Charlz Rangel - Charles Rangel
Charlz Rangel | |
|---|---|
 | |
| A'zosi AQSh Vakillar palatasi dan Nyu York | |
| Ofisda 1971 yil 3 yanvar - 2017 yil 3 yanvar | |
| Oldingi | Adam Kleyton Pauell Jr. |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Adriano Espaillat |
| Saylov okrugi | 18-tuman (1971–1973) 19-tuman (1973–1983) 16-tuman (1983–1993) 15-tuman (1993–2013) 13-tuman (2013–2017) |
| Kafedra Uy usullari va vositalari bo'yicha qo'mita | |
| Ofisda 2007 yil 3 yanvar - 2010 yil 3 mart | |
| Oldingi | Bill Tomas |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Sander Levin |
| A'zosi Nyu-York shtat assambleyasi 72-okrugdan | |
| Ofisda 1967 yil 1 yanvar - 1970 yil 31 dekabr | |
| Oldingi | Bill Grin |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Jorj Miller |
| Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar | |
| Tug'ilgan | Charlz Bernard Rangel 1930 yil 11-iyun Nyu-York shahri, Nyu York, BIZ. |
| Siyosiy partiya | Demokratik |
| Turmush o'rtoqlar | Alma Karter (m. 1964) |
| Ta'lim | Nyu-York universiteti (BS ) Sent-Jon universiteti, Nyu-York (LLB ) |
| Imzo |  |
| Harbiy xizmat | |
| Sadoqat |  Qo'shma Shtatlar |
| Filial / xizmat |  Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi |
| Xizmat qilgan yillari | 1948–1952 |
| Rank |  Xodimlar serjanti |
| Birlik |  503-artilleriya batalyoni, 2-piyoda diviziyasi |
| Janglar / urushlar | Koreya urushi • Kunu-ri jangi (WIA ) |
| Mukofotlar | |
Charlz Bernard Rangel (/ˈræŋɡal/;[1] 1930 yil 11-iyunda tug'ilgan) amerikalik siyosatchi AQSh vakili in tumanlar uchun Nyu York 1971 yildan 2017 yilgacha. a'zosi Demokratik partiya, u edi Vakillar palatasining amaldagi ikkinchi a'zosi u nafaqaga chiqqan paytda, 1971 yildan beri doimiy ravishda xizmat qilmoqda. Uning eng katta a'zosi sifatida u Nyu-York kongressi delegatsiyasining dekani ham bo'lgan. Rangel birinchi bo'ldi Afroamerikalik Nufuzli kafedra Uy usullari va vositalari bo'yicha qo'mita. Shuningdek, u asos solgan a'zodir Kongressning qora guruhi.
Rangel tug'ilgan Harlem yilda Yuqori Manxetten va shu kungacha u erda yashaydi. U a Binafsha yurak va a Bronza yulduzi xizmatidagi uchun AQSh armiyasi davomida Koreya urushi, u erda bir guruh askarlarni halokatli odamdan olib chiqdi Xitoy armiyasi davomida qurshov Kunu-ri jangi 1950 yilda Rangel bitirgan Nyu-York universiteti 1957 yilda va Sent-Jons universiteti yuridik fakulteti 1960 yilda. Keyin u xususiy advokat bo'lib ishlagan, AQSh prokurorining yordamchisi va 1960-yillarning o'rtalarida yuridik maslahat. U ikki muddat xizmat qildi Nyu-York shtat assambleyasi, 1967 yildan 1971 yilgacha va keyinchalik uzoq vaqt davomida amaldagi Kongressmenni mag'lub etdi Adam Kleyton Pauell Jr. ga saylanish yo'lidagi asosiy qiyinchilikda Vakillar palatasi.
U erga kelganidan so'ng, Rangel mustahkam tarzda birlashib, demokratlar safida tezlik bilan ko'tarildi liberal siyosiy va qonunchilikdagi murosalarni topishga nisbatan pragmatik yondashuv bilan qarashlar. Uning uzoq vaqtdan beri noqonuniy giyohvand moddalar olib kelinishi va oqibatlari bilan kurashishdan tashvishlanib, uyning tanlangan giyohvand moddalar bo'yicha qo'mitasi raisi bo'lishiga olib keldi va u 1980 yillarda ushbu masalada milliy siyosatni belgilashga yordam berdi. Harlemning biri sifatida "To'rt kishilik to'da", shuningdek, Nyu-York shahri va shtat siyosatida etakchiga aylandi. U 1995 yilni yaratilishida muhim rol o'ynadi Yuqori Manxettenni kuchaytirish zonasini rivojlantirish korporatsiyasi va Harlem va boshqa shahar atroflarining iqtisodiy qiyofasini o'zgartirishga yordam bergan "Imkoniyatlarni oshirish zonasi to'g'risida" milliy qonun. Rangel o'zining genial fe'l-atvori bilan, boshqa qonunchilar ustidan g'alaba qozonish qobiliyatiga ega ekanligi va ochiqchasiga gapirishi bilan ham tanilgan; u uzoq vaqtdan beri o'z qarashlarini ochiq aytgan va siyosiy namoyishlar doirasida bir necha bor hibsga olingan. U kuchli raqib edi Jorj V.Bush ma'muriyati va Iroq urushi va u qayta tiklash bo'yicha takliflar bildirdi qoralama 2000 yillar davomida.
2008 yildan boshlab Rangel axloq qoidalarini buzish va soliq qonunlariga rioya qilmaslik ayblovlariga bag'ishlangan qator shaxsiy huquqiy muammolarga duch keldi. The Uy ahloq qo'mitasi Rangel noto'g'ri ijaraga olgan-qilmaganiga e'tibor qaratdi Nyu-Yorkdagi ijaraga beriladigan kvartiralar, o'z ofisidan Rangel markaziga pul yig'ishda noto'g'ri ishlatgan Nyu-York shahridagi shahar kolleji, va uning villasidagi ijara daromadlarini oshkor qilmadi Dominika Respublikasi. 2010 yil mart oyida Rangel "yo'llar va vositalar" stulidan chetga chiqdi. 2010 yil noyabr oyida Etika qo'mitasi Rangelni uy ahloq qoidalarini buzganlik uchun 11 moddada aybdor deb topdi va 2010 yil 2 dekabrda Palataning to'liq tarkibi tasdiqlandi tanbeh sanksiyasi unga qarshi. 2012 va 2014 yilgi saylovlar paytida Rangel hozirda asosan Ispan tumanida ikkita kuchli asosiy muammolarga duch keldi, ammo g'alaba qozondi. U 2016 yilda qayta saylanish uchun qatnashmagan va 2017 yil yanvarida lavozimini tark etgan.
Dastlabki hayot, harbiy xizmat va ta'lim
Rangel tug'ilgan Harlem 1930 yil 11 iyunda Nyu-York shahrida.[2] Uning otasi Ralf Rangel edi Puerto-Riko 1914 yilda Nyu-Yorkka kelgan, uning afroamerikalik onasi Blanche Meri Uarton Rangel Nyu-York shahridan bo'lgan, oilaviy kelib chiqishi Virjiniya.[3][nb 1] Charlz uch farzandning ikkinchisi edi,[2] katta akasi Ralf Jr va singlisi Frensis bilan.[3] Ralf Rangel ba'zan garajda mardikor bo'lib ishlagan,[3] lekin u asosan tez-tez yo'q, ishsiz, xotiniga yomon munosabatda bo'lgan va Charlz olti yoshida oilasini tark etgan.[2][4] Charlz fabrikada xizmatchi va tikuvchi bo'lib ishlagan onasi tomonidan tarbiyalangan Nyu-Yorkning kiyim-kechak tumani va onasining bobosi tomonidan.[4][5] Ko'p yozlar o'tkazildi Accomac, Virjiniya, bu erda uning onalik oilasi ildiz otgan.[6] Charlz a Rim katolik.[7]
Rangel boshlang'ich va o'rta maktabda yaxshi o'qidi,[2] va u mahallada ishlay boshladi giyohvand moddalar do'koni sakkiz yoshida.[4] Keyin Rangel ishtirok etdi Devit Klinton o'rta maktabi,[5] lekin u tez-tez darsni yaxshi ko'rmas, ba'zan esa politsiya uni uyiga haydab chiqarar edi.[4] Uning onasi bobosi, sud binosida ishlagan va ko'plab sudyalar va advokatlarni yaxshi bilgan, erta namuna bo'lgan shaxs uni yanada jiddiy muammolarga duch kelishidan saqlagan.[4] Rangel 16 yoshida kichik yoshida o'qishni tashlagan va har xil ishlarda ishlagan kam maoshli ish joylari, shu jumladan poyabzal sotish.[4][5][8]
Keyin Rangel ro'yxatga olindi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi va 1948 yildan 1952 yilgacha xizmat qilgan.[9] Davomida Koreya urushi, u butun qora 503-chi dala artilleriya batalyonida artilleriya operatsiyalari bo'yicha mutaxassis bo'lgan 2-piyoda diviziyasi,[10][11] bilan jihozlangan 155 mm gabaritli M1.[12] (Prezident paytida Garri S. Truman imzolagan edi harbiy qismni ajratish to'g'risidagi buyruq 1948 yilda tinchlik davrida bu borada ozgina yutuqlarga erishilmadi va dastlab Koreyaga jo'natilgan bo'linmalarning aksariyati hanuzgacha ajratilgan edi.[13]) Rangelning bo'linmasi kirib keldi Pusan, Janubiy Koreya, 1950 yil avgustda va shimolga qarab harakatlana boshladi BMT kuchlari chuqur rivojlangan Shimoliy Koreya.[11]
1950 yil noyabr oyi oxirlarida, Xitoyning urushga aralashuvidan so'ng, uning bo'limi Shimoliy Koreyada qattiq janglarda qatnashdi BMT kuchlari Yalu daryosidan chekinmoqda. Kunu-ri jangida 2-piyoda qo'shinlarga yaqin yo'l pozitsiyasini egallash topshirildi Kunu-ri qolganlari esa Sakkizinchi armiya ga chekindi Sunchon, Janubdan 21 mil uzoqlikda. 1950 yil 29-noyabrga o'tar kechasi, 2-piyoda qo'shiniga asta-sekin o'rab turgan kuchlar hujum qildi Xitoy armiyasi, AQShning har qanday chekinishini to'xtatish uchun o't o'chirishni o'rnatgan. Xitoyning tungi jangovar qo'ng'iroqlari va aloqa alangalarining dahshatli chaqnashi[14] muzlagan havoni teshib qo'yish Rangel keyinchalik "uyg'ongan dahshat, voqea sodir bo'lgan voqealar va biz vaziyatdan chiqishning iloji yo'qligini ko'rdik" deb ta'riflagan.[15] 30-noyabr kunida 2-piyoda askarlarni bosqichma-bosqich olib chiqish to'g'risida buyruq keldi, ammo 503-artilleriya bataloni tartibda sakkiztadan oltinchisi edi va havo qoplanishi mumkin bo'lganda kunduzi chiqa olmadi.[16]
30-noyabrga o'tar kechasi Rangel orqaga chekinayotgan transport vositasi kolonnasining bir qismi bo'lib, u Xitoy kuchlari tomonidan qamalga olingan va hujumga uchragan.[10][17] Subzero sovuqda Rangel orqa tomondan xitoylik qobiqning parchalari bilan jarohatlangan.[18] Keyinchalik u portlash uni ariqqa tashlab, Isoga jon kuydirib ibodat qilishiga sabab bo'lganini yozgan.[17] Chekinish chizig'idan yuqoriga va pastga qarab birlik birligi hujum ostida g'oyib bo'ldi va ofitserlar o'z odamlari bilan aloqani uzdilar.[19] Uning atrofida qichqiriq va nola eshitildi va ba'zi AQSh askarlari asirga olindi,[9] Ammo dahshatli qo'rquvni his qilganiga qaramay, Rangel ta'sirchan tog'dan qochib o'tishga qaror qildi: "Ushbu jarlik chetidan hamma narsa o'sha la'nati tog'ning narigi tomonida yaxshiroq bo'lishi kerak edi".[17]
