way to attack Copenhagen, and Palmerston saw the Austrian ambassador and informed him that Britain could not allow their navy to sail through the English Channel if their intent was to attack Denmark, and if it entered the Baltic the result would be war with Britain. The ambassador replied that the Austrian navy would not enter the Baltic and it did not do so.[132]
Palmerston accepted Russell's suggestion that the war should be settled at a conference, but at the ensuing London Conference of 1864 in May and June the Danes refused to accept their loss of Schleswig-Holstein. The armistice ended on 26 June and Prussian-Austrian troops quickly invaded more of Denmark. On 25 June the Cabinet was against going to war to save Denmark, and Russell's suggestion to send the Royal Navy to defend Copenhagen was only carried by Palmerston's vote. Palmerston, however, said the fleet could not be sent in view of the deep division in the Cabinet.[132]
On 27 June Palmerston gave his statement to the Commons and said Britain would not go to war with the German powers unless the existence of Denmark as an independent power was at stake or Denmark's capital was threatened. The Conservatives replied that Palmerston had betrayed the Danes and a vote of censure in the House of Lords was carried by nine votes. In the debate in the Commons the Conservative MP General Peel said: "It is come to this, that the words of the Prime Minister of England, uttered in the Parliament of England, are to be regarded as mere idle menaces to be laughed at and despised by foreign powers." Palmerston replied in the last night of the debate: "I say that England stands as high as she ever did and those who say she had fallen in the estimation of the world are not the men to whom the honour and dignity of England should be confided".[133]
The vote of censure was defeated by 313 votes to 295, with Palmerston's old enemies in the pacifist camp, Cobden and Bright, voting for him. The result of the vote was announced at 2:30 in the morning, and when Palmerston heard the news he ran up the stairs to the Ladies' Gallery and embraced his wife. Disraeli wrote: "What pluck to mount those dreadful stairs at three o'clock in the morning, and eighty years of age!"[134]
In a speech at his constituency at Tiverton in August, Palmerston told his constituents:
I am sure every Englishman who has a heart in his breast and a feeling of justice in his mind, sympathizes with those unfortunate Danes (cheers), and wishes that this country could have been able to draw the sword successfully in their defence (continued cheers); but I am satisfied that those who reflect on the season of the year when that war broke out, on the means which this country could have applied for deciding in one sense that issue, I am satisfied that those who make these reflections will think that we acted wisely in not embarking in that dispute. (Cheers.) To have sent a fleet in midwinter to the Baltic every sailor would tell you was an impossibility, but if it could have gone it would have been attended by no effectual result. Ships sailing on the sea cannot stop armies on land, and to have attempted to stop the progress of an army by sending a fleet to the Baltic would have been attempting to do that which it was not possible to accomplish. (Hear, hear.) If England could have sent an army, and although we all know how admirable that army is on the peace establishment, we must acknowledge that we have no means of sending out a force at all equal to cope with the 300,000 or 400,000 men whom the 30,000,000 or 40,000,000 of Germany could have pitted against us, and that such an attempt would only have insured a disgraceful discomfiture—not to the army, indeed, but to the Government which sent out an inferior force and expected it to cope successfully with a force so vastly superior. (Cheers.) ... we did not think that the Danish cause would be considered as sufficiently British, and as sufficiently bearing on the interests and the security and the honour of England, as to make it justifiable to ask the country to make those exertions which such a war would render necessary.[135]
