Barak Obama ma'muriyatining iqtisodiy siyosati - Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration - Wikipedia

Ushbu maqola qismidir haqida bir qator Barak Obama
Siyosiy lavozimlar Saylov tarixi Dastlabki hayot va martaba Oila Ommaviy imidj Prezidentlikka qadar Illinoys shtati senatori 2004 yil DNC asosiy manzili Illinoys shtatidan AQSh senatori Homiylik loyihalari Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti Prezidentlik Xronologiya Siyosatlar Iqtisodiyot Energiya Tashqi siyosat Obama doktrinasi Xorijiy sayohatlar Kechirasiz Ijtimoiy Bo'shliq Uchrashuvlar Kabinet Sudyalar Birinchi davr Prezidentlik uchun saylovoldi tashviqoti 2008 yilgi umumiy saylov Boshlang'ich saylovlar O'tish 1-inauguratsiya Birinchi 100 kun Rossiya yadroviy shartnomasi Arzon parvarishlash to'g'risidagi qonun Iroqdan chiqish Usama bin Ladinning o'limi Liviya urushiga aralashish Afg'onistonni olib qo'yish Bingazi hujumi Xronologiya '09 '10 '11 '12 Ikkinchi muddat Qayta tanlash kampaniyasi 2012 yilgi umumiy saylov Reaksiyalar 2-inauguratsiya Immigratsiya ijroiya harakati IShIDga qarshi aksiya Iroq Suriya Eron bitimi Kubalik eritish Rossiyaga qarshi sanktsiyalar Selma 50 yilligi Bir jinsli nikohni butun mamlakat bo'ylab qonuniylashtirish Parij kelishuvi Xirosima nutqi Qunduz kasalxonasining havo hujumi Merrick Garlandning muvaffaqiyatsiz nominatsiyasi Xronologiya '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 Prezidentlikdan keyingi lavozim Rejalashtirilgan kutubxona Obama fondi One America Appeal Otamdan tushlar Umidning jasorati Va'da qilingan er Tinchlik bo'yicha Nobel mukofoti

The iqtisodiy siyosati Barak Obama ma'muriyat moliyalashtirishga mo'ljallangan yuqori daromadli amerikaliklarga soliqning o'rtacha o'sishi bilan tavsiflandi sog'liqni saqlash tizimini isloh qilish, kamaytiring federal byudjet defitsiti va kamayadi daromadlarning tengsizligi. Uning birinchi davri (2009-2013) ushbu masalani hal qilishga qaratilgan chora-tadbirlarni o'z ichiga olgan Katta tanazzul va Ikkilamchi ipoteka inqirozi 2007 yilda boshlangan. Bunga asosiy rag'batlantirish to'plami, banklarni tartibga solish va sog'liqni saqlashni kompleks isloh qilish kiradi. Ikkinchi muddat davomida (2013–2017) iqtisodiyot yaxshilanishi va yangi ish o'rinlari yaratish davom etar ekan Bush soliqlarini kamaytirish eng yuqori daromad solig'i to'lovchilarining amal qilish muddati tugashiga ruxsat berildi va taqchillikni odatdagi tarixiy darajaga qaytarish uchun sarf-xarajatlar sekvestri (kapa) amalga oshirildi. Tibbiy sug'urtasiz shaxslar soni 20 millionga qisqartirilib, aholi foizida rekord darajada past darajaga yetdi. Ikkinchi muddatining oxiriga kelib ish bilan band bo'lganlar soni, uy xo'jaligining haqiqiy o'rtacha daromadi, fond bozori va uyning haqiqiy boyligi rekord darajada edi, ishsizlik darajasi esa tarixiy ko'rsatkichdan ancha past edi.^{[1][2][3][4][5]}

Umumiy nuqtai

Media-ni ijro etish

Obama o'zining birinchi sovg'asini taqdim etadi haftalik manzil 2009 yil 24 yanvarda AQSh Prezidenti sifatida Amerikaning 2009 yilgi tiklanish va qayta investitsiya to'g'risidagi qonuni

AQSh prezidenti tomonidan ish o'rinlarining o'sishi, inauguratsiyadan keyingi oydan muddat oxirigacha bo'lgan foizlarning o'zgarishi bilan o'lchanadi.

