Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari sohil xavfsizligi tarixi - History of the United States Coast Guard

The tarixi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari sohil xavfsizligi ga qaytadi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining daromadlarni kesish xizmati tarkibida 1790 yil 4 avgustda tashkil etilgan G'aznachilik bo'limi. Daromadlarni kesuvchi xizmat va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining hayotni saqlash xizmati Sohil Xavfsizlik xizmati bo'lish uchun birlashtirildi 14 AQSh  § 1 unda: "1915 yil 28-yanvarda tashkil etilgan qirg'oq qo'riqchisi har doim harbiy xizmat va AQSh qurolli kuchlarining bir bo'lagi bo'lishi kerak". 1939 yilda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining dengiz chiroqlari xizmati Sohil xavfsizlik xizmatiga birlashtirildi. Sohil xavfsizligining o'zi Transport bo'limi 1967 yilda va 2003 yil 25 fevralda u tarkibiga kirdi Milliy xavfsizlik bo'limi. Biroq, ostida 14 AQSh  § 3 2006 yilgi "Sohil xavfsizlik va dengiz transporti to'g'risida" gi qonunning 211-bo'limiga binoan, urush e'lon qilinganida va qachon Kongress shuning uchun deklaratsiyada yoki qachon bo'lsa Prezident yo'naltiradi, Sohil xavfsizlik xizmati sifatida xizmat qiladi Dengiz kuchlari departamenti.

Dastlabki tarix

Daromad-dengiz

Zamonaviy Sohil Xavfsizlik 1915 yilda birlashishi bilan tashkil etilgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining daromadlarni kesish xizmati va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining hayotni saqlab qolish xizmati, ammo uning ildizlari Respublikaning dastlabki kunlaridan boshlanadi. G'aznachilik kotibi Aleksandr Xemilton a vakolat berish uchun Kongressni lobbi qildi "to'sarlarning tizimi" yangi millat uchun asosiy daromad manbai bo'lgan tariflarni amalga oshirish. 1790 yil 4-avgustda (hozir Sohil Xavfsizligining rasmiy tug'ilgan kuni deb tan olingan) Kongress o'nta kesuvchi qurilishiga va 40 ta daromad mansabdorlarini jalb qilishga ruxsat berib, "Tarif to'g'risida" gi qonunni qabul qildi. Har bir to'sarga bitta usta va uch nafar sherik tayinlangan, ular ofitserlardir. Bundan tashqari, har bir to'sarga to'rtta dengizchi va ikkita o'g'il bolaga ruxsat berildi. [1] To'sarlarni birgalikda "Daromad-dengiz piyodalari" deb atashgan, ammo uyushgan xizmat yoki agentlikning bir qismi bo'lmagan. Har bir daromad kesuvchi mustaqil ravishda ish olib bordi, ularning har biri sharqiy qirg'oqning bir qismini patrul qilish va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri hisobot berish uchun tayinlandi Bojxona uyi katta portda. 1790 yildan boshlab Kontinental dengiz floti 1798 yilgacha tarqatib yuborilgan edi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz kuchlari yaratildi, ushbu "daromad kesuvchilar" mamlakatning yagona dengiz kuchlari edi.[2] Shunday qilib, kesuvchilar va ularning ekipajlari tariflarni bajarishdan tashqari turli xil vazifalarni o'z zimmalariga olishdi, shu jumladan qaroqchilikka qarshi kurash, qayiqda bo'lgan dengizchilarni qutqarish, hukumat amaldorlarini tashish va hattoki pochta jo'natish. 1794 yilda daromad-dengiz piyodalariga Afrikadan AQShga qullar savdosining oldini olish vazifasi topshirildi. 1794 va 1865 yillar orasida daromad-dengiz piyodalari 500 ga yaqin qul kemalarini qo'lga kiritdilar. 1808 yilda Daromad-Dengiz kuchlari Prezidentni majburiy bajarish uchun javobgardilar Tomas Jefferson AQSh portlarini Evropa savdosiga yopish uchun embargo. 1822 yilgi "Yog'och to'g'risidagi qonun" Daromadlarni kesish xizmatiga hukumat yog'ochlarini brakonerlardan himoya qilish vazifasini yuklagan (bu Sohil xavfsizlik atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish missiyasining boshlanishi sifatida qaraladi).[3] Urush yoki inqiroz davrida daromadni kesuvchilar va ularning ekipajlari dengiz kuchlari ixtiyoriga berildi. Daromad-dengiz piyodalari Yarim urush 1798 yildan 1799 yilgacha Frantsiya bilan, 1812 yilgi urush, G'arbiy Hindistondagi qaroqchilikka qarshi operatsiya va Meksika-Amerika urushi.

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining daromadlarni kesish xizmati

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining daromadlarni kesuvchi xizmatining muhri

Xizmat birinchi bo'lib 1863 yilda Kongress tomonidan qabul qilingan qonunda rasmiy ravishda "Daromadlarni kesish xizmati" deb nomlangan, ammo bu xizmat taxminan 1890 yilgacha daromad-dengiz piyodalari bilan bir-birining o'rnida tanilgan.[4] Davomida Amerika fuqarolar urushi, USRC Harriet Leyn paroxodni jalb qilib, urushning birinchi dengiz otishmalarini otdi Neshvill qamal paytida Sumter Fort.[5] Prezident Linkoln "1799 yil 2 martdagi qonunni" qo'llagan, bu unga daromadlarni kesuvchilarga dengiz kuchlari bilan jangovar navbatchilik qilishni buyurishga imkon beradi. Linkoln G'aznachilik kotibiga 1863 yil 14-iyunda daromadlarni kesuvchilarni tayinlashga buyurdi Shimoliy Atlantika blokadasi otryadi[6] Daromadlarni kesuvchi xizmatni tark etgan va Konfederatsiyaga qo'shilgan daromadlarni kesuvchi zobitlar o'zlarining komissiyalarini saqlab qolishdi va 1861 yil 24-dekabrda Konfederatsiya Kongressi prezidentga ofitserlarni har qanday dengiz yoki harbiy xizmatda ishlashga vakolat berdi. Ba'zilar armiya va dengiz flotiga qo'shilishdi, ammo ba'zilari Konfederatsiyaga xizmat ko'rsatadigan daromadlarni qisqartirish bo'yicha ofitser sifatida davom etishdi.[7]

1867 yilda Alyaskani sotib olgandan so'ng, USRCLinkoln Bortga birinchi leytenant Jorj V. Mur jo'natildi Sitka San-Frantsiskodagi AQSh bojxona yig'uvchisi agenti sifatida Qo'shma Shtatlar suverenitetini o'rnatish. Linkoln qirg'oq bo'ylab razvedka qilish uchun yo'naltirildi.[8][9][10] 1880-yillarda 1890-yillarda daromadlarni kesish xizmati rivojlanishida muhim rol o'ynadi Alyaska. Kapitan "Jahannam guvillashi" Maykl A. Xili, kapitani USRC Ayiq, olib kelgan dasturga katta yordam berdi kiyik mahalliy eskimoslar uchun doimiy oziq-ovqat manbasini ta'minlash uchun Alyaskaga.[11][12] 1897-1898 yil qish paytida birinchi leytenant Devid X. Jarvis, Ikkinchi leytenant Ellsvort P. Bertholf Daromadlarni kesish xizmati va jarroh Samuel J. Call, Sog'liqni saqlash xizmati bug'u podasini 1500 kilometr masofani bosib o'tdi Quruqlikdagi yordam ekspeditsiyasi yaqinida muz bilan qamalib qolgan och qorachilarga yordam berish Barrow. Kongress uchta kishini mukofotladi Kongressning oltin medallari 1902 yil 28 iyunda "ko'rsatilgan qahramonlik xizmati" uchun.[13] Davomida Ispaniya-Amerika urushi USRCXadson davomida AQSh dengiz kuchlariga yordam berdi Ikkinchi Kardenas jangi nogironlarni tortib olish orqali USSWinslow Ispaniya artilleriyasidan tashqarida. Bortda uchta dengizchi Winslow dengiz flotini qabul qildi "Shuhrat" medali jang paytida qilgan xatti-harakatlari uchun, ammo o'sha paytlarda Daromadlarni kesuvchi xizmat a'zolari "Faxriy medal" olish huquqiga ega bo'lmaganligi sababli Kongress maxsus medal ular uchun urdi. Birinchi leytenant Frank Nyukom, qo'mondoni Xadson, medalni oltindan, uning zobitlari kumushdan, safga qo'shilgan ekipajlar bronzadan olishdi.[14]

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining hayotni saqlab qolish xizmati

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining hayotni saqlash xizmati muhri

1700 va 1800 yillarning boshlarida qirg'oqdagi jamoalarda bir qator ixtiyoriy tashkilotlar qirg'oqqa asoslangan stantsiyalarda kichik qayiqlar yordamida halokatga uchragan dengizchilarga yordam berish uchun tuzilgan, xususan Massachusets insonparvarlik jamiyati 1786 yilda tashkil etilgan.[15] Ushbu stantsiyalar odatda ishsiz edi - asosan ko'ngillilar foydalanadigan qayiqlar va jihozlarning omborlari. 1848 yil 14-avgustda Nyuell qonunining imzolanishi bilan Kongress sharqiy qirg'oq bo'ylab qutqaruv stantsiyalarini moliyalashtirish uchun 10 000 AQSh dollarini ajratdi.[16][17] Ular daromad-dengiz piyodalari tomonidan bemalol boshqarilgan, ammo baribir ko'ngillilarga bog'liq.[18]

Ushbu tizim 1871 yil 1 fevralgacha davom etdi Sumner Kimball tomonidan G'aznachilik departamentining daromadlar dengiz bo'limi boshlig'i etib tayinlandi G'aznachilik kotibi Jorj S. Butvell.[Izoh 1][20][21] Kongress nihoyat 1875 yil 3 martda bo'linishni tashkil etishni rasmiylashtirdi.[22] Kimball Kongressni yangi stantsiyalar qurish, eskilarini ta'mirlash va doimiy ishchi guruh bilan ta'minlash uchun 200 ming dollar ajratishga ishontirdi.[23] Ko'p o'tmay, 1878 yilda AQShning hayotini qutqarish xizmati rasmiy ravishda tashkil etildi va Kimball xizmatni boshqarish uchun ixtiyoriy ravishda yordam berdi.[22][24] Kimball xizmatni 1915 yilda Daromadlarni kesish xizmati bilan birlashtirilgunga qadar nazoratchi lavozimida ishlagan.[25]

