Barak Obamaning prezidentlik huquqiga ega bo'lgan sud jarayoni - Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation

Ko'plab sud jarayonlari va saylov byulletenlariga oid muammolar fitna nazariyalari bog'liq bo'lgan Barak Obama Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari prezidentligiga munosibligi, uning 2008 yilgi birinchi saylovidan so'ng va prezident sifatida ikki davri davomida topshirilgan. Ushbu harakatlar Obamaning nomzodini qo'yish yoki uni tasdiqlash huquqidan mahrum qilinishini talab qildi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining prezidentligi, o'z lavozimidagi harakatlarini bekor deb e'lon qilish yoki unga tegishli qo'shimcha hujjatlarni chiqarishga majbur qilish AQSh fuqaroligi.

Qiyinchiliklar

2012 yil boshiga kelib, Obamaning Shimoliy Karolina shtatlari, shu jumladan shtatlarda qatnashish huquqini shubha ostiga qo'ygan o'nlab sud ishlari[1] Ogayo,[2] Pensilvaniya,[3] Gavayi,[4] Konnektikut,[5] Nyu-Jersi, Texas va Vashington.[4][6] Hech qanday da'vo yoki da'vo da'vogarlarga biron bir sud yoki boshqa organ tomonidan engillik berilishiga olib kelmadi.

To'siqlar

Ko'pchilik uchun katta to'siq fuqarolik kostyumlari yo'qligi bo'lgan tik turib. Ning haqiqiyligini shubha ostiga qo'ygan sud ishlarining dastlabki to'lqinida 2008 yilgi prezident saylovi, prezidentlikka nomzod yoki prezidentlikka saylangan yagona da'vogar edi Alan Kays. Tik turish doktrinasining ahamiyati hakam tomonidan tushuntirildi R. Barclay Surrick ning Pensilvaniya Sharqiy okrugi uchun Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari okrug sudi bitta da'voni bekor qilishda. Uning ta'kidlashicha, doktrinaning asosiy maqsadlaridan biri sudlarning "zarari juda noaniq bo'lgan joyda" savollar berishiga yo'l qo'ymaslikdir. Bu, ayniqsa, norozi saylovchiga hech qanday zarar etkazmagan prezident saylovlari uchun to'g'ri keldi zarar "millionlab odamlar ovoz bergan va jonli xotiradagi eng qizg'in prezidentlik saylovlaridan biri bo'lgan paytda ortiqcha tekshiruvdan o'tgan nomzodni bekor qilib, biz demokratik jarayonni izdan chiqaramiz."[7]

Uzoq shakl

2011 yil 27 aprelda Obama o'zining asl Gavayidagi uzoq muddatli tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomasini e'lon qildi.[8] Donald Tramp Obamaning tug'ilganligi to'g'risidagi guvohnomaning chiqarilishi uchun kredit oldi, ammo shu bilan birga uning haqiqiyligini shubha ostiga qo'ydi.[9]

Fuqarolik kostyumlari

Federal

Berg va Obamaga qarshi

2008 yil 21 avgustda Pensilvaniya advokat Filipp J. Berg, demokrat[10] va sobiq bosh prokurorning o'rinbosari, Obamada tug'ilganligi haqida shikoyat qilgan Keniya, Gavayi emas, shuning uchun u bolaligida yashagan Keniya yoki ehtimol Indoneziya fuqarosi edi.[11][12][13] Uning ta'kidlashicha, Obamaning veb-saytidagi "Tirik tug'ilish to'g'risidagi guvohnoma" soxta hujjatdir.[14] AQSh okrug sudyasi R. Barkli Surrik 2008 yil oktyabr oyida Bergning ishni ko'rib chiqish uchun o'z vakolatiga ega emasligi va uning da'vosini bajarish uchun o'z o'rnini egallashga urinishlari "beparvolik va muhokama qilishga loyiq emas" deb topib, shikoyatni rad etdi.[10][15]

Chetlab o'tish Qo'shma Shtatlarning Uchinchi davri bo'yicha apellyatsiya sudi, Berg yozma ariza bilan murojaat qildi hukmdan oldin sertifikat ichida Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Oliy sudi. 2008 yil 10 dekabrda Oliy sud Bergning 15 dekabrga belgilangan Saylovchilar kollejining o'tirgan joyiga qarshi ko'rsatma berish to'g'risidagi talabini rad etdi.[16] Murojaat etuvchi 2008 yil 15 dekabrda sud qarorini berish to'g'risidagi arizani qondirdi.[17] Ikki kundan keyin Bergning apellyatsiyasi hech qanday izohsiz rad etildi Oliy sud adliya Entoni Kennedi.[13] Bergning buyruq berish to'g'risidagi ilgari rad etilgan so'rovi Adolat bilan qayta ko'rib chiqildi Antonin Skaliya 2008 yil 18-dekabrda.[17] 12 yanvar kuni Oliy sud iltimosnomani rad etdi sertifikat. Sudga yuborilgan va sudga yuborilgan qolish to'g'risidagi ariza 2009 yil 21 yanvarda ham qisqacha rad etildi.[17]

2009 yil 12-noyabr kuni Qo'shma Shtatlarning Uchinchi davri bo'yicha apellyatsiya sudi Bergning mavqei yo'qligi to'g'risida tuman sudining qarorini tasdiqladi.[18]

Essek va Obamaga qarshi

2008 yil 25-noyabr kuni Daniel Jon Essek tomonidan Uitli okrugi, Kentukki, a pro se Kentukki Sharqiy okrug sudida federal da'vo. Dastlab bu da'vo "Axborot erkinligi to'g'risida" gi qonun sifatida ko'rib chiqilgan, ammo sud tomonidan Obamaning AQSh Prezidenti Devoniga qo'ygan talablariga javob berish uchun o'zgartirilgan. Essek Barak Obamaning inauguratsiyasini Obamaning a emasligi sababli oldini olishga harakat qildi tabiiy tug'ilgan fuqaro Obama Keniyada tug'ilgan degan da'volarga asoslanib.[19] Tuman sudyasi Gregori F. Van Tatenxov sud muhokamasini sud vakolatiga ega emasligi sababli rad etdi, chunki janob Essekning shikoyati saylovchining umumiy shikoyati bo'lib, unga shikoyat qilish huquqini beradigan aniq jarohat emas.[20]

Kerchner Obamaga qarshi

2009 yil 20-yanvarda advokat Mario Apuzzo Charlz Kerchner va boshqa da'vogarlar nomidan federal sudga da'vo qilib, Saylangan Prezidentga qarshi da'vo qo'zg'adi. Barak Obama, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi, Dik Cheyni va Nensi Pelosi Obamaning prezident bo'lish huquqiga ega emasligini va Kongress Obamaning vakolatlarini tasdiqlay olmaganligini da'vo qilmoqda.[21] Nyu-Jersidagi federal okrug sudi da'vogarlarning mavqei yo'qligi to'g'risida sud qarorini rad etdi. 2010 yil 3-iyul kuni Qo'shma Shtatlarning Uchinchi davri bo'yicha apellyatsiya sudi, keltirgan holda Berg va Obamaga qarshi, ishdan bo'shatilganligini tasdiqladi va Apuzzoga nima uchun uni beparvolik bilan murojaat qilganligi uchun jazolanmasligi kerakligini ko'rsatishni buyurdi.[22] Apuzzo sudning keyingi so'rovini rad etdi, ammo sababni ko'rsatish buyrug'i bekor qilindi.[23][24] 2010 yil 29 noyabrda AQSh Oliy sudi ishni ko'rib chiqishdan bosh tortdi.[25]

