Rab Butler - Rab Butler
Lord Butler Safran Valden | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Rab Butler 1963 yilda | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Umumiy palataning otasi | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ofisda 1964 yil 15 oktyabr - 1965 yil 19 fevral | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oldingi | Uinston Cherchill | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Robin Turton | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bosh vazir o'rinbosari Birlashgan Qirollik | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ofisda 1962 yil 13 iyul - 1963 yil 18 oktyabr | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Monarx | Yelizaveta II | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bosh Vazir | Garold Makmillan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oldingi | Entoni Eden (1955) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Jefri Xou (1989) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Birinchi davlat kotibi | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ofisda 1962 yil 13 iyul - 1963 yil 18 oktyabr | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Monarx | Yelizaveta II | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bosh Vazir | Garold Makmillan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oldingi | Lavozim belgilandi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Jorj Braun (1964) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tug'ilgan | Richard Ostin Butler 1902 yil 9-dekabr Serai bilan bog'laning, Britaniya Hindistoni (hozirgi Attok, Pokiston) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| O'ldi | 8 mart 1982 yil (79 yosh) Buyuk Yeldham, Esseks, Angliya | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dam olish joyi | Bokira Maryam, Safro Valden | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Millati | Inglizlar | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Siyosiy partiya | Konservativ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turmush o'rtoqlar | Sidney Elizabeth Courtauld (m. 1926; 1954 yilda vafot etgan)Molli Kurtta (m. 1959) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bolalar | 4, shu jumladan Odam (Courtauld tomonidan) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ota-onalar | Montagu Sherard Deyvz Butler (ota) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Olma mater | Pembrok kolleji, Kembrij | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Richard Ostin Butler, Safron Uoldendan Baron Butler, KG, CH, Kompyuter, DL (1902 yil 9-dekabr - 1982 yil 8-mart), odatda sifatida tanilgan R. A. Butler va uning bosh harflaridan tanish bo'lgan Rab, taniqli ingliz edi Konservativ siyosatchi. The Times nekroloq uni "zamonaviy ta'lim tizimining yaratuvchisi, urushdan keyingi konservatizmni tiklashdagi muhim shaxs, munozarali ravishda urushdan beri eng muvaffaqiyatli kansler va shubhasiz ishtiyoqni isloh qiluvchi uy kotibi" deb atagan.[1] U o'zining partiyasining etakchilaridan biri edi urushdan keyingi kelishuv bu orqali yirik partiyalar asosan 1970 yillarga qadar ichki siyosatning asosiy nuqtalari to'g'risida kelishib oldilar, ba'zan "Butskellizm "uning ismini leyborist hamkasbi bilan birlashmasidan Xyu Gaytskell.[2]
Akademiklar va hind ma'murlari oilasida tug'ilgan Butler Parlamentga kirishidan oldin ajoyib ilmiy martaba bilan shug'ullangan 1929. Kichik vazir sifatida u pasni o'tashga yordam berdi Hindiston hukumati to'g'risidagi qonun 1935 yil. U qattiq qo'llab-quvvatladi tinchlantirish 1938–39 yillarda fashistlar Germaniyasining. 1941 yilda kabinetga kirib, u xizmat qildi Ta'lim vaziri (1941–45, nazorati ostida) Ta'lim to'g'risidagi qonun 1944 yil ). Konservatorlar 1951 yilda hokimiyat tepasiga qaytib kelgach, u xizmat qildi Bosh vazirning kansleri (1951–55), Uy kotibi (1957–62), Bosh vazir o'rinbosari (1962-63) va Tashqi ishlar vaziri (1963–64).
Butler favqulodda uzoq vazirlik karerasiga ega edi va Britaniyaning ikkita siyosatchisidan biri edi (boshqasi) Jon Simon, 1-chi Viskont Simon ) to'rttadan uchtasida xizmat qilgan Buyuk davlat idoralari lekin hech qachon bo'lmagan Bosh Vazir, u uchun 1957 va 1963 yillarda topshirilgan. O'sha paytda konservativ rahbariyat rasmiy ovoz berish bilan emas, balki shaxsiy maslahatlashuv jarayoni bilan qaror topgan. 1965 yilda siyosatdan nafaqaga chiqqanidan so'ng, Butler tayinlandi Ustoz ning Trinity kolleji, Kembrij.
Hayotning boshlang'ich davri
Butler Attok Xurdda tug'ilgan, Attock, Britaniya Hindistoni, Sirga Montagu Sherard Deyvz Butler ning Hindiston davlat xizmati va uning rafiqasi Anne Gertruda (Smit ismli ayol). Butlerning onasi qizi edi Jorj Smit Doveton Boys kollejining direktori bo'lgan Kalkutta.[3]
Butlerning otalik oilasi uzoq yillar davomida taniqli bo'lgan Kembrij universiteti, buyuk bobosidan boshlangan Jorj Butler. Butlerning amakisi ayniqsa diqqatga sazovor edi Genri Montagu Butler (Magistr Trinity kolleji va Gloucester dekani ) va janob Geoffrey G. Butler, Kembrij tarixchisi va konservator Universitet uchun deputat, Butlerning amakisi va unga ayniqsa erta ta'sir.[4] Butlerning otasi Fellow, keyinchalik hayotda Ustoz edi Pembrok kolleji.[5]
1909 yil iyulda, olti yoshida, avtohalokatda uning o'ng qo'li uch joyda sinib ketdi.[6] Jarohati issiq suvli shishadan kuyish va qo'lni to'liq ishlamay qo'ygan holda og'irliklarni osib qo'lni to'g'rilashga urinish natijasida og'irlashdi.[7] Uning bo'shashgan qo'l siqishi va harbiy tajribaning etishmasligi (va ko'plab siyosatchilar sobiq ofitserlar bo'lgan davrda egiluvchanligi) keyingi hayotdagi siyosiy nogironlar edi.[8][9][10]
Butler Brokxerstga tayyorgarlik maktabida o'qigan, ammo o'qishdan bosh tortgan Harrow, bu erda uning ko'plab oilalari ta'lim olgan. U stipendiyani qo'lga kirita olmadi Eton va shuning uchun u ishtirok etdi Marlboro kolleji. U 18 yoshga to'lganidan bir hafta o'tgach, 1920 yil oxirida Marlboroni tark etdi va Abbevildagi protestant ruhoniysi bilan besh oy Frantsiyada bo'ldi.[7][11] U Kembrijdagi Pembrok kollejiga imtihon topshirish uchun qisqa vaqt ichida Angliyaga qaytib keldi, u erda 1921 yil iyun oyida u yiliga 20 funt sterling (2014 yil bahosi bo'yicha 1000 funt) ko'rgazmada g'olib chiqdi,[12][13] keyin Frantsiyaga o'g'liga o'qituvchi sifatida qaytib keldi Robert de Rotshild. Uning ushbu bosqichdagi rejasi Diplomatik xizmatga kirish edi.[11]
Imperiyaning bolaligida, o'spirinning o'rtalaridan boshlab, Butler o'z ukalariga qarashlari, maktab ta'tillari paytida qarindoshlari yonida bo'lishlarini va ularga ota-onalari yuborgan deb ko'rsatgan Rojdestvo sovg'alarini yuborishini ta'minlashi kerak edi.[14] Uning singlisi yozuvchi edi Iris Meri Butler (1905 yilda tug'ilgan), u turmushga chiqqandan keyin Iris Portaliga aylandi va katta qizi Jeyn Uilyams, Elvelning baronessasi Uilyams, onasi Jastin Uelbi, joriy Canterbury arxiepiskopi. Butlerning ukasi Jok, Ichki ishlar vazirligining davlat xizmatchisi va Uchuvchi ofitser, 1942 yil oxirida aviahalokatda o'lgan.[15]
Kembrij
Butler o'qidi Pembrok kolleji, Kembrij, 1921 yil oktyabrdan boshlab dastlab O'rta asrlar va zamonaviy tillarni o'qiy boshladi.[14] Tez orada u talabalar siyosatida faol ishtirok etdi va Qo'mitaga saylandi Kembrij Ittifoqi Jamiyati birinchi yilining oxiriga kelib. Ikkinchi yilining oxirida u Mayklmasning kotibi etib saylandi (kuz davri) 1923 yil ikkinchi urinishida 500 ovozdan 10 ta ovoz bilan tor marj bilan. O'sha paytda Kotib odatda kurash olib boradigan yagona idora bo'lib, uni qo'yib yubordi. 1924 yil Lent uchun vitse-prezident va 1924 yildagi Pasxa bayrami uchun prezident bo'lish (yozgi davr).[14] Ikkinchi yilining oxirida (1923 yil iyun) u Frantsiyaning I qismida birinchi darajaga erishdi va 300 funt sterling miqdorida ota-ona nafaqasini (2014 yil narxlari bo'yicha taxminan 4000 funt va 15000 funt sterling) to'ldirish uchun mukofotlandi.[13][16]
Butler o'sha yozda asabiy xastalikni boshdan kechirdi va shu vaqt ichida nemis tilida unchalik mashaqqatli kursni o'tamay, tarixni o'rganish rejasini to'rtinchi yilga qoldirishga majbur bo'ldi.[17] U 1923 yil yozining bir qismini chet elda nemis tilini o'rganish bilan o'tkazdi,[18] va bu tilni g'ayrioddiy darajada ravonlashdi va o'z mezbonlarini o'zining mahalliy sintaksis bilan hayratda qoldirdi.[19] So'nggi paytlarda u nemislarga nisbatan qo'pol muomalada bo'lganini his qildi Versal shartnomasi.[20]
Michaelmas 1923 yilda u kotib sifatida Kembrij Ittifoqini tashkilotga qo'shilishga ishontirdi Talabalar milliy ittifoqi, u vitse-prezident bo'ldi.[21] O'shanda ruhiy kasallik hali ham kam tushunilgan edi. 1923 yil noyabrda uning kolleji uni shifokorning qaramog'iga oldi va 1923 yil dekabrida amakisi Kiril uni Bristoldagi mutaxassisga yubordi, shundan so'ng u buzilishidan qutuldi.[22] 1924 yil 11 martda, lavozimiga tayinlanganidan keyin Prezident Kembrij Ittifoqi, u mehmon qildi Muxolifat lideri, Stenli Bolduin, "Ofitserlar almashinuvi" da "Bu uy ritorika uchun eng yuqori hurmatga sazovor" degan taklifga qarshi chiqish uchun munozara. Ertasi kuni ertalab Rab Bolduinni temir yo'l stantsiyasiga olib borishi kerak edi, u erda hikoyaning bir versiyasiga ko'ra, Bolduin unga nusxasini sotib olgan Yangi narsa tomonidan P. G. Wodehouse hayotni jiddiy qabul qilmaslik haqida nasihat bilan.[23][24][25] Uchinchi yilining oxirida (1924) u nemis tilida Ikkinchi soniyani oldi. U 1924 yilda bakalavr diplomini oldi.[26]
1924 yil yozida Butler ESU USA Tour-da qatnashdi, Kanada va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari bo'ylab etti haftalik debat safari. Ingliz tilida so'zlashadigan ittifoq.[27] Ular ikkita taklifni muhokama qildilar: demokratiya ga qarshi shaxsiy erkinlik va Sovet Ittifoqi bilan yaqin munosabatlar.[28][29]
Kembrijdagi to'rtinchi yilida (1924–25) u diqqatini Tarix va xalqaro huquqning II qismida o'qish va o'qishga qaratdi.[30] U amakisi Jefri Xalqaro huquq bo'yicha rejalashtirilgan kitob uchun tayyorlagan yozuvlardan foydalana oldi.[31] Xalqaro huquq bo'yicha imtihonida u insholaridan norozi bo'lib, yarim vaqtda javoblarini yirtib tashladi va oltita ahmoq varag'iga oltita yangi javob yozdi. Tarixda u oldi Peel maxsus mavzu, bir vaqtning o'zida har bir konservativ deputat 1846 yildagi Irlandiyadagi majburlash to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasida bo'linishda qaysi yo'l bilan ovoz berganini nomini bilgan holda.[30] U o'sha paytda "men: men" nomi bilan tanilgan barcha mavzular bo'yicha universitetda eng yuqori ko'rsatkichlardan birini oldi.[32]
O'qishni tugatgandan so'ng, Butler qisqa vaqtni don sifatida o'tkazdi Korpus Kristi kolleji, Kembrij 1925 yildan boshlab. siyosati bo'yicha ma'ruzalar qildi Frantsiya uchinchi respublikasi.[33]
Shaxsiy va oilaviy hayot
Butler Sidney Yelizaveta Kurtulga 1926 yil 20 aprelda uylandi. U qizi edi Samuel Kurtul va Courtauld to'qimachilik boyligining bir qismiga merosxo'r. Qaynotasi unga umrbod soliq to'lashdan keyin yiliga 5000 funt sterling miqdorida shaxsiy daromad, Vazirlar Mahkamasining maoshi miqdoriga teng va 2014 yilgi narxlar bo'yicha deyarli 260 ming funt miqdorida pul mukofotini tayinladi.[13][34][35]
Butlerlar Stenstid Xollda yashagan va 1938 yilda ular 3 ga ko'chib o'tishgan Smit maydoni, Butlerning faoliyati davomida Butlerning London bazasi bo'lib qoldi. Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida Butler Smit maydonidan bombardimon qilingan va u bilan birga bo'lgan Parlamentning xususiy kotibi Genri "Chips" kanallari yilda Belgrav maydoni.[36]
Butlerlarning bolalari edi
- Ser Richard C. Butler Kt DL (1929–2012), prezidenti (1979–86) Angliya va Uels milliy fermerlar ittifoqi;[37]
- Adam Courtauld Butler (1931-2008), u ham siyosatchi bo'lgan;
- Samuel Jeyms Butler (1936–2015); va
- Sara Tereza Butler (1944 yilda tug'ilgan).