Daromadni kesuvchi xizmat, ehtimol ko'proq tan olingan bo'lsa-da The Sohil Xavfsizligining o'tmishdoshi, Najotkorlarni qutqarish xizmati merosi ko'p jihatdan yaqqol ko'rinib turibdi, hech bo'lmaganda Sohil Xavfsizligining qidiruv-qutqaruv missiyasi jamoatchilik oldida muhim ahamiyatga ega. Sohil xavfsizlik 1899 yilgi qoidalardan "Siz tashqariga chiqishingiz kerak, lekin qaytib kelishingiz shart emas" deb nomlangan norasmiy qidiruv-qutqaruv shiori bilan shug'ullanadi. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining hayotni saqlash xizmati, unda quyidagilar ko'rsatilgan:

Qutqaruvchini qutqarish uchun qo'riqchi qayiqni, shlyuzni yoki yuk mashinasini tanlaydi, chunki uning fikriga ko'ra mavjud sharoitlarni engish uchun eng mos keladi. Agar birinchi marta tanlangan moslama bunday sinovdan so'ng ishlamay qolsa, u bilan boshqa urinish mumkin emasligini qondiradigan bo'lsa, u boshqalarning biriga murojaat qiladi, agar u muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lsa, qolganiga murojaat qiladi va u o'z harakatlaridan to'xtamaydi haqiqiy sinov orqali qutqaruvni amalga oshirishning iloji yo'qligi isbotlangan. Dengiz yoki bemaqsad juda og'ir bo'lgani uchun qayiqdan foydalanishga harakat qilmaganligi haqidagi qo'riqchining bayonoti, agar uni ishga tushirishga urinishlar amalga oshirilmasa va muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchraguncha [ostiga chizilgan qo'shilgan] yoki qirg'oqning konformatsiyasi bo'lmaguncha qabul qilinmaydi. blufflar, tez-tez uchraydigan banklar va boshqalar - bu shubhasiz qayiqdan foydalanishni istisno qiladi.

Bir qator Sohil Xavfsizlik an'analari, Najot qutqarish xizmatidan ham omon qoladi yoki unga hurmat bajo keltiradi. Masalan, "Najot qutqarish xizmati" a'zolari "bemaqsad" deb nomlangan, bugungi kunda esa Surfman nishoni u taqdirlandi kokslar og'ir sörf sharoitida motorli qutqaruv qayiqlarini boshqarish huquqiga ega bo'lganlar. Ko'krak nishoni hayotni qutqarish xizmati muhriga o'xshaydi.

Sohil xavfsizlik akademiyasi

The Ta'lim maktabi Revenue Cutter Service 1876 yil 31-iyulda Nyu-Bedford (Massachusets shtati) yaqinida tashkil etilgan. Bu ishlatilgan USRCJeyms C. Dobbin uning o'quv mashqlari uchun. Dobbin bilan almashtirildi 1878 yilda USRCSalmon P. Chase, bu mashg'ulotni to'xtatuvchi sifatida topshirish uchun maxsus ishlab chiqilgan.[26] Ta'lim maktabi 1900 yilda Merilend shtatidagi Kertis ko'rfaziga, keyin esa 1910 yilda Nyu-London (Konnektikut) yaqinidagi Fort Trumbullga ko'chib o'tdi.[27][28] Maktab ba'zi bir sinf ishlari va texnik mavzular bo'yicha repetitorlik bilan to'ldirilgan ikki yillik shartnoma bilan ta'minlandi. 1903 yilda o'qitishning uchinchi yili qo'shildi.[29] Maktab oddiy ofitserlarga yo'naltirilgan edi, chunki muhandislar bevosita fuqarolik hayotidan yollangan. 1906 yilda kursantlar uchun muhandislik dasturi boshlandi.[29] Shunga qaramay, maktab kichik bo'lib qoldi, sinfda 5 dan 10 gacha kursantlar bor edi. 1914 yilda Maktab Daromadlarni Kesish Akademiyasiga aylandi va 1915 yilda Daromadlarni Kesish Xizmati va Hayotni Saqlash Xizmatining birlashishi bilan Qo'shma Shtatlar Sohil Xavfsizlik Akademiyasiga aylandi.[28] 1929 yil fevralda Kongress akademiya uchun ishlatiladigan binolarni qurish uchun 1 million 750 ming dollar ajratdi. Nyu-London shahri Temza daryosidagi erlarni sotib olib, hukumatga Sohil Xavfsizlik inshooti sifatida foydalanish uchun sovg'a qildi. Qurilish 1931 yilda boshlangan va birinchi kursantlar 1932 yilda yangi ob'ektlarni ishg'ol qilishni boshlagan.[30] Sinflarning to'rtinchi yili 1932 yilda qo'shilgan.[29]

Zamonaviy sohil xavfsizligini yaratish

1915 yil 28-yanvarda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining daromadlarni kesuvchi xizmati va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining qutqarish xizmati Kongress akti bilan birlashtirilib, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari qirg'og'ini qo'riqlashni tashkil etdi.[31] Yaratilgan kuni Sohil Xavfsizlik tarkibida qariyb 255 zobit, 3900 zobitlar va shtab-kvartirani boshqaradigan harbiy xizmatchilar, 17 mintaqaviy qo'mondonlik, 4 ta depo, akademiya, 25 ta sayohatchilar, 20 ta portni kesuvchilar va 280 ta qayiq stantsiyalari mavjud edi.[32]

Birinchi jahon urushi

Tayyorgarlik

Sohil xavfsizlik xizmatining yaqinlashib kelayotgan urushga tayyorgarligi aslida 1917 yil 6-aprelda e'lon qilingan Urush deklaratsiyasidan oldin boshlangan.[33] 1916 yil oxirida Sohil aloqalari bo'yicha idoralararo kengash telefon aloqalarini yaxshilashni va dengiz qirg'oqlari bo'ylab dengiz qutqarish stantsiyalarini hamda boshqa hukumat qirg'oq inshootlarini qo'shish uchun AQSh sohil bo'yi bo'ylab yuqori darajadagi holatga keltirishni tavsiya qildi.[34] Aviatsiya zarurligini sezgan Sohil Xavfsizlik xizmati uchinchi leytenantni yubordi Elmer Stoun 1916 yil 21 martda harbiy-dengiz parvozlariga tayyorgarlik.[35] 1917 yil 22 martda komendant o'n ikki varaqdan iborat qo'llanma chiqardi 2-sonli maxfiy buyruq, AQSh dengiz kuchlarining bir qismi sifatida ishlash zarur bo'lganda AQSh sohil xavfsizligini safarbar qilish.[33] Germaniya 1917 yil 30-yanvarda dushmanlari bilan savdo qiluvchi barcha kemalarda cheklanmagan suvosti urushlari siyosatini e'lon qilgan va maqsad sifatida neytral yuk tashishni o'z ichiga olgan.[36] Urush e'lon qilinishidan oldin AQSh savdo kemalari cho'kdi SS Xaldton va SS Xomatatonik va yana besh kishi 36 amerikalikning hayotini yuqotish bilan.[37]

Urush e'lon qilinishi

USCGC Tampa portda

1917 yil 6-aprelda rasmiy ravishda urush e'lon qilinishi bilan Sohil Xavfsizlik floti tezkor boshqaruviga o'tkazildi. Barcha kesuvchilar eng yaqin dengiz okrugi qo'mondoniga xabar berishlari va keyingi buyruqlar uchun yonlarida turishlari kerak edi.[38] Dengiz kuchlari buyrug'ini kutayotgan qutqaruvlar bundan mustasno, barcha normal operatsiyalar to'xtatildi. Dengiz kuchlari kotibi Jozefus Daniels Sohil Xavfsizlik o'sha paytda Dengiz kuchlari tarkibiga kirgan bo'lsa-da, Sohil Xavfsizlik shtab-kvartirasi tomonidan boshqariladigan ma'muriy tafsilotlarning aksariyati o'zgarmaydi. Urush boshlanganda Sohil Xavfsizlik 4000 dan kam zobitlar va odamlardan iborat bo'lib, 23 ta sayohatchilar, 21 ta portlar, 272 qutqarish stantsiyalari va Sohil Xavfsizlik Akademiyasida 21 ta kursantlarga ega edilar.[39][40] Sohil xavfsizlik xizmati AQSh daromadlarni kesish xizmati va AQShning qutqaruv xizmati birlashishidan hali ham rivojlanish bosqichida edi. Shu sababli, urush paytida ikki sobiq shaxs o'rtasida juda ko'p o'zaro aloqalar bo'lmagan. Katerga o'tishni xohlagan malakali hayot qutqarish xizmati xodimi, kema mahoratining etishmasligi sababli hisobot bergandan so'ng oddiy dengizchiga aylantirilishi kerak edi. Ushbu transferlar tufayli kamdan-kam hollarda bo'lgan. Ayni paytda Sohil Xavfsizligida kichik bosh ofitserlar bo'lmagan va Dengiz kemalariga tayinlangan Sohil Xavfsizligining kichik zobitlari kam maosh evaziga kam tajribali nazoratchilar ostida xizmat qilishgan.[41] Sohil xavfsizligi to'sarlari dengiz kuchlari tomonidan tayyor mol sifatida ko'rilgan va tez kengayib borayotgan dengiz kuchlarini to'ldirish uchun ishlatilgan. Dengiz kuchlari sohil xavfsizligi zobitlari va kichik ofitserlarini tajribali dengizchilar deb tan olishdi va ekipaj etishmovchiligi va tajriba etishmasligini to'ldirish uchun ularni dengiz flotiga joylashtirdilar. Urush paytida, 1918 yilda dengiz qirg'oqlarini mudofaa zaxirasidan egizak opa-singillar Jenevieve va Lyusil Beykerlar Sohil xavfsizlik xizmatida xizmat qilgan birinchi forma kiygan ayollar bo'lishdi.[42][43]

USCGC Tampa botishi

1918 yil 26 sentyabr kuni tushdan keyin, USCGCTampa u yaqinda kuzatib qo'ygan HG-107 kolonnasi bilan xayrlashdi Irlandiya dengizi Gibraltardan. Kiritish buyurilgan Milford Xeyven, Uels, u mustaqil ravishda belgilangan manzil tomon yo'l oldi.[44] 1930 yilda o'sha oqshom, u tranzit paytida Bristol kanali, harbiy kemani ko'rdi UB-91. Dengiz osti urushining kundalik yozuviga ko'ra, U-qayiq sho'ng'idi va hujum holatiga o'tdi, 2015 yilda taxminan 550 metr masofadan turib, orqa trubadan bitta torpedani otib tashladi. Bir necha daqiqadan so'ng, torpedo urildi Tampa va ulkan nurli suv ustunini uloqtirib, port porti ostida portladi.[45] To'sar barcha qo'llar bilan cho'kib ketdi: 111 qirg'oq qo'riqchilari, 4 AQSh dengiz kuchlari dengizchilari va 11 kishidan iborat 16 yo'lovchi. Qirollik floti dengizchilar va 5 Dengiz xizmati Merchant Marines.[46] Cho'kish Tampa urushda Sohil xavfsizlik xodimlarining eng katta yo'qotishidir.[47] U cho'kdi Bristol kanali taxminan 50 ° 40′N 6 ° 19′W / 50.667 ° shimoliy 6.317 ° Vt / 50.667; -6.317.[48]

