Jeraldin Ferraro - Geraldine Ferraro

Opera qo'shiqchisi va aktrisasi uchun qarang Jeraldin Farrar.

Jeraldin Ferraro
Ofis ishchilari uchun odatdagidan ko'ra qulay sharoitda, portret uchun jilmaygan, qirq yoshlardagi ayol
Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Inson huquqlari bo'yicha komissiyasidagi AQSh elchisi
Ofisda
1993 yil 4 mart - 1996 yil 11 oktyabr
PrezidentBill Klinton
OldingiArmando Valladares
MuvaffaqiyatliNensi Rubin
Vakillar Palatasining Demokratik kokus kotibi
Ofisda
1981 yil 3 yanvar - 1985 yil 3 yanvar
RahbarMaslahat O'Nil
OldingiShirli Chisholm
MuvaffaqiyatliMeri Okar
A'zosi AQSh Vakillar palatasi
dan Nyu York "s 9-chi tuman
Ofisda
1979 yil 3 yanvar - 1985 yil 3 yanvar
OldingiJeyms Delani
MuvaffaqiyatliTomas Manton
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan
Jeraldin Anne Ferraro

(1935-08-26)1935 yil 26-avgust
Nyu-York, Nyu-York, BIZ.
O'ldi2011 yil 26 mart(2011-03-26) (75 yosh)
Boston, Massachusets shtati, BIZ.
Siyosiy partiyaDemokratik
Turmush o'rtoqlar
​
(m. 1960)​
Bolalar3
Ta'limMarymount Manxetten kolleji (BA )
Fordxem universiteti (JD )
Imzo

Jeraldin Anne Ferraro (1935 yil 26 avgust - 2011 yil 26 mart) amerikalik siyosatchi, diplomat va advokat edi. U xizmat qilgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Vakillar palatasi 1979 yildan 1985 yilgacha va Demokratik partiyaning vitse-prezidentlikka nomzod 1984, sobiq vitse-prezident bilan bir qatorda Valter Mondale; bu uni birinchi qildi ayol vitse-prezidentlikka nomzod Amerikaning yirik siyosiy partiyasi vakili. U shuningdek jurnalist, muallif va ishbilarmon ayol edi.

Ferraro Nyu-Yorkda o'sgan va yurist sifatida o'qishdan oldin davlat maktabining o'qituvchisi bo'lib ishlagan. U qo'shildi Kvins okrugi Tuman prokuraturasi 1974 yilda jinsiy jinoyatlar, bolalarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik va oiladagi zo'ravonlik bilan shug'ullanadigan yangi maxsus qurbonlar byurosiga rahbarlik qildi. 1978 yilda u AQSh Vakillar palatasiga saylandi, u erda partiya ierarxiyasida tez ko'tarilib, ish haqi, pensiya va pensiya rejalarida ayollar uchun tenglik o'rnatish to'g'risidagi qonunchilikka e'tibor qaratdi.

1984 yilda sobiq vitse-prezident va prezidentlikka nomzod Valter Mondale, unchalik katta bo'lmagan sifatida ko'rilgan Ferraroni bo'lajak saylovlarda uning sherigi sifatida tanladi. Ferraro yagona bo'ldi Italiyalik amerikalik birinchi ayol bo'lishdan tashqari asosiy partiyaning milliy nomzodi bo'lish. U tez orada qo'shilgan Mondale-Ferraro chiptasini so'rovi o'chib ketdi, chunki u va uning ishbilarmon erining moliya va boyligi va Kongressning oshkor qilish to'g'risidagi bayonotlari haqida zararli savollar tug'ildi. Umumiy saylovlarda Mondale va Ferraro a ko'chki amaldagi rahbar tomonidan Prezident Ronald Reygan va vitse-prezident Jorj H. V. Bush.

Ferraro kampaniyada qatnashish uchun kampaniyalar o'tkazdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati dan Nyu York yilda 1992 va 1998 Ikkala marta ham asosiy partiyada yutqazishdan oldin partiyasining nomzodi uchun birinchi o'rinni egallagan. U sifatida xizmat qilgan Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Inson huquqlari bo'yicha komissiyasidagi elchisi 1993 yildan 1996 yilgacha prezident ma'muriyati ning Bill Klinton. Shuningdek, u o'z faoliyatini jurnalist, muallif va ishbilarmon ayol sifatida davom ettirdi va xizmat qildi 2008 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi senator Hillari Klinton. Ferraro 2011 yil 26 martda vafot etdi ko'p miyeloma, Tashxis qo'yilganidan 12 yil o'tgach.

Dastlabki hayot va ta'lim

Taretli, qizil, uch qavatli uy
Nyu-Yorkdagi ushbu binoda Ferraro o'n yoshigacha yashagan.

Jeraldin Anne Ferraro 1935 yil 26 avgustda tug'ilgan Nyu-York, Nyu-York,[1] birinchi avlod italiyalik amerikalik tikuvchisi Antonetta L. Ferraro (ism-sharifi Korrieri) va italiyalik immigrant Dominik Ferraro (dan Marcianise, Kampaniya ) va ikkita restoran egasi.[2][3][4][5] Undan oldin uchta akasi tug'ilgan, ammo biri go'dakligida, ikkinchisi uch yoshida vafot etgan.[4] Ferraro yoshligida Nyu -burghdagi Sent-Meri tog'idagi cherkov maktabida o'qigan.[6] Uning otasi yurak xurujidan vafot etdi 1944 yil may, u sakkiz yoshida.[7] Tez orada Ferraroning onasi sarmoya kiritdi va oilaning qolgan pullarini yo'qotdi va oilani kam daromadli hududga ko'chib o'tishga majbur qildi. Janubiy Bronks Ferraroning onasi ularni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun tikuvchilik sanoatida ishlagan.[1][4][8]

Ferraro bir muncha vaqt Sankt-Meri tog'ida pansionatda bo'lib, keyin qisqacha Janubiy Bronksdagi paroxial maktabda qatnashdi.[9] 1947 yildan boshlab u Maryamount akademiyasida qatnashdi va u erda yashadi Tarritaun, Nyu-York, Italiyadagi oilaviy ijaraga beriladigan mol-mulkdan olingan daromaddan foydalanib va ​​ettinchi sinfdan voz kechish.[9][10] Marymount-da Ferraro a'zosi edi jamiyatni sharaflash, bir nechta klublarda va sportda faol bo'lib, muvaffaqiyatga erishish ehtimoli yuqori bo'lgan,[4] va 1952 yilda bitirgan.[11] Onasi uning to'liq ma'lumot olishiga qat'iy ishongan,[12] oiladagi tog'asi "Nega bezovta qilasiz? U chiroyli, u qiz, u turmushga chiqadi" deganiga qaramay.[13] Ferraro ishtirok etdi Marymount Manxetten kolleji stipendiya bilan[4] ba'zan bir vaqtning o'zida ikkita yoki uchta ishni ushlab turganda.[14] Katta yoshida u uchrashishni boshladi Jon Zakkaro ning Forest Hills, Queens, kim tugatgan Iona kolleji da komissiya bilan AQSh dengiz piyoda korpusi.[15] Ferraro 1956 yilda ingliz tilida san'at bakalavrini oldi;[8] u oilasida kollej diplomini olgan birinchi ayol edi.[15] U litsenziyalangan maktab o'qituvchisi bo'lish uchun shahar imtihonini ham muvaffaqiyatli topshirdi.[15]

Ferraro an sifatida ishlay boshladi Boshlang'ich maktab o'qituvchi davlat maktablari yilda Astoriya, Kvins,[1][8] "chunki ayollar buni qilishlari kerak edi."[4] Bundan qoniqmay, u yuridik fakultetida o'qishga qaror qildi;[4] bir qabul xodimi unga: "Umid qilamanki, jiddiysan, Gerri. Sen odamning o'rnini egallayapsan, bilasan."[16] U a Yuris doktori imtiyozli diplom Fordham universiteti yuridik fakulteti 1960 yilda,[11][17] P.S. kabi maktablarda ikkinchi sinf o'qituvchisi sifatida ishlashni davom ettirish paytida tunda darslarga borish. Kun davomida 57.[1][8][18] Ferraro 179-ni bitirgan sinfda faqat ikkita ayoldan biri edi.[17] U ... edi barga qabul qilindi ning Nyu-York shtati yilda 1961 yil mart.[17]

Oila, advokat, prokuror

Ferraro Zakkaro bilan unashtirilgan 1959 yil avgust[10] va unga uylandi 16 iyul, 1960.[19] U rieltor va tadbirkorga aylandi.[8] U otasining vafotidan keyin oilani qo'llab-quvvatlaganligi uchun onasini hurmat qilish uchun o'zining tug'ilgan ismini professional ravishda saqlab qoldi,[1][2] lekin uning ismini shaxsiy hayotining ba'zi qismlarida ishlatgan.[20] Er-xotin Donna (1962 yilda tug'ilgan), Kichik Jon (1964 yilda tug'ilgan) va Laura (1966 yilda tug'ilgan) ismli uchta farzand ko'rishgan.[19] Ular yashagan Forest Hills bog'lari, Queens va 1971 yilda dam olish uyi qo'shildi Salter kuni Olovli orol.[21][22] Kondominyumni sotib olishadi Avliyo Kroy ichida AQSh Virjiniya orollari 1983 yilda.[21][23]

Bolalarni tarbiyalash paytida Ferraro yarim kunlik ish sifatida a fuqarolik advokati erida ko'chmas mulk firmasi 13 yil davomida.[17] U vaqti-vaqti bilan boshqa mijozlar uchun ham ishlagan va ba'zi bir ishlarni qilgan pro bono ayollar uchun ishlash oilaviy sud.[24][25] U mahalliy Demokratik klublarda vaqt o'tkazdi, bu unga advokatura sohasida aloqalarni davom ettirishga va mahalliy siyosat va kampaniyalarga aralashishga imkon berdi.[24] Jamiyatning taklif qilingan binoga qarshi chiqishini uyushtirar ekan, Ferraro advokat va demokrat arbob bilan uchrashdi Mario Kuomo, kim siyosiy ustozga aylandi.[26] 1970 yilda u Kvins okrugidagi ayollar advokatlar uyushmasining prezidenti etib saylandi.[27][28]