Barnett Obamaga qarshi

2009 yil 20 yanvarda, Orli Tits federal sudga da'vo arizasi bilan murojaat qildi, Alan Keys va boshqalarga qarshi Barak H. Obama va boshq Obamaga qarshi, bilan Vili Dreyk da'vogar uchun ko'rsatilgan tomonlardan biri sifatida.[26] 2009 yil 13 iyulda raislik qiluvchi sud tomonidan texnik sabablarga ko'ra zarar etkazmasdan ishni tugatdi,[27] va 2009 yil 14-iyulda Tits "Birinchi o'zgartirilgan shikoyat" ni rad etdi Kapitan Pamela Barnett - Barak Xuseyn Obamaga qarshi[28] Alan Keys nomidan, Vili Dreyk, Sintiya Devis, Geyl Laytfoot, boshqa bir qancha mahalliy siyosatchilar va turli qurollangan harbiy xizmatchilar. Taitz Obamaning lavozimga nomuvofiqligi to'g'risida deklarativ qaror qabul qilish va uning xatti-harakatlari va Prezident lavozimiga tayinlash huquqini bekor qilish to'g'risidagi buyruqni talab qildi.[29]

Keyinchalik da'vogarlardan ikkitasi - Markem Robinson va Dreyk o'zlarining advokatlari Orli Titsni ishdan bo'shatishga urinishdi, ular advokat o'rnini bosuvchi hujjatlarni imzolashdan bosh tortdilar va buning o'rniga ikkalasini da'vogar sifatida ishdan bo'shatish to'g'risida ariza topshirdilar. 2009 yil 8 sentyabrda sudya Devid O. Karter Drake va Robinsonni da'vogar sifatida ishdan bo'shatilishini rad etdi va AQSh Adliya Jamg'armasi Gari Kreepni ularga advokat sifatida almashtirish haqidagi iltimosnomasini qondirdi, sudya sudyasi Artur Nakazatoni ishdan bo'shatishni rad etdi va sudning taxminiy sanasini 26 yanvarga belgilab qo'ydi. 2010 yil.[30]

2009 yil 5 oktyabrda bo'lib o'tgan sud majlisida Karter sudlanuvchilarning "Ishdan bo'shatish to'g'risida" gi iltimosini ko'rib chiqdi va bu masalani maslahat ostida ko'rib chiqishini aytib, sud majlisidan qaror chiqarishni rad etdi.[31] 2009 yil 7-oktabrda u sud qarorini qisqartirish va sud jarayoni uchun oldindan taxmin qilingan sanalarni yakunlab, Minute Order-ni chiqardi,[32] va 2009 yil 29 oktyabrda u ishni bekor qildi.[33] 2011 yil 22 dekabrda To'qqizinchi davr uchun Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Apellyatsiya sudi da'vogarlarning o'tirgan prezidentning vakolatiga qarshi chiqish huquqiga ega emasligi to'g'risida qaror chiqargan holda, ishdan bo'shatilishini tasdiqladi.[34][35] 2012 yil 11 iyunda AQSh Oliy sudi ishni ko'rib chiqishdan bosh tortdi.[36]

2012 yil 14 avgustda yangi dalillarni keltirib, Tits sudya Karter sudiga ishni qayta ochish to'g'risida iltimosnoma bilan murojaat qildi.[37] Ushbu taklif 2012 yil 31 avgustda rad etilgan.[38]

Hollister va Soetoro

2009 yil 5 martda Filipp Berg tomonidan nafaqaga chiqqan Gregori S. Xollister nomidan da'vo arizasi. Havo kuchlari polkovnik, Barak Obamaga qarshi ("Barri Soetoro" deb nomlangan, Indoneziya boshlang'ich maktabiga o'qishga kirganida berilgan ism). Da da'vo rad etildi Kolumbiya okrugi bo'yicha AQSh sudi. Sud raisi, Jeyms Robertson, sudning vaqtini behuda sarflaganini aytib, Berg va boshqa advokatni "agentlar provokatorlar" va ularning mahalliy maslahatchisi Jon Hemenwayuni "o'zlarining salib yurishidagi piyoda askar" deb atashdi. U Hemenway-ga nima uchun Obamaning advokati uchun qonuniy to'lovlarni "bezovtalik kabi noo'rin maqsadda" shikoyat yozganligi uchun jazo sifatida to'lamaslik kerakligini ko'rsatishni buyurdi.[39] Oxir oqibat tuman sudi Hemenwayueyga qilmishi uchun tanbeh berdi va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Apellyatsiya sudi Kolumbiya okrugi okrugi uchun ishning tugatilishini va Hemenwayning tanbehini qo'llab-quvvatladi.[22] 2011 yil 18 yanvarda AQSh Oliy sudi ishni ko'rib chiqishdan bosh tortdi.[40]

Kuk v. Yaxshi

2009 yil 1 fevralda Stefan F. Kuk, mayor Qo'shma Shtatlar armiyasining rezervi, bog'langan Tits elektron pochta orqali, uning da'vosining bir qismi bo'lishni so'rab. 8 may kuni u bir yil davomida xizmat qilishni ixtiyoriy ravishda topshirdi Afg'oniston 2009 yil 15-iyuldan boshlangan.[41]Armiya uning taklifini qabul qildi va shu kuni hisobot berishni buyurdi.[41] Biroq, 8 iyul kuni u Titsni advokati sifatida da'vo arizasi bilan sudga murojaat qildi vaqtincha taqiqlash tartibi va holati vijdonan voz kechish, uning joylashish haqidagi buyruqlari bekor qilinganligi, chunki Obama tabiiy ravishda tug'ilgan AQSh fuqarosi bo'lmaganligi va shuning uchun qurolli kuchlarning bosh qo'mondoni sifatida xizmat qilishga haqli emasligini ta'kidladi.[42]Uning buyruqlari bekor qilindi; armiya vakili "zaxiradagi askar, muddatli harbiy xizmatga ko'ngillilar safiga borishni rejalashtirgan kungacha buyruqlarni bekor qilishni so'rashi mumkin" dedi.[41] Shunga ko'ra, Kukning ishi quyidagicha bekor qilindi o'ylamoq 16-iyul kuni.[43][44]

Sud da'vosida Stefan Frederik Kuk va Vanda L. Gud (polkovnik Vanda L. Gud -Qo'mondon, AQSh armiyasining inson resurslari qo'mondonligi - Sent-Luis) deb yozilgan va sudga murojaat qilgan. Jorjiyaning O'rta okrugi uchun Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari tuman sudi, Kukning ta'kidlashicha, u "ushbu Prezident buyrug'i bilan Qo'shma Shtatlardan tashqarida harbiy harakatlarni amalga oshirib, xalqaro huquqni buzgan holda harakat qilar edi ... ... bir vaqtning o'zida ushbu vazifalarni sodiqlik bilan bajarganligi sababli o'zini harbiy jinoyatchi sifatida ta'qib qilish to'g'risida".[42] Aprel oyida, Kuk Afg'onistonga jo'nab ketishga ixtiyoriy ravishda murojaat qilgunga qadar, u Taitzning da'vogar sifatida qatnashishini aytgan odamlar ro'yxatiga, fuqarolik masalasini ko'targan xatida kiritilgan edi.[45]Iste'fodagi armiya general-mayori va faol zaxira AQSh havo kuchlari podpolkovnik keyinchalik Jorjiya ishiga Kuk bilan birga da'vogar sifatida qo'shildi. Kukni tarqatish bo'yicha buyruqlar bekor qilindi va hukumat vakili quyidagicha izohladi: "SOCCENT (AQSh maxsus operatsiyalari markaziy qo'mondonligi) ning qo'mondonligi general mayor Kukning xizmatlarini istamasligini aniqladi va uni tarqatish haqidagi buyruqlarini bekor qildi".[46]Armiya CENTCOM vakili bekor qilish Kukning da'volarini tasdiqlaganligi haqidagi yolg'on da'volar sifatida rad etdi: "Bu hech qanday tarzda mayor Kuk yoki uning advokati tomonidan qilingan g'alati da'volarning hech birini tasdiqlamaydi. Bu prezidentning lavozimga muvofiqligi haqidagi ayblovlarni tasdiqlaydi degan fikr shunchaki yolg'ondir."[47]