Yaqin atrofdagi boshqalar Rangelga qarashdi, ammo u a xususiy birinchi sinf bo'linmada etakchilik uchun obro'ga ega bo'lgan va "Sarge" laqabini olgan.[17] Rangel o'z qismidan 40 ga yaqin odamni kechasi bilan tog 'oshib o'tdi va Xitoy qurshovidan chiqdi.[9] Boshqa guruhlar ham xuddi shunday qilishga urinishgan, ammo ba'zi erkaklar og'ir sharoitlardan tushib qolishgan yoki adashib qolishgan va bundan keyin hech qachon xabar topmaganlar.[20][21] 1-dekabr kuni tushga qadar AQSh samolyotlari Rangel guruhiga va boshqalarga etkazib berishni va yo'nalishlarni tashlab ketishdi va ularni parvozdan o'tkazishga tayyor edilar. Taedong daryosi; 503-artilleriya guruhlari o'sha kuni tushdan keyin Sunchonga etib kelishdi.[20][22] Umuman olganda, 2-piyoda askarlarning biron bir qismi artilleriya singari ko'p yo'qotishlarga duch kelmadi;[23] u qutqarishga urindi, ammo oxir-oqibat barcha qurollarini yo'qotdi,[24] va deyarli yarmi batalyon umumiy jangda halok bo'ldi.[25]
Rangel avval dala kasalxonasida davolangan, so'ngra Janubiy Koreyadagi sog'lig'i tiklangan umumiy kasalxonaga ko'chib o'tgan.[26] Oxir-oqibat u odatdagi ishiga qaytdi, keyin 1951-yil iyulida AQShga qaytib keldi.[26]
Rangel a Binafsha yurak uning yaralari uchun Bronza yulduzi Valor bilan o'lim oldidagi harakatlari uchun va uchta jangovar yulduzlar.[27] Uning armiya bo'limi taqdirlandi Prezident bo'limi ma'lumotnomasi[nb 2] va Koreya Respublikasi Prezidentlik birligining ma'lumotnomasi.[27] 2000 yilda Rangel aks etdi CBS News bu:
Kunu Ri - va men buni chin dildan aytmoqchimanki, men hech qachon yomon kun ko'rmaganman.[10]
1952 yilda armiya safidan faxriy zaxiradan keyin unvon bilan xodim serjant,[9] u sarlavhalar bilan uyiga qaytdi Nyu-York Amsterdam yangiliklari.[4]Keyinchalik Rangel armiyadagi vaqtini, yoshligidagi qashshoqlikdan, hayotidagi muhim burilish nuqtasi sifatida ko'rib chiqdi: "Men boshqa hayotga duch kelganimda, hatto bu hayot shunchaki armiya bo'lsa ham, men la'natni yaxshi bilardim men qoldirgan hayotga qaytolmadim. "[28]
Rangel o'rta maktabni tugatdi, ikki yillik o'qishni bir yilda yakunladi.[nb 3] Dan foyda olish G.I. Bill,[31] Keyin Rangel a oldi fanlar bo'yicha bakalavr daraja Nyu-York universiteti Savdo maktabi u qilgan 1957 yilda dekanlar ro'yxati.[9] Keyin, to'liq stipendiya asosida u yuridik diplomini Sent-Jons universiteti yuridik fakulteti 1960 yilda.[32]
Rangel a'zosi Alpha Phi Alpha birodarlik. Shuningdek, u birodarlik a'zosi Jahon siyosati kengashi, a fikr markazi uning maqsadi Alpha Phi Alpha-ning siyosat va ijtimoiy va zamonaviy siyosatdagi ishtirokini kengaytirish, xalqaro muammolarni qamrab olishdir.[33]
Erta martaba
Huquqiy
Rangel yuridik fakultetini tugatgach, shtatdan o'tdi advokatura imtihoni va taniqli qora tanli yuridik firma Weaver, Evans & Wingate tomonidan yollangan.[34] Rangel xususiy amaliyotda ozgina pul ishlab topdi, ammo qora tanlilarga huquqiy yordam ko'rsatishda ijobiy obro'ga ega bo'ldi fuqaro huquqlari faollari.[5] 1961 yilda Rangel tayinlandi AQSh prokurorining yordamchisi ichida Nyu-Yorkning janubiy okrugi tomonidan AQSh Bosh prokurori Robert F. Kennedi,[5] AQSh prokurori ostida ishlash Robert M. Morgenthau. U bir yil davomida shu lavozimda qoldi.[5]
Shundan so'ng, Rangel advokat bo'lib xizmat qildi Nyu-York uy-joy va qayta qurish kengashi,[35] ga maslahat berish Nyu-York shtati assambleyasining spikeri,[35] kashshof sudyaga qonun xodimi Jeyms L. Uotson,[36] va umumiy maslahat Tanlangan xizmat bo'yicha milliy maslahat komissiyasi (1966), qayta ko'rib chiqish uchun prezident komissiyasi qonun loyihalari.[37][38] Uning siyosatga bo'lgan qiziqishi ushbu rollar bilan ortdi.[39]
Rangel Alma Karter bilan uchrashdi, a ijtimoiy ishchi, 1950 yillarning o'rtalarida raqs maydonida bo'lganida Savoy bal zali Harlemda.[4] Ular 1964 yil 26-iyulda turmush qurishdi.[39] Ularning ikkita farzandi, Stiven va Alisiya va uchta nabirasi bor.[39]
Siyosiy
U 1963 yilda Harlemda bo'lib o'tgan kuchli Demokratik fraksiya mojarosi paytida partiya okrugi rahbari uchun yugurdi, ammo yutqazdi.[40] 1964 yilda Rangel va uning siyosiy ustozi Assambleymenga aylanadigan odam Persi Satton, Harlemdagi Jon F. Kennedi Demokratik Klubini (keyinchalik Rev. Martin Lyuter King Kichik Demokratik Klubning bir qismiga aylangan) tashkil etishning bir qismi sifatida klublarni birlashtirdi.[5][35][41]
Rangel 1965 yilda ishtirok etdi Selma - Montgomeri yurishlari, to'rt kun yurish qildi, garchi u faqat qisqa ko'rinishni rejalashtirgan bo'lsa ham.[9] U nimani ishlab chiqdi The New York Times bu davrda o'zining qaytarib bo'lmaydigan kuchini va o'z-o'zini masxara qilishni hazillashtiradi.[9]
Rangel 1966 yil sentyabr oyida Garlem Demokratlar partiyasi tomonidan 72-okrugda qatnashish uchun tanlangan Nyu-York shtat assambleyasi, amaldagi Persi Satton Nyu-York shahar kengashi a'zolari tomonidan Manhettendan saylanganidan so'ng Manxetten Borough prezidenti tayinlanishidan kelib chiqqan bo'sh lavozimni to'ldirish Constance Beyker Motley federal sudya sifatida.[42] Rangel g'alaba qozondi va xizmat qildi 177-chi va 178-Nyu-York shtati qonun chiqaruvchi organlari 1970 yilgacha.[5] U shtatdagi qora tanli qonun chiqaruvchilar orasida etakchi sifatida paydo bo'ldi va siyosiy jihatdan ham do'stona munosabatda bo'ldi Nyu-York gubernatori Nelson Rokfeller Rangelning 1968 yilda qayta saylanishi paytida Respublikachilar va Demokratik saylov byulletenlarida qatnashishini tashkil qilgan.[5]
Rangel qonuniylashtirishni qo'llab-quvvatladi raqamlar o'yini, "O'rtacha Harlemit uchun raqamlarni o'ynash ... axloqiy va hayot tarzidir".[9] Shuningdek, u fohishalarga nisbatan samarasizligi sababli qattiqroq jazolanishiga qarshi chiqdi.[9] U giyohvand moddalarning Harlemga ta'siridan qattiq xavotirda edi va buni himoya qildi giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qiluvchilar o'z foydalanuvchilari tomonidan sodir etilgan jinoyatlar uchun javobgar bo'lishlari va umuman olganda muammo tahdid darajasida ekanligiga ishonishgan milliy xavfsizlik.[43][44]
1969 yilda Rangel Demokratlar partiyasidan nomzod sifatida qatnashdi Nyu-York shahar kengashi prezidenti. Sport muallifi ishtirok etgan shov-shuvli musobaqada Jimmi Breslin merlikka nomzod sifatida Norman Mailer Uchrashuvda qatnashgan Rangel oltita nomzod bo'yicha so'nggi o'rinni egalladi.[45]
1970 yilda Rangel saylov uchun nomzodini qo'ydi AQSh Vakillar palatasi, uzoq yillik amaldagi kongressmenga qarshi kurashish Adam Kleyton Pauell Jr., Demokratik saylovda Nyu-Yorkning 18-kongress okrugi.[5] Pauell ramziy, xarizmatik va shov-shuvli shaxs edi[2][5] 1967 yilda axloqiy mojaroga tushib qolgan, o'z o'rnidan mahrum bo'lgan, keyin 1969 yilda qayta tiklanganligi sababli AQSh Oliy sudi qaror Pauell va Makkormak.[46] Besh nomzod maydonida Rangel asosiy e'tiborini Pauellning Kongressga tez-tez qatnashmasligini tanqid qilishga qaratdi.[2] Iyun oyida bo'lib o'tgan dastlabki saylovda Rangel Pauellni 25000 atrofida 150 ovoz bilan mag'lub etdi.[5] Pauell natijani bekor qilish uchun qonuniy choralar ko'rishga urinib ko'rdi, 1000 dan ortiq byulletenlar noto'g'ri deb da'vo qildi,[44] ammo muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'ldi. Pauell ham mustaqil ravishda saylov byulleteniga kira olmadi. Demokratik va Respublikachilarning qo'llab-quvvatlashi bilan Rangel 1970 yil noyabr oyida bo'lib o'tgan umumiy saylovlarda g'alaba qozondi Liberal partiya nomzod va boshqa bir qator nomzodlar - 88 foiz ovoz bilan.[5]
AQSh Vakillar palatasi
Tumanlar, muddatlar va qo'mitalar
Dastlab Rangelga qarshi eng kuchli saylov chaqiruvi uning birinchi qayta saylanish arizasi paytida, 1972 yilda, Demokratik partiyaning asosiy chaqirig'iga duch kelganida yuz berdi. HARYOU-ACT eski Pauell tashkiloti va uni qo'llab-quvvatlagan rejissyor Livingston Wingate Irqiy tenglik kongressi, Rangel ommaviy ravishda qoralagan qora millatchi guruh.[5] Rangel boshqa Demokratik kuch bazalarini qo'llab-quvvatladi, ammo ular 3 dan 1 gacha ustunlik bilan g'alaba qozonishdi[47] va umumiy saylovlar osonlik bilan.
Rangel nafaqaga chiqqunga qadar har ikki yilda bir marta takroriy saylovlarda g'alaba qozondi, odatda 90 foizdan ortiq ovoz oldi va ko'pincha 95 foizdan ko'proq ovoz oldi.[48][49][50] Bir qator saylovlarda Rangel Demokratik Partiya, Respublikachilar partiyasi va Nyu-York Liberal partiyasi.[47] Rangelning o'z saylovchilariga doimiy ravishda murojaat qilishi uni nafaqat Harlemda, balki dunyoning boshqa joylarida adolat uchun kurashchi sifatida qabul qilishi bilan bog'liq.[51] 1994 yilda Nyu-York shahar Kengashining ikki muddat a'zosi bo'lganida, u o'rta martaba uchun asosiy muammoga duch keldi Adam Kleyton Pauell IV yugurib chiqdi va Rangelni 58 foiz ovoz oldi.[52] Keyin Rangel o'zining axloqiy muammolari paytida va undan keyin 2010 yildan beri asosiy asosiy muammolarga duch keldi.
Rangel 2013 yilgacha vakili bo'lgan
Uning tumani 1971 yildan 1973 yilgacha o'n sakkizinchi okrug bilan raqamlangan; 1973 yildan 1983 yilgacha o'n to'qqizinchi tuman; 1983 yildan 1993 yilgacha o'n oltinchi tuman; 1993 yildan 2013 yilgacha o'n beshinchi. 1970 yillarning boshlarida qayta taqsimlanish Rangel maydonining atigi 65 foizini qora,[47] 1979 yilga kelib u 50 foiz qora, 30 foiz oq va 20 foizni tashkil etdi Puerto-Riko.[53] 2000 yilga kelib, har 10 tuman aholisining atigi 3 nafari qora tanli, qariyb yarmi qora edi Ispancha, Dominikanning yangi kelganlari bilan.[54] Hozirda o'n uchinchi raqamlangan, Rangelning vakolatxonasi ispanlarning afroamerikaliklarga nisbatan 2 dan 1 gacha ustunligini namoyish etadi.[55]
Rangel qachon asl a'zosi edi Kongressning qora guruhi 1971 yilda tashkil topgan.[56] 1974 yilda uning raisi etib saylandi[2][47] va u 1976 yilgacha ushbu rolda ishlagan.[57] O'shandan beri u kokus a'zosi bo'lib qolmoqda.