1978 yilda Ferraro Oq uyda Prezident Jimmi Karter bilan uchrashgan

Ferraroning birinchi doimiy siyosiy ishi keldi 1974 yil yanvar, u tuman prokurorining yordamchisi etib tayinlanganda Nyu-Yorkning Kvins okrugi,[29] uning amakivachchasi, tuman prokurori tomonidan Nikolas Ferraro.[17] O'sha paytda shahardagi ayol prokurorlar odatiy bo'lmagan.[17] U qarindosh-urug 'manfaatdorligidan norozi bo'lib, uning skrining qo'mitasi tomonidan malakali deb baholangani va Tergov byurosidagi erta ishlaganligi unga qarshi turdi.[17] Keyingi yil Ferraro yangi zo'rlash qurbonlari byurosiga tayinlandi, u zo'rlash, bolalarni zo'rlash, turmush o'rtog'ini zo'ravonlik va oiladagi zo'ravonlik bilan bog'liq ishlarni ko'rib chiqmoqda.[17][29] U 1977 yilda bo'lim boshlig'i lavozimiga tayinlangan, unga yana ikkita tuman prokurorining yordamchilari tayinlangan.[17] Ushbu rolda u zo'rlangan bolalar uchun kuchli advokat bo'ldi.[29] U qabul qilindi AQSh Oliy sudi advokatlari 1978 yilda.[28]

D.A.ning bir qismi sifatida. Ferraro uzoq vaqt ishlagan va qattiq prokuror sifatida tanilgan, ammo adolatli da'vo bo'yicha muzokaralar.[17] Garchi uning bo'linmasi sudga topshirilgan ishlarni boshqa bo'limga topshirishi kerak bo'lsa-da, u ba'zi ishlarni o'zi ko'rib chiqishda faol ishtirok etdi va sudyalar uning yig'ilishlariga ishontirdilar.[17] Ferraro, uning boshlig'i unga teng keladigan erkak hamkasblaridan kamroq haq to'layotganini anglaganidan xafa bo'ldi, chunki u turmush qurgan ayol va allaqachon eri bo'lgan.[24] Bundan tashqari, Ferraro ko'rib chiqqan ishlarning mohiyatini zaiflashtiruvchi deb topdi;[1] ish uning "qurigan va g'azablangan" tark va u bir ishlab chiqilgan oshqozon yarasi.[30] U asosiy sabablarni bartaraf eta olmaganidan ko'ngli to'ldi va qonun chiqaruvchi lavozimga saylanish haqida gapirdi;[17] Kuomo, hozir Nyu-York davlat kotibi, taklif qildi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi.[31]

Vakillar palatasi

Ferraro AQSh Vakillar palatasi a'zosi sifatida

Ferraro AQSh Kongressi Vakillar palatasiga saylandi Nyu-Yorkning 9-Kongress okrugi 1978 yilda Kuinsda, uzoq vaqtdan beri Demokratik amalda bo'lganidan keyin Jeyms Delani nafaqaga chiqqanligini e'lon qildi.[32] Televizion seriyalar uchun joy Hammasi oilada dan cho'zilgan tuman Astoriya ga Ozon parki etnik tarkibi va konservativ qarashlari bilan tanilgan edi.[1] Demokratik nomzod uchun uchta nomzodning asosiy musobaqasida Ferraro ikki taniqli raqibiga, partiya tashkilotining nomzodiga duch keldi, Shahar Kengashi a'zosi Tomas J. Manton va Patrik Deignan.[32][33][34] Uning asosiy muammolari qonun, tartib, qariyalarni qo'llab-quvvatlash va mahallalarni saqlash edi.[24] U o'zini "" kichik "konservativ" deb nomladi[1] va u qon ketayotgan yurak liberal emasligini ta'kidladi; uning saylovoldi shiori "Nihoyat, qattiq demokrat" edi.[35] Uning italyan merosi tumandagi etnik aholini ham o'ziga jalb qildi.[24] U 53 foiz ovoz bilan uch tomonlama saylovlarda g'olib chiqdi va keyin respublikachilarni mag'lub etib, umumiy saylovlarni ham qo'lga kiritdi Alfred A. DelliBovi DelliBovi tomonidan shaxsiy hujumlar tez-tez sodir bo'lgan va jinoyatchilik bilan shug'ullanish asosiy muammo bo'lgan tanlovda 10 foizli farq bilan.[24][32] Unga saylovoldi kampaniyasi uchun 130 ming dollarlik yordam va o'z oilasidan xayr-ehson, shu jumladan Zakkarodan 110 ming dollar kredit ajratilgan, shundan atigi 4000 dollari qonuniy bo'lgan.[36][37] Ushbu bitimlarning manbai va mohiyati noqonuniy deb topilgan Federal saylov komissiyasi birlamchi saylovdan biroz oldin, Ferraro kreditlarni to'lashiga sabab bo'ldi 1978 yil oktyabr, bir nechta ko'chmas mulk bitimlari orqali.[36] 1979 yilda saylov kampaniyasi va Zakkaro saylov qonunchiligini fuqarolik buzilishi uchun 750 dollar miqdorida jarima to'lagan.[36]

Bargli sharoitda kattaroq, ikki qavatli uy
Ushbu uyda Ferraro va uning oilasi yashagan Forest Hills bog'lari, Queens, Vakillar Palatasida bo'lgan davrida, vitse-prezidentlik kampaniyasida va 2000-yillarning boshlariga qadar.

Uyga yangi kelganiga qaramay, Ferraro kelganidan keyin yorqin taassurot qoldirdi[38] va tezda mashhurlikni topdi.[8] U protégéga aylandi Uy spikeri Maslahat O'Nil,[39] boshqa Demokratik Vakillar rahbarlari bilan aloqa o'rnatdi,[29] va partiya ierarxiyasida tez ko'tarildi.[1] U bo'lishi uchun saylandi Vakillar Palatasining Demokratik kokus kotibi 1981-1983 va 1983-1985 yillarda yana;[40] bu unga nufuzli shaxslarga o'tirish huquqini berdi Boshqaruv va siyosat qo'mitasi.[29] 1983 yilda u kuchlilar nomiga sazovor bo'ldi Uy byudjet qo'mitasi.[29] U shuningdek xizmat qildi Jamoat ishlari va transport qo'mitasi[1] va Pochta aloqasi va davlat xizmati qo'mitasi,[41] ikkalasi ham Ferraroga o'z tumaniga foyda keltiradigan loyihalarni amalga oshirishga imkon berdi.[42] Xususan, u muvaffaqiyatli harakatlarga yordam berdi Ridjuud va Glendeyl ularni olish uchun mahallalar Pochta kodlari Bruklindan o'zlarining tug'ilgan joyi Kvinsga o'zgargan.[43][44] Erkak hamkasblar uni hurmat bilan qattiqqo'l va ambitsiyali odam sifatida ko'rishardi[38] va o'z navbatida u xuddi shunday edi The New York Times keyinchalik "bolalar bilan qulay" deb yozgan.[31]

Ferraro Demokratik prezidentlik siyosatida ham faol bo'lgan. U kafedra muovinlaridan biri bo'lib ishlagan 1980 yil Carter-Mondale kampaniyasi.[13][38] Saylovdan so'ng u faol ravishda xizmat qildi Ov komissiyasi 1982 yilda Demokratik delegatlarni tanlash qoidalarini qayta yozgan; Ferraro yaratilishining bosh agenti sifatida tan olingan superdelegatlar.[38] 1983 yilga kelib, u partiyaning yaqinlashib kelayotgan yulduzlaridan biri sifatida qaraldi.[13][37] U Platforma qo'mitasining raisi edi 1984 yilgi Demokratik milliy konventsiya, bu lavozimni egallagan birinchi ayol.[8] U erda u mamlakat bo'ylab bir nechta tinglovlarni o'tkazdi va keyinchalik ko'rinishga ega bo'ldi.[1]

Kongressda bo'lganida Ferraro qonunchilik e'tiborining katta qismini ish haqi, pensiya va pensiya rejalarida ayollarning teng huquqliligiga qaratdi.[29] U 1981 yilgi iqtisodiy tenglik to'g'risidagi qonunning homiysi bo'lgan.[29] Ustida Qarish bo'yicha uylarni tanlash qo'mitasi, u keksa ayollarning muammolariga e'tibor qaratdi.[29] 1984 yilda u uzoq muddatli ishdan ketgan va keyin qaytib kelgan odamlarning imtiyozlarini yaxshilaydigan pensiya kapitali to'g'risidagi qonunni qayta ko'rib chiqishni qo'llab-quvvatladi, bu oilali ayollar uchun odatiy hol.[45] Reygan ma'muriyati, avvalo, tadbirga iliq bo'lib, o'zining mashhur murojaatidan foyda olish uchun uni imzolashga qaror qildi.[45]

Oddiy hajmdagi axborot byulleteni, joylarda qizil va ko'k siyoh, tepada Ferraro surati
Ko'pgina vakillar singari Ferraro ham o'z saylovchilariga muntazam ravishda axborot byulletenlarini tarqatib turdi.