Ish qo'zg'atilgandan so'ng, Tits o'zining kompaniyasidagi vaziyat "yong'oq va aqldan" bo'lib qolganidan so'ng, Kuk mudofaa pudratchisidagi fuqarolik ishini tugatgan deb da'vo qildi.[48]

Kuk 2009 yil 16-iyul kuni ommaviy axborot vositalarida muhim ma'lumotlarga ega bo'ldi Fox News "s Shon Xanniti.[41][49][50]

Sud jarayoni haqida xabar berilgandan so'ng Kolumb Ledger-Enquirer "Gazeta," ledger-enquirer.com tarixidagi bironta voqea, shu jumladan gazetaga qarshi yozma tahdidlar bo'yicha eng ko'p trafik yig'ilgani "haqida xabar berdi, qariyb yarim million yangi o'quvchi va yuzlab elektron pochta xabarlari bilan. Tahdidlar Kukning ishi ko'rib chiqilgan sud binosi atrofida xavfsizlikni kuchaytirishga, shuningdek, gazeta xabarlari muallifini ish yuzasidan himoya qilish choralarini ko'rishga undadi. Ijroiya muharriri Ben Xolden ta'kidladi: "Suhbatdoshlar adolatli sababni his qildilar - deyarli diniy sabab - chunki ba'zi odamlar ushbu prezidentdan nafratlanishadi".[51]

Rods va Makdonald

2009 yil sentyabr oyida Tits Rhodesga qarshi Makdonaldga (polkovnik Tomas Makdonald - garnizon qo'mondoni, Fort Benning, Jorjiya) AQSh armiyasi shifokori kapitan Konni Rods nomidan sudga murojaat qildi, Rodosning Iroqqa yaqin orada joylashishini to'xtatish uchun cheklov chorasini izladi. Chetga chiqmaslik to'g'risidagi iltimosnomada Tits Obamaning noqonuniy ravishda prezident sifatida ishlaganligi sababli, buyruq noqonuniy ekanligini ta'kidladi. 16 sentyabrda federal sudya Kley D. Land (tinglagan sudya Kuk v. Yaxshi) harakatni rad etdi va uni beparvo deb tan oldi.[52]

Land qaroridan bir necha soat o'tgach, Tits yangiliklar saytiga aytdi Gapiradigan fikrlar bo'yicha eslatma u o'zining ishini ko'rib chiqishdan bosh tortganligi xatti-harakat ekanligini sezdi xiyonat.[53] Ikki kundan so'ng, u ishdan bo'shatish to'g'risidagi buyrug'i qayta ko'rib chiqilgunga qadar Rodosni ishga joylashishni to'xtatish to'g'risida iltimos qildi. U Landga xiyonat qilishda ayblovlarini takrorladi va boshqa bir nechta bexabar bayonotlarni, shu jumladan, Land Obamaning "diktatura" ga bo'lgan intilishlariga yordam berayotgani haqida da'volar qildi.[54] Land bu harakatni beparvo deb rad etdi va unga buyruq berdi sababini ko'rsatish nega u sud jarayonini suiiste'mol qilganligi uchun 10 000 dollar jarimaga tortilmasligi kerak[55]

Oradan bir necha soat o'tgach, Rodzning imzosi bilan maktub kelib tushdi, unda Tits o'zining ilmi yoki roziligisiz iltimosnoma bilan murojaat qilganligi, Landdan Titsni ushbu ish bo'yicha o'zining advokati lavozimidan olib tashlashini so'raganligi va bu uning "shikoyat yozish rejasi" ekanligi ko'rsatilgan. [Titsning] tanqid qilinadigan va professional bo'lmagan harakatlari tufayli Kaliforniya shtati Bar bilan. "[56] 2009 yil 26 sentyabrda Tits sudga Rodos uchun advokatlikdan voz kechish to'g'risida iltimosnoma bilan murojaat qildi, shu sababli u ishdan bo'shatilgandan buyon sudda "imtiyozli advokat-mijoz aloqalari" ni e'lon qilishi mumkin edi. Rodos ish "endi jazolash maqsadida, quyida imzolangan advokatni kvazi-jinoiy ta'qib qilishdir."[57]

2009 yil 13 oktyabrda sudya Kley Land "Advokat Orli Titsga ... Jorjia shtatining O'rta okrugi Klerk idorasi orqali AQShga 20000 dollar to'lashni buyurdi. sanktsiya uning 11-qoidasini buzganligi uchun uning xatti-harakati uchun Federal fuqarolik protsessual qoidalari. "Erning qarorida shunday deyilgan:

Sud advokatning xatti-harakati qasddan qilingan va shunchaki beparvo emas deb topdi. Bu uning tarafidan yomon niyatni namoyish etadi. Advokat sifatida u yaxshiroq bilgan deb hisoblanadi. U sud qoidalariga rioya qilish va uni hurmat qilish majburiyatini oldi. Advokatning xulq-atvori, uning qonun qoidalarini yanglishmasdan buzmaganligini qat'iyan tasdiqlaydi. U 11-qoidani bila turib buzdi. Uning sudning ko'rsatma tartibiga bergan munosabati uning takabburligi va xayoliy chegaralari bilan hayratga soladi. U o'zining noto'g'ri xatti-harakati uchun hech qanday norozilik bildirmaydi yoki pushaymon emas. Aksincha, u sudga qilingan asossiz hujumlarini davom ettirmoqda.[58]

Landning qaroridan xabar topgach, Tits sanktsiyadan shikoyat qilishini aytdi va sudya Land "zolim" Obama ma'muriyatining "rejimiga qarshi borishdan qo'rqishini" va bu sanktsiya uni "qo'rqitishga" urinish ekanligini bildirdi.[59] 2010 yil 15 martda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Apellyatsiya sudi o'n birinchi davra bo'yicha Titsga qarshi sanktsiyalarni tasdiqladi.[60] 2010 yil 9 avgustda federal hukumat ariza bilan murojaat qildi hukmning mavhumligi, joylashtirilgan hujjat garovga olish uning barcha ko'chmas mulki uchun foizlar va 20000 dollar miqdorida,[61] Titsni "men pulni to'layman va kurashni davom ettiraman" deb aytishga undash.[62] 2011 yil 10 yanvarda AQSh Oliy sudi ishni ko'rib chiqishdan bosh tortdi.[63]

Tits va Obamaga qarshi

2010 yil 27 yanvarda Tits, propria persona-da, yozma ariza bilan murojaat qildi kvo kafolati. 2010 yil 14 aprelda, AQSh okrug sudi Bosh hakam Roys C. Lambert iltimosnomani rad etdi; va romanni nazarda tutgan holda Don Kixot, u shunday deb yozgan edi: "Sud borishga tayyor emas shamol tegirmonlarida burilish u bilan."[64]

Tits va Astrue

2011 yil fevral oyida Tits, propria persona-da, a Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun ga qarshi kostyum Ijtimoiy ta'minot ma'muriyati Agentlik Obamaning ma'lumotlarini oshkor qilishdan noo'rin ravishda bosh tortganini da'vo qilmoqda ijtimoiy Havfsizlik raqami. Tits bir necha bor sud hujjatlaridagi ijtimoiy xavfsizlik raqamlarini redaksiya qilish to'g'risidagi sud qaroriga rioya qilmagandan so'ng, bosh sudya Lambert Taitz "sud bilan o'ynayapti yoki o'z ahmoqligini ko'rsatmoqda ... deb yozgan edi ... Nima uchun u mantiqiy tushuntirish bera olmaydi. u endi sudning vaqtini, shuningdek xodimlarning vaqtini bu noto'g'ri tahrir bilan sarf qilmoqda. "[65][66] 2011 yil 30 avgustda sud hukumat foydasiga sud qarorini chiqargan va shunday deb yozgan edi: "Uning sudga qilgan ko'plab murojaatlari shuni ko'rsatadiki, da'vogar bu taxmin qilingan fitnaning tubiga tushish uchun hech narsa to'xtamaydi. Afsuski, da'vogar uchun bugun emas. uning baxtli kuni. "[67][68]