2016 yil AQShning real (inflyatsiyani hisobga olgan holda) o'rtacha oilaviy daromadi 1999 yil darajasidan oshib ketgan birinchi yil bo'ldi.

Prezident Obamaning inauguratsiyasi 2009 yil yanvar oyida, uning tubida bo'lgan Katta tanazzul va og'ir moliyaviy inqiroz 2007 yilda boshlangan. Uning ma'muriyati bank ishini davom ettirdi yordam va avtosanoat qutqarish oldingi ma'muriyat tomonidan boshlangan va darhol 800 milliard dollarlik rag'batlantirish dasturini qabul qilgan Amerikaning 2009 yilgi tiklanish va qayta investitsiya to'g'risidagi qonuni (ARRA), unga qo'shimcha xarajatlar va soliq imtiyozlari aralashmasi kiritilgan. 2010 yil mart oyiga qadar xususiy sektor har oyda doimiy ravishda ish o'rinlari yaratishni boshladi, bu tendentsiya uning vakolat muddati tugaguniga qadar davom etdi, byudjetni qisqartirish sababli davlat sektorida ish bilan ta'minlash sustroq edi.^[1][2]

Prezident Obama 2010 yilni ta'qib qildi Bemorlarni himoya qilish va arzon narxlarda parvarish qilish to'g'risidagi qonun (ACA), odatda "Obamacare" deb nomlanadi. 2016 yilga kelib, qonun tibbiy sog'liqni saqlash birjalari va Medicaid-ning kengaytirilishi orqali 24 millionga yaqin odamni tibbiy sug'urta bilan qamrab oldi.^[6] Bu tibbiy sug'urtasizlar stavkasini 2010 yildagi taxminan 16% dan 2015 yilga kelib 9% ga tushirdi.^[7] Uning faoliyati davomida sog'liqni saqlash xarajatlari o'rtacha darajada davom etdi. Masalan, ish beruvchilar qamrab oladigan sog'liqni saqlash bo'yicha mukofotlar 2000 yildan 2005 yilgacha 69 foizga o'sgan, ammo 2010 yildan 2015 yilgacha atigi 27 foiz.^[8]

2017 yilga kelib, ACA bozori birjalarida qatnashganlarning qariyb 70 foizi sug'urtani oyiga 75 dollardan kam miqdorda sotib olishlari mumkin edi.^[9] ACA tomonidan bir necha bor baholandi Kongressning byudjet idorasi (CBO), bu o'rtacha defitsitni kamaytiruvchi sifatida baholandi, chunki u birinchi navbatda yuqori daromadli soliq to'lovchilarga soliqlarni oshirishni (taxminan eng yuqori 5%) va kelgusida Medicare narxining pasayishini va subsidiya xarajatlarini qoplashni o'z ichiga oldi.^[10] Palatada yoki Senatda biron bir respublikachi qonun uchun ovoz bermadi.^[1]

Inqirozni keltirib chiqargan bank sektoridagi ortiqcha muammolarni bartaraf etish uchun Obama 2010 yilga imzo chekdi Dodd - Frenk Uoll-stritni isloh qilish va iste'molchilar huquqlarini himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun. Ushbu qonun bank tavakkalchiligini cheklab qo'ydi va depozitariy bo'lmaganlarni kuzatishda samarasiz bo'lgan eskirgan tartibga solish rejimini qayta ko'rib chiqdi. soya banklari an'anaviy depozit bank sektoridan oshib ketgan inqirozning asosiy qismidir. Shuningdek, u yaratdi Iste'molchilarni moliyaviy himoya qilish byurosi. Biroq, u eng katta banklarni (inqiroz paytida majburiy birlashish tufayli yanada kattalashgan) yoki alohida investitsiya va depozit banklarini tarqatib yubormadi. Shisha-o'g'irlik to'g'risidagi qonun qilgan edi. Kongressda faqat bir nechta respublikachilar qonun uchun ovoz berishdi.^[1]

Dastlabki ikki yil davomida Prezident Obama Vakillar palatasida va Senatda ko'pchilikni tashkil qildi, bu bilan bir vaqtga to'g'ri keldi AQShning 111-kongressi, beri qabul qilingan qonunchilik jihatidan eng samarali Kongresslardan biri deb hisoblanadi 89-kongress, davomida Lyndon Jonsonniki Buyuk jamiyat.^{[11][12][13][14]} Biroq, 2010 yil noyabr oyida bo'lib o'tgan saylovlarda respublikachilar Vakillar palatasida ko'pchilikni qo'lga kiritib, Senatda Demokratik ko'pchilikni kamaytirdilar. U keyinchalik bo'linishga yoki respublika Kongressiga duch keldi va iqtisodiy qonunchiligini asosan byudjet masalalari bilan chekladi.