1954 yilda rafiqasi jag'ning saraton kasalligidan vafot etganidan so'ng, Butler 1959 yil 21 oktyabrda Molli Kurtaulga (Montgomeri ismli ayol) uylandi.[38] U turmushga chiqqan edi Augustine Courtauld (Sidneyning amakivachchasi), 1959 yil mart oyida vafot etgan.[39]
Butlerlarga meros qolgan edi Gatcombe Park 1949 yilda Sam Courtaulddan. 1976 yilda u qirolichaga uy sifatida sotilgan Malika Anne, 300,000 dan 750,000 funtgacha bo'lgan summaga (Xovard bu raqamni "500,000 funtdan ortiq" deb beradi). U Qirollik oilasi qattiq savdolashishni boshlaganini yozgan, ammo jamoat oldida "yaxshi oilaga borganidan xursandman" deb hazillashgan.[40][39]
Butlerlarning uyida ham bor edi Mull oroli va keyingi yillarda bir xonadon Uaytxol sudi.[39] Ular Molli ilgari Avgustin Kurtta bilan birga yashagan Esseksdagi eski Courtauld oilaviy uyi bo'lgan Spenserlarni sotib olishdi. Molli 1982 yilda Butler vafot etganidan keyin, 2009 yil 18 fevralda 101 yoshida vafot etguniga qadar Spenserda yashashni davom ettirdi.[41][42][43][44]
Dastlabki siyosiy martaba
Parlament a'zosi
Uning tarjimai holida, Mumkin bo'lgan san'at, Butler o'zining siyosiy sovg'alarini Kornuollning Lostvitiyel shahridagi Pelindan bo'lgan buvisi Meri Kendallga bog'ladi. U 1368 yildan beri parlamentda ishlagan va ko'p avlodlar davomida siyosatda faol bo'lgan Kendall oilasi to'g'risida uzun xat yozgan.[45][46] Ushbu oilaning ta'kidlashicha, ular Buyuk Britaniyadagi boshqa a'zolardan ko'ra ko'proq a'zolarini Britaniya parlamentiga yuborgan.[47]
1926 yil yozida Butler dunyodagi asal oyi sayohatiga borish uchun Kembrijdagi turar joyidan iste'foga chiqdi va uning o'rniga supernumerary do'st bo'ldi. U bilan aloqani uzaytirdi Leo Amery u 1924 yil iyul oyida Britaniya imperiyasi talabalari konferentsiyasida uchrashgan va endi uni Avstraliya, Yangi Zelandiya va Kanadadagi aloqalar bilan bog'lagan.[48] 1927 yil iyun oyida Vankuverda bo'lganida, u Safron Valdenning xavfsiz konservativ o'rindig'i uchun bo'sh joy haqida bildi va 1927 yil 31 avgustda dengiz orqali Kvebekdan qaytib keldi;[49] Courtauld aloqalari uni 1927 yil 26-noyabrda konservatorlar nomzodi sifatida raqobatsiz tanlanishiga imkon yaratdi.[50] Butler imperatorlik safari filmlarini namoyish etgan mahalliy qishloqlarni aylanib chiqdi.[51]
Butler uchun parlament a'zosi (deputat) etib saylandi Safran Valden ichida 1929 yilgi umumiy saylov va 1965 yilda, nafaqaga chiqqunga qadar bu joyni egallab oldi.[52] Parlamentga saylanishidan oldin u shaxsiy kotib bo'lgan Semyuel Xare.[52][53]
Hindistonning Office vaziri
1931 yil avgustda, qachon Milliy hukumat tashkil etildi, Butler tayinlandi Parlamentning xususiy kotibi (PPS) ga Hindiston kotibi, Semyuel Xare.[36] PPS sifatida Butler sekundda Xoarening ko'zlari va quloqlari edi Davra suhbati konferentsiyasi keyin davom etmoqda. Tez orada Gandi unga qoyil qoldi.[54] Uni Hindistonga jo'natishdi Lord Lotian Franchise qo'mitasi, davra suhbati konferentsiyasi doirasida tashkil etilgan uchta qo'mitadan biri. U 1932 yil yanvar oyida jo'nab ketdi va 21 mayda qaytib keldi. Qo'mita hind elektoratini 7 milliondan 36 milliongacha oshirishni tavsiya qildi.[55]
Butlerga birinchi vazirlik vazifasi topshirildi Davlat kotibining Hindiston bo'yicha o'rinbosari (1932 yil 29 sentyabr) Lord Lotian qolganlari bilan birga iste'foga chiqqanda Gerbert Samuel "s Rasmiy liberallar Milliy hukumat ustidan erkin savdo-sotiqdan voz kechish.[56] 29 yoshida u hukumatning eng yosh a'zosi edi.[36] 1933 yil mart oyining oxirida Butler jamoatlar palatasida hukumat uchun so'zga chiqdi va yaqinda bo'lib o'tgan Oq qog'ozni tekshirish va Hindiston qonun loyihasiga takliflar kiritish uchun ikkala palataning qo'shma tanlov qo'mitasini chaqirdi.[36][57][58] Butler mamlakatda Buyuk Britaniya va Hindiston ittifoqi nomidan faol nutq so'zlagan, bu konservativ markaziy ofis tomonidan moliyalashtirilgan va 1933 yil 20-mayda boshlangan front tashkiloti edi.[58][59] Butler o'z okrugidagi konservativ faollarning jiddiy qarshiliklariga duch keldi.[60] Bolduin o'rnini egalladi Ramsay Makdonald davrida Bosh vazir sifatida (1935 yil 7-iyun) Uchinchi o'qish qonun loyihasi. Natijada amalga oshirilgan o'zgarishlarda Xoare tashqi ishlar vaziri bo'ldi va Hindiston kotibi lavozimiga o'tdi Lord Zetland, shuning uchun Butler qonun loyihasining so'nggi bosqichini boshqarishi kerak edi Hindiston hukumati to'g'risidagi qonun 1935 yil jamoalar palatasi orqali.[61] Butler Baldvin hukumatining qolgan qismida Hindiston bo'yicha kotib o'rinbosari sifatida davom etdi (1935-37).[62]
Nevill Chemberlen 1937 yil may oyida Bosh vazir bo'ldi. Butler 1938 yil fevralgacha yangi hukumatda Mehnat vazirligida parlament kotibi bo'lgan.[36]
Tashqi ishlar vazirligi vaziri
Tinchlanish, Anschluss va Myunxen
1938 yil fevral oyida Butler tayinlandi Davlat kotibining tashqi ishlar bo'yicha o'rinbosari iste'foga chiqishiga sabab bo'lgan o'zgarishlarda Entoni Eden kabi Tashqi ishlar vaziri va Lord Krenborne kotib o'rinbosari sifatida Yangi tashqi ishlar vaziri bilan Lord Galifaks Lordlar palatasida Butler jamoalar palatasidagi tashqi ishlar vazirining asosiy vakili edi.[63]
Shundan so'ng ichki tashqi idoralar muhokamalarida Anschluss Avstriyadan Butler Buyuk Britaniyaning Chexoslovakiyani himoya qilish uchun urush boshlashga bo'lgan kafolatiga qarshi maslahat berdi va Vazirlar Mahkamasining qarorini (22 mart) tasdiqlamadi (keyinchalik u o'z xotiralarida bu faktlarni chiqarib tashladi).[64]
Butler ko'p qismini sarf qildi Sudeten inqirozi Jenevada bo'lib o'tgan uchrashuvda Millatlar Ligasining Kelishuvi. U Chemberlenning sayohatini qat'iyan ma'qulladi Berxtesgaden (16 sentyabr), hatto tinchlik manfaatlari yo'lida Chexoslovakiyani qurbon qilishni anglatsa ham.[65] Butler Britaniyaga qaytib, parlamentdagi munozarada hukumat uchun muhim nutq so'zladi Myunxen shartnomasi 5 oktyabrda.[65] Cherchill so'zlaganidan so'ng, Butler urush hech narsani hal qilmasligini va "Germaniya bilan kelishmovchiliklarni maslahatlashuv orqali hal qilish" yaxshiroq ekanligini aytdi.[36] Biroq, u Myunxen qarorgohini bevosita himoya qilmadi; harakat urushdan qochish va doimiy tinchlikka intilishni qo'llab-quvvatlash edi.[66][67]
Butler qasamyod qildi Maxfiy kengash ichida 1939 yilgi Yangi yil sharaflari[68] 1907 yilda Cherchilldan beri unga qo'shilgan eng yosh odam sifatida.[69]
Pragadan keyin
Qachon Adolf Gitler kuchlari bosib olingan Praga (1939 yil 15-mart), Butler, xuddi Chemberlen singari, Gitlerning Myunxen kelishuvini buzishidagi ikki yuzliligidan hayratda qoldi.[70] Angliya Polshani va boshqa sharqiy Evropa davlatlarini himoya qilish uchun urush boshlashga va'da berib, Germaniyaning tajovuzkorligini to'xtatishga urindi. Dengiz siyosatidagi bu o'zgarishlarni Gamblelendan ko'ra ko'proq Halifaks boshqargan va dalillar shuni ko'rsatadiki, Butler uni qo'llab-quvvatlamagan va Polshani ham tinchlik manfaati yo'lida qurbon qilishni afzal ko'rgan.[71]
Butler tashqi siyosat qo'mitasining a'zosiga aylandi, u 1939 yil may oyida Chemberlen va Butlerning xohishlariga zid ravishda Angliya-Sovet Ittifoqini tuzishga rozilik berdi, ammo Butler va Horas Uilsonlar Chemberlenni Angliya degan talabni qo'shib, kelishuv izlashni to'xtatishga undashdi. Millatlar Ligasining tasdiqisiz jang qilmas edi.[72] Butler 1939 yil yozida Angliya-Germaniya aloqalarini yaqinlashtirish uchun lobbi faoliyatini davom ettirdi[73][74] va Germaniya bilan kelishuvga erishish uchun Britaniyaning Polshaga suyanishi.[73]
Keyin Molotov - Ribbentrop pakti (1939 yil 23-avgust) Butler Buyuk Britaniyaga qarshi Polshani Germaniyadan himoya qilish kafolatiga rioya qilishni maslahat berdi, aksincha Gitlerning Germaniyaga Polsha bilan masalalarni o'zi xohlagancha hal qilishiga ruxsat berish to'g'risidagi taklifini ma'qullab, o'zining sobiq mustamlakalari bo'yicha imtiyozlar evaziga Angliya-Germaniya ittifoqini imzoladi.[75] Oliver Xarvi (27 avgust) Butler va Horas Uilsonlar "boshqa Myunxen" uchun "qunduzlar kabi ishlayotgani" ni qayd etishdi, ammo oxir-oqibat hukumat Polshaga berilgan kafolatni bajarishga rozi bo'ldi.[75]
1939 yil sentyabr oyining boshlarida, Germaniyaning Polshaga bosqini kelishi bilan, Chanonning kundalik daftaridagi sharhlar Butlerning so'nggi daqiqada Italiyaning tinchlikni ta'minlashga qaratilgan sa'y-harakatlariga xayrixoh bo'lganligi va u va Butler Britaniyaning urush e'lon qilishining kechikishi bilan ko'ngli to'lganligini ko'rsatmoqda. Germaniya haqida, garchi aslida ingliz ultimatumining chiqarilishining kechikishi frantsuzlar bilan vaqt bo'yicha kelishuvga ega bo'lmaganligi sababli edi.[76]
Tashqi ishlar vaziri: keyinchalik qarashlar va Butlerning xotiralari
Butlerning yaqin aloqasi tinchlantirish keyinchalik karerasida ko'pincha unga qarshi o'tkazilgan.[36] Keyinchalik u vazirlar mahkamasining ko'plab yuqori lavozimlarida ishlagan bo'lsa-da, 1956 yil Suvaysh davrida uning o'tmishi, shaxsiy harbiy tajribasi yo'qligi bilan birga yosh avlod konservator deputatlar oldida obro'siga putur etkazdi, ularning aksariyati Ikkinchi Jahon urushi qatnashchilari.[77]
Garchi o'sha paytda Butler Gitler bilan tinchlik uchun zarur bo'lgan kelishuvni qo'llab-quvvatlagan bo'lsa-da, o'z xotiralarida (Mumkin bo'lgan san'at, 1971) u qarama-qarshi dalillarni keltirib, himoya qildi Myunxen shartnomasi Buyuk Britaniyani qayta qurollantirish va Britaniyada va Dominionlarda qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun vaqt sotib olish uchun juda muhimdir, shuningdek, tashqi siyosat yo'nalishida juda kam ishtirok etganligini da'vo qilmoqda.[78]
Pol Stafford shunday yozadi: "Taassurot shunday Mumkin bo'lgan san'at Rab Pragadan keyin tinchlanishdan uzoqlashishni kutib olgani va unga rahbarlik qilgani uchun Galifaksni qo'llab-quvvatlaganligi mutlaqo yolg'ondir ". Butlerning o'z hujjatlarida u Gitlerning talablarini qondirish uchun" Britaniya hukumatidagi boshqa har qanday shaxsga qaraganda ko'proq harakat qilgan " 1939. 1939 yil yozida Polsha kafolatini bekor qilish uchun qilgan harakatlari Horas Uilsonnikidan ham oshib ketdi va u Gitler bilan Polsha ustidan umuman kurash olib borishga tayyormi yoki yo'qmi shubhali ko'rinadi.[79] Patrik Cosgravening yozishicha, "Butler shunchaki tinchlanish bilan birga yurmagan, u qattiq, uzoq va g'ayrat bilan harakat qilgan va o'sha paytlarda u o'zini qayta qurollantirish dasturiga eng kichik zamonaviy qiziqish ko'rsatganligi to'g'risida davlat yozuvlarida juda kam dalillar mavjud. esdaliklarida ana shunday diqqatni bag'ishlaydi ".[80] Jagoning ta'kidlashicha, tinchlanish tufayli Butler "1938 yildagi mas'uliyati va munosabatini qo'pol ravishda noto'g'ri ko'rsatib, haqiqatni buzib ko'rsatgan". Uning 1957 yoki 1963 yildagi mag'lubiyatlarining bevosita sababi bo'lmasa-da, "u doimo u erda edi, nuqsonlar uchun u sababini topa olmadi".[81]
Feneni urushi
1939 yil 20 oktyabrda, Polsha qulaganidan so'ng, Butler (Sovet elchisining so'zlariga ko'ra) edi Ivan Mayskiy ) hali ham barcha kuchlar, shu jumladan AQSh va SSSR tomonidan kafolatlangan taqdirda, kelishuv tinchligi va Germaniyaning mustamlakalarini qayta tiklash bo'yicha kelishuvga ochiq. U Germaniyadan avval Polshadan chiqib ketishni talab qilish haqidagi har qanday taklifni u "bema'nilik" deb rad etdi.[82] Butler o'sha paytdagi Cherchillni ma'qullamadi Admirallikning birinchi lordidir va har qanday murosaga keluvchi tinchlikka ishora qilishga jamoatchilik qarshi edi.[83]
Butler ko'pchilikka qaraganda urush olib keladigan ijtimoiy o'zgarishni tezda anglab etdi. U bilan gaplashdi Robert Barrington-Uord ning The Times (1940 yil 12-fevral) "o'z yo'lini ochayotgan yangi ijtimoiy inqilob va uni qanday kutish va kutib olish kerak".[84]
Bundan keyin Chemberlenning mavqei noaniq Norvegiya munozarasi, Butler (1940 yil 10-mayda) Galifaksni Bosh vazir lavozimiga tayinlanishiga ishontirishga urinib ko'rdi, ammo u stomatologning yonida edi. Uning o'rniga Cherchill tayinlandi.[85] Butler 11 may kuni Chemberlenga xat yozib, uni muzokaralar olib borilgan tinchlikka erishish umidida hukumat a'zosi sifatida davom ettirishni talab qildi.[86] Keyinchalik Butler uning qo'l ostida xizmat qilganidan keyin Cherchillni hurmat qila boshladi.[87]
Cherchill va Prits ishi ostida
Butler 1940 yil 15-mayda Tashqi ishlar vazirligiga qayta tayinlandi.[88]
1940 yil 17-iyunda, Parijning qulashidan uch kun o'tgach va kun Marshal Peteyn sulh tuzishni iltimos qildi, Butler sirli uchrashuv o'tkazdi Sent-Jeyms parki shved bilan elchi Doktor Byörn Prits.[36][89][90] Uchrashuv Tashqi ishlar vazirligida bir necha daqiqa davom etdi va Butler o'z ofisida lord Halifaks bilan qisqa suhbatlashdi.[36][89] Prits Stokgolmga Butler Buyuk Britaniya siyosati "aql-idrok emas" degan ibora bilan belgilanishi kerak (bu ibora ingliz tilida takrorlangan) bilan belgilanishi kerakligini va "kelishuvga (tinchlikka) erishish uchun hech qanday imkoniyat beparvo qilinmasligiga ishontirgan" deb xabar berdi. agar imkoniyati oqilona sharoitlarda taklif qilingan bo'lsa. "[36][89]