1920-yillar

Urushdan keyingi kurash alohida qurolli xizmat bo'lib qolish uchun

1920 yilda Davlatlararo va tashqi savdo bo'yicha Vakillar qo'mitasi yaqinda tashkil etilgan Sohil Xavfsizligini Qo'shma Shtatlar dengiz flotiga birlashtirish bo'yicha tinglovlar o'tkazdi.[49]

Taqiq

20-asrning 20-yillarida Sohil Xavfsizlik xizmatiga AQShning bir necha sobiq harbiy-dengiz floti to'rt qavatli berildi yo'q qiluvchilar ijro etishga yordam berish Taqiq. Bu harakat butunlay muvaffaqiyatli bo'lmadi, chunki yo'q qiluvchilarning sustligi tufayli. Biroq, missiya ko'plab Sohil xavfsizlik zobitlarini va kichik ofitserlar bebaholigini isbotlagan operatsion tajribaga ega Ikkinchi jahon urushi. Dengiz flotining "Bezorilar dengiz kuchlari" epiteti shu davrga to'g'ri keladi, chunki Sohil Xavfsizligi boshqa xizmatlardan bo'shatilgan erkaklarni tezda kengayish uchun jalb qilishda moslashuvchanligi tufayli; oldingi xizmatga jalb qilinganlarning ulushi katta bo'lganligi sababli u bardoshli bo'lib, xizmat ichida faxrlanish davriga aylandi.

1927 yil Missisipi daryosi toshqini

Falokat paytida 1927 yil Missisipi daryosi toshqini, Sohil qo'riqchilari jami 43 853 kishini qutqarib qolishdi, ular "xavfli joylardan xavfsizlik joylariga ko'chirildi". Bundan tashqari, ular kasalxonaga yotqizishga muhtoj bo'lgan 72 kishiga 11.313 bosh chorva mollarini tejashdi va transport vositalarini jihozlashdi. Barcha 674 qirg'oq qo'riqchilari va 128 qirg'oq xavfsizligi kemalari va qayiqlari yordam operatsiyalarida xizmat qilishdi.[50]

1930-yillar

Savdo orqali etkazib berishni tartibga solish

Steamboat inspektsiyasi xizmati 1934 yil 30 iyunda savdogar dengizchilar faoliyatini tartibga solishni nazorat qilish uchun 1884 yilda tashkil qilingan Navigatsiya byurosi bilan birlashtirildi. 1934 yilda yo'lovchi kemasi SS Morro qal'asi Nyu-Jersi qirg'og'ida jiddiy yong'in sodir bo'ldi, natijada 124 yo'lovchi va ekipaj halok bo'ldi. Qurbon yangi voqeani keltirib chiqardi yong'indan himoya qilish kemalar uchun standartlar va "1936 yil 27-may qonuni" ga yo'l ochib berdi, bu kemani boshqarish va bug'li kemalarni tekshirish xizmati byurosini qayta tashkil etgan va dengiz nazorati va navigatsiya byurosiga o'zgartirgan. Ostida dengiz nazorati va navigatsiya vazifalari Dengiz nazorati va navigatsiya byurosi 1942 yil 28-fevralda ijro etuvchi buyruq bilan vaqtincha Sohil Xavfsizligiga o'tkazilgan. Ushbu vazifalarni topshirish Sohil Xavfsizligining port xavfsizligi va xavfsizligi vazifalariga juda mos keladi va 1946 yilda doimiy ravishda amalga oshiriladi.[51]

Karl fon Paulsenni qutqarish

Leytenant komandir Karl fon Paulsen dengiz samolyotini o'rnating Arkturus 1933 yil yanvar oyida og'ir dengizda Kanaveral burni va skifda adashgan bolani qutqardi. Ochiq suvga qo'nish paytida samolyot shunchalik katta zarar ko'rdiki, u ko'tarila olmadi. Oxir oqibat, Arkturus qirg'oqqa yuvilib ketgan va shu jumladan bolakay ham saqlanib qolgan. Qo'mondon Polsen Oltin bilan taqdirlandi Hayotni qutqarish medali ushbu qutqarish uchun.[52]

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining dengiz chiroqlari xizmatining yutilishi

The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining dengiz chiroqlari xizmati 1789 yil 7-avgustdan tashkil topgan eng qadimgi davlat idorasi bo'lib, 1939 yil 1-iyulda Sohil Xavfsizligi tomonidan qabul qilindi.[53]

1940-yillar

Ikkinchi jahon urushi

Amerikaliklar kirib kelishidan oldin Ikkinchi jahon urushi, Sohil Xavfsizlik xizmati to'sarlari Shimoliy Atlantika orollarini qo'riqlashdi. 1940 yil yanvarda Prezident Ruzvelt tashkil etishga yo'naltirilgan Atlantika ob-havosini kuzatish xizmati sohil xavfsizligi to'sarlari va AQSh Ob-havo byurosi kuzatuvchilaridan foydalanish.[54]

Keyin Daniyani bosib olish 1940 yil 9 aprelda Germaniya tomonidan Prezident Ruzvelt buyruq berdi Xalqaro muz patrollari patrul qilish uchun qonuniy bahona sifatida davom ettirish Grenlandiya, kimning kriyolit minalar alyuminiyni tozalash uchun juda muhim edi va ularning geografik joylashuvi Evropa uchun aniq ob-havo prognozlarini amalga oshirishga imkon berdi.[55] The Grenlandiya patrul xizmati urush davomida qirg'oq qo'riqchilari tomonidan saqlanib turilgan.[56]

Yaponiya samolyotlarining Pearl Harbor-ga hujumi

Sohil xavfsizlik 1941 yilda Amerikaga qilingan Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidagi birinchi hujumda bevosita ishtirok etdi Pearl Harbor-ga hujum. 7-dekabr kuni AQSh dengiz kuchlarini qo'llab-quvvatlovchi qirg'oq qo'riqchilari, patrul kemalari, bazalar, stantsiyalar, dengiz chiroqlari va xodimlar 14-dengiz okrugi. Ushbu birliklar kiritilgan USCGCTaney va patrul to'sarlari Yo'lbars va Ishonch; shamshir tenderlari Kukui va yong'oq; patrul qayiqlari CG-400, CG-403, CG-27va CG-8; suzuvchi qayiq va sobiq dengiz chiroqlari xizmati Lehua barchasi bir nechta samolyotda jangovar otishmada qatnashgan.

Taney, e'tiborga loyiq Ikkinchi jahon urushi davr yuqori chidamlilik to'sar, bugungi kunda ham suzib yurgan yagona harbiy kemadir (a muzey kemasi yilda Baltimor uchun mavjud bo'lgan Perl-Harborga hujum 1941 yilda, garchi u aslida Honolulu yaqinida joylashgan bo'lsa ham.[57] Sohil xavfsizligi aviatori, leytenant Frank Erikson, keyinchalik qidiruv-qutqaruv vertolyotining parvoziga kashshoflik qilgan bo'lsa-da, Taney soatlab turgan edi Ford oroli hujumdan oldin dushmanning bir nechta samolyotlariga qarshi kurashish uchun zenit batareyasini boshqargan.[iqtibos kerak ]

AQSh Sohil Xavfsizligi ot patrul, taxminan 1941-45

Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida dushman kemalari AQSh qirg'oqlariga yaqinlashib, qarama-qarshi kuchlarning xalqqa bostirib kirishiga yo'l qo'yganligi haqida katta tashvish mavjud edi. Sohil qo'riqchilari tomonidan boshqariladigan plyaj patrullari uchta asosiy funktsiyaga ega xavfsizlik kuchlari sifatida muhim ahamiyat kasb etdi: hududda faoliyat ko'rsatayotgan har qanday shubhali kemalarni izlash va ular to'g'risida xabar berish; dushman tomonidan qo'nish harakatlari to'g'risida xabar berish va oldini olish; va qirg'oqdagi odamlar bilan dengizdagi dushmanlar o'rtasidagi aloqani oldini olish. urush paytida Qo'shma Shtatlar qirg'oqlarini qo'riqlagan.[58] 1942 yil 13-iyunda dengiz sohilida patrul xizmatida bo'lgan dengizchi 2-sinf Jon Kullen Amagansett, Nyu-York, Germaniya diversantlarining birinchi qo'nishini kashf etdi Pastorius operatsiyasi. Kullen urush paytida Qo'shma Shtatlar qirg'og'ida dushman bilan aloqada bo'lgan birinchi amerikalik edi va uning hisoboti nemis sabotaj guruhini qo'lga olishga olib keldi. Buning uchun Kullen uni oldi Xizmat legioni.[59]

USCGCModoc nemisni ta'qib qilish va cho'ktirishda periferik ravishda ishtirok etgan jangovar kema Bismark.

Germaniya AQShga urush e'lon qilganidan ko'p o'tmay nemis dengiz osti kemalari boshlangan Drumbeat operatsiyasi ("Paukenschlag"), Amerika qirg'oqlarida va Karib dengizida cho'kayotgan kemalar. 1942 yil 15 martda, USCGCAkatsiya, dan yo'nalishda Kyurasao ga Antigua, hujumga uchragan va cho'kib ketgan U-161 taxminan 150 mil janubda Port-o-Prens, barcha qo'llar hayot yo'qotishsiz qutqarildi.[60][61]

Ko'plab qirg'oq qo'riqchilari Germaniyaning Amerika kemalariga hujumlaridan so'ng qutqaruv operatsiyalarida ishtirok etishdi. USCGCIkar, ilgari a bo'lgan 165 fut (50 m) to'sar rumunner davomida quvg'in Taqiq, cho'kdi U-352 1942 yil 9 mayda, sohil bo'yida Keyp Lookout, Shimoliy Karolina va 33 ta mahbusni olib ketdi, bu AQShning har qanday kuchi tomonidan jangda olingan birinchi nemislar.

USCGCThetis cho‘kib ketdi U-157 1942 yil 10-iyunda. Urush paytida Sohil Xavfsizlik bo'linmalari Germaniyaning 12 va Yaponiyaning ikkita suvosti kemasini cho'ktirdilar va Germaniyaning ikkita suv usti kemasini qo'lga oldilar.

