Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi - United States Special Operations Command - Wikipedia

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi (USSOCOM)
Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi emblemasi
Tashkil etilgan	1987 yil 16 aprel; 33 yil oldin (1987-04-16)[1]
Mamlakat	Qo'shma Shtatlar
Turi	Yagona jangovar qo'mondonlik Maxsus operatsiya kuchlari
Rol	Funktsional jangovar buyruq
Hajmi	To'liq buyruq: 70 000 dan ortiq[2][3] Bosh ofis xodimlari: 2500 kishi[2]
Qismi	Mudofaa vazirligi
Bosh ofis	MacDill AFB, Florida, BIZ.
Taxallus (lar)	USSOCOM, SOCOM
Nishonlar	Operatsiya "Qattiq iroda" Panamaga bostirib kirish Ko'rfaz urushi Birlashtirilgan tezkor guruh Gotik ilon operatsiyasi Mogadishu jangi Demokratiyani qo'llab-quvvatlash operatsiyasi Terrorizmga qarshi urush Afg'onistondagi urush Iroq urushi Amaliy echim[4]
Veb-sayt	socom.mil
Qo'mondonlar
Qo'mondon	GEN Richard D. Klark, AQSH[2]
Qo'mondon o'rinbosari	VADM Timoti G. Szimanski, USN
Katta muddatli rahbar	CCM Gregori A. Smit, USAF

The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi (USSOCOM yoki SOCOM) bo'ladi birlashgan jangovar qo'mondonlik turli xillarni nazorat qilishda ayblangan maxsus operatsiyalar ning komponent buyruqlari Armiya, Dengiz kuchlari korpusi, Dengiz kuchlari va Havo kuchlari ning Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari qurolli kuchlari. Buyruqning qismi Mudofaa vazirligi va tomonidan yaratilgan yagona birlashgan jangovar buyruq Kongress akti. USSOCOM bosh qarorgohi bu erda joylashgan MacDill havo kuchlari bazasi yilda Tampa, Florida.

Amerikalik birlashtirilgan maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi g'oyasi keyinchalik paydo bo'lgan Eagle Claw operatsiyasi, halokatli qutqarishga urinish garovga olinganlar da Amerika elchixonasi 1980 yilda Eronda. Keyingi tergov, raislik qilmoqda Admiral Jeyms L. Xollouey III, nafaqaga chiqqan Dengiz operatsiyalari boshlig'i, etishmasligini aytib o'tdi buyruq va boshqarish va xizmatlararo muvofiqlashtirish missiyaning muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lishining muhim omillari sifatida.^[5] 1987 yil 16 aprelda faollashtirilganidan beri AQSh maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi ko'pchilikda ishtirok etdi operatsiyalar, 1989 yildan bosqin ning Panama oqimga Terrorizmga qarshi urush.^[6][7]

USSOCOM kabi yashirin faoliyat bilan shug'ullanadi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri harakat, maxsus razvedka, terrorizmga qarshi kurash, xorijiy ichki mudofaa, noan'anaviy urush, psixologik urush, fuqarolik ishlari va giyohvandlikka qarshi kurash operatsiyalar. Har bir filialda o'z operatsiyalarini bajarishga qodir bo'lgan alohida maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi mavjud, ammo operatsiya uchun turli xil maxsus operatsiyalar kuchlari birgalikda ishlash zarur bo'lganda, USSOCOM ma'lum bir filialning SOC o'rniga operatsiyaning qo'shma komponent buyrug'iga aylanadi. .^[8]

Tarix

Muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lishiga olib kelgan AQShning alohida maxsus operatsion kuchlarining (SOF) qo'mondonlik va boshqaruv tuzilmasi Eagle Claw operatsiyasi 1980 yilda, ichida bo'lgan ehtiyojni ta'kidladi AQSh Mudofaa vazirligi islohot va qayta tashkil etish uchun. The AQSh armiyasi bosh shtabi boshlig'i, General Edvard C. "Uyatchan" Meyer, allaqachon AQShni yaratishda yordam bergan Delta Force 1977 yilda.^[9] Eagle Claw-dan so'ng, u maxsus operatsiyalarning imkoniyatlarini yanada qayta tuzishga chaqirdi. Garchi qo'shma darajada muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchragan bo'lsa-da, Meyer baribir konsolidatsiyaga o'tdi Armiya SOF 1982 yilda yangi 1-maxsus operatsiya qo'mondonligi ostida bo'linmalar.

Senator Barri Golduoter, sobiq raisi Senatning Qurolli kuchlar qo'mitasi

1983 yilga kelib, kichik, ammo o'sib borayotgan ma'no bor edi AQSh Kongressi harbiy islohotlar zarurligi. Iyun oyida Senatning Qurolli kuchlar qo'mitasi (SASC) Mudofaa vazirligining ikki yillik tadqiqotini boshladi, unda senator boshchiligidagi SOF ekspertizasi o'tkazildi Barri Goldwater (R -AZ). Xavotir kuchaymoqda Kapitoliy tepaligi, Mudofaa vazirligi 1984 yil 1 yanvarda Qo'shma maxsus operatsiyalar agentligini tashkil etdi; ammo ushbu agentlik hech qanday SOF ustidan na operatsion, na qo'mondonlik vakolatiga ega edi.^[10][11] Shunday qilib Qo'shma Maxsus Operatsiyalar Agentligi SOFga tayyorligini, imkoniyatlarini yoki siyosatini yaxshilash uchun ozgina harakat qildi va shuning uchun etarli emas deb topildi. Mudofaa vazirligi ichida bir necha sodda SOF tarafdorlari bor edi. Noel Koch, Yordamchining asosiy o'rinbosari Mudofaa vaziri xalqaro xavfsizlik ishlari bo'yicha va uning o'rinbosari, Lynn Rylander, ikkalasi ham SOF islohotlarini qo'llab-quvvatladilar.^[12]

Shu bilan birga, Kapitoliy tepaligidagi bir nechtasi kapital ta'mirlanishga bel bog'lagan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining maxsus operatsiya kuchlari. Ularning tarkibiga senatorlar ham kirgan Sem Nun (D. -GA) va Uilyam Koen (R-ME), ikkala Qurolli kuchlar qo'mitasi a'zolari va vakili Dan Daniel (D-VA), Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Qurolli xizmatlarining tayyorlik bo'yicha kichik qo'mitasi. Kongress a'zosi Deniel AQSh harbiy tuzilmalari maxsus operatsiyalarga qiziqish bildirmasligiga, mamlakatning bu sohadagi qobiliyati ikkinchi daraja ekanligiga va SOF tezkor buyruq berish va boshqarish endemik muammo ekanligiga ishonch hosil qildi.^[12] Senatorlar Nunn va Koen Mudofaa vazirligi kelajakdagi tahdidlarga etarli darajada tayyorgarlik ko'rmayotganligini qattiq his qilishdi. Senator Koen, AQShga maxsus operatsiyalarni amalga oshirish uchun aniqroq tashkiliy yo'nalish va buyruqlar zanjiri zarurligiga rozi bo'ldi past zichlikdagi nizolar.^[10]

1985 yil oktyabr oyida Senatning Qurolli kuchlar qo'mitasi AQShning harbiy tuzilishini "Mudofaa tashkiloti: o'zgarishlarga muhtoj" deb nomlangan ikki yillik tekshiruv natijalarini e'lon qildi.^[13] Jeyms R. Loker III, ushbu tadqiqotning asosiy muallifi, shuningdek, o'tgan maxsus operatsiyalarni ko'rib chiqdi va kelajakdagi tahdidlar to'g'risida taxmin qildi. Ushbu nufuzli hujjat 1986 yilga olib keldi Goldwater-Nichols qonuni.^[14][15] 1986 yil bahoriga kelib, SOF himoyachilari Kongressning har ikkala palatasida islohotlar to'g'risidagi qonun loyihalarini kiritdilar. 15 may kuni senator Koen senator Nunn va boshqalar tomonidan homiylik qilingan Senatning qonun loyihasini taqdim etdi, unda SOF uchun qo'shma harbiy tashkilot tuzish va Mudofaa vazirligida vakolatxonani tashkil etish va past intensivlik uchun etarli mablag 'va siyosat e'tiborini ta'minlash kerak edi. mojaro va maxsus operatsiyalar.^[16] Vakil Doniyorning taklifi yanada ilgarilab ketdi - u Qo'shma Sardorlarni chetlab o'tib, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri hisobot berib turadigan fuqaro tomonidan boshqariladigan milliy maxsus operatsiyalar agentligini xohladi. AQSh Mudofaa vaziri; bu qo'shma boshliqlarni va xizmatlarni SOF byudjet jarayonidan chetda qoldiradi.^[11]

Kongress 1986 yil yozida ikkita qonun loyihasi bo'yicha tinglovlar o'tkazdi. Admiral Kichik Uilyam J. Krou., Shtab boshliqlarining birlashgan raisi, LED Pentagon qonun loyihalariga qarshi chiqish. U alternativa sifatida a. Boshchiligidagi yangi Maxsus operatsion kuchlar qo'mondonligini taklif qildi uch yulduzli general. Ushbu taklif Kapitoliy tepaligida yaxshi qabul qilinmadi - Kongress buni xohladi to'rt yulduzli general SOFga ko'proq nufuz berish uchun mas'ul. Bir qator iste'fodagi harbiy ofitserlar va boshqalar islohotlar zarurati to'g'risida guvohlik berishdi.^[12] Ko'pgina ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, iste'fodagi armiya general-mayori Richard Scholtes o'zgarishning eng jiddiy sabablarini keltirdi. Davomida maxsus operatsiyalarni tezkor guruhiga qo'mondonlik qilgan Sxoltes "Shoshilinch g'azab" operatsiyasi, odatdagi kuchlar rahbarlari operatsiya davomida SOFdan qanday qilib suiiste'mol qilganliklarini va ularning noyob qobiliyatlaridan foydalanishga imkon bermaganliklarini tushuntirdilar, bu esa SOFning katta yo'qotishlariga olib keldi. Rasmiy ko'rsatmalaridan so'ng, Scholtes oz sonli senatorlar bilan alohida uchrashdi va u duch kelgan muammolarni muhokama qildi. Grenada.^[17]

