Haqiqiy identifikatsiya qonuni - Real ID Act

Haqiqiy identifikatsiya qonuni

Boshqa qisqa sarlavhalar	Mudofaa uchun favqulodda qo'shimcha mablag 'ajratish to'g'risidagi qonun, Terrorizmga qarshi global urush va Tsunamiga yordam, 2005 y 2005 yilgi rezident va norezident ov qilish va baliq ovlash to'g'risidagi qonunni davlat tomonidan tasdiqlanganligi 2005 yilgi kichik va mavsumiy korxonalarimizni saqlash
Uzoq sarlavha	Normativ hujjatlarni o'rnatish va tezda amalga oshirish to'g'risidagi qonun davlat haydovchilik guvohnomasi va shaxsni tasdiqlovchi hujjat xavfsizligi standartlari, terrorchilarning Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining boshpana to'g'risidagi qonunlarini suiiste'mol qilishining oldini olish, qabul qilinmasligi va olib tashlanishi uchun terrorizm bilan bog'liq asoslarni birlashtirish va binolarning tezkor qurilishini ta'minlash. San-Diego chegara panjarasi.
Taxalluslar	2005 yildagi haqiqiy identifikator to'g'risidagi qonun
Tomonidan qabul qilingan	The 109-AQSh Kongressi
Samarali	2008 yil 11 may (asl nusxasi);[1] 2014 yil 20-yanvar (hozirgi)[2]
Iqtiboslar
Ommaviy huquq	109-13
Ozodlik to'g'risidagi nizom	119 Stat.  302
Kodifikatsiya
Sarlavhalar o'zgartirildi	8 AQSh: Chet elliklar va millat
AQSh bo'limlarga o'zgartirishlar kiritildi	8 AQSh ch. 12, pastki qism. Men § 1101 va boshq.
Qonunchilik tarixi
Uyda tanishtirilgan kabi HR 418 tomonidan Jim Sensenbrenner (R –WI ) kuni 2005 yil 26 yanvar Qo'mita tomonidan ko'rib chiqilishi Uy sud tizimi, Uylarning ichki xavfsizligi, Vakillar Palatasida hukumat islohoti, Senat sud hokimiyati Uydan o'tib ketdi 2005 yil 10 fevral (261–161) Ovozni qayta qo'ng'iroq qilish 031, Clerk.House.gov orqali) Senatdan o'tdi 2005 yil 21 aprel (99-0 109-raqamli qo'ng'iroq o'rniga, Senate.gov orqali HR 1268 ) Qo'shma konferentsiya qo'mitasi tomonidan xabar berilgan 2005 yil 3 may; uy tomonidan kelishilgan 2005 yil 5-may (368-58) O'tkazib yuborilgan ovoz berish 161, o'rniga Clerk.House.gov orqali HR 1268 ) va Senat tomonidan 2005 yil 10-may (100-0 Qo'ng'iroq ovozi 117 o'rniga, Senate.gov orqali HR 1268 ) Prezident tomonidan qonun imzolandi Jorj V.Bush kuni 2005 yil 11-may[3]

DHS sertifikati yiliga ko'ra, haqiqiy identifikator hujjatining muvofiqligi, 2020 yil noyabr oyidan boshlab.

2012   2013   2014   2016   2017

2018   2019   2020   Ko'rib chiqilmoqda

The 2005 yildagi haqiqiy identifikator to'g'risidagi qonun, Pub.L.  109-13 (matn) (pdf), 119 Stat.  302, 2005 yil 11-mayda qabul qilingan, an Kongress akti xavfsizlik, autentifikatsiya va emissiya protseduralari standartlariga tegishli AQSh federal qonunini o'zgartiradi haydovchilik guvohnomalari va shaxsni tasdiqlovchi hujjatlar, shuningdek, terrorizmga oid turli immigratsiya masalalari.

Qonunda shtatlarning haydovchilik guvohnomalari va shaxsiy guvohnomalariga federal hukumat tomonidan "rasmiy maqsadlar" uchun qabul qilinishi kerak bo'lgan talablar belgilab qo'yilgan. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Milliy xavfsizlik vazirligi. Milliy xavfsizlik kotibi "rasmiy maqsadlar" ni tijorat maqsadlarida amalga oshiriladigan aviakompaniyalarning parvozlariga chiqish, federal binolar va atom elektr stantsiyalariga kirish deb ta'rifladi, garchi qonun Kotibga boshqa maqsadlar uchun "federal identifikatsiyani" talab qilish uchun cheksiz vakolat beradi.^[4]

Haqiqiy ID qonuni quyidagilarni amalga oshiradi:

• Hujjatning II sarlavhasi davlat tomonidan berilgan haydovchilik guvohnomalari va haydovchisiz identifikatsiya kartalari uchun yangi federal standartlarni belgilaydi.
• Vaqtinchalik ishchilar, hamshiralar va Avstraliya fuqarolari uchun viza cheklovlarini o'zgartirish.
• Chegara xavfsizligi bilan bog'liq ba'zi hisobotlar va pilot loyihalarni moliyalashtirish.
• "Etkazib berish zayomlari" ni qamrab oluvchi qoidalar bilan tanishtirish (o'xshash garov puli, ammo sud muhokamasiga qadar ozod qilingan chet elliklar uchun).
• Boshpana so'rab murojaat qilish va chet elliklarni terrorizm uchun deportatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonunlarni yangilash va kuchaytirish.
• Chegaralarda jismoniy to'siqlarni qurishga xalaqit beradigan qonunlarni bekor qilish.

2013 yil 20 dekabrda Ichki xavfsizlik departamenti 1-bosqichni amalga oshirish 2014 yil 20 yanvarda boshlanishini e'lon qildi, bu yil davomida "kechiktirilgan ijro" davri o'tdi. Rejalashtirilgan to'rt bosqich mavjud, ulardan uchtasi nisbatan kam odamlarga ta'sir ko'rsatadigan joylarga taalluqlidir - masalan, DHS shtab-kvartirasi, atom elektr stantsiyalari va harbiy bazalar kabi cheklangan va yarim cheklangan federal ob'ektlar.^[5] 2016 yil 8-yanvar kuni DHS 4-bosqichni amalga oshirish jadvalini e'lon qildi, unda 2018 yil 22-yanvardan boshlab, REAL ID to'g'risidagi qonunga mos kelmaydigan davlat tomonidan berilgan haydovchilik guvohnomasiga ega yo'lovchilar (va muddat uzaytirilmagan) parvozga chiqish uchun ichki havo qatnovi uchun maqbul identifikatsiyalashning muqobil shaklini ko'rsatishi kerak. 2021 yil 1 oktyabrdan boshlab (dastlab 2020 yil 1 oktyabrga rejalashtirilgan, ammo a tufayli bir yilga qoldirilgan global koronavirus pandemiyasi^[6]), har bir sayohatchiga REAL ID-ga muvofiq litsenziya yoki boshqa qabul qilinadigan identifikatsiya shakli kerak bo'ladi (masalan AQSh pasporti, AQSh pasport kartasi, AQSh harbiy kartasi, yoki DHS ishonchli sayohat kartasi, masalan. Global kirish, NEXUS, SENTRI, Tez ) ichki havo qatnovi uchun.^[7][8][6] 2020 yil noyabr oyidan boshlab^[yangilash], ko'rib chiqilayotgan Amerika Samoasi va Shimoliy Mariana orollaridan tashqari barcha shtatlar va hududlar talablarga muvofiq sertifikatlangan.^[9]

Qonunchilik tarixi

Haqiqiy identifikator qonuni boshlandi HR 418 Uydan o'tgan^[10] 2005 yilda to'xtab qoldi. Vakil Jeyms Sensenbrenner (R) ning Viskonsin, asl Haqiqiy ID qonuni muallifi, keyin uni a sifatida qo'shib qo'ydi chavandoz harbiy xarajatlar to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasida, HR 1268, Mudofaa uchun favqulodda qo'shimcha mablag 'ajratish to'g'risidagi qonun, Terrorizmga qarshi global urush va Tsunamiga yordam, 2005 y. Vakillar Palatasi 368-58 Real ID chavandozi bilan mablag 'sarfini tasdiqladi,^[11] Senat ushbu qonun loyihasi bo'yicha qo'shma uy-senat konferentsiyasining hisobotini 100–0 qabul qildi.^[12] Prezident Bush uni 2005 yil 11 mayda imzoladi.^[3]

Kongressning Haqiqiy identifikator hujjatini o'zgartirish yoki bekor qilishga qaratilgan harakatlari

2007 yil 28 fevralda AQSh senatori Daniel Akaka (D-HI) Senat S. 717-sonli "2007 yildagi xavfsizlikni kuchaytirish to'g'risidagi qonun" deb nomlangan qonun loyihasini taqdim etdi: "2005 yildagi REAL ID to'g'risidagi qonunning II unvonini bekor qilish to'g'risidagi qonun, razvedka islohoti va terrorizmning oldini olish to'g'risidagi 7212-bo'limni qayta tiklash to'g'risida. Shtatlarga tuzatish va qalbakilashtirishga qarshi haydovchilik guvohnomalarini tezroq ishlab chiqarish, shuningdek manfaatdor manfaatdor tomonlarni muzokaralar olib boradigan qoidalar bo'yicha muzokaralar olib boradigan qoidalar bilan ta'minlash orqali shaxsiy hayot va fuqarolik erkinliklarini himoya qilish uchun qo'shimcha tartibga solish moslashuvchanligi va moliyalashtirish vakolatlarini taqdim etgan 2004 yilgi 21-asr. milliy xavfsizlikni yaxshilash uchun litsenziyalar ".^[13]Qonun loyihasi senatorlar tomonidan homiylik qilingan Lamar Aleksandr (R-TN), Maks Baus (D-MT), Patrik Liti (D-VT), Jon E. Sununu (R-NH), Jon Tester (D-MT). Qonun loyihasi ikki marta o'qib eshittirildi Senatning Adliya qo'mitasi 2007 yil 28 fevralda.