Ferraro atrof-muhitning ayrim muammolari ustida ham ishlagan. 1980 yil davomida u federal hukumatning mahalliy qonunlarni bekor qilish kuchiga ega bo'lishiga yo'l qo'ymaslikka harakat qildi xavfli materiallar transport, bu harakat keyingi yillarda davom etdi.[46][47] Yilda 1984 yil avgust, u a-ning o'tishini olib bordi Superfund yangilash to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi va Reygan ma'muriyatining atrof-muhitni tozalash bo'yicha ishlariga hujum qildi.[48]

Ferraro kongressga sayohat qildi Nikaragua 1984 yil boshida u bilan suhbatlashdi Qarama-qarshiliklar.[49] U qaror qildi Reygan ma'muriyati u erdagi va ichkaridagi harbiy aralashuvlar Salvador AQShning xavfsizlik maqsadlariga erishish uchun samarasiz edi va mintaqaviy muzokaralar yaxshiroq bo'lar edi.[49]

Umuman olganda, Ferraro 1980 va 1982 yillarda qayta saylangan ikki uch yillik muddatni o'tkazdi.[11] Uning ovoz berish ulushlari 58 foizga, keyin 73 foizga o'sdi va mablag'ning katta qismi ta'minlandi siyosiy harakatlar qo'mitalari.[24] Ferraroniki esa tanlov uchun tanlov uning saylovchilarining ko'pchiligining fikri va u mansub bo'lgan katolik cherkovi bilan ziddiyatli, boshqa ijtimoiy va tashqi siyosat masalalaridagi pozitsiyalari okrugga to'g'ri kelgan.[29] U o'z partiyasidan norozilikka qarshi kurashni buzganavtobus Konstitutsiyaga o'zgartirish kiritish.[41][50] U joylashtirishni qo'llab-quvvatladi Pershing II raketa va Trident suv osti kemasi, garchi u mablag 'ajratishga qarshi bo'lsa ham MX raketasi, B-1B bombardimonchi, va Strategik mudofaa tashabbusi.[50]

Uyda bo'lganida Ferraroning siyosiy o'zini ta'rifi "mo''tadil" ga aylandi.[1] 1982 yilda u tuman prokurori yordamchisi bo'lgan tajribasi uning ba'zi qarashlarini o'zgartirganini aytdi: "... chunki men sarf-xarajatlar to'g'risida qayg'urmasam ham, men qashshoqlik odamlar hayotiga nima olib kelishi mumkinligini o'zim ko'rdim va men shunchaki qila olmayman. , vijdonan, bu haqda biror narsa qilma. "[17] Olti yil davomida Kongressda Ferraro o'rtacha 78 foiz "Liberal Quotient" ga ega edi Amerikaliklar demokratik harakat uchun[51] va o'rtacha 8 foiz reytingi Amerika konservativ ittifoqi.[52] The AFL-CIO Siyosiy ma'rifat qo'mitasi unga o'rtacha ma'qullash darajasi 91 foizni berdi.[42]

1984 yil vitse-prezidentlikka nomzod

Shuningdek qarang: Qo'shma Shtatlardagi prezident saylovlari, 1984 yil
Ferraro gapiradi 1984 yilgi Demokratik milliy konventsiya. Uning ortida Kaliforniya kongressmenlari turibdi Bob Matsui va Norman Mineta va kelajakda San-Frantsisko rahbari Tom Xsi.

1984 yilgi AQSh prezidentlik saylovlarining asosiy mavsumi yakunlanishiga oz qolganida Valter Mondale ehtimol Demokratik nomzodga aylandi, ayolni uning vitse-prezidentlikka nomzodi sifatida tanlab olish g'oyasi katta tus oldi.[53] The Ayollar uchun milliy tashkilot va Milliy ayol siyosiy partiyasi kabi bir nechta eng yaxshi demokratlar kabi tushunchani kuchaytirdi Spiker Maslahat O'Nil.[53] Ushbu rol uchun eslatib o'tilgan ayollar orasida Ferraro va San-Frantsisko meri Dianne Faynshteyn,[54] ikkalasi ham Mondale besh kishilik edi qisqa ro'yxat.[55]

Mondale Ferraroni vitse-prezidentlikka nomzod qilib tanladi 12 iyul, 1984. U shunday dedi: "Men juda hayajondaman".[56] Mondale kampaniyasi uning tanlovi u ancha ortda qolgan kampaniyani o'zgartiradi deb umid qildi; ayollarni jalb qilishdan tashqari, ular Shimoliy-Sharqiy AQShdagi etnik demokratlarni jalb qilishiga umid qilishdi 1980 yilda Reygan uchun partiyalaridan voz kechdi.[35][41] Uning fe'l-atvori dabdabali, jirkanch, ruhiy va bir qadar sho'x deb ta'riflangan uning shaxsiyati ham boylik sifatida qaraldi.[31][57] O'z navbatida, Mondale o'zining tajribasizligi bilan birga kelgan xavfni qabul qildi.[58]

Ferraro birinchi bo'lib ishlagan ayol sifatida a asosiy partiya AQShda milliy chipta,[59] va birinchi italiyalik amerikalik,[60] uni 19 iyul nominatsiya 1984 yilgi Demokratik milliy konventsiya ushbu yig'ilishning eng hayajonli daqiqalaridan biri bo'lib, ayol delegatlar tarixiy tadbirda quvonchli va mag'rur ko'rindilar.[61] Qabul qilish nutqida Ferraro: "Italiyadan kelgan muhojirning qizi otam yaxshi ko'rgan yangi erdagi vitse-prezidentlikka nomzod sifatida saylandi" dedi.[62] Konferentsiya qatnashchilari nutq davomida nafaqat uning ayollar uchun, balki Amerikaga ko'chib kelganlarning ham ahamiyati uchun yig'lab yuborishdi.[63] Ushbu nutq Amerika Ritorikasining 20-asrning eng yaxshi 100 ta nutqida 56-o'rinda qayd etilgan.[64]

Pushti pushti fonda to'q moviy rang, Ferraro ismining Mondale nomidan yuqorisi, ularning katta fotosurati ko'rinmaydigan olomonga qo'l siltab turibdi
A varaqa anjumandan keyin e'lon qildi Queens Borough Hall miting, Ferraro Mondale-ni Nyu-York saylovchilariga tanishtirishi uchun.

Ferraro darhol ommaviy axborot vositalarining e'tiborini tortdi.[65] Dastlab jurnalistlar uning ayollikdagi yangiligi va kambag'al oilaviy ahvoliga e'tibor qaratdilar va ularning yoritilishi juda qulay edi.[66] Shunga qaramay, Ferraro o'zining tashqi siyosiy tajribasizligi to'g'risida ko'plab matbuot savollariga duch keldi va tashqi va milliy xavfsizlik masalalariga e'tiborini Kongressda muhokama qilib javob berdi.[65] U boshqa yuqori darajadagi ayol siyosiy arboblar duch kelishi kerak bo'lgan vakolatni isbotlash ostonasiga duch keldi, ayniqsa bo'lishi mumkin bo'lganlar bosh qo'mondon; savol "Siz etarlicha qattiqsizmi?" ko'pincha unga yo'naltirilgan.[67] Ted Koppel uni diqqat bilan so'roq qildi yadro strategiyasi[68] va paytida Matbuot bilan tanishing unga: "Sizningcha, Sovet Ittifoqi ayol ekanligingiz uchun sizdan foyda olishga urinishni vasvasaga solishi mumkin deb o'ylaysizmi?"[69]

Ferraro tanlovi qimor o'yinlari sifatida qaraldi va mutaxassislar Mondale kampaniyasi uchun aniq yutuqlarga yoki ovozlarning yo'qolishiga olib keladimi-yo'qmi aniq emas edilar.[70] Uning tanlovi Demokratik faollar orasida mashhur bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, e'lon qilinganidan so'ng o'tkazilgan so'rovnomalar shuni ko'rsatdiki, Ferraroning tanlanishidan ayollarning atigi 22 foizi hayajonlangan, aksincha, bu "yomon fikr" ekanligiga rozi bo'lganlarning 18 foizi. Uchdan bittagacha farq bilan, saylovchilar ayollar guruhlarining tazyiqi Mondale eng yaxshi nomzodni tanlaganidan ko'ra uning qaroriga sabab bo'ldi deb o'ylashdi.[71] Shunga qaramay, qurultoydan keyingi kunlarda Ferraro Reygan ma'muriyatini qattiq tanqid qilgan va ba'zida deyarli Mondalega soya solgan jasur va o'ziga ishongan uslub bilan samarali kampaniyani namoyish etdi.[35][61][62] Mondeyl saylov oldidan Reygandan 16 ochko ortda qolgan edi va konferentsiyadan keyin u qisqa vaqt ichida ham qatnashdi.[56]

Iyul oyining so'nggi haftasiga kelib, savollar dastlab hisobot berishlari kerak edi The New York Times[37]- Ferraro moliya, erining moliya haqida boshlagan, Jon Zakkaro va ularning alohida topshirilgan soliq deklaratsiyalari.[36] (Mondale kampaniyasi ba'zi savollarni kutgan bo'lsa-da, Ferraro oilasining moliyaviy holatini tekshirishga atigi 48 soat sarflagan.[37][72]) Bu, shuningdek, Amerika ommaviy axborot vositalarida milliy nomzodning eri bilan birinchi marta uchrashish edi.[68] Ferraro ikkala daromadni ham bir oy ichida ozod qilishini aytdi, ammo Kongressning o'tgan yillik oshkor qilish to'g'risidagi bayonotiga erining moliyaviy mablag'larini qo'shmaslik kerakligini aytdi.[36] Shuningdek, OAV Ferraro-ning 1978 yilgi saylovoldi mablag'lari bo'yicha FEC tomonidan o'tkazilgan tergov haqida xabar berdi.[36] Garchi Ferraro va Zakkaroning moliyaviy holatlari ko'pincha qog'ozda to'qilgan bo'lsa ham,[23] Zakkaroning kompaniyasining har bir yarim sheriklari bilan,[37] Ferraro o'z ishi va hatto uning qadr-qimmati to'g'risida kam ma'lumotga ega edi.[73] Zakkaro o'z xotinining yangi mavqei ularning oilasiga olib kelgan jamoatchilikning katta ta'sirini tushunmadi va uning moliyaviy ma'lumotlarini chiqarishga qarshilik ko'rsatdi.[73] Yoqilgan 12 avgust, Ferraro eri soliq deklaratsiyalarini haqiqatan ham e'lon qilmasligini e'lon qildi, chunki bu uning ko'chmas mulk biznesiga zarar etkazadi va bunday oshkor qilish saylov qonunchiligiga kirmaydi.[74] U hazillashdi: "Demak, sizlar italiyalik erkaklar bilan turmush qurgansizlar, buning qanday ekanligini bilasizlar".[75] (Ushbu eslatma navbat bilan "Agar siz italiyalik erkakka uylangan bo'lsangiz, uning qanday ekanligini bilasiz" deb yozilgan.[76] Birinchi formulatsiya haqida xabar berilgan Associated Press, ikkinchisi tomonidan United Press International. Ferraroning 1985 yildagi xotirasida birinchi formulaning bir varianti ishlatilgan: "" Siz italiyalik erkaklar bilan turmush qurganlar, bu qanday ekanligini bilasizlar ", - deb kinoya qildim.[77])