Uy va Senat ham SOFni isloh qilish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihalarini qabul qildilar va ular yarashish uchun konferentsiya qo'mitasiga murojaat qildilar. Senat va uy sudyalari murosaga kelishdi. Qonun loyihasida barcha SOF uchun to'rt yulduzli general, mudofaa vazirining maxsus operatsiyalar va past zichlikdagi mojaro bo'yicha yordamchisi, past zichlikdagi mojarolar uchun muvofiqlashtiruvchi kengash boshchiligidagi birlashgan jangovar qo'mondonlik chaqirildi. Milliy xavfsizlik kengashi, va SOF uchun yangi Major Force dasturi (MFP-11) ("SOF tekshiruvi" deb nomlangan).^[18][19] 1987 yilgi mudofaani avtorizatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonunga chavandoz sifatida qo'shilgan yakuniy qonun loyihasida Goldwater-Nichols to'g'risidagi qonunga o'zgartirishlar kiritildi va 1986 yil oktyabrda imzolandi. Bu Kongress DOD va DODning qo'llarini majburlash deb talqin qilindi. Reygan ma'muriyati o'tmishdagi muvaffaqiyatsizliklar va paydo bo'layotgan tahdidlar deb bilgan narsalar haqida. DOD va ma'muriyat qonunni amalga oshirish uchun javobgardilar va keyinchalik Kongress amalga oshirilishini ta'minlash uchun ikkita qo'shimcha qonun loyihasini qabul qildi.^[12] Qonunchilik SOFni bir necha jihatdan takomillashtirishga va'da berdi. Amalga oshirilgandan so'ng, MFP-11 SOFni o'z resurslari ustidan nazoratni ta'minladi va unga kuchni modernizatsiya qilishga imkon berdi. Bundan tashqari, qonun xizmatlararo hamkorlikni kuchaytirdi: barcha SOF uchun bitta qo'mondon bir xil buyruqqa tayinlangan kuchlar o'rtasida o'zaro muvofiqlikni rivojlantirdi. To'rt yulduzli bosh qo'mondon va Mudofaa vazirining maxsus operatsiyalar va past zichlikdagi mojarolar bo'yicha yordamchisining tashkil etilishi oxir-oqibat Mudofaa vazirligining eng yuqori kengashlarida SOFga ovoz berdi.^[18]

General Jeyms Lindsay, birinchi bosh qo'mondon, maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondoni

Nunn-Koenning 1987 moliya yili uchun Milliy mudofaani avtorizatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonuniga kiritilgan o'zgartish va qoidalarini amalga oshirish, na tez va na silliq edi. Birinchi bo'lib paydo bo'lgan masalalardan biri tayinlash edi Mudofaa vazirining maxsus operatsiyalar bo'yicha yordamchisi / past zichlikdagi mojaro va o'zaro bog'liq qobiliyatlar, uning asosiy vazifalariga Mudofaa vazirligining maxsus operatsiyalar faoliyati va kam intensiv ziddiyatli faoliyatini nazorat qilish kiradi. Kongress mudofaa kotiblarining yordamchilari sonini 11 kishidan 12 kishigacha oshirdi, ammo Mudofaa vazirligi hali ham ushbu yangi varaqani to'ldirmadi. 1987 yil dekabrda Kongress rahbarlik qildi Armiya kotibi Jon O. Marsh ASD (SO / LIC) vazifalarini Senat tomonidan munosib o'rinbosar tasdiqlangunga qadar bajarish. Qonun qabul qilinganidan 18 oy o'tgachgina Elchi o'z vazifasini bajardi Charlz Uaytxus ASD (SO / LIC) vazifalarini o'z zimmalariga olish.^[20]

Ayni paytda, USSOCOM tashkil etilishi o'zgacha hayajonni ta'minladi. Yangi birlashtirilgan buyruqni boshqarish va asoslashning tezkor echimi mavjud bo'lgan buyruqni bekor qilish edi. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Tayyorlik qo'mondonligi (USREDCOM), ko'pincha noto'g'ri tushunilgan topshiriq bilan, Goldwater-Nicholsdan keyingi davrda va uning bosh qo'mondoni generalning vazifasi mavjud emas edi Jeyms Lindsay, maxsus operatsiyalar tajribasiga ega edi. 1987 yil 23 yanvarda Bosh shtab boshliqlari Mudofaa vaziri USSOCOM uchun ignabargli materiallar va moslamalar bilan ta'minlash uchun USREDCOM bekor qilinadi. Prezident Ronald Reygan 1987 yil 13 aprelda yangi qo'mondonlik tashkil etilishini ma'qulladi. Mudofaa vazirligi 1987 yil 16 aprelda USSOCOM-ni faollashtirdi va General Lindsayni Bosh maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi (USCINCSOC) ning birinchi qo'mondoni etib tayinladi. Senat uni munozarasiz qabul qildi.^[12]

Operatsiya "Qattiq iroda"

MH-60 Gerkulesga qo'ndi

USSOCOMning birinchi taktik operatsiyasi ishtirok etdi 160-maxsus operatsion aviatsiya polki (havoda) ("Tungi Stalkers") aviatorlar, SEALs va Maxsus qayiq jamoalari (SBT) 1987 yil sentyabr oyida "Earnest Will" operatsiyasi davomida birgalikda ishlaydi. Davomida Operatsiya "Qattiq iroda", Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari neytral neft tankerlari va boshqa savdo kemalari xavfsiz tranzit orqali o'tishini ta'minladi Fors ko'rfazi davomida Eron-Iroq urushi. Eronning tankerlarga hujumlari sabab bo'ldi Quvayt 1986 yil dekabrida Qo'shma Shtatlardan 11 ta Kuvayt tankerlarini Amerika dengiz kuchlari tomonidan kuzatib borilishi uchun ularni Amerika kemalari sifatida ro'yxatdan o'tkazishni so'rash. Prezident Reygan 1987 yil 10 martda Kuvaytning iltimosiga rozi bo'lib, bu Eron hujumlarini to'xtatadi deb umid qildi.^[12] AQSh dengiz kemalari tomonidan taqdim etilgan himoya to'xtamadi Eron minalardan va kichik qayiqlardan foydalanib, Kuvaytga qaytib kelgan va qaytib kelgan konvoylarni bezovta qilgan. 1987 yil iyul oyi oxirida Yaqin Sharq kuchlari qo'mondoni kontr-admiral Harold J. Bernsen NSW aktivlarini talab qildi. Avgust oyida oltita Mark III patrul kemasi va ikkita SEAL vzvodi bilan maxsus qayiq guruhlari joylashtirilgan.^[12] Yaqin Sharq kuchlari ikkita "Herkul" va "Wimbrown VII" neft xizmat ko'rsatuvchi barjalarini ko'chma dengiz bazalariga aylantirishga qaror qildilar. Ko'chma dengiz bazalari shimolda SOFga ruxsat berdi Fors ko'rfazi yashirin harakatlarning oldini olish Eron kon qazish va kichik qayiq hujumlari.

21 sentyabr kuni Nightstalkers MH-60 va Kichik qushlar fregatdan uchib chiqdi USS Jarret Eron kemasini kuzatib borish, Eron Ajr. Nightstalkers kuzatdilar Eron Ajr uning chiroqlarini o'chiring va minalar yotqizishni boshlang. Hujumga ruxsat olgandan so'ng, vertolyotlar qurol va raketalarni otib, kemani to'xtatdi. Sifatida Eron Ajr 'ekipaj minalarni yon tomonga surishni boshladi, vertolyotlar ekipaj kemani tashlab ketguncha o'q uzishni davom ettirishdi. Maxsus qayiq jamoalari xavfsizlikni ta'minladilar, SEAL guruhi birinchi nurda kemaga o'tirdi va kemaning pastki qismida to'qqizta minani topdi, shuningdek, avvalgi minalar yotqizilgan joylarni ko'rsatadigan jurnal. Jurnali Eronni xalqaro suvlarni qazib olishga jalb qilgan.^[12]

Ikkisidan bittasi Eron neft platformalari amerikaliklar tomonidan o'qqa tutilganidan keyin alanga oldi yo'q qiluvchilar

Bir necha kun ichida Maxsus operatsiya kuchlari Eron faoliyat shakli; Eronliklar kunduzi Eron suvidagi neft va gaz platformalari yonida yashirinib, kechalari tankerlar uchun navigatsiya yordami bo'lgan O'rta Shoals Buoy tomon yo'l olishdi. Ushbu bilimga ega bo'lgan SOF shamshirga uchta Little Bird vertolyotini va ikkita patrul kemasini uchirdi. Avvaliga "Kichik qush" vertolyotlari etib kelishdi va shamchiroq yaqinida langarga qo'yilgan uchta Eron qayig'i tomonidan o'qqa tutildi. Qisqa, ammo shiddatli otishmadan so'ng, vertolyotlar uchta qayiqni ham cho'ktirdilar. Uch kundan so'ng, oktyabr oyining o'rtalarida Eronning Silkworm raketasi tankerga urildi Dengiz orollari tashqaridagi neft terminali yaqinida Quvayt shahri. Raketa hujumida 17 nafar ekipaj va amerikalik kapitan jarohat oldi.^[12][21] Davomida Nimble Archer operatsiyasi, to'rtta yo'q qiluvchilar Rostam neft konidagi ikkita neft platformasini o'qqa tutdi. Portlashdan keyin SEAL vzvodi va buzish bo'linmasi uni yo'q qilish uchun platformalardan biriga portlovchi moddalarni joylashtirdi. Keyingi SEALlar uchib, 3 km uzoqlikdagi uchinchi platformani qidirdilar. Razvedka maqsadida hujjatlar va radiolar olingan.