Xuddi shunday qonun loyihasi 2007 yil 16 fevralda AQSh Vakillar Palatasida vakili Tomas Allen (D-ME) tomonidan 32 ta homiy (barcha demokratlar) ishtirokida taqdim etilgan. House qonun loyihasi, HR 1117, "Haqiqiy identifikatsiyani bekor qilish va identifikatsiyalash xavfsizligini kuchaytirish to'g'risidagi 2007 yildagi qonun", sarlavha ostida: "2005 yilgi Haqiqiy ID to'g'risidagi qonunning II sarlavhasini bekor qilish to'g'risidagi qonun, razvedka islohoti va terrorizmning oldini olish to'g'risidagi qonunning 7212 qismini tiklash to'g'risida. Shtatlarga tuzatish va qalbakilashtirishga qarshi haydovchilik guvohnomalarini tezroq ishlab chiqarish, shuningdek manfaatdor manfaatdor tomonlarni muzokaralar olib borilgan qoidalar asosida 21-asrning yaxshilangan litsenziyalariga erishish yo'lida ta'minlash orqali shaxsiy va fuqarolik erkinliklarini himoya qilish uchun qo'shimcha tartibga solish moslashuvchanligi va moliyalashtirish vakolatlarini taqdim etgan 2004 y. milliy xavfsizlikni yaxshilash uchun. "^[14]2007 yil 23 mayda Vakillar nazorati va hukumatni isloh qilish qo'mitasi H.R. 1117ni hukumat boshqaruvi, tashkil etish va sotib olish bo'yicha kichik qo'mitaga yubordi.

Shtatlarning Haqiqiy ID to'g'risidagi qonunga rioya qilish muddatini uzaytiradigan cheklangan qonun loyihasi, S. 563, 2007 yil 13 fevralda AQSh Senatida Senat tomonidan taqdim etilgan. Syuzan Kollinz (R-ME), senatorlar bilan birgalikda Lamar Aleksandr (R-TN), Tomas Karper (D-DE), Charlz Xeygl (R-NE) va Olimpiya Snoud (R-ME).^[15]

Kechiktirish

Kongress tomonidan qabul qilinganidek, Haqiqiy ID to'g'risidagi qonunni amalga oshirish bosqichma-bosqich amalga oshirilishi kerak edi, chunki u adolatli va mas'uliyatli tarzda bajarilishini ta'minlashi kerak edi. DHS ushbu aktning to'rt bosqichini o'z vaqtida amalga oshirish majburiyatini belgilab beradi va kengaytmalar mavjudligini taxmin qilmaslik kerakligini ta'kidlaydi. Biroq, ushbu harakatni bosqichma-bosqich amalga oshirish to'g'risidagi qaror federal oxirigacha qoldirildi.^[16] 2007 yil 2 martda Qonunning amal qilish muddati 2009 yil dekabriga qoldirilishi ma'lum qilindi.^[17] 2008 yil 11 yanvarda bu muddat yana 2011 yilga uzaytirilgani e'lon qilindi.^[18] Xuddi shu sanada Milliy xavfsizlik bo'limi yakuniy qoidani chiqardi^[19] Haqiqiy ID to'g'risidagi qonunning haydovchilik guvohnomalari qoidalarini amalga oshirish bilan bog'liq.^[20] Dastlab ogohlantirilgan bo'lsa-da, muvofiqlashtirish uchun davlat kengaytmalari DHS tomonidan ruxsat berilib, qonun chiqarishni yanada keyinga qoldirdi. Shtatlar uchun uzaytirilish Milliy xavfsizlik kotibi tomonidan qoniqarli asos berilganidan keyin berildi.^[21]

Amalga oshirish jarayoni

2008 yil 2 aprel holatiga ko'ra, barcha 50 ta shtat yoki 2008 yil 11 maydagi amal qilish muddatining uzaytirilishi to'g'risida ariza berishgan yoki so'ralmagan muddatlarni olishgan.^[22] 2009 yil oktyabr holatiga ko'ra^[yangilash], 25 davlat dasturda qatnashmaslik uchun qarorlarni yoki majburiy qonunchilikni ma'qulladi. Prezident Obama tanlaganida Janet Napolitano (dasturning taniqli tanqidchisi) Milliy xavfsizlik bo'limi, qonunning kelajagi noaniq deb hisoblandi,^[23] va unga o'zgartirish kiritish yoki bekor qilish uchun qonun loyihalari Kongressga kiritildi.^[24] 2009 yilda, ulardan eng so'nggii, ko'plab og'ir texnologik talablarni bekor qilgan bo'lar edi, ammo shunga qaramay, davlatlardan o'zlarining shaxsiy guvohnomalarini federal idoralar qabul qilishi uchun federal standartlarga javob berishlari kerak.

To'rtta rejalashtirilgan bosqich mavjud, ularning har biri "xabar berish davri" bilan boshlanadi. Tegishli bo'lmagan guvohnomalar xabarnomani qabul qilish davrida, shuningdek keyinchalik tegishli davlat yoki hududga barcha bosqichlar uchun oxirgi muddatgacha uzaytirilsa, qabul qilinishi davom etmoqda.

• 1-bosqich: cheklangan hududlar DHS shtab-kvartirasi Nebraska prospektida
  • 2014 yil 20 yanvar - xabar berish muddati
  • 2014 yil 21 aprel - majburiy ijro, ammo uzaytirilishi mumkin
• 2-bosqich: barcha federal ob'ektlar uchun cheklangan joylar va atom elektr stantsiyalari
  • 2014 yil 21 aprel - xabar berish muddati
  • 2014 yil 21-iyul - majburiy ijro, ammo uzaytirilishi mumkin
• 3-bosqich: qolgan federal ob'ektlar uchun yarim cheklangan joylar
  • 3a bosqichi: inshootlarning xavfsizlik darajasi 1 va 2^[9]
    • 2014 yil 20 oktyabr - xabar berish muddati
    • 2015 yil 19-yanvar - majburiy ijro, ammo uzaytirilishi mumkin
  • 3b bosqichi: ob'ektlarning xavfsizlik darajasi 3, 4 va 5^[9]
    • 2015 yil 13 iyul - xabar berish muddati
    • 2015 yil 10 oktyabr - majburiy ijro, ammo muddat uzaytirilishi mumkin
• 4-bosqich: havo qatnovi^[25]
  • 2016 yil 8 yanvar - xabar berish muddati
  • 2018 yil 22 yanvar - majburiy ijro, ammo uzaytirilishi mumkin
• Barcha bosqichlar
  • 2021 yil 1-oktabr - endi uzaytirilishlar berilmaydi^[6]

Qonun tahlili

Identifikatsiya sifatida guvohnomalar va haydovchilik guvohnomalari

Qo'shma Shtatlarda, haydovchilik guvohnomalari federal hukumat tomonidan emas, balki shtatlar tomonidan beriladi. Bundan tashqari, Qo'shma Shtatlarda milliy identifikatsiya kartasi yo'qligi va avtotransport vositalarining keng qo'llanilishi sababli haydovchilik guvohnomalari amalda mamlakat ichida identifikatsiyalashning standart shakli. Haydovchi bo'lmaganlar uchun davlatlar haydovchilik uchun imtiyoz bermaydigan ixtiyoriy identifikatsiya kartalarini ham berishadi. Haqiqiy identifikatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonundan oldin har bir davlat haydovchilik guvohnomasini yoki shaxsiy guvohnomasini berishga oid o'z qoidalari va mezonlarini belgilab qo'ygan, shu jumladan kartaning ko'rinishi, kartada qanday ma'lumotlar bor, uni olish uchun qanday hujjatlar taqdim etilishi kerak va litsenziyalangan haydovchilar va identifikatsiya kartalari egalari to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar har bir davlatning ma'lumotlar bazasida saqlanadi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Shtatlarning haydovchilik guvohnomalari yoki shaxsiy guvohnomalari uchun federal standartlar

Haydovchilik guvohnomasining oqibatlari

• Haqiqiy identifikatorning II sarlavhasi - "Haydovchilik guvohnomasi va shaxsiy identifikatsiya kartalarining xavfsizligi yaxshilandi" - haydovchilik guvohnomasining qoidalarini bekor qiladi. Razvedka tizimini isloh qilish va terrorizmning oldini olish to'g'risidagi qonun, 2004 yil dekabrda qabul qilingan.^[26] Ushbu qonunning 7212-moddasida haydovchilik guvohnomalari uchun federal standartlarni yaratish uchun kooperativ davlat-federal qoidalarni yaratish tartibi o'rnatildi. Buning o'rniga, Haqiqiy identifikator qonuni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri aniq federal standartlarni o'rnatdi.