Soliq to'g'risidagi e'lon televidenie va gazetalarda ustunlik qildi,[78] chunki Ferraro oilaviy moliya bilan bog'liq savollar bilan qamal qilingan.[79] Bundan tashqari, uning italiyalik erkaklar haqidagi so'zlari etnik stereotiplar uchun tanqidni keltirib chiqardi,[77] ayniqsa, italiyalik amerikalik amerikaliklardan.[31] Keyinchalik u yozganidek: "Men hayvon yaratdim".[77] Respublikachilar uning mablag'larini "jinssiz" masala deb bildilar, chunki ular Ferraroga hech qanday qarshilik ko'rsatmasdan hujum qilishlari mumkin edi,[74] va ba'zi Mondale xodimlari Ferraro chiptani tark etishi mumkin deb o'ylashdi.[73] Filadelfiya tergovchisi Tergov davomida Zakkaroni uyushgan jinoyatchilar bilan bog'lashga intilib, ko'proq noshirlar ushbu mavzudan qochishdi va huquqni muhofaza qilish idoralari ayblovlarga jiddiy munosabatda bo'lishmadi.[80] Avvalgi bayonotidan bir hafta o'tgach, Ferraro Zakkaroning fikri o'zgarganini va haqiqatan ham soliq yozuvlarini e'lon qilishini aytdi,[79] bu amalga oshirildi 20 avgust.[81] To'liq bayonotlarda buxgalterning xatosi deb ta'riflanganligi sababli u qarzdor bo'lgan federal soliqlarni qaytarib berish uchun 53000 AQSh dollarini to'lash to'g'risida xabarnoma bor.[81] Ferraro, bu bayonotlar umuman yashiradigan hech narsasi yo'qligini va moliyaviy qonunbuzarliklar bo'lmaganligini isbotladi.[81] Ochiq ma'lumotlar Ferraro va uning eri qariyb 4 million dollarga ega ekanliklarini, doimiy xizmatkor ayol bo'lganligini va qayiqqa va ikkita ta'til uyiga egalik qilishlarini ko'rsatdi.[31] Ularning boyliklarining katta qismi bir martalik daromad emas, balki ko'chmas mulk bilan bog'liq edi,[21] ammo oshkor qilishlar Ferraro obraziga zarar etkazdi boy-badavlat narsalar hikoya.[31]

Ferraroning an 22 avgust yakuniy oshkor etishni o'z ichiga olgan matbuot anjumani - u erda u ikki soat davomida barcha savollarga javob berdi - kampaniyaning qolgan qismida muammoni samarali tugatdi, ammo katta zarar ko'rildi.[82][83] 1984 yilgi prezidentlik saylovoldi tashviqoti davomida hech qanday tashviqot masalasi Ferraro mablag'idan ko'proq OAV e'tiborini qozonmadi.[78] Ta'sir Ferraro-ning ko'tarilgan yulduzini pasaytirdi, Kongressdan Mondale-Ferraro chiptasini har qanday tezligini olib tashladi va kuzgi kampaniya uchun izchil xabarni shakllantirishni kechiktirdi.[35][61][82]

Katolik cherkovi ma'murlarining keskin tanqidlari Ferraroni butun kampaniya davomida mudofaaga qo'ydi, abort qilish muxoliflari tez-tez uning ko'rinishiga g'azab bilan norozilik bildirishdi, odatda katolik tarafdorlari nomzodlari duch kelmaydilar. Mario Kuomo va Ted Kennedi.[31][84][85] 1982 yilda Kongressga bergan brifingda Ferraro "abortga nisbatan katolik pozitsiyasi monolit emas va bu masalada shaxsiy va siyosiy javoblar bo'lishi mumkin" deb yozgan edi.[86][87] Ferraro tomonidan tanqid qilindi Kardinal Jon O'Konnor, katolik Nyu-York arxiyepiskopi va Jeyms Timlin, Skranton episkopi, noto'g'ri ma'lumot bergani uchun Katolik cherkovining abortga nisbatan pozitsiyasi.[88][89][90] Bir necha kunlik jamoat ommaviy axborot vositalarida o'tkazilgan bahs-munozaralardan so'ng Ferraro nihoyat "katolik cherkovining abortga nisbatan pozitsiyasi monolit" ekanligini tan oldi, ammo "Ammo men buni amalga oshiradigan katoliklar juda ko'p ekanligiga ishonaman katolik cherkovining nuqtai nazariga qo'shilmang ".[87] Shuningdek, Ferraro Reyganning "yaxshi xristian" emasligini aytgani uchun tanqid qilindi, chunki uning so'zlariga ko'ra uning siyosati kambag'allarga zarar etkazmoqda.[31] Ferraro-ni himoya qilish uchun tanlov guruhi Katoliklar erkin tanlov uchun 1984 yil 7 oktyabrda to'liq sahifali reklama joylashtirdi The New York Times sarlavhali "Plyuralizm va abort haqida katolik bayonoti ".[86]

Vakil Ferraro va vitse-prezident Jorj V. V. Bush 1984 yilgi vitse-prezidentlik bahsida

Ferraro saylovoldi tashviqotiga ko'plab olomonni jalb qildi, ularning aksariyati "Ger-ry! Ger-ry!" Deb tez-tez hayqiriq bilan tarixni yaratadigan nomzodni shaxsan ko'rishni xohlashdi.[91] Mondeyl va Ferraro birgalikda chiqishlarida kamdan-kam tegishgan, shu bilan birga ular yonma-yon turganlarida hatto kaftini uning orqasiga qo'ymasdi; Keyinchalik Ferraro buning sababi shundaki, "odamlar Xudo, ular uchrashishyapti" degan narsadan qo'rqishgan ".[92]

Bor edi bir vitse-prezidentlik debati Kongress a'zosi Ferraro va vitse-prezident o'rtasida Jorj H. V. Bush. Taqdim etildi 11 oktyabr, natija asosan hatto matbuot va tarixchilar tomonidan e'lon qilindi;[62][93] ayol saylovchilar Ferraro g'olib bo'ldi, erkaklar, Bush.[85] Unda Ferraro Reyganning uzaytirilishini qo'llab-quvvatlashdan bosh tortganini tanqid qildi Ovoz berish huquqi to'g'risidagi qonun.[94] Debatda uning tajribasi so'roq qilindi va undan Kongressdagi uchta muddati qanday qilib Bushning katta hukumat tajribasi bilan ajralib turishi so'raldi.[94] Bushning bitta bayonotiga u shunday dedi: "Avvalo aytaylik, men vitse-prezident Bush, tashqi siyosat to'g'risida menga o'rgatishingiz kerak bo'lgan sizning homiylik munosabatingizdan deyarli g'azablandim".[62] U abort bo'yicha o'z pozitsiyasini qat'iy himoya qildi, bu uning olqishiga va raqibining hurmatli javobiga sazovor bo'ldi.[94] Munozara oldidan kunlarda, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining ikkinchi xonimi Barbara Bush omma oldida Ferraroga "o'sha to'rt million dollar - men buni ayta olmayman, lekin u" boylar "bilan qofiyalanadi" deb atagan edi.[95] Tez orada Barbara Bush kechirim so'radi, chunki u Ferraro "jodugar" degani emas edi.[95] Piter Teli, Vitse-prezident Bushning matbuot kotibi, munozaradan oldin Ferraro haqida aytganidek, "U juda jirkanch. U juda mag'rur. Kamtarlik uning kuchli jihatlaridan biri emas va menimcha, bu amalga oshadi", - degan qofiyalardan voz kechgan edi.[96] Teli bu so'z uchun uzr so'rashdan bosh tortdi, chunki uning jinsiy aloqaga aloqasi yo'q va Ferraro kampaniyasi bu borada shikoyat qilishda "o'ta sezgir" edi.[96]

18 oktyabr kuni Nyu-York Post Ferraroning otasi egalik qilgani uchun hibsga olinganligini aniq xabar qildi raqamlar varaqalari o'limidan bir oz oldin Nyuburgda va bu o'lim to'g'risida sirli narsa yashiringan deb noto'g'ri taxmin qildi.[97] Ferraroning hibsga olinishi haqida onasi unga hech qachon aytmagan;[97] u ham sherigi sifatida hibsga olingan, ammo erining o'limidan keyin qo'yib yuborilgan.[31] Hikoyaning bosib chiqarilishi Ferraro buni ta'kidlashga undadi Xabar noshir Rupert Merdok "[onamning] tuflisi ostidagi kirlarni artishga arzigulik emas".[98]

Kampaniya davomida Ferraro ayolligi doimiy ravishda muhokama qilingan; bir tadqiqot shuni ko'rsatdiki, u haqida yozilgan gazetadagi maqolalarning to'rtdan birida jinsga oid til mavjud.[99] Butun vaqt davomida Ferraro kampaniyani davom ettirdi va muxolifatga kuchli hujum qilish uchun an'anaviy yugurish rolini oldi.[31] Oxir-oqibat, u Mondeyldan ko'proq sayohat qilgan va Reygan va Bush birga bo'lganidan ko'proq.[100]