The Katta tanazzul federal hukumat daromadlari so'nggi 50 yil ichida iqtisodiyot hajmiga nisbatan eng past darajaga tushishiga sabab bo'lgan edi. Shu bilan birga, xavfsizlik sof xarajatlari (shu jumladan ishsizlik kompensatsiyasi va nogironlik to'lovlari kabi avtomatik stabilizatorlar) va rag'batlantirish choralari xarajatlarning sezilarli darajada oshishiga olib keldi. Bu byudjet kamomadini kuchaytirdi va qarzga oid jiddiy muammolarni keltirib chiqardi. Buning natijasida respublika Kongressi bilan bir qator ko'kargan munozaralar bo'lib o'tdi.

Prezident Obama imzoladi 2012 yilgi Amerika soliq to'lovchilariga yordam to'g'risidagi qonun muddati tugashini o'z ichiga olgan Bush soliqlarini kamaytirish yuqori daromad oluvchilar uchun va harbiy xarajatlar uchun sekvestrni (mablag ') va boshqa ixtiyoriy xarajatlar toifalarini amalga oshirdi. 2010 yilda daromadlarning barcha darajalari bo'yicha Bush tomonidan soliq imtiyozlari belgilangan muddatlarda tugashiga yo'l qo'yilgan dastlabki darajaga nisbatan, bu kelajakdagi defitsitni sezilarli darajada oshirdi. O'tgan yillar bilan taqqoslaganda, bu defitsitni sezilarli darajada kamaytirdi va kelajakdagi xarajatlarning cheklangan o'sishiga olib keldi. Ushbu qonun va tiklanayotgan iqtisodiyot defitsitni YaIMga nisbatan tarixiy o'rtacha 2014 yilga nisbatan pasaytirdi.^[1]

Iqtisodiyot tiklanib, asosiy byudjet qonunchiligi ortida Prezident Obama boshqa ustuvor yo'nalishga, daromad va boylikka o'tishni boshladi tengsizlik. 1950 yildan 1979 yilgacha yuqori 1% daromadning taxminan 10% ulushiga ega bo'ldi. Biroq, globallashuv, avtomatlashtirish va siyosat o'zgarishi kombinatsiyasi tufayli ishchilarning kapitalga (egalariga) nisbatan savdolashuv mavqeini zaiflashtirganligi sababli, bu 2007 yilga kelib 24% gacha ko'tarildi.^[15] U 2013 yildagi daromadlar farqining ko'payishini "zamonamizning aniq vazifasi" deb atadi.^[16] Uning yuqori daromadli soliq to'lovchilariga soliqlarni oshirishi 2013 yildan boshlab ularning samarali soliq stavkalarini oshirdi va soliqdan keyingi daromadlar tengsizligini hal qilishga yordam berdi,^[17] ish joylarini yaratish esa barqaror bo'lib qoldi.

Boylik tengsizligi ham xuddi shunday ko'tarilib, birinchi 1 foizga tegishli bo'lgan boylik ulushi 1979 yildagi 24 foizdan 2007 yilga kelib 36 foizgacha o'sdi.^[15] AQSh uy xo'jaliklarining boyligi 2007 yildagi inqirozgacha bo'lgan cho'qqisidan 2016 yilgacha qariyb 30 foizga o'sgan bo'lsa-da,^[18] ushbu daromadning katta qismi, u ish boshlagunga qadar bo'lganidek, eng badavlat amerikaliklarga to'g'ri keldi. 2015 yilga kelib, 1 foizga egalik qilgan boylik ulushi 42 foizga etdi.^[15]