Tits va Ruemmler

Tits Oq uy maslahatchisini majburlashga majbur qildi Ketrin Ruemmler ostida FOIA Obamaning "uzun shakl" tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomasiga kirish huquqini berish.[69][70] 2011 yil 17 oktyabrda bosh sudya Lambert Titsning ta'kidlashicha "Sizifey kvest "deb da'vo qildi va da'voni bekor qildi.[71]

Archibald AQSh Adliya vazirligiga qarshi

2011 yil noyabr oyida Jorj Archibald a FOIA da'vo arizasi "Obamaning 1961 yilda tug'ilganligi, oilasi, fuqaroligi, yashash joyi, immigratsiya, chet elga chiqish / vatanga qaytishi va Obamaning kelib chiqishi va millati bilan bog'liq boshqa masalalar. Federal Qidiruv Byurosi 2008 yil prezidentlikka nomzodlarni tekshirishda."[72]

Sibley Obamaga qarshi

Montgomeri Bler Sibli, a bekor qilindi bir vaqtlar vakili bo'lgan advokat Debora Jeyn Palfri (the "DC xonim"), 2012 yil yanvar oyida Obamani tabiiy ravishda tug'ilgan fuqaro emasligi va uning tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomasi qalbakilashtirilganligi to'g'risida sudga bergan.[73] Federal sudya 2012 yil 6 iyunda Sibleyning da'vosini rad etdi.[73][74] 2012 yil mart oyida Sibley ham AQSh sudiga da'vo arizasi bilan murojaat qilib, tuman sudi uning ishini ko'rib chiqishda "juda sust" bo'lganini aytdi.[75]

Shtat

Martin va Linglega qarshi

2008 yil 17-oktabrda shtatda sud ishi qo'zg'atildi tuman sudi Gavayi[76] tomonidan Endi Martin, ilgari AQSh Apellyatsiya sudi tomonidan o'n birinchi davra sudi tomonidan "uzoq vaqtdan beri Amerika huquqiy tizimini suiiste'mol qilgan taniqli g'azablangan va qasoskor sud da'vogari" deb e'lon qilingan va sud jarayonlarini "dushmanlariga qarshi shafqatsiz va samarali qurol" sifatida ishlatgan.[77]

Martinning da'vosi davlatga senator Obamaning uzoq muddatli tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomasi nusxasini chiqarishni buyurishni talab qildi.[76] Obamaning saylovoldi kampaniyasi Internetda joylashtirilgan qisqa shakldagi tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomada uning tug'ilgan joyi Gavayi shtatining Honolulu ekanligi ko'rsatilgan.[76] Martinning da'vosida ta'kidlanishicha, Martin "haqiqatdagi aniqlik va puxta izlanishlar olib borishga intilayotgani uchun" u veb-saytga joylashtirilgan guvohnomada emas, balki shtatdagi Obamaning tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomasining nusxasida bo'lishi kerak. Gavayi qonunlariga ko'ra, faqat yozuvlar bilan bog'liq bo'lgan shaxs yoki turmush o'rtog'i, ota-onasi, avlodlari yoki umumiy ajdodi bo'lgan kishi yoki bunday shaxs nomidan ish yuritadigan kishi hayotiy yozuvning nusxasini olishi mumkin.

Sud Martinning iltimosnomasini rad etdi va Martinning "yozuvga bevosita va aniq qiziqish yo'qligi" ni aytdi.[78] Sud Martinning boshqa birovning tug'ilganligi to'g'risidagi hujjatni olish uchun yuridik mavqei yo'qligi bilan izohladi.[79]

Donofrio va Uells

2008 yil oktyabr oyida Leo Donofrio, advokat Nyu-Jersi da'vo arizasi bilan sudga murojaat qildi Nina Mitchell Uells, Nyu-Jersi shtatining davlat kotibi, Obamaning huquqiga qarshi chiqish uchun, Respublika prezidentlikka nomzod Jon Makkeyn (qarang tafsilotlar bu erda ) va Sotsialistik ishchilar partiyasi nomzod Rojer Kalero.[80] Donofrio uchta nomzodning ham huquqiga ega emasligini ta'kidladi: Obama tug'ilish paytida AQSh va Buyuk Britaniyaning ikki fuqaroligiga ega bo'lganligi sababli (ikkinchisi Obamaning otasi orqali), Makkeyn tug'ilganligi sababli Panama kanali zonasi va Calero, go'yoki hanuzgacha bo'lganligi sababli Nikaragua fuqarolik.[81]

Donofrio Obamaning Gavayi tashqarisida tug'ilgan bo'lishi mumkinligini da'vo qilganlar orasida bo'lmagan.[82] Bundan tashqari, Donofrio Obamaning AQSh fuqarosi ekanligiga qarshi chiqmadi va uning o'rniga faqat Obama tabiiy ravishda tug'ilgan fuqarosi ekanligi to'g'risida bahs qildi.[83]

Tomonidan Oliy sudga yuborilgan Adolat Klarens Tomas. Ish 2008 yil 8-dekabr kuni Qo'shma Shtatlar Oliy sudiga etib borganida, Sud uni ko'rib chiqish uchun izoh bermasdan rad etdi.[81]

Wrotnovskiy va Bysevich

2008 yil 31 oktyabrda Grinvich rezident va sog'lom oziq-ovqat do'koni egasi Cort Wrotnowski da'vo arizasi bilan murojaat qildi Konnektikut Oliy sudi o'sha paytdagi davlat kotibiga qarshi Susan Bysiewicz prezidentlikka nomzod Obamaning Gavayida tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomasining haqiqiyligini shubha ostiga qo'ydi. Dastlabki tinglovlardan so'ng da'vo rad etildi.[84]

Wrotnovski 25 noyabr kuni AQSh Oliy sudiga murojaat qildi,[85] Britaniyaning Obamaning otasi fuqaroligi saylangan prezidentni o'z lavozimiga kirish huquqiga ega emasligini ta'kidlab. Leo Donofrio, avvalroq Obamaning huquqiga qarshi ishi rad etilgan, Wrotnovski Oliy sudining apellyatsiya shikoyatiga yordam bergan.[86]Qolish yoki buyruq berish to'g'risidagi iltimosnoma 2008 yil 15 dekabrda izohsiz rad etildi.[85][87]Tomas Goldstayn, sud oldida ko'plab ishlarni olib borgan va Oliy sud ishlarini yoritgan "qonun har doim shunday tushunilgan, agar siz bu erda tug'ilgan bo'lsangiz, siz tabiiy ravishda tug'ilgan fuqarosiz. Va bu, ayniqsa, bu holatda to'g'ri keladi, Barak Obamaning onasi singari AQSh fuqarosi bo'lganingizda ".[87]

Kays va Bouen

2008 yil 14 noyabrda, Alan Kays va Markham Robinson, raisi Amerika mustaqil partiyasi va Kaliforniya shtatidan prezidentlikka nomzod saylovchi, sudga murojaat qilib, Obamadan o'zi ekanligi haqidagi hujjatlarni taqdim etishni talab qildi tabiiy ravishda tug'ilgan fuqaro Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari.[88][89][90][91]Keys, shuningdek, intervyusida, ushbu talabga o'zgartirish kiritilishini yoqlamasligini aytdi Konstitutsiya.[92] Keys buni tasdiqlaydi Obamaning otalik o'gay buvisining bayonotlari "Barak Obamaning aslida tug'ma AQSh fuqarosi ekanligi, prezident bo'lishga haqli ekanligi to'g'risida shubha tug'diradi."[93][94]