1988 yil 14 aprelda 65 mil (100 km) sharqda Bahrayn, frekat USS Samuel B. Roberts uning korpusidagi ulkan teshikni puflab, minani urdi.^[22] O'nta dengizchi jarohat oldi. Davomida Mantis ibodati operatsiyasi AQSh shiddat bilan qasos qilib, Eron frekatiga hujum qildi Sahand va Sirri va Sassan neft konlaridagi neft platformalari.^[21] AQSh harbiy kemalari Sirri platformasini bombardimon qilib, uni yoqib yuborganidan so'ng, SEAL vzvodi bo'lgan UH-60 platforma tomon uchib ketdi, ammo shovqinli olov tufayli etarlicha yaqinlasha olmadi. Tez orada ikkinchi darajali portlashlar platformani buzdi.^[12] Shundan so'ng, Eronning neytral kemalarga hujumlari keskin pasayib ketdi. 18 iyulda Eron Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining sulh bitimini qabul qildi; 1988 yil 20 avgustda Eron-Iroq urushi tugadi. Qolgan muhrlar, patrul kemalari va vertolyotlar keyin AQShga qaytib kelishdi.^[12] Maxsus operatsion kuchlar CENTCOMga shimoliy Fors ko'rfazi ustidan nazoratni qo'lga kiritish va Eronning kichik qayiqlari va minayerlarini balkalashda yordam berish uchun zarur bo'lgan muhim ko'nikmalarni taqdim etdilar. Eron birliklari o'z harakatlarini yashirish uchun zulmatdan foydalanganligi sababli tunda ishlash qobiliyati juda muhim edi. Bundan tashqari, Earnest Will operatsion talablari tufayli USSOCOM yangi qurol-yarog 'tizimlarini - patrul sohil kemalari va Mark V Maxsus operatsiyalar bo'yicha hunarmandchilik.^[12]

Somali

Maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi birinchi navbatda ishtirok etdi Somali 1992 yilda uning bir qismi sifatida Operatsiyani ta'minlash. C-130 samolyotlari yordam materiallarini etkazib berish paytida Somalining aeroportlari atrofida aylanib o'tishdi. Maxsus kuchlarning tibbiyot xodimlari ushbu hududni baholash uchun Somalining janubiy qismida aeroportlarga ko'plab yordam reyslarini hamrohlik qildilar. Ular Somalidagi birinchi AQSh askarlari bo'lib, "Restore Hope" ning kengaytirilgan yordam operatsiyalarini qo'llab-quvvatlagan AQSh kuchlariga etib kelishdi.^[12][23][24] Somaliga kelgan birinchi jamoalar Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi edi Maxsus faoliyat bo'limi elementlari bo'lgan harbiylashtirilgan ofitserlar JSOC. Keyingi kuchlar kirib kelishidan oldin ular juda yuqori xavf ostida bo'lgan rivojlangan kuch operatsiyalarini o'tkazdilar. Mojaroning birinchi qurbonlari ushbu jamoadan kelib chiqqan va harbiy xizmatchi va Delta Force sobiq operatori bo'lgan Larri Fridman. Freedman mukofot bilan taqdirlandi Intelligence Star uchun "ajoyib qahramonlik" uning harakatlari uchun.^[25]

Davomida birinchi vazifalar Umidni tiklash operatsiyasi dengiz flotlari tomonidan olib borilgan. SEALlar tegishli qo'nish joylarini topish uchun bir nechta gidrografik razvedka topshiriqlarini bajarishdi Dengiz piyodalari. 7-dekabr kuni SEALs Mogadishu Makoni ichiga suzib kirdi, u erda qulay qo'nadigan joylarni topdi, hududni tahdidlarga baho berdi va port yuk tushirish kemalarini qo'llab-quvvatlashi mumkin degan xulosaga keldi. Bu juda qiyin topshiriq edi, chunki SEALlar kuchli oqimga qarshi suzib ketishdi, bu ularning ko'plarini haddan tashqari qizib, charchatdi. Bundan tashqari, ular portdagi xom kanalizatsiya orqali suzishdi, bu esa ularni kasal qildi.^[12] Ertasi kuni kechqurun birinchi SEALs qirg'oqqa urilganda, ular yangiliklar ommaviy axborot vositalari vakillari bilan uchrashib hayron qolishdi. Ko'p o'tmay birinchi dengiz piyodalari qirg'oqqa kelishdi va matbuot ularga e'tiborlarini qayta yo'naltirdi. Keyinchalik, SEALs shaxsiy xavfsizligini ta'minladi Prezident Jorj Bush Somaliga tashrifi davomida.^[12][24] 1992 yil dekabrda Keniyadagi Maxsus kuchlarning aktivlari Somaliga ko'chib o'tdi va "Umidni tiklash" operatsiyasiga qo'shildi. 1993 yil yanvar, Mogadishoga Somali qo'shma maxsus operatsiyalar kuchlari (JSOFOR) sifatida joylashtirilgan Maxsus kuchlarning buyruq elementi, bu Umidni tiklash uchun barcha maxsus operatsiyalarni boshqaradi va boshqaradi. JSOFORning vazifasi mahalliy fraksiyalar va rahbarlar bilan dastlabki aloqalarni o'rnatish; kuchdan himoya qilish uchun ma'lumot berish; va kelajakdagi yordam va xavfsizlik operatsiyalari uchun hudud haqida hisobotlarni taqdim etish. Aprel oyida qayta joylashtirilishidan oldin, JSOFOR elementlari 26000 milya (42000 km) dan oshiq masofani bosib o'tdi, 277 qurolni qo'lga kiritdi va 45320 funt (20.560 kg) dan ortiq portlovchi moddalarni yo'q qildi.^[12]

Bravo kompaniyasi, 3-batalyon 75-qo'riqchi polki Somalida, 1993 yil

1993 yil avgustda Mudofaa vaziri Les Aspin general tomonidan uyushtirilgan hujumlarga javoban Somaliga Qo'shma Maxsus Operatsiyalar Maxsus guruhini (JSOTF) yuborishga rahbarlik qildi. Mohamed Farrah Aidid AQSh va BMT kuchlari tarafdorlari. JSOTF, Task Force (TF) Ranger deb nomlangan missiya bilan ayblangan Gotik ilon operatsiyasi Aididni qo'lga olish. Bu juda og'ir vazifa edi, chunki Aidid bir necha marotaba yer ostiga tushib ketgan edi Lockheed AC-130 havo hujumlari va BMTning qal'alariga hujumlari.^[12][26][27]

24-MEU dengiz piyodalari vaqtinchalik QRF (Force Recon Det va HMM-263 vertolyotlari) bilan ta'minlaganlarida, tezkor guruh mamlakatga etib kelib o'quv mashqlarini boshladi. Dengiz piyoda askarlaridan Aididni tortib olish missiyasini o'z zimmasiga olishni so'rashdi, ammo bu hududda ikki oydan ko'proq vaqt davomida bo'lish afzalligi bor, missiya tahlilidan so'ng, missiya bir nechta omillarga ko'ra "borishga yo'l qo'yilmaydi", degan qarorga keldi. tushirilgan vertolyot ekipajini qutqarish uchun (re: vertolyotlarga qarshi RPGlardan foydalanish va quruqlikdagi qutqaruv kuchlari harakatini cheklash uchun tor ko'chalarni to'sib qo'yishning mahalliy kuchlari texnikasi). Ushbu bilim Reynjersga berilmadi, chunki USS Wasp dengiz piyodalari va Reynjers quruqlikda qolib ketgan. TF Ranger operatorlari tarkibiga kirgan Delta Force, 75-qo'riqchi polki, 160-SOAR, Dan muhrlar Dengiz maxsus urushlarini rivojlantirish guruhi va Harbiy-havo kuchlarining maxsus taktika bo'linmalari.^[12][26] 1993 yil avgust va sentyabr oylarida ishchi guruh oltita missiyani amalga oshirdi Mogadishu, bularning barchasi muvaffaqiyat edi. Aidid erkin bo'lib qolgan bo'lsa-da, ushbu topshiriqlarning ta'siri uning harakatlarini jiddiy ravishda cheklab qo'ydi.^[27]

3 oktyabrda TF Ranger o'zining ettinchi missiyasini boshladi, bu safar Aididning qal'asi Bakara bozori uning ikkita asosiy leytenantini qo'lga olish. Missiya atigi bir-ikki soat davom etishi kutilgandi.^[26] Vertolyotlar Mogadisho aeroportidagi TF Ranger qarorgohidan tushdan keyin boshlangan hujum va xavfsizlik guruhlarining quruqlikdagi karvonini olib ketishdi. TF avvalgi missiyalarga qaraganda tobora kuchayib bordi. Hujum guruhi 24 somalilikni, shu jumladan Aidid leytenantlarini qo'lga oldi va ularni kolonnalarga yuklayotgan paytda MH-60 Blackhawk tomonidan urilgan raketa bombasi (RPG).^[12][27] Xavfsizlik kuchlaridan kichik element, shuningdek MH-6 hujum vertolyoti va o'n besh kishilik jangovar qidiruv-qutqaruv (CSAR) guruhini olib ketayotgan MH-60 samolyot qulagan joyga shoshildi.^[12][26][27] The jang tobora yomonlashdi. RPG boshqa MH-60ni urib yuborgan va birinchi tushirilgan vertolyotdan janubga 1 mil (1,6 km) yaqinroqda qulagan. Ishchi guruh halokatga uchragan joylarni bosib olgan og'ir Somali to'dalariga duch keldi va bu og'ir vaziyatni keltirib chiqardi.^[26] Somalining to'dasi ikkinchi maydonni bosib oldi va qahramonona mudofaaga qaramay, ular asirga olingan uchuvchidan tashqari barchani o'ldirdilar. Ushbu halokat saytining ikki himoyachisi, Usta serjant Gari Gordon va Birinchi darajali serjant Rendall Shugart vafotidan keyin mukofotlandi "Shuhrat" medali.^[12][26][27] Taxminan shu vaqtda missiyaning tezkor reaksiya kuchi (QRF) ikkinchi halokat joyiga etib borishga harakat qildi. Ushbu kuch ham Somalidagi yong'in bilan yopilgan va ikkitadan yong'in yordami talab qilingan AH-6 Vertolyotlar aloqani uzmasdan va bazaga qaytib borishdan oldin.^[12]

Davomida asosiy jang joylari xaritasi Mogadishu jangi

Hujum va xavfsizlik elementlari kuchli yong'inlardan o'tib, birinchi halokat zonasi tomon piyoda harakatlanib, pastga tushgan vertolyotdan janubda va janubi-g'arbda binolarni egallab olishdi. Ular o'zlarining yaradorlarini davolash paytida dushmanning o'ta og'ir olovidan mahrum bo'lmaslik uchun mudofaa pozitsiyalarini o'rnatish uchun kurashdilar va uchuvchi tanasini qulab tushgan vertolyotdan ozod qilish uchun harakat qildilar. Hibsga olinganlar yuk mashinalariga yuklangan holda, quruqlikdagi karvon kuchlari birinchi qulagan joyga etib borishga harakat qilishdi. Uni tor, o'ralgan xiyobonlar orasida topa olmagan karvon vayronagarchilik qurollari va RPG o'qlari ostida qoldi. Ko'p sonli talofatlar va transport vositalariga katta zarar etkazilganidan keyin kolonna bazaga qaytishi kerak edi.