Haqiqiy identifikator dalolatnomasi Haydovchilik guvohnomasining qisqacha mazmuni ushbu Qonunning haydovchilik guvohnomasi nomining quyidagi qoidalarini batafsil bayon qiladi:^[27]

• Vakolat
• Ma'lumotlarni saqlash va saqlash
• DL / ID hujjat standartlari
• Shtatlarga beriladigan grantlar
• Immigratsiya talablari
• Ma'lumotlar bazalarini bog'lash
• DL / ID chiqarishning minimal standartlari
• Federal foydalanish uchun minimal standartlar
• 11 sentyabr komissiyasini amalga oshirish to'g'risidagi DL / ID qoidalarining bekor qilinishi
• Xavfsizlik va firibgarlikning oldini olish standartlari
• Hujjatlarni tekshirish

2011 yildan so'ng, "Federal agentlik, agar davlat talablarga javob bermasa, davlat har qanday shaxsga beradigan haydovchilik guvohnomasini yoki shaxsiy guvohnomasini hech qanday rasmiy maqsadda qabul qila olmaydi". DHS Haqiqiy ID litsenziyasini rasmiy federal maqsadlarda Kongressdan ma'qullamasdan foydalanish yoki undan foydalanishning qo'shimcha usullarini ko'rib chiqishda davom etadi. Shtatlar mos kelmaydigan litsenziyalar va shaxsiy guvohnomalarni berishda erkin bo'lib qoladilar, chunki ular noyob dizayni va ularni biron bir federal identifikatsiya qilish maqsadida qabul qilinmasligi to'g'risida aniq bayonotga ega. Federal Transport xavfsizligini boshqarish aeroportlarda xavfsizlikni ro'yxatdan o'tkazish uchun javobgardir, shuning uchun talablarga javob bermaydigan hujjatlarni olib yuruvchilar, agar ular hukumat tomonidan berilgan muqobil fotosurat guvohnomasiga ega bo'lmasalar, endi umumiy avialaynerlarda qo'shimcha tekshiruvsiz sayohat qila olmaydilar.^[28]

Milliy litsenziya / ID standartlari quyidagilarni o'z ichiga oladi:

• Qanday qilib davlatlar o'zlarining ma'lumotlar bazalarini ichki va xalqaro miqyosda Amerika avtoulovlari ma'murlari assotsiatsiyasi (AAMVA)
• Qanday ma'lumotlar kartaga kiritilishi kerak va u qanday texnologiya bilan kodlangan
• Kartani chiqarishdan oldin qanday hujjatlar taqdim etilishi va elektron shaklda saqlanishi kerak

Ushbu talablar yangi emas. Ular 7212-bo'limda o'xshash tilni almashtiradilar Razvedka sohasidagi islohotlar va terrorizmning oldini olish to'g'risida 2004 y (Pub.L.  108–458 (matn) (pdf) ), u Haqiqiy ID to'g'risidagi qonun bilan bekor qilinishidan oldin kuchga kirmagan edi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Ma'lumotlarga talablar

Haqiqiy identifikatorga mos keladigan identifikatsiyalash shakli quyidagi ma'lumotlarni talab qiladi:

• To'liq qonuniy ism
• Imzo
• Tug'ilgan sana
• Jins
• Noyob identifikatsiya raqami
• Asosiy yashash manzili
• Ariza beruvchining old tomonga qaragan fotosurati

Mos keluvchi identifikatorlarda firibgarlik maqsadida hujjatni buzish, qalbakilashtirish yoki takrorlashni oldini olish uchun mo'ljallangan maxsus xavfsizlik xususiyatlari ham bo'lishi kerak. Kartalar, shuningdek, ma'lumotlarni umumiy, mashinada o'qiladigan formatda taqdim etishi kerak (shtrix-kodlar, smart-karta texnologiyasi, va boshqalar.). Simsiz RFID mikrosxemalaridan foydalanish tavsiya etilgan qoida yaratish jarayonida ko'rib chiqilishi uchun taklif qilingan bo'lsa-da, u so'nggi qoida yaratish jarayoniga kiritilmagan.^[29] DHS shtatlar bilan maslahatlashgandan so'ng qo'shimcha texnologik talablarni litsenziyalarga kiritishni ko'rib chiqishi mumkin. Bundan tashqari, DHS RFID chiplaridan foydalanishni talab qiladi Kengaytirilgan haydovchilik guvohnomasi Departament REAL ID-ga alternativa sifatida taklif qilgan dastur.^[30]

Litsenziya yoki shaxsiy guvohnoma berishdan oldin talab qilinadigan hujjatlar

Kartani chiqarishdan oldin talabnoma beruvchi quyidagi hujjatlarni taqdim etishi kerak:^[31]

• To'liq qonuniy ism va tug'ilgan kunni o'z ichiga olgan fotosurat identifikatori yoki fotosuratsiz guvohnoma
• Tug'ilgan kunni hujjatlashtirish
• Huquqiy maqomni hujjatlashtirish va Ijtimoiy Havfsizlik raqami
• Ismini va asosiy yashash manzilini ko'rsatadigan hujjatlar

Har bir hujjatning raqamli tasvirlari har bir davlat DMV ma'lumotlar bazasida saqlanadi.

Hujjatlarni tekshirish talablari

Haqiqiy identifikatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi aktning 202-moddasi (c) (3) qismi^[32] davlatlardan haydovchilik guvohnomasini olishga da'vogar tomonidan uning shaxsini, tug'ilgan kunini, AQShdagi huquqiy holatini, ijtimoiy ta'minot raqamini tasdiqlash uchun taqdim etilishi shart bo'lgan "har bir hujjatning berilganligi, haqiqiyligi va to'liqligini tasdiqlovchi agentlik bilan tekshirishni" talab qiladi. va uning asosiy yashash joyining manzili. Xuddi shu bo'limda qabul qilinadigan yagona xorijiy hujjat xorijiy pasport ekanligi aytilgan.

DHSning yakuniy qoidasi^[19] Haqiqiy identifikator to'g'risidagi qonuni haydovchilik guvohnomasi qoidalarini amalga oshirishda, ba'zi holatlarda, Haqiqiy identifikatorlar to'g'risidagi aktning ushbu tekshirish talablarini yumshatadi va umuman voz kechadi. Shunday qilib, DHS qoidasi ushbu tekshirish talabining bajarilishini davlatlar ixtiyoriga qoldiradi (Federal reyestrdagi DHS yakuniy qoidasining 5297-beti).^[19] Shu bilan birga, DHS qoidalari, 37.11 (c) -boshqa, REAL ID litsenziyasidan da'vogarlardan asosiy yashash manzilini hujjatlashtirgan kamida ikkita hujjatni taqdim etishni talab qiladi.

DHS qoidasi ushbu xorijiy pasportlarni bergan organlar bilan shaxsini tasdiqlovchi hujjat sifatida xorijiy haydovchilik guvohnomasini olishga da'vogarlar tomonidan taqdim etilgan xorijiy pasportlarning haqiqiyligini tekshirishni talab qiluvchi Qonunning qoidalarini amaliy bo'lmaganligi sababli amalga oshirishni rad etadi (Federal qonunlarda DHS yakuniy qoidasining 5294-beti). Ro'yxatdan o'tish).^[19]

DHS yakuniy qoidalarining 37.11 (c) bo'limi davlatlarga ijtimoiy ta'minot raqamini tasdiqlovchi hujjat sifatida bir nechta hujjatlarni qabul qilishga imkon beradi: ijtimoiy xavfsizlik kartasi, W-2 shakli, SSA-1099 shakli, SSA-1099 bo'lmagan shakli, yoki ariza beruvchining ismi va SSN ko'rsatilgan ish haqi stubi. Biroq, davlatlar ushbu hujjatlarning to'g'riligini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ularning emitentlari bilan tekshirishlari shart emas (masalan, W-2 shaklini yoki ish haqi stubini chiqargan ish beruvchi bilan). Buning o'rniga, DHS qoidasi davlatlardan Ijtimoiy Xavfsizlik Ma'muriyati tomonidan boshqariladigan Ijtimoiy Xavfsizlikni Onlayn Tasdiqlash (SSOLV) ma'lumotlar bazasini elektron so'rov orqali ijtimoiy ta'minot raqamining haqiqiyligini va uning nomiga mos kelishini tekshirishni talab qiladi.