Prezident Obama, shuningdek, soliq toifasidagi tengsizlikni (ya'ni, bozor daromadi) hal qilishga, infratuzilma sarmoyasi bilan o'rta sinf ish o'rinlarini yaratish va federal majburiyat bilan eng kam ish haqini oshirishga harakat qildi. Ikkinchisi Respublikachilar Kongressi tomonidan mag'lubiyatga uchragan bo'lsa-da, ko'plab davlatlar qisman uning qo'llab-quvvatlashi tufayli eng kam ish haqini oshirdilar.^[1] 2015 yil oxirida Vakillar Palatasi va Senat noyob partiyaviy shaklda o'n yil ichidagi eng katta infratuzilma to'plamidan o'tdilar. Amerikaning Yer usti transporti to'g'risidagi qonunini tuzatish.^[19]

2009 yil yanvarida ish boshlaganidan 2016 yil oxirigacha bo'lgan bir nechta iqtisodiy o'zgaruvchilardagi jami o'zgarishlar quyidagilar edi: Qimmatli qog'ozlar bozori + 180%; Korporativ foyda + 112%; Avtomatik savdo + 85%; Uy-joy narxi + 24%; Real YaIM + 15%; Ish o'rinlari soni + 8%; va tibbiy sug'urtasiz amerikaliklar soni -39%. Yillik federal defitsit 58 foizga kamaygan bo'lsa, milliy qarz 88 foizga o'sdi.^[20]

Buyuk tanazzulga javob berish

2010 yil oktyabridan 2016 yil oktyabrigacha 73 oy davomida fermer xo'jaliklaridan tashqari ish o'rinlarini yaratish o'rtacha oyiga 200,000ni tashkil etdi, bu tarixiy me'yorlar bo'yicha barqaror ko'rsatkichdir. Ishsizlik darajasi 10% dan 5% gacha kamaydi.^[21][22]

CBO ish bilan ta'minlashning nazariy to'liq bandlik darajasiga nisbatan taqchilligi 2010 yildagi qariyb 10 milliondan 2016 yil oxiriga kelib 1,6 millionga tushganligini izohladi. Kamomad ishsizlikning haddan tashqari ko'pligi va ishchi kuchi ishtirokining pasayishi bilan bog'liq.^[23]

1-darajali koeffitsient bank yuritadigan moliyaviy yostiqning kuchini anglatadi; koeffitsient qanchalik yuqori bo'lsa, bankning moliyaviy holati shunchalik kuchli bo'ladi, boshqa narsalar tenglashadi. Dodd-Frank ushbu nisbatni yaxshilash uchun standartlarni o'rnatdi va bu borada muvaffaqiyat qozondi.^[2]

1989-2016 yillarda AQShning uy qarzidagi YaIMga nisbatan o'zgarishi. Moliyaviy inqirozdan qutulish uzoq davom etadi, chunki qarz olish va sarf qilishning odatiy uslublari tiklanishidan oldin qarz darajasi kamaytirilishi kerak. Bunday holda, uy egalari 2009-2012 yillarda qarzni to'lashdi.^[24]

AQShning bir necha yirik iqtisodiy o'zgaruvchilari 2007-2009 yillarda qayta tiklandi Ikkilamchi ipoteka inqirozi va Katta tanazzul 2013-2014 vaqt oralig'ida.

Prezident Obamaning birinchi inauguratsiyasi chuqurlik davrida bo'lib o'tdi Katta tanazzul. Vaziyat og'ir edi; iqtisodiyotda 2008 yilda qariyb 3,6 million ish o'rinlari yo'qolgan va u ish boshlagandan so'ng oyiga 800000 ga yaqin ish o'rinlarini bo'shatgan. 2008 yil sentyabr oyida bir nechta yirik moliya institutlari yo qulab tushdi, birlashishga majbur bo'ldi yoki hukumat tomonidan qutqarib qolindi. A ga teng bo'lgan moliyaviy tizim deyarli muzlatib qo'yilgan edi bank boshqaruvi asosan tartibga solinmagan, depozitariy bo'lmagan soya banklari tizim amalga oshirilmayapti.^[25] Ben Bernanke keyinchalik AQShning 13 ta eng yirik moliya institutlaridan 12 tasi inqiroz paytida ishlamay qolish xavfi ostida bo'lganligini aytdi.^[26]