Europe's leaders were unable to settle the matter by peaceful compromise. Palmerston's biographer William Baring Pemberton argued that his "failure to understand Bismarck lies at the root of his misunderstanding of the Schleswig-Holstein question, and it derived from an old man's inability to adapt himself to a changing world".[136] Thus Britain was militarily unable to stop Bismarck's armies and misunderstood Bismarck's ambitions. Russian historian V. N. Vinogradov writes: "In place of the former insight came bias in judgments and stubbornness in defending outdated views. Palmerston continued to consider Prussia 'an instrument in the hands of Austria', its army weak and doomed to defeat, and its public to consist of romantically minded students and dreamy professors. And Otto von Bismarck quietly annexed the two Duchies to Prussia, and at the same time the County of Lauenburg".[137][tekshirish kerak ]
Electoral victory
Palmerston won another 1865 yil iyulda umumiy saylovlar, increasing his majority. The leadership of Palmerston was a great electoral asset to the Liberal Party.[138] He then had to deal with the outbreak of Fenian violence in Ireland. Palmerston ordered the Irlandiya noibi, Lord Wodehouse, to take measures against this, including a possible suspension of trial-by-jury and a monitoring of Americans travelling to Ireland. U ishongan Fenian agitation was caused by America. On 27 September 1865 he wrote to the Secretary for War:
The American assault on Ireland under the name of Fenianism may be now held to have failed, but the snake is only scotched and not killed. It is far from impossible that the American conspirators may try and obtain in our North American provinces compensation for their defeat in Ireland.[139]
He advised that more armaments be sent to Canada and more troops be sent to Ireland. During these last few weeks of his life, Palmerston pondered on developments in foreign affairs. U Frantsiya bilan yangi do'stlikni Qo'shma Shtatlarga qarshi "dastlabki mudofaa ittifoqi" deb o'ylashni boshladi va Rossiyaning kuchayib borayotgan tahdidiga qarshi muvozanatni saqlashi uchun Prussiyaning kuchliroq bo'lishini kutdi. Rasselga yozgan maktubida u "Rossiya o'z vaqtida deyarli eski Rim imperiyasi kabi qudratga ega bo'ladi ... Rossiya agressiyasiga qarshi turish uchun Germaniya kuchli bo'lishi kerak" deb ogohlantirgan.[140]
O'lim
Palmerston keksa yoshda sog'lig'idan bahramand bo'ldi,[141] yashash Romsi Taxminan 1840 yilda qurilgan uyi Foxhillsda. 1865 yil 12 oktyabrda u sovuqni ushladi va zudlik bilan uxlash o'rniga nafaqaga chiqish o'rniga bir yarim soat qizg'ish qildi. Keyin u kuchli isitmani ko'targan, ammo keyingi bir necha kun ichida uning holati barqarorlashgan. Ammo, 17 oktyabrga o'tar kechasi uning salomatligi yomonlashdi va uning shifokori undan Iso Masih orqali dunyoning tiklanishiga ishonasizmi, deb so'raganida, Palmerston javob berdi: "Eh, albatta".[142] Uning so'nggi so'zlari: "Bu 98-modda; endi keyingisiga o'ting." (U diplomatik shartnomalar to'g'risida o'ylardi).[142] Uning so'nggi so'zlarining apokrifik versiyasi: "O'l, azizim doktor? Bu men qiladigan oxirgi narsa". U 1865 yil 18 oktyabr, chorshanba kuni ertalab soat 10:45 da sakson birinchi tug'ilgan kunidan ikki kun oldin vafot etdi. Palmerston dafn qilinishni xohlagan bo'lsa-da Romsey Abbey, Vazirlar Mahkamasi unga ega bo'lishi kerakligini ta'kidladi davlat dafn marosimi va dafn etilgan Vestminster abbatligi U 1865 yil 27 oktyabrda bo'lgan. U davlat dafn marosimini o'tkazgan qirollik vakili bo'lmagan beshinchi shaxs edi (keyin Robert Bleyk, Ser Isaak Nyuton, Lord Nelson, va Vellington gersogi ).