- Qo'mita topshiriqlari
- Yo'llar va vositalar qo'mitasi (1975–2017; Reyting a'zosi 1996–2006; Kafedra 2007–2010 [2010 yilgi ta'til])
- Soliq bo'yicha qo'shma qo'mita (Kafedra 2007, 2009; Rais o'rinbosari 2008, 2010 [chapgacha yo'llar va vositalar kafedrasi])
- Narkotik moddalarni suiiste'mol qilish va nazorat qilish bo'yicha qo'mitani tanlang (1976–1993; Kafedra 1983–1993)
- Jinoyat bo'yicha qo'mitani tanlang (1971–1973)
- Adliya qo'mitasi (1971–1974)
- Kongress a'zolari
- Kongressning qora guruhi
- Kongressning progressiv guruhi[58]
- Kongress san'ati bo'yicha guruh[59]
- Uyning Demokratik kokusi
- Xalqaro tabiatni muhofaza qilish guruhi
1970-yillar: Tez o'sish
Birinchi kurs vakili sifatida Rangel giyohvand moddalar masalasiga e'tibor qaratdi va uning a'zosi edi Uyni tanlash bo'yicha Jinoyat bo'yicha qo'mita. 1971 yil fevral oyida u tanqid qildi Nikson ma'muriyati Turkiya va Frantsiyaga nisbatan qattiqroq choralar ko'rmagani uchun, ko'pchilik uchun manba va ishlab chiqarish punktlari geroin AQShga kelish[5] Xalqaro giyohvand moddalar savdosiga qarshi kurashda hamkorlik qilmaydigan mamlakatlarga tashqi yordamni to'xtatish to'g'risidagi taklifi muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi, ammo prezidentga bunday mamlakatlarga yordamni kamaytirish vakolatini beradigan qonun loyihasini qabul qildi.[5] Rangel Nyu-York shahrida ba'zi a'zolarni ayblash bilan tortishuvlarni keltirib chiqardi Nyu-York politsiya boshqarmasi giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qiladigan vositalar bilan hamkorlik qilish.[5]
1972 yil 14 aprelda Rangel va Lui Farraxan tergoviga aralashgan Nyu-York politsiya departamenti patrul xodimi Filipp Kardillo o'ldirilishi, Harlemda o'ldirilgan Islom millati masjid qayerda Malkolm X voizlik qilish uchun ishlatilgan. Gumonlanuvchini hibsga olishdan oldin Farraxon va Rangel voqea joyiga etib kelishdi, agar gumon qilinuvchi va boshqalar ozod qilinmasa, tartibsizlik yuzaga kelishi mumkin.[60] Ba'zi politsiya amaldorlari tergovni, shu jumladan jamoat ishlari bo'yicha komissar o'rinbosarini ham cheklashdi Benjamin Uord Farraxon va Rangelning talablarini qondirish uchun barcha oq tanli politsiyachilarni voqea joyidan uzoqlashtirishga buyruq bergan.[60]
Rangel asosan giyohvandlik va farovonlikning "getto muammolari" bilan shug'ullangan degan dastlabki taassurotga qaramay, Rangel boshqa ko'plab masalalarga ham e'tibor qaratdi.[53] U Isroilni doimiy ravishda qo'llab-quvvatlagan, shu jumladan, qabul qilingan anti-Isroil qaroriga e'tiroz bildirgan Milliy qora siyosiy konventsiya 1972 yilda[61] va qora tanli amerikaliklarni qo'llab-quvvatlashga chaqirish Sovet yahudiylarining fuqarolik huquqlari 1975 yilda.[62] Boshqa tomondan, Rangel xorijiy aralashuvlarga va harbiy xarajatlarga qarshi bo'lib, bombardimonga qarshi ovoz berdi Kambodja va moliyalashtirishga qarshi B-1 bombardimonchi va superkaryerlar.[47]
Kongressda Rangelning birinchi qo'mita topshiriqlaridan biri Vakillar palatasining Adliya qo'mitasi, qaerda Votergeyt bilan bog'liq janjal u 1974 yilda qatnashgan impichment bo'yicha tinglovlar Prezidentga qarshi Richard Nikson. Rangel tinglovlar chog'ida o'zining ma'lumotli savollar berish uslubi uchun milliy e'tibor va hurmatga sazovor bo'ldi.[2][38][47] Rangel, shuningdek, gubernator Rokfellerni uning boshqaruvidagi roli to'g'risida so'roq qilishda taniqli bo'lgan Attika qamoqxonasidagi g'alayon Rokfeller vitse-prezidentining tasdiqlash tinglovi paytida.[2]
Rangel siyosiy mahorati, mehnatsevarligi, qonunchilik masalalarini yaxshi bilishi va genial uslubi tufayli Palatada tezda ko'tarildi.[47] 1974 yilda u hozirgi kunga qadar nomlangan birinchi afroamerikalik bo'ldi Uyning yo'llari va usullari bo'yicha qo'mitasi,[2][53] u 1975 yilda egallagan lavozimi (va Adliya qo'mitasini tark etgan),[52] va 1979 yilga kelib uning muhim raisi bo'ldi Sog'liqni saqlash bo'yicha kichik qo'mita.[47] 1976 yilda u nomini oldi Uyni tanlash Qo'mitasi Narkotik moddalarni suiiste'mol qilish va nazorat qilish.[47] 1979 yilga kelib, Rangel nufuzli a'zosi edi Vakillar palatasining Demokratik boshqaruv va siyosat qo'mitasi.[47] 1978 yilda Rangel o'zining qat'iy liberal qarashlarini birlashtirdi - qiziqish bo'yicha guruhlarning reytingi, Nyu-York shtati Kongress delegatsiyasining eng liberal a'zosi bo'lganligini ko'rsatdi - siyosiy va qonunchilikda murosaga erishish uchun pragmatik yondashuv.[47][53] Rangel Kongressda boshqalar bilan ittifoq tuzdi (masalan Michigan respublikachisi bilan hamkorlik qildi) Gay Vander Jagt ijtimoiy islohot choralari to'g'risida), davlat idoralaridagi odamlar bilan va Karter ma'muriyati.[53] Ba'zi hollarda Rangel juda pragmatik bo'lgani uchun tanqid qilindi, masalan, u o'z pozitsiyasini yoqganda tabiiy gaz tartibga solish; Rangel buni Harlemdagi yangi federal binoga ruxsat berish evaziga qilganini rad etdi.[53] Rangel o'zi haqida shunday dedi: "O'ylaymanki, men amaliy odamman, lekin siz o'zingiz bilan yashashingiz va o'zingizning bir qismingizni sotib yuboradigan darajada amaliy emasligingizga ishonch hosil qilishingiz kerak".[53]
Vashingtondagi ta'sirining kuchayishi bilan bir qatorda, 1970 yillarning oxirlarida Rangel Nyu-York shahrining etakchi qora tanli siyosiy arbobi edi.[53] Dastlab tasdiqlashdan keyin Persi Satton ichida 1977 yil meri saylovi, keyinchalik u ma'qulladi Ed Koch ustida Mario Kuomo Demokratik partiyaning dastlabki bosqichida.[63] Keyin u Mayor Koch va Koch ma'muriyatini irqiy jihatdan befarq deb hisoblagan ba'zi ozchilik guruhlar o'rtasida vositachilik qilishga urindi. Koch aytganidek, "U menga g'azablangan ba'zi qora tanlilarga:" Siz Ed Kochni siz uchun yomon deb aytasizmi? Men uning hammaga yomon ekanligini bilishingizni istayman ", dedi. Men buni juda yaxshi deb o'yladim. "[53]
1980-yillar: nufuzli raqam
1981 yilda Rangel rais bo'lishga o'tdi Nazorat bo'yicha yo'llar va vositalar bo'yicha kichik qo'mita, bu unga qarshi kurashishda kuch berdi Reygan ma'muriyati kesilgan ijtimoiy xarajatlar.[47] 1983 yilga kelib u "Yo'llar va vositalar" ning uchinchi darajali a'zosi edi va uning kuchli raisi bilan yaxshi ishladi, Dan Rostenkovskiy.[47] Rangel shuningdek, uning himoyachisiga aylandi Palata spikeri Maslahat O'Nil, uni kim qildi Ko'pchilik o'rinbosari o'sha yili.[47][64] In 1984 yil AQSh prezident saylovi, Rangel sobiq vitse-prezidentni qo'llab-quvvatladi Valter Mondale, aksincha Jessi Jekson.
Hozirga qadar Rangel ulardan biri sifatida tanilgan "To'rt kishilik to'da", u eski ustozi bilan birga Persi Satton, shahar va davlat arbobi Basil Paterson va kelajakda shahar hokimi Devid Dinkins, Harlemdagi eng taniqli siyosatchilar edi.[65][66] Ular irqiy to'siqlarni buzishdi, qora tanli amerikaliklarga erishish mumkin emas deb hisoblangan idoralarga etib kelishdi va mamlakat bo'ylab ko'plab boshqalarga yo'l ochdilar.[66] Sifatida elektr vositachilari ular bir avlod uchun Harlemda jamoat hayotida hukmronlik qilishadi.[67]
Rangel Kochni 1981 yilda qayta saylanishni ma'qulladi, ammo 1983 yilga kelib uning meri bilan munosabatlari buzildi:[63] "Men siyosatda hech kimni yomon ko'raman, bilmayman, men unga mer bilan o'tirishni maslahat beraman."[68] 1984 yilga kelib Rangel Nyu-York shtatidagi eng nufuzli qora tanli siyosatchi edi.[69] Uning yo'llari va vositalari haqidagi pozitsiyasi unga federal pullarni shtat va shaharga tranzit loyihalari, sanoatni rivojlantirish, Medicare ehtiyojlar, kam daromadli uy-joy va uysizlar uchun boshpana.[47][63] Rangel shaharning taniqli siyosatchilaridan biri edi,[67] va u 1985 yilda shahar hokimi lavozimiga nomzodini qo'yishi haqida taxminlar bor edi, ammo Rangel oxir-oqibat yo'llar va vositalar raisi bo'lishni va eng yaxshi holatda hatto uy spikeri bo'lishni maqsad qilgan holda, uyda qolishni afzal ko'rdi.[63] Darhaqiqat, Rangel hech qachon Harlemdan Kongress a'zosi bo'lishdan boshqa boshqa siyosiy ishga qiziqish bildirmagan.[52]
1983 yilda Rangel Giyohvand moddalar bo'yicha tanlangan qo'mitaning raisi bo'ldi, bu uning uchun bu juda muhim masalada etakchi strateg sifatida o'z pozitsiyasini mustahkamladi.[47][64][70][71] Rangel maxsus qo'mitalarni tarqatish haqidagi odatiy tazyiqlarga duch kelgan holda, qo'mitani davom ettirdi.[64] U giyohvandlikka qarshi federal byudjetdagi qisqartirilganlarga qarshi kurash olib bordi va shtatlar va shaharlarga uysizlar uchun yaxshiroq boshpana berish uchun ko'p miqdorda grantlar berilishini qo'llab-quvvatladi.[38] Rangelning davlat va mahalliy huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari uchun mablag'larni ko'paytirishni nazarda tutuvchi tuzatishlariga kiritilgan Giyohvandlikka qarshi 1986 yilgi qonun.[38] U Markaziy va Janubiy Amerikadagi mamlakatlarga va boshqa joylarga sayohat qilib, giyohvand moddalar manbalarini va ularga qarshi huquq-tartibot idoralarini tekshirgan; Qara jurnali Rangelni "giyohvandlikka qarshi kurashda frontning generali" deb atagan.[72] Rangel "Biz g'azabga muhtojmiz!" Dedi va hukumatning ham, diniy rahbarlarning ham epidemiyalarga nisbatan sust reaktsiyasiga ishora qildi. crack кокаин, geroin, PCP va 1980 yillarda Amerika ko'chalarida uchragan boshqa giyohvand moddalar.[72] U giyohvand moddalarni legallashtirish "axloqiy va siyosiy o'z joniga qasd qilish" ni anglatishiga ishongan.[72] Ispan va qora tanli o'spirinlarda o'zini himoya qilish hissi yo'qligini va bu giyohvand moddalarga ko'proq ta'sir qilganlarni tanqid qilishdan tiyilmadi. narkotik sotuvchilar shunchalik ahmoq edilarki, menyu o'qiy olmaganliklari sababli tez ovqatlanish joylarida ovqatlanishlari kerak edi.[4] 1988 yilga kelib Rangel bu Prezident degan edi Ronald Reygan giyohvand moddalarga qarshi urushda etarlicha ish qilmagan, ammo bu birinchi xonim Nensi Reygan "Faqat "Yo'q" deb ayting "aksiya juda qimmatli bo'ldi.[73] Narkotiklar qo'mitasining o'zi, ehtimol, o'z davrining eng muhim tanlangan qo'mitasi deb nomlangan. Washington Post Rangel "mamlakat kun tartibidagi eng muhim masalada siyosatni shakllantirish uchun kuchli pozitsiyada" ekanligini aytdi.[71] U 1993 yilgacha qo'mita raisi bo'lib qoladi,[70] u boshqa palatani tanlash qo'mitalari bilan birga bekor qilinganida.[54]
Rangel uning bir qismi edi Uy - Senatning qo'shma konferentsiyasi ustida ishlagan 1986 yilgi soliq islohoti to'g'risidagi qonun, eng keng qamrovli islohotni tashkil etgan soddalashtirilgan kapital ta'mirlash AQSh soliq kodeksi 50 yil ichida.[64] Muzokaralarda Rangel kam daromadli odamlarni soliq rollaridan tushirish to'g'risida muvaffaqiyatli bahs yuritdi;[64] olti million xonadonni federal daromad solig'idan olib tashlash liberal va konservativ guruhlar tomonidan oqilona siyosat sifatida baholandi.[74] Rangel muallifi Kam daromadli uy-joy solig'i bo'yicha kredit AQShda arzon uy-joylarni ko'paytirgan qonun loyihasining bir qismi[39] Shuningdek, u davlat va mahalliy daromad solig'i chegirilishini saqlab qolishda muhim rol o'ynadi.[54] Rangelning ta'kidlashicha, foyda oluvchilar soliq islohoti yaxshi tashkil qilinmagan, biznes manfaatlari unga qarshi edi. Konferentsiya buzilish bilan tahdid qilganda, u kelishuvga erishish juda muhimligini ta'kidladi.[75]
1985 yil oxiriga kelib, Rangel keyingi o'rinni egallash uchun olti kishilik musobaqada qatnashdi Uyning aksariyat qamchi, Palatadagi uchinchi o'rinni egallagan va birinchi marta spiker tayinlaganidan ko'ra, a'zolari tomonidan saylanadigan.[76] 1986 yil oktyabr oyiga kelib poyga qiziydi, Rangel esa vakili yaqinlashib qoldi Toni Koelo shaxsiy mahoratidan foydalangan holda va Rangel Demokratik rahbariyat mintaqaviy muvozanatni yaxshilashi kerakligini ta'kidlab, Kaliforniyadan.[64][77] Biroq, 1986 yil dekabrda Koelo 167–78 yillarda qamchi saylovlarida Rangelni mag'lub etdi.[78] Rangel o'zining yo'qotilishini Coelho raisi sifatida o'zining ko'plab uy a'zolari kampaniyalarini moliyalashtirganligi bilan izohladi Demokratik Kongressning tashviqot qo'mitasi,[76][79] keyinroq "Men hech qachon bu qadar xudojo'y sodda bo'lmaganman. Vashingtonga tajribali siyosatchi sifatida kelganman. Koeloning a'zolarga qo'shgan hissasini qanday sog'indim?"[79]
1984 yil dekabrda Rangel anti-aksiyada qatnashgani uchun hibsga olinganaparteid Nyu-Yorkdagi Janubiy Afrika konsulligi oldida miting.[80] Rangel muvaffaqiyatli bo'lishga majbur qildi chet el soliq imtiyozlari ushbu mamlakatda biznes yuritadigan korporatsiyalar uchun olib tashlangan, 1987 yilda "Rangel tuzatish" nomi bilan tanilgan.[39][81][82] Natijada bir qator kompaniyalar Janubiy Afrikani tark etishdi va ushbu tuzatish aparteidga qarshi samarali sanktsiyalardan biri bo'ldi.[54][82] Keyinchalik u maqtovga sazovor bo'ldi Nelson Mandela, va keyinchalik Rangel o'zining eng faxrlanadigan harakatlaridan biri ekanligini aytdi.[81]
1990-yillar: qo'llab-quvvatlash va qarshilik
1991 yil davomida Fors ko'rfazi urushi, Rangel shuni talab qildi Shtab boshliqlarining birlashgan raisi Kolin Pauell qora tanli a'zolar tomonidan kamsitilish to'g'risidagi da'volarni tekshiring Nyu-York armiyasi milliy gvardiyasi jangovar tayyorgarlik va davolash bilan bog'liq. Davomida Klinton ma'muriyati, Rangel ijro etuvchi hokimiyat mansabdorlari bilan byudjet moddalari bo'yicha respublika ma'muriyati davridagi kabi deyarli kurashgan,[81] va har doim Klinton Kongress Demokratlarini chetlab o'tishda respublikachilar bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri muzokara olib borganida g'azablandi.[83] Biroq, 1993 yilda Rangel o'sishlarning asosiy homiysi bo'lgan Daromad solig'i bo'yicha kredit o'tdi.[54]