QRF elementlaridan tashkil topgan kuchaytirish, 10-tog 'bo'limi askarlar, Rangers, SEALs, Pokiston armiyasi tanklar va Malayziya zirhli transport vositalari, nihoyat 4 oktyabr soat 1:55 da etib keldi. Birlashgan kuch uchuvchini jasadini ozod qilish uchun tong otguncha ishladi, tun bo'yi RPG va o'q otar qurollarni oldi.^[12] Barcha talofatlar zirhli transportyorlarga yuklandi, qolgan kuch esa ortda qoldi va piyoda chiqib ketishdan boshqa iloj qolmadi.^[26] AH-6 qurollari harakatni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun ko'chalarni o't bilan tarashdi. Konvoyning asosiy kuchi etib keldi Pokiston 6:30 da QRF uchun stadion-birikma,^[26] shu tariqa shundan beri eng qonli va shiddatli shahar otishmalaridan birini yakunladi Vetnam urushi. Task Force Ranger jami 17 ta jangda halok bo'lgan va 106 kishi yaralangan. Har xil taxminlarga ko'ra Somalida 1000 kishidan oshiq qurbonlar bo'lgan.^[26] Garchi "Task Force Ranger" ning bir nechta topshiriqlari muvaffaqiyatli bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, "Gothic Serpent" operatsiyasining umumiy natijasi muvaffaqiyatsiz deb topildi, chunki Ishchi guruh o'z vazifalarini qo'lga kiritib, o'z vazifalarini bajara olmadilar. Mohamed Farrah Aidid.^[26] AQSh kuchlarining aksariyati Somalidan 1994 yil martigacha chiqib ketishdi. Somalidan chiqib ketish 1995 yil martda yakunlandi.^[12] Gothic Serpent operatsiyasi muvaffaqiyatsiz tugagan bo'lsa ham, USSOCOM Somalidagi operatsiyalarga hali ham katta hissa qo'shdi. SOF razvedka va kuzatuv missiyalarini bajargan, gumanitar yordam ko'rsatgan, Amerika kuchlarini himoya qilgan va daryo patrullarini o'tkazgan. Bundan tashqari, ular dengiz piyodalarining xavfsiz qo'nishini ta'minladilar va oziq-ovqat olib ketadigan savdo kemalarining kelishini ta'minladilar.^[12][21]

Iroq

USSOCOM 10-maxsus kuchlar guruhi, ning elementlari JSOC va Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi / SAD harbiy xizmatchilari yana bog'lanib, Iroqqa bostirib kirishdan oldin birinchi bo'lib kirdilar. Ularning sa'y-harakatlari kurdlarni uyushtirdi Peshmerga mag'lub qilmoq Ansor al-Islom bosqindan oldin Shimoliy Iroqda. Ushbu jang Iroqning shimoli-sharqidagi Al-Qoidaning ittifoqchisi Ansor Al Islom tomonidan to'liq ishg'ol qilingan hududni boshqarish uchun edi. Bu juda muhim jang edi va ko'plab terrorchilarning o'limiga va Sargatda kimyoviy qurol ishlab chiqaradigan joyning ochilishiga olib keldi. Ushbu terrorchilar ushbu jang paytida yo'q qilinmaganida, keyingi qo'zg'olonda bo'lishgan. Sargat Iroq urushida topilgan ushbu turdagi yagona inshoot edi. Bu jang bo'lishi mumkin Tora Bora Iroq, ammo bu Al-Qoida va ularning ittifoqchisi Ansor Al Islom uchun jiddiy mag'lubiyat bo'ldi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Keyinchalik bu birlashgan jamoa Peshmerga Saddamning Shimoliy armiyasiga qarshi boshchilik qildi. Ushbu harakat Saddamning kuchlarini shimolda ushlab turdi va janubdan kelgan bosqinchi kuchlarga qarshi kurashish uchun qayta joylashtirish imkoniyatini inkor etdi. Ushbu harakat koalitsiya harbiy xizmatchilari va ayollarining minglab emas, balki yuzlab kishilarining hayotini saqlab qolgan bo'lishi mumkin.^[28]

Ishga tushirilganda Iroq urushi, o'nlab 12 a'zodan iborat Maxsus kuchlar jamoalar ov qilish uchun janubiy va g'arbiy Iroqqa kirib kelishdi Skud raketalar va aniq bombardimon qilingan nishonlar. Ballari Dengiz muhrlari janubiy sohilidagi neft terminallari va nasos stantsiyalarini egallab oldi.^[29] Havo kuchlarining jangovar nazoratchilari jangovar vazifalarni bajarib uchdi MC-130H jangovar talon II Iroqqa askarlar va materiallar etkazib berishni boshlash uchun qattiq cho'l aeroportlarini o'rnatdi. Bu juda uzoq edi Fors ko'rfazi urushi 1991 yil, bu erda Maxsus operatsiya kuchlari asosan chetda turardi. Ammo bu Afg'onistonni takrorlash emas, qaerda Armiya maxsus kuchlari va dengiz flotlari janglarga rahbarlik qildilar. Afg'onistondagi yulduz burilishidan so'ng, ko'plab maxsus operatorlar Iroqda yordamchi rol o'ynashdan hafsalasi pir bo'lgan. Ko'plab maxsus operatorlar ehtiyotkor qo'mondonlar tomonidan cheklanganligini his qilishdi.^[30] Shu paytdan boshlab USSOCOM yuzlab isyonchilarni o'ldirgan yoki qo'lga olgan Al-Qoida terrorchilar. U bir necha xorijiy ichki mudofaa missiyalarini muvaffaqiyatli tayyorladi Iroq xavfsizlik kuchlari.^[31][32]

Hozirgi roli

Qo'shma Shtatlar Maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi avvalgisiga qarshi kurashda hal qiluvchi rol o'ynadi Toliblar hukumat in Afg'oniston 2001 yilda^[33] va undan keyin uni ag'darish, shuningdek qo'zg'olonga qarshi kurash va qo'lga olish Saddam Xuseyn Iroqda. USSOCOM 2004 yilda terrorizmga qarshi global kampaniyada kengaytirilgan va murakkabroq rol o'ynash rejalarini ishlab chiqdi,^[34] va bu rol oldin va keyin paydo bo'lishda davom etdi Usama bin Ladenni o'ldirish 2011 yilda Pokistonda.^[35][36] 2010 yilda "chet elda joylashtirilgan 13000 ga yaqin maxsus operatsiya kuchlarining 9000 ga yaqini Iroq va Afg'oniston o'rtasida teng taqsimlangan."^[35]

Afg'onistondagi urush

Maxsus kuchlar askari 7-SFG (A) beradi Afg'on bola rang kitobi Qandahor viloyati mahalliy rahbarlar bilan uchrashuv paytida, 2002 yil 12 sentyabr

Ning dastlabki bosqichlarida Afg'onistondagi urush, USSOCOM kuchlari Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining Harbiy harbiy xizmatchilari bilan bog'langan Maxsus faoliyat bo'limi keng ko'lamli an'anaviy kuchlarga ehtiyoj sezmasdan toliblarni mag'lub etish.^[37] Bu globalning eng katta yutuqlaridan biri edi Terrorizmga qarshi urush.^[38]Ushbu qismlar ushbu urush paytida bir necha bor bog'lanib, dushman bilan bir necha bor g'azablangan janglarda qatnashishgan. Shunday janglardan biri sodir bo'ldi Anakonda operatsiyasi, Tolibon va Al-Qoidaning qal'asidan hayotni siqib chiqarish vazifasi chuqur qazilgan Shoh-i-Kot sharqiy Afg'oniston tog'lari. Ushbu operatsiya Afg'onistondagi urushdagi eng og'ir va qonli janglardan biri sifatida qaraldi.^[39] Afg'oniston tog 'tepasidagi jang Takur Ghar barcha to'rt xizmat va Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining maxsus operatsion kuchlari ishtirok etdi. Navy SEALs, Army Rangers, Air Force Combat Controllers va Pararescuemen 10000 fut (3000 m) tog'ning tepasida turgan Al-Qoida jangchilariga qarshi kurashdilar. Keyinchalik, mustahkam toliblar osmondagi barcha aktivlarning nishoniga aylandi. Boshqaruv xulosasiga ko'ra Takur Ghar jangi Amerikalik maxsus operatorlar 18 nafar AQSh armiyasining Reynjerslari o'ldirilganidan beri eng kuchli yong'in edi Mogadishu, Somali, 1993 yilda.^[40][41][42] Davomida "Qizil qanotlar" operatsiyasi 2005 yil 28-iyunda, to'rtta dengiz floti, o't o'chirishda qolib, radio orqali yordam so'radi. 16 harbiy xizmatchini o'z ichiga olgan Chinook vertolyoti bunga javob berdi, ammo urib tushirildi. Qutqaruv guruhining barcha a'zolari va erdagi to'rtta SEALdan uchtasi vafot etdi. Bu Afg'onistondagi 2001 yildagi istilodan keyingi eng katta halok bo'lgan. Navy SEAL Markus Luttrel yolg'iz omon qoldi.^[43][44] Guruh boshlig'i Maykl P. Merfi bilan taqdirlandi "Shuhrat" medali jangdagi harakatlari uchun.