Kaliforniya yuqori sudi Sudya Maykl P. Kenni o'zgarishlarni o'zgartirish uchun ruxsatisiz qo'llab-quvvatladi, Kotib Bouenniki va Obamaning mandatlari uchun Keysning arizasiga binoan ishdan bo'shatilganlar va Obamaning chaqiruvni bekor qilish haqidagi iltimosini qondirishdi. Keys o'zi izlagan yozuvlar huquqiga ega emasligi aniqlandi va shu bilan ishni sust deb e'lon qildi.[95][96] The Kaliforniya apellyatsiya sudi ishdan bo'shatilishini 2010 yil 25 oktyabrda tasdiqladi.[97] Kaliforniya Oliy sudi hech qanday izoh bermasdan, ishni 2011 yil 2 fevralda ko'rib chiqishni rad etdi.[98] 2011 yil 3 oktyabrda AQSh Oliy sudi ishni ko'rib chiqishdan bosh tortdi.[99]

Ankeni Indiana shtati gubernatoriga qarshi

2008 yil dekabrda Stiv Ankeni va Bill Kruz "Barak Obama va Jo Bayden uchun bosh saylovchilar lavozimiga tayinlanishi uchun qilingan barcha mashhur ovozlarni" blokirovka qilish uchun Indiana gubernatoriga qarshi "Favqulodda taqiq yozuvi to'g'risida iltimosnoma" yuborishdi. Sud majlisi bo'lib o'tdi va 2009 yil 16 martda hokimning ishdan bo'shatish to'g'risidagi iltimosi qondirildi. Da'vogarlar Indiana Apellyatsiya sudiga apellyatsiya shikoyati bilan sud qarorini 2009 yil 12 noyabrda o'z kuchida qoldirdilar.[100]

Apellyatsiya qarorida Obamaning munosibligiga uning otasining AQSh fuqaroligi yo'qligi ta'sir ko'rsatdimi yoki yo'qmi degan savol ko'rib chiqilgan bo'lib, "[b] II moddaning 1-qismi, 4-bandi va ko'rsatmalariga binoan. Vong Kim Ark, biz Qo'shma Shtatlar chegaralarida tug'ilgan shaxslar, ota-onalarining fuqaroligidan qat'i nazar, II moddaning 1-qismi uchun "tabiiy ravishda tug'ilgan fuqarolardir" degan xulosaga keldik.[101] 2010 yil 1 aprelda Indiana Oliy sudi ishni ko'rib chiqish to'g'risidagi iltimosnomani izohsiz rad etdi.[102]

Tits va Fuddi

2011 yil avgust oyida Tits, propria persona-da, direktoriga qarshi da'vo Gavayi sog'liqni saqlash boshqarmasi, Obamaning "uzun shakl" tug'ilganlik haqidagi guvohnomasini ko'rib chiqishga intilmoqda.[103] 2011 yil 12 oktyabrda Gavayi tuman sudi Titsning kostyumini bekor qildi.[104]

2012 yilgi saylov

2012 yilgi asosiy ovoz berish muammolari

2012 yil 24 aprelda Obama Demokratik partiyaning qayta saylanish uchun nomzodini ta'minlash uchun etarli delegatlarni ta'minladi.[105]

Alabama

2011 yil dekabr oyida Albert Xendershot tomonidan sudga berilgan da'vo Obamaning tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomasi soxta va uning Alabama shtatidagi asosiy saylov byulletenida bo'lish huquqiga ega emasligi haqida da'vo qilgan.[106] 2012 yil 9 yanvarda Hendershotning da'vosi sud vakolatining yo'qligi sababli rad etildi va shunga o'xshash ikkita da'vo Garold Sorensen va boshqa Alabama fuqarosi tomonidan berildi. Pell Siti.[107] Sorensen qora tanli, shuningdek, Xendershotning da'vosiga raislik qilgan sudya Xelen Shores Lidan "irqiy tarafkashlik va konstitutsiyaviy bilimga ega emasligi" uchun o'zini rad etishni iltimos qildi.[108] Pell Siti da'vosi 2012 yil 13 yanvarda bekor qilingan.[109] Sorensonning da'vosi 2012 yil 17 yanvarda sud vakolatiga ega emasligi sababli rad etildi va sud Alabama Demokratik partiyasini xarajatlari va to'lovlarini tayinladi; uning advokati, ammo Sorensondan "sud va bu qarorga og'zaki munosabatda bo'lish" dan bosh tortgan taqdirda pullarni undirmaslikka va'da berdi.[110]

Alyaska

Gordon Epperli Obamaning saylov byulleteniga joylashtirilishiga e'tiroz bildirgan va shunday deb yozgan edi: "Barak Xuseyn Obama II" mulatto "irqiga mansub bo'lganligi sababli uning fuqaroligi uning maqomiga asoslanadi. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Konstitutsiyasiga o'n to'rtinchi o'zgartirish. O'n to'rtinchi tuzatish ratifikatsiya qilinishidan oldin, "negr" yoki "mulatto" ning irqi Qo'shma Shtatlar Konstitutsiyasiga binoan AQSh fuqarosi bo'lish huquqiga ega emas edi. "[111] Ushbu da'vo rad etildi, chunki Alyaskada Demokratik partiyaga delegatlar tanlash uchun asosiy saylovlardan foydalanilmaydi.[112]

Arizona

Arizona yuqori sudiga Kennet Allen tomonidan berilgan da'vo (Allen Arizona Demokratik partiyasiga qarshi) Obama tabiiy ravishda tug'ilgan fuqaro emas edi, chunki uning otasi "Keniyada istiqomat qilgan va shu tariqa Buyuk Britaniya fuqarosi bo'lgan".[113] Allenning ta'kidlashicha, AQSh Oliy sudining qarori Minor va Xappersett tabiiy ravishda tug'ilgan fuqaroning AQShda ikki AQSh fuqarosi ota-onasidan tug'ilishini talab qilgan; ammo sudya 2012 yil 7 martda "Prezident Obama Konstitutsiyaga binoan tabiiy ravishda tug'ilgan fuqarodir" va "da'vogarning da'vosiga binoan" [c] qaroriga binoan da'voni rad etdi. Minor va Xappersett ... boshqacha yo'l tutmaydi. "[114]

Kaliforniya

Gari Krep (ariza bergan advokatlardan biri Barnett Obamaga qarshi) Kaliforniyaning boshqa yetti fuqarosi nomidan Kaliforniya shtatining davlat kotibidan barcha prezidentlikka nomzodlarning saylov byulleteniga qo'yilishidan oldin ularning ovoz berish huquqini tekshirishini talab qilgan sudga da'vo arizasi bilan murojaat qildi.[115]

2012 yil iyul oyida Tits "saylovlarning keng tarqalib ketgan firibgarligi" da ayblanib, asosiy saylov natijalarini sertifikatlashni blokirovka qilish to'g'risida sudga murojaat qildi; u shuningdek Obamani "shaxsga oid firibgarlik" bilan shug'ullangan deb taxmin qildi.[116] Uning kostyumi rad etildi.[117] 2012 yil oktyabr oyida Taitz suddan Occidental kollejini 1979 yildan 1981 yilgacha Occidentalda qatnashgan Prezident Barak Obamaga talabalar yozuvlarini tayyorlashga majbur qilishini so'rab, saylovga oid da'vosini qayta tiklashga urindi. Sudya Titsning harakati asosiy qonuniy talablarga javob bermadi va unga "Occidental" ning advokatiga iltimosnomaga qarshi chiqish qiymati uchun 4000 dollar miqdorida sanktsiyalar to'lashni buyurdi.[118] The Kaliforniya apellyatsiya sudi ishdan bo'shatish va sanktsiyalarni tasdiqladi.[119]

Florida

Shtat sudiga berilgan ikkita da'vo, shu jumladan da'vo arizasi Larri Klayman, Obamani yaroqsiz deb e'lon qilishga intildi.[120][121] Djo Arpaio, Arizona shtatining Marikopa okrugi uchun sherif, Klaymanning kostyumini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun yuborilgan an tasdiqnoma "[Obamaning tug'ilganligi to'g'risidagi guvohnoma] soxta hujjat bo'lishi mumkinligi sababli".[122] Klayman Arpaio a-ni ham yubordi sudga chaqiruv uni Florida sud zalida paydo bo'lishiga yo'naltirgan.[123] Klayman tomonidan berilgan da'vo 2012 yil 29 iyunda rad etilgan.[124]