Rangelning "Yo'llar va vositalar" raisi bo'lishni orzu qilishi, bu bilan barbod bo'ldi Respublika inqilobi O'n yilliklar ichida birinchi marta uyni Demokratlardan uzoqlashtirgan 1994 yil. U 1996 yilda qo'mitaning reyting demokratiga aylandi.[52] Rangel respublikachiga qattiq qarshi edi Amerika bilan shartnoma, buni Amerikaning kambag'allariga qarshi hujum deb hisobladi va Prezident kabi demokratlarni qattiq tanqid qildi Bill Klinton kabi diniy rahbarlar Jon Kardinal O'Konnor u sodir bo'lgan voqeaga o'xshatgan "yaxshi odamlarning sukutini" davom ettirgani uchun Natsistlar Germaniyasi.[4] Rangel xuddi shunday yo'lni yangi yo'llar va vositalar kafedrasiga qaratganida Bill Archer 1995 yilda Archer jamoat uchrashuvlaridan tashqari u bilan bir necha yil gaplashishdan bosh tortdi.[83] Rangel ham bunga qat'iy qarshi chiqdi 1996 yilgi farovonlikni isloh qilish to'g'risidagi qonun, Klintonni siyosiy sabablarga ko'ra uni qo'llab-quvvatlashda ayblash va uning oqibatlarini bashorat qilish million bolani qashshoqlikka olib keladi.[84]
1990 yillar davomida ozchiliklar va kambag'allar uchun iqtisodiy imkoniyatlarni ochish Rangelning diqqat markazida bo'lgan.[39] Uning 1993 yilgi qonunchiligi yaratildi "kuchaytirish zonalari "shahar ichki hududlarida investitsiyalar va ish o'rinlarini yaratish uchun soliq imtiyozlarini taqdim etgan;[39] oxir-oqibat bu mamlakat shaharlari bo'ylab federal xarajatlarning 5 milliard dollarini tashkil qiladi.[51][67] Rangel 1995 yil yaratilishida o'ziga xos rol o'ynadi Yuqori Manxettenni kuchaytirish zonasini rivojlantirish korporatsiyasi Bu davlatning va xususiy pullarning Harlemning yuzini o'zgartirishga, shu jumladan gentrifikatsiya effektlariga 500 million dollar sarflashiga olib keldi.[52] Rangel korporatsiya kengashida ishlagan va bu harakat 1990-yillarda sodir bo'lgan Harlemning qayta tiklanishiga yordam berganligi bilan bog'liq.[50][67]
1990-yillarning oxirlarida Rangel nomidan targ'ibot ishlarini olib bordi Demokratik Kongressning tashviqot qo'mitasi Afrikalik amerikaliklarning asosiy belanchak okruglarida oq tanli nomzodlarga ovoz berishga harakat qilgan.[85] Loyiha davomida bir nechta o'rindiqlarni olishga yoki saqlashga yordam bergan bo'lishi mumkin 1998 yil oraliqda uyga saylovlar.[85]
1998 yil oxirida, uzoq vaqt senator bo'lganingizda Daniel Patrik Moynihan Nyu-Yorklik nafaqaga chiqqanligini e'lon qildi, Rangel buni birinchilardan bo'lib himoya qildi Birinchi xonim Hillari Klinton Nyu-Yorkka ko'chib, o'rindiqqa yugur.[86] U buni muvaffaqiyatli amalga oshirdi.
1999 yil 15 martda Kongress a'zosi yana ikki taniqli bilan hibsga olingan Afroamerikalik rahbarlar (fuqarolik huquqlari faoli Al Sharpton va avvalgi Shahar hokimi Devid Dinkins ), o'ldirish bilan o'ldirilganiga norozilik uchun Amadu Diallo, AQShga Gvineyadan kelgan 23 yoshli immigrant, to'rtga oq va Ispaniyalik Nyu-York politsiyasi xodimlari.[87] Keyinroq aralashgan zobitlar aralash poyga hakamlar hay'ati tomonidan oqlandi.
1998 yil oktyabrda, Nyu-York shtati Bosh prokurori Dennis Vacco Nyu-Yorkka qarashli fond direktorlaridan ayblov bilan sudga murojaat qildi Apollon teatri, shu jumladan Rangel poydevor kreslosi, 4 million dollardan ko'proq mablag 'to'play olmaganligi sababli, televizion dasturni ishlab chiqaruvchi Persi Satton tomonidan boshqariladigan kompaniya tomonidan Bu "Apollon" da namoyish vaqti.[88][89] Kostyum Rangelni olib tashlashni talab qildi; bir necha oylik qat'iyatsizlikdan so'ng, Rangel stuldan tushdi, ammo kengashda qoldi.[90] 1999 yil oktyabrda yangi Bosh prokuror Eliot Spitser da'voni rad etdi va Rangel va Sattonni barcha qonuniy qarzlar qo'llarini o'zgartirganligini aytib, ularni har qanday qonunbuzarliklardan tozaladi.[89][90] Rangel bir yil davom etgan epizodda achchiqlanishini bildirdi: "Men bunga duch kelmasligim kerak edi".[90]
2000-2007: norozilik va kuch
2000 yillarning boshlarida Rangel qashshoqlikka qarshi harakatlarni doimiy ravishda moliyalashtirishni qo'llab-quvvatladi, shu jumladan Ehtiyojmand oilalarga vaqtincha yordam va Bolalarni parvarish qilish va rivojlanish bloklari uchun grant. Rangel, shuningdek, Ways and Means raisi bilan samarasiz munosabatda bo'lgan Bill Tomas, Tomas chaqirgan hodisaga olib keldi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kapitoliy politsiyasi Rangelda uning a'zolari kutubxonada qonun loyihasini o'qiganliklari uchun Tomas kechirim so'radi.[52][83]
Rangel homiylik qildi Afrikalik o'sish va imkoniyatlar to'g'risidagi qonun, ishchilar uyushmalari, to'qimachilik sanoati va Kongressning qora guruhiga qarshi bo'lganiga qaramay, 2000 yilda o'tgan.[83] Bu birinchi marta AQSh bilan savdo qilish uchun imtiyozlar berdi Saxaradan Afrikaga.[39] Darhaqiqat, Rangel qo'llab-quvvatlashi bilan mashhur bo'ldi erkin savdo ko'plab uy demokratlaridan farqli o'laroq, kelishuvlar.[48][83]
Keyingi 2001 yil 11 sentyabrdagi teraktlar, Rangel ishsizlarga beriladigan nafaqani uzaytirishga yordam berdi. Uning maqsadi voqealardan ta'sirlangan Nyu-Yorkdagi sanoat korxonalariga yordam berish edi.[39]
Afro-amerikalik diplomatlarning chet elga qilgan safarlarida ozgina ko'rganligi sababli,[83] u asos solgan Charlz B. Rangelning Xalqaro aloqalar bo'yicha stipendiya dasturi 2002 yilda. Dastur o'rtasidagi hamkorlik Xovard universiteti va AQSh Davlat departamenti bu ishlagan ozchiliklar sonini sezilarli darajada ko'paytirdi AQSh tashqi xizmati.[39][91]
2004 yil iyul oyida Rangel hibsga olingan AQSh uyining uchta a'zosidan birinchisi edi buzish norozilik uchun ayblovlar Sudandagi inson huquqlarining buzilishi Vashingtondagi Sudan elchixonasi oldida[92] (Bobbi Rush va Djo Xeffel ergashadi). Rangel: "Inson hayoti xavf ostida bo'lganida, g'azablanish bo'lishi kerak" dedi.[92]
Rangelning ashaddiy raqibi edi Jorj V.Bush ma'muriyati va Iroq urushi.[52] Respublikachilar nazorati ostidagi Kongressda ikkinchisini to'xtatish uchun o'zini kuchsiz his qilgan holda, 2007 yilda u dahshatli tushlardan azob chekkanini aytdi: "Bu mening Kongressdagi 37 yillik hayotimdagi eng past nuqtam edi ... Bu sizning hayotingizni ko'rgan qayg'uli davr edi. yo'qolgan [urushda] va siz bu haqda hech narsa qila olmadingiz. ”[51]2006 yil aprel oyida Rangel va yana to'qqizta vakil qo'shildi John Conyers qoidalarini buzganlikda ayblab, Jorj V.Bush va boshqalarga qarshi harakat AQSh konstitutsiyasi o'tishda Kamomadni kamaytirish to'g'risidagi 2005 yildagi qonun.[93] Konyerlar - Bush uchun o'sha yil oxirida ishdan bo'shatilgan tik turish.[94]
Rangel anchadan buyon ko'ngillilar armiyasiga qarshi bo'lgan va bir necha bor hukumatni qaytarib berishga chaqirgan qoralama (harbiy majburiyat).[52] 2003 yilda Rangel "Kambag'allarning nomutanosib soni va ozchilik guruhlari a'zolari ro'yxatga olingan harbiylar safini tashkil qiladi, eng imtiyozli amerikaliklar esa kam yoki yo'q", deb aytdi va loyiha harbiylarni ko'proq vakolatxonaga aylantiradi. Umuman Amerika jamoatchiligi.[95] Ba'zi kuzatuvchilar Rangelning gapidagi mantiqni ko'rishgan bo'lsa-da, uning takliflari biron bir partiya yoki urushga qarshi tashkilotlar tomonidan uyushgan qo'llab-quvvatlanmadi.[96] 2006 yil davomida Rangel Iroqda biron bir askar munosib martaba imkoniyatiga ega bo'lsa, jang qilmasligini aytdi[97] va quyidagilarni ta'kidladi:
Mening xayolimda bu prezident va ushbu ma'muriyat hech qachon Iroqqa bostirib kirmagan bo'lar edi, ayniqsa Kongressga taqdim etilgan noaniq dalillarga binoan, agar haqiqatan ham bizda loyiha bo'lsa va Kongress a'zolari va ma'muriyati ularning farzandlari o'z jamoalaridan bo'lsa, deb o'ylashardi. zararli yo'l qo'yilgan bo'lar edi.[98]
Rangel uning versiyalarini taqdim etdi Umumjahon milliy xizmat to'g'risidagi qonun 2003 yilda uyda, 2006, 2007 va 2010.[95][99][100] So'rovnomalar shuni ko'rsatdiki, amerikaliklarning 70 foizi loyihani qayta tiklashga qarshi.[98] Rangel ta'kidlashicha, odamlar o'z majburiyatlarini loyihalarini harbiy bo'lmagan xizmatlar, masalan, port va aviakompaniya xavfsizligi orqali bajarishlari mumkin.[98] Bir marta akt 2004 yilda to'liq palatada ovoz berish uchun chiqqan bo'lsa, u 2-402 mag'lubiyatga uchradi, Rangel uni protsessual ko'rib chiqishga qarshi o'z qonun loyihasiga qarshi ovoz berdi.[52][101]
2006 yil iyun oyida Uylarni ajratish bo'yicha qo'mita 3 million dollar o'tdi nishon da Charlz B. Rangel nomidagi davlat xizmatlari markazini tashkil etish Nyu-York shahridagi shahar kolleji.[102] 2007 yilga kelib bu miqdor 2 million dollarga kamaytirildi, ammo maqsadi kambag'al va ozchilik talabalarni siyosatga jalb qilish bo'lgan Markazni moliyalashtirish Vakilning tanqidiga uchradi. Jon B. T. Kempbell III Kaliforniya shtati va boshqa respublikachilarga quloq solish jarayonini suiiste'mol qilish va Rangelning "Menga yodgorlik" sifatida.[103][104] Siti kolleji ushbu markazni qurishdan faxrlanishini aytdi[105] Rangel esa "Men bundan faxrlanadigan narsa haqida o'ylay olmayman" dedi.[103]
2006 yil avgustda Rangel agar o'sha noyabr oyida demokratlar palatani egallamasa, u o'z lavozimini tark etishini aytdi,[106] a statement that had real intent behind it, as at age 76 Rangel was feeling "the claustrophobia" of time.[52]
The Democrats did take control, and in January 2007, Rangel's long wait to head the Ways and Means Committee was over.[51] Not only was he the first African American to do so, but he was also the first New Yorker to chair the committee since Fernando Vud 1870-yillarda.[54] Now holder of one of the most powerful posts in all of Congress,[107] he said the chairmanship "couldn’t have come any later for me."[52] Age was not otherwise a factor with Rangel, who worked a scheduled 16 hours a day and looked a good deal younger than he was.[52] Qara magazine termed Rangel's ascent to the chairmanship "a watershed moment for African-Americans, who historically have been shut out when it comes to deciding how to divvy up the trillions of dollars in the federal government's budget."[51] Rangel was able to establish an effective working relationship with ranking member Jim Makkeri.[106]
In April 2007, Rangel published his autobiography, ... And I Haven’t Had a Bad Day Since: From the Streets of Harlem to the Halls of Congress, whose title reflected his experience in Korea. The New York Times gave it a favorable reviewing, saying it was "mercifully short on laundry lists [that some other political memoirs have], but long on sass and spirit."[107]
Rangel was an early and strong supporter of Hillari Klintonning 2008 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi Demokratik nomzod uchun.[108] His actions during 2007 included taking a shot at the marital histories of former Mayor of New York Rudy Giuliani, then the Republican front-runner, and his wife Judit Juliani, resulted in Rangel issuing a no-excuses apology.[109][110] As 2008 unwound, the Democratic primaries and caucuses turned into a historic battle between Clinton and Senator Barak Obama. Although Obama had a real chance of becoming the first African-American president, a development that Rangel viewed with pride, and although some racially tinged comments entered the contest and Clinton's support among African Americans plunged, Rangel stayed loyal to her, saying "There’s just no question in my mind that Hillary would be in a better position than a freshman senator. This ain’t no time for a beginner."[111] (Rangel's wife Alma, on the other hand, publicly supported Obama.[112]) Rangel did endorse Obama once he finally clinched the nomination in early June 2008.[113]
2008–2010: Ethics issues and censure
Letterhead use and Rangel Center fundraising
2008 yil iyul oyida, Washington Post reported that Rangel was soliciting donations to the Charles B. Rangel Center for Public Service at City College of New York from corporations with business interests before his Ways and Means Committee, and was doing so using Congressional antetli qog'oz.[114] Such companies and individuals included AIG, Donald Tramp va Nabors Industries, and by this time Rangel's efforts had helped raise $12 million of the $30 million goal for the center.[114] Government watchdog groups and ethics experts criticized Rangel's actions, with the dean of the Jorj Vashington universiteti siyosiy menejment oliy maktabi saying Rangel "has crossed the line".[114]
Rangel denied any wrongdoing and asked the AQSh Vakillar Palatasining rasmiy odob-axloq me'yorlari bo'yicha qo'mitasi, commonly known as the House Ethics Committee, to determine if his use of Congressional antetli qog'oz while arranging meetings to solicit contributions for the Center had violated any House rules.[104] Uy spikeri Nensi Pelosi agreed to Rangel's request.[104]
Renting Harlem apartments at below-market rates
The New York Times reported in July 2008 that Rangel rents four apartments at below-market rates in the Lenox Terrace complex in Harlem. It reported that Rangel paid $3,894 monthly for all four apartments in 2007. In contrast, the landlord's going rate for similar apartments in the building was as high as $8,125 monthly. Three adjacent apartments were combined to create his 2,500-square-foot (230 m2) uy. A fourth unit is used as a campaign office, which violates city and state regulations that require ijara stabillashtirilgan apartments to be used as a primary residence. Rangel received thousands of dollars in campaign contributions from one of the landlords, according to the paper. Rangel said his rent does not affect his representation of his constituents.[67]
Congressional ethics experts said the difference in rent between what Rangel was paying and market rates, an estimated $30,000 per year, could be construed as a gift, exceeding the $100 House of Representatives gift limit.[67] In late July, the House voted 254–138 to stol a resolution by Republican Minority Leader Jon Beyner that would have censured Rangel for having "dishonored himself and brought discredit to the House", by occupying the four apartments.[115]
House parking garage
2008 yil sentyabr Nyu-York Post article reported that Rangel had been using a House parking garage as free storage space for his Mercedes-Benz for years, in apparent violation of Congressional rules. Ostida Ichki daromad xizmati regulations, free parking (here, worth $290 a month) is considered imputed income, and must be declared on soliq deklaratsiyalari.[116] In July 2010 the House Ethics Committee ruled that Rangel had committed no violation, since in practice the parking policy was only applied to Congressional staff and not to members themselves.[117]