DHS qoidasi, 37.13 (b) (3) -bismida, tug'ilgan kunni hujjatlashtirish yoki AQSh fuqaroligini tasdiqlash uchun taqdim etilgan tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomalarning haqiqiyligi elektron ravishda, hayotiy voqealarni elektron tasdiqlash (EVVE) orqali tekshirilishi kerakligi ko'rsatilgan. tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan tizim Sog'liqni saqlash statistikasi va axborot tizimlari milliy assotsiatsiyasi (NAPHSIS), to'g'ridan-to'g'ri tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomalarni beruvchilar bilan emas, balki (masalan, davlat hayotini hisobga olish agentliklari kabi).

Litsenziya va ID karta ma'lumotlar bazalarini bog'lash

Har bir davlat o'z avtotransport bazasini barcha boshqa davlatlar bilan bo'lishishga rozi bo'lishi kerak. Ushbu ma'lumotlar bazasida kamida davlat haydovchilik guvohnomalari va shaxsiy guvohnomalarida bosilgan barcha ma'lumotlar, shuningdek, haydovchilar tarixi (shu jumladan avtotransport vositalarini buzish, to'xtatib turish va litsenziyalar bo'yicha ko'rsatmalar) bo'lishi kerak. Ma'lumotlar bazasi boshqa sabablar qatorida "barcha darajadagi huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari xodimlarining shaxsni tasdiqlovchi shaxsni tasdiqlash qobiliyatini yaxshilashga" mo'ljallangan.^[33]

Ma'lumotlar bazasiga kirish uchun haqiqiy identifikator hujjatlari talablarini qondirish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lgan yagona tizim - bu AAMVA va Clerus Solutions tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan davlat avtotransport vositalarini litsenziyalash agentliklari bilan shartnoma asosida ishlab chiqilgan "Davlatdan shtat" (S2S) tizimi. S2S-ning tarkibiy qismi - bu davlat ko'rsatgichini almashtirish bo'yicha xizmatlar (SPEXS), "ko'rsatgich" ma'lumotlarining markaziy milliy ma'lumotlar bazasi, barcha haqiqiy identifikatorga muvofiq litsenziyalar va davlat identifikatsion kartalari.^[34] Tizim shuningdek, "Yuridik holatni tekshirish" komponentini taqdim etadi, u DHSga tekshirish uchun yangi yozuvlarni yuboradi.^[35]

Dastlabki qonunchilikda eng munozarali elementlardan biri mavjud bo'lib, u qonun bilan imzolangan yakuniy qonunchilikka kiritilmagan. Shtatlar tomonidan yangi nomi bilan tanilgan yangi ixcham shartnomani imzolashni talab qilishi kerak edi Haydovchilik guvohnomasi shartnomasi (DLA) Qo'shma haydovchilik guvohnomasini ixcham / rezident bo'lmagan qoidabuzarlarning ixcham ijroiya kengashi tomonidan Amerika avtomobil transporti ma'murlari assotsiatsiyasi tomonidan taqdim etilgan xodimlar yordami bilan yozilgan (AAMVA ) va haydovchilarni litsenziyalash bo'yicha davlat agentligi vakillari tomonidan tasdiqlangan. DLA - bu konsolidatsiya Haydovchilik guvohnomasi ixcham va Noqonuniy tartibni buzuvchi bilan tuzilgan ixcham shartnoma, tegishli ravishda 46 va 45 davlatlarga a'zo. DLA ning quyidagi munozarali elementlari allaqachon mavjud bo'lgan kelishuvlarda mavjud: sudlangan davlat litsenziyalovchi davlatga davlatdan tashqarida sudlanganligi to'g'risida xabar berishi kerak, davlatlar boshqa shtatlarda litsenziyaga ega haydovchilarga o'zaro guvohnoma berishlari kerak va davlatlar boshqa shtatlarning hokimiyatlariga ruxsat berishlari kerak. Haydovchilarning shaxsiy hayotini himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonunga muvofiq haydovchilik yozuvlariga kirish.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Davlat litsenziyasi va shaxsni tasdiqlovchi ma'lumotlarga davlatlararo kirish huquqi to'g'risidagi qonunda ko'rsatilgan talab davlatning muvofiqligini sertifikatlash yoki muvofiqlik sari rivojlanish bo'yicha DHS mezonlariga kiritilmagan.^[36]

Xorijiy ma'lumotlar almashish

DLA ning yangi munozarali talablari: (1) viloyat va hududlar Kanada va davlatlar Meksika DLAga qo'shilishga ruxsat beriladi va (2) a'zo davlatlar, viloyatlar va hududlar DLA qoidalariga muvofiqligi bo'yicha DLA organlari tomonidan ko'rib chiqiladi. DLA 1994 yilda tashkil etilgan Shimoliy Amerika haydovchilik guvohnomasi shartnomasi (NADLA) ishchi guruhining tashkil etilishidan kelib chiqqan va fuqarolar ma'lumotlarini boshqa mamlakatlar bilan bo'lishishiga qarshi bo'lgan davlat vakillari o'rtasida ziddiyatlarni keltirib chiqardi.^[37][38] Davlat qonun chiqaruvchilarining milliy konferentsiyasi tomonidan olib borilgan DLA-ning 2005 yilgi tahliliga ko'ra, DLA Kanadaning hududi yoki viloyati va Meksikaning har qanday shtati yoki Meksikaning Federal okrugi tomonidan ishtirok etishga ruxsat berish uchun "yurisdiktsiya" ni belgilaydi. DLA a'zolar yurisdiktsiyalarining kamida uchdan ikki qismi ovozi bilan o'zgartirilishi mumkin.

Amalga oshirish

2008 yil 11 yanvarda DHS Haqiqiy ID to'g'risidagi qonunning haydovchilik guvohnomalari qoidalarini amalga oshirish bo'yicha yakuniy qoidani e'lon qildi.^[19] DHS-ning yakuniy qoidalariga binoan, Haqiqiy ID to'g'risidagi qonunning Haydovchilik guvohnomasi qoidalariga rioya qilishni tanlagan davlatlarga ushbu qoidalarni amalga oshirish uchun 2008 yil 11-maygacha bo'lgan muddatning ikkita uzaytirilishi uchun ariza berishga ruxsat beriladi: 31 dekabrdan kechiktirmasdan uzaytirish. , 2009 yil va qo'shimcha ravishda 2011 yil 11 maydan kechiktirmasdan uzaytirildi. DHSning yakuniy qoidalari shuni ko'rsatadiki, 2011 yil 11 martdan boshlab davlatlar tomonidan berilgan haydovchilik guvohnomalari Haqiqiy ID to'g'risidagi qonunga to'liq mos kelmaydi. , federal maqsadlar uchun qabul qilinmaydi. Kelgusida bunday rasmiy maqsadlar doirasini aniqlash uchun Milliy xavfsizlik kotibiga vakolat beriladi.^[39] 2008 yil 31-martgacha DHSga murojaat qilmagan davlatlar uchun 2008 yil 11-mayni bajarish muddatini uzaytirish to'g'risida ushbu muddat amal qiladi: 2008 yil 11-maydan keyin bunday davlatlar tomonidan berilgan haydovchilik guvohnomalari federal qabul qilinmaydi maqsadlar.

DHS 2013 yil oxirida TSA kamida 2016 yilgacha tijorat reyslariga davlat identifikatsiya kartalarini qabul qilishini e'lon qildi.^[40]

Amalga oshirishning yakuniy muddati tugagandan so'ng, agar DHS tomonidan berilgan davlat Haqiqiy ID to'g'risidagi qonunga to'liq muvofiqligini aniqlasa, haqiqiy amalga oshiriladigan ID-ga mos kelmaydigan ba'zi litsenziyalar federal maqsadlar uchun qabul qilishni davom ettirdi. Biroq, ularning litsenziyalari federal maqsadlar uchun qabul qilinishi uchun 1964 yil 1 dekabrdan keyin tug'ilgan odamlar 2014 yil 1 dekabrigacha va 1964 yil 1 dekabrgacha tug'ilgan odamlar Real-ID talablariga javob beradigan kartalarga ega bo'lishlari kerak edi. 2017 yil 1-dekabrga qadar. 2014 yil dekabrda ushbu muddatlar 2020 yil 1-oktabrgacha uzaytirildi.^[41] 2020 yil mart oyida ular yana 2021 yil 1 oktyabrgacha uzaytirildi.^[6]

2011 yil mart oyida DHS Haqiqiy ID to'g'risidagi qonunni amalga oshirish muddatini 2013 yil 15 yanvarga qoldirdi.^[42]

Immigratsiya

2005 yil 11-maydan boshlab, Haqiqiy ID to'g'risidagi qonunning bir nechta qismi boshpana so'ragan shaxslar uchun yuqori yuklarni va qat'iy dalil standartlarini va boshqa tegishli yordam turlarini yukladi. Immigratsiya sudyalari birinchi marta ariza beruvchidan tasdiqlovchi dalillarni talab qilishlari mumkin (8 AQSh  § 1229a (c) (4) (B). Bundan tashqari, hukumat, shuningdek, ariza beruvchidan tasdiqlovchi dalillarni taqdim etishni talab qilishi mumkin, agar sudya bunday dalillar mavjud emasligiga ishonch hosil qilsa, uni bartaraf etish mumkin (8 AQSh  § 1252 (b) (4) § ).

