Anarxizm tarixi - History of anarchism

Qismi Siyosat turkumi kuni
Anarxizm
Fikr maktablari Qora Nasroniy Kollektivist Kommunistik Egoist Epistemologik Ekzistensialist Feminist Yashil Mustaqillik Individualist Isyonkor Yahudiy Mutualist Naturist Pasifist Falsafiy Platformist Post-anarxizm Post-mustamlaka Chapdan keyin Primitivist Queer Ijtimoiy Syndicalist Sintezchi Sifatlarsiz
Nazariya Amaliyot Anarxiya Anarxist qora xoch Anarxistik kriminologiya Anatsionalizm Avtoritarizm Anti-kapitalizm Anti-militarizm Yaqinlik guruhi Avtonom ijtimoiy markaz Qora blok Sinfsiz jamiyat Sinfiy kurash Kommunalar Konsensus demokratiyasi Vijdonan voz kechish Markazsizlashtirish Chuqur ekologiya To'g'ridan-to'g'ri harakat To'g'ridan-to'g'ri demokratiya Especifismo Eksplorativ anarxizm Erkin assotsiatsiya Bepul sevgi Erkin bozor Ozodlik Gorizontalidad Noqonuniylik Individualizm Shaxsiy melioratsiya Izokratiya Qonun Magonizm O'zaro yordam Ishtirokchilik siyosati Doimiy avtonom zona Prefigurativ siyosat Proletar internatsionalizmi Amalni targ'ib qilish Ishni rad etish Inqilob Qayta tiklash Xavfsizlik madaniyati O'z-o'zini boshqarish Ijtimoiy ekologiya Somatoterapiya O'z-o'zidan buyurtma Cho'kish Vaqtinchalik avtonom zona Egoistlar ittifoqi
Odamlar Armand Bakunin Berkman Bonanno Bookchin Xomskiy Kleyr Durruti Faure Godvin Goldman Ferrer Kropotkin Landauer Magon Maxno Malatesta Mishel Ko'pchilik Proudhon Roker Santilyan Qoshiqchi Shtirner Thoreau Tolstoy Tucker Volin Palata Uorren Zerzan
Muammolar Hayvonlarning huquqlari Veganizm Kapitalizm Anarxo-kapitalizm O'ng libertarizm Tanqid Kriptografiya Ta'lim Islom Chap qanot Lifestilizm Sevgi va jinsiy aloqa Marksizm Millatchilik Milliy-anarxizm Pravoslav yahudiylik Din Zo'ravonlik
Tarix Parij kommunasi Kantonal inqilob Gaaga Kongressi Rim xalqaro konferentsiyasi O'ttiz kishining sud jarayoni Haymarket ishi 1-may kuni; halokat signali Anarxistlarni istisno qilish to'g'risidagi qonun Amsterdam Kongressi Fojiali hafta Vatanga xiyonat qilish hodisasi "O'n oltita" manifesti Qo'shma Shtatlardagi individualist anarxizm 1919 yil Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlaridagi portlashlar Biennio Rosso 1918-1919 yillardagi Germaniya inqilobi Bavariya Kengashi respublikasi Kronshtadt qo'zg'oloni Uchinchi rus inqilobi Bepul hudud Amakasu hodisasi Escuela Moderna Evropada individualist anarxizm 1936 yildagi Ispaniya inqilobi Barselona may kunlari Qizil teskari uchburchak Labadie to'plami 1968 yil may Provo LAB Kate Sharpley kutubxonasi Avstraliyalik anarxist yuz yillik Kapitalga qarshi karnaval 1999 yil Sietl Jahon savdo tashkilotining noroziliklari Harakatni bosib oling
Madaniyat Las Barricadas Anarxistlar kitoblari ko'rgazmasi Anarxo-pank San'at Madaniyatni siqib chiqarish DIY axloqi Filmlar Freeganizm Lug'at Mustaqil media-markaz Xalqaro Yahudiy anarxizmi "Er va erkinlik " Lifestilizm "Hech qanday xudo yo'q, xo'jayin yo'q " Ommaviy ta'lim "Mulk o'g'irlik! " Radikal cheerleading Radikal ekologizm Cho'kish Simvolik
Iqtisodiyot Aloqa Kooperativ Narxlar narxining narxi Iqtisodiy demokratiya Iqtisodiy ajralib chiqish Umumiy ish tashlash Sovg'alar iqtisodiyoti Taqdim etish do'koni Bozorni bekor qilish O'zaro yordam Ishtirok etish iqtisodiyoti Haqiqatan ham bepul bozor Ijtimoiy mulk Ish haqi qulligi Ishchilarning o'zini o'zi boshqarish
Mintaqalar bo'yicha Afrika Argentina Avstraliya Ozarbayjon Belorussiya Boliviya Braziliya Kanada Chili Xitoy Kuba Ekvador Misr Frantsiya Frantsiya Gvianasi Germaniya Gretsiya Hindiston Islandiya Irlandiya Isroil Italiya Yaponiya Koreya Meksika Monako Yangi Zelandiya Polsha Puerto-Riko Ruminiya Rossiya Serbiya Singapur Janubiy Afrika Ispaniya Shvetsiya kurka Ukraina Birlashgan Qirollik Qo'shma Shtatlar Venesuela Vetnam
Ro'yxatlar Anarxo-pank guruhlari Kitoblar Hamjamiyatlar Badiiy obrazlar Filmlar Yahudiy anarxistlari Musiqachilar Davriy nashrlar
Tegishli mavzular Aksilparatizm Anti-iste'molchilik Fashizmga qarshi kurash Globallashuvga qarshi Antistatizm Urushga qarshi Avtarizm Avtonomizm Kommunizm Iqtisodiyotga qarshi Anarxizm va libertarianizm ta'rifi Ishchilar harakati Chap kommunizm Chap libertarizm Ozodlik Libertarian marksizm Ozodlik sotsializmi Marksizm Vaziyatchi Xalqaro Sotsializm O'z-o'zidan buyurtma Ixtiyoriylik
Anarxizm portali Siyosat portali

The anarxizm tarixi kabi noaniq anarxizm o'zi. Olimlarga aniqlash yoki kelishish qiyin anarxizm nimani anglatadi, bu uning tarixini bayon qilishni qiyinlashtiradi. Anarxizm va uning tarixi to'g'risida turli xil qarashlar mavjud. Ba'zilar anarxizmni aniq, aniq belgilangan 19 va 20-asrlarning harakati deb bilishadi, boshqalari esa anarxistik xususiyatlarni birinchi tsivilizatsiyalar paydo bo'lishidan ancha oldin aniqlaydilar.

Tarixdan oldingi jamiyat rasmiy bo'lmagan holda mavjud bo'lgan ierarxiya, ba'zi antropologlar shunga o'xshash deb ta'rifladilar anarxizm. Rasmiyning birinchi izlari anarxist fikrni topish mumkin qadimgi Yunoniston va Xitoy Bu erda ko'plab faylasuflar zarurligini shubha ostiga olishgan davlat va shaxsning majburlashdan xoli yashashga bo'lgan axloqiy huquqini e'lon qildi. Davomida O'rta yosh, biroz diniy mazhablar libertarian fikrni qo'llab-quvvatladi va Ma'rifat davri va xizmatchilarning ko'tarilishi ratsionalizm va fan zamonaviy anarxistlar harakati tug'ilishidan darak berdi.

Zamonaviy anarxizm ishchi harakatining muhim qismi edi Marksizm 19-asrning oxirida. Modernizm, sanoatlashtirish, kapitalizmga munosabat va ommaviy migratsiya anarxizmning rivojlanishiga va butun dunyoga tarqalishiga yordam berdi. Mayor anarxizm maktablari anarxizm, ayniqsa ijtimoiy harakat sifatida o'sib borishi bilan o'sdi anarxo-kollektivizm, anarxo-kommunizm, anarxo-sindikalizm va individualist anarxizm. Ishchilar harakati o'sishi bilan anarxistlar va marksistlar o'rtasidagi tafovut ham kuchaygan. Ikki oqim rasmiy ravishda beshinchi kongressda bo'linib ketdi Birinchi xalqaro 1872 yilda va undan keyingi voqealar bu bo'shliqni davolashga yordam bermadi. Anarxistlar g'ayrat bilan qatnashdilar Rossiya inqilobi, lekin bilanoq Bolsheviklar o'z hokimiyatini o'rnatdi, anarxistlar qattiq bostirildi, eng muhimi Kronshtadt va Ukraina.

Davomida anarxizm tarixiy jihatdan taniqli rol o'ynagan Ispaniya fuqarolar urushi, anarxistlar an Kataloniyadagi anarxistlar hududi. Birgalikda inqilobiy Kataloniya tashkil qilingan anarxo-sindikalist shaharlarda kuchli kasaba uyushmalari va mamlakatdagi qishloq xo'jaligi kollektivlari bilan, ammo urush anarxistlar va ularning ittifoqchilarining mag'lubiyati va Ispaniyada fashizmning mustahkamlanishi bilan tugadi. 1960-yillarda anarxizm global siyosiy va madaniy kuch sifatida qayta paydo bo'ldi, ayniqsa Yangi chap. O'shandan beri anarxizm shaxsiy avtonomiya va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri demokratiyani qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan ijtimoiy harakatlarga ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Shuningdek, u asosiy rollarni o'ynadi globallashuvga qarshi harakat, Chiapas mojarosi va Rojava mojarosi.