Taxes on Dominican villa rental income
Rangel was accused of failing to report income from his rental of a beachside villa he owns in Punta-Kana ichida Dominika Respublikasi. A three-bedroom, three-bath unit, it has rented out for as much as $1,100 per night in the busiest tourist season.[118]
Mehnat huquqshunosi Theodore Kheel, a principal investor in the resort development company and frequent campaign contributor to Rangel, had encouraged him to purchase the villa. Rangel purchased it in 1988 for $82,750. He financed $53,737.50 of the purchase price for seven years at an interest rate of 10.5%, but was one of several early investors whose interest payments were waived in 1990.[119]
In September 2008, Rangel's attorney, Leni Devis, disclosed that Rangel had failed to report on his tax returns or in congressional disclosure forms $75,000 in income he had received for renting his Dominican villa. That month, Rangel paid $10,800 to cover his liability for the related soliqlarni qaytarib berish.[120][121] He had owed back taxes for at least three years. The Ways and Means Committee writes the AQSh soliq kodeksi, and as such his failure to pay taxes himself led to heavy criticism.[121]
A September 14, 2008, Nyu-York Tayms editorial called for Rangel to step down temporarily from his chairmanship of the Ways and Means Committee while his ethical problems were investigated.[122]
On September 24, 2008, the House Ethics Committee announced that it would investigate whether Rangel had violated its odob-axloq qoidalari or any law or other regulation related to his performance of his duties.[123] 2008 yil 23-noyabrda, The New York Post reported that Rangel took a "uy-joy " tax break on his Washington, DC, house for years, while simultaneously occupying multiple New York City rent-stabilized apartments, "possibly violating laws and regulations in both cases."[124] In January 2009, Republican Representative Jon R. Karter introduced the Rangel Rule Act of 2009 (H.R. 735), a yonoq proposal that would have allowed all taxpayers to not pay penalties and interest on back taxes, in reference to Rangel not yet having paid his.[125]
Defense of tax shelter
In November 2008, following reports by The New York Times, Republican Congressmen asked the House Ethics Committee to look into Rangel's defense of a soliq boshpana approved by his Ways and Means Committee. One of the four companies that benefited from the loophole was Nabors Industries, which opened headquarters in Bermuda as a foreign corporation.[126] Under the loophole, Nabors receives tens of millions of dollars in soliq imtiyozlari. In 2004, Rangel had led opposition to the tax breaks.[126] Nabors donated $1 million in 2006, and $100,000 later, to the City College of New York school named after Rangel.
Its CEO said the donations were unrelated to Rangel's February 2007 promise to oppose closing the loophole.[126] He denied there was any quid pro quo, and called the article about it "malarkey".[127] Rangel said The New York Times had ignored facts and explanations, and denied the charges.[126][128][129] The House Ethics Committee voted in December 2008, to expand its investigation of Rangel to the matter.[130] Eventually the Ethics Committee would not make a specific charge over this matter but did include it in the supporting documentation for the overall charge that Rangel had solicited Rangel Center donations from those with business before his committee.[131]
Unreported assets and income
On September 15, 2008, it was disclosed that: (a) Rangel had omitted from his financial reports details regarding his sale of a Washington, DC home; (b) discrepancies existed in the values he listed for a property he owns in Sunny Isles, Florida (varying from $50,000 to $500,000); and (c) inconsistencies appeared in his investitsiya fondi hisobot berish. He apologized, saying "I owed my colleagues and the public adherence to a higher parvarish standarti, not only as a member of Congress, but even more as the chair of the House Ways and Means Committee." Republicans called for his removal as chair. Rangel said there was no justification for that, as the mistakes were errors of omission, that would not justify loss of his position.[132]
In August 2009, Rangel amended his 2007 financial disclosure form to report more than $500,000 in previously unreported assets and income. That doubled his reported aniq qiymat. Unreported assets included a federal credit union checking account of between $250,000 and $500,000, several investment accounts, stock in Yum! Brendlar va PepsiCo, and property in Glassboro, Nyu-Jersi. Rangel also had not paid mol-mulk solig'i on two of his New Jersey properties, which he was required by law to do.
The ethics issues led by December 2008 to some loss of standing for Rangel, to Republicans trying to tie him to all Democrats, and to some Democrats privately saying it would be best if Rangel stepped down from his Ways and Means post.[133] In late 2008 and again in September 2009, the government qo'riqchilar guruhi Vashingtonda fuqarolar javobgarlik va axloq qoidalari uchun named Rangel one of the 15 most corrupt members of Congress.[134] Media pieces compared Rangel's woes with those unethical former Ways and Means chairs Uilbur Mills va Dan Rostenkovskiy.[81] Pelosi, a long-time friend of Rangel's, withheld any possible action against Rangel pending the House Ethics Committee report.[79] Rangel evinced impatience with that body, saying "I don't have a complaint now, except that it's taking too goddamn long to review this thing and report back."[81]2009 yil 3 sentyabrda, Washington Post called on Rangel to resign his chairmanship of the House Ways and Means Committee, given the ethical issues that had surfaced. Another Republican resolution was put forth to force him out of his chairmanship. However, Rangel stayed in place and mostly maintained his role in House leadership and policy discussions,[79] shu jumladan Obama health care reform plan[81] (opposition to which, he suggested, was partly due to racial prejudice against President Obama).[135] Nevertheless, his influence was diminished by the questions surrounding him.[81]
Caribbean trips
In May 2009, the non-profit Milliy huquqiy va siyosiy markaz filed an ethics complaint against Rangel and other members of Congress for trips, taken in 2007 and 2008 to Karib orollari. The trips had been sponsored by Carib News Foundation, a New York non-profit funded by corporations with interests before Congress and the Ways and Means Committee.[136] This, combined with the duration of the trips, seemed to violate House rules. The Ethics Committee agreed the following month to investigate the matter.[137]
On February 26, 2010, the Ethics Committee issued its report.[138] It determined that Rangel had violated House gift rules, by accepting reimbursement for his travel to the conferences.[139] It found that he had not known of the contributions, but concluded that he was still responsible for them and was required to repay their cost.[139] Five other members were cleared of having violated rules, but were also required to repay their trips.[139] Rangel disagreed with the committee's finding, saying:
Because they were my staff members who knew, one of whom has been discharged, [the committee has decided] that I should have known. Common sense dictates that members of Congress should not be held responsible for what could be the wrongdoing, or mistakes, or errors of staff.[136]
Pelosi said she would not take any action against Rangel pending further committee findings, as his staff had been more at fault and he had not broken any law.[136] The Ethics Committee continued to investigate the charges against Rangel relating to obtaining rent-stabilized apartments, fundraising, and failure to disclose rental income from his Dominican villa.[136]
Stepping aside as House Ways and Means Chair
After a February 2010 House Ethics Committee report criticizing him for taking sponsored Caribbean trips, the White House backed off its prior support of Rangel somewhat, and within days 14 Democratic members of Congress publicly called on Rangel to step aside as Ways and Means chair.[140][141] Other Democrats were concerned that Rangel would impede Democrats' efforts to maintain their majority in the 2010 yilgi uy saylovlari, but did not say anything publicly out of respect and personal affection for Rangel.[140] Momentum quickly built against Rangel, with 30 or more Democrats planning to oppose his continued chairmanship of the Ways and Means Committee, in a full House vote being pushed by Republicans.[142][143] Demokrat Pol Hodes of New Hampshire noted:
I think we're in a zero-tolerance atmosphere, and I think ... Washington should be held to the highest ethical standards. I have the greatest admiration for Mr. Rangel's service to this country. He's been a great public servant. This is very, very unfortunate, but I think it's necessary.[142]
On March 3, 2010, Rangel said he would take a ta'til as chair, pending issuance of the Ethics Committee's report.[144] Pelosi granted his request, but whether such a leave was possible was unclear and the House Tempore-dan ma'ruzachi said that a resignation had taken place and that Rangel was no longer chair.[145][144] Observers opined that it was unlikely that Rangel would ever be able to regain the position.[143][144] Several Democrats said they would return or donate to charity campaign contributions given to them by Rangel.[143] Vakil Sander M. Levin of Michigan took over as acting chair.[146]
House ethics committee charges
On July 22, 2010, a bipartisan, four-member investigative subcommittee of the House Ethics Committee indicated it had "substantial reason to believe" that Rangel had violated a range of ethics rules relating to the other charges.[147] The matter was referred to another, newly created, special subcommittee to rule on the findings.[147][148] Ko'pchilik rahbari Steny Xoyer said the action indicated the "process is working as it should, while Minority Leader Jon Beyner called the announcement "a sad reminder" of Speaker Nancy Pelosi's "most glaring broken promise: to 'drain the swamp' in Washington."[149]
Rangel negotiated with the Ethics Committee. But participants in the talks characterized him as unwilling to admit wrongdoing in connection with several of the charges, and anxious about preserving his legacy. No settlement was reached.[150]
On July 29, 2010, Rangel was charged by the committee with 13 counts of violating House rules and federal laws.[151] Rangel's lawyers continued to insist that he had not intentionally violated any law or regulation, had not handed out political favors, and had not misused his office for personal financial gain.[151] Rangel somberly said only this on the day the charges were announced:
Sixty years ago, I survived a Chinese attack in North Korea. And as a result I wrote a book that, having survived that, that I haven't had a bad day since. Today I have to reassess that.[152]
Re-election campaign of 2010
Rangel suggested that Endryu Kuomo 's primary run in the 2010 yil gubernatorlik saylovi amaldagi rahbarga qarshi Devid Paterson, who was the first African-American governor of New York, would undo years of work that Cuomo spent rebuilding his standing in the state Democratic Party after his bruising 2002 gubernatorial primary contest against Karl Makkol, at the time the highest-ranking African-American and first major party candidate for governor in the state.[153] Rangel had been a staunch supporter of McCall against Cuomo in 2002.[154] For the upcoming 2010 gubernatorial race, Rangel suggested that for the white Cuomo to challenge the African-American incumbent would not be "the moral decision".[155] Rangel also said, "There might be an inclination for racial polarization in a primary in the state of New York. Since we have most African-Americans registered as Democrats, and since you would be making an appeal for Democrats, it would be devastating in my opinion."[153] Paterson fared poorly in polls due to several scandals and later abandoned his campaign re-election.[156] By this point, Rangel's continuing difficulties, together with the death a few months prior of Persi Satton and the failure of Paterson (Basil Paterson 's son), marked the end of the era of Harlem's "To'rt kishilik to'da ".[66][156]
Rangel faced several Democratic primary challengers for his seat in 2010: Vinsent Morgan, kimning oddiy campaign bore many resemblances to Rangel's own against the scandal-plagued Adam Kleyton Pauell Jr., 1970 yilda;[157] Adam Kleyton Pauell IV, who had previously challenged Rangel in 1994; labor activist and past primary candidate for statewide office Jonathan Tasini; and former Obama campaign official Joyce Johnson.[49][147] While Rangel's fund-raising was down from previous years, and he had paid nearly $2 million in legal fees, he still had far more cash available for the campaign than any of his challengers.[49][147]
On September 14, 2010, Rangel prevailed in the primary election, gaining 51 percent of the vote against Powell's 23 percent and lesser amounts for the other contenders.[158] He then won the November 2, 2010, general election easily, garnering 80 percent of the vote against Republican Mishel Folkner 's 10 percent and smaller amounts for third-party candidates.[159]
House ethics trial and censure
On November 15, 2010, Rangel's formal ethics trial began.[160] He walked out of the hearing at the start, saying that he was unable to afford representation after having paid his previous lawyers over $2 million, and arguing unsuccessfully that the proceeding should be delayed until he could arrange for a legal defense fund.[160]