Huquqiy maqomini isbotlay olmaydigan yoki ijtimoiy xavfsizlik raqamlari bo'lmagan noqonuniy muhojirlarni yoki qonuniy immigrantlarni haydovchilik guvohnomalarini olishlarini cheklash ularni javobgarlik sug'urtasini olishdan va ishlashni to'xtatishi mumkin, bu ko'plab muhojirlar va chet el fuqarolarining ish joylarini yo'qotishiga yoki sayohat qilishlariga olib keladi. haydovchilik guvohnomasini yangilash maqsadida xalqaro miqyosda. Bundan tashqari, J-1 va H1B vizalari bo'yicha tashrif buyuruvchilar uchun vizalar ularning yashash muddati tugashidan oldin tugashi mumkin (bu J-1 vizalari bir yillik amal qilish muddati bilan berilganligi, ammo tashrif buyuruvchilarga ruxsat berilganligi sababli sodir bo'ladi) amaldagi shartnomaga ega bo'lishlari sharti bilan "maqom muddati" davomida qolish) haydovchilik guvohnomasini yangilash jarayonini o'ta murakkablashtirishi va yuqorida aytib o'tilganidek, yuridik xorijiy fuqarolarni chet elga faqat vizani rasmiylashtirish uchun majburlashi kerak haydovchilik guvohnomasini yangilash zarurati bo'lmagan taqdirda yangilanishi kerak. Garchi yangi qonun bu holatlarda shtatlarga "federal identifikator uchun emas" litsenziyalarni taqdim etishga imkon beradi va ba'zi shtatlar (masalan, Yuta va Tennesi) odatdagi haydovchilik guvohnomalari o'rniga bunday "haydash imtiyozlari guvohnomalari / kartalarini" berishni boshlagan. , bunday talabnoma beruvchilarga transport vositalarini boshqarish va javobgarlik sug'urtasini olish uchun sinovdan o'tishlari va litsenziyalari berilishi uchun ruxsat berish;^{[iqtibos kerak ]} AQSh shtatlarining aksariyati "federal identifikator uchun emas" litsenziyalarni taqdim etishni rejalashtirmayapti. 2007 yil oktyabr oyida Nyu-Yorkning o'sha paytdagi gubernatori Eliot Spitser Shtat shunga o'xshash "ko'p bosqichli" litsenziyalash sxemasini qabul qilishini e'lon qildi, unda davlat uch xil haydovchilik guvohnomasini beradi, ulardan ikkitasi haqiqiy identifikator xavfsizligi talablariga javob beradi va bittasi "federal identifikator uchun emas" deb belgilanadi. "maqsadlari.^[43] Biroq, siyosiy norozilikdan so'ng, Spitser qonuniy yashash joyini isbotlay olmaganlarga litsenziyalar berish to'g'risidagi taklifini qaytarib oldi.^[44]

Chegara to'siqlarini qurishga xalaqit beradigan qonunlardan voz kechish

Ilgari qabul qilingan qonun (102-bo'lim) Pub.L.  104–208 (matn) (pdf) hozirda uning bir qismi 8 AQSh  § 1103 ) Qo'shma Shtatlar chegaralarida jismoniy to'siqlarni yaxshilashni nazarda tutgan.

Qonunning "a" kichik qismida quyidagicha o'qilgan: "Bosh prokuratura immigratsiya va fuqarolikni rasmiylashtirish komissari bilan kelishgan holda qo'shimcha jismoniy to'siqlar va yo'llarni o'rnatish uchun zarur bo'lgan harakatlarni amalga oshiradi (shu jumladan, ularni aniqlash uchun to'siqlarni olib tashlash noqonuniy abiturientlar) yuqori chegaralarda noqonuniy o'tishni to'xtatish uchun AQSh chegarasi yaqinida noqonuniy kirish AQShga ".

(B) kichik bo'lim Bosh prokurorga San-Diego yaqinidagi mavjud chegara devorining 14 millik qismida belgilangan obodonlashtirish ishlarini boshlashni buyuradi va loyihaga mablag 'ajratadi.

(C) kichik bo'lim (a) va (b) kichik bo'limlarda tasvirlangan ishlarga xalaqit beradigan qonunlardan voz kechishni, shu jumladan Milliy ekologik siyosat to'g'risidagi qonun. Haqiqiy identifikatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonundan oldin, ushbu kichik bo'lim faqat ikkita federalni voz kechishga imkon berdi atrof-muhit to'g'risidagi qonunlar.

Haqiqiy identifikator qonuni (c) kichik bo'limga quyidagi o'zgarishlarni kiritish uchun o'zgartirish kiritadi:

• "Ushbu bo'lim ostidagi to'siqlar va yo'llarning tezkor qurilishini ta'minlash uchun zarur bo'lgan" barcha qonunlardan voz kechishga imkon beradi.
• Ushbu imtiyoz vakolatini Milliy xavfsizlik kotibiga (Bosh prokurorga emas) beradi. Imtiyozlar uning xohishiga ko'ra amalga oshiriladi.
• Vaziyatdan voz kechish to'g'risidagi qarorlarni sud tomonidan ko'rib chiqilishini cheklaydi: "Qo'shma Shtatlarning okrug sudlari Milliy xavfsizlik kotibi tomonidan (1) bandga muvofiq amalga oshirilgan har qanday xatti-harakatlar yoki qabul qilingan har qanday qarorlardan kelib chiqadigan barcha sabablar yoki da'volarni eshitish uchun mutlaq vakolatga ega. A da'vo yoki da'vo sababi faqat Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Konstitutsiyasining buzilganligi to'g'risidagi da'vo bilan keltirilishi mumkin. Sud ushbu kichik bandda ko'rsatilmagan har qanday da'voni ko'rib chiqishga vakolatiga ega emas. " Da'volar 60 kun ichida berilmasa, taqiqlanadi va ishlarga "faqat Oliy sudga guvohnoma yozish to'g'risida iltimosnoma asosida" shikoyat qilinishi mumkin.

2020 yildan boshlab devor qurilishi olib borilayotgan hududlarda ushbu qonun bo'limi (102-bo'lim) Qo'shma Shtatlarning tabiiy va madaniy merosiga sezilarli va o'lchovli salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatmoqda. Bunga bitta misol, Arizona shtatidagi Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument-dagi Quitabauito Springs-da. Chiqish musobaquito buloqlarida yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan Qitobuituito kuchukchasi va Sonoyta loy toshbaqasi joylashgan.^[45]. Bahor va atrofdagi erlar Hia-Ced O'odxam va Tohono O'odxem uchun muqaddas hisoblanadi^[46]. Buloq Sonoran cho'lidagi yagona ishonchli er usti suv manbalaridan biridir^[47]. AQSh-Meksika chegarasidan 200 metr uzoqlikda joylashgan va shu sababli chegara devorining qurilishi, suv oqimi 2020 yil martidan beri keskin pasayib ketdi va ko'plab boshqa cho'l hayvonlari va o'simliklari qatori muqaddas madaniy landshaftga hamda yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan ikki turga tahdid solmoqda. suvga suyanadigan^[48].