Qirolicha Viktoriya vafotidan so'ng, u vafot etganidan afsuslansa-da, uni hech qachon yaxshi ko'rmagan va hurmat qilmaganligini yozgan edi: "G'alati va shiddatli, qat'iyatli, shunchalik dunyoviy shuhratparast odam haqida o'ylash - yo'q bo'lib ketdi! U bizni tez-tez xavotirga solgan va qiynagan. Vazir sifatida o'zini tutgan bo'lsa ham juda yaxshi."[143] Florens Nightingale uning o'limi haqida eshitgandan keyin boshqacha munosabatda bo'lishdi: "U biz uchun katta yo'qotish bo'ladi. Siz u to'g'ri ish qilishni so'raganda hazil qildi, u doim shunday qilgan. Boshqalar kabinetga tashlangan narsalarni boshqalari ko'tarolmaydi" U qudratli himoyachidan ayrilaman ... U o'zining tashqi ko'rinishiga qaraganda shunchalik jiddiy edi: u o'zini o'zi adolat qilmadi. "[143]
Erkak merosxo'ri bo'lmagani uchun, uning o'limidan keyin Irlandiyaning viskontentsiyasi yo'q bo'lib ketdi, ammo uning mulki o'gay o'g'liga meros bo'lib qoldi Uilyam Kovper-ibodatxonasi (keyinchalik yaratilgan 1-Baron tog'i ibodatxonasi ), merosi shimoliy qismida 10000 gektar (4000 gektar) mulkni o'z ichiga olgan Sligo okrugi g'arbida Irlandiya, uning o'gay otasi to'liq bo'lmagan qurilishni foydalanishga topshirgan Classiebawn qal'asi.[144]
Meros
U ingliz millatchiligining namunasi sifatida u "o'zining yoshini belgilaydigan siyosiy shaxs" edi.[145]
Tarixchi Norman Gash Jasper Ridlining Palmerstonning xarakteristikasini tasdiqlaydi:
- Asosan u professional siyosatchi, zukko, mo''tadil, bardoshli edi; qattiq va ba'zan vijdonsiz; imkoniyatlardan tezda foydalanish; har doim ham mumkin bo'lmagan sababni tark etishga yoki o'z vaqtini qulayroq imkoniyat uchun berishga tayyor. U hokimiyatni yoqtirar edi, unga maosh kerak edi, u ofisdan zavqlanardi, qattiq mehnat qildi. Keyingi hayotida u siyosat o'yinidan tobora ko'proq zavqlanib, oxir-oqibat mohir va muvaffaqiyatli bosh vazirga aylandi…. oxir-oqibat u Viktoriyaning buyuk jamoat arboblaridan biriga aylandi, u o'z hayotida afsonaga aylandi, u allaqachon o'tib ketayotgan Angliya shaxsiga aylandi.[146]
Tarixchi Algernon Sesil o'zining buyukligini xulosa qildi:
- Palmerston ishonib topshirdi ... Matbuotda u manipulyatsiya qilishga qiynalgan; u boshqarish uchun yashagan har qanday odamdan yaxshiroq o'rgangan parlamentda; va har qanday muzokarada hech qachon ustun bo'lmagan vatanparvarlik harakati bilan u o'zini qanday tutishni va uning ismi va resurslarining og'irligini qanday bilishini biladigan Mamlakat.[147]
Palmerston an'anaviy ravishda "uyda konservator va chet elda liberal" sifatida qaraladi.[148] U Britaniya konstitutsiyasi tomonidan ta'minlanganligiga ishongan Shonli inqilob 1688 yilgi konstitutsiya monarxiyasi bilan mamlakat qonunlariga bo'ysungan, ammo bir oz siyosiy hokimiyatni saqlab qolgan inson qo'li yaratgan eng yaxshisi edi. U qonun ustuvorligini qo'llab-quvvatladi va undan keyingi demokratlashtirishga qarshi chiqdi Islohot to'g'risidagi qonun 1832. U mutlaq monarxiya va respublika demokratiyasining ikki chegarasi o'rtasida aralashgan konstitutsiyaning ushbu liberal tizimini qit'adagi mutlaq monarxiyalar o'rnini bosishini xohladi.[149] Yaqinda ba'zi tarixchilar bosh vazir sifatida uning ichki siyosatini nafaqat liberal, balki o'z davrining me'yorlariga ko'ra chinakam ilg'or siyosat sifatida ko'rishdi.[150]