Qachon USCGCKempbell qo'pol va nemisni cho'ktirdi U-606, uning ro'yxatdan o'tgan maskoti Sinbad uyda ommaviy qahramonga aylandi va konvensiyani himoya qilishda Sohil Xavfsizligining roliga e'tibor qaratdi.

Sohil xavfsizlik 30 kishidan iborat edi Edsall sinfidagi esminets eskortlari uning buyrug'i bilan asosan ishlatilgan konvoy da eskort boji Atlantika.[62] Sohil xavfsizlik qo'mondonligi ostida bo'lgan boshqa Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz kuchlari kemalari quyidagilarni o'z ichiga olgan:[63]

Dengizga qarshi operatsiyalardan tashqari,[64] Sohil xavfsizlik AQSh dengiz kuchlari bilan yaqindan hamkorlik qildi va Dengiz kuchlari korpusi. Ko'pchilik kokslar Sohil Xavfsizlik xizmati amerikaliklarni boshqargan qo'nish kemasi kabi Xiggins qayig'i (LCVP ), amfibiya bosqinlarida AQSh dengiz piyodalari korpusi bilan hamkorlikda amfibiya ta'limi olgan Sohil Gvardiyachilari foydalanilgan. Sohil qo'riqchilari tomonidan qirg'oq qo'riqchilari tomonidan qisman ekipaj qilingan kemalar va kemalar 1942 yil noyabrda Shimoliy Afrikaga bostirib kirishda ishlatilgan (Mash'al operatsiyasi ) va bosqini Sitsiliya 1943 yilda (Husky operatsiyasi ). Sohil xavfsizligi ekipajlari 22 ta tankerni, 51 ta xizmat ko'rsatgan katta tortmalar, 6 dengizni ta'mirlash kemalari va 209 yuk va ta'minot kemalari uchun Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi.[63]

1942 yil 9 sentyabrda USCGC Muskeget tomonidan cho'kib ketgan U-755 Shimoliy Atlantika ob-havo patrulida bo'lganida 116 ekipaj a'zosi, bitta sog'liqni saqlash xizmati shifokori va to'rtta ob-havo xizmati xodimi halok bo'lgan.

1942 yil noyabr oyida Sohil Xavfsizlik Xotin-qizlar qo'riqxonasini tuzish to'g'risidagi qonun qabul qilindi SPARS. Kapitan boshchiligida Doroti C. Stratton, atrofida 11000 ayollar turli shtatlardagi lavozimlarda xizmat qilib, erkaklarni chet elda xizmat vazifalarini bajarishdan ozod qilishdi.

USCGC Eskanaba Ekipaj a'zolari Ikkinchi Jahon urushi boshida kemada

1943 yil 3-fevralda transportning torpedo bilan qoplanishi SSDorchester Grenlandiya qirg'og'ida arra kesuvchilar Komanchi va Eskanaba javob bering. Sovuq suv tirik qolganlarga sovuq Shimoliy Atlantika okeanida bir necha daqiqa yashashga imkon berdi. Buni hisobga olgan holda, ekipaj Eskanaba tirik qolganlarni suvdan tortib olayotganda yangi qutqarish texnikasidan foydalangan. Ushbu "retriever" texnikasi suvda jabrlanganlarga suzish va ularni kemaga olib chiqish uchun ularga chiziq bog'lash uchun nam kostyum kiygan suzuvchilarni ishlatgan. Eskanaba 133 kishini saqlab qoldi va Komanchi 97 saqlangan.[52] Eskanaba o'zi bir necha oy o'tgach, 105 kishilik ekipajining 103 nafari bilan birga torpedo yoki minada yo'qolgan.[65]

Sohil xavfsizlik bosh fotosuratchisi Mate tomonidan olingan o'lim jag'iga Robert F. Sarjent va sohil xavfsizligi ekipaji tomonidan boshqariladi

Davomida Normandiya bosqini 1944 yil 6-iyunda, yog'ochdan yasalgan 60 ta kesuvchi flotilla 83 metr (25 m) qirg'oq xavfsizligi to'sarlari "Matchbox Fleet" laqabli, barcha qo'nish sohillarini jangovar qidiruv-qutqaruv qayiqlari sifatida sayohat qilib, 400 ittifoqchi aviachilar va dengizchilarni saqlab qoldi. O-1 divizioni, shu jumladan Sohil Xavfsizligi ekipaji USSShomuil Cheyz, qo'ndi AQSh armiyasi "s 1-piyoda diviziyasi kuni Omaha plyaji. O'chirilgan Yuta plyaji, Sohil xavfsizligi ekipajini buyruq kemasi USSBayfild. D-Day paytida bir necha qirg'oq qo'riqchilari ekipaji qo'nish kemasi dushmanning olovi va og'ir dengizlari tufayli yo'qoldi. Bundan tashqari, bo'ronlar paytida to'sar plyajga o'ralgan Normandiya AQSh tomonidan boshqariladigan qirg'oq Tut porti.

Asoslangan 60 to'sarlarning bir qatori Puul qismi sifatida Flotilla One-ni qutqaring.

1944 yil 27-avgustda barcha qirg'oq qo'riqchilari ekipaj tarkibiga kirdilar USSLST-327 torpedada edi, ammo cho'ktirilmagan U-92 Angliya kanalidan o'tayotganda. 22 qirg'oq qo'riqchisi o'ldirildi.

1944 yil 12 sentyabrda, SSJorj Ade, a Ozodlik kemasi, Germaniya qayiqchasi tomonidan torpedoed Hatteras burni, N.C.[66][67] USCGCJekson va USCGCBedloe, ekipajga yordam berish uchun yo'nalish Jorj Ade, ushlangan 1944 yildagi Buyuk Atlantika dovuli bir kun o'tgach, ikkala to'sarni ham cho'ktirdi va 47 qirg'oq qo'riqchisini o'ldirdi.[66][67][Izoh 2] AQSh dengiz kuchlari dengiz samolyoti omon qolganlarni qutqardi.[66][67]

1945 yil 29-yanvarda, USSSerpens, Sohil Xavfsizlik xizmati ekipaji bo'lgan Ozodlik kemasi, chuqurlik uchun to'lovlarni yuklash paytida Solomons orollari Gvadalkanalda portladi. 193 qirg'oq qo'riqchilari, 56 armiya stivedorlari va bittasi AQSh sog'liqni saqlash xizmati portlashda ofitser halok bo'ldi. Bu urush paytida qirg'oq qo'riqchilarining boshiga tushgan eng katta falokat edi.[68]

Ushbu davrda odatdagidek, Gollivudning mehnatga layoqatli ekran yulduzlarining ko'pchiligi harbiy mudofaaga qo'shildilar va milliy mudofaani qo'llab-quvvatlash maqsadida o'zlarining kino ishlarini tanaffusga qoldirdilar. Xususan, aktyorlar Gig Young, Sezar Romero va Richard Kromvel barchasi bir necha yil davomida Tinch okeanidagi USCG-da turli xil lavozimlarda hayratga tushdi. The A & P merosxo'r Xantington Xartford shuningdek Tinch okeanida qo'mondon sifatida xizmat qilgan.[69]

Duglas Munro

AQSh dengiz qirg'og'ini Gvardalkanaldagi Point Cruz yaqinidan dengiz piyoda piyodalarini evakuatsiya qilmoqda Matanikau daryosining ikkinchi jangi

Signalman 1-sinf Duglas Munro (1919-1942), qabul qilgan yagona sohil qo'riqchisi "Shuhrat" medali, bezatishni vafotidan keyin qilgan Ikkinchi jahon urushi davomida kichik qayiq koksi kabi Gvadalkanal jangi 1942 yilda. Dengiz kuchlari esmort eskorti, USSDuglas A. Munro (DE-422), 1944 yilda uning sharafiga nomlangan. To'sar USCGCDuglas Munro (WHEC-724) 1971 yilda foydalanishga topshirilgan va hanuzgacha faol xizmat ko'rsatmoqda. To'sar USCGCMunro (WMSL-755) 2017 yilda foydalanishga topshirilgan va faol xizmat ko'rsatmoqda.

Bermuda osmon malikasini qutqarish

1947 yil 14-oktabrda Amerikaga tegishli Boeing 314 uchadigan qayiq Bermud osmon malikasi, oltmish to'qqiz yo'lovchini ko'tarib uchib ketayotgan edi Foynes, Irlandiya to Gander, Nyufaundlend. Gale shamollari uning rivojlanishini sekinlashtirdi va u yoqilg'iga oz qoldi. Nyufaundlenddan juda yiroqda va Irlandiyaga qaytib kela olmagan kapitan Charlz Martin, dengiz flotining yigirma olti yoshli sobiq uchuvchisi, tomon uchishga qaror qildi. USCGCBibb (WPG-31) yoniq edi Okean stantsiyasi Charli Shimoliy Atlantika. Samolyot kapitani xandaqqa tushib, yo'lovchilari va ekipajini olib ketishga qaror qildi Bibb. 10 metrlik dengizlarda bu transfer ham qiyin, ham xavfli bo'lgan. Dastlab Bibbniki kapitan, kapitan Pol B. Kronk samolyotga to'sarning ley tomoniga taksiya qilingan chiziqni uzatishga urindi. To'sar bilan to'qnashuv yo'lovchilarni qutqarishga qaratilgan ushbu urinishni tugatdi. Ob-havoning yomonlashishi bilan kemadan o'n besh kishilik rezina sal va kichik qayiq joylashtirildi. Sal samolyotning qochib ketadigan eshigiga yo'naltirildi. Yo'lovchilar qayiqqa tortilgan salga sakrab tushishdi. 47 yo'lovchini qutqarib bo'lgandan so'ng, sharoitning yomonlashishi va zulmat yaqinlashishi qutqaruvni to'xtatib turishga majbur qildi. Tong otishi bilan ob-havoning yaxshilanishi qutqaruvni qayta boshlashga imkon berdi va qolgan yo'lovchilar va ekipaj a'zolariga o'tkazildi Bibb. Qutqarish butun mamlakat bo'ylab va Bostonga etib borgach, Bibb va uning ekipaji zovurda bo'lganlarning hammasini qutqargani uchun qahramonni kutib olishdi Bermud osmon malikasi.[52][70]

Ushbu hodisa ratifikatsiya qilishga turtki bo'ldi Xalqaro fuqaro aviatsiyasi tashkiloti 1947 yilda okean ob-havo stantsiyalari tarmog'ini tashkil etgan (ICAO) shartnomasi. 1949 yildagi ikkinchi konferentsiya Atlantika stantsiyalari sonini o'ntaga qisqartirdi, ammo uchta Tinch okeani stantsiyalarini nazarda tutdi.[54]

Qabul qilingan o'quv markazi

In-da ro'yxatdan o'tgan o'quv markazi tashkil etildi Cape May 1948 yilda va ishga qabul qilish bo'yicha barcha o'qitish funktsiyalari ushbu muassasada 1982 yilda, Kaliforniya shtatidagi hukumat oroli (Alameda) da joylashgan G'arbiy Sohildagi ishga qabul qilish markazi yopilganda, muassasaning maqsadi o'zgartirildi va orolning nomi o'zgartirildi. (Qarang Sohil xavfsizligi oroli ).