Fon

Over borasida ba'zi tortishuvlar bo'lgan anarxizm ta'rifi va shuning uchun uning tarixi.^[1] Bir guruh olimlar fikr yuritadilar anarxizm bilan qat'iy bog'liq sinfiy kurash. Boshqalar bu nuqtai nazarni juda tor deb hisoblashadi.^[2][3] Oldingi guruh anarxizmni 19-asrda yuzaga kelgan hodisa sifatida ko'rib chiqsa, ikkinchi guruh anarxizmning ildizlarini aniqlash uchun qadimgi tarixga murojaat qiladi.^[4] Anarxist faylasuf Murray Bookchin davlatlar, kapitalizm va boshqa tashkiliy shakllardan tashkil topgan "hukmronlik merosidan" farqli o'laroq, tarix davomida mavjud bo'lgan "erkinlik merosining" davom etishini (ya'ni inqilobiy onlarni) tasvirlaydi.^[5]

Anarxizmni aniqlashning eng keng tarqalgan uchta shakli - bu "etimologik" (an-arxey, hukmdorsiz, ammo anarxizm shunchaki inkor emas); "antistatizm" (bu juda muhim bo'lsa-da, anarxizmning mohiyatini ta'riflamaydi); va "avtoritarga qarshi" ta'rif (anarxizmni haddan tashqari soddalashtiradigan har qanday hokimiyatni rad etish).^[6][7] Ta'rif munozaralari bilan bir qatorda, bu falsafa, nazariya yoki bir qator harakatlarmi degan savol masalani murakkablashtiradi.^[8] Falsafa professori Alejandro de Agosta anarxizm "falsafalarning markazlashtirilmagan federatsiyasi, shuningdek amaliyotlar va turmush tarzi, turli jamoalarda shakllangan va xilma-xil tarixiy tarixlarni tasdiqlaydi" degan fikrni ilgari surmoqda.^[9]

Prekursorlar

Tarixgacha va qadimgi davr

Anarxizmning ko'plab olimlari, shu jumladan antropologlar Xarold Barklay va Devid Greyber, ba'zi bir shakllari anarxiya tarixdan boshlangan. Insoniyat mavjud bo'lgan eng uzoq davr, insoniyat jamiyatining yozib qo'yilgan tarixidan oldin, alohida vakolatli sinf yoki rasmiy siyosiy institutlarsiz bo'lgan.^[10][11] Anarxizm alohida istiqbol sifatida paydo bo'lishidan ancha oldin, odamlar ming yillar davomida o'zini o'zi boshqarish jamiyatlarida maxsus hukmron yoki siyosiy sinfsiz yashagan.^[12] Ierarxik jamiyatlar paydo bo'lgandan keyingina anarxistik g'oyalar majburiy siyosiy institutlar va ierarxik ijtimoiy munosabatlarga tanqidiy munosabat va rad etish sifatida shakllantirildi.^[13]

Daosizm ichida rivojlangan qadimiy Xitoy, ba'zi olimlar tomonidan anarxistik fikr bilan bog'liq. Taosist donishmandlar Lao Tsu va Chjuan Chjou, uning printsiplari "politsiyaga qarshi" pozitsiyaga va siyosiy harakatlar yoki tashkilotlarga har qanday aloqani rad etishga asoslangan bo'lib, "noaniqlik" falsafasini ishlab chiqdi Tao Te Ching va Chjantszi. Taocular tabiat bilan hamnafas yashashga harakat qilar edilar.^[14][15] Hukmdorlarni hukmronlik qilmaslikka undash qandaydir tarzda anarxist maqsadmi yoki yo'qmi degan munozaralar davom etmoqda.^[16] Xaotik davrda anarxik moyillikka ega bo'lgan daosist mutafakkirlarning yangi avlodi paydo bo'ldi Vey-djin davr. Daosizm va neo-daosizm falsafiy anarxizmga - davlatni legitimlashtirishga va uning axloqiga shubha qilishga urinishga o'xshash printsiplarga ega edi va pasifist fikr maktablari, bir necha asrlar o'tgach, g'arblik kasbdoshlaridan farqli o'laroq.^[17]

Sinopning diogenlari jamiyatning anarxistik shakllarini himoya qildi

Zamonaviy anarxistlar tomonidan chuqur mulohaza qilingan ba'zi e'tiqod va g'oyalar birinchi bo'lib ifodalangan qadimgi Yunoniston.^[18][19] So'zning ma'lum bo'lgan birinchi siyosiy ishlatilishi anarxiya (Qadimgi yunoncha: karfa) tomonidan namoyish etilgan Esxil va Sofokl miloddan avvalgi V asrda.^[20] Qadimgi Yunoniston ham anarxiyaning birinchi G'arb instansiyasini asosan falsafiy ideal deb bilgan, lekin nafaqat Jinnilar va Stoika. Kiniklar Sinopning diogenlari va Thebes sandiqlari ikkalasi ham jamiyatning anarxistik shakllarini targ'ib qilgan bo'lishi kerak, garchi ularning yozuvlarida ozgina qoldiq bo'lsa ham. Ularning eng muhim hissasi radikal yondashuv edi nominatsiyalar (qonun) va fizik (tabiat). Yunon falsafasining qolgan qismidan farqli o'laroq, aralashtirishni maqsad qilgan nominatsiyalar va fizik uyg'unlikda, kiniklar ishdan bo'shatildi nominatsiyalar (va natijada: hokimiyat, ierarxiya, muassasalar va axloq kodeksi polis ) faqat turmush tarzini targ'ib qilish paytida fizik.^[21][22] Citium of Zeno, asoschisi Stoizm, kiniklardan juda ta'sirlangan, uning tenglik haqidagi tasavvurini tasvirlab berdi utopik miloddan avvalgi 300 yil atrofida jamiyat.^[23] Zeno's Respublika davlat tuzilmalariga ehtiyoj qolmagan anarxik jamiyat shaklini himoya qiladi. Uning ta'kidlashicha, zarur bo'lgan instinkt o'z-o'zini himoya qilish odamlarni olib keladi xudbinlik, tabiat insonni boshqa instinkt bilan ta'minlash orqali tuzatuvchini ta'minladi, ya'ni ijtimoiylik. Ko'pgina zamonaviy anarxistlar singari, u odamlar o'zlarining instinktlariga rioya qilsalar, ular qonunga ehtiyoj sezmaydilar, deb ishongan sudlar yoki politsiya, ibodatxonalar va jamoatchilik yo'q ibodat qilish va pul ishlatmang -bepul sovg'alar pul birjalari o'rnini egallash.^[10][24]

Suqrot anarxizmga mos keladigan ba'zi fikrlarni bildirdi. U doimo hokimiyatni shubha ostiga qo'ygan va falsafasi markazida har bir insonning ong erkinligi huquqi turgan.^[25] Aristippus, Suqrotning shogirdi va asoschisi Gedonistik maktab, hukmronlik qilishni ham, boshqarishni ham xohlamasligini da'vo qildi. U davlatni shaxsiy avtonomiya uchun xavfli deb bilgan.^[21] Qadimgi yunonlarning hammasida ham anarxiya tendentsiyalari mavjud emas edi. Kabi boshqa faylasuflar Aflotun va Aristotel bilan birgalikda anarxiya atamasini salbiy ishlatgan demokratiya ular tabiatan zaif va yomonlashishga moyil deb ishonishmagan zulm.^[26]

O'rta yosh

Bajarilishi Mazdak, Yaqin Sharqdagi izdoshlari xuddi shunday taqdirga duch kelgan anarxist kashshof

Forsda O'rta asrlarda a Zardushtiylik ismli payg'ambar Mazdak, endi proto-sotsialist deb hisoblanib, xususiy mulkni bekor qilishga, erkin sevgiga va qirolni ag'darishga chaqirdi. Milodiy 582 yilda u va uning minglab izdoshlari qirg'in qilingan, ammo uning ta'limoti keyingi asrlarda islom mazhablariga ta'sir ko'rsatgan.^[27] Anarxizmning ilohiyotshunosligi Basra va Bag'dod orasida Mutazilit astsetika va Najdiyya xirijitlari. Inqilobiy islomning bu shakli kommunistik yoki teng huquqli bo'lmagan. U hozirgi anarxizm tushunchalariga o'xshamadi, ammo davlatni zararli, noqonuniy, axloqsiz va keraksiz deb targ'ib qildi.^[28]

Evropada nasroniylik hayotning barcha jabhalarini soya qilar edi. The Erkin Ruh birodarlari ba'zi noaniq anarxistik tendentsiyalarga ega bo'lgan bid'at e'tiqodining eng ko'zga ko'ringan namunasi edi. Ular antiklerik kayfiyatda edilar va to'liq erkinlikka ishonishdi. Ularning g'oyalarining aksariyati individualistik bo'lsa ham, harakat ijtimoiy ta'sir ko'rsatdi, ko'p yillar davomida Evropada g'alayonlar va isyonlarni qo'zg'atdi.^[29] Davrida Evropadagi boshqa anarxistik diniy harakatlar O'rta yosh kiritilgan Gussitlar, Odamitlar va erta anabaptistlar.^[30]

20-asr tarixchisi Jeyms Joll anarxizmni ikki qarama-qarshi tomon sifatida tavsifladi. O'rta asrlarda institutlarni, qonunlarni va belgilangan tartibni rad etgan g'ayratli va astsetik diniy harakatlar paydo bo'ldi. 18-asrda ratsionalizm va mantiqqa asoslangan yana bir anarxist oqim paydo bo'ldi. Keyinchalik anarxizmning bu ikki oqimi birlashib, juda keng auditoriyada aks etgan qarama-qarshi harakatni tashkil qildi.^[31]

Uyg'onish davri va zamonaviy zamonaviy davr

Ning tarqalishi bilan Uyg'onish davri butun Evropa bo'ylab avtoritar va dunyoviy g'oyalar qayta paydo bo'ldi. Erkinlikni targ'ib qiluvchi eng taniqli mutafakkirlar, asosan frantsuzlar ish olib borishgan utopiya o'z asarlarida qat'iy davlat tsenzurasini chetlab o'tish. Yilda Gargantua va Pantagruel (1532–1552), Fransua Rabela Ebbi haqida yozgan Telemiya (dan.) Koinē yunoncha: μma; "iroda" yoki "istak" ma'nosini anglatadi), shiori "O'zing xohlagancha qil" shiori bo'lgan xayoliy utopiya. Xuddi shu vaqtda, frantsuz huquqshunosligi bo'yicha talaba Etienne de la Boetie uning yozgan Ixtiyoriy xizmat to'g'risida nutq u erda zulm o'zboshimchalik bilan bo'ysunish natijasida yuzaga kelgan va odamlar yuqoridagi hokimiyatga bo'ysunishni rad etganlar tomonidan bekor qilinishi mumkin degan fikrni ilgari surdi. Keyinchalik hali ham Frantsiyada, Gabriel de Foigny U yozganidek, hukumatsiz va dinga muhtoj bo'lmagan erkinlikni sevuvchi odamlar bilan utopiyani sezdi Ma'lum bo'lgan janubiy er. Buning uchun Jeneva hokimiyati de Foinni qamoqqa tashladi. François Fénelon kitobda siyosiy qarashlarini aks ettirish uchun ham utopiyadan foydalangan Les Aventures de Télémaque bu g'azablandi Lui XIV.^[32]