Aynan tashqi aloqalarda Palmerston asosan eslanadi. Palmerstonning tashqi siyosatidagi asosiy maqsadi Buyuk Britaniyaning milliy manfaatlarini ilgari surish edi.[151] Palmerston o'zining vatanparvarligi bilan mashhur. Lord Jon Rassel "uning yuragi doimo Angliya sharafi uchun urar edi" dedi.[152] Palmerston qit'ada liberal hukumatlar o'rnatilishi Britaniyaning manfaatlariga javob beradi deb hisoblagan. U shuningdek Britaniyaning manfaatlariga erishish uchun urush bilan tahdid qilishga tayyor bo'lganligi sababli brinkmanlik va ravshanlik bilan shug'ullangan.[153]
1886 yilda Lord Rozberi Gladstoun hukumatida tashqi ishlar vaziriga aylandi, Jon Brayt, Palmerstonni uzoq vaqtdan beri radikal tanqid qilib, Rozberidan Palmerstonning tashqi ishlar vaziri sifatida olib borgan siyosati to'g'risida o'qiganligini so'radi. Rouzberi u bor deb javob berdi. "Unda", dedi Bright, - nimadan qochish kerakligini bilasiz. U qilgan ishning teskarisini bajaring. Uning tashqi ishlar idorasida boshqaruvi uzoq muddatli jinoyat edi.[154]
Aksincha Lorne markasi, qirolicha Viktoriyaning kuyovi 1866 yilda Palmerston haqida shunday degan edi: "U o'z vatanini sevar edi va uning mamlakati uni yaxshi ko'rar edi. U uning sharafi uchun yashar edi va u uning xotirasini qadrlaydi".[155]
1889 yilda Gladstoun "bir frantsuz juda iltifotli deb o'ylarkan, Palmerstonga:" Agar men frantsuz bo'lmaganimda, ingliz bo'lishni xohlashim kerak edi ", deb aytganligi haqidagi hikoyani aytib berdi; Pam bamaylixotir javob berdi:" Agar men bo'lmasam ingliz, men ingliz bo'lishni xohlashim kerak.'"[151] 1930-yillarda Uinston Cherchill qayta qurollanish uchun kurash olib borganida, u xalqni mudofaaga qarashni ogohlantirishda Palmerston bilan taqqoslangan.[156] Siyosati tinchlantirish boshchiligidagi general Jan Smuts 1936 yilda "biz o'z soyalarimizdan qo'rqamiz. Men ba'zan Palmerston singari bir ruffianni yoki bir qator erkaklar va kechirimlarni istagan odamni orzu qilaman" deb yozish.[157]
U maqtalgan edi bekor qiluvchi qul savdosini bekor qilishga urinishlari uning tashqi siyosatining izchil elementlaridan biri bo'lgan. Uning qul savdosiga qarshi chiqishi Janubiy Amerika davlatlari va Qo'shma Shtatlar bilan Qirollik dengiz floti har qanday mamlakat kemalarida kemalar ishlatilganligiga shubha tug'dirsa, ularni qidirishga haqli deb ta'kidlaganligi sababli ziddiyatlarni keltirib chiqardi. Atlantika qul savdosi.
Tarixchi A.J.P. Teylor paradokslarni ta'kidlab, kariyerasini sarhisob qildi:
- Yigirma yil davomida Tori hukumatida kichik vazir bo'lib, u Whig tashqi kotiblari orasida eng muvaffaqiyatli bo'ldi; har doim konservator bo'lsa ham, u viggizmdan liberalizmga o'tishni boshqarish orqali hayotini yakunladi. U ingliz kuchining namoyandasi edi, ammo uni chet el despotiga yuk mashinasi uchun haydab yubordi; u kuchlar balansini targ'ib qildi, ammo yakkalanish va Angliyaning Evropadan chiqib ketishi siyosatini ochishda yordam berdi. Mas'uliyatsiz va yumshoq, u jiddiy o'rta sinf elektoratining birinchi qahramoniga aylandi. U yuqori lavozimga faqat tartibsiz oilaviy aloqa tufayli erishgan; u buni matbuotdan mohirona foydalanish orqali saqlab qoldi - etuk lider-yozuvchi bo'lgan yagona Bosh vazir.[158]