Buni bilganida Cherchill g'azablandi, ehtimol shved diplomatik kabellarini razvedka orqali ushlash orqali. U 26 iyun kuni Galifaksga Butlerning "g'alati tili" dan shikoyat qilib, iliq yoki hattoki mag'lubiyatga qarshi munosabatda bo'lishiga ishora qildi. Ishdan bo'shatilmaslik baxtiga muyassar bo'lgan Butler, o'sha kuni to'rt betlik yozma javob bilan Britaniyaning rasmiy chizig'ida yurganimni va "men chekinishni istagan aniq yoki aniq biron bir narsani aytmadim" deb da'vo qildi, ammo iste'foga chiqish.[36][89][91] 28 iyun kuni Cherchillning maktubi ko'rsatilgandan so'ng, Butler Galifaksga ishonib bo'lmaydigan tushuntirish berib, keyinchalik "xotirjamlik emas" degan so'zlar bilan tinchlik bo'lmasligi mumkinligi to'g'risida rasmiy chiziqni ilgari surganini xotiralarida takrorladi. Germaniya uning fathlarini xor qildi. Jagoning ta'kidlashicha, Butler Galifaks uchun yashiringan bo'lishi mumkin.[36][89][92] Galifaksning biografi Endryu Robertsning fikriga ko'ra, Butler Galifaksning og'ziga so'zlarni solgan va Galifaks allaqachon undan uzoqlashgan murosaga kelish tinchligi uchun avvalroq ochiqlik.[93]
Butler o'z ishini davom ettirdi va Bi-bi-sida ikkita eshittirishga ruxsat berildi (1940 yil 21 oktyabr va 15 dekabr).[94] Chemberlenning hukumatdan iste'foga chiqishini o'zgartirish paytida (1940 yil 22-oktabr) Cherchillning yordamchisi Brendan Bracken Butlerni Ta'lim kengashi prezidenti lavozimiga tayinlashni taklif qildi, ammo Cherchilldan hech qanday taklif kelmadi.[95]
Butler Edenni unchalik hurmat qilmagan, ammo 1940 yil dekabrida Eden yana tashqi ishlar vaziri bo'lganida, tashqi ishlar vazirligida qolishga istaksiz ravishda rozi bo'lgan.[96] 1941 yil mart oyida Eden bilan Qohirada Cherchill Butlerga topshirish o'rniga, tashqi ishlar idoralari bilan shaxsan shug'ullangan.[97] O'sha paytga kelib Butlerning majburiyatlari "muntazam dangalalik" bilan cheklangan edi, masalan, diplomatlar uchun xavfsiz o'tish to'g'risida muzokaralar olib borish, neytral dengizchilarni vataniga qaytarish va bir safar chet el diplomatlariga qo'shimcha kiyim kuponlarini tashkil qilish. Alba gersogi ko'proq paypoq sotib olishi mumkin edi.[98] Butler va Jefri Lloyd 1941 yil may oyida harbiy xizmatga ro'yxatdan o'tishga urindi, ammo ularning arizasiga murojaat qilindi Ernest Bevin (Mehnat vaziri ), u o'z navbatida, uni Cherchillga murojaat qilgan. U hukumat vazirlari sifatida ishlashi muhimroq bo'lganligi sababli unga veto qo'ydi.[99]
Ta'lim vaziri
Butler doimiy shuhrat qozondi 1944 yilgi Ta'lim to'g'risidagi qonun. Bu urush davridagi ommaviy talablarga javob beradigan va urushdan keyingi jamiyatni qayta shakllantirishga yordam beradigan islohotlar paketining muhim qismi edi. Bu konservatorlar mashhur kredit olgan yagona islohot edi. Asosiy qoidalar yuqori lavozimli davlat xizmatchilari tomonidan yillar davomida muomalada bo'lgan g'oyalar asosida ishlab chiqilgan. Butlerning hal qiluvchi roli Cherchilldan cherkovlarga, o'qituvchilardan deputatlarga qadar manfaatdor tomonlar bilan muzokaralar orqali o'tishni ta'minlash edi.[100]
Fon
1941 yil iyul oyida Butler tayinlangandan so'ng birinchi vazirlik lavozimini oldi Ta'lim kengashi prezidenti. Addison singari ba'zi yozuvchilar Ta'lim orqada qolgan deb taxmin qilishadi va Cherchill unga yoki diplomatik lavozimni taklif qilib, uni yanada sezgir Tashqi ishlar vazirligidan olib tashlashni taklif qilgan.[101] Biroq, u Tashqi ishlar vazirligidan ketishni juda xohlagan va u ilgari Vazirlar Mahkamasi lavozimidan voz kechganligi haqidagi xabarlar noto'g'ri ma'lumotga ega bo'lgan.[102] Uning biografining ta'kidlashicha, reklama aktsiyasi Butlerning keyingi taxminlariga zid bo'lmagan (masalan, Cherchill "go'daklar tagini artish" haqida gapirgan), bu haqorat sifatida qilingan. O'sha paytda Butler Cherchill ko'proq vatanparvarlik tarixini o'qitishni talab qilganini yozgan edi: «Bolalarga shuni ayting Vulfe Kvebekni yutdi ".[103]
Butler, shuningdek, Harbiy kabinet nazorati qo'mitasining raisi edi Rasmiy tarixlar. Butler 1941 yil 24-iyulda Konservatorlarning Urushdan keyingi muammolari Markaziy qo'mitasining raisi bo'ldi.[96][104] Demobilizatsiya, qishloq xo'jaligi, sanoat va moliya, ta'lim va ijtimoiy xizmatlar, konstitutsiyaviy va ma'muriy ishlar va milliy xavfsizlik masalalari bilan shug'ullanadigan kichik qo'mitalar mavjud edi.[105]
Butler o'zining ichki frontdagi eng tub islohotchi vazirlaridan biri ekanligini isbotladi. Ta'lim sohasidagi islohotlar yo'lidagi asosiy muammo, tanazzulga yuz tutgan cherkov maktablarini davlat tizimiga qo'shish masalasi edi Balfur "s 1902 yilda harakat qiling. H. A. L. Fisher cherkov maktablarini birlashtira olmagan 1918 yilgi qonun.[106] Butler Cherchillga (1941 yil 12-sentyabr) Birgalikda tanlangan qo'mitani taklif qilish to'g'risida xat yozgan. Cherchill yangi qonun loyihasini istamadi va (13 sentyabr) "biz urush davrida partiyaviy siyosat olib borolmaymiz" deb javob berdi.[107] Cherchill uni "urush paytida 1902 yilgi mojaroni ko'tarmaslik" haqida ogohlantirdi.[108] Keyinchalik Butler va'da qilingan erni ko'rganini yozib, "Agar Mo'ab o'lkasida o'lsam edi, meni la'natladilar. Cherchillning Hindiston qonun loyihasi ustidan qilgan uzoq yillik tajribasiga asoslanib, men uning aytganlarini inobatga olmay to'g'ri yo'lga borishga qaror qildim. "[109]
Cherkovlar bilan muzokaralar
Mamlakatdagi maktablarning yarmidan ko'pi cherkov maktablari edi.[110] Biroq, Angliya cherkovi maktablari hozirda bolalarning 20 foizini tarbiyalagan, 1902 yildagi 40 foizdan (Rim katolik maktablarida bolalarning 8 foizi o'qigan). Ko'p cherkov maktablari yomon ta'mirlangan edi.[111] Ta'lim kengashining avvalgi prezidenti protestant cherkovlari (anglikan va nonkonformistlar) tomonidan talab qilingan beshta punkt tomonidan qabul qilingan "Yashil kitob" ni ishlab chiqqan edi. Butler deputatni qabul qildi, shu jumladan ikkita Anglikan arxiepiskoplari, 1941 yil 15-avgustda.[112] 1942 yil fevral oyida ta'lim bo'yicha besh kunlik munozara bo'lib o'tdi. Cosmo Lang, chiquvchi Canterbury arxiepiskopi, Lordlar palatasida Besh ball talab qilib, nutq so'zladi. Jeyms Chuter Ede, Butlerning kichik vaziri, cherkov talablarini qondirish uchun qonun loyihasini kiritishdan voz kechdi, chunki bu boshqa konfessiyalar bilan umumiy kelishuvga yo'l qo'ymaydi.[113] Ma'bad 1942 yil 1 aprelda keksa yoshdagi Lenning o'rnini egalladi. Angliya cherkovi "Yashil kitob" ga xayrixoh edi, ammo Chuter Edening yangi "Oq Memorandumi" "yagona maktab joylari" ni tugatishni maqsad qilgan, ularning aksariyati qishloq tumanlarida bo'lgan. Butler 5 iyun kuni Milliy Jamiyat (Angliya cherkovi maktablari organi) bilan uchrashuv o'tkazdi. U cherkov maktablari ikkalasini ham tanlashni taklif qildi 50% yordam berildi yoki yana to'liq moliyalashtiriladi bilan mahalliy ta'lim organi maktab boshqaruv organida ko'pchilik. Temple o'z suruvini bitimni qabul qilishga ko'ndirishga rozi bo'ldi va keyinchalik ota-onalar xohlasa, konfessiya o'qituvchilariga to'liq nazorat ostida bo'lgan maktablarda ruxsat berilishi mumkinligi to'g'risida imtiyoz oldi.[114] Oxir oqibat 9000 Anglikan maktablarining aksariyati to'liq moliyalashtirilib, davlat tizimiga singib ketgan bo'lishiga qaramay, ularning 3000 tasi kutilgan 500 ta emas, balki 50% yordam maqomini oldi. 1942 yil oktyabr oyining boshlarida Butler o'z sxemasini Angliya va Uelsning Konformist bo'lmagan rahbarlariga sotdi.[115]
Butler Rim-katolik cherkovi bilan aloqalarida kamroq muvaffaqiyatga erishdi. U keksa Kardinal bilan suhbatlasha olmadi Artur Xinsli 1942 yil sentyabrgacha. Butlerga uning 50 foiz yordam maqomini berish rejalari Rim-katolik cherkovi tomonidan qabul qilinmasligi aytilgan (1942 yil 15 sentyabr). U katolik cherkovini a bilan sovg'a qilishni yaxshiroq deb o'ylardi fait биел.[116] 1943 yilgi rejalar xatga yozilgan edi The Times Xinslidan, ta'kidlab o'tdi Franklin Ruzvelt majburiyat vijdon erkinligi va katolik maktablari davlat tomonidan bezovtalanmasligi kerak, degan fikrni ilgari surishdi, chunki ular ko'pincha shahar ichkarisidagi kambag'al jamoalarni ta'minladilar. Cherchill Butlerga unga aytishni so'radi. "Siz meni avlodning eng katta siyosiy safiga qo'ymoqdasiz". (Keyinchalik Butler bu voqeani bezatib, Cherchill unga xatning o'rnatilgan nusxasini yuborgan, deb da'vo qilib, "Mana, sobit, keksa xo'roz" deb yozib qo'ydi).[117] Bir paytlar Butler Sautuorkda muzokaralar uchun o'zini ko'rsatgan, faqat nima uchun kelganini so'rashgan. Boshqa safar Butler va Chuter Ede Shimoliy yepiskoplarning konferentsiyasiga yo'l oldilar Ushaw kolleji, yaqin Hexham, lekin kechki ovqat berildi, ammo hech qanday imtiyoz yo'q.[118]
Davlat (pullik) maktablarni davlat tizimiga qo'shish haqida jiddiy fikr yuritildi. Butler bu tizimga badavlat va ravon ota-onalar jalb qilingan taqdirda davlat maktablarida standartlar ko'tariladi, deb ishonib, uni qo'llab-quvvatladi. Butler tomonidan yig'ilgan Fleming komissiyasi 1944 yil iyul oyida davlat maktablarining to'rtdan bir qismini stipendiyalarga berishni tavsiya qildi. Biroq, bundan hech narsa chiqmadi, chunki bir nechta yorqin o'quvchilarga pul to'lash g'oyalari ko'pincha mahalliy hokimiyat tomonidan ma'qul kelmadi.[119][120]
1942–45
Uzoq Sharq va Shimoliy Afrikadagi so'nggi o'zgarishlardan so'ng Cherchill rahbariyati so'roq qilinayotganda, Ivor Bulmer-Tomas (1942 yil 14-avgust) ba'zi konservativ deputatlar Edenni emas, balki Butlerni potentsial voris sifatida ko'rishganini izohladilar.[121] 1942 yil noyabr oyining oxirlarida Butler o'zini ish joyida ko'rib chiqishga imkon berish g'oyasini o'ynadi Hindiston noibi (ketma-ketlikda Lord Linlithgow; Eden bu ishni Cherchill tomonidan taklif qilingan va uni qabul qilishni jiddiy o'ylagan edi). Oxirida, Feldmarshal Wavell tayinlandi.[122] Butler yozishga yordam berdi Qirol Jorj VI 1942 yil oxirida Rojdestvo translyatsiyasi.[123]
Butler lobbi qildi Jon Anderson, Kingsli Vud va Ernest Bevin 1943 yilda ta'lim to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasini olish uchun.[124] 1942 yil oxiriga kelib, a Oq qog'oz (davlat xizmatchilari tomonidan tuzilgan hukumat rejalari bayonoti) Lord Lord qo'mitasi orqali o'tmoqda.[100][125] 1943 yil mart oyida, ittifoqchilarning g'alabasi (ertami-kechmi) tobora kuchayib borayotgani sababli, Cherchill 1944 yilda ta'lim to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi g'oyasini qabul qilishga tayyor edi. U urushdan keyingi yaxshilanishlarni va'da qilgan maktablarni isloh qilish, amalga oshirishdan ko'ra arzonroq bo'ladi. Beveridj haqida hisobot. 1943 yil 16-iyulda "Oq kitob" nashr etilganda, cherkov-davlat aloqalari eng kam e'tiborga sazovor bo'ldi[126] Anderson va Vud "Oq qog'oz" Beveridj hisobotidan chalg'itishga yordam berganidan xursand bo'lishdi.[127] Olingan qonun loyihasi davlat xizmatining loyihasiga tayyorlandi.[128] 1943 yil noyabrda Butler Hukumat qayta qurish qo'mitasiga qo'shildi.[96] Jeyms Styuart (Bosh qamchi) qonun loyihasining 1943 yil dekabrida nashr etilishini mamnuniyat bilan kutib olishning bir usuli sifatida qabul qildi.[127]
Qonun loyihasi bo'ldi Ta'lim to'g'risidagi qonun 1944 yil (ko'pincha "Butler qonuni" deb nomlanadi). Bepul o'rta ta'lim olib keldi - shu paytgacha ko'plab gimnaziyalar kirish uchun to'lov talab qilsalar ham, so'nggi yillarda kambag'al o'quvchilar uchun mahalliy hokimiyat yordami ko'rsatildi. Bu institutsionalizatsiya qilingan Uch tomonlama tizim, bilan baholangan bolalar bilan o'n bitta ortiqcha imtihon. Qonun shuningdek, bolalar bog'chasi ta'minotini kengaytirdi va maktabni tark etish yoshini 15 ga ko'tardi va uni 16 yoshga ko'tarish majburiyatini oldi (garchi bu 1972 yilgacha sodir bo'lmaydi). Cherkov guruhlari ham mamnun bo'lishdi. Butler Qonunga qarshi chiqqan konservativ deputatlarni "ahmoqona lot" deb o'ylardi.[96]
1944 yil mart oyida Ikkinchi o'qishda, Thelma Cazalet-Keir, qismi Kvintin Xogg Tory islohotlari qo'mitasi ikkita tuzatish taklif qildi, ulardan biri 1951 yilga kelib maktabni tugatish yoshini 16 yoshga ko'tarish va bitta o'qituvchi ayolga teng maosh talab qilish. Ikkinchisi 1944 yil 28 martda bitta ovoz bilan o'tdi. Bu koalitsiya bo'linishdagi yagona mag'lubiyat edi. Cherchill ushbu tuzatishni ishonch masalasi qilib qo'ydi va 30 martda mag'lubiyatini ta'minladi. Bu Cherchill va konservatorlarni 1945 yilda saylovlarda mag'lub bo'lishiga hissa qo'shgan holda reaktsion ko'rinishga olib kelgan voqealardan biri edi. Butler qonuni 1944 yil avgustda qonun bo'lib chiqdi.[127][129]
Partiya siyosati qayta boshlanganida, Butler 1945 yil 9-aprelda temir va po'latni milliylashtirishga qarshi chiqdi.[130] Evropa urushi may oyida tugaganidan so'ng, Butler edi Mehnat vaziri ichida ikki oy davomida Cherchill vaqtincha xizmat. In 1945 yil iyul oyidagi mehnat ko'chkisi u Safran Valdenni tor doirada ushlab turdi, uning aksariyati 1158 taga etdi.[96] Uning raqibi urush davrida Safron Valden meri bo'lgan.[131] Agar Liberal nomzod 3000 dan ortiq ovozda qatnashmagan va muxolifatning ovozini ajratmaganida, u, ehtimol, bu o'rinni egallamagan bo'lar edi.[132]
Urushdan keyingi urush
1945 yilgi umumiy saylovlarda konservatorlar mag'lub bo'lgandan so'ng, Butler partiyani qayta qurishda eng taniqli shaxs sifatida paydo bo'ldi.[133] U raisi bo'ldi Konservativ tadqiqot bo'limi, Devid Klark va Maykl Freyzer. U batafsil siyosat ishlab chiqishga qarshi edi, chunki partiyaning o'zi xohlagan mafkuraviy yo'nalishda hali ishora qilmaganligini his qilgani uchun emas. 1946 yilda u sanoat siyosati qo'mitasining raisi bo'ldi. 1947 yilda Sanoat xartiyasi to'liq ish bilan ta'minlash va ijtimoiy davlatni qabul qilishni qo'llab-quvvatlagan holda ishlab chiqarilgan (Butlerning o'zi "ishsizlik havzalarini yaratishni qo'llab-quvvatlaganlarni ularga tashlab, suzishga majbur qilishlari kerak"). 1950 yilda u yangi deputatlar tomonidan nashr etilgan "Bir millat" risolasini qabul qildi Iain Macleod, Angus Mod, Edvard Xit va Enox Pauell.[96]
Bosh vazirning kansleri