1950-yillar

Koreya urushi

Davomida Koreya urushi, Sohil xavfsizlik xodimlari evakuatsiyani tashkil qilishda yordam berishdi Koreys Dastlabki davrda yarim orol Shimoliy Koreya hujum. 1950 yil 9-avgustda Kongress 679-sonli ommaviy qonunni qabul qildi Magnuson qonuni. Ushbu harakat Sohil xavfsizlik xizmatiga Qo'shma Shtatlar portlari va portlari xavfsizligini doimiy ravishda ta'minlash majburiyatini yukladi. Bundan tashqari, Sohil Xavfsizlik Tinch okeanining shimoliy qismida bir qator ob-havo kemalarini yaratdi va fuqarolik va harbiy samolyotlarga va qayg'uga duchor bo'lgan kemalarga yordam berdi. LORAN Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti kuchlariga yordam bergan Yaponiya va Koreyadagi stantsiyalar.

Pendlton qutqarish

Asosiy maqola: SS Pendlton
Kamon qismi Pendlton, 1952 yil 19-fevral

1952 yil 18-fevralda qattiq "norasteaster "Yangi Angliya qirg'og'ida T2 tankerlari SS Fort Mercer va SS Pendlton yarmini sindirdi. Pendlton hech qanday tashvish chaqiruvini amalga oshirolmadi; u noodatiy qirg'oq radarida topilgan Chatham, Massachusets shtati, Qutqaruv stantsiyasi qidiruv paytida jihozlangan Fort Mercer.[71]

Boatswain-ning turmush o'rtog'i Birinchi sinf Bernard C. Vebber, kokswain ning Sohil xavfsizlik motorli qutqaruv kemasi CG 36500 Chatham stantsiyasidan va uning ekipaji Engineman Uchinchi sinf Endryu Fitsjerald, Dengizchi Richard Livsi va dengizchi Ervin Maske ekipajni qutqarishdi Pendlton's qattiq bo'lim, bilan Pendlton ikkiga bo'lingan Uebber 36 metrli oyoq ostida harakat qildi Pendlton'kabi qattiq malakali mutaxassis tanker Ekipaj a'zolari, qattiq qismda qolib, o'z kemalarining qoldiqlarini a Yoqubning narvoni. Erkaklar birin-ketin suvga sakrab, keyin suvga tortildi qutqaruv qayig'i. Uebber va uning ekipaji 41 kishidan 32 tasini saqlab qoldi Pendlton ekipaj a'zolari. Oltin bilan Vebber, Fitsjerald, Livsi va Maske mukofotlandilar Hayotni qutqarish medali ularning qahramonlik harakatlari uchun.[71]

Umuman olganda, AQShning Qirg'oq qo'riqlash kemalari, samolyotlari va qutqaruv kemalari, og'ir qish sharoitida ish olib borib, 62 kishini asos soluvchi kemalardan yoki suvdan qutqarib qolishdi. Besh qirg'oq qo'riqchisi oltin qutqarish medali, to'rt nafari hayotni qutqarish medali va 15 nafari Sohil xavfsizligini maqtash medali.[52]

Erkaklarni qutqarish kamon ning Fort Mercer kabi deyarli ajoyib edi Pendlton qutqarish, garchi ko'pincha Pendlton qutqarish. To'qqiz zobit va ekipaj kamonda qolib ketishdi Fort Mercer, ulardan to'rttasi sallar yordamida muvaffaqiyatli qutqarildi va a Monomoy qayiqchasi. Kamroq keskin, barcha qirg'oq odamlari ham qutqarildi va Fort Mercer Oxir-oqibat, orqa tomon qirg'oqqa tortildi va qayta tiklandi San-Jasinto.[72]

Sohil xavfsizlik xizmatidan birinchisi Sentinel- sinf kesgichlari, USCGCBernard C. Vebber, BM1 Vebber sharafiga nomlangan.[73]

Qutqaruvlar 2016 yil kinofilmida tasvirlangan Eng yaxshi soatlar, asosida 2009 yilgi kitob xuddi shu nom bilan.

1960-yillar

Transport bo'limiga o'tkazish

1967 yil 1 aprelda Sohil Xavfsizlik G'aznachilik bo'limi yangi tashkil etilganlarga Transport bo'limi 1966 yil 15 oktyabrda imzolangan PL 89-670 vakolati ostida.

Poyga chizig'i

1967 yilda Sohil Xavfsizlik xizmati qizil va ko'k rangdagi "poyga chizig'ini" to'sar, qayiq va samolyotlar uchun odatiy belgi sifatida qabul qildi. Raymond Loewy / William Snaith, Inc sanoat dizayn firmasi tomonidan sohil qo'riqlash bo'linmalari va kemalariga o'ziga xos ko'rinish berish hamda masofadan aniqroq tanib olish tavsiya etilgan.[74] Ushbu "poyga chizig'i" o'z navbatida boshqa sohil qo'riqchilari tomonidan (o'zgartirilgan shakllarda) qabul qilingan, xususan Kanada qirg'oq xavfsizligi.

Vetnam urushi

USCGC Dueyn (WHEC-33) Vetnamdagi nishonlarni o'qqa tutish v. 1967 yil
Squadron Bir birlik patch

Sohil xavfsizlik xizmati faol harakat qildi Vetnam urushi ning tashkil topishi bilan 1965 yil 27 mayda boshlangan Sohil xavfsizlik otryadining birinchi qismi 11 va 12-bo'limlardan iborat bo'lib, birinchi otryad yordam berdi Operatsion bozori vaqti tomonidan etkazib berishni dengiz orqali taqiqlash orqali Vietnam Kong va Shimoliy Vetnam kuchlari. Sohil xavfsizligi juda foydali bo'lgan "cho'chqachilik" qurolini ishlab chiqdi; an M2 Browning avtomati ustiga joylashtirilgan 81 mm ohak.[75] O'n etti Nuqta sinfi 82 metrlik WPB to'sarlari Vetnam yaqinidagi qirg'oq suvlariga o'zlarining Sohil xavfsizlik ekipajlari bilan operatsion nazorati ostida o'tkazildi. AQSh dengiz kuchlari Ettinchi flot. Dastlabki sakkizta Squadron One to'sarlari 20 iyulda Danangga etib kelishdi va 12-bo'limga tayinlanishdi.[76] Qolgan to'qqizta to'sarlardan iborat 11-bo'lim 1 avgust kuni An Txoyga etib keldi. [76] To'qqizta qo'shimcha WPB-dan iborat 13-bo'lim 1966 yil 22-fevralda Cat Lo-da xizmatga kelgan.[77] Squadron One to'siqlari dengiz kuchlari bilan taqdirlandi Prezident bo'limi ma'lumotnomasi ularning yordami davomida dengiz floti tomonidan taqdim etilgan Sealords operatsiyasi.

Sohil xavfsizlik otryadining uchinchisi operatsion bozor vaqtini qo'llab-quvvatlash maqsadida 1967 yil 24 aprelda tashkil etilgan va dastlab beshtadan iborat edi yuqori chidamlilik to'sarlari (WHEC) ettinchi flotga qirg'oq to'siqlarida foydalanish uchun topshirilgan va dengiz qurollarini qo'llab-quvvatlash Janubiy Vetnamdagi qirg'oq operatsiyalari uchun. Birinchi beshta to'sar 4 may kuni etib keldi[78]

Bir nechta Sohil Xavfsizligining aviatorlari AQSh havo kuchlari 37-aerokosmik qutqarish va tiklash guruhi va 40-aerokosmik qutqarish va tiklash guruhi 1968 yildan 1972 yilgacha Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyoda. Ular Vetnamda ham, Laosda ham jangovar qidiruv-qutqaruv ishlarida qatnashishgan.[79]

Sohil Xavfsizlik xizmati tomonidan portlovchi yuklarni tashuvchi otryadlar (ELD) ta'minlandi AQSh armiyasi 1-moddiy ta'minot buyrug'i Vetnamning bir nechta joylarida. ELD'lar AQSh dengiz savdosi dengiz kemalaridan portlovchi moddalar va o'q-dorilarni tushirishda Armiya shtidlari ustidan nazoratni amalga oshirgan. ELD'lar, shuningdek, armiyaga har bir portdagi port xavfsizligini ta'minlashda yordam berish uchun mas'ul edilar va oxir-oqibat Qo'shma Shtatlar armiyasi, Vetnam (General Commanding) ga hisobot berib, port xavfsizligi va suv yo'llari detalining (PS&WD) bir qismiga aylandilar.USARV ). Ular armiyani qo'lga kiritdilar Meritorious Unit maqtovi ularning sa'y-harakatlari uchun.

1965 yil 13-dekabrda Mudofaa vaziri Robert Maknamara zanjirini qurishda sohil xavfsizlik xizmatidan yordam so'radi LORAN-C Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi operatsiyalar uchun dengiz kemalari va jangovar samolyotlar tomonidan foydalanish uchun stantsiyalar.[80] Tailand va Vetnamdagi beshta joyda qurilish deyarli darhol boshlandi va ular 1966 yil 28 oktyabrda to'liq ishga tushirildi.[81]

1966 yil 22 aprelda, USCGCPlanetree (WLB-307) kirib keldi Cam Ranh ko'rfazi boshlamoq Navigatsiya uchun yordam (ATON) operatsiyalari Janubiy Vetnamning qirg'oq suvlarida. Savdo va dengiz kemalari suvda xavfsiz harakatlanishi uchun u yangi kesilgan kanallar va portlarni shamalar va kun belgilari bilan belgilashga mas'ul edi. Ushbu to'g'ridan-to'g'ri qo'llab-quvvatlash missiyasi 1971 yil 17-mayda oxirgi shamshir tenderining ketishi bilan tugadi, USCGCBlackhaw (WLB-390). Suzib olish bo'yicha ekipajlarga Janubiy Vetnam ekipajlarini jo'nab ketishidan oldin ATON harakatlarini tayyorlash vazifasi yuklatilgan Blackhaw ning bir qismi sifatidaVetnamlashtirish Nikson ma'muriyatining siyosati. 1971 yil may oyidan keyin ATONga "kerak bo'lganda" xizmat ko'rsatildi USCGCBassvud (WLB-388) Guamda homeport.