Palmerston ham hukumatga yengil yondashgani bilan yodda qoldi. Bir vaqtlar u bilan bog'liq bo'lgan ayniqsa hal qilinmaydigan muammo haqida da'vo qilgani aytilgan Shlezvig-Golshteyn, bu muammoni faqat uch kishi hech qachon tushunmagan: biri edi Shahzoda Albert, kim o'lgan; ikkinchisi - aqldan ozgan nemis professori; uchinchisi esa buni o'zi unutgan o'zi edi.[159]
Lord Palmerstonning 1847 yilgacha bo'lgan hayoti Lord Dalling tomonidan yozilgan (Ser H. Lytton Bulver ), I va II jildlar (1870), III jild tahrirlangan va qisman yozgan Evelin Eshli (1874), muallif vafotidan keyin. Eshli biografiyani yana ikki jildda yakunladi (1876). Butun asar Eshli tomonidan 1879 yilda 2 jildda qayta ko'rib chiqilgan va biroz qisqartirilgan shaklda qayta nashr etildi va sarlavha bilan chiqdi. Genri Jon Temple, Viskont Palmerstonning hayoti va yozishmalari; harflar oqilona qisqartiriladi, ammo afsuski, eksizyonlar qaerda sodir bo'lishini ko'rsatmasdan; asl asarning qo'shimchalari chiqarib tashlangan, ammo juda ko'p yangi narsalar qo'shilgan va bu nashr, shubhasiz, standart biografiyadir.[160]
Viktoriya davridagi mashhur yozuvchiEntoni Trollop uning siyosiy qahramonlaridan biri bo'lgan Palmerstonning 1882 yilda juda o'qiladigan xotirasini nashr etdi.
Palmerston uchun nomlangan joylar
- Shahar Palmerston Janubiy-G'arbiy Ontarioda joylashgan, Kanadaga 1875 yilda asos solingan va Palmerston nomini olgan. Palmerston hozirda birlashtirilgan Minto shahrining bir qismidir.
- Yilda Yangi Zelandiya, shaharcha Palmerston, Otagoda Janubiy orol va shahar Palmerston North, Manavatda Shimoliy orol.
- Avstraliyaning Darvin ilgari Viskont sharafiga Palmerston deb nomlangan. Yo'ldosh shahar deb nomlangan Palmerston Darvin bilan qo'shni holda 1971 yilda tashkil etilgan.
- Palmerston Atoll Tinch okeanining janubidagi Kuk orollarining janubiy guruhining eng shimoliy qismidir. Atolning 15 ga yaqin orollari orasida Palmerston oroli yashaydigan yagona oroldir.
- In Ratminalar maydoni Dublin 6 janubiy shahar atrofidagi villalar Palmerston, shuningdek Temple Road va Palmerston Road nomlari bilan atalgan. Ikkalasi ham Bothar an Stiguaire, Bothar P (h) almerston, Bothar Baile an Phmar va Bothar an Teampaill kabi kvazil tarjima qilingan.
- Bir nechta joylar Portsmut Palmerston nomi bilan atalgan - ayniqsa Janubiy asosiy savdo uchastkasi, Palmerston Road.
- Palmerston yo'li Sharqiy Sheen, London, SW14.
- Palmerston joyi West End, Edinburg, EH12.
- Palmerston yo'li Waltamstow, London & Palmerston Road va Forest Road kavşağındaki Lord Palmerston Pub.
- Lord Palmerston jamoat uyi Dartmut bog'i, London, NW5 Palmerston nomi bilan atalgan.
- Palmerston Park va Palmerston mehmonxonasi Tiverton, Devon, Palmerston saylov okrugi, uning nomi bilan atalgan.
- Palmerston Park, Sautgempton uning yonida Palmerston Road yaqinidagi kabi uning nomi berilgan. Parkda Palmerstonning ettita balandlikdagi marmar haykali o'rnatildi va 1869 yil 2-iyunda ochildi.[161]
- Palmerston ko'chasi Derbi.
- Palmerston ko'chasi Bedford.
- Palmerston Road va Palmerston Park sharqda Belfast.
- Palmerston bulvari va Palmerston avenyu Toronto uning uchun nomlangan.