Gruziya

Bir nechta Gruzin fuqarolar (Karl Svensson va Gruziya shtati vakili tomonidan taqdim etilgan boshqa bir gruzin) Mark Xetfild, Gretsiyalik Tits va Van Irion vakili bo'lgan gruzinlar) bilan qiyinchiliklarga duch kelishdi Gruziya davlat kotibi, Brayan Kemp, Obamaning mart oyidagi asosiy ovoz berishga kiritilishi bilan bog'liq.[125] Kemp muammolarni bosh sudya o'rinbosari Maykl Malihiga, an ma'muriy huquq sudyasi, Obamaning ularni rad etish to'g'risidagi iltimosini rad etgan va sud majlisini 2012 yil 26 yanvarga tayinlagan.[126]

2012-yil 23-yanvarda Malixi Obamaning kelishiga majbur qilish uchun Tits tomonidan berilgan chaqiriqni bekor qilish to'g'risidagi Obamaning taklifini rad etdi va Obamaning nima uchun sud majlisida bo'lmasligi kerakligini yoki uning guvohligi qanday foydali bo'lmasligini ko'rsatmadi, dedi.[127] 25-yanvar kuni Obamaning advokati Kempni sud jarayonini to'xtatishni iltimos qildi va Obama Kempning qaroriga qadar sud jarayonlarida endi qatnashmasligini ko'rsatdi.[128] Kemp ularning iltimosini rad etdi va ularning ishtirok etmasligi "o'zingizning xavfingiz ostida" bo'lishini ogohlantirdi.[129]

26-yanvar kuni bo'lib o'tgan sud majlisida na Obama va na uning advokati qatnashdi. Odatda bu odatiy tartibni keltirib chiqaradi, ammo da'vogarlar Malihidan ularni tinglashda davom etishlariga va "o'zlarining dalillari va dalillarining mohiyati to'g'risida" qaror chiqarishga ruxsat berishni iltimos qildilar.[130][131] Tits sakkiz guvohni chaqirdi (shu jumladan o'zi ham) va Obamaning u emasligi haqidagi da'volarini qo'llab-quvvatlovchi etti eksponatni taqdim etdi tabiiy ravishda tug'ilgan fuqaro, bir nechta ismlardan foydalangan, bir nechta ijtimoiy xavfsizlik raqamlariga ega va soxta tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomadan foydalangan. Tits Malichidan Obamani paydo bo'lmagani uchun nafrat bilan topishini so'radi.[132][133][134]

2012 yil 3 fevralda Malixi Obamaga byulletenlarda qolishni tavsiya qildi. Titsning ishi to'g'risida Malihi shunday deb yozgan edi: "Sud guvohlarning ko'rsatmalarini, shuningdek taqdim etilgan daliliy dalillarni, agar ular mavjud bo'lsa, ular taxminiy ahamiyatga ega emas va shuning uchun da'vogarlarning da'volarini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun to'liq etarli emas".[131][135] The Drudge Retort sud majlisini "1-jadvalni bo'shatish, Orli Tits-0" deb ta'riflagan.[136]

2012 yil 6-fevralda Kemp Malixining tavsiyasini qabul qildi.[137] 13 fevralda da'vogarlar ko'rib chiqish uchun ariza berishdi.[138][139]

Illinoys

Illinoys shtatidagi ovoz berishga Obamaning kiritilishiga qarshi uchta, jumladan, uning tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomasiga qarshi chiqqan.[140]

Indiana

24-fevral kuni Titsz shaharning ikki fuqarosi nomidan guvoh sifatida paydo bo'ldi Indiana Indiana saylov komissiyasiga Obamaning munosibligi to'g'risidagi da'vo arizasini topshirgan. E'tirozchilar Obamaga nisbatan sud qarorini bekor qilishni talab qilishdi, chunki sud majlisida uning o'zi ham, vakili ham qatnashmadi; ushbu taklif komissiya tomonidan bir ovozdan rad etildi.

Tits Prezidentning familiyasi Obama emasligi, u a emasligini ta'kidladi tabiiy ravishda tug'ilgan fuqaro va u o'g'irlangan ijtimoiy xavfsizlik raqamidan foydalanganligi. "Tits komissiyani yashirinlikda ayblaganida, komissiya raisi bo'lgan Merrillvil respublikachisi Dan Dyumezich unga yana bir bor hurmatsizlik qilsa," ko'ting yo'q bo'lib ketadi "deb aytdi."[141] Qiyinchilik rad etildi.

Missisipi

2012 yil fevral oyida Tits Missisipi shtati Demokratik partiyasi va Missisipi davlat kotibini Obama tabiiy ravishda tug'ilgan fuqaro emasligi uchun sudga berdi. Tits partiyani sudga Obamaning tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomasining nusxasini taqdim etganida, hujjatlarni qalbakilashtirishda va firibgarlikda yordam berganlikda aybladi. Bunga javoban, partiya sudga Obamaning tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomasining to'g'riligini tasdiqlovchi Gavayi shtatining davlat ro'yxatidan o'tkazuvchisi tomonidan tasdiqlangan tekshiruvini topshirdi. Tits ro'yxatga oluvchini qalbakilashtirishda ishtirok etganlikda aybladi.[142]

Nyu-Xempshir

2011 yil noyabr oyida Taitz Nyu-Xempshir shtatining to'rtta qonun chiqaruvchisi tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanib, shtatning Ovoz berish bo'yicha komissiyasiga Obamaning asosiy saylovlarda qatnashish huquqini talab qilib shikoyat bilan murojaat qildi.[143] Obama ariza berish uchun to'lovni to'laganligi sababli va uning nomzodlik to'g'risidagi deklaratsiyasi shtat qonunchiligiga muvofiq bo'lganligi sababli, Komissiya bir ovozdan Obamani ovoz berishda saqlashga ovoz berdi.[144] Keyin Komissiya qayta ko'rib chiqish to'g'risidagi talabni rad etdi.[145]

Bunga javoban Tits yozgan Uilyam L. O'Brayen, Nyu-Xempshir Vakillar Palatasi Spikeri va olib tashlashni talab qildi Bill Gardner, Nyu-Xempshir shtatining davlat kotibi, "qo'pol saylovlarda qalloblik, firibgarlikka ko'maklashish, qalbakilashtirish va xiyonat qilish" uchun. D.J. Bettenkur, Nyu-Xempshir Vakillar Palatasining ko'pchilik etakchisi, Titsga maktub yozdi va uning harakatlarini "har qanday qonuniy siyosiy muloqotga yaroqsiz, hech qachon Prezident Obamaning tug'ilgan joyi haqidagi obsesyon kabi kulgili deb o'ylamang". Bettenkur qo'shib qo'ydi: "Men hozir bo'lgan vakillar bilan gaplashdim va ularga o'zlaringizni zudlik bilan sizdan va bu bema'ni narsadan ajratib qo'yishlarini istayman".[146]

Shundan keyin jabrlangan vakillar Nyu-Xempshir shtatining Bosh prokuroridan Obamaning muvofiqligini tekshirishni so'rashdi.[147]

Nyu-Jersi

2012 yil aprel oyida Mario Apuzzo (ariza bergan advokat) Kerchner Obamaga qarshi) ma'muriy sud sudyasiga Nyu-Jersi shtatining ikki fuqarosi nomidan Obama hanuz o'z shaxsini va saylovga yaroqliligini isbotlamaganligi va shuning uchun byulletenga joylashtirilmasligi kerakligi to'g'risida bahslashdi.[148]