Bush ma'muriyati 700 milliard dollar ajratgan Muammoli aktivlarni yo'qotish dasturi 2008 yil oktyabrida va o'tish davrida banklarni mustahkamlashga yordam berish uchun ulkan kredit kafolatlarini taqdim etdi. Bundan tashqari, AQSh Federal rezervi Ben Bernanke moliya tizimiga pul kiritish uchun bir qator innovatsion favqulodda choralarni ko'rayotgan edi, bu ularning "so'nggi chora" qarz beruvchisi rolini bajargan. Obama va Bernanke iqtisodiyotni Wall Street-dan tashqari ko'tarishga yordam berish uchun Kongress tomonidan qo'shimcha harakatlar zarurligi to'g'risida kelishib oldilar.^[1][27]

Rag'batlantirish

2009 yil 17 fevralda Obama qonunni imzoladi Amerikaning 2009 yilgi tiklanish va qayta investitsiya to'g'risidagi qonuni, 831 milliard dollar iqtisodiy rag'batlantirish iqtisodiyotni tiklashga yordam berishga qaratilgan paket jahondagi tanazzulni chuqurlashtirish.^[28] Ushbu akt federal xarajatlarni 573 milliard dollarga oshirdi^[29] sog'liqni saqlash, infratuzilma, ta'lim va ijtimoiy nafaqalar uchun, qolgan qismi soliq imtiyozlari uchun ishlatiladi^[30] - shu jumladan, ishlayotgan oilalarning 95 foiziga foyda keltiradigan 116 milliard dollarlik soliqni kamaytirish.^[31] Demokratlar ushbu chorani ko'pchilik qo'llab-quvvatladilar, Senatning bir nechta respublikachilari esa qonunni qo'llab-quvvatladilar.

CBO taxmin qilgan ARRA YaIM va bandlikka ijobiy ta'sir ko'rsatishi mumkin, bu 2009-2011 yillarda asosiy ta'sirga ega. YaIM 2009 yil oxiriga kelib 1,4 va 3,8% gacha, 2010 yil oxiriga kelib 1,1 va 3,3% ga, 0,4 va 1,3% ga o'sishini taxmin qildi. 2011 yil oxirida, shuningdek, 2014 yildan keyin noldan 0,2% gacha kamaygan.^[32] Bandlikka ta'sir o'tgan 2009 yilga kelib 0,8 milliondan 2,3 milliongacha, 2010 yil oxiriga kelib 1,2 milliondan 3,6 milliongacha, 2011 yil oxiriga kelib 0,6 milliondan 1,9 milliongacha o'sgan va keyingi yillarda kamaygan o'sish bo'ladi. AQSh mehnat bozori deyarli to'liq ish bilan ta'minlangan, ammo hech qachon salbiy emas.^[32] CBO hisob-kitoblariga ko'ra, qonun loyihasini qabul qilish federal byudjet taqchilligini 2009 moliya yilining qolgan oylarida 185 milliard dollarga, 2010 yilda 399 milliard dollarga va 2011 yilda 134 milliard dollarga yoki 2009-2019 yillar davomida 787 milliard dollarga ko'paytiradi.^[33]

Kongressning byudjet idorasi va keng ko'lamli iqtisodchilar Obamaning iqtisodiy o'sishni rag'batlantirish rejasini kreditlashadi.^[34][35] Markaziy bankning 2015 yil fevraldagi yakuniy tahlili shuni ko'rsatdiki, ARRA YaIMning o'sishi va ish bilan bandligini sezilarli darajada yaxshilagan.^[36]

CBO Obamaning rag'batlantiruvchi ta'sirining yakuniy bahosi

Garchi 2010 yil aprel oyida Biznes iqtisodiyoti milliy assotsiatsiyasi (NABE) ikki yil ichida birinchi marta ish o'rinlari yaratilishining ko'payganligini ko'rsatdi (shu yilning yanvar oyidagi so'rov natijalariga ko'ra), 68 respondentning 73% ARRA qonun qabul qilinganidan keyin rag'batlantirish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi o'z kompaniyalarida ish bilan ta'minlashga hech qanday ta'sir ko'rsatmadi deb hisobladilar.^[37] Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari iqtisodiyoti NATOning boshqa dastlabki a'zolariga qaraganda Prezident Obamaning rahbarligi davrida oxirigacha bo'lgan davrga nisbatan ancha tez o'sdi. Ikkinchi jahon urushi.^[38] OECD, Evropa Ittifoqida qabul qilingan tejamkorlik choralaridan farqli o'laroq, Qo'shma Shtatlardagi rag'batlantirish uchun Qo'shma Shtatlardagi o'sish sur'atlarining o'sishini qayd etdi.^[39]