1970 yil avgust oyida Sohil Xavfsizlik xizmati Janubiy Vetnam dengiz flotiga "Squadron One" ning patrul kemalarini topshirishni tugatdi. Janubiy Vetnam ekipajlarini tayyorlash 1969 yil fevralda boshlangan va "Squadron One" operatsiyalari oxirigacha davom etgan. USCGCYakutat (WHEC-380) va USCGCBering bo'g'ozi (WHEC-382) 1971 yil 1 yanvarda Janubiy Vetnam harbiy-dengiz kuchlariga topshirildi. Oxir oqibat yana uchta WHEC Janubiy Vetnam dengiz flotiga topshirildi. The Coast Guard's involvement in the Vietnam War ended at 1246 local time 29 April 1975 when LORAN Station Con Son went off the air for good. Its signal was necessary for the safe evacuation of Saigon by AQSh elchixonasi personnel in the final days before the fall of the South Vietnamese government and it was kept on the air as long as possible.[82] On 3 October 1975 the Coast Guard disestablished the remaining LORAN-C stations in Thailand.[83]

Seven Coast Guardsmen were killed during the war in combat and search and rescue operations.[84] Additionally, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs has determined that Coast Guard veterans who served aboard designated vessels while deployed to Vietnam during the war are "eligible for the presumption of Agent to'q sariq herbicide exposure".[85] The vessels include U.S. Coast Guard Patrol Boats (WPBs), High Endurance Cutters (WHECs), Buoy Tenders (WLBs), and Cargo Vessels (WAKs).[85]

1970-yillar

The "New Guard"

In the mid-70s the Coast Guard adopted the blue uniforms seen today, replacing Navy-style uniforms worn prior to the Vietnam War.[86] Known jocularly as "Bender's Blues," they were implemented as part of the postwar transition to an all-volunteer force. It is noteworthy that the enlisted's and officer's uniforms differed faqat in rank insignia and cap devices, reflecting the value the service placed on its enlisted members (although it caused saluting confusion among members of other services). The stylish new women's uniform was created by Hollywood costume designer Edit Xed, upon the request of Capt. Eleanor L'Ecuyer.[87] Enlisted uniform buttons were gold while officer's buttons were silver. This was just opposite of most military services. Women were integrated into the Coast Guard during the 1970s, beginning with the end of the separate Women's Reserve (SPARS) in 1973, the modification of 378's for mixed-gender crews beginning in 1977, and the opening of all ratings to women in 1978. These stages of integration preceded the DOD military by roughly a year or so, as separate legislation restricted their deployment of women.[88]

Altogether, the shift from Treasury to the DOT in 1967, the uniform change, the end of Ocean Station service, growth of the shore-side establishment by newly added missions, the steady if belated retirement of venerable but aging World War II cutters, and gender integration marked the oft-lamented end of the "Old Guard" ("wooden ships and men of steel").

The Qadimgi Pterodaktil ordeni was founded in 1977 in order to preserve the history of Coast Guard aviation, as the service's last amphibious seaplane, the Grumman Albatros or "Goat," was nearing retirement, as was also the service's last enlisted pilot, John P. Greathouse.[89][90]

End of ocean stations, beginning of the 200 nautical miles (370 km) limit

One major mission of the service, maintaining Ocean Stations, came to an end as improvements in oceanic aviation (turbojet airliners and improved radionavigation) obviated the need. Biroq, Magnuson–Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Management Act of 1976 brought an increase in offshore fisheries patrols, to which the newer WHECs (the 378s) were redeployed, as the aging boiler-powered World War II-vintage wooden-deckers were gradually retired.

The Kudirka incident

On 23 November 1970, Simonas "Simas" Kudirka, a Sovet dengizchi Litva nationality, leapt from the 400-foot (120 m) mother ship Sovetskaya Litva, anchored in American waters (near Akvinna, Massachusets shtati kuni Martaning uzumzori Island), aboard the USCGC Hushyor, suzib yurish Nyu-Bedford. Sovetlar Kudirkani kema seyfidan 3000 rubl o'g'irlashda ayblashdi. Ten hours passed; communications difficulties contributed to the delay, as the ship was unfortunately in a "blind spot" of Boston Radio's (Marshfield) receivers, resulting in an awkward resort to using the public marine operator.

Olish uchun urinishlardan so'ng AQSh Davlat departamenti to provide guidance failed, Rear Admiral William B. Ellis, commander of the First Coast Guard District, ordered Commander Ralph E. Eustis to permit a KGB detachment to board the Hushyor Kudirkani Sovet kemasiga qaytarish uchun. This led to a change in asylum policy by the U.S. Coast Guard. Admiral Ellis va uning shtab boshlig'ining 15-moddasiga binoan ma'muriy jazo berildi UCMJ. Qo'mondon Eustisga jazosiz jazo berildi tanbeh xati va qirg'oq burchiga tayinlangan. Kudirka himself was tried for treason by the Soviet Union and given a ten-year sentence in prison. Subsequent investigations revealed that Kudirka could claim American citizenship through his mother and he was allowed to go to the United States in 1974.

The incident, known for several years as the Coast Guard's "Day of Shame," was portrayed in a 1978 television movie, Simas Kudirkaning aniqlanishi, bilan Alan Arkin o'ynash Kudirka va Donald Pleasence playing the captain of the Soviet ship and USCGC Hal qiluvchi playing the part of USCGC Hushyor. It was also portrayed in the 1973 book Day of Shame: The truth about the murderous happenings aboard the Cutter Vigilant during the Russian-American confrontation off Martha's Vineyard by Algis Ruksenas.[91]

The Rescue of AF586

At 1430 on 26 October 1978, "Alfa Foxtrot 586", a Navy P-3C flying with a crew of fifteen on a reconnaissance mission from the VP-9 detachment at Naval Station Adak, Alaska, ditched near position 52 ° 39′N 167 ° 24′E / 52.650°N 167.400°E / 52.650; 167.400 (approximately 290 miles west of Shemya oroli in the Aleutians) following a propeller malfunction and succession of engine fires in its number one engine. VP 9's Aircraft Accident Report recorded conditions at the time of ditching as "1500 foot ceiling, one and one-half to three miles visibility in rain showers, wave height 12-20 feet, winds 223 degrees at 43 knots." Water temperature was approximately 40 degrees. The aircraft sank within 90 seconds.[92]

The crew of Coast Guard HC-130H CGNR 1500 were instrumental in saving the lives of ten crew members from Navy P3C PD-2 "Alfa Foxtrot 586" (Bureau No. 159892) after that aircraft ditched in the North Pacific Ocean west of Shemya Island on 26 October 1978. Arriving on scene after dark in turbulent weather, CG 1500 marked the reported position of the survivors' rafts with a buoy and smoke floats, proceeded to and established communications with a Soviet fishing vessel, Mys Sinyavin, located approximately 25 miles west of datum, and then directed that vessel to both rafts, ultimately resulting in the rescue of ten survivors and the recovery of three dead crewmembers from AF 586. The latter died from exposure after approximately ten - twelve hours in the water-laden rafts, and it is unlikely that the other ten crewmembers could have survived in their rafts much longer as they were all in the advanced stages of hypothermia when rescued by Mys Sinyavin.[93]

1980-yillar

The Qoraqalpoq Fojia

On 28 January 1980, the 180-foot buoy tender USCGCQoraqalpoq (WLB-391) collided with the 605-foot oil tanker SS Uloq and capsized when the Capricorn's anchor entangled the cutter. Twenty-three Coast Guardsmen were drowned. Coming close behind the loss of 11 men in the collision/sinking of the OCS training ship USCGC Kuyahoga, the impact of this disaster upon morale in the close-knit service was magnified.[94]

Prinsendam qutqarish

On 4 October 1980, the Coast Guard and Kanada qirg'oq xavfsizligi were involved in the rescue of the passengers and crew of the Dutch cruise vessel XONIMPrinsendam in the Gulf of Alaska.

Yong'in chiqdi Prinsendam off Yakutat, Alaska on 4 October 1980. The Prinsendam was 130 miles (210 km) from the nearest airstrip. The cruise ship's captain ordered the ship abandoned and the passengers, many elderly, left the ship in the lifeboats. Coast Guard and Canadian helicopters and the cutters Butvell, Mellon va Woodrush responded in concert with other vessels in the area. The passenger vessel later capsized and sank. The rescue is particularly important because of the distance traveled by the rescuers, the coordination of independent organizations and the fact that all 520 passengers and crew were rescued without loss of life or serious injury.[52]

Dengiz elektrlari cho'kish

On February 12, 1983, the cargo ship SS Marine Electric sank in a storm off the coast of Virjiniya. Despite efforts by multiple Coast Guard and Navy vessels, most of the crew were lost. As a result of this, the Coast Guard undertook massive review of its rescue procedures, its ship inspection procedures, and its requirements for safety equipment aboard ships. [95]

Some of the reforms that resulted included the items below. [95]

  • greater attention to inspection of deck hatch covers during ship inspections.
  • requirement for all ships to provide equipment for survival in cold water for all ship's crew personnel.
  • ning tashkil etilishi Coast Guard rescue swimmer program in 1984, in order to greatly improve readiness and training for all rescue swimmers.

The Mariel boatlift

In April 1980, the government of Kuba began to allow any person who wanted to leave Cuba to assemble in Mariel Harbor and take their own transport. The U.S. Coast Guard, working out of Seventh District Headquarters in Miami, Florida, rescued boats in difficulty, inspected vessels for adequate safety equipment, and processed refugees. This task was made even more difficult by a hurricane which swamped many vessels in mid-ocean and by the lack of cooperation by Cuban Border Guard officials. By May, 600 reservists had been called up, the U.S. Navy provided assistance between Cuba and Key West, and the Auxiliary was heavily involved. 125,000 refugees were processed between April and May 1980. (See Mariel boatlift.)

The end of the lightships

The number of lightships steadily decreased during the 20th century, some replaced by "Texas Tower" type structures (e.g., Chesapeake, Buzzards Bay, both now automated) [1] [2], and others by buoys. However, the Columbia River and Nantucket Shoals Lightships were not replaced by large navigational buoys (LNBs) until 1979 and 1983, respectively, due to the difficulty of anchoring buoys securely at their heavy-weather locations. [3] [4].

The technology of all aids to navigation evolved dramatically during this era, reducing manning and maintenance requirements. The Coast Guard also managed the worldwide VLF OMEGA navigatsiya tizimi and operated two of its stations from the early 1970s until its termination in 1997 (having been superseded, though not truly obsoleted, by GPS).