Murojaatchining Barak Obama o'zining munosibligini isbotlamaganligi haqidagi da'volariga javoban, Ma'muriy huquq bo'yicha sudya Jeff S. Masin shunday dedi: "Prezidentlikka nomzodlik iltimosnomasida tasdiqlangan shaxs tomonidan davlat kotibiga har qanday sertifikat taqdim etilishi to'g'risida hech qanday ijobiy talab yo'q. yoki uning idoraga muvofiqligini tasdiqlovchi boshqa dalil. " Keyinchalik sudya da'vogarning Obamani uning fuqarosi bo'lmagan otasi tufayli huquqqa ega emasligi haqidagi da'volari to'g'risida qaror chiqardi: "Bu masala bo'yicha ariza beruvchilarning huquqiy pozitsiyasi, qanchalar yaxshi niyat bilan bo'lsa ham, qonunda hech qanday ahamiyatga ega emas". [149] Barak Obamani asosiy saylov byulletenida saqlab qolish to'g'risidagi qarorni Nyu-Jersi shtatining davlat kotibi Kimberli M. Guadagno qabul qildi. Qarorni 2012 yil 31 mayda Nyu-Jersi Oliy sudining apellyatsiya bo'limi qo'llab-quvvatladi. Nyu-Jersidagi boshlang'ich tashkiloti 5 iyun kuni bo'lib o'tdi.[150]

Pensilvaniya

Charlz Kerchner (etakchi da'vogar Kerchner Obamaga qarshi) 2012 yil 1 martda sudning nomzodlik hujjatlaridagi nuqsonlarga oid muammolarni ko'rib chiqish vakolatiga ega ekanligi sababli, 2012 yil 1 martda ishdan bo'shatilgan, u Obamaning tabiiy ravishda tug'ilgan fuqaro sifatida maqomi to'g'risida savollarni o'z ichiga olmaydi.[151] Boshqa ikkita da'vo, shu jumladan Filipp Berg tomonidan da'vo qilingan (da'vogar. Da) Berg va Obamaga qarshi), xuddi shunday ishdan bo'shatilgan.[152]

Janubiy Dakota

2012 yil may oyida Tomas Shvekk Janubiy Dakotadagi saylovlar kengashiga shikoyat bilan murojaat qilib, Obamani tabiiy ravishda tug'ilgan fuqaro emas, chunki uning otasi AQSh fuqarosi emas edi. Shveck Oliy sudning qarorini keltirdi Minor va Xappersett faqat ikki amerikalik ota-onadan tug'ilgan kishi tabiiy ravishda tug'ilgan fuqaro sifatida qatnashishi mumkin degan uning da'vosini qo'llab-quvvatlash. Shek, shuningdek, Obama firibgarlik bilan tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnoma va Ijtimoiy xavfsizlik raqamidan foydalangan deb da'vo qilmoqda.[153] 11-may kuni qabul qilingan yakdil qaror bilan saylovlar hay'ati Shveck tomonidan ilgari surilgan ayblovlarni ko'rib chiqish vakolatiga ega emasligi sababli shikoyatni rad etdi.[154]

2012 yilgi umumiy saylov muammolari

Illinoys

On September 13, 2012, a state board rejected three challenges to Obama's placement on the November ballot, finding the challenges were raising arguments that had been previously rejected and based on "an incorrect legal interpretation of what constitutes a 'natural born citizen'".[155]

Indiana

Taitz filed a lawsuit in Indiana, and attempted to subpoena Maricopa County, Arizona Sheriff Djo Arpaio and one of his assistants, Mike Zullo, to compel them to testify about the results of their investigation into Obama's birth certificate. Zullo indicated the two did not intend to attend the trial, stating, "We don't want our information tainted by a circus show".[156]

Kanzas

On September 10, 2012, Joe Montgomery filed a challenge to Obama being on the ballot, claiming that Obama's birth certificate was "doctored" and that he was not a natural-born citizen because he lacked two U.S. citizen parents.[157] On September 14, Montgomery claimed there was "animosity and intimidation" directed at him as well as his "personal and professional associations," and withdrew his objection.[158] At the September 17 meeting where the challenge was withdrawn, Taitz's request to speak was denied.[159]

On September 20, Taitz filed a lawsuit in state court seeking to stay the board's actions.[160] On November 2, 2012, the court dismissed Taitz's suit due to her lack of standing.[161]

Missisipi

In a lawsuit initiated by Taitz, she claimed Obama's birth certificate and Social Security Number are fake, and sought to disqualify him from the ballot.[162]

Nyu York

Christopher Earl Strunk sued the Nyu-York shtati saylov kengashi and others to prevent President Obama from appearing on the 2012 presidential ballot. Strunk alleged Obama was connected to a massive conspiracy theory involving the Iezuitlar va boshqalar. Judge Arthur Schack said of the case: "If the complaint in this action was a movie script, it would be entitled 'The Manchurian Candidate Meets The Da Vinci Code.'" Strunk was fined over $177,000 in costs and penalties.[163]

Sud muammolari

Liberty Legal Foundation v. National Democratic Party

In October 2011, the Liberty Legal Foundation filed suit in Arizona, seeking to enjoin the Demokratik milliy qo'mita from certifying Obama as its nominee for the 2012 yil AQSh prezidentlik saylovi on the ground that he did not have two citizen parents and thus, it contended, was not a natural-born citizen. The Foundation's complaint cited the U.S. Supreme Court's 1875 decision in Minor va Xappersett as supporting its claim that natural-born citizens were defined by the Supreme Court as "all children born in a country of parents who were its citizens".[164][165] This lawsuit was dismissed July 11, 2012, for "lack of jurisdiction." A defense motion for sanctions against plaintiff's attorney, Irion, was denied.[166]

An almost-identical lawsuit with the same parties was filed in Tennessee, and dismissed for lack of standing on June 21, 2012.[167] On August 24, the district court sanctioned the plaintiff's attorney, Irion, for filing a lawsuit that he "knew or reasonably should have known that the claims in this case had no basis in law".[168]

Tisdale v. Obama

On January 17, 2012, Charles Tisdale of Virginia brought a civil action before the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. In the suit, Tisdale alleged that Barack Obama, Mitt Romney and Ron Paul each had a non-citizen parent, and therefore should be barred from the November 6, 2012, presidential ballot in Virginia. An amicus brief was filed in support of the Plaintiff by attorney Mario Apuzzo. District Judge John A. Gibney, Jr., dismissed the suit with prejudice because the Plaintiff "does not to state a claim upon which relief may be granted." Judge Gibney explained: "It is well settled that those born in the United States are considered natural born citizens."[169] The dismissal was affirmed without comment by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit on June 5, 2012.[170]

Sibley v. D.C. Board of Elections and Ethics

In June 2012, Sibley filed a lawsuit seeking to compel the District of Columbia's Board of Elections and Ethics to respond to his challenge that Obama is not a natural-born citizen and thus ineligible to stand for the 2012 general election.[73]

Daniels v. Ohio Secretary of State

In July 2012, Susan Daniels filed a lawsuit seeking to prevent the Ohio Secretary of State from placing Obama's name on the November 2012 ballot due to his alleged use of a fraudulent Social Security number.[171]

Epperly v. Obama

In July 2012, Gordon Epperly sued the Alaska Division of Elections to force it to obtain Obama's birth certificate before it places him on the ballot.[172]

House v. Obama

On August 10, 2012, Todd House, a doctor and presidential write-in candidate, filed a lawsuit alleging Obama was born in Kenya and not a natural-born citizen.[173] In dismissing the suit, the court ruled that Congress, and not it, was empowered under the U.S. Constitution to determine the president's eligibility.[174]

Begay v. Obama

Arnold Begay, a federal prisoner who pleaded guilty (in 2002) to aggravated sexual abuse of a child, filed a lawsuit claiming Obama was not a natural-born citizen and sought a court order demanding Obama to produce a sample of his DNA.[175]

Paige v. Condos

H. Brooke Paige, who lost the 2012 Vermont primary election for the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate, sued the Vermont Secretary James Condos seeking to prevent Obama's name from appearing on the ballot. The lawsuit was prepared by Mario Apuzzo (the attorney who filed Kerchner v. Obama), but Paige represented himself in court as Apuzzo was not licensed in Vermont.[176] On September 21, 2012, the court denied Paige's request, ruling it had "been presented with a radically insufficient basis on which to issue a temporary or even a preliminary injunction".[177] On November 14, 2012, the case was dismissed because Paige lacked standing.[178] 2013 yil oktyabr oyida Vermont Oliy sudi ruled Obama's re-election mooted Paige's appeal, and dismissed the case.[179] Paige sought review in the United States Supreme Court.[180]