On November 16, 2010, Rangel was found guilty on 11 of the 12 standing charges against him by the adjudicatory subcommittee of the House Ethics Committee.[161][162] Two of the charges were focused on his actions with regards to soliciting funds and donations for the Rangel Center from those with business before the Ways and Means Committee; four were for improper use of Congressional letterhead and other House resources in those solicitations; one was for submitting incomplete and inaccurate financial disclosure statements; one was for using one of his Harlem apartments as an office when he had Congressional dealings with the landlord; one was for failing to pay taxes on his Dominican villa; and two reiterated these charges in describing general violations of House rules.[163]
Two days later, a near-tears Rangel pleaded for "fairness and mercy",[164] and he had support from fellow Representative Jon Lyuis.[165] But is was no avail;[164] the full Committee voted 9–1 to recommend that the full House approve a sanction of censure upon Rangel.[165] The committee stated that "Public office is a public trust [and Rangel] violated that trust."[164] Censure is the strongest penalty the House can impose short of outright expulsion from Congress. The Committee also said that Rangel should make restitution for any unpaid taxes.[165]
Supporters of Rangel argued that by comparison with previous cases, a reprimand would be a more fitting punishment for Rangel's trangressions than censure.[166] Rangel repeatedly insisted, as he had all along, that nothing he had done was with the aim of enriching himself.[167] Bu natija bermadi. On December 2, 2010, a motion was made in the full House to censure Rangel. Ethics committee chair Zoe Lofgren emphasized that it was Rangel's "accumulation of actions" that warranted the stiffer penalty, and said that the treatment of Rangel should set a new precedent, not follow old ones.[168] A motion to amend the resolution in favor of reprimand was voted down 267–146; most of Speaker Pelosi's allies rejected it and over 105 Democrats voted the resolution down.[167][169] The House of Representatives then voted 333–79 to censure Rangel.[168] Per custom, Rangel went to the well of the House to hear Speaker Pelosi solemnly read the formal measure of censure.[170] It had been 27 years since the last such measure and Rangel was only the 23rd House member to be censured.[170] Rangel asked to speak and said, "I know in my heart I am not going to be judged by this Congress. I’ll be judged by my life in its entirety."[167]
2011–2017: Final years in Congress
Republicans took over control of the House as the 112-Kongress began in January 2011, meaning Rangel would have lost his Ways and Means chair even without his ethics issues. He was not considered for the ranking member slot either, which after a contested election among the Democratic caucus had gone to former acting chair Sander Levin.[171] Nor were his issues completely over; The Milliy huquqiy va siyosiy markaz ga ariza bilan murojaat qilgan Federal saylov komissiyasi alleging that he had improperly paid legal bills from a political action committee.[172] To cover both ongoing and past legal expenses, he established a legal defense fund (whose creation was approved by the House Ethics Committee).[172]
He was the first elected politician to use the now-defunct Ko'rinadigan ovoz mobile app to interact directly with his constituents.[173]
During 2011, Rangel became the first member of Congress to declare support for the Uol-Stritni egallab oling movement and made several visits to their nearby demonstration site in Zukkotti bog'i.[174] However the protesters themselves picketed Rangel's office, objecting to his free trade stance (in particular to agreements he supported with Panama va with South Korea that they said resulted in jobs being exported).[174]
In early 2012, Rangel was beset by a back injury and a serious viral infection, and was away from Congress for three months.[175] Moreover, his district had been renumbered as the 13-okrug following the 2010 census, and its demographics had been changed significantly. He found himself in a district that stretched from Harlem to the Bronx and was now majority-Hispanic; it was 55 percent Hispanic and 27 percent African American.[55] As a result, Rangel faced a serious primary challenge from State Senator Adriano Espaillat.[175] Rangel struggled with fundraising, and he began receiving contributions from fellow members of Congress whom he had helped over the years.[176] In the June 26 primary – the real contest in what was still an overwhelmingly Democratic district – Rangel defeated Espaillat by less than a thousand votes, in a result that took two weeks to be fully resolved.[177] He won the subsequent November general election easily.[178]
In April 2013, Rangel filed a lawsuit in the Kolumbiya okrugi bo'yicha AQSh sudi against several members and staff of the House Ethics Committee, saying that they had engaged in "numerous, flagrant, knowing and intentional violations" in their investigation against him.[179] The suit sought to overturn the measure of censure that had been taken against him.[180] In December 2013, Judge John D. Bates dismissed the suit, saying that there were "insurmountable separation-of-powers barriers" against the courts becoming involved in House of Representatives internal actions.[181] Rangel appealed the dismissal, but the judge's action was upheld by the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Apellyatsiya sudi Kolumbiya okrugi okrugi uchun in May 2015, saying the matter fell outside the jurisdiction of the courts,[182] and in October 2015, the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Oliy sudi declined to consider the case, ending Rangel's legal bid.[183]
Rangel ran again in 2014, facing Espaillat once more in the Democratic primary as well as Reverend Michael Walrond of the First Corinthian Baptist Church.[184] Rangel said that if he was re-elected, it would be his final term in the House.[184] Rangel lost some of his traditional endorsements, but still retained others and campaigned hard even while turning 84 years of age.[185] In June 24 primary, voting was again close, but Rangel prevailed over Espaillat.[186] Rangel faced no Republican opposition in the November general election[186] and won it easily against a minor party candidate, saying as he voted on November 4, "Today was a historic day and a very emotional day [as] I cast my final vote as a candidate on the ballot ..."[187]
After being strongly opposed to Benyamin Netanyaxu 's March 3, 2015, speech to Congress (in which, at the invitation of House Republicans, the Israeli Prime Minister spoke in opposition to the Obama administration's efforts to secure a comprehensive agreement on Iran's nuclear program ) and saying he would be one of those Democrats not attending, Rangel changed his mind and did attend, attributing his reversal to the advice of friends and constituents and saying, "Enough damage has already been done ... I don't want my absence to add to what is already a shattered type of relationship."[188]
Due to a large personal loan he made and his continuing struggles with fundraising,[189] Rangel's 2014 re-election campaign debt stood at $140,000 as of June 2015. He engaged in various fundraising efforts during 2015 in an effort to reduce this debt, which brought about some criticism from Jamoatchilik uchun halollik markazi that these efforts were not fully transparent.[189] He had planned to raise money towards paying off that debt at his 85th birthday celebration to be held at the Plaza mehmonxonasi o'sha oy. Mehmonlar kiritilgan ledi Gaga, Toni Bennett, and Hillary Clinton, however Clinton took over Rangel's party as a "Hillary for America" event to raise money for her 2016 presidential campaign.[190]
As he had vowed two years earlier,[184] Rangel did not run for re-election in the 2016 election.[191] In the June 2016 Democratic primary election to effectively pick his successor, Rangel supported State Assemblyman Keyt L. T. Rayt, expressing the hope that an African American would continue to represent the district.[192] However, Espaillat won a close victory over Wright in a large field of candidates.[191][192] Underlining the demographic changes that had been taking place, after winning the general election in November Espaillat became the first non-African American to represent Harlem in the House since a series of Harlem-focused congressional districts were formed beginning in the 1940s.[192] Rangel left office at the expiration of his term on January 3, 2017.[191]
Keyingi yillar
After his retirement, Rangel remained somewhat active in public life. He gave reflective interviews that also commented on the future course of Harlem.[193] U ma'qulladi Robert Jekson in his successful bid to unseat Marisol Alkantara yilda Nyu-Yorkning 31-shtat senat okrugi in a 2018 race that had significance for the power of regular Democrats within the party and the state senate.[193][194] When asked in 2019 whether he had ever witnessed any racist comments Donald J. Tramp, prior to Trump becoming President, he said he had not: "I don't remember any remarks he ever made that was not sharing with me how much he thought about himself. It was always the same story."[195]
Rangel served as grand marshal of the Afro-amerikaliklar kuni paradi 2019 yilda.[196]
Rangel endorsed former Vice President Jo Bayden davomida 2020 yilgi Demokratik prezidentlik saylovlari.[197]
Siyosiy lavozimlar
Turli xil targ'ibot guruhlari have given Rangel scores or grades as to how well his votes align with the positions of each group.[nb 4] Overall, as of 2003, Rangel had an average lifetime 91 percent "Liberal Quotient" from Amerikaliklar demokratik harakat uchun. Aksincha, Amerika konservativ ittifoqi assessed to Rangel a lifetime rating of less than 4 percent through 2009.[198] Milliy jurnal rates congressional votes as liberal yoki konservativ ustida siyosiy spektr, in three policy areas: economic, social, and foreign. For 2005–2006, Rangel's averages were as follows: economic rating 91 percent liberal and 6 percent conservative, social rating 94 percent liberal and 5 percent conservative, and foreign rating 84 percent liberal and 14 percent conservative.[199]
Smart Vote loyihasi provides the ratings of many, many lesser known interest groups with respect to Rangel.[200] Rangel typically has 100 ratings from NARAL Pro-Choice America va Rejalashtirilgan ota-ona and, inversely, 0 ratings or close to that from the Milliy yashash huquqi qo'mitasi.[200] He has typically gotten very high ratings, in the 90s or 100, from the Amerika fuqarolik erkinliklari ittifoqi, Fuqarolik huquqlari bo'yicha etakchi konferentsiya, va Rangli odamlarni rivojlantirish bo'yicha milliy assotsiatsiya.[200] The Tabiatni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha saylovchilar ligasi has usually given Rangel around a 90 rating.[200]Soliq to'lovchilarning fikri uchun has given Rangel ratings in the middling 40–50 range, whilethe Milliy soliq to'lovchilar ittifoqi has typically given Rangel very low ratings, or an 'F' grade.[200]
Siyosiy imidj
Rangel is known as an energetic, genial, and sociable politician, one who is able to gain friendship and influence by means of charm, humor, and candor.[2][47][64] He is called "Charlie" by everyone in Congress, from the highest-ranking members to the custodial employees.[64] Of his political skills, 1980s Ways and Means chair Dan Rostenkovskiy said, "Charlie has the gifted knack of getting you to change your position, and you actually enjoy doing it. Compromising isn't so unusual in Congress. Enjoying it is."[64] The New York congressman's ability to use humor to catch others off guard before making a political point has been called "Rangeling" by lobbyists and others on Capitol Hill.[64] Many of his closest friends and allies in Congress have not been other African Americans, but white representatives from working class or rural districts; O'Neill aide Kris Metyus said these members were "tied emotionally and culturally to the people they represent."[64]
Rangel has been described as having a meticulous appearance.[81] Long-time mentor Persi Satton recalled, "In the beginning I called him Pretty Boy Rangel, to denigrate him, because he was one of those handsome types, hair pushed down and that mustache. But he had a way about him, with that great humor, an ability to influence people."[52] Keyinchalik, The New York Times described him thusly: "After three decades in public life, the portly, gravel-voiced Mr. Rangel, who is very much the Old World-style gentleman yet sprinkles his sentences with mild profanity, still takes politics personally."[4] In contrast, Rangel and his office have long been disorganized, with criticism even from supporters for taking on more things than he can keep track of.[64] The congressman's life has been dominated by politics, with no hobbies and few friendships outside of it.[4] Loyalties to Rangel were severely tested during the height of the ethics investigations of him, when a number of political figures bailed out on a lavish 80th birthday gala planned for Rangel at New York's Plaza mehmonxonasi.[201]
Rangel is known for his blunt speaking and candor, which are rarely meant to be taken personally.[47] This tendency has grown as he has gotten older and less bothered by what others think of him.[81] When asked how he would like to be remembered, he quoted Rhett Butler yilda Shamol bilan ketdim: , "Well, ... if I'm gone, quite frankly, I don't give a damn."[81] In any case, he has fairly often made controversial remarks.