- Romsidagi Palmerston ko'chasi, Xempshir; bozorda uning haykali ham bor.
Madaniy ma'lumotnomalar
- Ajoyib O'yinda Flashman - Ushbu tarixiy romanning boshlarida Palmerston yuboradi Flashman Hindistonga topshiriq bilan. Bu shunday bo'ladi 1857 yildagi hind qo'zg'oloni yorilish arafasida.[162]
- 1862 - Palmerston muqobil tarix tomonidan yozilgan Robert Konroy, tasvirlangan an Amerika fuqarolar urushi unda Buyuk Britaniya Konfederatsiya keyin Trent ishi Palmerston yo'nalishi bo'yicha.[163]
- Uchish ranglari - ushbu romanida CS Forester, Horatio Hornblower Angliyaga qaytishda yosh Palmerston bilan uchrashadi.[164]
- Vagonlar G'arb! - Palmerston serialning boshida Amerikaning joylashishiga qarshi bo'lib tasvirlangan Oregon shtati.[165]
- Simpsonlar - ichida "Yarasada Gomer ", Barni Gumble bilan bahslashadi Veyd Boggs Palmerston eng buyuk bosh vazir bo'lgan, Boggs buni ta'kidlagan Katta Pitt, Barni Bog'ning yuziga musht tushirganida, uni hushidan ketkazgan, Bogs Shelbyvilga qarshi hal qiluvchi softbol o'yinini o'tkazib yuborgan.[166]
- Palmerston, 2016 yil 13 apreldan beri Tashqi va Hamdo'stlik idorasining bosh mouseri doimiy ravishda Palmerstonga tayinlangan.[167]
- Lorens Foks 3 seriyasida Palmerstonni tasvirlaydi Viktoriya (2019); ketma-ket uning chet el kotibi bo'lgan notinch davrini namoyish etadi.[168]
Palmerstonning birinchi kabineti, 1855 yil fevral - 1858 yil fevral
- Lord Palmerston - G'aznachilikning birinchi lordidir va Jamoalar palatasi rahbari[169]
- Lord Krenvort – Lord Kantsler
- Lord Granville – Lord Kengashning Prezidenti va Lordlar palatasining rahbari
- Argil gersogi – Lord Privy Seal
- Ser Jorj Grey – Ichki ishlar vazirligi davlat kotibi
- Lord Klarendon – Tashqi ishlar bo'yicha davlat kotibi
- Sidni Gerbert – Mustamlakalar bo'yicha davlat kotibi
- Lord Panmure – Urush bo'yicha davlat kotibi
- Ser Jeyms Grem – Admirallikning birinchi lordidir
- Uilyam Evart Gladstoun – Bosh vazirning kansleri
- Ser Charlz Vud – Nazorat kengashi prezidenti
- Lord Aldleydan Stenli – Savdo kengashi prezidenti
- Lord Harrobi – Lankaster knyazligi
- Ser Uilyam Molesvort, 8-baronet – Ishlarning birinchi komissari
- Lord konserva – Bosh pochta boshqaruvchisi
- Lord Lansdowne - Portfelsiz vazir
O'zgarishlar
- Keyinchalik 1855 yil fevralda - Ser Jorj Kornuol Lyuis sifatida Gladstoun muvaffaqiyatga erishdi Bosh vazirning kansleri. Lord Jon Rassel mustamlaka kotibi sifatida Herbertdan keyin. Ser Charlz Vud Amir Jeyms Gremdan keyin Admiraltiyaning birinchi lordidir. R.V. Smit Vuddan keyin Boshqaruv Kengashi Prezidenti lavozimiga o'tdi
- 1855 yil iyul - Ser Uilyam Molesvort Rasseldan keyin mustamlaka kotibi lavozimiga o'tdi. Molesvortning jamoat ishlari bo'yicha birinchi komissari lavozimida ish yuritishi Vazirlar Mahkamasida yo'q.