Biroz Islohot oqimlar (shunga o'xshash tub islohotchi harakati Anabaptistlar ) ba'zan zamonaviy anarxizmning diniy kashshoflari sifatida tan olinadi. Islohot diniy harakat bo'lib, davlatni mustahkamlagan bo'lsa-da, u insonparvarlik qadriyatlariga yo'l ochdi Frantsiya inqilobi.^[33] Davomida Ingliz fuqarolar urushi, Xristian anarxizmi ichida eng aniq ifodalovchilaridan birini topdi Jerrard Uinsteynli, kimning qismi bo'lgan Diggers harakat. U risola nashr etdi, Adolatning yangi qonuni, chaqirmoqda kommunal mulk kichik agrar jamoalarda ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy tashkil etish. Muqaddas Kitobga asoslanib, u "erning ne'matlari" "hamma uchun umumiy bo'lishi" va "hech kim boshqalarga ustun bo'lmasligi" kerakligini ta'kidladi.^[10] Uilyam Bleyk anarxistik siyosiy pozitsiyani qo'llab-quvvatlaganligi ham aytilgan.^[26]

In Yangi dunyo, "anarxiya" atamasini birinchi bo'lib betartiblikdan boshqa ma'noda ishlatgan Lui-Armand, Baron de Lahontan uning ichida Nouveaux reyslari dans l'Amérique septentrionale, 1703 (Shimoliy Amerikadagi yangi sayohatlar). U tasvirlab berdi mahalliy amerikalik anarxiya holatida bo'lgan davlat, qonunlar, qamoqxonalar, ruhoniylar yoki xususiy mulkka ega bo'lmagan jamiyat.^[34]

The Quaker mazhab, asosan ular sababli panteizm, ta'sir qilishi kerak bo'lgan ba'zi anarxistik tendentsiyalar, qadriyatlar mavjud edi Benjamin Taker individualist anarxist davriy nashrining muharriri va noshiri Ozodlik.^[35][36]

Dastlabki anarxizm

18-asrning rivojlanishi

Zamonaviy anarxizm dunyoviy va gumanistik fikrdan kelib chiqqan Ma'rifat. Ma'rifatparvarlik davridan oldingi ilmiy kashfiyotlar zamonning mutafakkirlariga odamlarning o'zlari uchun fikr yuritishi mumkinligiga ishonch bag'ishladi. Tabiat ilm-fan tomonidan qo'lga kiritilganda, jamiyat ozod bo'lishi mumkin edi. Asarlari anarxizmning rivojlanishiga kuchli ta'sir ko'rsatdi Jan Meslier, Baron d'Holbax, kimning materialistik dunyoqarash keyinchalik anarxistlar bilan rezonanslashdi va Jan-Jak Russo, ayniqsa, uning Tengsizlik to'g'risida nutq va erkinlikning axloqiy markazliligi uchun dalillar. Russo erkaklar tabiatidagi ezgulikni tasdiqlagan va davlatni tubdan zolim deb bilgan. Denis Didro "s Suppément au voyage de Bougainville (Bougainville safariga qo'shimcha) ham ta'sirli bo'lgan.^[37][38]

The Bastiliyaning bo'roni anarxistlarning ilhomlantirgan avlodlari

The Frantsiya inqilobi anarxizm tarixidagi muhim belgi bo'lib turibdi. Ko'pchilik tomonidan inqilobiy zo'ravonlik ishlatilishi keyingi asrlarning anarxistlarini, kabi voqealar asiriga olib keladi Versaldagi ayollar yurishi, Bastiliyaning bo'roni va Reveillon tartibsizliklari inqilobiy arxetip sifatida qaraldi.^[39] Anarxistlar G'azablanganlar (yoqilgan talablarini ifoda etgan '' g'azablanganlar '') sans-kulyotlar (yoqilgan '"shimsiz"'; oddiy odamlar) inqilobiy hukumatga qarama-qarshilik sifatida qarshi chiqqan. Dan qoralash Yakobin diktatura, Jan Varlet 1794 yilda "hukumat va inqilob bir-biriga mos kelmaydi, agar xalq o'zlarining doimiy hokimiyatini o'zlariga qarshi qo'zg'olonda o'rnatishni xohlamasa".^[10][40] Uning ichida Manifeste des Égaux (Tenglar manifesti) 1801 yil, Silveyn Marechal "boylar va kambag'allar, katta va kichiklar, xo'jayinlar va valetlar, hokimlar va boshqaruvchilar o'rtasidagi isyon farqi" yo'qolib ketishini kutgan.^[10] Frantsuz inqilobi anarxistlar ongida isyonchilar hokimiyatni egallab olishlari bilanoq yangi zolimlarga aylanishlarini tasvirlab berdilar, buni davlat tomonidan uyushtirilgan zo'ravonlik isbotlaydi. Terror hukmronligi. Ning proto-anarxist guruhlari G'azablanganlar va sans-kulyotlar pirovardida gilyotin bilan qatl etildi.^[41]

Frantsuz inqilobining anarxistik sabablarga ta'siri haqidagi munozaralar bugungi kungacha davom etmoqda. Anarxist tarixchiga Maks Nettlau, Frantsiya inqiloblari militaristik davlatni qayta shakllantirish va modernizatsiya qilishdan boshqa hech narsa qilmadi.^[42] Rus inqilobiy va anarxist mutafakkiri Piter Kropotkin ammo, anarxistik harakatning kelib chiqishini inqilobchilarning kurashiga bog'ladi.^[43] Mustaqil olim Shon Shien mo''tadilroq yondashishda Frantsiya inqilobi eng kuchli siyosiy muassasalarni ham ag'darish mumkinligini isbotlaganini ta'kidlaydi.^[44]

Uilyam Godvin, asoschisi zamonaviy anarxist nazariya

Uilyam Godvin Angliyada birinchi bo'lib ifodasini ishlab chiqqan zamonaviy anarxist fikr.^[45][46] U odatda taniqli fikr maktabining asoschisi sifatida qabul qilinadi falsafiy anarxizm.^[47] U bahslashdi Siyosiy adolat (1793) hukumat tabiatan yomon ta'sirli ta'sirga ega bo'lib, u qaramlik va jaholatni davom ettiradi. U aql-idrokdan foydalanishning ommaga tarqalishi oxir-oqibat hukumatni keraksiz kuch sifatida qurib qolishiga olib keladi deb o'ylagan. Garchi u davlatni axloqiy qonuniylik bilan ta'minlamagan bo'lsa-da, u hukumatni hokimiyatdan chetlatish uchun inqilobiy taktika qo'llanilishiga qarshi edi. Aksincha, u tinch evolyutsiya jarayoni bilan uni almashtirishni targ'ib qildi.^[48][49] Uning qoidalarga asoslangan jamiyatni tatbiq etishdan nafratlanishi, uni xalqning "aqliy qulligi" ning namoyon bo'lishi sifatida qonun asoslarini, mulk huquqi va hatto nikoh instituti. U jamiyatning asosiy asoslarini shaxslarning o'zlarining fikrlash qobiliyatlaridan foydalanib, ijtimoiy tashkil etishning o'zaro manfaatli uslubiga erishish uchun tabiiy rivojlanishini cheklovchi narsa deb bilgan. Har holda, hukumat va uning institutlari shaxsiy hukmni to'la va erkin amalga oshirishga muvofiq to'liq yashash qobiliyatini rivojlantirishni cheklashi ko'rsatilgan.^[50]

Prudhon va Shtirner

Per-Jozef Proudhon, o'zini o'zi ta'riflagan birinchi anarxist va asoschisi mutalizm

Frantsuz Per-Jozef Proudhon zamonaviy anarxizm asoschisi, o'zining yangi ishida qabul qilgan yorliq sifatida qabul qilinadi Mulk nima? Yoki, Huquq va Hukumat tamoyiliga oid so'rov (Frantsuz: Qu'est-ce que la propriété? Recherche sur le principe du droit et du gouvernement) 1840 yilda nashr etilgan. Unda u "mulk nima?" Deb so'raydi, u mashhur ayblov bilan javob beradi "Mulk - bu o'g'irlik ".^[51] Proudhonning nazariyasi mutalizm davlatni, kapitalizmni va kommunizmni rad etadi.^[52] Bu kooperativ jamiyatni chaqiradi, unda erkin uyushmalar jismoniy shaxslar ishchilarni ta'minlaydigan "Xalq banki" ga asoslangan markazlashmagan federatsiyaga bog'langan bepul kredit.^[53][54] U buni "egalik" deb atagan narsaga yoki resurslar va tovarlarga cheklangan egalik huquqini faqat ozmi-ko'pmi doimiy foydalanishda taqqosladi. Keyinchalik Proudhon "Mulk - bu erkinlik" deb qo'shimcha qildi va bu davlat hokimiyatiga qarshi himoya ekanligini ta'kidladi.^[55]

Mutualistlar keyinchalik muhim rol o'ynaydi Birinchi xalqaro, ayniqsa dastlabki ikkitasida Kongresslar Jeneva va Lozannada bo'lib o'tdi, ammo anarxo-kommunizmning ko'tarilishi bilan Evropa ta'sirida pasayib ketdi. Buning o'rniga Mutualizm orasida qulay zamin topiladi Amerikalik individualistlar 19-asrning oxirida.^[54]