Konservativ partiya hokimiyatga qaytganida 1951, Butler tayinlandi Bosh vazirning kansleri.[134] U kantsler bo'ldi, chunki Oliver Stenli vafot etgan va Oliver Littlton biznes va biznes bilan juda bog'liq deb qaraldi London shahri.[135]
Butler to'lovlar balansi inqirozini meros qilib oldi, bu qisman, shu vaqt ichida mehnat mudofaasi xarajatlari tufayli yuzaga keldi Koreya urushi. Butler 1970 yilga kelib turmush darajasi ikki baravarga ko'tarilishini to'g'ri bashorat qildi.[136] Dastlab Butler funtning suzishiga (amalda, qadrsizlanishiga) yo'l qo'yib, qisman konvertatsiya qilinishini rejalashtirgan ("ROBOT operatsiyasi "). ROBOT tomonidan urib tushirildi Lord Cherwell va uning maslahatchisi Donald Makdugal, Cherchill uchun qog'oz tayyorlagan. The counterargument was that the balance of payments would have worsened, as any reduction in demand for imports would have been swamped by the rise in prices of imported goods. Furthermore, 90% of other countries' sterling balances, kept in London, were to be frozen: they too would have been devalued, which would have angered Commonwealth countries and broken the rules for the Xalqaro valyuta fondi and would not have been allowed under the new Evropa to'lovlar ittifoqi.[137] Butler's junior minister, Artur Salter ham qarshi bo'lgan. Lord Vulton, insisted that Eden have a say on ROBOT, as it affected relations with other countries.[138] Eden opposed it in a rare intervention in domestic politics.[139] It was finally buried at two Cabinets, on 28 and 29 February 1952.[138]
Butler followed to a large extent the economic policies of his Labour predecessor, Xyu Gaytskell, ta'qib qilish a aralash iqtisodiyot va Keyns iqtisodiyoti as part of the post-war political consensus. Ism "Butskellizm ", referring to the generally similar economic policies pursued by both Conservative and Labour governments, was coined partly in response to Butler's extension of Gaitskell's NHS charges in 1952, the issue over which Aneurin Bevan and other Labour left wingers had resigned in April 1951.[140][141] 1954 yilda, Iqtisodchi published an editorial headed "Mr Butskell's Dilemma", which referred to the "already... well-known figure" Mr Butskell as "a composite of the present Chancellor and the previous one".[142] However, Butler had more interest in monetary policy and in convertibility whereas Gaitskell was more inclined to exchange controls, investment and planning.[134]
Butler maintained import controls and began a more active pul-kredit siyosati.[96] In his March 1952 budget, Butler raised bank stavkasi to 4% and cut food subsidies by 40% but also cut taxes and increased pensions and welfare payments. Foreign exchange reserves began to increase.[143] In September 1952, Butler was left in charge when Churchill and Eden were both abroad.[134]
The 1953 budget cut income tax and purchase tax and promised an end to the excess profits levy.[134] In the summer of 1953, Butler acted as head of the Government when Churchill suffered a stroke while his presumed successor, Eden, was undergoing an operation overseas. He did not strive to seize the premiership.[134] Between 29 June and 18 August 1953, Butler chaired sixteen Cabinet meetings. In July Macmillan recorded a conversation with Uolter Monkkton, who was willing to serve under Eden but not Butler, whom he thought "a slab of cold fish".[144] Britain's economic problems at this time were worsened by Monckton's appeasement of the trade unions (e.g. the 1954 rail strike, settled on the birlashma 's terms with Churchill's backing) and by Macmillan's drive to build 300,000 houses a year.[134]
Butler was appointed to the Faxriy sahobalar ordeni 1954 yilda.[145] He supported Churchill's proposal for Eden to take "command of the Home Front" in summer 1954, not least as he hoped to succeed Eden as Foreign Secretary.[146] Butler was one of those ministers who demanded to Churchill's face (22 December 1954) that he set a date for his retirement.[147]
Under Eden
Move from the Exchequer
Butler's political judgement was affected by the painful illness and death (9 December 1954) of his wife, Sydney. In February 1955, he hiked bank rate and restored hire purchase restrictions. The 1955 budget cut 6d off income tax,[134] allegedly based on faulty Treasury statistics,[148] darhol oldin Entoni Eden succeeded Churchill as Prime Minister in April 1955. After the Conservatives won the May 1955 general election, Butler declined Eden's request to move from the Exchequer although he later admitted that he should have accepted.[134][148] In an unfortunate speech on 18 October, he commented that the country must not sink into "easy evenings with port wine and over-ripe pheasant". The Daily Mirror commented that he had "dropped his silver spoon upon the polished floor".[149] By now it was apparent that the economy was "overheating" (inflation and the balance of payments deficit were rising sharply). The Cabinet refused to agree to cut bread subsidies and there was a run on the pound. His final budget (26 October 1955) reversed several of the measures from the spring budget, leading to charges of electoral opportunism. Hugh Gaitskell accused him of having deliberately misled the electorate,[150] which amused Macmillan, who wrote in his diary of how Butler was always talking of "honour" in Cabinet.[148] The introduction of purchase tax on kitchen utensils caused it to be labelled the "Pots and Pans" budget. Macmillan was already negotiating with Eden for Butler's job.[151]
In December 1955, Butler was moved to the post of Lord Privy Seal va Jamoalar palatasi rahbari. Although he continued to act as a deputy for Eden on a number of occasions, he was not officially recognised as such, and his successor as Chancellor, Garold Makmillan, insisted on an assurance from Eden that Butler was not senior to him.[10] Garri Krokshank warned him that he was committing "sheer political suicide" by giving up a big department.[152] He recorded that after December 1955, "it was never again said of me, or for that matter of the British economy either, that we had la puissance d'une idée en marche".[153]
Butler suffered from what his biographer calls an "inability to take Eden wholly seriously".[154] A number of his sardonic witticisms about Eden, who was already subject to press criticism, surfaced. Odamlar claimed, on 8 January 1956, that Eden was to resign and hand over the premiership to Butler. When it was officially denied, on 9 January, Butler expressed to the Manchester Guardian his "determination to support the Prime Minister in all his difficulties" and agreed with the journalist that Eden was "the best Prime Minister we have".[155][156]
Butler threatened resignation in March 1956 over Macmillan's plans to reverse the 6d cut in income tax. Macmillan himself then threatened resignation if he were not allowed to make spending cuts instead.[157]
Butler was Glazgo universiteti rektori 1956–59.[158]
Suvaysh
Butler was ill when Gamal Abdel Noser milliylashtirildi Suvaysh kanali and was not formally a member of the Cabinet Egypt Committee. Butler later claimed that he had tried to keep Eden "in a political straitjacket" and advocated an open invasion of Egypt. Gilmour writes that this would have attracted even more international opprobrium than Eden's pretence of enforcing international law.[150]
Butler seemed to be doubtful of Eden's Suez policy but never said so openly.[159] Macmillan recorded (24 August) that Butler was "uncertain" and "wanted more time" before resorting to force. On 13 September, he recorded that Butler preferred to refer the matter to the UN, as Labour and the churches wanted to do.[160] After the UN voted for an emergency force and an Israeli-Egyptian ceasefire seemed imminent, Butler tried to have the Anglo-French invasion halted. He ended up pleasing neither those who were opposed to the invasion nor those who supported it.[150] "Butler's... indiscretions... gave the impression that he was not playing the game. Others were playing a deeper one."[161]
On the evening of 6 November 1956, after the British ceasefire had been announced, Butler was observed to be "smiling broadly" on the front bench and astonished some Conservatives by saying that he "would not hesitate to convey" to the absent Prime Minister the concerns expressed by Gaitskell.[162] Eden's press secretary, William Clark, an opponent of the policy, complained, "God how power corrupts. The way RAB has turned and trimmed". He later resigned along with Edvard Boyl (G'aznachilikning iqtisodiy kotibi ) as soon as the fighting was over.[162] Butler was seen as disloyal because he aired his doubts freely in private while he was supporting the government in public, and he later admitted that he should have resigned.[163] On 14 November, Butler blurted out all that had happened to 20 Conservative MPs of the Progress Trust in a Commons Dining Room (his speech was described by Gilmour as "almost suicidally imprudent").[164]
Butler had to announce British withdrawal from the Canal Zone (22 November), making him once again appear an "appeaser" to Conservative supporters up and down the country. That evening, Butler addressed the 1922 qo'mitasi of Conservative backbenchers, where his pedestrian defence of government policy was upstaged by a speech by Macmillan.[165][166]
Butler was seen to be an indecisive leader who was not up to Macmillan's stature.[167] However, the Press Association were briefed that Rab was "in effective charge" during Eden's absence in Jamaica from 23 November.[164] Eden was not in telephone contact and did not return to Britain until 14 December.[168]
Soya kansleri Garold Uilson said that Butler had "the look of a born loser" (20 December).[169] Butler spent most of his Christmas break shooting.[170] He later recorded that during his period as acting Head of Government at Number Ten, he had noticed constant comings and goings of ministers to Macmillan's study in Number 11 next door and that those who attended all later received promotion when Macmillan became Prime Minister. Butler, unlike Macmillan, preferred the assessments of the Bosh qamchi (Edward Heath) and Chairman of the Party (Oliver Poole ), who believed that Eden could survive as Prime Minister until the summer recess if his health held up.[171]
However, there is circumstantial evidence that Butler may have colluded with Eden's doctor, Sir Horace Evans, to exaggerate the state of Eden's health to encourage him to resign. Evans wrote Butler an ambiguous letter about "your help and guidance over my difficult problems with AE" and added, "Here we have made, I have no doubt, the right decision". Anthony Howard observes that any interpretation of the letter is "purely speculative" and that there is "no concrete evidence" of what actually occurred.[172]
Succession to Eden
Eden resigned as Prime Minister on Wednesday 9 January 1957. At the time, the Conservative Party had no formal mechanism for determining a new leader, but qirolicha received overwhelming advice to appoint Macmillan as Prime Minister instead of Butler, rather than wait for a Party Meeting to decide. Churchill had reservations about both candidates but later admitted that he had advised her to appoint "the older man", Macmillan. Huzurida Lord Kantsler Kilmuir, Lord Solsberi interviewed the Cabinet one by one and with his famous speech impediment asked each one whether he was for "Wab or Hawold".[173] Kilmuir recalled that three ministers were for Butler: Uolter Monkkton, Patrick Buchan-Hepburn va Jeyms Styuart, all of whom left the government thereafter. Salisbury himself later recorded that all the Cabinet were for Macmillan except for Patrick Buchan-Hepburn, who was for Butler, and Selvin Lloyd, kim betaraf qoldi.[174][175] Salisbury may not have been an entirely impartial returning officer, as Butler had replaced Salisbury (Lord Cranborne as he had been at the time) as Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs in 1938 when the latter resigned over policy towards Italy. Julian Amery, who was not a member of the Cabinet at the time, alleged that Salisbury interviewed ministers in the order of their loyalty to Macmillan and kept the tally in plain view on the table so that waverers would be more inclined to plump for the winning candidate.[175]
Heath (Chief Whip) and Jon Morrison (Raisi 1922 qo'mitasi ) advised that the Suez group of right-wing Conservative backbenchers would be reluctant to follow Rab.[174][175] The Whips rang Boothby (pro-Macmillan) in Strasbourg to obtain his views, but there is no evidence that they were very assiduous in canvassing known pro-Butler MPs.[176]
Butler later claimed to have been "not surprised" not to be chosen in 1957.[177] In fact, he appears to have fully expected to be appointed Prime Minister and aroused his sister's misgivings by asking, "What shall I say in my broadcast to the nation tomorrow?"[174] Heath, who brought him the news that he had not been chosen, later wrote that he appeared "utterly dumbfounded" and that for years afterwards was known to ask colleagues why he had been passed over and suggests that this caused a loss of confidence which prevented him from gaining the premiership in 1963.[178] The media were taken by surprise by the choice, but Butler confessed in his memoirs that while there was a sizeable anti-Butler faction on the backbenches, there was no such anti-Macmillan faction. Butler spoke bitterly the next day about "our beloved Monarch".[179]