Jeraldin Ferraro Arlington shahridagi Texas universiteti, 1984 yil sentyabr

6 noyabrda Mondale va Ferraro umumiy saylovlarda mag'lubiyatga uchradi ko'chki. Ular Reygan va Bushning 59 foiziga nisbatan umumiy ovozlarning atigi 41 foizini olgan Saylov kolleji faqat Mondale uy shtatida g'olib chiqdi Minnesota va Kolumbiya okrugi.[101] Hatto chipta Ferraro-ning Nyu-York shahridagi anchadan beri konservativ tumanlardan biri bo'lgan kongresslar okrugini yo'qotib qo'ydi; prezidentlik poygalarida respublikachilarga ovoz berishga moyil edi.[102] Ferraro chiptada borligi umuman olganda unchalik katta ta'sir ko'rsatmadi.[85] Reygan saylovchilarning 55 foizini asirga oldi[102] va katolik saylovchilarning xuddi shunday ulushi, ikkinchisi esa respublikachilar partiyasidan prezidentlikka nomzod uchun eng yuqori darajadir.[103] Vitse-prezidentlikka nomzodlar asosida qaror qabul qilgan saylovchilarning o'ninchi qismining 54 foizi Mondale-Ferraro,[85] Ferraro Demokratlarga 0,8 foiz foyda keltirganligini aniqladi.[104] Reyganning shaxsiy murojaatlari va targ'ibot mavzusi farovonlik va "Amerikada yana tong otdi "juda kuchli edi, Mondale esa liberal Kampaniya janubiy oqlarni va shimoliy ko'k rangli ishchilarni chetlashtirdi odatda Demokratik ovoz berdi.[105] Siyosiy kuzatuvchilar umuman olganda 1984 yildagi saylovlarda demokratlarning biron bir kombinatsiyasi g'alaba qozonishi mumkin emas degan fikrga qo'shilishadi.[61] Mondeylning o'zi keyinchalik "men Reygan bilan uchrashganimni bilar edim" va u Ferraroni tanlaganidan afsuslanmasligini aks ettiradi.[106]

Saylovdan so'ng Uy ahloq qo'mitasi Ferraro tomonidan texnik buzilganligini aniqladi Hukumat to'g'risidagi qonunda axloq qoidalari oilasining moliya tafsilotlarini xabar qilmaslik yoki noto'g'ri xabar berish orqali va u Kongressning oshkor qilish to'g'risidagi shakllarida erining mol-mulki to'g'risida xabar berishi kerak edi.[107][108] Biroq, qo'mita uni "aldamchi niyatlarsiz" ish tutdi degan xulosaga keldi va u baribir Kongressni tark etayotganligi sababli unga qarshi hech qanday chora ko'rilmadi.[107][108] Ferraro: "Men o'zimni to'liq oqlangan deb bilaman", dedi.[108] Erining va uning ishbilarmonlik munosabatlarining tekshirilishi Amerika saylov siyosatida ayol nomzodlarga duch keladigan tendentsiyani keltirib chiqardi.[109]

Ferraro - asosiy partiyaning milliy chiptasida qatnashgan to'rt nafar AQSh ayollaridan biri. Qolganlari Alyaskaning gubernatori Sara Peylin, 2008 yil respublika vitse-prezidentligiga nomzod;[110] Hillari Klinton, 2016 yilgi Demokratik partiyadan prezidentlikka nomzod; va Kaliforniya shtati senatori Kamala Xarris, 2020 yil vitse-prezidentlikka demokrat nomzod va birinchi bo'lib yutuqli chiptada bo'lganlar.[111]

Aksiya faxriylarni ko'proq qabul qilishga olib keldi "Xonim. "[112] Garchi The New York Times o'sha paytda uni ishlatishdan bosh tortdi, gazeta ikonoklastikasi bo'yicha sharhlovchi va til mutaxassisi Uilyam Safire Ferraro misolida ingliz tilining bir qismi bo'lishi kerakligiga ishonch hosil qildi, u turmush qurgan ayol edi, u erining familiyasini emas, balki o'z familiyasini ishlatgan (Zakkaro). Safire 1984 yil avgustida uni "Miss Ferraro" (u turmushga chiqqanligi sababli) yoki "Ferraro xonim" deb nomlashning noto'g'riligini yozgan (chunki uning eri "janob Ferraro" emas edi, garchi bu formuladan bo'lsa ham) Times ishlatilgan) va uni "Zakkaro xonim" deb atash o'quvchini chalg'itishi mumkin edi.[113] Kampaniyadan ikki yil o'tgach, Times nihoyat o'z siyosatini o'zgartirdi va "xonim" dan foydalanishni boshladi.[112]

Birinchi Senat saylovlari va elchilik

Ferraro vitse-prezidentlikka nomzodini ko'rsatish uchun uyidagi o'rindiqdan voz kechgan edi. Uning yangi topilgan shuhrati a ko'rinishiga olib keldi Diet Pepsi 1985 yilda tijorat.[3][114] U nashr etdi Ferraro: Mening hikoyam, uning hayotining bir qismi bo'lgan kampaniya haqida hisobot, yilda 1985 yil noyabr. Bu eng yaxshi sotuvchi edi va unga 1 million dollar ishlab oldi.[115] Shuningdek, u nutq so'zlash orqali 300 ming dollardan ko'proq pul ishladi.[116]

1984 yilda bir tomonlama milliy yo'qotishlarga qaramay, Ferraro hali ham siyosiy kelajagi porloq odam sifatida qaraldi. Ko'pchilik uning ichida qatnashishini kutgan 1986 yil Nyu-Yorkdagi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senatiga saylov birinchi muddatdagi respublikachi amaldorga qarshi Al D'Amato,[115] va 1985 yil davomida u qildi Nyu-York shtatining tepasida shu maqsadga erishish uchun asos.[117] Senat nomzodi, u Mondale chiptasiga qo'shilishidan oldin uning karerasidagi dastlabki rejasi bo'lgan. Ammo ichida 1985 yil dekabr, u davom etayotgani sababli u qochmasligini aytdi AQSh Adliya vazirligi 1984 yilgi saylov kampaniyasining oshkor bo'lishidan kelib chiqqan holda, uning va erining moliyaviy holati bo'yicha tekshiruv.[115]

Ferraro oilasi a'zolari haqiqatan ham huquqiy muammolarga duch kelishgan. Uning eri Jon Zakkaro o'z aybini tan olgan edi 1985 yil yanvar, firibgarlik yo'li bilan ko'chmas mulk bitimida bank mablag'larini olish va 150 soatlik jamoat ishlariga hukm qilingan.[118] Keyin 1986 yil oktyabr, 1981 yilda pora olganligi bilan bog'liq bo'lmagan og'ir jinoyatlarda ayblangan Queens Borough prezidenti Donald Manes kabel televideniesi shartnomasi to'g'risida.[119] To'liq bir yil o'tgach, u sud jarayonida oqlandi.[120] Unga qarshi ish beparvo edi, ayblovning asosiy guvohi ishonchsiz deb topildi va himoyachi o'z ko'rsatuvlarini taqdim etishi shart emas edi.[121][122] Ferraro, agar u vitse-prezidentlikka nomzodini ko'rsatmasa, eri hech qachon ayblanmasligini aytdi.[122] Ayni paytda, ichida 1986 yil fevral, er-xotinning o'g'li Jon kokainni saqlash va sotish uchun hibsga olingan edi.[123] U sudlangan va 1988 yil iyun, to'rt oylik qamoq jazosiga hukm qilingan; Ferraro ushbu epizodning oilasiga etkazgan stressi haqida sudda ko'z yoshlarini to'kdi.[123] Ferraro erkin matbuot o'rtasidagi ziddiyatli huquqlar va adolatli sinovlarga ega bo'lish to'g'risida nashr etilmagan kitob ustida ishladi.[124] So'ralgan 1987 yil sentyabrU vitse-prezidentlikka nomzodni qabul qiladimi yoki yo'qmi, bundan keyin yuzaga keladigan barcha oilaviy muammolarni bilganida, u shunday dedi: "Men bir necha bor o'tirib, o'zimga, oh, Xudo, men hech qachon o'tmagan bo'lsam edi u bilan ... Menimcha, nomzodlik milliy siyosatda ayollar uchun eshikni ochdi va men bundan bir daqiqaga afsuslanmayman, bundan g'ururlanaman, lekin shunchaki boshqa yo'l bilan amalga oshirilishini istardim. "[125]

Ferraro butun mamlakat bo'ylab demokrat nomzodlar, ayniqsa ayollar nomzodlari uchun pul yig'ishda faol bo'lib qoldi.[126] U ertaga tashvishlanayotgan amerikaliklarga asos solgan siyosiy harakatlar qo'mitasi O'n ayol nomzodlarni saylanishiga e'tibor qaratdi 1986 yilgi Kongress saylovlari (ulardan sakkiztasi muvaffaqiyatli bo'ladi).[126] Davomida 1988 yil prezident saylovi, Ferraro partiyaning G'alaba jamg'armasi raisi o'rinbosari bo'lib ishlagan.[124]

Shuningdek, u televizor uchun ba'zi izohlar berdi.[124] Ferraro u bilan birga bo'lgan Garvard Siyosat instituti 1988 yildan 1992 yilgacha,[28] "Demak, siz Prezident bo'lishni xohlaysizmi?" kabi talabga javob beradigan seminarlarni o'qitish.[126] Bundan tashqari, u azob chekkan onasiga g'amxo'rlik qildi amfizem 1990 yil boshida vafotidan bir necha yil oldin.[127]

Ferraro 1992 yilda Nyu-York shahridagi kasaba uyushma zalida

1991 yil oktyabrga kelib Ferraro yana saylanadigan siyosatga kirishga tayyor edi va Demokratik partiyadan nomzod sifatida qatnashdi 1992 yil Nyu-Yorkdagi AQSh Senatiga saylov.[128] Uning raqiblari davlat bosh prokurori edi Robert Abrams, Muhtaram Al Sharpton, Kongress a'zosi Robert J. Mrazek, va Nyu-York shahridagi nazoratchi va sobiq kongressmen Elizabeth Xoltsman. Abrams birinchi pog'onani egallagan.[128] D'Amato kampaniyasi Ferraro bilan yuzma-yuz bo'lishdan qo'rqardi, chunki uning italiyalik ajdodlari, samarali munozaralari va nutq so'zlash qobiliyatlari va uning tanlovga sodiq qarashlari D'Amatoning odatdagi bir necha qo'llab-quvvatlash asoslarini yutib yuborishi mumkin edi.[129] Ferraro o'qituvchi, prokuror, kongressmen va onalik martabasini ta'kidlab, qanday qilib jinoyatchilikka qarshi qattiqqo'lligi haqida gapirdi.[130] Ferraro asosiy kampaniya davomida ommaviy axborot vositalari va uning raqiblari tomonidan Zakkaroning moliya va ishbilarmonlik munosabatlariga qarshi yangi hujumlarni uyushtirdi.[131] U erkak nomzodga rafiqasining faoliyati to'g'risida deyarli e'tibor berilmasligiga e'tiroz bildirdi.[131] Ferraro 1984 yildan buyon o'zining yulduz kuchidan foydalangan va unga qarshi kampaniya hujumlaridan foydalanib, ayol saylovchilar uchun aniq feministik miting sifatida foydalangan.[131] Asosiy sana yaqinlashganda, ayblovlar bo'yicha uning etakchisi kamayib bordi va u hujumlarni oldini olishga urinish uchun 1980-yillardan boshlab qo'shimcha soliq deklaratsiyalarini e'lon qildi.[116]