Some have been linked to his caustic criticism of George W. Bush's administration. For instance, his frustration over the slow federal response to Hurricane Katrina led him to compare, at a Congressional Black Caucus town meeting in September 2005, Bush to Bull Connor, a 1960s symbol of white opposition to the civil rights movement, stating: "George Bush is our Bull Connor."[202][203] He said a few days later that both figures had become focal points for American blacks to rally against.[204] His first remark led to a public exchange with Vice President Dik Cheyni,[106] who said, "I'm frankly surprised at his comments. It almost struck me — they were so out of line, it almost struck me that there was some — Charlie was having some problem. Charlie is losing it, I guess."[203] Rangel responded by saying, "The fact that he would make a crack at my age, he ought to be ashamed of himself ... He should look so good at seventy-five."[205]Rangel vitse-prezidentdan noroziligini yana 2006 yil oktyabr oyida - Cheyni "Charli iqtisodiyotning qanday ishlashini tushunmaydi" deganidan keyin aytgan edi - Cheyni "qarama-qarshilikdan zavqlanadigan" kaltakesakning haqiqiy o'g'li "ekanligini tasdiqlash bilan, va Cheyni ruhiy nuqsonlarni davolash uchun professional davolanishni talab qiladi.[206][207] Oq uyning aytishicha, vitse-prezident Rangelning izohlarini shaxsan qabul qilmagan va ular ustidan "katta kulgi" bo'lgan.[207]
Rangel ba'zan boshqa tomonni topishi mumkin edi; quyidagilarga rioya qilish 2006 yil Ugo Chavesning Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotidagi nutqi Venesuela rahbari Bushni shayton deb taxmin qilgan Rangel, "Men prezident Chavesning iltimos qilishini istayman, garchi Qo'shma Shtatlarda ko'p odamlar bizning prezidentimizga tanqidiy munosabatda bo'lishsa-da, biz uning AQShga kelishidan jahlimiz. va Prezident Bushni tanqid qiling ... siz mening yurtimga kirmaysiz, mening kongress okrugimga kirmaysiz va mening prezidentimni qoralamaysiz. "[208]
Rangelning boshqa mulohazalari Rangelning o'z davlati va shahriga bo'lgan munosabati, masalan, Missisipi shtatining nomusiga tegish kabi fikrlarga bog'liq.[nb 5] yoki Prezident Obama va uning birinchi xonimi Mishel Obama agar ular Nyu-Yorkka tashrif buyurishsa, xavfli bo'lishi mumkin.[nb 6]Ikkala holatda ham kongressmenning kechirimlari kelib chiqdi. Ba'zi hollarda uning gaplari uning mavjud muammolarini yanada kuchaytirdi. Uning axloqiy masalalari jamoatchilikka e'lon qilinganda, Rangel Alyaska gubernatori va Respublikachilar partiyasidan vitse-prezidentlikka nomzod deb aytdi Sara Peylin "nogiron" edi.[nb 7] 2013 yilda u solishtirgan Choy partiyasi harakati Fuqarolik Huquqlari Harakatiga qarshi chiqqan va ularni xuddi shu tarzda mag'lub etishlari mumkinligini aytgan segregatistlarga: "Aynan shu guruh biz janubda o'sha oq krakerlar, itlar va politsiya bilan duch kelganmiz. Ularning tashqi qiyofasi ahamiyatsiz edi. Bu shunchaki inson hayotiga befarqlik tufayli Amerikaning etarlicha deyishiga sabab bo'ldi. "[209]
Saylov tarixi
Beri 1970, mag'lub bo'lgandan keyin Adam Kleyton Pauell Jr. Demokratlar partiyasida bo'lib o'tgan asosiy saylovda Rangel bir necha bor Nyu-York vakili sifatida qayta saylandi 18-chi, 19-chi, 16-chi, 15-chi, yoki 13-chi tumanlar.
Mukofotlar va sharaflar
Rangelga berilgan Jeki Robinzon nomidagi fond 2005 yilgi umr bo'yi yutuqlar mukofoti.[210] 2006 yilda u "Buyuk xizmat" mukofotini Vashington xalqaro savdo assotsiatsiyasi.[48]
Rangel bir qator oldi faxriy darajalar, shu jumladan Hofstra universiteti (1989),[211] Sirakuza universiteti (2001),[212] Suffolk universiteti yuridik fakulteti (2002),[213] va Bard kolleji (2008).[214] 2006 yilda u Prezident medalini oldi Baruch kolleji.[215]
Shuningdek qarang
- Afro-amerikalik Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari vakillarining ro'yxati
- Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressidagi ispan va lotin amerikaliklar ro'yxati
- Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari vakillarining ro'yxati chiqarib yuborilgan, tsenzuraga olingan yoki tanbeh berilgan
- Qo'shma Shtatlardagi federal siyosiy janjallar ro'yxati
Tushuntirish yozuvlari
- ^ Rangelning onalik afroamerikalik merosida Virjiniya shtatining o'tmish qismida sodir bo'lgan ba'zi noto'g'ri muhojirliklar mavjud edi: Rangelning buyuk bobosi oq tanli edi. Rangelga qarang, Va bundan buyon yomon kunim bo'lmagan, 1-2 bet. Nyu-Yorkdagi Puerto-Riko doiralarida Rangelning otasi uzoq vaqtdan beri Puerto-Rikolik deb o'ylardi. Rangelning Kongress xodimlari bu aniqligini rad etib, Rangel hech qachon otasini tanimasligini va faqat uning janubiy Virjiniyadagi shaharchadan kelganligini bilishini va Rangel otasi asli Puerto-Rikodan bo'lganligini inkor etmasligini aytdi. Qarang Davila, Arlene M. (2004). Barrio orzulari: Puerto-Rikaliklar, lotinliklar va neoliberal shahar. Kaliforniya universiteti matbuoti. p. 218. ISBN 0-520-24093-6. Rangelning go'yoki qisman Puerto-Riko merosi tomonidan taxmin qilingan Herman Badillo oxirida Nyu-York siyosatchilari orasida ko'p qirrali etnik loy toshqini paytida 1993 yilgi mer saylovi. Qarang Mitchell, Alison (1993 yil 6 oktyabr). "Giuliani Ads reklama dinkinlarni poyga nashridan foydalanishda ayblamoqda". The New York Times. Ammo 2012 yilga kelib, Rangel va uning rafiqasi uning otasi Puerto-Rikodan ekanligini tan olishdi, garchi u bir umrlik nafrat tufayli otasi haqida ko'p gapirishdan bosh tortsa ham.[3]
- ^ Birlikdan havolalar faqat bitta kishiga emas, balki birlikning butun a'zolariga beriladi va keyinchalik ushbu qismda xizmat qiladigan askarlar tomonidan kiyinishi kerak.
- ^ Rangelning qaysi o'rta maktabni birida ikki yillik o'qishni tugatib tugatgani aniq bo'lgan; Rangelning xotirasi shuni anglatadiki, bu DeVitt Klinton emas[29] boshqa ba'zi manbalarda u a olganligini ta'kidlaydilar GED.[30] Bu qaysi yilda sodir bo'lganligi ham noaniq; ko'p manbalarda Rangel 1953 yilda o'rta maktab diplomiga ega bo'lganligi,[5] ammo uning xotirasi bu jarayonni 1953 yilda boshlaganini va 1954 yilda tugatganligini nazarda tutadi, chunki u Nyu-York universiteti orqali odatdagi to'rt yilda emas, balki uch yil ichida o'tgan.[29]
- ^ Mayer, Uilyam. "Kerrining yozuvi qo'ng'iroq chaladi", Washington Post 2004 yil 28 mart. "Senator yoki vakilning mafkurasini qanday o'lchash kerakligi haqidagi savol - siyosatshunoslar doimiy ravishda javob berishlari kerak. 30 yildan oshiq vaqt davomida mafkurani baholashning standart usuli qonunchilarning yillik ovoz berish reytingidan foydalanish edi. turli xil qiziqish guruhlari tomonidan, xususan amerikaliklar Demokratik Harakat (ADA) va Amerika Konservativ Ittifoqi (ACU) tomonidan. "
- ^ 2006 yil noyabr oyida Rangel uyning yo'llari va vositalari bo'yicha qo'mitasining yangi raisi sifatida ba'zi rejalarini e'lon qilib, o'z uyi Nyu-Yorkka ko'proq mablag 'kiritishni rejalashtirayotganini aytdi. U bunga qo'shimcha qilib, "Missisipi federal pulda ularning adolatli ulushidan ko'proq narsani oladi, ammo kim jinni Missisipida yashashni xohlaydi?" Missisipi vakili Chip tanlash Kechirim so'rashni talab qildi va Rangel bayonot chiqarib: "Men, albatta, hech kimni xafa qilmoqchi emasman. Men shunchaki Nyu-Yorkni juda yaxshi ko'raman, nima uchun hamma bu erda yashashni istamasligini tushunolmayman". Qarang Pettus, Emili Vagster (2006 yil 10-noyabr). "Miss kongressmen Rangeldan kechirim so'rashni xohlamoqda". Washington Post.
- ^ 2009 yil may oyida Daily News nima prezident Obama va birinchi xonim Mishel Obama Nyu-Yorkka tashrifi chog'ida buni amalga oshirish kerak edi, Rangel javob berdi: "U Sharqiy Harlemda noma'lum atrofida aylanib yurmasligiga ishonch hosil qiling". Rangel afroamerikalikni tasodifan otib tashlaganidan keyin shunday dedi Nyu-York politsiya boshqarmasi zobit Omar Edvards, Kavkazdagi ofitser Endryu Dunton tomonidan, shaxsni noto'g'ri aniqlash hodisasi. Qarang Katz, Celeste (2009 yil 30-may). "Vakil Charlz Rangel, politsiyachilarning otishidan so'ng, hatto Prezident Obamaning Garlemda xavfsiz emasligini taklif qilmoqda". Nyu-York Daily News. Izoh Nyu-York meri tomonidan tanqid qilindi Maykl Bloomberg "Men Charli Rangelni juda hurmat qilaman, ammo bu holda u shunchaki noto'g'ri. Bu fojia edi. Bizning politsiya bo'limi turli xil va ular mashq qilishadi; ba'zida narsalar sodir bo'ladi va tushunarsiz bo'lib qoladi. irqiy tus olganiga shubha qilish uchun hech qanday sabab yo'q. " Qarang "Rangel samimiy yong'in uchun uzr so'radi". WNBC-TV. 2009 yil 1-iyun. Tez orada Rangel izoh uchun uzr so'radi: "Prezident va uning rafiqasini Nyu-Yorkka tashrifi chog'ida ushbu munozaraga jalb qilish umuman noo'rin edi va umid qilamanki, mening kaftdan tashqari sharhim hech kimga xijolat bo'lmadi". Qarang Yaniv, Oren (2009 yil 1-iyun). "Charli Rangel Obamalarni munozarali irqchilik haziliga aralashgani uchun uzr so'raydi". Nyu-York Daily News.
- ^ 2008 yil sentyabr oyida - bir hafta sarflaganidan so'ng, axloqiy masalalar bo'yicha jurnalistlarning savollaridan qochib, shunchaki unga murojaat qildi nomi, darajasi va seriya raqami - intervyu berayotganda Marsiya Kramer kuni WCBS-TV, Rangel Alyaska gubernatori va Respublikachilar partiyasidan vitse-prezidentlikka nomzod haqida aytdi Sara Peylin, "Siz nogironlarga yaxshi munosabatda bo'lishingiz kerak." Kramer uni haqiqatan ham o'zini nogiron deb o'ylaydimi yoki yo'qmi deb bosganida, Rangel shunday javob berdi: "Siyosiy jihatdan bu erda hech qanday savol tug'ilmaydi. Insonning tashqi siyosati Rossiyaga o'zlari yashaydigan joydan qarash qobiliyatiga asoslangan deb o'ylash dahshatlidir". Nyu-York kongressmen Pit King Rangeldan kechirim so'rashni talab qildi, ayniqsa, Palinning besh oylik o'g'li Trig azob chekayotganini hisobga olib Daun sindromi "Charli Sara Peynindan va butun nogironlar jamiyatidan samimiy uzr so'raydi. Hammamiz nogiron farzandlari yoki qarindoshlari bo'lgan ota-onalarni bilamiz, shuning uchun har qanday nuqtai nazardan bu noto'g'ri, noto'g'ri, noto'g'ri edi." Karr Massi, prezidenti Amalda o'chirilgan, shuningdek, Rangelni tanqid qildi: "Men [Peynning] muxlislaridan emasman, lekin u ayolni nogiron deb atagan fikri menga yoqmaydi. Demak u uning siyosati haqida gapirayapti - bu so'zda u erda joy yo'q." Rangel keyinchalik bergan intervyusida taklif qildi Daily News uning sharhlari uning tashqi siyosiy siyosatiga qaratilganligini va yangi tug'ilgan o'g'li haqida aytayotgan takliflarini bema'ni deb hisoblagan. Epizod turtki berdi Politico "Rangel relsdan chiqib ketgan" deb e'lon qilish. Qarang Sisk, Richard; Saltonstall, Devid (2008 yil 20 sentyabr). "Charli Rangel Sara Peynni nogiron" degan yorliq uchun issiq o'rindiqda'". Nyu-York Daily News. va Thrush, Glenn (2008 yil 19 sentyabr). "G'alati g'azabda, Charli Peynni chaqiradi" nogiron"". Politico.