Drug War at sea escalates

During the 1980s, Coast Guard cutters and aircraft were increasingly deployed to intervene drugs far offshore. While the service has interdicted contraband since its inception, the "Drug War" was the biggest effort since Prohibition. Though the Drug War began before the 1980s and continues to this day, it was during the 1980s that the Coast Guard, working with the Giyohvandlikka qarshi kurash boshqarmasi and other law enforcement agencies, used a blend of new and old laws to interdict far from the shores of the United States. Formerly, it was more difficult to prosecute cases involving seizures made beyond 24 nautical miles from shore. President Ronald Reagan's efforts to secure funding for federal agencies and courts to prosecute cases got the Coast Guard's attention.[iqtibos kerak ] The Coast Guard instituted a "no tolerance" policy toward drugs, began testing its own employees for drug use, and required that all boardings be carried out by trained and armed boarding officers and petty officers. The Caribbean was the focus of efforts in the 1980s, but in recent years the major drug busts at sea have been occurring more in the waters of the Pacific Ocean between California and Peru.

Libyan attack on LORAN Station Lampedusa

On 15 April 1986, Liviya ikkitasini ishdan bo'shatdi Skudlar at the U.S. Coast Guard radio navigatsiya station on the Italian island of Lampeduza, in retaliation for the American bombing of Tripoli va Bengazi. Biroq, raketalar orol ustidan o'tib, dengizga tushdi va hech qanday zarar ko'rmadi. As a result of the attack, the Coast Guard station was commissioned as a NATO base, including security hardening and an armory, as well as an Italian security detail stationed nearby.

Exxon Valdez neft to'kilishi

In March 1989, the oil tanker Exxon Valdez urdi Shahzoda Uilyam Ovoz "s Bligh rifi and spilled 260,000 to 750,000 barrels (41,000 to 119,000 m3) of crude oil. Because the incident took place in navigational waters, the Coast Guard had authority for all activities relating to the cleanup effort. The Coast Guard largely served as the Federal sahna koordinatori o'rtasida Exxon Mobil and all of these organizations, acting within authority under the Toza suv to'g'risidagi qonun.

Coast Guard cutters were one of the first to respond to the spill, quickly establishing a safety zone around the stricken Exxon Valdez. At least eleven cutters were present in April 1989, the majority of them overseeing booming and skimming operations. Early that month, Coast Guard vessel activity went through a rapid buildup phase. The Coast Guard maintained a heavy cutter presence for two weeks in mid-April and then reduced it towards the end of the month. Four or five cutters were on hand in early May and that number was reduced to two or three by the end of the month. Three cutters were assigned to cleanup operations by the beginning of June, but only one remained two weeks later – and it stayed that way for the remainder of the 1989 response.

Bir nechta FZR 130 dan Sohil xavfsizligi Kodiak havo stantsiyasi airlifted more than 11 ¼ tons of cleanup equipment by 10 April 1989. HU-25 Falcon jets from Sohil xavfsizligi havo stantsiyasi Cape Cod flew twice a day tracking oil with side-looking radar equipment. Five Coast Guard helicopters also assisted thirty-nine skimmers working in Prince William Sound.[5]

1990-yillar

'90 Operation Desert Shield

Members of Port Security Unit 302 patrol the harbor aboard a Navy harbor patrol boat during Operation Desert Shield.

On 17 August 1990, at the request of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; the Secretary of Transportation and the Commandant of the Coast Guard committed Coast Guard Law Enforcement Detachments (LEDET) to "Cho'l qalqoni" operatsiyasi. A total of 10 four-person teams served in-theater to support the enforcement of UN sanctions by the Maritime Interdiction Forces. Approximately 60 percent of the 600 boardings carried out by U.S. forces were either led by or supported with the LEDETs. Additionally, a 7-man liaison staff was designated by the Commandant as Operational Commander for the Coast Guard forces deployed in theater. The first boarding of an Iraqi vessel in the theater of operations conducted by a LEDET occurred on 30 August 1990. President George H. W. Bush, on 22 August 1990, authorized the call up of members of the selected reserve to active duty in support of Operation Desert Shield. Three Port Security Units (PSU), consisting of 550 Coast Guard reservists are ordered to the Persian Gulf in support of Operation Desert Shield. This was the first involuntary overseas mobilization of Coast Guard Reserve PSUs in the Coast Guard Reserve's 50-year history. A total of 950 Coast Guard reservists were called to active duty.[96]

'91 Operation Desert Storm

Prior to the launch of Operation Desert Storm, Coast Guard LEDET personnel aboard the USSNikolay (FFG-47) assisted when the frigate cleared eleven Iraqi oil platforms and took 23 prisoners on 18 January 1991. On 21 April 1991, a Tactical Port Security Boat (TPSB) of PSU 301, stationed in Al Jubayl, Saudi Arabia, was the first boat in the newly reopened harbor of Mina Ash Shuwaikh Quvayt shahrida. Because of certain security concerns, a determination was made to send one of the 22-foot Raider boats belonging to PSU 301 and armed with M2 va M60 pulemyotlari, to lead the procession into the harbor and provide security for the operation.[96]

During the war, Saddam Hussein's Iraqi army was seeking to pollute the Persian Gulf by pouring oil into in an effort only partly stymied when Air Force F-111F Aardvarks bombed the source of the deliberate spill. A giant slick was spreading rapidly, wreaking environmental havoc and threatening Saudi desalinization plants that supplied potable water for coalition troops. Two HU-25B Guardians from Coast Guard Air Station Cape Cod, Mass., were dispatched 13 Feb 1991, supported by two HC-130H Hercules from CGAS Clearwater Florida, Operating from Saudi and Bahraini airfields. The HC-130s brought in supplies and returned to the United States 25 Feb.. The HU-25Bs flew over the oil spill to monitor dispersion, rate of flow, the effects of weather and currents, and other data essential for preparing a response plan.[97]

Operation Buckshot, "The Great Flood of '93"

During April and again in June 1993, Coast Guard Forces St. Louis (CGF)was activated for flooding on the Mississippi, Missouri and Illinois River basins. The '500 year' flooding closed over 1,250 miles (2,000 km) of river to navigation and claimed 47 lives. Historic levels of rainfall in the river tributaries caused many levee breaks along the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers displacing thousands of people from their homes and businesses. The commander of CGF St. Louis set into motion a preconceived operations plan to deal with the many requests for assistance from state and local governments for law enforcement assistance, help with sandbagging, water rescues, evacuation of flood victims, and aerial surveillance of levee conditions. The unprecedented duration of the flood also caused Coast Guard personnel to assume some humanitarian services not normally a part of flood operations. Food, water and sandbags were transported to work sites to assist sandbagging efforts by local governments. Red Cross and Salvation Army relief workers were given transportation assistance. Many homeless animals displaced by the flood waters were rescued and turned over to local animal shelters. Utility repair crews were assisted with transportation of personnel and repair parts. Disaster Response Units (DRU) were formed from active duty and reserve units throughout the Second Coast Guard District and consisted of eight members equipped with three 16-foot flood punts powered by 25 horsepower outboard motors. The DRU's accounted for 1517 boat sorties and 3342 hours of underway operations. Coast Guard helicopters from CG Air Stations in Traverse City and Detroit, Michigan; Chikago, Illinoys; Elizabeth City, North Carolina; and Mobile, Alabama provided search and rescue, logistical support and aerial survey intelligence. The Coast Guard Auxiliary provided three fixed wing aircraft. There were 473 aircraft sorties with 570 hours of aircraft operations. CGF St. Louis stood down from the alert phase of operations on 27 August. A total of 380 Active Duty, 352 Reserve, 179 Auxiliary, and 5 Coast Guard civilians were involved in the operation.[98]

1994 Cuban boat rescues

USCGC Tamaroa (WMEC-166), best known for her rescues during the "Zo'r bo'ron " of 1991.

In 1994, about 38,000 Cubans attempted to sail from Cuba to Florida, many on homemade rafts. The Coast Guard and Navy performed intensive search and rescue efforts to rescue rafters at sea. Sixteen 110-foot (34 m) cutters—half the complement of the Coast Guard—were involved in this operation, as well as buoy tenders not normally assigned to high seas duty. Due to a change in Presidential policy, rescued Cubans were sent to the U.S. Naval Station at Guantanamo qamoqxonasi, Kuba.

1999 Kosovo

In the summer of 1999, USCGCAyiq (WMEC-901) deployed to the Adriatic Sea in support of Ittifoq kuchlari operatsiyasi va Noble Anvil operatsiyasi bilan USSTeodor Ruzvelt (CVN-71) Battle Group providing surface surveillance and SAR response for the Sea Combat Commander, and force protection for the Amphibious Ready Group operating near Albania. The Ayiq also provided security to the US Army vessels transporting military cargo between Italy and Albania. This escort operation took Ayiq up to the Albanian coastline, well within enemy surface-to-surface missile range. Ayiq kasb etdi Kosovo saylovoldi medali va NATO Kosovo Medal.[6]

2000-yillar

For details on the Coast Guard's response to the 2001 yil 11 sentyabrdagi hujumlar, qarang Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari qirg'oq qo'riqlash missiyalari yuqorida.

Transfer to the Department of Homeland Security

The Coast Guard was transferred from the Department of Transportation to the Milliy xavfsizlik bo'limi on 1 March 2003 under the Homeland Security Act (Public Law No. 107-296).

In 2002, the Coast Guard sent several 110-foot (34 m) cutters to the Fors ko'rfazi to enforce the U.N. embargo on goods to and from Iroq. Port xavfsizligi birliklari va Dengiz qirg'oqlari urushi units also accompanied the U.S. military buildup.

Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan

US Coast Guard Port Security Unit patrols Umm Qasr

Davomida Iroq ozodligi operatsiyasi va Doimiy erkinlik operatsiyasi, the Coast Guard had deployed its largest contingent of Coast Guardsmen and assets overseas since the Vietnam War. Coast Guard cutters primarily assisted in force protection and search and seizures of suspected smugglers in Iraqi and international waters, often in close proximity to Iran.[99] Military trainers improved the capabilities of the Iraqi Navy and other government forces in core competencies and maritime law enforcement. The Coast Guard also sent military advisors to Iraq to provide technical assistance to Iraqi officials on the implementation of international port security standards and requirements.[100] The USCGCyong'oq (WLB-205) conducted an assessment of Iraq's river and coastal navigational aids, such as buoys, and then replaced or corrected the aids in order to allow for the safe navigation of the Khor Abd Allah River flowing up to the port of Ummu Qasr for military, humanitarian and commercial vessels.[101]

USCG RAID team member sent to inspect cargo containers for proper loading and labeling of hazardous materials.