So'rovnomalarda so'nggi o'rinni egallab turgan Xoltsman, "Fleet Bank" dan 400 ming AQSh dollaridan ko'proq qarz oldi salbiy reklama Ferraro va Zakkaroni 1980-yillarda uyushgan jinoyatchilikka aloqador pornografiyadan 300 ming dollardan ko'proq ijaraga olganlikda ayblash.[132] Ferraro, bu odamni haydash uchun harakatlar bo'lganini aytdi, Robert DiBernardo, ijaraga berilishi haqidagi xabarlar 1984 yilgi vitse-prezidentlik kampaniyasi paytida paydo bo'lgan, ammo u yana uch yil binoda qoldi.[133] Bundan tashqari, Nyu-York shtati uyushgan jinoyatchilikka qarshi kurash bo'yicha maxsus guruh tergovchisining hisoboti Xoltsman yordamchisining maslahati orqali ommaviy axborot vositalariga yo'l topdi; unda Zakkaroning 1985 yilda DiBernardo bilan uchrashganini ko'rishgan.[133] Ferraro bunga javoban bu ikkalasi hech qachon uchrashmaganligini aytdi.[133]

Yakuniy bahslar yoqimsiz bo'lib o'tdi va Xoltsman, xususan, Ferraro yaxlitligi va moliyaviy holatiga doimo hujum qildi.[134][135] G'ayrioddiy saylovlar arafasida bo'lib o'tgan televizion eshittirishda Ferraro "men qandaydir tarzda yoki uyushgan jinoyatchilikka aloqadorligim haqidagi etnik shafqatsizlik haqida gapirdi. Bu erda ko'p sonli gaplar bor, ammo isboti yo'q. Ammo, bu mening italiyalik ekanligim sababli ishonarli qilingan" -Amerika. Bu taktika zaharlangan qo'rquv va stereotip qudug'idan kelib chiqadi ... "[136] Ustida 15 sentyabr, 1992, primary, Abrams edged out Ferraro by less than a percentage point, winning 37 percent of the vote to 36 percent, with Sharpton and Holtzman well behind.[135] Ferraro did not concede she had lost for two weeks.[137]

Abrams spent much of the remainder of the campaign trying to get Ferraro's endorsement.[138] Ferraro, enraged and bitter after the nature of the primary,[134][137] ignored Abrams and accepted Bill Klinton 's request to campaign for his presidential bid o'rniga.[139] She was eventually persuaded by Governor Mario Cuomo and state party leaders into giving an unenthusiastic endorsement with just three days to go before the general election, in exchange for an apology by Abrams for the tone of the primary.[138] D'Amato won the election by a very narrow margin.[134] Umuman olganda 1992 U.S. Senate elections saw five victories that it became known as the "Ayol yili ". The Ferraro-Holtzman fighting of the campaign was viewed as a disaster by many feminists, however, with Ferraro denied her political comeback while Holtzman also politically damaged herself.[140][135] The feud between Ferraro and Holtzman from the 1992 Senate primary lingered, as the following year Ferraro supported Assambleyachi Alan Hevesi 's successful primary challenge that unseated Holtzman as Nyu-York shahar nazoratchisi; Ferraro denied that her endorsement was motivated by revenge against Holtzman, saying it was due to his liberal State Assembly voting record.[141][142][143]

Following the Senate primary loss, Ferraro became a managing partner in the New York office of Kek, Mahin va Keyt, a Chicago-based law firm.[144][145] There she organized the office and spoke with clients, but did not actively practice law and left before the firm fell into difficulties.[145] Ferraro's second book, a collection of her speeches, was titled Changing History: Women, Power and Politics and was published in 1993.[146]

President Clinton appointed Ferraro as a member of the United States delegation to Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Inson huquqlari bo'yicha komissiyasi yilda 1993 yil yanvar.[147] U ishtirok etdi 1993 yil iyun Inson huquqlari bo'yicha Butunjahon konferentsiyasi in Vienna as the alternate U.S. delegate.[148] Keyin 1993 yil oktyabr, Clinton promoted her to be Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Inson huquqlari bo'yicha komissiyasidagi AQSh elchisi, saying that Ferraro had been "a highly effective voice for the human rights of women around the world."[149] The Clinton administration named Ferraro vice-chair of the U.S. delegation to the landmark 1995 yil sentyabr Ayollar bo'yicha to'rtinchi Butunjahon konferentsiyasi Pekinda; in this role she picked a strong team of experts in human rights issues to serve with her.[150] During her stint on the commission, it for the first time condemned antisemitizm as a human rights violation,[151] and also for the first time prevented China from blocking a motion criticizing uning inson huquqlari to'g'risidagi qaydlari.[152] Regarding a previous China motion that had failed, Ferraro had told the commission, "Let us do what we were sent here to do—decide important questions of human rights on their merits, not avoid them."[151] Ferraro held the U.N. position into 1996.[11]

Commentator and second Senate run

In February 1996, Ferraro joined the high-visibility CNN siyosiy tok-shou Yong'in,[153] as the co-host representing the "from the left" vantage. She kept her brassy, rapid-fire speech and Nyu-York aksenti intact, and her trial experience from her prosecutor days was a good fit for the program's format.[154] She sparred effectively with "from the right" co-host Pat Byukenen,[154] for whom she developed a personal liking.[155] The show stayed strong in ratings for CNN,[156] and the job was lucrative.[114][157] She welcomed how the role "keeps me visible [and] keeps me extremely well informed on the issues."[154]

At the start of 1998, Ferraro left Yong'in and ran for the Democratic nomination again in the 1998 yil Nyu-Yorkdagi AQSh Senatiga saylov.[156] The other candidates were Congressman Charlz Shumer va Nyu-York shahar jamoat advokati Mark J. Green.[158] She had done no fundraising, out of fear of conflict of interest with her Yong'in job, but was nonetheless immediately perceived as the front-runner.[158] Indeed, December and January polls had her 25 percentage points ahead of Green in the race and even further ahead of Schumer.[114][159] Unlike the previous campaigns, her family finances never became an issue.[114] However, she lost ground during the summer, with Schumer catching up in the polls by early August and then soon passing her.[160] Schumer, a tireless fundraiser, outspent her by a five-to-one margin, and Ferraro failed to establish a political image current with the times.[114][161] In 15 sentyabr, 1998 primary, she was beaten soundly by Schumer by a 51 percent to 26 percent margin.[114] Unlike 1992, the contest was not divisive, and Ferraro and third-place finisher Green endorsed Schumer at a unity breakfast the following day.[162] Schumer would go on to decisively unseat D'Amato in the general election.

The 1998 primary defeat brought an end to Ferraro's political career. The New York Times wrote at the time: "If Ms. Ferraro's rise was meteoric, her political career's denouement was protracted, often agonizing and, at first glance, baffling."[114] She still retained admirers, though. Anita Peres Fergyuson, prezidenti Milliy ayol siyosiy partiyasi, noted that female New York political figures in the past had been reluctant to enter the state's notoriously fierce primary races, and said: "This woman has probably been more of an opinion maker than most people sitting for six terms straight in the House of Representatives or Senate. Her attempts, and even her losses, have accomplished far beyond what others have accomplished by winning."[114]

Business career, illness and medical activism

In 1980, Ferraro co-founded the Italiyalik amerikalik ayollarning milliy tashkiloti,[163] which sought to support the educational and professional goals of its members and put forward positive role models in order to fight ethnic stereotyping,[164] and was still a distinguished member of its board at the time of her death.[165] Ferraro was connected with many other political and non-profit organizations. U kengash a'zosi edi Xalqaro ishlar bo'yicha milliy demokratik institut,[166] va a'zosi Xalqaro aloqalar bo'yicha kengash.[28] She became president of the newly established International Institute for Women's Political Leadership in 1989.[167] In 1992, she was on the founding board of Smart Vote loyihasi.[168] By 1993, she was serving on the Fordham yuridik fakulteti Board of Visitors, as well as on the boards of the National Breast Cancer Research Fund, New York Easter Seal Society, va Pensiya huquqlari markazi, and was one of hundreds of public figures on the Amerikaning Rejalashtirilgan Ota-onalar Federatsiyasi 's Board of Advocates.[28][144] In 1999, she joined the board of the Bertarelli Foundation,[169] and in 2003, the board of the National Women's Health Resource Center.[170] During the 2000s she was on the board of advisors to the Committee to Free Lori Berenson.[171]

Framing a Life: A Family Memoir was published by Ferraro in 1998 yil noyabr. It depicts the life story of her mother and immigrant grandmother; it also portrays the rest of her family, and is a memoir of her early life, but includes relatively little about her political career.[172]

Ferraro had felt unusually tired at the end of her second senate campaign.[173] Yilda 1998 yil noyabr, unga tashxis qo'yilgan ko'p miyeloma, a form of blood cancer where plasma cells secrete abnormal antibodies known as Bence-Jones proteins, which can cause bones to disintegrate and dump toxic amounts of calcium into the bloodstream.[174] She did not publicly disclose the illness until 2001 yil iyun, when she went to Washington to successfully press in Congressional hearings for passage of the Hematological Cancer Research Investment and Education Act.[174] A portion of the Act created the Geraldine Ferraro Cancer Education Program, which directs the AQSh sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish vaziri to establish an education program for patients of blood cancers and the general public.[175] Ferraro became a frequent speaker on the disease,[176] and an avid supporter and honorary board member of the Ko'p miyeloma tadqiqot fondi.[174]

Though initially given only three to five years to live, by virtue of several new drug therapies and a suyak iligi transplantatsiyasi 2005 yilda,[174] she would beat the disease's Stage 1 survival mean of 62 months by over a factor of two.[177] Her advocacy helped make the new treatments approved and available for others as well.[178] For much of the last decade of her life, Ferraro was not in remissiya, but the disease was managed by continually adjusting her treatments.[173]

Ferraro joined Fox News kanali as a regular political commentator in 1999 yil oktyabr.[179] By 2005, she was making sporadic appearances on the channel,[176] which continued into 2007, and beyond.[174] U bilan hamkorlik qildi Laura Ingram, boshlab 1999 yil dekabr, in writing the alternate-weeks column "Campaign Countdown" on the 2000 yilgi prezident saylovi uchun The New York Times Syndicate.[180] During the 2000s, Ferraro was an affiliated faculty member at the Jorjtaun jamoat siyosati instituti.[181]

Qabulxonada turgan to'rtta katta yoshli ayol, ehtimol qattiq poz, fonda katta yopiq o'simlik
Ferraro (left) marked Ayollar tarixi oyligi yilda 2003 yil mart, senator bilan Hillari Klinton, House Minority Leader Nensi Pelosi va opera xonandasi Denis Graves.