Iqtiboslar
- ^ "Kongressdagi qora tanli qonunchilar". Qara. 1971 yil 1 fevral. P. 122.
- ^ a b v d e f g h men j k Van Gelder, Lourens (1974 yil 12-dekabr). "Nyu-Yorkdagi kongressmen harakatlanmoqda: Charlz Bernard Rangel" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 38.
- ^ a b v d Eligon, Jon (2012 yil 22-may). "Hatto uning lotin tilidagi ildizlari siyosiy yordam bera olsa ham, Rangel ularni ko'mib tashlaydi". The New York Times.
- ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l Henneberger, Melinda (1995 yil 16-may). "Rangelning ovozi: har qachongidan ham kuchliroq". The New York Times.
- ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m n o p q r Joriy biografiya yilnomasi 1984 yil, p. 338.
- ^ Rangel, Va bundan buyon yomon kunim bo'lmagan, 1-2 bet.
- ^ Rangel, Va bundan buyon yomon kunim bo'lmagan, 11-13 betlar.
- ^ Moothart, Allegra J. "Rep Charlz Rangel (Nyu-York) - Yo'llar va vositalar qo'mitasi" Arxivlandi 2012 yil 18-noyabr, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi, AQSh yangiliklari va dunyo hisoboti. 16 mart 2007 yilda qabul qilingan.
- ^ a b v d e f g h men Charlton, Linda (1970 yil 25 iyun). "Mahsuldor siyosatchi: Charlz Bernard Rangel" (PDF). The New York Times.
- ^ a b v "Qora Koreya urush qo'shinlarini sharaflash". CBS News. 2000 yil 8 sentyabr.
- ^ a b Rangel, Va bundan buyon yomon kunim bo'lmagan, 62-63 betlar.
- ^ Appleman, Koreyadagi ofat, p. 236.
- ^ "Qurolli kuchlarni birlashtirish". Raqamli tarix. Xyuston universiteti. 2007 yil 11 fevral. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2003 yil 21 avgustda. Olingan 7 fevral, 2011.
- ^ Fehrenbax, Ushbu urush turi, 200–201 betlar.
- ^ Rangel, Va bundan buyon yomon kunim bo'lmagan, p. 64.
- ^ Appleman, Koreyadagi ofat, 237–238 betlar.
- ^ a b v d Rangel, Va bundan buyon yomon kunim bo'lmagan, 66-67 betlar.
- ^ Sisk, Richard (1995 yil 27-iyul). "Rangel hali ham Koreya urushi tufayli sovigan". Nyu-York Daily News. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2010 yil 13 avgustda.
- ^ Fehrenbax, Ushbu urush turi, 225-226-betlar.
- ^ a b Appleman, Koreyadagi ofat, 277–278 betlar.
- ^ Fehrenbax, Ushbu urush turi, p. 234.
- ^ Rangel, Va bundan buyon yomon kunim bo'lmagan, 68-69 betlar.
- ^ Appleman, Koreyadagi ofat, p. 237.
- ^ Fehrenbax, Ushbu urush turi, p. 232.
- ^ Xadson, Odri (2002 yil 3 oktyabr). "Tog'dagi faxriylar Iroq urishini qo'llab-quvvatlamoqda". Washington Times. p. 1.
- ^ a b Rangel, Va bundan buyon yomon kunim bo'lmagan, 69, 73-75-betlar.
- ^ a b Braunson, Charlz Bryus va Braunson, Anna L. (tahr.) (1984). 1983 yil Kongress xodimlarining ma'lumotnomasi. Kongress xodimlarining ma'lumotnomasi. ISBN 0-87289-055-4.CS1 maint: bir nechta ism: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola) CS1 maint: qo'shimcha matn: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola) p. 88.
- ^ Milne, Emil (1971 yil 3 aprel). "[Rangel intervyusi]". The New York Post.
- ^ a b Rangel, Va bundan buyon yomon kunim bo'lmagan, p. 98.
- ^ Pimienta, Alberto (2016 yil 19-dekabr). "Arslon nafaqaga chiqadi, 1-qism: Charlz Rangel Vashingtondagi besh yillik meros haqida mulohaza yuritadi". NY1 yangiliklari.
- ^ Keyn, Pol (2016 yil 26-iyun). "Charli Rangel o'z davrining oxirida:" Lenox prospektidagi bu yigit nafaqaga chiqqan'". Washington Post.
- ^ HometoHarlem.com: "Charlz Rangel / siyosatchi, ijtimoiy faol." Arxivlandi 2007 yil 28 sentyabr, soat Arxiv.bugun. 16 mart 2007 yilda qabul qilingan.
- ^ Douson, Horace; Edvard Bruk, Genri Ponder, Vinton R. Anderson, Bobbi Uilyam Ostin, Ron Dellums, Kenton Keyt, Xuel D. Perkins, Charlz Rangel, Klatan Makkeyn Ross va Cornel West (2006 yil iyul). "Alpha Phi Alpha Jahon Siyosat Kengashining yuz yillik hisoboti" (PDF). Alpha Phi Alpha birodarligi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2009 yil 25 fevralda. Olingan 23 may, 2011. Iqtibos jurnali talab qiladi
| jurnal =(Yordam bering)CS1 maint: bir nechta ism: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola) - ^ Pogrebin, Robin (1995 yil 11-iyun). "Roy Vingeyt bilan xayrlashish". The New York Times.
- ^ a b v Fay, Robert (1999). "Rangel, Charlz Bernard". Yilda Genri Lui Geyts va Kvame Entoni Appiya (tahrir). Africana: Afrika va Afrika-Amerika tajribasi ensiklopediyasi. ISBN 0-465-00071-1. p. 1588.
- ^ "Kongo Rangel Jeyms L. Uotson xalqaro savdo sudiga bag'ishlaydi" (Matbuot xabari). AQSh Vakillar palatasi. 2003 yil 10-noyabr.
- ^ "Vakil Charlz B. 'Charli' Rangel (Nyu-York)". Smart Vote loyihasi. Olingan 4 dekabr, 2008.
- ^ a b v d Kongressdagi qora tanli amerikaliklar, 1870–1989, 121-122 betlar.
- ^ a b v d e f g h men j Kongressda qora tanli amerikaliklar 1870–2007, pp. 728–729 Arxivlandi 2008 yil 2-noyabr, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi.
- ^ Robinson, Layhmond (1963 yil 14-avgust). "Harlem demokratlari 59 yilda dafn etilgan xetchlarni qazishdi" (PDF). The New York Times.
- ^ Rangel, Va bundan buyon yomon kunim bo'lmagan, 126–127 betlar.
- ^ "Demokratlar Harlem huquqshunosini nomladilar" (PDF). The New York Times. 1966 yil 18 sentyabr.
- ^ Lissner, Villi (1969 yil 17-iyul). "Yaqin atrofga ultimatum dori-darmonlari chaqirildi" (PDF). The New York Times.
- ^ a b Shipler, Devid K. (1970 yil 2-noyabr). "Rangel Harlemga ishonadi" (PDF). The New York Times.
- ^ Roberts, Sem (2007 yil 18-noyabr). "Pochtachining badiiy bo'lmagan merosi: uning 1969 yil shahar hokimi uchun poygasi". The New York Times.
- ^ Pauell va Makkormak, 395 AQSh 486 (1969) Arxivlandi 2008 yil 7 oktyabr, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi (fikr to'liq matn)
- ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m n o p q r Joriy biografiya yilnomasi 1984 yil, p. 339.
- ^ a b v Currie, Duncan (2006 yil 30-noyabr). "Harlem Globetrotter: Charli Rangel erkin savdo kun tartibini saqlab qolishda yordam beradimi?". Haftalik standart.
- ^ a b v Barbaro, Maykl (2010 yil 7-iyun). "Harlemda Rangelning oxiri juda mubolag'a bo'lib chiqdi". The New York Times. p. A1.
- ^ a b Barone va Koen, Amerika siyosati almanaxi 2008 yil, p. 1169.
- ^ a b v d e Chappell, Kevin (2007 yil iyul). - Janob rais!. Qara. 96-98 betlar.
- ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m Jacobson, Mark (2007 yil 15-yanvar). "Pul raisi". Nyu York.
- ^ a b v d e f g h men Rule, Sheila (1979 yil 12-noyabr). "Rangel shahar siyosatining asosiy figurasi sifatida paydo bo'ladi;" Koch hamma uchun yoqimsiz'" (to'lov talab qilinadi). The New York Times. p. B1.
- ^ a b v d e f Barone va Koen, Amerika siyosati almanaxi 2008 yil, p. 1170.
- ^ a b Vayner, Reychel (2012 yil 11-may). "Charlz Rangel har qachongidan ham himoyasiz". Washington Post.
- ^ "Kongressning qora guruhining kelib chiqishi va tarixi". Kongressning qora tanli jamg'armasi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2005 yil 17 martda.
- ^ "Kongressning qora guruh raislari va xotin-qizlari, 1971 yil - hozirgi kunga qadar". Kongressdagi qora tanli amerikaliklar. AQSh Vakillar palatasi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2010 yil 2 dekabrda. Olingan 27-noyabr, 2010.
- ^ "Kongressning progressiv guruhi: guruh a'zolari". AQSh Vakillar palatasi. Olingan 23 dekabr, 2014.
- ^ "Kongressning san'at guruhi: a'zolik". AQSh Vakillar palatasi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2018 yil 12-iyun kuni. Olingan 24 dekabr, 2014.
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- ^ "Rep. Charlz Rangel Jeki Robinzon nomidagi fond tomonidan mukofotlangan". Jet. Jonson nashriyot kompaniyasi. 2005 yil 11 aprel. 21-23 betlar.
- ^ "Yangiliklar va tadbirlar - faxriy darajalar". Hofstra universiteti. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2011 yil 20 martda. Olingan 20-noyabr, 2010.
- ^ "Sirakuz universiteti mukofotlari va faxriylari - faxriy darajalar sohibi". Sirakuza universiteti. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 30-iyulda. Olingan 20-noyabr, 2010.
- ^ "Suffolk universiteti 2002 yil 19 mayda to'qqizta faxriy daraja bilan taqdirlandi" (Matbuot xabari). Suffolk universiteti. 2002 yil 17-may. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2010 yil 21 dekabrda.
- ^ "Kongress a'zosi Charlz B. Rangel 24 may, shanba kuni Bard kollejining 148-boshlanishida boshlanish manzilini etkazadi" (Matbuot xabari). Bard kolleji. 2008 yil 24 aprel.
- ^ "Baruch kollejining boshlanishi (2006): Charlz Rangel". Baruch kolleji. Olingan 20-noyabr, 2010.
Umumiy bibliografiya
- Appleman, Roy (1989). Koreyadagi ofat: Xitoyliklar Makarturga qarshi. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-344-4.
- Barone, Maykl; Koen, Richard E. (2008). Amerika siyosati almanaxi 2008 yil (qog'ozli qog'oz). Vashington, Kolumbiya: Milliy jurnal guruhi. ISBN 978-0-89234-117-7.
- Fehrenbax, T. R. (2000). Ushbu urush turi: Koreyadagi klassik urush tarixi (50 yilligi tahr.). Dulles, Virjiniya: Brassiningniki. ISBN 1-57488-334-8.
- Morits, Charlz (tahr.) (1984). Joriy biografiya yilnomasi 1984 yil. Nyu York: H. W. Wilson kompaniyasi.CS1 maint: qo'shimcha matn: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola)
- Ragdseyl, Bryus A.; Triz, Joel D. (1990). Kongressdagi qora tanli amerikaliklar, 1870–1989. Vashington, Kolumbiya: AQSh Vakillar palatasi. Uy hujjati № 101–117.
- Kongressda qora tanli amerikaliklar 1870–2007. Vashington, Kolumbiya: AQSh Vakillar palatasi. 2008. Uy hujjati № 108-224. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2012 yil 13 yanvarda.
- Rangel, Charlz B.; Wynter, Leon (2007). Va men bundan buyon yomon kunni boshdan kechirganim yo'q: Harlem ko'chalaridan Kongress zallariga qadar. Nyu York: Sent-Martin matbuoti. ISBN 978-0-312-38213-1.
Tashqi havolalar
- Tashqi ko'rinish kuni C-SPAN
- Charlz Rangel da Curlie
- Biografiya da Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressining biografik ma'lumotnomasi
- Profil da Smart ovoz bering
- Moliyaviy ma'lumot (federal ofis) da Federal saylov komissiyasi
- Qonunchilik homiysi da Kongress kutubxonasi
- Charli Rangelning og'zaki tarixiy videodan parchalari Milliy ko'rgazmali etakchilik loyihasida
- Kongress a'zosi Charlz B. Rangel arxivi da Nyu-York shahridagi shahar kolleji