Ispaniyada, Ramon de la Sagra anarxistlar jurnalini tashkil etdi El Porvenir 1845 yilda La Coruña-da Proudhon g'oyalaridan ilhomlangan.^[56] Kataloniya siyosatchi Francesc Pi i Margall Proudhon asarlarining ispan tiliga asosiy tarjimoni bo'ldi.^[57] Keyinchalik u 1873 yilda qisqa vaqt ichida Ispaniya prezidenti bo'lib, Demokratik Respublikachilar Federal partiyasining rahbari bo'lib,^[57] u erda u Prudonning ba'zi g'oyalarini amalga oshirishga harakat qildi.^[56]

Ning ta'sirli shakli individualist anarxizm egoizm deb nomlangan yoki egoist anarxizm, individualist anarxizmning eng qadimgi va taniqli tarafdorlaridan biri, nemis faylasufi tomonidan izohlangan Maks Shtirner.^[58][59] Shtirnerniki Ego va uning o'zi (Nemis: Der Einzige und sein Eigentum; sifatida tarjima qilingan Shaxs va uning mulki yoki Noyob narsa va uning mulki), 1844 yilda nashr etilgan, falsafaning asos matni.^[59] Shtirner kapitalizmni tanqid ostiga oldi, chunki u davlatlar vositasi sifatida boylar kambag'allarni ekspluatatsiya qiladigan sinfiy urush olib boradi.^[60] U shuningdek dinlarni, kommunizmni va liberalizmni rad etdi, chunki ularning hammasi Xudoga, jamoaga yoki davlatga bo'ysunadi.^[61] Shtirnerning fikriga ko'ra, shaxs huquqlarining yagona cheklovi - bu Xudoga, davlatga yoki axloqqa e'tibor bermasdan, xohlagan narsalarini olish kuchidir.^[62][63] U jamiyat mavjud emas, ammo "shaxslar uning haqiqati" deb hisoblagan.^[64] Shtirner o'zini o'zi tasdiqlashni va oldindan ko'rishni qo'llab-quvvatladi egoistlar kasaba uyushmalari Tizimli bo'lmagan birlashmalar doimiy ravishda barcha tomonlarning ko'magi bilan yangilanib turadigan iroda akti orqali amalga oshiriladigan tashkilot shakli sifatida davlat.^[65][66] Egoist anarxistlar egoizm shaxslar o'rtasida haqiqiy va o'z-o'zidan birlashishni kuchaytiradi deb da'vo qilishdi.^[67] Shtirner yakka tartibdagi qo'zg'olonni taklif qilar edi, bu yangi institutlarni yoki davlatga o'xshash narsalarni yaratishga intilmaydi.^[61]

1848 yilgi inqiloblar

Evropani boshqasi hayratda qoldirdi 1848 yildagi inqilobiy to'lqin yana Parijda boshlangan. Asosan jakobinliklardan tashkil topgan yangi hukumatni ishchilar sinfi qo'llab-quvvatladi, ammo mazmunli islohotlarni amalga oshirmadi. Per-Jozef Proudhon va rus inqilobchisi Mixail Bakunin Inqilobning muvaffaqiyatsizligi Proudhonning qarashlarini shakllantirdi. U inqilob hokimiyatni egallashga emas, balki hokimiyatni yo'q qilishga qaratilgan bo'lishi kerakligiga amin bo'ldi. U ko'rdi kapitalizm ijtimoiy muammolarning va hukumatning ildizi sifatida, faqat siyosiy vositalardan foydalangan holda, haqiqiy muammolarga qarshi turishga qodir emas.^[68] 1848 yildagi voqealar rivoji, inqiloblarning muvaffaqiyatsizligi tufayli har qanday islohotlarga bo'lgan ishonchini yo'qotgan Bakunin radikallashdi.^[69]

1848 yilda Frantsiyadagi inqilobda faol bo'lgan boshqa anarxistlar kiradi Anselme Bellegarrigue, Ernest Courderoy va dastlabki anarxo-kommunist Jozef Dejak, o'zini libertarian deb atagan birinchi odam.^[70] Proudondan farqli o'laroq, Dejak "ishchi bu uning mehnati mahsuli emas, balki uning tabiati qanday bo'lishidan qat'iy nazar, uning ehtiyojlarini qondirish huquqiga ega bo'lishi kerak" deb ta'kidlagan.^[71] Dekak ​​shuningdek, Proudhonning mutalist nazariyasi va feminizmga qarshi qarashlarini tanqid qilgan.^[10] Nyu-Yorkka qaytib, u o'z kitobini o'zining davriy nashrida seriyalashga muvaffaq bo'ldi Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement ijtimoiy.^[72] Frantsuz anarxistik harakati o'zini "mutalualistlar" deb ta'riflagan bo'lsa-da, 1860-yillarda ishchilar uyushmalari tuzila boshlagach, tezlasha boshladi.^[73]

Klassik anarxizm

19-asr oxiri va 20-asr boshlari o'n yilliklari belle époque anarxistlar tarixi.^[74] Taxminan 1840-yillar deb ta'riflangan ushbu "klassik" davrda^[75]/ 1860-yillar^[1][76] 1939 yilgacha,^[77] anarxizm muhim rol o'ynagan ishchilar sinfi kurashlari (yonma-yon Marksizm ) Evropada, shuningdek Shimoliy va Lotin Amerikasida, Osiyo va Avstraliyada.^[78][79] Modernizm, ommaviy ko'chish, temir yo'llar va bosmaxonaga kirish anarxistlarga o'z sabablarini ilgari surishda yordam berdi.^[80]

Birinchi Xalqaro va Parij Kommunasi

Mixail Bakunin, etakchi kollektivist anarxist kim bilan to'qnashdi Karl Marks da 1872 yilgi Gaaga kongressi da bo'linishni keltirib chiqaradi Birinchi xalqaro^[81][82]

1864 yilda Xalqaro ishchilar uyushmasi (IWA, shuningdek, "Birinchi Xalqaro" deb nomlangan) turli xil inqilobiy oqimlarni, shu jumladan sotsialistik marksistlar, kasaba uyushmalari, kommunistlar va anarxistlarni birlashtirdi.^[83][84] Karl Marks Xalqaro tashkilotning etakchi arbobi va uning Bosh kengashining a'zosi bo'lgan.^[85][86]

To'rt yildan so'ng, 1868 yilda, Mixail Bakunin u bilan Birinchi Xalqaroga qo'shildi kollektivist anarxist tarafdorlari kollektivizatsiya mulk va davlatni inqilobiy ravishda ag'darish.^[87] Bakunin, inqilobchilarning erkin birodarligini o'rnatmoqchi bo'lgan boshqa xalqaro a'zolar bilan yozishmalar olib bordi, ular kelgusi inqilob nufuzli yo'l tutmasligini ta'minlashi kerak edi, aksincha, uni qat'iy egallashga intilayotgan boshqa oqimlar. davlat hokimiyati. Bakuninning energetikasi va ta'lim va gender tengligi kabi turli xil mavzulardagi asarlari IWA tarkibidagi ta'sirini oshirishga yordam berdi. Uning asosiy yo'nalishi shundan iboratki, Xalqaro tashkilot nafaqat "mutaxassislar" hukumatini tuzishni maqsad qilmasdan inqilobni rivojlantirishga harakat qilishi kerak. Ishchilar kooperativlar, o'zaro kreditlar va ish tashlashlardan foydalangan holda o'zlarining sinflarini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri harakatlar bilan ozod qilishga intilishlari kerak, ammo burjua siyosatida qatnashishdan qochishlari kerak.^[88] Dastlab kollektivchilar marksistlar bilan birgalikda Birinchi internatsionalni yanada inqilobiy sotsialistik yo'nalishga surishdi. Keyinchalik, Xalqaro ikki lagerga polarizatsiya qilindi, ular Marks va Bakunin bilan o'zlarining shaxsiy rahbarlari bo'lishdi.^[89] Bakunin Marksning g'oyalarini quyidagicha tavsifladi markazchi. Shu sababli, u hokimiyatga marksistik partiya kelsa, uning rahbarlari shunchaki o'rnini egallashini bashorat qilgan hukmron sinf ular qarshi kurashgan.^[90] Mutlaristlar Per-Jozef Prudonning izdoshlari ham Marksga qarshi chiqishdi davlat sotsializmi, siyosiy targ'ibot betaraflik va kichik mulk egaliklari.^[85][86]

Ayni paytda, keyin qo'zg'olon Frantsiya-Prussiya urushi ning yaratilishiga olib keladi Parij kommunasi 1871 yil martda. Anarxistlar Kommuna tarkibida muhim rol o'ynagan Blankistlar va ozgina darajada marksistlar. Qo'zg'olon anarxistlarning katta ta'sirida bo'lgan va anarxistlar tarixiga katta ta'sir ko'rsatgan.^[91] Prudoniya federalizmi singari radikal sotsialistik qarashlar ham ozgina darajada amalga oshirildi. Eng muhimi, ishchilar o'zlarining xizmatlari va fabrikalarini boshqarishi mumkinligini isbotladilar. Kommuna mag'lub bo'lgandan so'ng, anarxistlar yoqadi Evgen Varlin, Luiza Mishel va Élisée Reclus otib tashlangan yoki qamalgan.^[92] Frantsiyada sotsialistik g'oyalar o'n yil davomida ta'qib qilindi. Kommunaning qonli bostirilishidan omon qolgan Xalqaro tashkilotning etakchi a'zolari Shveytsariyaga qochib ketishdi Anarxist Sent-Imier Xalqaro keyinchalik shakllangan bo'lar edi.^[91]