Global mavjudlik

AQSh havo kuchlari Iordaniyada maxsus taktika qo'mondonlari mashg'ulotlari

SOC rahbari Olson 2011 yilda SOCOM "Mudofaa vazirligining mikrokosmosidir, u yer, havo va dengiz komponentlari bilan, dunyo miqyosida mavjudligi va harbiy idoralar, harbiy xizmatlar va mudofaa idoralarini aks ettiruvchi vakolatlari va majburiyatlari" ekanligini aytdi.^[36] 2010 yilda 75 mamlakatda maxsus operatsion kuchlar joylashtirilgan edi, 2009 yil boshida bular soni 60 ga yaqin edi.^[35] 2011 yilda SOC vakili polkovnik Tim Nye (armiya)^[45]) SOC ishtirokidagi davlatlar soni ehtimol 120 ga etishi va yil davomida ushbu mamlakatlarning aksariyatida yoki barchasida qo'shma o'quv mashg'ulotlari o'tkazilishi haqida aytilgan edi. Bir tadqiqotda 2010 yilda Beliz, Braziliya, Bolgariya, Burkina-Faso, Germaniya, Indoneziya, Mali, Norvegiya, Panama va Polshada va 2011 yil o'rtalariga qadar Dominikan Respublikasi, Iordaniya, Ruminiya, Senegalda o'tkazilgan mashg'ulotlar aniqlandi. , Janubiy Koreya va Tailand, boshqa xalqlar qatorida. Bundan tashqari, SOC kuchlari yuqori lavozimni ijro etishdi Usama bin Ladenni o'ldirish 2011 yilda Pokistonda.^[36]

2009 yil noyabrda Millat yashirin JSOC haqida xabar berdi /Qora suv Pokistondagi aksilterror operatsiyasi.^[46]

2010 yilda, oq uy terrorizmga qarshi kurash direktor Jon O. Brennan Qo'shma Shtatlar "terroristik hujum" faktidan keyin "shunchaki javob bermaydi", "Afg'oniston, Pokiston, Yaman, Somali va undan tashqarida fitna uyushtirib, mashg'ulot olib boradimi-yo'qmi, al-Qoida va uning ekstremistik tashkilotlariga qarshi kurash olib boradi". Olson shunday dedi: "Ba'zi joylarda mezbon davlatlarning sezgirligi nuqtai nazaridan biz pastroq darajaga egamiz. Har bir joyda Maxsus operatsiya kuchlari faoliyati AQSh elchisi bilan muvofiqlashtirilgan va to'rt yulduzli mintaqaviy qo'mondonning operativ nazorati ostida. "^[35]

SOC kuchlari tomonidan Iroq va Afg'oniston urush zonalaridan tashqarida harakatlarning o'tkazilishi AQShning ichki munozarasi, shu jumladan, Bush kabi ma'muriyat Jon B. Bellinger III, bir tomondan va Obama boshqasiga boshqarish. Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti 2010 yilda "ma'muriyatning xalqaro reydlarga binoan bunday reydlarni o'tkazish vakolatiga, xususan ular begunoh tinch aholini o'ldirishlariga shubha ostiga qo'ygan. Mumkin bo'lgan qonuniy asos - ushbu mamlakatning ruxsati - Pokiston va Yaman kabi joylarda murakkab. Hukumatlar xususiy ravishda rozi bo'lishadi, ammo hujumlarni ma'qullashlarini ommaviy ravishda tan olishmaydi ", deyiladi bitta xabarda.^[35]

Subordinatsiyalangan buyruqlar

Qo'shma maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi

Qo'shma maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligining nishonlari

Qo'shma maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi (JSOC)^[47] USSOCOM-ning tarkibiy buyrug'i bo'lib, o'zaro muvofiqlik va uskunalarni standartlashtirishni ta'minlash uchun maxsus operatsiyalar talablari va texnikasini o'rganish, maxsus mashqlar mashqlarini rejalashtirish va o'tkazish hamda Qo'shma maxsus operatsiyalar taktikasini ishlab chiqish vazifasi yuklatilgan.^[1] Tavsiyasi bilan 1980 yilda tashkil etilgan Polkovnik Charli Bekvit, muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchraganidan keyin Eagle Claw operatsiyasi.^[48]

Birlik

• AQSh armiyasi 1-maxsus kuchlar operativ otryadi-Delta, xalq orasida Delta Force nomi bilan tanilgan, bu ikki terrorizmga qarshi kurashning birinchisi, maxsus missiya bo'linmalari Qo'shma maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi tarkibiga kiradi.^[49] Inglizlardan keyin yaratilgan Maxsus havo xizmati, Delta Force dunyodagi eng maxsus maxsus operatsiyalar kuchlaridan biri hisoblanadi.^[50] Delta shuningdek, qattiq mashg'ulot va tanlov jarayonini o'z ichiga oladi. Delta, birinchi navbatda, eng mohir va yuqori malakali askarlardan yollanadi AQSh armiyasining maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi, garchi u AQSh Qurolli Kuchlari bo'ylab yollash qobiliyatini qamrab olsa.^[26][50] Ishga qabul qilinadiganlar operatorlarni tayyorlash kursi (OTC) deb nomlanadigan mashg'ulotni boshlashdan oldin qat'iy tanlov kursidan o'tishlari kerak. Delta AQShning ko'plab davlat idoralaridan va bitta SOF darajasidan ta'lim oldi va ushbu o'quv mashg'ulotlari va u ishlab chiqqan texnikalar asosida o'quv dasturini yaratdi.^[50] Delta butun dunyoda yashirin va yashirin maxsus operatsiyalarni olib boradi.^[50] Ko'p sonli maxsus operatsiyalarni bajarish imkoniyatiga ega, ammo terrorizmga qarshi kurash va garovga olinganlarni qutqarish operatsiyalariga ixtisoslashgan.^[26][49][51]
• The Intellektni qo'llab-quvvatlash faoliyati (ISA, Faoliyat) - JSOC va USSOCOM-ning qo'llab-quvvatlash bo'limi. Uning asosiy vazifalari - inson intellektini ta'minlash (HUMINT ) va Signal razvedkasi (BELGI ) asosan Delta va DEVGRU operatsiyalari uchun.^[49][52] Tashkil etilishidan oldin Strategik qo'llab-quvvatlash bo'limi 2001 yilda ISA. ning ruxsatini talab qildi Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi umuman JSOC operatsiyalarini qo'llab-quvvatlash samaradorligini sezilarli darajada pasaytirgan yashirin operatsiyalarni o'tkazish.^[49][53][54]
• AQSh dengiz kuchlari Dengiz maxsus urushlarini rivojlantirish guruhi (DEVGRU, SEAL Team Six) - Terrorizmga qarshi kurash bo'yicha ikkita maxsus operatsiya qo'mondonligi tarkibiga kiruvchi maxsus missiya bo'linmalarining ikkinchisi.^[49] DEVGRU - AQSh dengiz flotining Deltadagi hamkasbi, dengizga qarshi terrorizmga ixtisoslashgan. DEVGRU eng malakali operatorlarni jalb qiladi Dengiz maxsus urushi, xususan AQSh dengiz kuchlari muhrlari. Delta singari DEVGRU ham turli xil maxsus operatsiyalarni bajarishi mumkin, lekin asosan dengizdagi terrorizmga qarshi kurash va garovga olinganlarni qutqarish operatsiyalari uchun mashq qiladi. DEVGRU so'nggi yillarda garovga olingan odamlarni qutqarish operatsiyalari va ularning roli tufayli mashhurlikka erishdi. Usama Bin Ladinning o'ldirilishi. ^[26][49]
• Havo kuchlari 24-maxsus taktik otryad (24-STS) bu AFSOC JSOC tarkibiy qismi. 24-STS maxsus tanlangan AFSOC xodimlaridan iborat, shu jumladan Pararescuemen, Urush nazorati va TACPlar. Ushbu maxsus operatorlar, odatda, Delta Force va DEVGRU bilan xizmat qilishadi, chunki 24-STS samolyotning turli elementlarini sinxronlashtirish va boshqarish va dushman hududida chuqur operatsiyalarni kuchaytirish qulayligi; Pararescuemen ishi bo'yicha kerakli tibbiy yordam ko'rsatish bilan bir qatorda. ^[26]
• The Qo'shma aloqa bo'limi (JCU) - Qo'shma maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi va unga bo'ysunuvchi bo'linmalarning aloqa tartib-qoidalari va jihozlarining o'zaro muvofiqligini ta'minlash uchun zimmasiga yuklangan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligining texnik bo'limi. JCU Ft-da faollashtirilgan. Bragg, NC, 1980 yilda, Eagle Claw operatsiyasi muvaffaqiyatsiz tugaganidan keyin. JCU "DoD's Finest Communicators" shuhratiga sazovor bo'ldi.^[55]