In January 2000, Ferraro and Lin Martin —a former Republican Congresswoman and AQSh Mehnat vaziri who had played Ferraro in George H. W. Bush's debate preparations in 1984[182]—co-founded, and served as co-presidents of, G&L Strategies, a management consulting firm underneath Weber McGinn.[183] Its goal was to advise corporations on how to develop more women leaders and make their workplaces more amenable to female employees.[182] G&L Strategies subsequently became part of Golin Xarris xalqaro.[184] Yilda 2003 yil iyun, Ferraro was made executive vice president and managing director of the public affairs practice of the Global Consulting Group,[184] an international investor relations and corporate communications component of Huntsworth. There she worked with corporations, non-profit organizations, state governments and political figures.[185] She continued there as a senior advisor working about two days a month.[174]

Ko'p yillar yashagandan so'ng Forest Hills bog'lari, Queens, she and her husband moved to Manhattan in 2002.[154][186][187] U qayta nashr etdi Ferraro: My Story in 2004, with a postscript summarizing her life in the twenty years since the campaign.[188]

Ferraro was a member of the board of directors of Goodrich Petroleum beginning in 2003 yil avgust.[189] She was also a board member for New York Bancorp 1990-yillarda.[157]

Ferraro became a principal in the government relations practice of the Bo'sh Rim yuridik firma 2007 yil fevral, working both in New York and Washington[185][186] about two days a week in their lobbying and communications activities.[174] As she passed the age of 70, she was thankful for still being alive, and said "This is about as retired as I get, which is part time,"[174] and that if she fully retired, she would "go nuts".[186]

2008 presidential election involvement

In December 2006, Ferraro announced her support for Democratic presidential candidate Hillari Klinton. Later, she vowed to help defend Clinton from being "swiftboated" in a manner akin to 2004 presidential candidate Jon Kerri.[190] She assisted with fundraising by assuming an honorary post on the finance committee for Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign.[191]

A heated nomination battle emerged between Clinton and Barak Obama.[192] Ferraro became livid and distraught when one of her daughters voted for Obama in the Massachusetts primary, saying "What is the matter with you? You bilish Hillary. Sizda .. Bor ko'rilgan my involvement with her." When her daughter responded by noting that Obama was inspirational, Ferraro snapped, "What does he inspire you to do, leave your husband and three kids and your practice and go work for Doctors Without Borders?" This was seen as an example of a generational difference among American women; in contrast to Ferraro's generation, younger women saw nothing special about electing a woman president (especially one with Clinton's past history) compared to what writer Anne Kornblut called "the milestone of electing an African American president". According to Kornblut, younger voters saw "Clinton [as] both a relic of that era and a victim of its success. She was the wrong woman at the wrong time; she was a Clinton; she hadn't gotten there on her own".[193]

The campaign between the two also saw racial dust-ups caused by perceptions of remarks made by campaign surrogates.[192] In March 2008 Ferraro gave an interview with the Kundalik shabada in which she said: "If Obama was a white man, he would not be in this position. And if he was a woman (of any color) he would not be in this position. He happens to be very lucky to be who he is. And the country is caught up in the concept."[191][194] (Ferraro had made a similar comment in 1988 disparaging Jessi Jekson "s candidacy in the party's presidential primaries, saying that because of his "radical" views, "if Jesse Jackson were not black, he wouldn't be in the race."[195]) Ferraro justified the statements by referring to her own run for vice president. Echoing a statement she wrote about herself in 1988,[31] Ferraro said that "I was talking about historic candidacies and what I started off by saying (was that) if you go back to 1984 and look at my historic candidacy, which I had just talked about all these things, in 1984, if my name was Gerard Ferraro instead of Geraldine Ferraro, I would have never been chosen as a vice-presidential candidate. It had nothing to do with my qualification."[191] Her comments resonated with some older white women, but generated an immediate backlash elsewhere.[196] There was strong criticism and charges of racism from many supporters of Obama[197] and Obama called them "patently absurd".[192] Clinton publicly expressed disagreement with Ferraro's remarks, while Ferraro vehemently denied she was a racist.[191] Again speaking to the Shamol, Ferraro responded to the attacks by saying: "I really think they're attacking me because I'm white. How's that?"[192][198] Ferraro resigned from Clinton's finance committee on 12 mart, 2008, two days after the firestorm began, saying that she didn't want the Obama camp to use her comments to hurt Clinton's campaign.[199]

Ferraro continued to engage the issue and criticize the Obama campaign via her position as a Fox News kanali hissa qo'shuvchi.[200][201][202] By early April, Ferraro said people were deluging her with negative comments and trying to get her removed from one of the boards she was on: "This has been the worst three weeks of my life."[202] Ferraro stated in mid-2008 yil may that Clinton had "raised this whole woman candidate thing to a whole different level than when I ran".[203] She thought Obama had behaved in a seksist manner and that she might not vote for him.[203]

During September 2008, Ferraro gained attention yet again after the announcement of Sara Peylin as the Republican vice-presidential nominee, the first such major party bid for a woman since her own in 1984.[204][205][206] Palin mentioned Ferraro as well as Clinton as forerunners in her introductory appearance.[207] In reaction to the nomination, Ferraro said, "It's great to be the first, but I don't want to be the only. And so now it is wonderful to see a woman on a national ticket."[110] Ferraro speculated that the pick might win Republican presidential nominee Jon Makkeyn the election,[208] but said that she was supporting Obama now due to his running mate selection of Jo Bayden having resolved her concerns about Obama's lack of experience in certain areas.[204][209] Ferraro criticized the media's scrutiny of Palin's background and family as gender-based and saw parallels with how she was treated by the media during her own run;[204][210] a Alabama universiteti study also found that media hoshiya of Ferraro and Palin was similar and often revolved around their nominations being political gambles.[211] A Newsweek cover story detected a change in how women voters responded to a female vice presidential candidate from Ferraro's time to Palin's, but Ferraro correctly predicted that the bounce that McCain received from the Palin pick would dissipate.[205] In a friendly joint retrospective of her 1984 debate with George H. W. Bush, Ferraro said she had had more national issues experience in 1984 than Palin did now, but that it was important that Palin make a good showing in her vice presidential debate so that "little girls [could] see someone there who can stand toe to toe with [Biden]."[206] McCain and Palin ended up losing, but regardless of the 1984 or 2008 election result, Ferraro said that "Every time a woman runs, women win."[205]

Keyingi yillar va o'lim

After her 1998 diagnosis, Ferraro continued to battle multiple myeloma, making repeated visits to hospitals during her last year and undergoing difficult procedures.[212] Much of her care took place at Dana-Farber saraton instituti in Boston, where she also acted as an informal advocate for other patients.[178] She was able to make a joint appearance with Palin on Fox News Channel's coverage of the November 2010 midterm elections.[213]

Yilda 2011 yil mart u bordi Massachusets umumiy kasalxonasi to receive treatment for pain caused by a fracture, a common complication of multiple myeloma.[57] Once there, however, doctors discovered she had come down with pneumonia. Unable to return to her New York home, Ferraro died at Massachusetts General on 26 mart, 2011.[57][214] In addition to her husband and three children, who were all present, she was survived by eight grandchildren.[57][215]

President Obama said upon her death that "Geraldine will forever be remembered as a trailblazer who broke down barriers for women, and Americans of all backgrounds and walks of life," and said that his own two daughters would grow up in a more equal country because of what Ferraro had done.[216] Mondale called her "a remarkable woman and a dear human being ... She was a pioneer in our country for justice for women and a more open society. She broke a lot of molds and it's a better country for what she did."[214] George H. W. Bush said, "Though we were one-time political opponents, I am happy to say Gerry and I became friends in time – a friendship marked by respect and affection. I admired Gerry in many ways, not the least of which was the dignified and principled manner she blazed new trails for women in politics."[216] Palin paid tribute to her on Facebook, expressing gratitude for having been able to work with her the year before and saying, "She broke one huge barrier and then went on to break many more. May her example of hard work and dedication to America continue to inspire all women."[213] Bill and Hillary Clinton said in a statement that, "Gerry Ferraro was one of a kind – tough, brilliant, and never afraid to speak her mind or stand up for what she believed in – a New York icon and a true American original."[215]

A dafn marosimi was held for her on March 31 at the Sent-Vinsent Ferrer cherkovi in New York, the site where Ferraro and Zaccaro had been married and had renewed their vows on their 50th anniversary the year before.[217] Figures from local, state, and national politics were present, and Mondale and both Clintons were among the speakers.[217][218] U dafn etilgan Sent-Jon qabristoni yilda O'rta qishloq, Queens, within her old congressional district.[218]

When Hillary Clinton finally captured the Democratic nomination in the 2016 yilgi prezident saylovi, becoming the first woman to do so for a major party, there was considerable media commentary recalling, and relating this to, Ferraro's breakthrough 32 years earlier.[219][220][221]