Butler attributed his defeat to Macmillan's "ambience" and "connections". He said "savage" things to Derek Marks ning Daily Express, who protected Butler's reputation by not printing them and, years later, told Alistair Horne, Macmillan's biographer, that he "could not understand" why he had been passed over after "picking up the pieces" after Suez. Nayjel Nikolson, who had conceded that "in the circumstances", Macmillan was the right choice, wrote of the "melancholy that right had not triumphed" with which Butler proposed Macmillan as leader at the party meeting on 22 January.[180]
In Gilmour's view, Butler did not organise a leadership campaign in 1957 because he had expected Eden to hang on until Easter or summer.[38] Campbell wrote, "The succession was sewn up before Rab even realised there was a contest".[181] Richard Krossman wrote in his diary (11 January), "This whole operation has been conducted from the top by a very few people with great speed and skill, so that Butler was outflanked and compelled to surrender almost as quickly as the Egyptians at Sinai".[176] Brendan Bracken wrote that besides his perceived stance of pursuing Labour policies, the "audience (was) tired of" Butler who had been the heir apparent for too long, an analysis echoed by Campbell, who likens Macmillan's sudden emergence after a quick succession of senior jobs to that of Jon Major in 1989–90 and points out that – like Major – Macmillan pretended to be "right wing" to win the leadership despite having views similar to his opponent's.[182]
Under Macmillan
Uy idorasi
Butler had to accept the Uy idorasi under Macmillan, not the Foreign Office which he wanted.[179] In his memoirs, Macmillan claimed that Butler "chose" the Uy idorasi, an assertion of which Butler drily observed in his own memoirs that Macmillan's memory "played him false".[183] Edward Heath corroborates Butler's claim that he had wanted the Foreign Office, and suggested that with his "quiet charm" he could have won over the Americans.[184] Butler also remained Jamoalar palatasi rahbari. Early in 1958 he was left "holding the baby", as he put it, after Macmillan departed on a Commonwealth tour after the resignation of Chancellor Torneykroft and the Treasury team.[38]
Butler held the Home Office for five years, but his liberal views on osilgan va qamchilash did little to endear him to rank-and-file Conservative members; he later wrote of "Polkovnik Blimps of both sexes – and the female of the species was more deadly, politically, than the male". Butler later wrote that Macmillan – who kept a tight grip on foreign and economic policies – had given him "a completely free hand" in Home Office matters, which may well be, in Gilmour's view, because reform was likely to blacken Butler in the eyes of Conservative activists.[185] Macmillan's official biographer believes that he simply had no interest in Home Affairs. Butler later said "I couldn't deal with Eden, but I could deal with Mac".[186]
Butler inherited a Homicide Bill which introduced different degrees of murder. He had privately come to favour abolition of hanging but signed off on the execution of Jeyms Xanratti (thought at the time to be a miscarriage of justice).[187] He declined to reintroduce corporal punishment, according to the recommendation of the prewar Cadogan Report.[38][188] Butler gave a very successful speech at the Conservative Conference in 1959. Despite the recommendations of the Volfendenning hisoboti he was not able to decriminalise homosexual acts between consenting adults (this did not happen until 1967 ), although Conservatives were more willing to implement Wolfenden's recommended crackdown on street prostitution. He passed the Licensing Act 1961 and reformed the law on odobsiz nashrlar. The Betting and Gaming Act legalised betting. Annual immigration from the Indian subcontinent had risen from 21,000 in 1959 to 136,000 in 1961; Butler introduced the first curbs on immigration (although the Eden Cabinet had contemplated measures in 1955), initially opposed by Labour, who were to bring in stricter curbs when they were in office later in the 1960s.[185]
Enoch Powell praised Butler's performance as a great reforming Home Secretary. He recalled that if Butler was absent from his post as Chairman of the Cabinet Home Affairs Committee, it was if the government itself "came to a standstill".[189]
Other Cabinet positions
Besides the Home Office, Butler held other senior government jobs in these years; he likened himself to the Gilbert va Sallivan belgi "Pooh Bah ".[190] In October 1959, after the 1959 yilgi umumiy saylov, u tayinlandi Conservative Party chairman, a job which required him to attack Labour in the country while as Leader of the House he had to co-operate with Labour in the Commons.[38] His new job prompted an analogy (described as "ludicrous" by Anthony Howard) in Iqtisodchi bilan Nikita Xrushchev 's rise to power through control of the Sovet kommunistik partiyasi.[191]
In 1960 Macmillan moved Selwyn Lloyd from the Foreign Office to the Exchequer (telling him that it would put him in a good position to challenge Butler for the succession). He appointed Lord Home as Foreign Secretary, refusing again to appoint Butler and telling him that it would be "like Herbert Morrison " if he took the job ("fantastically insulting" in Campbell's view, as Morrison was then regarded as "the worst Foreign Secretary in living memory"). Butler disagreed with the analysis, but accepted it, enabling Macmillan to claim once again that he had declined the Foreign Office (Butler declined to accept Home's old place as Hamdo'stlik kotibi ).[192]
In the October 1961 reshuffle Butler lost the party chairmanship to Iain Macleod, who also insisted on getting the job of Leader of the House, which Butler had held since 1955. Butler retained the Home Office, and declined Macmillan's suggestion that he accept a peerage. Butler gave an excellent party conference speech in October 1961.[192] In March 1962 Butler was made head of the newly created Central African Department.[185][193] Butler was, however, given oversight of the EEC entry negotiations, which he strongly supported, despite worries about the agricultural vote in his constituency.[185] A cartoon showed Macmillan and Butler as the miserable emigrating couple in Ford Madoks Braun rasm Oxirgi Angliya.[194]
Butler helped to precipitate Macmillan's brutal "Uzoq pichoqlar kechasi " reshuffle by leaking to the Daily Mail on 11 July 1962 that a major reshuffle was imminent.[195] He himself referred to it as the "Glenko qirg'ini ".[196] Macmillan later told Selwyn Lloyd (1 August) that he thought Butler had been planning to split the party over EEC entry.[197] In the reshuffle Butler lost the Home Office (although he kept the Central Africa Department) but at last received the formal titles of Bosh vazir o'rinbosari va Birinchi davlat kotibi, Garchi Rodni Brazier, while agreeing that Butler was First Secretary of State and that he deputised, including for six weeks during Macmillan's 1958 tour of the Commonwealth, denies that he was ever formally appointed Deputy Prime Minister.[198] At this point Macmillan told him that he was still his most likely successor as Prime Minister.[185]
However, Macmillan used the occasion to promote younger men such as Lord Hailsham (in charge of negotiating the Sinovlarni taqiqlash to'g'risidagi shartnoma ), Reginald Modling (Chancellor of the Exchequer, with a remit to reinflate the economy going into the next General Election) and Edvard Xit (mas'ul EEC entry negotiations), from amongst whom he hoped to groom an alternative successor.[185][199] By 1962, Howard writes, "Macmillan had come to regard Rab as a trout that he could tickle and play with at will".[146]
Succession to Macmillan
Profumo, peerages and Africa
Butler told Toni Benn in February 1963 that he expected Macmillan to stay on and fight the next general election,[200] which could occur no later than 1964.
Davomida Profumo ishi, in which Macmillan's government almost fell, Butler received a visit from Martin Redmayne (Chief Whip) and Lord Poole (Party Chairman) asking whether he would, in principle, be willing to serve in a Maudling government.[201] Butler received a visit from Maudling in which the latter obtained a mutual promise that they would, if necessary, agree to serve under each other, Maudling believed that he had gained an advantage in obtaining the agreement of Butler, his senior, to serve under him if necessary. Biroq, Uilyam Ris-Mogg da'vo qilingan The Times on 28 July that Butler led Maudling by 2:1 in the Cabinet although Maudling had more support amongst backbench MPs.[202]
On 16 July, the Lords amended the Peerage Bill then passing through Parliament, so that any existing peer could disclaim his peerage within twelve months of the bill becoming law, not after the next general election, as originally planned. The Peerage Act 1963 yil received Royal Assent on 31 July, thus allowing Lords Hailsham and Home to become potential candidates for the succession.[203]
By mid-1963, Butler had largely come to believe (or so he alleged in a 1966 interview)[200] that he was probably too old for the leadership, and that when Macmillan resigned the job would go to a younger man. This may explain why Butler did not put up all that much of a fight for the leadership that autumn, although in fact Home, the eventually successful candidate, was almost exactly the same age as Butler, and both men were substantially younger than Macmillan himself had been when he first entered 10 Downing Street.
In the summer of 1963, Macmillan told Lord Hailsham, "Rab simply doesn't have it in him to be Prime Minister".[185] Just before Butler departed for the Viktoriya sharsharasi Conference in July 1963, John Morrison, still Chairman of the 1922 qo'mitasi, told him bluntly to his face: "The chaps won't have you".[204]
At the Victoria Falls Conference, Butler dissolved the Markaziy Afrika Federatsiyasi. Keyingi yil Nyasaland protektorati kabi mustaqil bo'ldi Malavi va Shimoliy Rodeziya kabi Zambiya; Janubiy Rodeziya e'lon qilingan unilateral independence 1965 yilda Britaniyadan.[185]
Conference and customary processes
In October 1963 Macmillan, having just decided to stay on and to lead the party into the next general election, was taken ill on the eve of the Conservative Party Conference. Butler insisted on occupying the leader's suite at the Imperial mehmonxonasi and on delivering the leader's speech on the final day (12 October).[205] During the conference, Lord Home announced that Macmillan was to resign as Prime Minister. In the confusion of the next few days, Hailsham campaigned openly for the job in a manner considered vulgar. Butler, Home and their wives lunched together on Saturday 12 October. Home said that he would be seeing his doctor that week, i.e. hinting that he might be about to put his name forward for the leadership.[206] Butler's speech, when he delivered it, was an attempt to update the postwar Charters to modern politics, and he reprinted some of the speech verbatim in his memoirs. However, his delivery was, in Heath's later description, "monotonous and ineffective and did him no good whatever".[207] Howard described it as "flat and uninspiring",[208] va Peregrine Worsthorne wrote at the time that he spoke in a "limp and faltering voice".[204] Butler later called the Imperial "that awful hotel"[209] and refused ever to visit Blackpool again.[210]
Back in London, Macmillan, from his hospital bed proposed (14 October), a four-track consultation to "take soundings" (of the opinions of Cabinet, MPs, peers and leading members of the party organisation in the country) and select a consensus leader through the "customary processes". The Cabinet met, chaired by Butler, on 15 October and approved the plan, which was to be completed by 17 October.[211] Howard argues that Butler should also have insisted that the Cabinet meet again on 17 October to approve the natijalar of the soundings.[211]
Selvin Lloyd visited Macmillan in hospital on 16 October, and argued against Butler, who, he said, was much disliked in the constituency associations "particularly the Women. Why that is, no one seems to know".[212][213] Amongst current ministers who visited Macmillan in hospital, Dunkan Sandis advised for Home not as a compromise but on his own merits, whilst Edward Heath felt that Butler would be uninspiring, and had not emerged as a natural and undisputed successor in the way he should have done. Other ministers thought either Butler or Home would be suitable. Edward Boyle later felt he had been too favourable to the idea of a Home leadership, leading to his being wrongly recorded as a Home supporter.[212] Sitting at the Cabinet table on 16 October whilst the soundings were under way, Butler said "I don't know what's happening" before adding, "but I do really". When asked what he would do if once again not appointed Prime Minister he replied, "I shall behave with dignity".[214]
Results of the consultations
Much ink has been spilled on how badly the consultation process was rigged, but Macmillan recommended outside candidate Lord Home for the premiership.