JSOC bo'linmalarining qismlari doimiy ravishda o'zgarib turadigan maxsus operatsion maxsus guruhni tashkil etdi AQSh Markaziy qo'mondonligi operatsiyalar maydoni. The 11-guruh, Tezkor guruh 121, Ishchi guruh 6-26 va Maxsus guruh 145 Pentagonning 11 sentyabrdan keyingi terrorizmga qarshi kampaniyasining yaratuvchisi va bu tezda harbiylar kelajakda qanday qilib razvedka va jangovar isyonchilarga ega bo'lishlari uchun namuna bo'ldi. Dastlab "Tezkor kuch 121" nomi bilan tanilgan, 2003 yil yozida harbiylar mavjud bo'lgan ikkita maxsus operatsiya bo'linmasini birlashtirgandan so'ng tuzilgan. Usama bin Ladin Afg'oniston va uning atrofida va boshqa kuzatuv Sadam Xuseyn Iroqda.^[56][57]

Maxsus operatsiyalar buyrug'i - qo'shma imkoniyatlar

Maxsus operatsiyalar bo'yicha qo'mondonlik - Qo'shma imkoniyatlar (SOC-JC) yaqinda bekor qilinishi kerak bo'lgan vaqtdan boshlab USSOCOMga o'tkazildi. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari qo'shma kuchlari qo'mondonligi 2011 yilda. ^[58] Uning asosiy vazifasi an'anaviy va SOF qo'mondonlari va ularning shtablarini o'qitish, USSOCOM xalqaro o'quv mashg'ulotlari talablarini qo'llab-quvvatlash va strategik va operatsion jangovar tayyorgarlikni va birgalikdagi o'zaro hamkorlik qobiliyatini oshirish uchun qobiliyat echimlarini amalga oshirishni qo'llab-quvvatlashdan iborat edi. SOC-JC, shuningdek, joylashtirilgan Maxsus operatsiyalar bo'yicha qo'shma maxsus guruh (SOJTF) shtab-kvartirasini (HQ) qo'llab-quvvatlashga tayyor bo'lishi kerak.

The Davlatning hisobdorligi idorasi SOC-JC 2013 yilda bekor qilingan va 2014 yilda lavozimlar nolga tenglashtirilishi kerakligi haqida yozgan.^[59]

USASOC SSI

Armiya maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi

1989 yil 1 dekabrda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi (USASOC) 16-chi yirik armiya qo'mondonligi sifatida faollashdi. Ushbu maxsus operatsion kuchlar 40 yildan ortiq vaqtdan beri Amerikaning noan'anaviy urush uchun boshlig'i bo'lib kelgan. USASOC taniqli maxsus kuchlar (SF yoki ") kabi birliklarga buyruq beradiYashil beret "), the Rangers va Psixologik operatsiyalar guruhlari (PSYOP) va Fuqarolik ishlari brigadasi (CA) kabi noma'lum bo'linmalar. Ular USSOCOMning noan'anaviy urush va qo'zg'olonga qarshi kurashish uchun asosiy qurollaridan biridir. The significance of these units is emphasized as conventional conflicts are becoming less prevalent as insurgent and guerrilla warfare increases.^[60][61][62]

Ism	Bosh ofis	Tuzilishi va maqsadi
1-maxsus kuchlar qo'mondonligi (Havodan)	Bragg Fort, Shimoliy Karolina	The 1st Special Forces Command (Airborne) manages seven special forces groups—the 1-maxsus kuchlar guruhi (Havodan), 3-maxsus kuchlar guruhi (havoda), 5-maxsus kuchlar guruhi (havodagi), 7-maxsus kuchlar guruhi (havodagi), 10-maxsus kuchlar guruhi (havodagi), 19-maxsus kuchlar guruhi (havodagi) (ARNG ) va 20th Special Forces Group (Airborne) (ARNG)—that are designed to deploy and execute nine doctrinal missions: noan'anaviy urush, xorijiy ichki mudofaa, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri harakat, qarshi qo'zg'olon, maxsus razvedka, terrorizmga qarshi kurash, axborot operatsiyalari, qarshi tarqalish ning ommaviy qirg'in quroli va xavfsizlik kuchlariga yordam; each special forces group consists of three to four battalions with a group support company and headquarters company. The command also manages two psixologik operatsiyalar groups—the 4-psixologik operatsiyalar guruhi (havodagi) va 8-psixologik operatsiyalar guruhi (havoda) —tasked to work with foreign nations to induce or reinforce behavior favorable to U.S. objectives; each psycological operations group consists of three to four battalions, most of which are geographically aligned. The command also manages the 95-Fuqarolik ishlari brigadasi (Havodan) which enables military commanders and AQSh elchilari to achieve national objectives by countering adversary control and improving a partner's control over populations via five geographically focused battalions and the 528-chi barqarorlik brigadasi (maxsus operatsiyalar) (havoda) that provides combat service support and combat medical support units.
1-maxsus kuchlar operativ otryadi-Delta	Ft. Bragg, Shimoliy Karolina	Elite special operations and counter-terrorism unit under the control of Qo'shma maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi.
75-qo'riqchi polki	Fort Benning, Gruziya	In additional to a regimental headquarters, a Special Troops Battalion, and a military intelligence battalion, the 75th Rangers consists of three maneuver units (the 1-qo'riqchi batalyoni, 2-qo'riqchi batalyoni va 3-qo'riqchi batalyoni ) of elite airborne infantry specializing in large-scale, joint forcible entry operations while simultaneously executing precision targeting operations raids across the globe. Additional capabilities include maxsus razvedka, havo hujumi, and direct action raids seizing key terrain such as airfields, destroying strategic facilities, and capturing or killing the enemies of the Nation. The Regiment also helps develop the equipment, technologies, training, and readiness that bridge the gap between special operations and conventional combat maneuver organizations.
Armiya maxsus operatsiyalar aviatsiya qo'mondonligi	Ft. Bragg, Shimoliy Karolina	Organizes, mans, trains, resources and equips Army special operations aviation units to provide responsive, special operations aviation support to Special Operations Forces (SOF) consisting of five units: USASOC Flight Company (UFC), Special Operations Training Battalion (SOATB), Technology Applications Program Office (TAPO), Systems Integration Management Office (SIMO) and the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (160th SOAR) (Airborne) via two Extended-Range Multi-Purpose (ERMP) Companies, a Special Operations Aviation Training Company, and the Regiment's 1-chi, 2-chi, 3rd, and 4th Battalions.
Jon F. Kennedining maxsus urush markazi va maktabi	Ft. Bragg, Shimoliy Karolina	The SWCS selects and trains Army Special Forces, Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations soldiers consisting of five distinct units and the Directorate of Training and Doctrine: 1st Special Warfare Training Group (Airborne)—which focuses on entry level training—, 2nd Special Warfare Training Group (Airborne)—which focuses on advanced training—, Special Warfare Medical Group (Airborne)—which is part of the Joint Special Operations Medical Training Center (JSOMTC)—, Maxsus kuchlar Kafolat xodimi Institute, and David K. Thuma Noncommissioned Officers Akademiya.

Birlik:

Special Forces soldiers from Task Force Dagger and Commander Abdul Rashid Dostum on horseback in the Dari-a-Souf Valley, Afghanistan, circa October 2001—celebrated in the movie "12 kuchli "

• Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining maxsus kuchlari (SF) aka Green Berets perform several doctrinal missions: unconventional warfare, foreign internal defense, special reconnaissance, direct action, and counter-terrorism. These missions make Special Forces unique in the U.S. military because they are employed throughout the three stages of the operational continuum: peacetime, conflict and war.^[63] Foreign internal defense operations, SF's main peacetime mission, are designed to help friendly developing nations by working with their military and police forces to improve their technical skills, understanding of human rights issues, and to help with humanitarian and civic action projects. Special Forces unconventional warfare capabilities provide a viable military option for a variety of operational taskings that are inappropriate or infeasible for conventional forces. Special Forces are the U.S. military's premiere unconventional warfare force.^[64] Foreign internal defense and unconventional warfare missions are the bread and butter of Special Forces soldiers. For this reason, SF candidates are trained extensively in weapons, engineering, communications, and medicine. SF soldiers are taught to be warriors first and teachers second because they must be able to train their team and be able to train their allies during an FID or UW mission.^[63][65] Often SF units are required to perform additional, or collateral, activities outside their primary missions. These collateral activities are coalition warfare/support, combat search and rescue, security assistance, peacekeeping, humanitarian assistance, humanitarian de-mining, and counter-drug operations.^[66]
• The 1-maxsus kuchlar operativ otryadi-Delta (1st SFOD-D), commonly referred to as Delta Force, Combat Applications Group/"CAG", "The Unit", Army Compartmented Element, or within JSOC as Task Force Green,^[67] elita Maxsus missiya bo'limi ning Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi, under the organization of the USASOC but is controlled by the Qo'shma maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi (JSOC). It is used for hostage rescue and counterterrorism, as well as to'g'ridan-to'g'ri harakat va razvedka qarshi yuqori qiymatli maqsadlar. 1st SFOD-D and its AQSh dengiz kuchlari counterpart, DEVGRU, "SEAL Team 6", perform many of the most highly complex and dangerous missions in the U.S. military. These units are also often referred to as "Tier One" and special mission units by the U.S. government.
• The 75-qo'riqchi polki (U.S. Army Rangers) is the premier light-infantry unit of the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi va shtab-kvartirasi Fort Benning, Gruziya. The 75th Ranger Regiment's mission is to plan and conduct special missions in support of U.S. policy and objectives.^[68] The Rangers are a flexible and rapid-deployable force. Each battalion can deploy anywhere in the world within 18 hours of notice. The Army places much importance on the 75th Ranger Regiment and its training; it possesses the capabilities to conduct conventional and most special operations missions. Rangers are capable of infiltrating by land, sea, or air and to'g'ridan-to'g'ri harakat operations such as conducting raids or assaulting buildings or airfields.^[69]

The 22nd STS's Red Team jumps out of an MH-47 G Chinook from the 160th SOAR during helocast alternate insertion and extraction training