Boshpana so'rab murojaat qilish va chet elliklarni terroristik faoliyat uchun deportatsiya qilish

Haqiqiy identifikator qonuni arizalarni tartibga soluvchi qat'iy qonunlarni taqdim etadi boshpana va deportatsiya musofirlar terroristik faoliyat uchun. Biroq, shu bilan birga, AQSh immigratsiya qonunchiligiga ikkita kichik o'zgartirish kiritildi:

• 10000 yillik limitni bekor qilish ilgari tasdiqlanganlar uchun asiles doimiy yuridik yashash joyiga moslashish.
• 2003 yildan beri ishlatilmaydigan ish bilan bandlik asosida ishlatilgan 50000 vizadan foydalanish. Bu 2001-2004 yillarda ishlatilmaydigan barcha ishchi vizalarini kiritishga harakat qilgan tarafdorlar va immigratsiya cheklovchilari o'rtasida kelishuv bo'ldi. Ular, asosan 2006 yil moliyaviy yilida, A holati bo'yicha ishchilar uchun, asosan, Filippin va Hindistondan yangi kelgan ishchilar uchun ishlatilgan. 21-asrdagi Amerika raqobatbardoshligi to'g'risidagi qonun.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Chet elliklarni terroristik faoliyat uchun deportatsiya qilish quyidagi qoidalar bilan tartibga solinadi:212-bo'lim (a) (3) (B): Terroristik harakatlarINA (Immigration & Nationality Act) "terroristik faoliyat" ni har qanday faoliyatni sodir etgan joy qonunlariga binoan (yoki AQShda amalga oshirilsa, Qo'shma Shtatlar qonunchiligiga binoan noqonuniy deb hisoblaydi) anglatadi. Shtatlar yoki har qanday davlat) va bunga quyidagilar kiradi:

• (I) The o'g'irlash yoki sabotaj har qanday transport vositasi (shu jumladan samolyot, kema yoki transport vositasi).
• (II) Uchinchi shaxsni (shu jumladan, davlat tashkilotini) aniq yoki yashirin shart sifatida har qanday harakatni qilishga yoki undan voz kechishga majburlash uchun boshqa shaxsni ushlab qolish yoki hibsga olish va o'ldirish, jarohat etkazish yoki ushlab turishni davom ettirish bilan tahdid qilish. hibsga olingan yoki hibsga olingan shaxsning ozod qilinishi.
• (III) Xalqaro muhofaza qilinadigan shaxsga (Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kodeksining 18-sarlavhasining 1116-moddasi (b) (4) qismida belgilangan) yoki bunday shaxsning erkinligiga zo'ravonlik bilan hujum qilish.
• (IV) An suiqasd.
• (V) Har qanday narsadan foydalanish:
  • (a) biologik vosita, kimyoviy vosita, yoki yadro quroli yoki qurilma.
  • (b) portlovchi, qurol, yoki bir yoki bir nechta shaxslarning xavfsizligiga bevosita yoki bilvosita xavf tug'dirish yoki mol-mulkka katta zarar etkazish maqsadida boshqa qurol yoki xavfli vosita (shunchaki shaxsiy pul daromadidan tashqari).
• (VI) Yuqoridagi har qanday narsani amalga oshirish uchun tahdid, urinish yoki fitna.

212 (a) (3) (B) bo'limining boshqa tegishli qismlari quyida keltirilgan:"Terroristik faoliyat bilan shug'ullanish" belgilanganUshbu bobda (INA 8-bobi) ishlatilganidek, "terroristik faoliyat bilan shug'ullanish" atamasi shaxs sifatida yoki tashkilot a'zosi sifatida quyidagilarni anglatadi:

• o'lim yoki tanaga og'ir shikast etkazish niyatini ko'rsatadigan holatlarda terrorchilik faoliyatini amalga oshirish yoki sodir etishga undash;
• terroristik faoliyatning potentsial maqsadlari to'g'risida ma'lumot to'plash;
• terroristik faoliyatni tayyorlash yoki rejalashtirish;
• quyidagilar uchun mablag 'yoki boshqa qimmatli narsalarni talab qilish:
  • (aa) terroristik faoliyat;
  • (bb) (vi) (I) yoki (vi) (II) bandlarida bayon qilingan terroristik tashkilot;
  • (cc) (vi) (III) bandda bayon qilingan terroristik tashkilot, agar advokat iltimosnoma tashkilotning terroristik faoliyatini yanada kuchaytirishi mumkinligini bilmaganligini va oqilona bilmasligi kerakligini namoyish qilishi mumkin;
• har qanday shaxsni iltimos qilish:
  • (aa) ushbu bandda boshqacha ta'riflangan xatti-harakatlarni amalga oshirish;
  • (bb) (vi) (I) yoki (vi) (II) bandlarida bayon qilingan terroristik tashkilotga a'zoligi uchun; yoki
  • (cc) (vi) (III) bandda bayon qilingan terroristik tashkilotga a'zolik uchun, agar advokat iltimosnoma tashkilotning terroristik faoliyatini davom ettirishini bilmaganligini va asosli ravishda bilmasligi kerakligini namoyish qilmasa; yoki
• aktyor biladigan yoki oqilona bilishi kerak bo'lgan harakatni amalga oshirish, shu jumladan xavfsiz uy, transport, aloqa vositalari, mablag'lar o'tkazish yoki boshqa moddiy moliyaviy foyda, soxta hujjatlar yoki identifikatsiya qilish, qurol-yarog '(shu jumladan) kimyoviy, biologik, yoki radiologik qurol ), portlovchi moddalar yoki o'qitish:
  • (aa) terroristik faoliyatni amalga oshirish uchun;
  • (bb) aktyor biladigan yoki bilishi kerak bo'lgan, terrorchilik faoliyatini sodir etgan yoki rejalashtirgan har qanday shaxsga;
  • (cc) (vi) (I) yoki (vi) (II) bandlarida bayon qilingan terroristik tashkilotga; yoki
  • (dd) to a terrorist organization described in Clause (vi)(III), unless the actor can demonstrate that he did not know, and should not reasonably have known, that the act would further the organization's terrorist activity.

This clause shall not apply to any material support the alien afforded to an organization or individual that has committed terrorist activity, if the Davlat kotibi, after consultation with the Bosh prokuror, or the Attorney General, after consultation with the Secretary of State, concludes in his sole unreviewable discretion, that that this clause should not apply.""Representative" definedAs used in this paragraph, the term, "representative" includes an officer, official, or spokesman of an organization, and any person who directs, counsels, commands, or induces an organization or its members to engage in terrorist activity."Terrorist organization" definedAs used in Clause (i)(VI) and Clause (iv), the term 'foreign terrorist organization' means an organization:

• designated under Section 219 (8 AQSh  § 1189 );
• otherwise designated, upon publication in the Federal reestr, by the Secretary of State in consultation with or upon the request of the Attorney General, as a terrorist organization, after finding that the organization engages in the activities described in Subclause (I), (II), or (III) of Clause (iv), or that the organization provides material support to further terrorist activity; yoki
• that is a group of two or more individuals, whether organized or not, which engages in the activities described in Subclause (I), (II), or (III) of Clause (iv).

Section 140(d)(2) of the "Foreign Relations Authorization Act", Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989 defines "terrorism" as "premeditated, politically motivated zo'ravonlik, perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents".

Boshqa qoidalar

Delivery bonds

The Real ID Act introduces complex rules covering "delivery bonds". These resemble bail bonds, but are to be required for aliens who have been released pending hearings.

Turli xil qoidalar

The remaining sections of the Real ID Act allocate funding for some reports and pilot projects related to border security, and change visa limits for temporary workers, nurses, and Australians.Under the Real ID Act, nationals of Australia are eligible to receive a special E-3 vizasi. This provision was the result of negotiations between the two countries that also led to the Avstraliya - Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari o'rtasida erkin savdo shartnomasi which came into force on January 1, 2005.On December 17, 2018, H.R. 3398 amended the Real ID Act of 2005 to remove an outdated reference to the Tinch okean orollarining ishonchli hududi (terminated in 1994) and clarify that citizens of its successor Erkin assotsiatsiya qilingan davlatlar (Marshal orollari, Mikroneziya va Palau ) are eligible for drivers' licenses and ID cards when admitted to the U.S.^[49]

Effektlar

Starting October 1, 2021 "every air traveler will need a REAL ID-compliant license, or another acceptable form of identification (such as a AQSh pasporti, U.S. passport card, U.S. military card, or DHS trusted traveler card, e.g. Global Entry, NEXUS, SENTRI, Tez ) for domestic air travel."^[7][8][6]

State adoption and non-compliance

Portions of the Real ID Act pertaining to states were scheduled to take effect on May 11, 2008, three years after the law passed, but the deadline had been extended to December 31, 2009.^[50] On January 11, 2008, it was announced the deadline had been extended again, until 2011, in hopes of gaining more support from states.^[18] On March 5, 2011, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) postponed the effective date of the Real ID Act until January 15, 2013, a move that avoided causing tremendous disruptions to air travel.^[51]

The DHS began certifying states as compliant in 2012.^[21] Adoption slowed after 2013 but increased significantly in 2018 and 2019, as the final phase of implementation approached and states were faced with potential air travel restrictions for their residents. 2020 yil noyabr oyidan boshlab^[yangilash], all 50 states, the District of Columbia and three U.S. territories have been certified as compliant, and two territories are under review.^[9]

The Real ID Act requires that states and territories share their ID databases with each other, but this requirement is not included in the DHS certification criteria.^[36] The system used to share ID databases was implemented in 2015. As of November 2020, 29 states participate in this system.^[59]

State adoption timeline

On January 25, 2007, a Resolution passed overwhelmingly in the Meyn qonun chiqaruvchisi that refuses to implement the Real ID Act in that state and calls on Congress to repeal the law. Ko'pchilik Meyn lawmakers believed that the law would do more harm than good, they were concerned that it would create bureaucratic problems, threaten individual privacy, that it could make citizens more vulnerable to ID theft, and it would cost Meyn taxpayers at least $185 million in five years to implement all aspects of the bill. The Resolution vote in the Maine House was 137–4 and in the Meyn Senati unanimous, 34–0.^[60]

On February 16, 2007, Utah unanimously passed a resolution that opposes the Real ID Act.^[61] The resolution states that Real ID is "in opposition to the Jeffersonian principles of individual liberty, free markets, and limited government". It further states that "the use of identification-based security cannot be justified as part of a 'layered' security system if the costs of the identification 'layer'—in dollars, lost privacy, and lost liberty—are greater than the security identification provides":

—the 'common machine-readable technology' required by the Real ID Act would convert state-issued driver licenses and identification cards into tracking devices, allowing computers to note and record people's whereabouts each time they are identified.