Lord Kantsler Dilhorne had already begun polling the Cabinet at the Blackpool Conference and claimed that not counting Macmillan or Home, 10 were for Home (including Boyl and Macleod, both of whom later insisted that they supported Butler), 4 for Maudling (originally 3, amended to 5, then down to 4), 3 for Butler and 2 for Hailsham.[10][215] Ian Gilmour alleged (in his review of Volume II of Horne's official Life of Macmillan ichida London Kitoblar sharhi, 27 July 1989) that Dilhorne had falsified the figures[216] and repeated his scorn in 2004.[158] Dilhorne recorded Hailsham as saying that he could emas serve under Butler; Hailsham in fact claimed that he bor edi offered to serve under Butler if necessary.[217] Frederick Errol, Savdo kengashi prezidenti, had been told by Chief Whip Martin Redmayne at Blackpool that the succession was already arranged for Home,[217] bo'lgani kabi John Boyd-Carpenter, a Butler supporter, on 9 October.[218]
Redmayne's whips had also begun polling MPs and junior ministers at Blackpool, and claimed that 87 supported Home and 86 Butler, another claim ridiculed by Ian Gilmour.[10][158] 65 MPs were found to be for Hailsham, 48 for Maudling, 12 for Macleod and 10 for Edward Heath, with Home being well ahead on second preferences.[215] Despite denials by the whips, Redmayne let slip in a radio interview (19 December 1963, subsequently published in Tinglovchi ) about the four questions they asked: namely, their first and second preferences as leader, whether or not there was any candidate they especially qarshi chiqdi and whether they would in principle accept Home as leader.[219] Xempri Berkli refused to answer the "hypothetical question" of whether he would support Home as compromise between Butler and Hailsham.[220] Jim oldin (then a backbencher) and Villi Uaytlov (then a junior minister) later recalled how they felt the whips were pushing Home's candidacy. Prior's first choice was Maudling and second Butler, and he opposed Hailsham but suspected he had been recorded as pro-Home after repeated pushing on the fourth question; Whitelaw thought the fourth question "improper".[217]
Amongst Conservative peers, Home led Butler by 2:1.[215]
The constituency parties, in so far as their views could be ascertained, were reported as being 60% for Hailsham and 40% for Butler with strong opposition to both. They had not really been offered Home as a candidate, but it was reported that they would "rally round him".[221]
The "Quad" rebel
The results of the consultation became known to the rest of the Cabinet around lunchtime on 17 October. Powell, Macleod, Hailsham and Maudling (known as "the Quad" in some accounts of the following days) were outraged and sought to persuade Butler to refuse to serve under Home, in the belief that it would make a Home premiership impossible and result in Butler taking office. Makleod va Modling Dilxorndan maslahatlari natijalarini vazirlar mahkamasi oldiga qo'yishni talab qilishdi, ammo u buni rad etdi.[211] Butler was not present at the meetings (17 October) at 5pm at Macleod's flat and that night at Powell's house, at which Maudling agreed to serve under Butler.[222] Hailsham, who was at a separate gathering but keeping in touch with Powell's house by telephone, also agreed to serve under Butler; he telephoned Butler and repeated his answers aloud to the room as if he were a barrister "leading" a slow witness (Butler said had been "dozing off" and ended the conversation by repeating that he was off to do so) before telling him "you must put on your armour, dear Rab".[158][217] The "Quad" summoned Martin Redmayne, who stood firm against their demands. They demanded that he pass on their concerns to the Palace. Keyin Lord Aldington, who had also been at the meeting, drove Redmayne back and telephoned Sir Michael Adeane, Queen's Private Secretary, to make sure the message was passed on.[217]
Powell, a wartime brigadier, observed that they had given Butler a loaded revolver, which he had refused to use on the grounds that it might make a noise. Macleod commented that they had put the "golden ball in his lap, if he drops it now it's his own fault".[158][223][224]
The Times wrote of Butler on Friday morning (18 October) that "he always looks as if he will be the next Prime Minister until it seems that the throne may actually be vacant".[225] Macmillan finally resigned that morning, the Queen calling on him in hospital shortly afterwards to receive his written "advice". He had likened the "Quad" to the Tulki-Shimoliy koalitsiyasi and had to urge Home, who had agreed to stand only as a compromise candidate, not to withdraw.[226] Butler called Dilhorne the same morning to demand a meeting of the three main candidates (himself, Home and Maudling) before the succession was resolved; "no reply was vouchsafed", as Butler put it. Butler, Macleod, Hailsham and Maudling met at the Treasury on 18 October as Home was at the Palace, accepting the Queen's invitation to harakat qilib ko'ring to form a government.[222]
Butler was pushing for a two-way meeting with Home when he should, in Howard's view, have insisted on Home confronting the "Quad". Home immediately moved into Number Ten and interviewed Butler then Maudling early in the afternoon. Butler did not at first agree to serve, as he had reservations about whether Home, a peer and not a moderniser, was a suitable Prime Minister.[227] Hailsham, Butler and Maudling finally met Home that evening after dinner, by which time Hailsham was already wavering and expressing a willingness to serve under Home.[228] Butler's old friend, Geoffrey Lloyd, sat up with him until 3am on the morning of Saturday 19 October, telling him that "if you're not prepared to put everything to the touch, you don't deserve to be Prime Minister".[229]
Butler agrees to serve
The next morning (19 October), Butler and then Maudling agreed to serve under Home. Home was able to return to the Palace to report that he could "form a government" and to "kiss hands": formally accept appointment as Prime Minister.[228] The Queen is thought to have privately preferred Home, whom she knew well socially, to Butler although that did not influence the decision.[217] The Palace were aware that Home could not form a government without Butler serving[230] although Home himself later said that he could have formed a government without Butler but not without Maudling.[214]
Some, including Macmillan, argued that Butler's vacillation was further proof of his unfitness to be Prime Minister. Lord Poole commented that "if you had seen him yesterday morning, dithering about in a gutless sort of way, you would not want him to be Prime Minister of this country. I was quite appalled, quite disgusted".[231]
Butler later alleged in a letter to The Times that not to have served might have led to a Labour government (this suggestion was later dismissed as absurd by Wilson himself).[iqtibos kerak ] Butler later described Home as an "amiable enough creature".[158] He was motivated by his knowledge of Robert Peel and the split over the Misr to'g'risidagi qonunlar,[214] later telling Elizabeth Longford that this was "the supremely unforgettable political lesson of history.… I could never do the same thing in the twentieth century, under any circumstances whatever".[230]
Powell and Macleod both refused to serve under Home.[232] Butler had planned to make Macleod Chancellor of the Exchequer and discussed the names of economists who could be asked to advise.[233]
Butler was less devastated than in 1957, as this time it was largely a voluntary abnegation.[228] In a BBC radio interview in 1978 he discussed that in 1963, he had been passed over in favour of a "terrific gent", not a "most ghastly morj ".[234] Home, and even Macmillan himself in the 1980s, later conceded that it might have been better if Butler had become leader.[158] The episode of Home's elevation was a public relations disaster for the Conservatives, who had to elect their next leader (Edward Heath in 1965) by a transparent ballot of MPs.
Foreign Secretary under Douglas-Home
Home appointed Butler Tashqi ishlar vaziri but he lost the title of Deputy Prime Minister.[235] Macmillan, trying to control events from his sickbed, had urged Home to appoint Heath as Foreign Secretary but conceded that allowing Butler to have the job which he had always coveted might be a necessary price for his agreeing to serve.[236]
Macleod's article in Tomoshabin, 17 January 1964, in which he claimed that the leadership had been stitched up by a "Magic Circle" of Old Etonians, damaged Macleod in the eyes of Conservatives, but some of the damage stuck to Butler as well.[237] Butler later wrote in Xotira san'ati that "every word" of Macleod's Tomoshabin article "[wa]s true".[238]
Butler was able to speak fluent French to Frantsiya tashqi ishlar vaziri Maurice Couve de Murville, to the latter's surprise.[239] His only major foreign trip was to Washington in late March 1964, where President Lindon Jonson complained about Britain selling Leyland buses to Cuba, whose Kastro regime was then under US trade embargo.[240]
In 1964 yilgi umumiy saylov campaign, Butler played only a small part, showing his lack of stomach for the fight by agreeing with the journalist Jorj Geyl ning Daily Express that the very close campaign "might yet slip away" in the "last few days". Randolf Cherchill wrote that he had "uttered his own death-wish and death warrant".[241] He would not have retained the Foreign Office if the Conservatives had won;[158] the job had already been promised to Kristofer Soames.[242] Many, including Wilson, said that Butler would have won the 1964 general election had he been Prime Minister.[243]
At the comparatively early age of 62, Butler left office with one of the longest records of ministerial experience amongst contemporary politicians. After the election, he lost the chairmanship of the Conservative Research Department, which he had headed for twenty years, and refused Home's offer of an earldom (a rank normally granted to former prime ministers at the time).[158][244][245]
Keyinchalik hayot
Master of Trinity and memoirs
Butler remained on the Conservative front bench into the next year. Harold Wilson felt that the Conservatives had made Butler a scapegoat after the Daily Express incident during the election, and on 23 December 1964 he offered him the job of Master of Trinity kolleji, Kembrij (where his great-uncle Genri Montagu Butler had previously been Master, and where the incumbent Lord Adrian was due to retire on 30 June 1965). Butler did not accept until the middle of January, and took office at the start of the new academic year on 7 October 1965.[246] On 19 February 1965 he was created a hayot tengdoshi kabi Safron Uoldendan Baron Butler, ning Halstead ichida Esseks okrugi;[247] because of his appointment as master he sat as a cross-bench peer in the House of Lords. Between the 1964 election and his retirement from the House of Commons he had been Uyning otasi.[248]
There was little consultation of Trinity fellows prior to Butler's appointment, but his opponents had backed down in the face of public approval.[249] Butler was the first master in 250 years who had not been himself educated at the college.[158]
Uels shahzodasi Charlz studied at Trinity (1967–70) during Butler's time as Master. Initially it was thought that he might study an maxsus kurs; Butler shahzodaga "men bosh vazir bo'ladigan" maxsus tayyorlangan tarix kursini o'qishim kerakligini aytayotganini kulgili multfilm namoyish etdi.[250] Buning o'rniga Butler, Qirollik oilasining avvalgi a'zolaridan farqli o'laroq, shahzoda Charlz kollejda yashashni, oddiy darajada o'qishni va boshqa bakalavrlar singari finalda o'tirishni tavsiya qildi. Dastlabki noilojlikdan so'ng, Saroy rozi bo'ldi.[251] Butler shahzodaning maslahatchisi va maslahatchisi sifatida ommaga targ'ib qilinib, har kuni kechki ovqatdan oldin shahzodadan maslahat so'ramoqchi bo'lsa, o'zini 45 daqiqalik vaqt oralig'ida o'tkazdi. U shahzoda Charlzning kollejda mashinasini saqlashiga ko'z yumdi (qoidalarni buzgan holda), lekin "Jahannam yo'q!" shahzoda Leyboristlar klubiga qo'shilish mumkinmi deb so'raganda. Shuningdek, u o'zining xotiralari bo'yicha tadqiqotchi yordamchisi Lusiya Santa Kruzga "Magistrlar uyi" ning kalitini berdi va ko'pincha uning yashashiga ruxsat berdi, bu esa u bilan shahzoda o'rtasida romantikaga yordam bergani haqida mish-mishlarga sabab bo'ldi.[252] Butlerning tayinlanishi Garter buyrug'i 1971 yil 23 aprelda[253] uning yosh Shahzodaga ko'rsatmasi uchun tan olish ishorasi sifatida qaraldi.[254]
Tez orada Butler kollej kengashi yig'ilishlarini tezkor raisi sifatida hurmatga sazovor bo'ldi, chunki Trinity kollejining o'sha paytda yiliga 1 million funt daromad keltiradigan er va biznesga katta sarmoyalari tufayli muhim ahamiyatga ega edi. Ayni paytda u oilaviy kompaniyaning Courtaulds direktori edi.[255] 1971 yilga kelib, do'stlar unga ikkinchi olti yillik muddatni berishni tavsiya qilib (muvaffaqiyatli) ovoz berish uchun etarli darajada iliqlashdilar,[158] magistrlarning normal pensiya yoshi etmish bo'lishiga qaramay.[256]
Butlerning xotiralari, Mumkin bo'lgan san'at, 1971 yilda paydo bo'lgan.[257] U "ko'p jildli tarixlar uchun hozirgi avtobiografiya uslubidan voz kechishga" qaror qilganini yozgan (Makmillan avtobiografiyani chiqarayotgan edi, natijada oltita katta jildga yetadi).[258] Asosan Piter Goldman tomonidan ruhlangan asar Duff Kuperdan beri eng yaxshi bir jildli tarjimai hol deb ta'riflandi. Qariyalar unutishadi 1953 yilda.[259]
Butler shuningdek, uning birinchi kansleri sifatida faol bo'lgan Esseks universiteti[260] 1966 yildan vafotigacha va kansler Sheffild universiteti 1959 yildan 1977 yilgacha. U 1958 yildan 1966 yilgacha Kembrij universitetining yuqori styuardsi va 1963 yildan vafotigacha Kembrij shahrining yuqori styuardi bo'lgan.[261]
Uchbirlikdagi ikkinchi davr
1972 yildan 1975 yilgacha Butler keng tarqalgan ruhiy anormal jinoyatchilar qo'mitasini boshqargan. Butler qo'mitasi, qonun va psixiatriya xizmatlariga katta islohotlarni taklif qildi, ularning ba'zilari amalga oshirildi.[262]
1970-yillarning boshlariga kelib Butlerning jismoniy va aqliy kuchlari shubhasiz tanazzulga yuz tutdi; u ta'rifida edi Charlz Mur, keyin Trinity-dagi talaba, o'zining "latifasi" ga kirib qoldi. Bir voqeadan keyin u o'zining ommaviy chiqishlarini qisqartirdi Buker mukofoti 1973 yil dekabrda Londonda mukofotlar, unda u yomon hukm qilinganlarga aytdi antisemitik hazillashib, noshirga jiddiy huquqbuzarlik keltirib chiqaradi Jorj Vaydenfeld.[263] 1938 yildayoq Chips Channon uning kiyimlarini "chinakam fojiali" deb atagan edi va u o'sib ulg'aygan sari Butler borgan sari parchalanib ketdi.[150] U Uchlik ustozi sifatida juda ko'p yeb-ichdi, shuning uchun uning vazni ko'tarilib, yuragi og'ritishi mumkin edi.[264] 1975 yilda Kembrijga tashrif buyurganida, o'n yil ichida ikki kishi birinchi marta uchrashganida, Makmillan Butlerning qanday semirib ketgani haqida fikr bildirdi.[265] Butler shuningdek, 1950-yillarda terining shikoyatlaridan azob chekib, tobora kuchayib bordi va umrining oxiriga kelib, ba'zan jamoat oldida soqolsiz ko'rinadigan bo'lib qoldi.[266]
1976 yil iyun va oktyabr oylarida u Lordlar palatasida rejalashtirilgan milliylashtirishga qarshi chiqish qildi Felixstowe Docks Trinity kollejiga tegishli bo'lgan. U yana ko'p narsaga ega bo'lgan Uch Birlik deb ta'kidladi Nobel mukofoti butun Frantsiyadan ko'ra g'olib bo'lganlar, daromadlarini ilmiy tadqiqotlar uchun va kichik Kembrij kollejlarini subsidiyalashga sarfladilar. Lordlar palatasi tomonidan kechiktirilgandan keyin qonun loyihasi bekor qilindi.[267] Magistrlik ikkinchi davri 1977 yilda tugagan. Uchlikdagi Butler uyi uning nomi bilan atalgan.[268]
Yakuniy yillar
Butler nashr etildi Konservatorlar 1977 yilda.[257] Uning Lordlar palatasidagi so'nggi nutqi (1980 yil mart) qishloqlarda konservatorlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun hayotiy ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan bepul maktab avtobuslarini etkazib berishni himoya qilish edi.[269] Uning so'nggi jamoatchilik oldida ko'rinishi, u o'sha paytgacha o'zini yomon his qilgan va o'tirishi kerak edi, 1982 yil 13-yanvar kuni o'zining portreti ochilish marosimida edi. Milliy portret galereyasi.[270]
Butler 1982 yil mart oyida yo'g'on ichak saratonidan vafot etdi Buyuk Yeldham, Essex.[266] U cherkov cherkovi dafn etilgan Bokira Maryam yilda Safran Valden (qarang rasm ). Uning vasiyati 748,789 funt sterlingda (1982 yil 21-oktabr) baholandi (2014 yil narxlarida 2,3 million funtdan ortiq).[13][271] Uning Garter ordeni ritsari degan bayrog'i Sent-Meri cherkovida Zafron Valden osilgan (qarang rasm ).