• The 160-maxsus operatsion aviatsiya polki (Night Stalkers) headquartered at Fort Kempbell, Kentukki provides aviation support to units within USSOCOM. The Regiment consists of MH-6 va AH-6 light helicopters, MH-60 vertolyotlar va MH-47 heavy assault helicopters. The capabilities of the 160th SOAR (A) have been evolving since the early 1980s. Its focus on night operations resulted in the nickname, the "Night Stalkers."^[70] The primary mission of the Night Stalkers is to conduct overt or covert infiltration, exfiltration, and resupply of special operations forces across a wide range of environmental conditions.^[71]
• 4-psixologik operatsiyalar guruhi (Airborne) and 8-psixologik operatsiyalar guruhi (Airborne) Soldiers use persuasion to influence perceptions and encourage desired behavior.^[72][73] PSYOP soldiers support national objectives at the tactical, operational and strategic levels of operations. Strategic psychological operations advance broad or long-term objectives; global in nature, they may be directed toward large audiences or at key communicators. Operatsion psixologik operatsiyalar kichikroq miqyosda olib boriladi. 4th POG(A) is employed by theater commanders to target groups within the theater of operations. 4th POG(A) purpose can range from gaining support for U.S. operations to preparing the battlefield for combat. Taktik psixologik operatsiyalar cheklangan bo'lib, qo'mondonlar tomonidan yaqin va yaqin kelajakdagi maqsadlarni ta'minlash uchun foydalaniladi. Ushbu muhitda kuchni kuchaytiradigan tadbirlar dushman kuchlarining ruhiy holatini va samaradorligini pasaytirish vositasi bo'lib xizmat qiladi.^[74]
• 95-fuqarolik ishlari brigadasi (Airborne) specialists identify critical requirements needed by local citizens in war or disaster situations. They also locate civilian resources to support military operations, help minimize civilian interference with operations, support national assistance activities, plan and execute noncombatant evacuation, support counter-drug operations and establish and maintain liaison with civilian aid agencies and other non-governmental organizations. In support of special operations, these culturally oriented, linguistically capable Soldiers may also be tasked to provide functional expertise for foreign internal defense operations, unconventional warfare operations and direct action missions.^[75]
• 528-chi barqarorlik brigadasi (maxsus operatsiyalar) (havoda) [SBSO(A)] has a difficult mission supporting USASOC. O'zlarining tegishli sohalarida signal beruvchi va qo'llab-quvvatlovchi askarlar maxsus operatsion kuchlarga doimiy ravishda "otish, harakatlanish va aloqa qilish" imkoniyatini beradigan materiallar, xizmat ko'rsatish, asbob-uskunalar va tajriba bilan ta'minlaydilar. USASOC tez-tez Maxsus operatsiyalar kuchlarining noyob buyumlaridan foydalanganligi sababli, ushbu bo'linmalarga tayinlangan askarlarga odatdagi hamkasblari tomonidan odatda foydalanilmaydigan ko'plab maxsus jihozlarni boshqarish va saqlashga o'rgatiladi. SBSO(A) also provides the USASOC with centralized and integrated material management of property, equipment maintenance, logistical automation and repair parts and supplies.^[76]
• John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center (USAJFKSWCS) trains USSOCOM and Army Special Operations Forces through development and evaluation of special operations concepts, doctrines and training.^[77]

Marine Forces Special Operations Command

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz kuchlari maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi timsol

DA /SR Operators from 1st SOB (Special Operations Battalion) respond to enemy fire in Afghanistan.

In October 2005, the Mudofaa vaziri directed the formation of Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz kuchlari maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi, the Marine component of United States Special Operations Command. It was determined that the Dengiz kuchlari korpusi would initially form a unit of approximately 2500 to serve with USSOCOM. On February 24, 2006 MARSOC activated at Lejeune lageri, Shimoliy Karolina. MARSOC initially consisted of a small staff and the Foreign Military Training Unit (FMTU), which had been formed to conduct foreign internal defense. FMTU is now designated as the Marine Special Operations Advisor Group (MSOAG).^[78]

As a service component of USSOCOM, MARSOC is tasked by the Commander USSOCOM to train, organize, equip, and deploy responsive U.S. Marine Corps special operations forces worldwide, in support of combatant commanders and other agencies. MARSOC has been directed to conduct foreign internal defense, direct action, and special reconnaissance. MARSOC has also been directed to develop a capability in unconventional warfare, counter-terrorism, and information operations.MARSOC deployed its first units in August 2006, six months after the group's initial activation. MARSOC reached full operational capability in October 2008.^[79]

Birlik

• Dengiz reyderlari polki (Marine Raiders) consists of a Headquarters Company and three Marine Raider Battalions, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd. The Regiment provides tailored military combat-skills training and advisor support for identified foreign forces in order to enhance their tactical capabilities and to prepare the environment as directed by USSOCOM as well as the capability to form the nucleus of a Joint Special Operations Task Force. Marines and Sailors of the MRR train, advise and assist friendly host nation forces – including naval and maritime military and paramilitary forces – to enable them to support their governments' internal security and stability, to counter-subversion and to reduce the risk of violence from internal and external threats. MRR deployments are coordinated by MARSOC, through USSOCOM, in accordance with engagement priorities for Overseas Contingency Operations.
• Dengiz reydini qo'llab-quvvatlash guruhi (MRSG) trains, equips, structures, and provides specially qualified Marine forces, including, operational logistics, intelligence, Military Working Dogs, Firepower Control Teams, and communications support in order to sustain worldwide special operations missions as directed by Commander, U.S. Marine Forces Special Operations Command (COMMARFORSOC).
• Marine Raider Training Center (MRTC) performs the screening, recruiting, training, assessment and doctrinal development functions for MARSOC. It includes two subordinate Special Missions Training Branches (SMTBs), one on each coast.

Dengiz maxsus urush qo'mondonligi

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Dengiz maxsus urush qo'mondonligi timsol

The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Dengiz maxsus urush qo'mondonligi (NAVSPECWARCOM, NAVSOC, or NSWC) was commissioned April 16, 1987, at Coronado dengiz-amfibiya bazasi in San Diego as the Naval component to the United States Special Operations Command. Naval Special Warfare Command provides vision, leadership, doctrinal guidance, resources and oversight to ensure component special operations forces are ready to meet the operational requirements of combatant commanders.^[80] Bugun, SEAL Team va Maxsus qayiq jamoalari comprise the elite combat units of Naval Special Warfare. These teams are organized, trained, and equipped to conduct a variety of missions to include direct action, special reconnaissance, counter-terrorism, foreign internal defense, unconventional warfare and support psychological and civil affairs operations. Their highly trained operators are deployed worldwide in support of Milliy qo'mondonlik ma'muriyati objectives, conducting operations with other conventional and special operations forces.

Birlik

SEALs emerge from the water during a demonstration.

A special warfare combatant-craft crewmen from Special Boat Team 22 fires a GAU-17 dan Special Operations Craft – Riverine (SOC-R).

• Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining dengiz kuchlari SEALlari have distinguished themselves as an individually reliable, collectively disciplined and highly skilled special operations force. The most important trait that distinguishes Navy SEALs from all other military forces is that SEALs are maritime special operations, as they strike from and return to the sea. SEALs (SEa, Air, Land) take their name from the elements in and from which they operate. SEALs are experts in direct action and special reconnaissance missions. Their stealth and clandestine methods of operation allow them to conduct multiple missions against targets that larger forces cannot approach undetected. Because of the dangers inherent in their missions, prospective SEALs go through what is considered by many military experts to be the toughest training regime in the world.^[81][82]
• Dengiz maxsus urushlarini rivojlantirish guruhi (DEVGRU), referred to as SEAL Team Six, the name of its predecessor which was officially disbanded in 1987.
• SEAL etkazib berish bo'yicha transport guruhlari are SEAL teams with an added underwater delivery capability who use the SDV MK VIII and the Advanced SEAL Delivery System (ASDS), submersibles that provide NSW with an unprecedented capability that combines the attributes of clandestine underwater mobility and the combat swimmer.^[83][84]
• Maxsus Warfare Combatant-hunarmandlik ustalari (SWCC) operate and maintain state-of-the-art surface craft to conduct coastal patrol and interdiction and support special operations missions. Focusing on infiltration and exfiltration of SEALs and other SOF, SWCCs provide dedicated rapid mobility in shallow water areas where larger ships cannot operate. They also bring to the table a unique SOF capability: Maritime Combatant Craft Aerial Delivery System—the ability to deliver combat craft via parachute drop.^[1] Like SEALs, SWCCs must have excellent physical fitness, highly motivated, combat-focused and responsive in high-stress situations.^[85]

Havo kuchlari maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi

Havo kuchlari maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi timsol

An AC-130U dahshatli dan 4-maxsus operatsiya otryad

Urush nazorati from the 21st Special Tactics Squadron conducting yaqin havo qo'llab-quvvatlashi training with A-10 pilots in Nevada

Havo kuchlari maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi was established on May 22, 1990, with headquarters at Hurlburt maydoni, Florida. AFSOC is one of the 10 Air Force Asosiy buyruqlar or MAJCOMs, and the Air Force component of United States Special Operations Command. It holds operational and administrative oversight of subordinate special operations wings and groups in the regular Air Force, Havo kuchlarining zaxira qo'mondonligi va Air National Guard.

AFSOC provides Air Force special operations forces for worldwide deployment and assignment to regional unified commands. The command's SOF are composed of highly trained, rapidly deployable airmen, conducting global special operations missions ranging from precision application of firepower via havo hujumlari yoki yaqin havo qo'llab-quvvatlashi, to infiltration, exfiltration, resupply and refueling of SOF operational elements.^[86]AFSOC's unique capabilities include airborne radio and television broadcast for psychological operations, as well as aviation foreign internal defense instructors to provide other governments military expertise for their internal development.