—the requirement that states maintain databases of information about their citizens and residents and then share this personal information with all other states will expose every state to the information security weaknesses of every other state and threaten the privacy of every American.

—the REAL ID Act wrongly coerces states into doing the federal government's bidding by threatening to refuse noncomplying states' citizens the privileges and immunities enjoyed by other states' citizens.

Alyaska,^[62][63] Arizona, Arkanzas, Kolorado, Gruziya, Gavayi, Aydaho, Illinoys, Luiziana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missuri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, Nyu-Xempshir, Shimoliy Dakota, Oklaxoma, Pensilvaniya, Janubiy Karolina, Tennessi, Virjiniya va Vashington shtati have joined Meyn va Yuta in passing legislation opposing Real ID.^{[64][65][66][67][68][69][70]}

Similar resolutions are pending in Kentukki, Luiziana, Merilend, Massachusets shtati, Nyu York, Ogayo shtati, Oregon, Rod-Aylend, Texas, Yuta, Vermont, Vashington, Kolumbiya, G'arbiy Virjiniya, Viskonsin va Vayoming.^[71]

Other states have moved aggressively to upgrade their IDs since 9/11, and still others have staked decidedly pro-Real ID positions, such as Shimoliy Karolina.^[72] Some states, such as Illinoys, are working to comply with Real ID despite their legislatures passing non-binding resolutions opposing it.^[73] In announcing the new regulations, Milliy xavfsizlik kotibi Maykl Chertoff keltirilgan Alabama, Kaliforniya va Shimoliy Dakota as examples of states that had made progress in complying with Real ID.^[74]

2008 yil 7-iyulda, Puerto-Riko Gubernator Anibal Acevedo Vila announced that all 15 Puerto-Riko transport va jamoat ishlari bo'limi Driver's Services Centers will implement a new system complying with the Real-ID Act.^[75]

As of January 29, 2008, the Department of Homeland Security has announced $79.8 million in grant monies^[76] to assist states with Real ID implementation, and set an application deadline of March 7, 2008.

On April 16, 2009, the Missouri House of Representatives passed the anti Real ID bill HB 361 to repeal section 302.171, RSMo, and to enact in lieu thereof two new sections relating to noncompliance with the federal Real ID Act of 2005 sponsored by Representative Jim Guest by a vote of 83 Ayes 69 Noes and 3 Present. On May 13, 2009 the Missouri Senate unanimously passed HB 361, 43 Ayes 0 Noes. Missouri Governor Jay Nixon signed this bill into law on July 13, 2009.^[77] This was later repealed in 2017.^[78][79] Alaska repealed its anti-Real-ID law in 2017.^[80]

For the 2012 Florida Legislative Session, the anti-Real ID bill HB 109^[81] and its Senate companion S 220 will be heard.^[82] Named the Florida Driver's License Citizen Protection Act,^[83] it would require discontinuation of several of the federally mandated provisions of Real ID and destruction of citizen's documents that had been scanned into the government database. That bill died in Transportation and Highway Safety Subcommittee on March 9, 2012.^[84]

Nyu-Jersi planned to begin issuing Real ID compliant drivers' licenses and non-driver ID cards beginning May 7, 2012,^[85] but was forestalled by a temporary restraining order issued on May 4, 2012 on motion of the ACLU.^[86] On October 5, 2012, the state subsequently agreed to drop its Real ID compliant license plan, settling the lawsuit brought by the ACLU.^[87]

On July 1, 2012, Georgia began issuing Real ID compliant drivers' licenses and non-driver ID cards.^[88] The increase in items needed to show in order to receive a license caused wait times to reach up to five hours.^[89]

Although Hawaii had expressed opposition to some portions of the Real ID Act, it began requiring proof of legal presence in March 2012.^[90] Hawaii's updated drivers' licenses and non-driver ID cards were deemed fully compliant by the Department of Homeland Security in September 2013.^[91]

On November 12, 2014, Nevada began offering Real ID compliant drivers' licenses to residents. Nevadans have a choice of a Real ID compliant card or a standard card with the heading "Not for Federal Official Use".^[92]

On April 14, 2015, Arizona hokim Dag Dyusi signed a bill allowing the state to begin the process of making Arizona drivers' licenses Real ID compliant.^[93] Work on creating the drivers' licenses has already begun, however the Arizona transport departamenti has requested an extension on the implementation so that residents can still use current ID past the January 2016 deadline to board a commercial flight and implement Real ID when the state is ready.^[94]

On March 8, 2016, the incumbent Nyu-Meksiko gubernatori, Susana Martinez, signed House Bill 99 into law, hence bringing Nyu-Meksiko into Real ID compliance.^[95]

The New Mexico MVD began issuing Real ID compliant drivers' licenses and identification cards beginning November 14, 2016.^[96]

2017 yil 1 martda, Oklahoma Governor Meri Fallin signed HB 1845 as the first bill signed in Oklahoma's 2017 legislative session, bringing the state into compliance with the Real ID Act.^[97]

On May 18, 2017, Minnesota Hokim Mark Deyton signed legislation to bring Minnesota into compliance with the federal Real ID Act by October 2018.^[98]

Starting January 22, 2018, the California DMV started providing federal compliant Real ID driver licenses and ID cards as an option to customers .^[99] However, on December 24, the Department of Homeland Security has notified the California DMV that their Real ID driver licenses are not Real ID Compliant. This is because the California DMV has been requesting one "Proof of Residency" document as opposed to the minimum two as defined under Federal Law. The California DMV responded stating they will begin asking for two Residency Documents beginning in April 2019.

Any Real ID Driver License or Identification Card issued before April 2019 will still be valid, however, letters were sent out to persons who only submitted one proof of residency to get their Real ID. The letter asked for the person to check a box to verify that the mailing address of record was still valid and to return the letter in a provided envelope. Otherwise, the person was directed to return the letter with two documents which demonstrate the correct address, and to submit a separate address correction.^[100] The Massachusetts RMV also started this option on March 26, 2018,^[101] and the Ohio BMV on July 2, 2018.^[102][103]

On March 25, 2019 Missouri became the 47th state to implement and comply with the Real ID Act.^[104]

Controversy and opposition

The Bush administration's Real ID Act was strongly supported by the conservative Heritage Foundation and by many opponents of illegal immigration.^[105] However, it faced criticism from across the political spectrum, including from libertarian groups, like the Kato instituti;^[106] immigrant advocacy groups; human and civil rights organizations, like the ACLU; Christian advocacy groups, such as the Amerika huquq va adolat markazi (ACLJ);^[107] privacy advocacy groups, like the 511 campaign; state-level opposition groups, such as North Carolinians Against Real ID^[108] and government accountability groups in Florida;^[109] labor groups, like AFL-CIO; Odamlar Amerika yo'li uchun; consumer and patient protection groups; some gun rights groups, such as Amerikaning qurol egalari; many state lawmakers, state legislatures, and governors; The Constitution Party;^[105][110] and the editorial page of the Wall Street Journal, Boshqalar orasida.

Highlighting the broad diversity of the coalition opposing Title II of the Real ID Act, the American Center for Law and Justice (ACLJ), founded by evangelical Christian Pat Robertson, participated in a joint press conference with the ACLU in 2008.^[111]

Among the 2008 presidential candidates, Jon Makkeyn strongly supported the Real ID Act, but Hillari Klinton called for it to be reviewed, Barak Obama va Ron Pol flatly opposed it, and Mayk Xekabi called it "a huge mistake."^[112][113] Keyingi Obama ma'muriyati bunga qarshi chiqdi.