Xotiralarning keyingi hajmi, Xotira san'ati, 1982 yilda vafotidan keyin paydo bo'lgan.[257] Ikkinchisi Cherchillga taqlid qilingan Buyuk zamondoshlar ammo Xovard nazarida bunga "na verveda, na latifada" to'g'ri keladi.[272]
O'g'li, Adam Butler, 1970 yildan 1987 yilgacha parlament a'zosi va uning ostida kichik vazir bo'lgan Margaret Tetcher. Uning nabirasi Ed Butler nafaqaga chiqqan Brigadir kim buyurdi 16 havo hujumi brigadasi va 22 Maxsus havo xizmati.[273]
Baholash
Butler o'zining karerasi akademiya, siyosat va Hindiston o'rtasida bo'linganligini aytib, xotiralarini ochdi,[274] va uning asosiy pushaymonligi hech qachon bo'lmagan Hindiston noibi. U 1935 yilgi Hindiston to'g'risidagi qonuni va 1944 yilgi Ta'lim to'g'risidagi qonunni o'zining "qonunchilikdagi asosiy yutuqlari" deb bildi.[275] U shuningdek, yuqoriga ko'tarilish isyon va iste'foga chiqish yo'li ekanligini, ammo u "uzoq vaqt" va "barqaror ta'sir" uchun ketganligini yozgan.[276] Uyda aniq qazish paytida u nafaqaga chiqqanida "Men baliq ovlash yoki gul yasash haqida hech qachon ko'p bilmagan bo'lsam ham bo'ladi, lekin men bilgan bir narsa - bu mamlakat aholisini qanday boshqarish kerak edi" dedi.[277]
1944 yildagi Ta'lim to'g'risidagi qonun va ichki ishlar vaziri lavozimidagi islohotlar bilan bir qatorda Jon Kempbell Butlerning eng katta yutug'ini Oppozitsiyada "konservatizm ma'nosini qayta ochish" da, tadqiqot bo'limida (Xit, Pauell) iste'dodli yosh erkaklar martabasini rag'batlantirishda ko'radi. , Modling, Makleod, Angus Mod, ularning barchasi parlamentga kirishgan 1950 ) ijtimoiy davlatni konservativ qabul qilishni va ishsizlikni past darajada saqlash majburiyatini ta'minlash. Makmillan 19-asrning 30-yillarida behuda targ'ib qilgan siyosat aynan shu ekanligini ta'kidlar ekan, Butlerning xotiralarida rolini tan oldi.[278] Butler 26,5 yil davomida o'z lavozimini egallagan, bu yigirmanchi asrda faqat Cherchillga tenglashtirilgan.[279]
Jago, Butler Edenga qo'llagan lotin yorlig'i, omnium konsensusi capax imperii nisi imperasset ("umumiy kelishuvga binoan u hukmronlik qilgunga qadar hukmronlik qilishga yaroqli"), Butlerning o'ziga ham xuddi shunday aniq qo'llanilishi mumkin edi.[280] U Butler, ehtimol Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan buyon eng yaxshi kansler bo'lgan, ammo uning yutuqlari 1955 yildagi "qozon-tovalar" byudjeti tomonidan soya solingan va agar u o'z xonadonini yo'q qilmasa deyarli Bosh vazir bo'lar edi, deb ta'kidlaydi. 1955 yil apreldan 1957 yil yanvargacha bo'lgan obro'-e'tibor (uning halokatli so'nggi byudjetlari va Suez). Jago " coup de grace etti yil o'tgach, Makmillan tomonidan o'limidan keyin boshqarilgan ".[281] Jago, shuningdek, Markaziy Afrika Federatsiyasiga munosabati, hatto Welenskiy va Yan Smit uning kasalligi haqida izoh berar ekan, u "Britaniyada hech qachon bo'lmagan eng yaxshi tashqi ishlar vaziri" bo'lishi mumkinligini taxmin qilmoqda.[282] Shu bilan birga, Jago, shuningdek, Butlerning surunkali noaniqligi, ko'pincha mayda-chuyda masalalarda obro'sini ta'kidlaydi. U o'zini kantsler sifatida noaniq bo'lganini ta'kidlaydi va Profumo ishi paytida u qanday qilib kichik davlat xizmatchisiga telefon qilib nima qilish kerakligini so'raganini, shuningdek rasmiy tushlik uchun menyu to'g'risida qaror qabul qila olmagan holatlarni yoki Marokash elchixonasidagi ziyofatda qatnashish-qilmaslik.[283]
Roy Jenkins, Butler bilan bo'lgan bo'ronli uchrashuvni tasvirlab berdi Lyndon B. Jonson, Butlerning xarakteridagi moyillikni aniq belgilab qo'ydi "Butler shaharlik, tsivilizatsiyalashgan ustunlik va Jonsonga ishonchsizlikning qo'polligini namoyish qilar ekan. kelmoq, shuningdek, Butler davlatning tabiiy xizmatkori va LBJ tabiiy hukmdori bo'lgan "deb yozgan va Butlerning teng hukmronlik bilan bo'lgan munosabatlarida xuddi shunday dinamika ishlayotganligini yozgan. Uinston Cherchill.[284]
Edvard Pirs o'zining qonun hujjatlarida "Rabning muvaffaqiyatsizligi aksariyat siyosatchilarning muvaffaqiyatlaridan ko'ra yorqinroq edi" deb yozgan.[285]
Iain Macleod u haqida "Rab akademiklar orasida siyosatchi va siyosatchilar orasida akademik bo'lishni yaxshi ko'radi; shuning uchun uni biron bir zot ham yoqtirmaydi" dedi.[286] Lobbi muxbirlari (siyosiy mavzularda, shu jumladan ularga tegishli bo'lgan ma'lumotlarga aloqador bo'lmagan ma'lumotlarni yozadigan jurnalistlar) hech qachon Rab Butler aytgan narsalarga ishonmasliklarini, shuningdek u ularga aytgan narsalarni e'tiborsiz qoldirmasliklarini maslahat berishdi.[225] Yan Gilmur, Butler mamlakatda har doim o'z partiyasidan ko'ra ko'proq mashhur bo'lgan va u yolg'onchilik uchun adolatsiz obro'ga ega bo'lgan, ammo aslida uning bir qator hamkasblaridan kam bo'lganligini ta'kidlaydi.[287]
Guardian va Daily Mirror uni maqtagan (1965 yil iyun oyida Kembrijga qaytganida), lekin unga siyosatda yuqori darajaga ko'tarilish uchun zarur bo'lgan shafqatsiz seriya etishmayotganligini yozgan.[288] Iqtisodchi (1970 yil 27-iyun) uni "so'nggi haqiqiy siyosat ishlab chiqaruvchi kantsler" deb atagan.[289]
Badiiy adabiyotda
In muqobil haqiqat tasvirlangan Jon Vindxem qisqa hikoya Tasodifiy Quest, qaerda Ikkinchi jahon urushi sodir bo'lmadi, Butler bosh vazir. Hikoya 1954 yilda yozilgan, o'shanda Butler bosh vazirlikka qo'shilishi jiddiy imkoniyat bo'lgan.
Butler bo'ladi Ikkinchi jahon urushi 2007 yilgi muqobil tarix romanida bosh vazir Qarshilik Ouen Shers tomonidan. Biroq, u kooperatsionistni boshqaradi qo'g'irchoq hukumat Germaniyani asosan bosib olganidan keyin Britaniya orollari.
Butler va Lord Galifaks 1940 yil iyun oyida muqobil tarix romanining fonida inglizlarning Germaniyaga taslim bo'lishini va bosib olinishini yaratdi Katta, qarshilik kuchlari tomonidan uning o'ldirilishiga olib keladi.
In muqobil tarix roman Dominion tomonidan C. J. Sansom, Ikkinchi Jahon urushi 1940 yil iyun oyida tugagan Britaniya hukumati ostida Lord Galifaks Berlinda Germaniya bilan tinchlik shartnomasini imzoladi. 1952 yil noyabrda Butler Vazirlar Mahkamasida tashqi ishlar vaziri edi Lord Beaverbrook.
U tomonidan tasvirlangan Maykl Kalkin ichida Netflix seriyali Toj. 2016 yilda ITV televizion film Cherchillning siri, u tomonidan tasvirlangan Kris Larkin.
Qurollar
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Adabiyotlar
- ^ Stafford (1985) p 901 da keltirilgan
- ^ Nil Rollings, ""Bechora janob Butskell: shizofreniya halokati bo'lgan qisqa umr?" " Yigirmanchi asr Britaniya tarixi 5#2 (1994): 183–205.
- ^ "Jorj SMIT". genealogy.links.org. Olingan 29 mart 2018.
- ^ Xovard, p. 1.
- ^ Xovard, p. 3.
- ^ Jago 2015, s.5
- ^ a b Matto 2004, p. 199.
- ^ Xovard (7-bet) u "har qanday turdagi harbiy xizmatni shubha ostiga qo'yganligini" ta'kidlaydi, bu qator ko'plab biograflar tomonidan ta'qib qilinadi. Biroq, Butler qisman nogironligiga qaramay, o'z maktabida o'qidi kadet korpusi, o'z yilining yuqori qismini Corps A sertifikatidan o'tgan (Jago 2015, p.10) va vakolatli dam olish edi otilgan. U 1941 yil may oyida harbiy xizmatga ro'yxatdan o'tishga urindi.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 7.
- ^ a b v d "Shubhasiz aqlli". London Kitoblar sharhi. 2011 yil 8 sentyabr.
- ^ a b Govard 1987, p. 14.
- ^ Jago 2015, 6-bet
- ^ a b v d "Buyuk Britaniya funtining nisbiy qiymatini hisoblang". o'lchovlar.com. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 31 martda. Olingan 29 mart 2018.
- ^ a b v Govard 1987, p. 16.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 132.
- ^ Govard 1987, 16, 19-betlar.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 23.
- ^ Butler 1971, p. 14.
- ^ Jago 2015, s.25
- ^ Jago 2015, s.24
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 22.
- ^ Jago 2015, p.30
- ^ Butler 1971, p. 16. Bolduinning Harrou va Uchlikdagi karerasi, Kembrij Butlerning qarindoshlaridan biri bilan yomon munosabatda bo'lgan, Genri Montagu Butler. Uinston Cherchill (keyin parlamentdan tashqarida va mustaqil "Konstitutsionist "19 martdagi nomzod 1924 yil Westminster Abbeyga qo'shimcha saylov ) taklifni ma'qullash uchun gapirishga rozi bo'lgan, ammo ishtirok eta olmagan.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 24.
- ^ Oksford milliy biografiyasining lug'ati, 9-jild. Oksford universiteti matbuoti. 2004. p. 199. ISBN 0-19-861359-8.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 25. Xovard otasidan xafsalasi pir bo'lgan maktubini keltiradi va u o'sha yozda bakalavrni davom ettirishi kerakligiga qaramay, o'sha yozda u bakalavr diplomiga sazovor bo'lganligi aniq (Kembrij talabasi odatda talabalik kursini o'tashi kerak) I va II qism, albatta bir xil mavzuda emas, balki BA ni olish uchun). Jago (2015 y., 30-bet) uning uchinchi yili faqat "Umumiy tadqiqotlar" deb hisoblanganini, ammo Faxriy yorliqlarni olish uchun unga to'rtinchi yil kerakligini aytdi.
- ^ Jago 2015, s.33
- ^ O'sha yili ingliz-sovet munosabatlari juda dolzarb edi. Ramsay Makdonald Birinchi Mehnat hukumati fevral oyida SSSRni rasmiy ravishda tan olgan edi. The Kempbell ishi o'sha yozda boshlanib, hukumatning qulashiga sabab bo'ldi va bu masala asosiy muammo edi saylov oktabr.
- ^ Butler 1971, p. 17.
- ^ a b Butler 1971, p. 18.
- ^ Jago 2015, s.38
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 28.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 31.
- ^ Govard 1987, 30-31 betlar.
- ^ O'sha paytda orqa mitingda ishlayotgan deputatlarga bugungi kunga nisbatan real maoshdan kam maosh to'langan bo'lsa-da, Vazirlar Mahkamasi vazirlariga hozirgidan ko'proq maosh to'langan.
- ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l Matto 2004, p. 200.
- ^ "Ser Richard Butler". 2012 yil 1 fevral - www.telegraph.co.uk orqali.
- ^ a b v d e Matto 2004, p. 204.
- ^ a b v Govard 1987, 356-357 betlar.
- ^ Jago 2015, p420-1
- ^ "Safran Valdenning Lady Butler: Rab Butlerning bevasi". The Times. London. 19 fevral 2002 yil. Olingan 6 fevral 2011.
- ^ "Safran Uoldenning xonim Butler". Guardian. London. 2009 yil 24 fevral. Olingan 6 fevral 2011.
- ^ "Safran Uoldenning xonim Butler". Telegraf. London. 2009 yil 18-fevral. Olingan 6 fevral 2011.
- ^ "Safron Valdenning Leydi Butler: Rab Butlerning ikkinchi rafiqasi," bizda bo'lmagan eng yaxshi Bosh vazir'". Mustaqil. London. 2009 yil 2 aprel. Olingan 6 fevral 2011.
- ^ Butler 1971, p. 2018-04-02 121 2.
- ^ Kendall va Butler aloqalari. http://acollins.customer.netspace.net.au/Kendall%20Butler%20Connections.htm
- ^ Evelin Filipp Shirli (1866). Angliyaning aslzodalari va muloyimlari. John Bowyer Nichols & Sons. p. 37.
- ^ Jago 2015, s.48
- ^ Jago 2015, s.52
- ^ Jago 2015, s.53
- ^ Jago 2015, s.54
- ^ a b name = "Matvey 2004, p200"
- ^ Butler 1971, p. 27.
- ^ Govard 1987, 49-50 betlar.
- ^ Govard 1987, 52-53 betlar.
- ^ Govard 1987, 55-56 betlar.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 57
- ^ a b Jago 2015, 75-bet
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 58.
- ^ Xovard 1987, 60-61 betlar.
- ^ Jago 2015, p79
- ^ Jago 2015, p83
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 74.
- ^ Pol Stafford, "Siyosiy avtobiografiya va maqbul san'at: RA Butler tashqi ishlar idorasida, 1938-1939". Tarixiy jurnal 28#4 (1985): 909.
- ^ a b Pol Stafford, "Siyosiy avtobiografiya va maqbul san'at: RA Butler tashqi ishlar idorasida, 1938-1939". Tarixiy jurnal 28#4 (1985): 903, 910–1.
- ^ Jago 2015, p101
- ^ Xovard, p. 77.
- ^ "№ 34585". London gazetasi (Qo'shimcha). 1938 yil 30-dekabr. P. 1.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 81.
- ^ Jago 2015, p97
- ^ Pol Stafford, "Siyosiy avtobiografiya va maqbul san'at: RA Butler tashqi ishlar idorasida, 1938-1939". Tarixiy jurnal 28#4 (1985): 912–3.
- ^ Pol Stafford, "Siyosiy avtobiografiya va maqbul san'at: RA Butler tashqi ishlar idorasida, 1938-1939". Tarixiy jurnal 28#4 (1985): 915–6.
- ^ a b Pol Stafford, "Siyosiy avtobiografiya va maqbul san'at: RA Butler tashqi ishlar idorasida, 1938-1939". Tarixiy jurnal 28#4 (1985): 916–7.
- ^ Pol Stafford, "Siyosiy avtobiografiya va maqbul san'at: RA Butler tashqi ishlar idorasida, 1938-1939". Tarixiy jurnal 28#4 (1985): 908–9.
- ^ a b Pol Stafford, "Siyosiy avtobiografiya va maqbul san'at: RA Butler tashqi ishlar idorasida, 1938-1939". Tarixiy jurnal 28#4 (1985): 919–20.
- ^ Pol Stafford, "Siyosiy avtobiografiya va maqbul san'at: RA Butler tashqi ishlar idorasida, 1938-1939". Tarixiy jurnal 28#4 (1985): 921–2.
- ^ Kempbell 2009, p. 251.
- ^ Govard 1987, 77-78 betlar.
- ^ Pol Stafford, "Siyosiy avtobiografiya va maqbul san'at: RA Butler tashqi ishlar idorasida, 1938-1939". Tarixiy jurnal 28#4 (1985): 901, 903–5, 913, 921–2.
- ^ Cosgrave 1981, p43
- ^ Jago 2015, p107, 435-6
- ^ Jago 2015, p115
- ^ Addison 1994, p. 82.
- ^ Addison 1994, p. 72.
- ^ Jago 2015, p128
- ^ Jago 2015, p132
- ^ Jago 2015, p146
- ^ Jago 2015, p133
- ^ a b v d e Govard 1987, 96-100 betlar.
- ^ Jago 2015, p134
- ^ Jago 2015, p136
- ^ Jago 2015, p138
- ^ Roberts 1991, 231–232 betlar.