The command's core missions include battlefield air operations; agile combat support; tashqi aviatsiya ichki mudofaasi; information operations; precision aerospace fires; psychological operations; specialized air mobility; specialized refueling; and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance.^[30][87][88]

Birlik

• Urush nazorati (CCT) are ground combat forces specialized in a traditional yo'l qidiruvchisi role while having a heavy emphasis on simultaneous havo harakatini boshqarish, olovni qo'llab-quvvatlash (orqali havo hujumlari, yaqin havo qo'llab-quvvatlashi va command, control, and communications in covert or austere environments.^[89][90]
• Pararescuemen (PJ) are the only Department of Defense specialty specifically trained and equipped to conduct conventional and unconventional personnel recovery operations. A PJ's primary function is as a personnel recovery specialist with emergency trauma medical capabilities in humanitarian and combat environments.
• Air Force Special Reconnaissance (SR) conduct long-range interdiction, surveillance and intelligence gathering. A subset of their responsibilities is to assess and interpret weather and environmental intelligence from forward-deployed locations, working alongside special operations forces.

Tashkilot

• The 1-maxsus operatsiyalar qanoti (1 SOW) is located at Hurlburt Field, Florida. Its mission focus is unconventional warfare: counter-terrorism, combat search and rescue, personnel recovery, psychological operations, aviation assistance to developing nations, "deep battlefield" resupply, interdiction, and close air support. The wing's core missions include aerospace surface interface, agile combat support, combat aviation advisory operations, information operations, personnel recovery/recovery operations, precision aerospace fires, psychological operations dissemination, specialized aerospace mobility, and specialized aerial refueling.^[91] Among its aircraft is the MC-130 Combat Talon II, a low-level terrain-following special missions transport that can evade radar detection and slip into enemy territory at a 200-foot (61 m) altitude for infiltration/exfiltration missions, even in zero visibility, dropping off or recovering men or supplies with pinpoint accuracy. Shuningdek, u ishlaydi AC-130 Spooky va Spektr gunships that provide highly accurate airborne gunfire for close air support of conventional and special operations forces on the ground.^[49]
• The 24-maxsus operatsiyalar qanoti (24 SOW) is located at Hurlburt Field, Florida. It is composed of the 720th Special Tactics Group, 724th Special Tactics Group, Special Tactics Training Squadron and 16 recruiting locations across the United States.^[92][93] The Maxsus taktika otryadlari, under the 720th STG and 724th STG, are made up of Special Tactics Officers, Urush nazorati, Jangovar qutqaruvchilar, Pararescuemen, Special Operations Weather Officers and Airmen, Air Liaison Officers, Tactical Air Control Party operators, and a number of combat support airmen which comprise 58 Air Force specialties.^[93]
• The 27-maxsus operatsiyalar qanoti (27 SOW) is located at Cannon AFB, Nyu-Meksiko. Its primary mission includes infiltration, exfiltration and re-supply of special operations forces; air refueling of special operations rotary wing and tiltrotor aircraft; va yong'inni aniq qo'llab-quvvatlash. These capabilities support a variety of special operations missions including direct action, unconventional warfare, special reconnaissance, counter-terrorism, personnel recovery, psychological operations and information operations.^[94]
• The 193d maxsus operatsiyalar qanoti (193 SOW) is an Air National Guard (ANG) unit, operationally gained by AFSOC, and located at Harrisburg xalqaro aeroporti /Air National Guard Station (former Olmsted aviabazasi ), Pensilvaniya. Under Title 32 USC, the 193 SOW performs state missions for the Governor of Pennsylvania as part of the Pensilvaniya Air National Guard. Under Title 10 USC, the 193 SOW is part of the Air Reserve Component (ARC) of the United States Air Force. Its primary wartime and contingency operations mission as an AFSOC-gained unit is psychological operations (PSYOP). The 193 SOW is unique in that it is the only unit in the U.S. Air Force to fly and maintain the Lockheed EC-130J Komando yakkaxon samolyot.
• The 919-maxsus operatsiyalar qanoti (919 SOW) is an Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) unit, operationally gained by AFSOC, and located at Eglin AFB Yordamchi maydon # 3 /Dyuk Fild, Florida. The 919 SOW flies and maintains the MC-130E Combat Talon I and MC-130P Combat Shadow special operations aircraft designed for covert operations.
• The 352d maxsus operatsiyalar qanoti (352 SOW) at RAF Mildenxoll, United Kingdom serves as the core to the United States Evropa qo'mondonligi 's standing Joint Special Operations Air Component headquarters. The squadron provides support for three flying squadrons, one special tactics squadron and one maintenance squadron for exercise, logistics, and war planning; aircrew training; aloqa; aerial delivery; medical; razvedka; security and force protection; ob-havo; information technologies and transformation support and current operations.^[95]
• The 353d maxsus operatsiyalar guruhi (353 SOG) is the focal point for all U.S. Air Force special operations activities throughout the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Tinch okeani qo'mondonligi (USPACOM) theater. Bosh qarorgohi Kadena AB, Okinava, Japan the group is prepared to conduct a variety of high-priority, low-visibility missions. Its mission is air support of joint and allied special operations forces in the Pacific. It maintains a worldwide mobility commitment, participates in Pacific theater exercises as directed and supports humanitarian and relief operations.^[96]
• The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlari maxsus operatsiyalar maktabi (USAFSOS) at Hurlburt maydoni, Florida is a primary support unit of the Air Force Special Operations Command. The USAFSOS prepares special operations Airmen to successfully plan, organize, and execute global special operations by providing indoctrination and education for AFSOC, other USSOCOM components, and joint/interagency/ coalition partners.^[97]

Jang tartibi

Special Operations Command order of battle April 2020 (click to enlarge)

List of USSOCOM Combatant Commanders

Yo'q	Qo'mondon		Muddat			Xizmat ko'rsatish bo'limi
	Portret	Ism	Ish joyini oldi	Chap ofis	Muddat uzunligi
1		Lindsay, James J.Umumiy Jeyms J. Lindsay (1932 yilda tug'ilgan)	16 aprel 1987 yil	1990 yil 27 iyun	3 yil, 72 kun	AQSh armiyasi
2		Stiner, Carl W.Umumiy Carl W. Stiner (1936 yilda tug'ilgan)	1990 yil 27 iyun	20 may 1993 yil	2 years, 327 days	AQSh armiyasi
3		Downing, Wayne A.Umumiy Ueyn A. Dauning (1940–2007)	20 may 1993 yil	1996 yil 29 fevral	2 years, 285 days	AQSh armiyasi
4		Shelton, Henry H.Umumiy Genri H. Shelton (1942 yilda tug'ilgan)	1996 yil 29 fevral	1997 yil 25 sentyabr	1 yil, 209 kun	AQSh armiyasi
-		Smith, Raymond C. Jr.Kontr-admiral Raymond C. Smith Jr. Aktyorlik	1997 yil 25 sentyabr	1997 yil 5-noyabr	41 kun	AQSh dengiz kuchlari
5		Schoomaker, PeterUmumiy Piter J. Skomaker (1946 yilda tug'ilgan)	1997 yil 5-noyabr	27 oktyabr 2000 yil	2 yil, 357 kun	AQSh armiyasi
6		Golland, Charlz R.Umumiy Charles R. Holland (1948 yilda tug'ilgan)	27 oktyabr 2000 yil	2003 yil 2 sentyabr	2 yil, 310 kun	AQSh havo kuchlari
7		Brown, Bryan D.Umumiy Bryan D. Braun (1948 yilda tug'ilgan)	2003 yil 2 sentyabr	2007 yil 9-iyul	3 yil, 310 kun	AQSh armiyasi
8		Olson, Erik T.Admiral Erik T. Olson (1952 yilda tug'ilgan)	2007 yil 9-iyul	2011 yil 8-avgust	4 yil, 30 kun	AQSh dengiz kuchlari
9		McRaven, William H.Admiral Uilyam H. Makreven (1955 yilda tug'ilgan)	2011 yil 8-avgust	2014 yil 28-avgust	3 yil, 20 kun	AQSh dengiz kuchlari
10		Votel, Joseph L.Umumiy Joseph L. Votel (1958 yilda tug'ilgan)	2014 yil 28-avgust	2016 yil 30 mart	1 yil, 215 kun	AQSh armiyasi
11		Thomas, Raymond A.Umumiy Raymond A. Thomas (1958 yilda tug'ilgan)	2016 yil 30 mart	29 mart 2019 yil	2 yil, 364 kun	AQSh armiyasi
12		Clarke, Richard D.Umumiy Richard D. Klark (1962 yilda tug'ilgan)	29 mart 2019 yil	Amaldagi prezident	1 yil, 266 kun	AQSh armiyasi

Commanders of U.S. Special Operations Command by branch of service

• Armiya: 9
• Navy: 2
• Air Force: 1
• Kosmik kuch: yo'q
• Dengiz kuchlari korpusi: yo'q
• Sohil xavfsizligi: yo'q

USSOCOM medal

USSOCOM Medal Ribbon Bar

The United States Special Operations Command Medal was introduced in 1994 to recognize individuals for outstanding contributions to, and in support of, special operations. Some notable recipients include;

• General-leytenant Samuel V. Wilson
• Polkovnik Ralph Puckett
• SCPO Kristin Beck

Since it was created, there have been more than 50 recipients, only six of whom were not American, including;

• Umumiy Benoyt Puga (Frantsiya)
• † Kaptein Gunnar Sönsteby, 2008 (Norway)^[98]
• † Generał broni Wlodzimierz Potasińskiy, 2010 (Poland)^[99][100]
• Generał dywizji Pyotr Patalong, 2014 (Poland)^[101]
• Generał brygady Jerzy Gut, 2014 (Poland)^[102]
• Jungjang (Lieutenant General) Chun In-bum, 2016 (Republic of Korea) ^[103]

(† o'limdan keyin )

Adabiyotlar

Iqtiboslar

Bibliografiya

Tashqi havolalar

• AQSh maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi
• AQSh armiyasining maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi
• AQSh dengiz piyodalari korpusi maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi
• AQSh dengiz maxsus urush qo'mondonligi
• Havo kuchlari maxsus operatsiyalar qo'mondonligi
• Mudofaa vazirligi
• Qo'shma maxsus operatsiyalar universiteti