McInnish v. Bennett

In November 2012, the presidential candidate for the Konstitutsiya partiyasi and a member of the Alabama Republican party, represented by Larri Klayman, alleged the Alabama davlat kotibi had a duty to investigate Obama's eligibility. The trial court dismissed the complaint, and the Alabama Oliy sudi ishdan bo'shatilishini tasdiqladi. Bosh sudya Roy Mur and another justice dissented, arguing the Secretary of State did have the authority to conduct such an investigation. Two other justices wrote concurring opinions that supported the dismissal and addressed the dissenting opinions.[181]

Grinols v. Obama

On December 13, 2012, Taitz filed in Sakramento, Kaliforniya a lawsuit of behalf of James Grinols (a Republican elector from Minnesota), Robert Odden (a Libertarian elector from Minnesota), Keith Judd (a federal prisoner who was on the West Virginia Democratic primary ballot), Edward Noonan (who won the Amerika mustaqil partiyasi presidential primary in California), and Thomas MacLeran (who filed to run as a Republican for president) seeking to prevent Congress from certifying the Electoral College ovoz berish.[182] The lawsuit also sought to prevent California officials from certifying the election results from the 2012 presidential election. On January 3, 2013, District Judge Morrison C. Angliya kichik. denied the plaintiffs' request for a temporary restraining order to prevent Congress from certifying the Electoral College's vote.[183] In April 2013, the court dismissed the suit. In November 2015, the 9th Circuit affirmed the district court's dismissal.[184]

Jinoyat ishlari

The refusal to accept that Obama was the lawful president led to acts of civil disobedience that were criminally prosecuted.

Walter Fitzpatrick III and Darren Huff

Walter Fitzpatrick III was unsuccessful in persuading the foreperson of the Monro okrugi, Tennesi, katta hakamlar hay'ati to indict Obama for treason because of Obama's purported ineligibility to serve as President.[185][186] In response, in April 2010, Fitzpatrick accused the foreperson of violating State laws governing the length of time that a foreperson can serve and attempted to make a fuqaroning hibsga olinishi. Fitzpatrick and Darren Huff of Georgia, who assisted him, were prosecuted by Tennessee for disrupting a meeting of the grand jury.[187]

Later that month, Huff (who was armed with a Kolt .45 va AK-47 ), Carl Swensson, and others returned to Tennessee. Huff had told Federal qidiruv byurosi investigators that he intended to assist Fitzpatrick in making citizen's arrests and to have the State charges against Fitzpatrick dropped. According to the FBI, Huff carried a copy of "arrest warrants", signed by Fitzpatrick, that accused two dozen officials as "domestic enemies of the United States engaged in treason". Federal prosecutors charged Huff with transporting a firearm in furtherance of a civil disorder, as well as using a firearm in relation to a violent crime.

Fitzpatrick was convicted in Tennessee of disturbing a meeting and served 60 days in jail; Huff pleaded guilty to the same charge and avoided jail time.

At his October 2011 federal trial, witnesses testified that Huff said he would take over Madisonville, Tennessee, after the Monroe Country grand jury there refused to indict Obama.[188] On October 25, 2011, Huff was convicted of transporting a firearm in furtherance of a civil disorder.[189] Huff was sentenced to four years in prison.[190]

Terry Lakin

Asosiy maqola: Terri Lakinning harbiy sudi

On April 13, 2010, the United States Army announced that it would harbiy sud Lt. Colonel Terrence Lee Lakin, an osteopatik shifokor[191] and flight surgeon in the Armiya tibbiyot korpusi, for refusing to report for deployment to Afg'oniston. Lakin asserted that Obama was not a U.S. citizen, was not legally the commander-in-chief and, therefore, lacked the authority to send him to Afghanistan. The military revoked Lakin's Pentagon building pass and confiscated his government-issued laptop computer.[192] Lakin was assigned to Walter Reed Army Medical Center sud jarayonini kutayotganda.[193]

Lakin's case differed from Stefan Cook's case in that Cook volunteered to deploy, received orders, and then filed a civil suit refusing to serve; the military responded by revoking Cook's voluntary orders.[46] Lakin was ordered to deploy and he refused to obey the orders, whereupon the military eventually initiated a criminal prosecution under the Uniform Code of Military Justice. On September 2, 2010, Colonel Denise Lind, the presiding judge, issued a ruling in the case that Obama's status as a natural-born citizen is irrelevant in the court-martial case against Lakin, as (1) his orders had come not from Obama himself but rather from senior officers with the independent legal authority to issue them and (2) Obama's eligibility is outside the jurisdiction of the military and falls within the jurisdiction of the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi o'rniga.[194]

Three retired generals publicly expressed support for Lakin. The first was Army Major General (retired) Paul E. Vallely, a senior military analyst for Fox News. In an interview, Vallely stated "I think many in the military, and many out of the military, question the natural-birth status of Barack Obama."[195] Following Vallely's announcement, Army Major General (retired) Jerri Karri and Air Force Lt. General (retired) Thomas G. McInerney also expressed public support for Lakin.[195][196]

On December 7, 2010, Lakin entered a guilty plea to the charges of disobeying his orders.[197] On December 15, 2010, a military jury convicted him on a charge of missing movement by design.[198] He was sentenced to six months' confinement and dismissed from service.[199] During the sentencing phase of the trial, the prosecution played a video that Lakin had posted online in which he challenged Obama's eligibility. Lakin tearfully responded that the video had been a mistake and that he "would not do this again".[199] On July 28, 2011, the United States Army Court of Criminal Appeals granted Lakin's request to withdraw his case from appellate review.[200]

In February 2012, the Kansas State Board of Healing Arts denied Lakin a license to practice medicine in that state because of his actions.[191] Board members noted that Lakin had jeopardized the health of soldiers in his unit by refusing to deploy. There was also doubt about whether Lakin would obey the law on any health-related legislation signed by Obama.[191]

In January 2017, supporters of Lakin sought on his behalf a pardon from Donald Tramp.[201]

Theresa Cao

2011 yil 6-yanvar kuni Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Konstitutsiyasi was read on the floor of the Vakillar palatasi. As the section regarding the president's qualifications was being read, Theresa Cao shouted from the gallery, "Except Obama, except Obama. Help us, Jesus." Cao was arrested for disrupting Congress.[202]

Indictment attempts using "citizen grand juries"

Some campaigners, led by Carl Swensson, have sought to "finally expose the conspiracy behind President Obama's birth certificate" by forming what they term "citizen grand juries " to indict Obama.[203]The "grand juries" are based on the Beshinchi o'zgartirish 's premise that "no person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury". Although the activists managed to hand out copies of "indictments" to congressional staff,[204] sudlar "fuqarolarning katta sudyalari" ni ijobiy deb hisoblamaydilar. 2009 yil iyun oyida 172 kishilik targ'ibotchilar guruhi o'zlarini "Super Amerika buyuk hay'ati" deb e'lon qilishdi va Obamani xiyonat qilishda ayblash uchun ovoz berishdi va uni AQSh fuqarosi emaslikda ayblashdi.[205] Bosh hakam Roys C. Lambert ning Kolumbiya okrugi bo'yicha AQSh sudi rejected the "indictment" on July 2 and declared: "[T]here is no authority under the Rules of Procedure or in the statutes of the United States for this court to accept [a presentment]... The individuals who have made this presentment were not convened by this court to sit as a grand jury nor have they been selected at random from a fair cross section of this district. Any self-styled indictment or presentment issued by such a group has no force under the Constitution or laws of the United States."[206]

2013 yilda, a fuqarolarning katta hakamlar hay'ati tomonidan tashkil etilgan Larri Klayman firibgarlikda ayblangan "sudlangan".[207]

Shuningdek qarang

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