- 1855 yil noyabr - Genri Labouchere Molesvortdan keyin mustamlaka kotibi lavozimini egalladi
- 1855 yil dekabr - Argil Gersogi Lend Kanning o'rniga general-postmeyster lavozimini egalladi. Lord Harrowby Argilning o'rnini Lord Privy Seal egallaydi. Xarrobining Lancaster knyazligi kansleri lavozimidagi o'rinbosari Vazirlar Mahkamasida yo'q
- 1857 – M.T. Beyns, Lankaster gersogligi kansleri kabinetga kiradi.
- 1858 yil fevral - Lord Klanrikard Harrowbidan keyin Lord Privy Seal o'rnini egalladi.
Palmerstonning ikkinchi kabineti, 1859 yil iyun - 1865 yil oktyabr
- Lord Palmerston - G'aznachilikning birinchi lordidir va Jamoalar palatasi rahbari[170]
- Lord Kempbell – Lord Kantsler
- Lord Granville – Lord Kengashning Prezidenti va Lordlar palatasining rahbari
- The Argil Gersogi – Lord Privy Seal
- Janob Jorj Kornuol Lyuis – Ichki ishlar vazirligi davlat kotibi
- Lord Jon Rassel – Tashqi ishlar bo'yicha davlat kotibi
- Nyukasl gersogi – Mustamlakalar bo'yicha davlat kotibi
- Sidni Gerbert – Urush bo'yicha davlat kotibi
- Ser Charlz Vud – Hindiston bo'yicha davlat kotibi
- Somerset gersogi – Admirallikning birinchi lordidir
- Uilyam Evart Gladstoun – Bosh vazirning kansleri
- Edvard Kardvell – Irlandiya bo'yicha bosh kotib
- Tomas Milner Gibson – Savdo kengashi prezidenti va Yomon qonun kengashi
- Ser Jorj Grey – Lankaster knyazligi
- Lord Elgin – Bosh pochta boshqaruvchisi
O'zgarishlar
- 1859 yil iyul - Charlz Pelxem Villiers Milner-Gibson o'rnini egalladi Kambag'al qonunlar kengashi prezidenti (Milner-Gibson Savdo kengashida qoladi)
- 1860 yil may - Lord Aldleydan Stenli Lord Elgindan keyin post-general lavozimiga tayinlandi
- 1861 yil iyun - Lord Uestberi Lord Kempbelldan keyin Lord Kantsler lavozimiga o'tdi
- 1861 yil Iyul - Ser Jorj Kornuol Lyuis Herbertning o'rniga urush kotibi lavozimini egalladi. Ser Jorj Grey Lyuisdan keyin uy kotibi lavozimini egallaydi. Edvard Kardvell Greydan keyin Lankaster knyazligi kansleri lavozimiga o'tdi. Kardvellning Irlandiya bo'yicha bosh kotibi lavozimidagi ishi Vazirlar Mahkamasida yo'q.
- 1863 yil aprel - Lord de Grey Ser Jorj Lyuis vafot etganidan keyin urush kotibi bo'ladi.
- 1864 yil aprel - Edvard Kardvell Nyukasl gersogi o'rniga mustamlaka kotibi lavozimini egalladi. Lord Klarendon Lancaster knyazligi kansleri lavozimiga Kardvell o'rnini egallaydi.
- 1865 yil iyul - Lord Krenvort Lord Westbury o'rnini egallaydi Lord Kantsler
Ajdodlar
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Shuningdek qarang
- Buyuk Britaniyaning tashqi aloqalari tarixi
- Buyuk davlatlarning xalqaro aloqalari (1814–1919)
- Britaniyaning diplomatik tarixining xronologiyasi
Adabiyotlar
- ^ Devid Braun, Palmerston: Biografiya (2010) p. 473.
- ^ Pol Xeys, Britaniyaning zamonaviy tashqi siyosati: XIX asr 1814–80 (1975) p 108.
- ^ Devies, Edvard J. (2008). "Lord Palmerstonning ajdodi". Genealogist. 22: 62–77.
- ^ Jasper Ridli, Lord Palmerston (1970), 7-9 betlar.
- ^ Ridli, Lord Palmerston (1970) 3-4, 32, 90 betlar.
- ^ a b Ridli, p. 10.
- ^ Ridli, p. 12.