The Real ID Act causes special concerns for transgender people.^[114] In 2008, Cindy Southworth, technology project director for the National Network to End Domestic Violence, noted a "conundrum" in the mission "to identify people who are dangerous, such as terrorists, and at the same time, to keep "everyday citizens and victims safe."^[115] The Uydagi zo'ravonlikka qarshi milliy koalitsiya has also voiced concern about Real ID.^[116]

Florida Ozodlik partiyasi kafedra Adrian Wyllie drove without carrying a haydovchilik guvohnomasi in 2011 in protest of the Real ID Act. After being ticketed, Wyllie argued in court that Florida's identification laws violated his privacy rights; this claim was rejected by a judge.^[117]

Congressional passage procedure controversy

The original Real ID Act, H. R. 418, was approved by the House on February 10, 2005, by a vote of 261–161. At the insistence of the Real ID Act sponsor and then House Judiciary Committee Chair F. James Sensenbrenner (Republican, Wisconsin), the Real ID Act was subsequently attached by the House Republican leadership as a chavandoz to H.R. 1268, a bill dealing with emergency appropriations for the Iraq War and with the tsunami relief funding. H.R. 1268 was widely regarded as a "must-pass" legislation. The original version of H.R. 1268 was passed by the Senate on April 21, 2005, and did not include the Real ID Act. However, the Real ID Act was inserted in the conference report on H.R. 1268 that was then passed by the House on May 5, 2005, by a 368–58 vote and was unanimously passed by the Senate on May 10, 2005.^[118] The Senate never discussed or voted on the Real ID Act specifically and no Senate committee hearings were conducted on the Real ID Act prior to its passage.^[119] Critics charged that this procedure was undemocratic and that the bill's proponents avoided a substantive debate on a far-reaching piece of legislation by attaching it to a "must-pass" bill.^{[119][120][121][122]}

A May 3, 2005, statement by the American Immigration Lawyers Association said: "Because Congress held no hearings or meaningful debate on the legislation and amended it to a must-pass spending bill, the Real ID Act did not receive the scrutiny necessary for most measures, and most certainly not the level required for a measure of this importance and impact. Consistent with the lack of debate and discussion, conference negotiations also were held behind closed doors, with Democrats prevented from participating."^[123]

National ID card controversy

There is disagreement about whether the Real ID Act institutes a "national identification card" system.^[124] The new law only sets forth national standards, but leaves the issuance of cards and the maintenance of databases in state hands; therefore, the Department of Homeland Security claims it is not a "national ID" system.^[125] Web sites such as no2realid.org, unrealid.com va realnightmare.org argue that this is a trivial distinction, and that the new cards are in fact national ID cards, thanks to the uniform national standards created by the AAMVA and (especially) the linked databases, and by the fact that such identification is mandatory if people wish to travel out of the United States.

Many advocacy groups and individual opponents of the Real ID Act believe that having a Real ID-compliant license may become a requirement for various basic tasks. Thus a January 2008 statement by ACLU of Maryland says: "The law places no limits on potential required uses for Real IDs. In time, Real IDs could be required to vote, collect a Social Security check, access Medicaid, open a bank account, go to an Oriollar game, or buy a gun. The private sector could begin mandating a Real ID to perform countless commercial and financial activities, such as renting a DVD or buying car insurance. Real ID cards would become a necessity, making them de facto national IDs". However, in order to perform some tasks, government-issued identification is already required (e.g., two forms of ID – usually a driver's license, passport, or Social Security card – are required by the Vatanparvarlik to'g'risidagi qonun in order to open a bank account).^[126]

Konstitutsiya

Some critics claim that the Real ID Act violates the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Konstitutsiyasiga o'ninchi tuzatish as a federal legislation in an area that, under the terms of the Tenth Amendment, is the province of the states. Shunday qilib, Anthony Romero, ijrochi direktori ACLU, stated: "Real ID is an unfunded mandate that violates the Constitution's 10th Amendment on state powers, destroys states' ikki tomonlama suverenitet and consolidates every American's private information, leaving all of us far more vulnerable to identity thieves".^[127]

Former Republican U.S. Representative Bob Barr wrote in a February 2008 article: "A person not possessing a Real ID Act-compliant identification card could not enter any federal building, or an office of his or her congressman or senator or the U.S. Capitol. This effectively denies that person their fundamental rights to assembly and to petition the government as guaranteed in the First Amendment".^[128]

The DHS final rule regarding implementation of the Real ID Act discusses a number of constitutional concerns raised by the commenters on the proposed version of this rule.^[19] The DHS rule explicitly rejects the assertion that the implementation of the Real ID Act will lead to violations of the citizens' individual constitutional rights (page 5284 of the DHS rule in the Federal Register). In relation to the Tenth Amendment argument about violation of states' constitutional rights, the DHS rule acknowledges that these concerns have been raised by a number of individual commenters and in the comments by some states. The DHS rule does not attempt to rebuff the Tenth Amendment argument directly, but says that the DHS is acting in accordance with the authority granted to it by the Real ID Act and that DHS has been and will be working closely with the states on the implementation of the Real ID Act (pages 5284 and 5317 of the DHS final rule in the Federal reestr ).

On November 1, 2007, attorneys for Yovvoyi tabiatni himoya qiluvchilar va Syerra klubi filed an amended complaint in U.S. District Court challenging the 2005 Real ID Act. The amended complaint alleges that this unprecedented authority violates the fundamental separation of powers principles enshrined in the AQSh konstitutsiyasi. On December 18, 2007, Judge Ellen Segal Huvelle rejected the challenge.^[129][130]

On March 17, 2008, attorneys for Defenders of Wildlife and the Sierra Club filed a Petition for a Yozing ning Sertiorari bilan AQSh Oliy sudi to hear its "constitutional challenge to the Secretary's decision waiving nineteen federal laws, and all state and local legal requirements related to them, in connection with the construction of a barrier along a portion of the border with Mexico".^[131][132] They question whether the preclusion of judicial review amounts to an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power and whether the "grant of waiver authority violates Article I's requirement that a duly-enacted law may be repealed only by legislation approved by both Houses of Congress and presented to the President".^[131] On April 17, 2008, numerous amicus briefs "supporting the petition were filed on behalf 14 members of Congress, a diverse coalition of conservation, religious and Native American organizations, and 28 law professors and constitutional scholars".^{[133][134][135]}

Asylum and deportation controversy

Many immigrant and civil rights advocates feel that the changes related to evidentiary standards and the immigration officers' discretion in asylum cases, contained in the Real ID Act, would prevent many legitimate asylum seekers from obtaining asylum.^[136][137] Thus a 2005 article in LCCR - homiylik Civil Rights Monitor stated, "The bill also contained changes to asylum standards, which according to LCCR, would prevent many legitimate asylum seekers from obtaining safe haven in the United States. These changes gave immigration officials broad discretion to demand certain evidence to support an asylum claim, with little regard to whether the evidence can realistically be obtained; as well as the discretion to deny claims based on such subjective factors as "demeanor". Critics said the reason for putting such asylum restrictions into what was being sold as an anti terrorism bill was unclear, given that suspected terrorists are already barred from obtaining asylum or any other immigration benefit".^[136]

Similarly, some immigration and human rights advocacy groups maintain that the Real ID Act provides an overly broad definition of "terrorist activity" that will prevent some deserving categories of applicants from gaining asylum or refugee status in the United States.^[138] A November 2007 report by Human Rights Watch tashkiloti raises this criticism specifically in relation to former child soldiers who have been forcibly and illegally recruited to participate in an armed group.^[139]

Maxfiylik

Many privacy rights advocates charge that by creating a national system electronically storing vast amounts of detailed personal data about individuals, the Real ID Act increases the chance of such data being stolen and thus raises the risk of identity theft.^{[140][141][142][143]} The Bush administration, in the DHS final rule^[19] regarding the Real ID Act implementation, counters that the security precautions regarding handling sensitive personal data and hiring DMV workers, that are specified in the Real ID Act and in the rule, provide sufficient protections against unauthorized use and theft of such personal data (pages 5281–5283 of the DHS final rule in the Federal Register).

Another privacy concern raised by privacy advocates such as the Elektron chegara fondi is that the implementation of the Real ID Act will make it substantially easier for the government to track numerous activities of Americans and conduct surveillance.^[144][145]

Supporters of the Real ID Act, such as a conservative think-tank Heritage Foundation, dismiss this criticism under the grounds that states will be permitted (by law) to share data only when validating someone's identity.^[144]

The Data Privacy and Integrity Advisory Committee, which was established to advise the Milliy xavfsizlik bo'limi on privacy-related issues, released a statement regarding the Department of Homeland Security's proposed rules for the standardization of state driver licenses on May 7, 2007.^[146] The committee stated that "Given that these issues have not received adequate consideration, the Committee feels it is important that the following comments do not constitute an endorsement of REAL ID or the regulations as workable or appropriate", and "The issues pose serious risks to an individual's privacy and, without amelioration, could undermine the stated goals of the REAL ID Act".

Shuningdek qarang

• Coalition for a Secure Driver's License
• Shaxsiy hujjat
• Ichki pasport
• Rossiyaning ichki pasporti
• Registered Traveler
• 2006 yildagi xavfsiz panjara to'g'risidagi qonun

Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar

• Haqiqiy taklif qilingan qoidalar Qidiruv identifikatori: DHS-2006-0030-0001 Izoh uchun "Docket ID" -ni bosing.
• Kaliforniya DMV-dan: Haqiqiy identifikator to'g'risidagi qonun