1872 yilda marksistlar va anarxistlar o'rtasidagi ziddiyat avjiga chiqdi. Marks 1871 yildan beri anarxistlar dahshatli va qabul qilinmaydigan istiqbol deb topgan siyosiy partiya tuzishni taklif qildi. Turli guruhlar (shu jumladan Italiya bo'limlari, Belgiya Federatsiyasi va Yura federatsiyasi ) da Marksning taklifini rad etdi 1872 yil Gaaga kongressi. Ular buni oxir-oqibat insoniyatni qutqara olmaydigan davlat sotsializmini yaratishga urinish deb bildilar. Aksincha, ular ijtimoiy inqilob orqali siyosiy kurashni taklif qildilar.^[93] Va nihoyat, anarxistlar Birinchi internatsionaldan chetlashtirildi. Bunga javoban, federalist bo'limlar o'zlarining Xalqaro tashkilotlarini tashkil etishdi Sankt-Imier Kongressi, inqilobiy anarxist dasturini qabul qilish.^[71]

Anarxo-kommunizmning paydo bo'lishi

Piter Kropotkin, ilmiy nazariyada anarxizmni asoslashni maqsad qilgan taniqli anarxo-kommunistik mutafakkir^[94]

Anarxo-kommunizm Frantsuz inqilobidan keyin radikal sotsialistik oqimlardan kelib chiqqan holda rivojlangan, ammo birinchi marta Italiyaning bo'limida shunday shakllangan Birinchi xalqaro.^[95][96] Bu ishonchli tanqid edi Carlo Cafiero va Erriko Malatesta bu kollektivizm muqarrar ravishda raqobat va tengsizlik bilan tugashini ta'kidlab, anarxo-kommunizmning kollektivizmdan ustun bo'lishiga yo'l ochdi.^[97] Essayist Alen Pengam 1880 va 1890 yillar orasida inqilob istiqboli yopiq deb hisoblanganini ta'kidlaydi. Anarxo-kommunistlar anti-tashkiliy tendentsiyalarga ega edilar, siyosiy va kasaba uyushma kurashlariga (masalan, sakkiz soatlik kun) haddan tashqari islohotchi bo'lishgan va ba'zi hollarda terroristik harakatlarni ma'qullashgan.^[98] O'zlarini tobora ko'proq izolyatsiya qilingan deb topib, ular 1890 yildan keyin ishchilar harakatlariga qo'shilishni tanladilar.^[98]

Piter Kropotkinning nekbinligi va ishontiruvchi yozuvi yordamida anarxo-kommunizm Evropada va chet ellarda asosiy anarxistik oqimga aylandi - anarxo-sindikalizm hukm surgan Ispaniyadan tashqari.^[99] Kropotkinning nazariy ishlari va Erriko Malatesta keyinchalik pro-organizatsionistning kengayishi va rivojlanishi bilan ahamiyati oshdi va qo'zg'olonchi anti-tashkilotchi bo'limlar.^[98] Kropotkin anarxo-kommunizm inqilobi ortidagi nazariyani batafsil bayon qilib, "bu ko'tarilgan odamlar korxonada uyushgan ishchilar sinfi emas (haqiqiy hujayralar) kapitalistik ishlab chiqarish usuli ) va o'zini ishchi kuchi sifatida, ish beruvchilardan ko'ra ko'proq "oqilona" sanoat organi yoki ijtimoiy miya (menejer) sifatida ko'rsatishga intilish.^[98]

Uyushgan mehnat va sindikalizm

Sempatik o'yma Valter krani Chikagodagi anarxistlar quyidagilarni qatl etishgan Haymarket ishi, xalqaro uchun juda muhim voqea 1-may kuni; halokat signali marosimlar

Haymarket ishining badiiy tasviri

Evropalik immigrantlarning yuqori oqimi tufayli Chikago 19-asr davomida Amerika anarxistik harakatining markazi bo'lgan. Yoqilgan 1 may 1886 yilda AQShning bir nechta shaharlarida an talabiga binoan umumiy ish tashlash e'lon qilindi sakkiz soatlik ish kuni va anarxistlar ishchilar harakati bilan birlashib, maqsadni ko'rib chiqdilar islohotchi.^[100] 3 may kuni qachon Chikagoda janjal kelib chiqdi zarbalar kesib o'tmoqchi bo'lgan piket chizig'i. Politsiya olomonga qarata o'q uzishi natijasida ikki ishchi halok bo'ldi.^[101] Ertasi kuni anarxistlar Chikagodagi Haymarket maydonida miting o'tkazdilar.^[102] Yon xiyobondan bomba tashlandi.^[103] Keyingi vahima ichida politsiya olomonga va bir-biriga o'q uzdi.^[104] Yetti politsiyachi va kamida to'rt ishchi halok bo'ldi.^[105] Miting tashkilotchilari bilan bevosita va bilvosita aloqador bo'lgan sakkizta anarxist hibsga olingan va o'lgan zobitlarni o'ldirishda ayblangan. Ular ishchilar harakatida xalqaro siyosiy taniqli shaxslarga aylanishdi. Erkaklardan to'rt nafari qatl etildi, beshinchisi qatl etilishidan oldin o'z joniga qasd qildi. Hodisa Haymarket ishi va sakkiz soatlik kun uchun harakat va kurash uchun to'siq bo'ldi. 1890 yilda bu safar xalqaro miqyosda sakkiz soatlik kunni tashkil etishga ikkinchi urinish amalga oshirildi. Bu Haymarket ishi natijasida halok bo'lgan ishchilarni xotirlashning ikkinchi darajali maqsadi edi.^[106] Dastlab bu bir martalik tadbir sifatida qabul qilingan bo'lsa-da, keyingi yil Xalqaro ishchilar kunini xotirlash 1-may kuni; halokat signali xalqaro ishchilar bayrami sifatida mustahkam o'rnashgan edi.^[107]

Sindikalizm uning balandligi 1894 yildan 1914 yilgacha bo'lgan, ildizlari XIX asr ishchi harakatlari va kasaba uyushma xodimlari ning Birinchi xalqaro.^[108][109] Keyinchalik, anarxo-sindikalizm Iqtisodiy kurashlar siyosiy kurashlar oldidan kelib chiqadigan asosiy qoidadir Per-Jozef Proudhon, va xuddi shu masala Birinchi Xalqaro nizolarni keltirib chiqardi.^[110][111] Anarxo-sindikalistlar buni himoya qildilar mehnat sindikatlari nafaqat ishchilarning shartlari va ish haqiga, balki inqilobiy maqsadlarga ham e'tibor qaratishlari kerak.^[108]

Frantsuzlar Confédération Générale du Travail (Umumiy Mehnat Konfederatsiyasi) Evropaning taniqli sindikalistik tashkilotlaridan biri edi va rad etdi noqonuniylik, anarxizm kuchli ta'sir ko'rsatgan.^[112] Kabi oddiy inqilobiy g'oyalar uchun tashkilot va laboratoriya, uning tuzilishi boshqa o'xshash Evropa tashkilotlariga eksport qilindi. Keyinchalik tashkilot 1914 yildan keyin islohotchilar yo'lini tutadi.^[113]

1907 yilda Amsterdam Xalqaro anarxistlar kongressi aksariyat Evropa davlatlari, AQSh, Yaponiya va Lotin Amerikasidan delegatlar yig'ildi.^[114] Markaziy munozaralar anarxizm va kasaba uyushmasi munosabatlari bilan bog'liq edi.^[115] Erriko Malatesta va Per Monatte ushbu masala bo'yicha qat'iyan rozi emas edi. Monatte sindikalizm inqilobiy va a uchun sharoit yaratadi deb o'ylagan ijtimoiy inqilob, Malatesta o'zi sindikalizmni etarli deb hisoblamagan.^[116][117] U kasaba uyushma harakatini islohotchi va hattoki konservativ deb o'ylardi va kasaba uyushma mansabdorlari fenomenini asosan burjua va ishchilarga qarshi ish deb atagan. Malatesta, sindikalistlarning maqsadi sindikalizmni o'zi davom ettirish ekanligini, anarxistlar esa har doim o'zlarining asosiy maqsadi sifatida anarxiyaga ega bo'lishlari va shuning uchun unga erishishning biron bir o'ziga xos usulini bajarishdan tiyilishlari kerakligini ogohlantirdi.^[118]

Ispaniyada sindikizm 1880-yillarda sezilarli darajada o'sdi, ammo birinchi anarxistlar bilan bog'liq tashkilotlar rivojlanmadi. Ammo 1910 yilda Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (Milliy Mehnat Konfederatsiyasi yoki CNT) tashkil topgan va asta-sekin anarxizm bilan o'ralgan.^[119] CNT bilan bog'liq edi Xalqaro ishchilar uyushmasi, 1922 yilda tashkil etilgan anarxo-sindikalist kasaba uyushmalar federatsiyasi.^[120] CNTning muvaffaqiyati Lotin Amerikasida anarxo-sindikalizmning tarqalishini rag'batlantirdi. The Federación Obrera mintaqaviy Argentina (Argentina mintaqaviy ishchilar federatsiyasi) sotsial-demokratik kasaba uyushmalarini ortda qoldirib, chorak million a'zoga etdi.^[121]

20-asrning boshlarida inqilobiy sindikalizm Lotin Amerikasidan Sharqiy Evropa va Osiyoga qadar butun dunyoga tarqaldi, aksariyat faoliyati keyinchalik G'arbiy Evropadan tashqarida amalga oshirildi.^[122]

Amalni targ'ib qilish

Italiyalik amerikalik anarxist Luidji Galleani kimning izdoshlari sifatida tanilgan Galleanistlar, 1914 yildan 1932 yilgacha bir qator portlashlar va suiqasd harakatlarini amalga oshirdi, ular zolimlarga qarshi hujum deb bildilar va xalq dushmanlari