Mukofotlar va sharaflar

Ferraro was inducted into the Milliy ayollar shon-sharaf zali 1994 yilda.[222]

Ferraro received faxriy darajalar during the 1980s and early 1990s, from Marymount Manxetten kolleji (1982), Nyu-York universiteti yuridik fakulteti (1984), Hunter kolleji (1985), Plattsburgh College (1985), Boka Raton kolleji (1989), Virjiniya shtati universiteti (1989), Muhlenberg kolleji (1990), Briarcliffe College for Business (1990) va Potsdam College (1991).[28] She subsequently received an honorary degree from Case Western Reserve universiteti (2003).[223]

During her time in Congress, Ferraro received numerous awards from local organizations in Queens.[3]

In 2007, Ferraro received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Sons of Italy Foundation.[224] In 2008, Ferraro was the initial recipient of the annual Trailblazer Award from the National Conference of Women's Bar Associations,[225] and received the Edith I. Spivack Award from the Nyu-York okrugi advokatlar assotsiatsiyasi.[226] In 2009, legislation passed the House of Representatives calling for a post office in Long-Aylend shahri in Queens to be renamed for Ferraro,[227] and in 2010, the Geraldine A Ferraro Post Office was accordingly rededicated.[44]

In the fall of 2013, P.S. 290 yilda Maspet in Queens was renamed the Geraldine A. Ferraro Campus.[228][229]

2018 yilda u tomonidan tanlangan Milliy ayollar tarixi loyihasi uning sharaflaridan biri sifatida Ayollar tarixi oyligi Qo'shma Shtatlarda.[230]

Saylov tarixi

Demokratik birlamchi Nyu-Yorkning 9-kongress okrugi, 1978[231]

  • Jeraldin Ferraro – 10,254 (52.98%)
  • Tomas J. Manton  – 5,499 (28.41%)
  • Patrick C. Deignan – 3,603 (18.61%)

New York's 9th congressional district, 1978[232]

New York's 9th congressional district, 1980[233]

  • Jeraldin Ferraro (D) (Inc.) – 63,796 (58.34%)
  • Vito P. Battista (R, Conservative, Hayot huquqi ) – 44,473 (40.67%)
  • Gertrude Geniale (Liberal) – 1,091 (1.00%)

New York's 9th congressional district, 1982[234]

  • Jeraldin Ferraro (D) (Inc.) – 75,286 (73.22%)
  • John J. Weigandt (R) – 20,352 (19.79%)
  • Ralph G. Groves (Conservative) – 6,011 (5.85%)
  • Patricia A. Salargo (Liberal) – 1,171 (1.14%)

1984 yilgi Demokratik milliy konventsiya (Vice-Presidential tally)[235]

1984 yil AQSh prezident saylovi[236]

Democratic primary for the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati, 1992[137]

Democratic primary for the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati, 1998[237]

  • Chak Shumer  – 388,701 (50.83%)
  • Jeraldin Ferraro – 201,625 (26.37%)
  • Mark Green  – 145,819 (19.07%)
  • Eric Ruano-Melendez – 28,493 (3.73%)

Shuningdek qarang

Iqtiboslar

  1. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l Perlez, Jane (April 10, 1984). "Woman in the News; Democrat, Peacemaker: Geraldine Anne Ferraro". The New York Times.
  2. ^ a b Ferraro and Francke, Mening hikoyam, p. 17.
  3. ^ a b v "The Geraldine A. Ferraro Papers" (PDF). Marymount Manxetten kolleji. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2008 yil 9 sentyabrda. Olingan 1 sentyabr, 2008. pp. 2–3, 88–90.
  4. ^ a b v d e f g Lague, Louise (July 30, 1984). "The Making of a Trailblazer". Odamlar. Olingan 1 sentyabr, 2008.
  5. ^ De Sanctis, Dona (Summer 2011). "In Memoriam: Geraldine Ferraro" (PDF). Italiya Amerikasi. p. 13.
  6. ^ Ferraro and Whitney, Framing a Life, p. 45.
  7. ^ Ferraro, Framing a Life, pp. 50–51, 54.
  8. ^ a b v d e f g Vatson, Anticipating Madam President, 157-160-betlar.
  9. ^ a b Ferraro, Framing a Life, 65-67 betlar.
  10. ^ a b "John Zaccaro Fiance of Geraldine Ferraro". The New York Times. August 9, 1959.
  11. ^ a b v d "Ferraro, Geraldine Anne (1935 – )". Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressining biografik ma'lumotnomasi. Olingan 30 avgust, 2008.
  12. ^ Ferraro, Framing a Life, 70, 72-betlar.
  13. ^ a b v Hall, Stephen S. (May 15, 1983). "Italian-Americans Coming Into Their Own". The New York Times.
  14. ^ Ferraro, Mening hikoyam, p. 18.
  15. ^ a b v Ferraro, Framing a Life, p. 90.
  16. ^ Ferraro, Framing a Life, p. 91.
  17. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m Raab, Selwyn (July 21, 1984). "Ex-Colleagues Praise Rep. Ferraro As Lawyer". The New York Times.
  18. ^ Ferraro, Framing a Life, plate 12.
  19. ^ a b Blumenthal, Ralph (August 18, 1984). "Ferraro's Husband: Competitive, Private Man". The New York Times.
  20. ^ Jeymison, Beyond the Double Bind, p. 166.
  21. ^ a b v Magnuson, Ed; Stacks, John F.; Ungeheuer, Frederick (September 3, 1984). "Mistakes and Misunderstandings". Vaqt.
  22. ^ May, Clifford D. (June 14, 1986). "On Fire Island, Family Haven From City Life". The New York Times.
  23. ^ a b Gert, Jef (1984 yil 16-avgust). "Finances of Ferraro and Husband Are Interwoven". The New York Times.
  24. ^ a b v d e f g Moritz (ed.), Current Biography Yearbook 1984, p. 119.
  25. ^ Ferraro, Framing a Life, p. 104.
  26. ^ Buckley, Cara (March 28, 2011). "Of Ferraro's Roles in Many Arenas, a Favorite: Gerry From Queens". The New York Times. p. A18. Olingan 30 mart, 2011.
  27. ^ Ferraro, Framing a Life, p. 105.
  28. ^ a b v d e f Who's Who of American Women 2006–2007, p. 610.
  29. ^ a b v d e f g h men j Foerstel, Tepalikka chiqish, 33-34 betlar.
  30. ^ Ferraro, Framing a Life, p. 107.
  31. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k Martin, Douglas (March 26, 2011). "Geraldine A. Ferraro, 1935–2011: She Ended The Men's Club of National Politics". The New York Times. p. A1. Olingan 26 mart, 2011.
  32. ^ a b v "Two for the House". The New York Times. November 6, 1978.
  33. ^ O'Neill and Novak, Uy odami, p. 357.
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Umumiy bibliografiya

Tashqi havolalar

AQSh Vakillar palatasi
Oldingi
Jeyms Delani		 A'zosi AQSh Vakillar palatasi
dan Nyu-Yorkning 9-kongress okrugi
1979–1985		Muvaffaqiyatli
Tomas Manton
Oldingi
Shirli Chisholm		 Vakillar Palatasining Demokratik kokus kotibi
1981–1985		Muvaffaqiyatli
Meri Okar
Partiyaning siyosiy idoralari
Oldingi
Valter Mondale		 Demokratik nomzod uchun Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining vitse-prezidenti
1984		Muvaffaqiyatli
Lloyd Bentsen
Diplomatik postlar
Oldingi
Armando Valladares		 Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Inson huquqlari bo'yicha komissiyasidagi AQSh elchisi
1993–1996		Muvaffaqiyatli
Nensi Rubin
Nyu York 96-98-chi delegatsiyalar (lar) Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi (yoshi bo'yicha buyurtma qilingan)
96-chiSenat: J. Javits • P. MoynihanUy: S. Stratton • J. Addabbo • B. Rozental • F. Xorton • J. Merfi • J. Vaydler • J. Bingem • B. Conable • J. Xenli • B. Makeven • L. Volf • J. Scheuer • M. Biaggi • S. Chisholm • H. Baliq IV • R. Ottinger • J. Kemp • N. Rent • C. Rangel • B. Gilman • E. Xoltsman • D. Mitchell • P. Peyser • J. Ambro • T. Dauni • J.J. LaFalce • M. McHugh • H. Novak • F. Richmond • S. Solarz • L. Zeferetti • S. Lundin • T. Vayss • B. Yashil • B. Garsiya • B. Karni • G. Ferraro • G. Li • J. Sulaymon
97-chiSenat: P. Moynihan • A. D'AmatoUy: S. Stratton • J. Addabbo • B. Rozental • F. Xorton • J. Bingem • B. Conable • J. Scheuer • M. Biaggi • S. Chisholm • H. Baliq IV • R. Ottinger • J. Kemp • N. Rent • C. Rangel • B. Gilman • D. Mitchell • P. Peyser • T. Dauni • J.J. LaFalce • M. McHugh • H. Novak • F. Richmond • S. Solarz • L. Zeferetti • S. Lundin • T. Vayss • B. Yashil • B. Garsiya • B. Karni • G. Ferraro • G. Li • J. Sulaymon • G. Karman • J. LeBotillier • D. Martin • R. Makgrat • G. Molinari • C. Shumer • G. Uortli
98-chiSenat: P. Moynihan • A. D'AmatoUy: S. Stratton • J. Addabbo • B. Rozental • F. Xorton • B. Conable • J. Scheuer • M. Biaggi • H. Baliq IV • R. Ottinger • J. Kemp • N. Rent • C. Rangel • B. Gilman • T. Dauni • J.J. LaFalce • M. McHugh • H. Novak • S. Solarz • S. Lundin • T. Vayss • B. Yashil • B. Garsiya • B. Karni • G. Ferraro • J. Sulaymon • D. Martin • R. Makgrat • G. Molinari • C. Shumer • G. Uortli • S. Bolert • B. Mrazek • M. Ouens • E. shaharlar • G. Akerman