The Coast Guard sent Redeployment Assistance and Inspection Detachment (RAID) teams to both Iraq and Afghanistan. The teams assisted the units of other services with the proper declaration, classification, labeling and packaging of container shipments as well as the inspection of containers for structural integrity to ensure each one is seaworthy to cut down on potential shipping problems.[102][103] In addition, the Coast Guard provided multiple men and women as a part of intelligence and cyber detachments across Afghanistan.[104]

On 24 April 2004, Petty Officer 3rd Class Natan B. Bruckenthal, 24, from the USSFirebolt (PC-10), became the first Coast Guardsman to die in a combat zone since the Vetnam urushi. He was killed in a suicide boat attack on a Basra oil terminal off the coast of Iroq as the crew of the Firebolt performed their maritime security mission.

At the height its involvement in both wars, the Coast Guard deployed over 1,200 men and women, including about 500 reservists, 11 ships (two large cutters, a buoy tender, and eight patrol boats), 4 port-security units, law enforcement detachments, and other specialized teams and support staff in order to perform a wide range of operations in Iraq, Afghanistan, Kuwait, and the Persian Gulf.[105]

Coast Guard units and personnel – both active and reserve component – continue to deploy to the Middle East region even after the end of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation New Dawn. The Coast Guard is charged with providing harbor defense and security to ports, seaward approaches, and waterways within U.S. Central Command's area of responsibility and ensuring the free flow of personnel, equipment and commerce in the region.[106]

Katrina bo'roni

Keyin Katrina bo'roni in August 2005, the Coast Guard dispatched a number of helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft, small boats, and Auxiliary aircraft as well as 25 cutters to the Gulf Coast, rescuing 2,000 people in two days, and around 33,500 people in all. The crews also assessed storm damage to offshore oil platforms and refineries. More than 2,400 personnel from all districts conducted search, rescue, response, waterway reconstitution and environmental impact assessment operations. In total, the Coast Guard air and boat rescued more than 33,500 people and assisted with the joint-agency evacuation of an additional 9,400 patients and medical personnel from hospitals in the Gulf coast region.

In May 2006, at the Change of Command ceremony when Admiral Thad Allen took over as Commandant, Prezident Jorj V.Bush awarded the entire Coast Guard, including the Coast Guard Auxiliary, the Prezident bo'limi ma'lumotnomasi for its efforts after Hurricane Katrina.

HC-130 #1705 crash

On 29 October 2009, Coast Guard HC-130 aircraft No. 1705 with seven crewmembers, based at Sacramento qirg'oq xavfsizligi havo stantsiyasi bilan to'qnashdi Qo'shma Shtatlar dengiz piyoda korpusi (USMC) AH-1 kobra helicopter with two crewmembers 15 miles (24 km) east of San-Klemente oroli. Both aircraft crashed into the ocean and all nine crewmembers in both aircraft are believed to have perished.[107] The C-130 was searching for a missing boater while the USMC aircraft was heading towards a military training area in company with another Cobra and two CH-53 Sea Stallions from Dengiz kuchlari korpusi Miramar aeroporti.[108] An investigation found no one directly responsible for the crash.[109]

2010 yil

Deepwater Horizon neftining to'kilishi

Asosiy maqolalar: Deepwater Horizon portlashi va Deepwater Horizon neftining to'kilishi

CG-6535 crash

A U.S. Coast Guard MH-65C Dolphin helicopter with 4 crew members on board crashed 28 Feb 2012 into Mobile Bay, Alabama.

The helicopter was on a training mission out of U.S. Coast Guard Aviation Training Center Mobile.[qo'shimcha tushuntirish kerak ][110]

The anti-drug mission and the budget

Sababli 2013 yilda byudjetni ajratish, the USCG's ability to interdict drug shipments to the United States has been made more difficult due to a lack of resources, and interdictions are down 30 percent, while untracked shipments have increased.[111] Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Janubiy qo'mondonligi 's traditional support for the drug mission was cut back at the same time with no USN warships assigned to the theater.[112]

Muzqaymoq

By 2015, due to lack of funding allocated to the billion-dollar class of craft, the United States was operating one medium and one heavy icebreaker, down from a fleet of eight.[113] The Coast Guard estimated it needs three heavy and three medium icebreakers to fulfil its mission.[114] With Russia operating about 27, China preparing to launch a second, and Canada, Finland and Sweden operating more than the United States,[115] President Obama, various lawmakers, and the FY2017 Coast Guard budget request have called for funding at least one replacement for the Polar Star (which will reach end of life by 2020).

U.S. Navy sailors detained by Iran

USCGCMonomoy, a 110-foot Orol sinfidagi patrul kemasi, received one of the first reports of the 2016 yil AQSh-Eron dengiz hodisasi and assisted in the eventual rescue of ten American sailors, assigned to Riverine Squadron 1, who were detained by Iranian naval forces in January 2016. A Navy second class petty officer activated a radio mayoq while at gunpoint. The signal was received by Monomoy, and information was passed to the group's parent unit, Task Force 56.7, aiding the search and rescue operation where eventually the cutter escorted the sailors to safety after they were released.[116]

2020-yillar

the U.S. Coast Guard will be basing some of its cutters in Taiwan as a response to Chinese maritime activities which threaten Taiwan.[117]

Kelajak

The Integratsiyalashgan chuqur suv tizimi dasturi is designed to meet future threats to the U.S. from the sea. Although the program involves obtaining new ships and aircraft, Deepwater also involves upgraded information technology for command, control, communications and computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR).

A key part of the Deepwater system is the Maritime Security Cutter, Large (WMSL), which is designed to replace the 378-foot (115 m) high-endurance cutters currently on duty. This ship will have a length of 421 feet (128 m), be powered by a gaz turbinasi engine with two auxiliary dizel dvigatellari, and be capable of 12,000 nautical mile (22,000 km) voyages lasting up to 60 days. The keel laying of the USCGCBertholf (WMSL-750), the first ship in this class, took place in September 2004. The ship was delivered in 2008. The second keel, USCGCWaesche (WMSL-751), was laid in 2005.

Another key vessel is the Maritime Security Cutter, Medium (WMSM), which will be 341 ft (104 m) long, displace 2,921 long tons (2,968 metric tons), and be capable of 45-day patrols of up to 9,000 nautical miles (17,000 km). Both the WMSL and the WMSM cutters will be able to carry two helicopters or four VTOL Uchuvchisiz havo transporti vositalari (VUAVs ), or a combination of these.

Billions in cost overruns have plagued the Deepwater program.[118] The GAO and agency observers have offered several opinions for this, and some have questioned whether the USCG should invest in greater number of less sophisticated vessel and air assets rather than paying dearly for cutting edge technology.

Frank LoBiondo Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2018

In December 2018, President Donald Trump signed Senate bill S. 140, also known as the Franklin LoBiando Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2018.[119] This legislation was proposed to approve the budget of $7.9 billion which was allocated for operating expenses for the U.S. Coastal Guard. An additional $2.6[tushuntirish kerak ] was authorized for the overall improvement of its infrastructure.[120][121] It also authorized the active duty of 43,000 employees for 2018 and 44,500 personnel for the following year.[121]

Coast Guard Museums

Sohil xavfsizlik merosi muzeyi

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

Izohlar

  1. ^ Kimball preferred to use the term "Revenue Marine Bureau" and various references use either Division or Bureau to identify the entity.[19]
  2. ^ The Coast Guard's official 1947 history, Lost Cutters, reports a combined total of 47 deaths on the two cutters. However, Silverstein (2006) reports 48 deaths.

Iqtiboslar

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  5. ^ Evans, p. 75
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  10. ^ Strobridge and Noble, p. 73
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  14. ^ Evans, pp. 169–172
  15. ^ Jonson, p. 4
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  17. ^ Noble (1994), p. 20
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  19. ^ Evans, p. 92
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Adabiyotlar

  • Evans, Stiven H. (1949). Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari qirg'oq qo'riqchisi 1790–1915: aniq tarix. Merilend shtatidagi Annapolis, Naval Institute Press. (ISBN yo'q)
  • Jonson, Robert Irvin (1987). Dengiz qo'riqchilari, Qo'shma Shtatlar qirg'oq qo'riqlashining tarixi, 1915 yildan hozirgi kungacha. Merilend shtatidagi Annapolis, Naval Institute Press. ISBN  978-0-87021-720-3.
  • Qirol (1989), Irving H. (1989). Sohil qo'riqchisi suzib yuribdi: AQSh daromadlarni kesish xizmati, 1789–1865. Merilend shtatidagi Annapolis, Naval Institute Press. ISBN  978-0-87021-234-5.
  • King (1996), Irving H. (1996). Sohil xavfsizligi kengaymoqda, 1865–1915: yangi rollar, yangi chegaralar. Merilend shtatidagi Annapolis, Naval Institute Press. ISBN  978-1-55750-458-6.
  • Larzelere, Aleks (1997). Urushdagi qirg'oq qo'riqchisi, Vetnam, 1965–1975. Merilend shtatidagi Annapolis, Naval Institute Press. ISBN  978-1-55750-529-3.
  • Larzelere, Aleks (2003). Birinchi jahon urushidagi qirg'oq qo'riqchisi: aytilmagan voqea. Merilend shtatidagi Annapolis, Naval Institute Press. ISBN  978-1-55750-476-0.
  • Lovell, Jon P. (1979). Afina ham, Sparta ham emasmi ?: O'tish davridagi Amerika xizmat akademiyalari. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana. ISBN  978-0-253-12955-0.
  • Noble, Dennis L. (1990). Tarixiy ro'yxatga olish, AQSh daromadlarini kesish xizmati xodimlari, 1790–1914. Sohil xavfsizligi tarixchi idorasi, AQSh sohil xavfsizligi shtab-kvartirasi, Vashington, DC. (ISBN yo'q)
  • Noble, Dennis L. (1994). Boshqalar yashashi mumkin: AQSh hayotni qutqarish xizmati, 1878-1915. Merilend shtatidagi Annapolis, Naval Institute Press. ISBN  978-1-55750-627-6.
  • Strobridj, Truman R. va Dennis L. Nobl (1999). Alyaska va AQSh daromadlarni kesish xizmati 1867–1915. Merilend shtatidagi Annapolis, Naval Institute Press. ISBN  978-1-55750-845-4.
  • Tilli, Jon A. "Sohil xavfsizlik xizmatidagi ayollar tarixi". Taniqli odamlar. AQSh sohil xavfsizligi tarixchi idorasi. Olingan 1 aprel 2020.
  • Uolling, Maykl G. (2004). Qonli dengiz: Atlantika jangida AQSh qirg'oq qo'riqchisi, 1941–1944. Xalqaro dengiz piyodalari / McGraw-Hill, Kamden, Men. ISBN  978-0-07-142401-1.
  • Zukoff, Mitchell (2013). Vaqt ichida muzlatilgan. Nyu-York, Nyu-York: HarperCollins. ISBN  978-0-06-213343-4.

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