- ^ Ridli, p. 14.
- ^ a b v Devid Stil, ‘Temple, Genri Jon, uchinchi Viskont Palmerston (1784–1865) ’, Milliy biografiyaning Oksford lug'ati, Oksford universiteti matbuoti, 2004 yil; onlayn edn, 2009 yil may, 2010 yil 11-dekabrda kirilgan.
- ^ Ridli, p. 15.
- ^ "Palmerston, Genri Jon (Ma'bad), Viskont (PLMN803HJ)". Kembrij bitiruvchilarining ma'lumotlar bazasi. Kembrij universiteti.
- ^ Ridli, p. 18.
- ^ Ridli, 18-19 betlar.
- ^ Ridli, 19-22 betlar.
- ^ Ridli, 24-26 betlar.
- ^ Ridli, p. 27.
- ^ Ridli, 27-28 betlar.
- ^ Garchi tengdoshlari Angliya, Shotlandiya, Buyuk Britaniya va Birlashgan Qirollik Lordlar palatasida o'tirgan va jamoat palatasida parlament a'zolari sifatida o'tira olmagan, Palmerstonning Viskontiyasi Irlandiyaning tengdoshligi avtomatik ravishda Lordlarda o'tirish huquqini bermadi. Shunday qilib Palmerston deputat bo'lib xizmat qila oldi.
- ^ Devid Braun, Palmerston: tarjimai holi (2011) p 57.
- ^ Ridli, 29-30 betlar.
- ^ Jorj Genri Frensis, Fikrlar va to'g'ri hurmatli Viskont siyosati Palmerston, G.C.B., M.P. va boshqalar. vazir, diplomat va davlat arbobi sifatida, qirq yildan ortiq jamoat hayotida (1852), 1-3 betlar.
- ^ Kennet Bourne (tahr.), Uchinchi Viskont Palmerstonning Lorens va Yelizaveta Sulivanga maktublari. 1804–1863 yillar (London: Qirollik tarixiy jamiyati, 1979), p. 97.
- ^ Dik Leonard, O'n to'qqizinchi asr Britaniyaning premeralari: Pitt va Roseberry (2008) 249-51 bet
- ^ Ridli, 64-65-betlar.
- ^ TEST VA KORPORATsIYA HAQIDA QAYTARISH. HC Deb 26-fevral, 1828 yil 18-jild, cc676-781
- ^ Ridli, 147-153 betlar.
- ^ Ridli, p. 98.
- ^ Ridli, 105-106 betlar.
- ^ E Halevi, Islohotning g'alabasi (London 1961) p. 70-1
- ^ G M Trevelyan, XIX asrdagi Britaniya tarixi (London 1922) p. 232
- ^ Jigarrang, Palmerston: Biografiya (2010) 143-88 betlar.
- ^ Klari Kingston, "Gunboat liberalizmi? Palmerston, Evropa va 1848" Bugungi tarix 47#2 (1997) 37-43.
- ^ E Halevi, Islohotning g'alabasi (London 1961) p. 20-1
- ^ R. V. Seton-Uotson, Evropada Buyuk Britaniya: 1789-1914 (1937) 149-54 betlar.
- ^ E Halevi, Islohotning g'alabasi (London 1961) p. 72
- ^ Devid Braun, Palmerston: Biografiya (2010) 148-54 betlar.
- ^ E Halevi, Islohotning g'alabasi (London 1961) p. 20
- ^ a b E Halevi, Islohotning g'alabasi (London 1961) p. 73
- ^ G M Trevelyan, XIX asrdagi Britaniya tarixi (London 1922) p. 233
- ^ Fishman, J. S. (1971). "1830 yilgi London konferentsiyasi". Tijdschrift ovozi Geschiedenis. 84 (3): 418–428.
- ^ Ridli, Lord Palmerston (1970) 122-37 bet ..
- ^ E Halevi, Islohotning g'alabasi (London 1961) p. 254-5
- ^ R. V. Seton-Uotson, Evropada Buyuk Britaniya: 1789-1914 (1937) 153-72 betlar.
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Birlamchi manbalar
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