- ^ Jago 2015, p140
- ^ Jago 2015, p143
- ^ a b v d e f g Matto 2004, p. 201.
- ^ Jago 2015, p144
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 108.
- ^ Xovard, p. 88.
- ^ a b Kevin Jeffereys, "RA Butler, Ta'lim kengashi va 1944 yilgi ta'lim to'g'risidagi qonun". Tarix 69#227 (1984): 415–431.
- ^ Addison 1994, p. 172.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 107.
- ^ Xovard 1987, 109-110 betlar.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 141.
- ^ Addison 1994, p. 182.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 114.
- ^ Addison 1994, p. 173.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 115.
- ^ Butler 1971, p. 95.
- ^ Addison 1994, p. 173. Ularning ko'plari kichik maktablar, ko'plari esa qishloq joylarida edi.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 112.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 113.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 123.
- ^ Xovard 1987, 125-126-betlar.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 127.
- ^ Govard 1987, 124–126 betlar.
- ^ Govard 1987, 128-129 betlar.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 130.
- ^ Addison 1994, p. 239.
- ^ Govard 1987, pp. 119–122.
- ^ Addison 1994, 208–209 betlar. Buyuk Britaniyaning Uzoq Sharqdagi ko'plab mol-mulklari, shu jumladan Malaya, Birma va Singapur qal'asi, 1942 yil boshida, sahroda bo'lganida, Yaponiyaning qo'liga o'tgan edi. Ervin Rommel G'azala jangida g'alaba qozongan va Tobrukni egallagan.
- ^ Govard 1987, 130-131 betlar.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 131.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 128.
- ^ Addison 1994, p. 174.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 133-34.
- ^ a b v Addison 1994, 237–239 betlar.
- ^ Butler 1971, 93-94 betlar.
- ^ Govard 1987, 136-137 betlar.
- ^ Addison 1994, p. 256.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 51.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 140.
- ^ Xovard, RAB 140-77 betlar.
- ^ a b v d e f g h Matto 2004, p. 202.
- ^ Govard 1987, 178–179 betlar.
- ^ Kempbell 2009, p. 257.
- ^ Matto 2004, pp 201-202.
- ^ a b Govard 1987, p. 187.
- ^ Hennessy, p. 199.
- ^ Kempbell 2009, p. 218.
- ^ Rojer Eituell, "Evropa siyosiy madaniyati", Routledge, 2002, p. 58.
- ^ Iqtisodchi, "Janob Butskellning dilemmasi", 1954 yil 13-fevral, p. 439.
- ^ Matto 2004, p. 202. Boshqa narsalar teng bo'lsa, foiz stavkalarini ko'tarish ichki talabni pasaytiradi (shuning uchun odamlar kamroq import sotib olishadi) va mamlakatni xorijiy kapital uchun jozibador qiladi. Ostida belgilangan valyuta kurslari tizimi, to'lov balansi defitsiti bo'lgan mamlakat, importni sotib olishni osonlashtirish uchun oltin yoki chet el valyutasi zaxiralarini saqlashi kerak. Aks holda, inflyatsion oqibatlarga olib keladigan chet el valyutasini sotib olish uchun ko'proq pul bosib chiqarish kerak bo'ladi.
- ^ Kempbell 2009, p. 259.
- ^ "№ 40073". London gazetasi. 1954 yil 12-yanvar. P. 303.
- ^ a b Govard 1987, p. 210.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 214.
- ^ a b v Kempbell 2009, p. 260.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 217.
- ^ a b v d Matto 2004, p. 203.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 218.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 221.
- ^ Butler 1971, p. 148. Britaniyaning boshqa Evropa mamlakatlaridan ortda qolayotgani, "ingliz kasalligi" deb nomlangan tushunchalar, 1950 yillarning oxirida Germaniya YaIM boshiga Britaniyani ortda qoldirgandan keyin boshlandi.
- ^ Xovard 1987 yil, 240-betga qarama-qarshi 25-rasm.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 222.
- ^ Thorpe 2010, p. 367.
- ^ Kempbell 2009, 264-265 betlar.
- ^ a b v d e f g h men j k Matto 2004, p. 206.
- ^ Thorpe 2010, p. 365.
- ^ Kempbell 2009, p. 266.
- ^ Matto 2004, p. 206. Iqtibos dastlab bosqinni qo'llab-quvvatlagan, ammo endi Bosh vazir bo'lishga intilayotgan Makmillanga tegishli.
- ^ a b Govard 1987, p. 237.
- ^ Kempbell 2009, p. 267.
- ^ a b Govard 1987, p. 238.
- ^ Thorpe 2010, 353-354 betlar.
- ^ Govard 1987, bet 240-241.
- ^ Keyt Kayl (2011). Suvaysh: Buyuk Britaniyaning Yaqin Sharqdagi imperiyasining tugashi. I.B.Tauris. p. 534. ISBN 9781848855335.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 241.
- ^ Jago 2015, p380
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 243.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 244.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 245.
- ^ Iqtibos 285-betda paydo bo'ladi Siyosiy sarguzasht, Kilmuirning xotiralari.
- ^ a b v Govard 1987, 246-247 betlar.
- ^ a b v Thorpe 2010, 361-362 betlar.
- ^ a b Kempbell 2009, p. 270.
- ^ Butler 1971, 195-196 betlar.
- ^ Xit, p. 179.
- ^ a b Govard 1987, 249-250 betlar.
- ^ Kempbell 2009, p. 271.
- ^ Kempbell 2009, p. 269.
- ^ Kempbell 2009, bet 269, 272.
- ^ Kempbell 2009, p. 273.
- ^ Xit 1998, p. 180.
- ^ a b v d e f g h Matto 2004, p. 205.
- ^ Xorn 1989, 80-81 betlar.
- ^ Osilishga mahkum etilgan shaxs monarxga rahm-shafqat so'rab murojaat qilishga haqli edi. Amalda bu vazifa topshirilgan ichki ishlar vazirining ijro etilishi kerakligi to'g'risida yakuniy so'zni aytishini anglatardi.
- ^ Yosh Margaret Tetcher 1959 yildagi umumiy saylovlarda jamoalar palatasiga yangi saylangan, jismoniy jazoni yoqlab ovoz bergan, u faqat partiya safiga qarshi chiqqan.
- ^ Horne 1989, p. 80.
- ^ Kempbell 2009, p. 292.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 269.
- ^ a b Kempbell 2009, bet 276–277.
- ^ Xovard 1987, 288-289 betlar.
- ^ Xovard, p. 214.
- ^ Thorpe 2010, p. 520.
- ^ Thorpe 2010, p. 519.
- ^ Thorpe 2010, p. 524.
- ^ Brazier, Rodni (2020). Bosh vazirni tanlash: Britaniyada hokimiyatni o'tkazish. Oksford universiteti matbuoti. 70, 73, 75 betlar.
- ^ Thorpe 2010, 551-552 betlar.
- ^ a b Kempbell 2009, p. 283.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 300.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 302.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 303.
- ^ a b Horne 1989, p. 550.
- ^ Xovard 1987, 310-311 betlar.
- ^ Jago 2015, p383
- ^ Xit 1998, p. 255.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 313.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 314.
- ^ Thorpe 2010, p. 561.
- ^ a b v Govard 1987, 316-317 betlar.
- ^ a b Thorpe 2010, p. 572.
- ^ Horne 1989, p. 558.
- ^ a b v Thorpe 2010, p. 580.
- ^ a b v Thorpe 2010, p. 573.
- ^ Thorpe 2010, p. 574.
- ^ a b v d e f Sandford 2005, 701-705 betlar.
- ^ Jago 2015, p380-1
- ^ Cho'pon 1994, p. 324.
- ^ Cho'pon 1994, p. 323.
- ^ Horne 1989, p. 559.
- ^ a b Govard 1987, 318-319 betlar.
- ^ Cho'pon 1994, p. 334.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 320.
- ^ a b Jago 2015, p429
- ^ Kempbell 2009, p. 288.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 319.
- ^ a b v Govard 1987, p. 321.
- ^ Govard 1987, pp. 320-321.
- ^ a b Kempbell 2009, p. 287.
- ^ Kempbell 2009, p. 290.
- ^ Uilyams, Charlz Garold Makmillan (2009), p. 448.
- ^ Cho'pon 1994, p. 317.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 322.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 330.
- ^ Thorpe 2010, p. 577.
- ^ Jago 2015, s.318
- ^ Cho'pon 1994, p. 360.
- ^ Jago 2015, s.319
- ^ Jago 2015, p.400
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 334.
- ^ Jago 2015, p.401
- ^ Uilyams, Charlz Garold Makmillan (2009), p. 453.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 336.
- ^ Jago 2015, p.407
- ^ "Yo'q. 43708". London gazetasi. 9 iyul 1965. p. 6519.
- ^ "Yo'q. 43580". London gazetasi. 19 fevral 1965. p. 1759.
- ^ Jago 2015, p405-7
- ^ Jago 2015, p409
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 351.
- ^ Jago 2015, p412 Shahzoda Birinchi qism Arxeologiya va Antropologiya, keyin II qism Tarixni o'rganib, mos ravishda II.1 va II.2 ni oldi.
- ^ Jago 2015, p413-5
- ^ "№ 45349". London gazetasi. 23 aprel 1971. p. 4083.
- ^ Jago 2015, p417
- ^ Jago 2015, p407
- ^ Jago 2015, p421
- ^ a b v Matto 2004, 206–207 betlar.
- ^ Thorpe 2010, p. 588.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 353.
- ^ "Esseks universiteti taqvimi". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2012 yil 7 oktyabrda.
- ^ Marhum Lord Butlerga hurmat, Xansard, Lordlar Palatasi, 1982 yil 10 mart, 428-jild, 199-son.
- ^ Parlamentda ushbu masala bo'yicha munozaralar (Xansard, HC Deb 29 iyun 1972 yil jild 839 cc1673-85).
- ^ Jago 2015, s.419
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 355.
- ^ Thorpe 2010, p. 800.
- ^ a b Govard 1987, 361-362 betlar.
- ^ Jago 2015, p422-3
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 357.
- ^ Jago 2015, p423
- ^ Jago 2015, p42
- ^ Matto 2004, p. 207.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 406.
- ^ O't, Sendi (2013). Tolibonga qarshi urush: Afg'onistonda nima uchun barchasi noto'g'ri bo'lgan. Bloomsbury nashriyoti. p.96.
- ^ u buni "the Tripos uning hayoti "Kembrij imtihonlari va diplom kurslari deb nomlangan uch oyoqli o'rta asr najasidan keyin
- ^ Butler 1971, p. 1.
- ^ Butler 1971, p. 31.
- ^ Govard 1987, p. 45.
- ^ Kempbell 2009, p. 255.
- ^ Kempbell 2009, p. 293.
- ^ Jago 2015, p429 Tatsitus bu imperator haqida yozgan Galba
- ^ Jago 2015, pxiii-iv
- ^ Jago 2015, p443-4
- ^ Jago 2015, p396, 433-4
- ^ Jenkins, Roy, Portretlar va miniatyuralar, Bloomsbury, London, 2011 yil.
- ^ Pearce 1997, p. 14.
- ^ Jago 2015, p418
- ^ Matto 2004, 203, 207 betlar.
- ^ Jago 2015, p408
- ^ Jago 2015, p430
- ^ Debrettning tengdoshi. 1973.
Qo'shimcha o'qish
- Addison, Pol (1994). 1945 yilga boradigan yo'l. London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0712659321.
- Kempbell, Jon (2010). Tongda avtomatlar: Pitt va Foksdan Bler va Braunga qadar ikki yuz yillik siyosiy raqobat. London: Amp. ISBN 978-1-845-95091-0. (Makmillan va Butler haqidagi inshoni o'z ichiga oladi)
- Cosgrave, Patrik (1981). Butler: Angliya hayoti. London: Kvartet kitoblari. ISBN 978-0704322585.
- Dell, Edmund. Kantslerlar: mablag 'kansleri tarixi, 1945–90 yillar (HarperCollins, 1997) 159–206 betlar, uning kantsler lavozimini qamrab oladi.
- Xennessi, Piter., Yaxshi narsaga ega bo'lish: ellikinchi yillarda Britaniya, Pingvin kitoblari, 2006 yil, ISBN 978-0-14-100409-9
- Xorn, Alister (1989). Makmillan II jild: 1957-1986 yillar (Asl nashr). London: Makmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-49621-3.
- Xovard, Entoni RAB: R. A. Butler hayoti, Jonathan Cape 1987 yil ISBN 978-0-224-01862-3 parcha
- Jago, Maykl Rab Butler: Bizda bo'lmagan eng yaxshi bosh vazir?, Biteback Publishing 2015 ISBN 978-1849549202
- Jeffereys, Kevin. "R. A. Butler, Ta'lim kengashi va 1944 yilgi ta'lim to'g'risidagi qonun". Tarix (1984) 69 # 227 415-431 bet.
- Metyu (muharrir), Kolin (2004). Milliy biografiya lug'ati. 9. Oksford: Oksford universiteti matbuoti. ISBN 978-0198614111.CS1 maint: qo'shimcha matn: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola), Butler haqida insho yozgan Yan Gilmur
- Midlton, Nayjel. "Lord Batler va 1944 yilgi ta'lim to'g'risidagi qonun". British Journal of Education Studies (1972) 20 №2 178–191 betlar
- Pirs, Edvard Yo'qotilgan rahbarlar (Little, Brown & Company 1997 yil ISBN 978-0316641784), (Butler, Ayen Makleod va haqida insholar Denis Xili ),
- Roberts, Endryu (2004). Muqaddas tulki: Lord Galifaksning tarjimai holi. London: Feniks. ISBN 978-1-857-99472-8. (dastlab 1991 yilda nashr etilgan).
- Stafford, Pol. "Siyosiy tarjimai hol va maqbul san'at: RA Butler tashqi ishlar idorasida, 1938-1939". Tarixiy jurnal 28.04 (1985): 901–922. JSTOR-da
- Torp, D. R. (2010). Supermac: Garold Makmillanning hayoti. London: Chatto va Vindus. ISBN 978-1844135417.
Birlamchi manbalar
- Butler, Rab (1971). Mumkin bo'lgan san'at. London: Xemish Xemilton. ISBN 978-0241020074., uning tarjimai holi
- Xit, Edvard (1998). Mening hayotim yo'nalishi: Edvard Xitning tarjimai holi. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0340708521.
- Brazier, Rodni (2020). Bosh vazirni tanlash: Britaniyada hokimiyatni o'tkazish. Oksford universiteti matbuoti. 70, 73, 75 betlar.
Tashqi havolalar
- Richard Osten Butler - Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar va tafsilotlar stanford.edu
- Hansard 1803–2005: Rab Butlerning parlamentdagi hissalari
- Uchbirlikning ustasi da Trinity kolleji, Kembrij
- Safron Valden konservatorlari
- "Butlerga tegishli arxiv materiallari, Richard Ostin (1902-1982)". Buyuk Britaniya milliy arxivlari.
- R.A. Konservativ partiyalar arxividagi butler hujjatlari
- Butler Trust - Buyuk Britaniya qamoqxonalarida ijobiy rejimlarni targ'ib qilish va rag'batlantirish uchun Butler xotirasiga bag'ishlangan xayriya tashkiloti.
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