The Iqtisodiy maslahatchilar kengashi 2014 yilda ARRA bo'yicha keng qamrovli hisobot tayyorladi, unda turli xil grafikalar mavjud bo'lib, u YaIMga ham, ish joylariga ham ijobiy ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Shuningdek, qonun hujjatlarida ko'rsatilgan xarajatlarni taqsimlash va soliq imtiyozlarini o'z ichiga oladi.^[40]

AQSh avtomobilsozlik sanoatini qo'llab-quvvatlash

Obama bunga aralashdi muammoli avtomobilsozlik^[41] uchun kreditlarni uzaytirgan holda, 2009 yil mart oyida General Motors va Chrysler qayta tashkil etishda operatsiyalarni davom ettirish. Keyingi oylarda Oq uy ikkala firmaning ham bankrotligi uchun shartlarni o'rnatdi, shu jumladan Chrysler savdosi Italiya avtomobil ishlab chiqaruvchisiga Fiat^[42] va a General Motors-ni qayta tashkil etish AQSh hukumatiga vaqtincha 60% aktsiyadorlik ulushini berish, Kanada hukumati 12% ulushini olish bilan.^[43]

2009 yil iyun oyida Obama iqtisodiy rag'batlantirish tezligidan norozi bo'lib, o'z kabinetini sarmoyalarni tezlashtirishga chaqirdi.^[44] 2013 yil oxiriga kelib, Federal hukumat Chrysler va GM-dagi barcha sarmoyalarini tasarruf etdi (qayta xususiylashtirdi). 2016 yil oxiriga kelib soliq to'lovchilar avtomobilsozlik sanoatiga investitsiya qilingan 80 milliard dollardan 71 milliard dollarini qaytarib olishdi.^[2]

Avtotransport tadqiqotlari markazi tomonidan olib borilgan tadqiqotlar natijalariga ko'ra, qutqarish 2,63 million ish joyini saqlab qoldi va 105 milliard dollarlik transfer to'lovlari va shaxsiy va ijtimoiy sug'urta soliqlarini yig'ish zararini saqlab qoldi yoki ularni oldini oldi.^[45][46] 2007 yildagi inqirozgacha bo'lgan avtoulovlar va yengil yuk mashinalari ishlab chiqarish 16,0 million donani tashkil etdi, 2009 yilda Buyuk retsessiya naychasida 10,4 million donaga tushib ketdi, so'ngra 2016 yil dekabr oyiga qadar barqaror qayta tiklanib 18,3 millionga etdi.^[47] Shuningdek, u qonunni imzoladi Avtomobillarga nafaqa to'lash tizimi dasturi, shuningdek, "Cunkerlar uchun naqd pul" deb nomlanadi.^[48][49][50]

Ish bilan ta'minlash tendentsiyalari

Katta tanazzul tufayli 2008 yil yanvaridan 2010 yil fevraligacha taxminan 8,7 million xususiy sektor ish o'rinlari yo'qolgan. Ishsizlik darajasi (U-3) 2007 yil noyabr oyida 4.7% dan ko'tarila boshladi va inqiroz chuqurlashganda, taxminan 2010 yil noyabrgacha davom etgan inqiroz kuchayishi bilan 2009 yil oktyabrda 10.0% darajaga ko'tarildi. Ishchilarni o'z ichiga olgan ishsizlikning yana bir o'lchovi (U-6). ishchi kuchiga va iqtisodiy sabablarga ko'ra yarim kunlik ish bilan band bo'lganlarga chek qo'yilgan holda, 2007 yil noyabrda 8,4% dan o'sdi va 2009 yil noyabrda 17,1% ga etdi, taxminan 2010 yil noyabrgacha qoldi. Keyinchalik u 9,4 ga qadar barqaror pasayishni boshladi. 2017 yil yanvar oyida%.^[51]