Inqilobiydan foydalanish siyosiy zo'ravonlik sifatida tanilgan amalni targ'ib qilish, anarxistlar harakatining kichik, ammo ta'sirchan qismi tomonidan 1880-yillardan boshlab taxminan to'rt yillik davrda ishlagan.^[123] Bu ommani inqilobga undash va ilhomlantirish uchun ishlatiladigan qo'zg'olonchi harakatlar shakli sifatida o'ylab topilgan.^[124] Bu anarxistlar quvg'in qilingan va inqilobchilar yakkalanib qolgan bir paytda edi.^[125][126] Frantsuzlarning parchalanishi sotsialistik harakat va 1871 yilda bostirilgandan so'ng Parij kommunasi, ko'plarning qatl qilinishi yoki surgun qilinishi kommunikatorlar ga jazoni ijro etish koloniyalari individualist siyosiy ifoda va harakatlarni ma'qul ko'rdi.^[127] Tarixchi Konstans Bantman ta'kidlaganidek, amal targ'ibotining kuchayishidagi asosiy omil 1869-1891 yillarda rus inqilobchilarining asarlari edi, ya'ni Mixail Bakunin va Sergey Nechaev muhim isyon strategiyalarini ishlab chiqqan.^[128]

Pol Brusse, tibbiyot shifokori va zo'ravon qo'zg'olonning faol jangari, bu ishni targ'ib qilish harakatlarini ommalashtirdi.^[129][73] Qo'shma Shtatlarda, Johann Most aksilinqilobchilarga qarshi zo'ravon qasos harakatlarini ommalashtirishni targ'ib qildi, chunki "biz nafaqat o'zimiz uchun harakatni, balki targ'ibot sifatida ham harakatni voizlik qilamiz".^[130] Rossiyalik anarxist-kommunistlar o'zlarining kurashlarida terrorizm va noqonuniy xatti-harakatlarni qo'lladilar.^[131] Ko'plab davlat rahbarlari anarxistlar harakati tomonidan o'ldirilgan yoki hujumga uchragan.^[132] 1901 yilda Polsha-amerikalik anarxist Leon Czolgosz AQSh prezidentini o'ldirdi, Uilyam Makkinli. Emma Goldman aloqadorlikda gumon qilinib, Czolgoszga bir oz xayrixohligini bildirdi va juda ko'p salbiy tanqidlarga uchradi.^[133] Goldman ham qo'llab-quvvatladi Aleksandr Berkman po'lat sanoatchisining muvaffaqiyatsiz suiqasdida Genri Frik izidan Homestead Strike va u ushbu kichik zo'ravonlik harakatlari davlat va poytaxt tomonidan muntazam ravishda amalga oshirilayotgan zo'ravonlik toshqini bilan taqqoslanmasligi haqida yozgan.^[134] Evropada noqonuniylik (jinoiy hayot tarzini qabul qilish) butun anarxistik harakatga tarqaldi, bilan Marius Yoqub, Ravachol, intellektual Emil Genri va Bonnot to'dasi taniqli misollar. Bonnot to'dasi, xususan, kapitalistlarga tegishli bo'lmagan mulkni "qaytarib olamiz", deb da'vo qilish bilan noqonuniy va zo'ravon xatti-harakatlarni oqladi.^[135][136] Rossiyada, Narodnaya Volya ("Xalq irodasi" anarxistik tashkilot bo'lmagan, ammo baribir Bakuninning ishidan ilhom olgan), o'ldirilgan Tsar Aleksandr II 1881 yilda va ba'zi mashhur qo'llab-quvvatlovlarga ega bo'ldi. Biroq, keyingi yillarda Rossiyada anarxistlar harakati marginal bo'lib qoldi.^[137][138]

1887 yildayoq anarxistlar harakatining muhim namoyandalari o'zlarini noqonuniylikdan ham, amal targ'ibotidan ham uzoqlashtirdilar. Masalan, Piter Kropotkin yozgan Le Revolté "ko'p asrlik tarixga asoslangan inshootni bir necha kilogramm dinamit bilan yo'q qilish mumkin emas".^[139][140] Davlat repressiyasi anarxistning va mehnat harakatlari 1894 yilgi shafqatsiz frantsuzlar lois scélérates ("yovuz qonunlar"), bir qator muvaffaqiyatli bombardimonlar va suiqasdlardan so'ng, bunday taktikalardan voz kechishga hissa qo'shgan bo'lishi mumkin, ammo davlat qatag'on qilinishi ularni qabul qilishda teng rol o'ynagan bo'lishi mumkin.^[127] Early proponents of propaganda of the deed, like Alexander Berkman, started to question the legitimacy of violence as a tactic. A variety of anarchists advocated the abandonment of these sorts of tactics in favour of collective revolutionary action through the trade union movement.^{[141][142][143]}

By the end of the 19th century, it became clear that propaganda of the deed was not going to spark a revolution. Though it was employed by only a minority of anarchists, it gave anarchism a violent reputation and it isolated anarchists from broader social movements.^[144] It was abandoned by the majority of the anarchist movement in the early 20th century.^[145]

Revolutionary wave

Nestor Maxno of Ukraine (left) and Rikardo Flores Magon of Mexico (right), prominent anarchist revolutionaries of the 20th century

The revolutionary wave of 1917–23 saw varying degrees of active participation by anarchists.^[137] Following the failed 1905 yil Rossiya inqilobi, anarchists participated again in both the fevral va October revolutions of 1917 and were initially enthusiastic about the Bolshevik sabab.^[146][147] Prior to the revolution, Lenin had won over anarchists and syndicalists with high praises in his 1917 work Davlat va inqilob.^[148] However, anarchist objections quickly arose. They opposed, for example, the slogan, "All power to the Soviet".^[148] The proletariat diktaturasi was incompatible with the libertarian views of the anarchists, and co-operation shortly ended as the Bolsheviks soon turned against anarchists and other left-wing opposition.^[149] After their grasp on power was stabilized, the Bolsheviks crushed the anarchists.^[150] Anarchists in central Russia were either imprisoned, driven underground, or joined the victorious Bolsheviks. Anarchists from Petrograd and Moscow fled to Ukraina.^[151] There, the anarchist Bepul hudud was established, an avtonom viloyat of four hundred square miles with a population of approximately seven million. Anarchists who had fought in the Rossiya fuqarolar urushi at first against the anti-Bolshevik Oq armiya now also fought the Qizil Armiya, Ukrainian People's Army, and the German and Austrian forces who fought under the Brest-Litovsk shartnomasi.^[152] This conflict culminated in the 1921 Kronshtadt qo'zg'oloni, a garrison in Kronshtadt qayerda Boltiq floti sailors and citizens made demands for reforms. The new government suppressed the rebellion.^[151] The Ukrainaning inqilobiy qo'zg'olonchi armiyasi, boshchiligida Nestor Maxno who had established the Free Territory in Ukraine, continued until August 1921 when it was crushed by the state only months after the Kronstadt rebellion.^[153][154]

Emma Goldman va Aleksandr Berkman, who had been deported from the U.S. in 1917, were amongst those agitating in response to Bolshevik policy and the suppression of the Kronstadt uprising. Both wrote accounts of their experiences in Russia, criticising the amount of state control the Bolsheviks exercised. For them, Mixail Bakunin 's predictions on the consequences of Marxist rule, that the leaders of the new socialist state would become the new ruling class, had proven true.^[90] 1920 yilda, Piter Kropotkin published a Message to the Workers of the West explaining the false path of state socialism was doomed to fail.^[155] Disappointed with the course of events, Goldman and Berkman fled the USSR in 1921, the same year Kropotkin died. By 1925, anarchism was banned under the Bolshevik regime.^[156] The victory of the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution and the resulting Russian Civil War did serious damage to anarchist movements internationally. Many workers and activists saw the Bolsheviks' success as setting an example, and communist parties grew at the expense of anarchism and other socialist movements. In France and the United States, for example, members of the major syndicalist movements of the Confédération Générale du Travail (General Confederation of Labour) and Dunyo sanoat ishchilari left these organisations to join the Kommunistik Xalqaro.^[157]

From the collapse of anarchism in the newly formed Sovet Ittifoqi, two anarchist trends arose. Birinchi, platformism, was propagated in the anarchist journal Dielo Truda by a group of Russian exiles, including Nestor Makhno. Their main objective, as proponent Piotr Arsinov wrote, was to create a non-hierarchical party that would offer "common organisation of our forces on a basis of collective responsibility and collective methods of action".^[158][156] They considered that a lack of organisation was a basic reason of why anarchism had failed. Platformism had the purpose of providing a strategy for class struggle, as Bakunin and Kropotkin had suggested before.^[159] The other trend emerged as an organisational alternative to platformism, since it had similarities to party structure. Anarchist intellectual Voline was one of the most notable opponents of platformism, and he pointed toward to what is today known as synthesis anarchism.^[160]

Davomida 1918-1919 yillardagi Germaniya inqilobi, anarchists Gustav Landauer va Erix Muxam took important leadership positions within the revolutionary councilist structures of the Bavariya Sovet Respublikasi.^[161] In Italy, the syndicalist trade union Unione Sindacale Italiana (Italian Syndicalist Union), had half a million members. It played a prominent role in events known as the Biennio Rosso ("Two Red Years") and Settimana Rossa ("Red Week"). In the latter, the monarchy was almost overthrown.^[162]

Yilda Meksika, Meksika Liberal partiyasi was established and during the early 1910s it conducted a series of military offensives, leading to the conquest and occupation of certain towns and districts in Quyi Kaliforniya. Under the leadership of anarcho-communist Rikardo Flores Magon, its slogan was Tierra y Libertad ("Land and Liberty").^[163] Magón's journal Regeneración ("Regeneration") had a significant circulation, and he helped urban workers turn to anarcho-syndicalism. He also influenced the Zapata movement.^[164]

Ferdinando Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, ikkitasi insurrectionary anarchists and Italian migrants to the United States, were convicted of involvement in an qurolli talonchilik va murders of two people in 1920. After a controversial trial and a series of appeals they were sentenced to death and executed on 23 August 1927.^[165] Following their deaths, critical opinion overwhelmingly held that the two men were convicted largely because of their anarchist political beliefs and were unjustly executed.^[166] After the Sacco and Vanzetti case, and despite worldwide protests and mainstream media headlines, the anarchist movement faded in the United States.^[165][167]

Rise of fascism

Italy saw the first struggles between anarchists and fascists. Italiyalik anarxistlar played a key role in the antifashistik tashkilot Arditi del Popolo (The People's Daring Ones or AdP), which was strongest in areas with anarchist traditions. They achieved some success in their activism, such as repelling Qora ko'ylaklar in the anarchist stronghold of Parma 1922 yil avgustda.^[168] AdP saw growth after the Sotsialistik partiya imzolagan pacification pact with the fascists.^[169] AdP consisted of militant proletarians, anarchists, communists and even socialists. It numbered twenty-thousand members in 144 sections.^[170] The veteran Italian anarchist, Luidji Fabbri, was one of the first critical theorists of fascism, describing it as "the preventive counter-revolution".^[171] Italiyalik anarxistlar Gino Lucetti va Anteo Zamboni narrowly failed an assassination attempt against Benito Mussolini. Italian anarchists formed various partisan groups during World War II.^[172]

In France, where the o'ta o'ng ligalar came close to insurrection in the February 1934 riots, anarchists divided over a united front siyosat. One tendency was for the creation of a pack with political parties while others objected.^[173] Ispaniyada Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (National Confederation of Labour or CNT) initially refused to join a popular front electoral alliance. Abstention by their supporters led to a right-wing election victory. In 1936, the CNT changed its policy and anarchist votes helped bring the popular front back to power. Months later, the former ruling class responded with an attempted coup causing the Ispaniya fuqarolar urushi (1936–1939).^[174] In response to the army rebellion, an anarchist-inspired movement of peasants and workers, supported by armed militias, took control of "Barselona" and large areas of rural Spain where they collectivised the land.^[175] However, even before the fascist victory in 1939, the anarchists were losing ground in a bitter struggle with the Stalinistlar, who controlled the distribution of military aid to the Republican cause from the Sovet Ittifoqi. Stalinist-led troops suppressed the collectives and persecuted both dissident Marxists and anarchists.^[176]

In Germany, the Nazis crushed anarchism upon seizing power.^[161] Apart from Spain, nowhere else could the anarchist movement provide a solid resistance to various fascist regimes throughout Europe.^[177]

Ispaniya inqilobi

Map of Spain in September 1936 with republican/anarchist control depicted in purple

The 1936 yildagi Ispaniya inqilobi was the first and only time that libertarizm sotsializmi became an imminent reality. It stood on the ground of a strong anarchist movement in Spain that dated back to the 19th century. Anarchist groups enjoyed broad social support particularly in Barcelona, Aragon, Andalusia, Levante. Anarchism in Spain leaned towards syndicalism and this yielded to the formation of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) in 1910.^[178] The CNT declared that its aim was a libertarian communist society and was organising strikes all over Spain.^[179] The Federación Anarquista Ibérica (FAI) was founded later to keep CNT on a toza anarchist path amidst dictator Migel Primo de Rivera 's crackdown on labour movements.^[178][180] The Ikkinchi Ispaniya Respublikasi was pronounced in 1931 and brought to power a Republican–Socialist alliance. But instead of the high hopes of the CNT (mostly among gradualists) and others, the repression of the labour movement continued. FAI gained more control of CNT.^[181]

1936 yilda Xalq jabhasi (an electoral alliance dominated by left-wingers) won the elections and months later the former ruling class responded with an attempted coup causing the Ispaniya fuqarolar urushi (1936–1939).^[174][182] In response to the army rebellion, an anarchist-inspired movement of peasants and workers, supported by armed militias, took control of urban and large areas of rural Spain where they collectivised the land.^[183] Barcelona was the site of the most dramatic change, as workers broke bourgeois habits and even gender hierarchies. Yangi shakllangan anarcho-feminist guruh Mujeres Libres (Free Women) had an active role in the social transformation in Barcelona. This rebellious culture impressed visitors such as Jorj Oruell. Enterprises and farms were collectivised, and working conditions improved drastically. In rural Aragon money was abolished and the economy was collectivised.^[184][185] Villages were run by popular assemblies in a direct democratic fashion, without coercing individuals to join.^[186] Anarchist militia columns, fighting without martial discipline or military rank, despite shortages in military materials, made significant gains at the war front.^[187]

Anarxist Buenaventura Durruti was renowned for his actions in the Spanish Revolution

Anarchists of CNT-FAI faced a major dilemma after the coup had failed in July 1936: either continue their fight against the state or join the anti-fascist left-wing parties and form a government. They opted for the latter and by November 1936, four members of CNT-FAI became ministers in the government of the former trade unionist Frantsisko Largo Kaballero. This was justified by CNT-FAI as a historical necessity since war was being waged, but other prominent anarchists disagreed, both on principle and as a tactical move.^[188] In November 1936 the prominent anarcho-feminist Federika Montseni was installed as minister of Health—the first woman in Spanish history to become a cabinet minister.^[189]

During the course of the events of the Spanish Revolution, anarchists were losing ground in a bitter struggle with the Stalinistlar ning Ispaniya Kommunistik partiyasi, who controlled the distribution of military aid to the Republicans received from the Soviet Union.^[190] Stalinist-led troops suppressed the collectives and persecuted both dissident Marxists and anarchists.^[176] The fight among anarchists and communists escalated during the May kunlari, as the Soviet Union sought to control the Republicans.^[190]

The 1939 defeat of Republican Spain marked the end of anarchism's classical period.^[191][192] In light of continual anarchist defeats, one can argue about the naivety of 19th-century anarchist thinking—the establishment of state and capitalism was too strong to be destroyed. According to political philosophy professor Ruth Kinna and lecturer Alex Prichard, it is uncertain whether these defeats were the result of a functional error within the anarchist theories, as Yangi chap intellectuals suggested some decades later, or the social context that prevented the anarchists from fulfilling their ambitions. What is certain, though, is that their critique of state and capitalism ultimately proved right, as the world was marching towards totalitarianism and fascism.^[193]

Anarchism in the colonial world

As empires and capitalism were expanding at the turn of the century, so was anarchism which soon flourished in Latin America, East Asia, South Africa and Australia.^[194]

Anarchist demonstration in Argentina, around 1900

Anarchism found fertile ground in Asia and was the most vibrant ideology among other socialist currents during the first decades of 20th century. The works of European philosophers, especially Kropotkin's, were popular among revolutionary youth. Intellectuals tried to link anarchism to earlier philosophical currents in Asia, like Taoism, Buddizm va neo-Confucianism. But the factor that contributed most to the rise of anarchism was industrialisation and the new capitalistic era that eastern Asia was entering.^[195][196] Young Chinese anarchists in the early days of the 20th century voiced the cause of revolutionary anarcho-communism along with humanism, belief in science and universalism in the journal Hsin Shih-chi. Anarchism was growing in influence until the mid-1920s when Bolshevik successes seemed to indicate the way to communism.^[197] Likewise in Japan, anarcho-communists such as Ktoku Shūui, Osugi Sakae va Hatta Shuzo were inspired by the works of westerners philosophers and opposed capitalism and the state. Shuzo created the school of "pure anarchism". Because of the industrial growth, anarcho-syndicalism also arose for a brief period, before communists prevailed among workers.^[198] Tokyo had been a hotspot for anarchist and revolutionary ideas which were circulating among Vietnamese, Korean and Chinese students who travelled to Japan to study. Socialists by then were enthusiastically supporting the idea of "social revolution" and anarchists were in full support of it.^[199] In Korea, anarchism took a different course. Korea was under Yaponiya hukmronligi from 1910 to 1945 and in the early phases of that period, anarchists took part in national resistance, forming an anarchist zone in Shinmin Manchuria 1928 yildan 1931 yilgacha. Kim Chwa-chin was a prominent figure of the movement.^[200][201] In India, anarchism did not thrive, partly because of its reputation for being violent. The fragile anarchist movement developed in India was more non-statist, rather than anti-statist.^[202]

Anarchism travelled to the Sharqiy O'rta er dengizi along with other radical secular ideas in the cosmopolitan Usmonli imperiyasi. Under the spell of Errico Malatesta, a group of Egyptian anarchists imported anarchism to Iskandariya. It was in a transitional stage during that era, as industrialisation and urbanisation were transforming Egypt. Anarchist activity was spread along with other radical secular ideas within the Islamic Empire.^[196] Yilda Afrika, anarchism appeared from within the continent. A large part of African society, mainly rural, was founded on African communalism which was mostly teng huquqli. It had some anarchist elements, without class divisions, formal hierarchies and access to the means of production by all members of the localities. African Communalism was far from being an ideal anarchist society. Gender privileges were apparent, feudalism and slavery did exist in a few areas but not on a mass scale.^[203]

Anarchism travelled to Latin America through European immigrants. The most impressive presence was in Buenos-Ayres, lekin Gavana, Lima, Montevideo, Rio-de-Janeyro, Santos, San-Paulu as well saw the growth of anarchist pockets. Anarchists had a much larger impact on trade unions than their authoritarian left counterparts.^[200][204] In Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil, a strong anarcho-syndicalist current was formed—partly because of the rapid industrialisation of these countries. In 1905, anarchists took control of the Argentine Regional Workers' Federation (FORA) in Argentina, overshadowing social democrats. Likewise, in Uruguay, FORU was created by anarchists in 1905. These syndicates organised a series of general strikes in the following years. After this the success of the Bolsheviks, anarchism gradually declined in these three countries which had been the strongholds of anarchism in Latin America.^[205] It is worth noting that the notion of imported anarchism in Latin America has been challenged, as slave rebellions appeared in Latin America before the arrival of European anarchists.^[206]

Anarchists became involved in the anti-colonial national-independence struggles of the early 20th century. Anarchism inspired anti-authoritarian and egalitarian ideals among national independence movements, challenging the nationalistic tendencies of many national liberation movements.^[207]

Individualist anarxizm

Qo'shma Shtatlarda

Genri Devid Toro, a prominent figure of early American individualism

American anarchism has its roots on religious groups that fled Europe to escape diniy ta'qiblar during the 17th century. It sprouted towards individual anarchism as distrust of government was widespread in North America during the next centuries. In sharp contrast with their European counterparts, American anarchism was leaning towards individualism and was mainly pro-capitalist, hence described as right wing libertarianism. American anarchist justified private property as the safeguard of personal autonomy.^[208] Genri Devid Toro was an important early influence on individualist anarchist thought in the United States in the mid 19th century. He was skeptical towards government—in his work Fuqarolik itoatsizligi he declared that "That government is best which governs least". He has frequently been cited as an anarcho-individualist, even though he was never rebellious.^[209][22] Josiya Uorren was, at the late 19th century, a prominent advocate of a variant of mutualism called equitable commerce, a fair trade system where the price of a product is based on labor effort instead of the cost of manufacturing.^[210][211] Benjamin Taker, also influenced by Proudhon, was the editor of the prominent anarchist journal Ozodlik and a proponent of individualism.^[212][211]

In the shade of individualism, there was also anarcho-Christianism as well as some socialist pockets, especially in Chicago.^[213] It was after Chicago's bloody protests in 1886 when the anarchist movement became known nationwide. But anarchism quickly declined when it was associated with terrorist violence.^[211][214]

An important concern for American individualist anarchism was free love. Free love particularly stressed ayollar huquqlari since most sexual laws discriminated against women, for example, marriage laws and anti-birth control measures.^[215] Openly bisexual radical Edna Sent-Vinsent Millay and lesbian anarchist Margaret Anderson were prominent among them. Discussion groups organised by the Villagers were frequented by Emma Goldman, Boshqalar orasida.^[216]

A heated debate among American individualist anarchists of that era was the natural rights versus egoistic approaches. Proponents of naturals rights claimed that without them brutality would prevail, while egoists were proposing that there is no such right, it only restricted the individual. Benjamin Tucker, who tried to determine a scientific base for moral right or wrong, ultimately sided with the latter.^[217]

The Modern Schools, also called Ferrer Schools, were schools established in the United States in the early 20th century. They were modelled after the Escuela Moderna ning Frantsisko Ferrer, the Catalan educator and anarchist. They were an important part of the anarchist, free schooling, sotsialistik, and labour movements in the United States intending to educate the working classes from a dunyoviy, class-conscious istiqbol. The Modern Schools imparted daytime academic classes for children and nighttime continuing-education lectures for adults. The first and most notable of the Modern Schools was opened in New York City in 1911. Commonly called the Ferrer Center, it was founded by notable anarchists—including Leonard Abbott, Alexander Berkman, Volterine de Cleyre and Emma Goldman.^[218] The school used Montessori methods and equipment, and emphasised academic freedom rather than fixed subjects, such as spelling and arithmetic.^[219]

In Europe and the arts

Anarchism's social theory paralleled neo-impressionist aesthetics (Pissarro's The Garden of the Tuileries on a Spring Morning rasmda). Both currents favoured the harmonious blending of nature, physical laws, science and society as a synthesis of ideals and reality.^[220][221]

Evropa individualist anarxizmi proceeded from the roots laid by Uilyam Godvin va Maks Shtirner.^[222] Many artists, poets and writers interested in freedom were exploring different aspects of anarchism.^[223][224] Anarcho-individualists were more interested in personal development, challenging the social norms and demanding jinsiy erkinlik rather than engaging in social struggles.^[225]

In France, an badiiy and individualist trend in anarchism was shaping a new cultural movement at the turn of the century, with less of a social component and more of a personal rebellion against norms.^[226] Impressionistlar va neo-Impressionist painters were attracted by anarchism, most notably French Camille Pissarro.^[227] Modernist writers having anarchist tendencies, such as Henrik Ibsen va Jeyms Joys, led to the impression that "modernism itself can be understood as the aesthetic realisation of anarchist politics".^[228] Dadaizm arose from individualists aiming to use art to achieve total freedom. It influenced other currents such as surrealism, and proponents played a significant role in the Berlin rising of 1918.^[229] One of the main individualist anarchist journals in France, L'Anarchie, was established in 1905.^[230] A notable individualist was Stirnerist Emil Armand who was a defender of polyamory and homosexuality.^[231]

Urushdan keyingi urush

Following the end of the Spanish Revolution and World War II, the anarchist movement was a "ghost" of its former self, as proclaimed by anarchist historian Jorj Vudkok.^[232] Uning ishida Anarxizm: Ozodlik g'oyalari va harakatlari tarixi published 1962, he wrote that after 1936 it was "a ghost that inspires neither fear among governments nor hope among peoples nor even interest among newspapermen".^[233] Capitalism continued to grow throughout the post-war period despite predictions from Marxist scholars that it would soon collapse under its own contradictions, yet anarchism gained a surprising surge in popular interest during the 1960s. Reasons for this were believed to be the gradual demystification of the Soviet Union and tensions at the climax of the Sovuq urush.^[234][235] The New Left, which arose in the 1950s, was a libertarian socialist movement that was closer to anarchism. Prominent thinkers such as Gerbert Markuz va Wright Mills were critical of United States and Soviet Marxism.^[236]

"Il est interdit d'interdire!" ("It is forbidden to forbid!"), a slogan on a wall in France, 1968. Many slogans criticising the establishment resonated with anarchist thought during the period of civil unrest in France. Other slogans kiritilgan: Neither gods nor masters; The more you consume the less you live; All power to the imagination; Be realistic: demand the impossible.^[237]

In France, a wave of protests and demonstrations confronted the right-wing government of Sharl de Goll yilda 1968 yil may. Even though the anarchists had a minimal role, the events of May had a significant impact on anarchism.^[238][239] There were huge demonstrations with crowds in some places reaching one million participants. Strikes were called in many major cities and towns involving seven million workers—all grassroots, bottom-up and spontaneously organised.^[240] Various committees were formed at universities, lyceums, and in neighbourhoods, mostly having anti-authoritarian tendencies.^[241] Slogans that resonated with libertarian ideas were prominent such as: "I take my desires for reality, because I believe in the reality of my desires."^[242] Even though the spirit of the events leaned mostly towards libertarian communism, some authors draw a connection to anarchism.^[243] The wave of protests eased when a 10% pay raise was granted and national elections were proclaimed. The paving stones of Paris were only covering some reformist victories.^[244] Nevertheless, the 1968 events inspired a new confidence in anarchism as workers' management, self-determination, grassroots democracy, antiauthoritarianism, and spontaneity became relevant once more. After decades of pessimism 1968 marked the revival of anarchism, either as a distinct ideology or as a part of other social movements.^[245]

Originally founded in 1957, The Vaziyatchi Xalqaro rose to prominence during events of 1968 with the principal argument that life had turned into a "spectacle" because of the corrosive effect of capitalism.^[246] They later dissolved in 1972.^[247] The late 1960s saw the flourish of anarcha-feminism. It attacked the state, capitalism and patriarchy and was organized in a decentralised manner.^[248] As the ecological crisis was becoming a greater threat to the planet, Murray Bookchin developed the next generation of anarchist thought. Uning ichida social ecology theory, he claims that certain social practises, and priorities threaten life on Earth. He goes further to identify the cause of such practises as social oppressions. Ozodlik munitsipalizmi was his major advancement of anarchist thought—a proposal for the involvement of people in political struggles in decentralized federated villages or towns.^[249]

Zamonaviy anarxizm

Anarchism has been a vital part of the anti-globalization movement. Here a block marches in Varshava, 2004.

The anthropology of anarchism has changed in the contemporary era as the traditional lines or ideas of the 19th century have been abandoned. Most anarchists are now younger activists informed with feminist and ecological concerns. They are involved in qarshi madaniyat, Qora kuch, creating temporary autonomous zones, and events such as Kapitalga qarshi karnaval.^[250][251] These movements are not anarxist, aksincha anarchistic.^[251]

Mexico saw another uprising at the turn of the 21st century. Zapatistalar took control of a large area in Chiapas. They were organised in an autonomous, self-governing model that has many parallels to anarchism, inspiring many young anarchists in the West.^[252] Another stateless region that has been associated with anarchism is the Kurdish area of Rojava in northern Syria. The conflict there emerged during the Suriya fuqarolar urushi and Rojava's decentralized model is founded upon Bookchin's ideas of libertarian municipalism and social ecology within a secular framework and ethnic diversity.^[253] Chiapas and Rojava share the same goal, to create a libertarian community despite being surrounded by state apparatus.^[253]

Anarchism grew in popularity and influence as part of the anti-war, anti-capitalist, and anti-globalisation movements.^[254] Maia Ramnath described those social movements that employ the anarchist framework (leaderless, direct democracy) but do not call themselves anarchists as anarchists with a lowercase a while describing more traditional forms of anarchism with a capital A.^[255] Anarchists became known for their involvement in protests against meetings such as the World Trade Organization in Seattle 1999 yilda, Sakkizlik guruhi 2001 yilda va Jahon iqtisodiy forumi, as part of anti-globalisation movement. Some anarchist factions at these protests engaged in rioting, property destruction, and violent confrontations with police. These actions were precipitated by ad hoc, leaderless, anonymous cadres known as black blocs. Other organisational tactics pioneered during this period include security culture, affinity groups and the use of decentralised technologies such as the Internet.^[254][256]

According to anarchist scholar Simon Kritli, "contemporary anarchism can be seen as a powerful critique of the pseudo-libertarianism of contemporary neo-liberalism [...] One might say that contemporary anarchism is about responsibility, whether sexual, ecological, or socio-economic; it flows from an experience of conscience about the manifold ways in which the West ravages the rest; it is an ethical outrage at the yawning inequality, impoverishment, and disenfranchisement that is so palpable locally and globally".^[257]

Shuningdek qarang

• Anarxist jamoalar ro'yxati

Adabiyotlar

Manbalar

Ikkilamchi manbalar (kitoblar va jurnallar)

Uchinchi darajali manbalar (entsiklopediyalar va lug'atlar)

Tashqi havolalar

• Anarxizm tarixi. Kate Sharpley kutubxonasi.