2009 yil yanvar oyida u inauguratsiyadan keyingi oydan boshlab o'lchangan bo'lib, AQSh 2009 yil fevraldan 2017 yil yanvarigacha 11,6 million xususiy sektorga ish joyini qo'shdi. 2010 yil fevralidagi inqiroz oqibatida o'lchangan AQSh qolgan 83 ta ish joyida jami 16,1 million xususiy sektorga ish joyini qo'shdi. Obama prezidentligining bir necha oyi - rekord darajada xususiy sektorda ish o'rinlari yaratishning eng uzoq davom etgan davri.^[52] Taqqoslash uchun 2000-2009 yillarda inqiroz ta'sirini hisobga olgan holda biron bir aniq ish joyi qo'shilmagan bo'lsa, 1970 yildan 1999 yilgacha har o'n yillikda 18 dan 22 milliongacha ish o'rinlari qo'shilgan.^[53]

Xo'jalikdan tashqari ish o'rinlarini yaratish 2010 yil oktyabridan 2016 yil oktyabrigacha 73 oy davomida o'rtacha oyiga 200,000 oyni tashkil etdi, bu tarixiy me'yorlar bo'yicha barqaror ko'rsatkichdir. Masalan, bir oyda ish o'rinlarini yaratish o'rtacha 236000 (Klinton), 209000 (Karter), 167000 (Reygan), 50.000 (G. H. V. Bush) va 13000 (G. V. Bush) ni tashkil etdi.^[53][54]

2017 'Prezidentning iqtisodiy hisoboti "Qishloq xo'jaligida bo'lmagan ish joylarining o'sishi 2010 yil oktyabr oyidan boshlab doimiy ravishda ijobiy tomonga o'zgarib turdi. O'shandan beri AQSh iqtisodiyoti 74 oy davomida ish joylarini qo'shdi, bu rekord ko'rsatkich bo'yicha eng uzun ish qatori; shu davrda nodavlat bandlik o'sishi o'rtacha 199,000 ish o'rinlarini tashkil etdi. Qishloq xo'jaligida bo'lmagan ish bilan bandlikning to'liq pasayishi 2014 yildagi tanazzulga qadar eng yuqori darajaga ko'tarildi - bu 90-yillardan beri ish o'rinlari yaratish uchun eng yaxshi yil - va 2016 yil noyabr holatiga ko'ra krizisgacha bo'lgan eng yuqori ko'rsatkichdan 6,7 million ish o'ringa oshib ketdi. "^[2]

The Kongressning byudjet idorasi (CBO) a dan past bo'lgan ishchilar soni sifatida belgilangan bandlik etishmovchiligi hajmini taxmin qildi to'liq ish bilan ta'minlash Daraja. Ushbu tanqislik Obamaning davrida barqaror ravishda yaxshilandi, 2010 yildagi 10 milliondan 2015 yil dekabrgacha 2,5 milliongacha, bu 160 million ishchi kuchining taxminan 1,5 foizini tashkil etadi. Iqtisodiyot to'la bandlik darajasiga ko'tarilgach, pasayish kuzatildi ishchi kuchining ishtirok etish darajasi mehnatga layoqatli yoshdagi odamlar orasida (25 yoshdan 54 yoshgacha) kamomadning katta qismi to'g'ri keladi. Ishchi kuchlarning umumiy ishtirok etish darajasi 2000 yildan beri pasaymoqda, chunki mamlakat yoshi kattalashgan.^[23]

2015 yil dekabr oyida Mehnat statistikasi byurosi (BLS) 2014 yildagi 87,4 million raqamdan foydalangan holda 16 yosh va undan katta yoshdagi odamlarning ishchi kuchidan tashqarida bo'lish sabablarini ma'lum qildi: 1) nafaqaga chiqqan: 38,5 million yoki 44%; 2) nogironlar yoki kasallar: 16,3 million yoki 19%; 3) Maktabga borish: 16,0 million yoki 18%; 4) Uy vazifalari: 13,5 million yoki 15%; va 4) Boshqa sabablar: 3,1 million yoki 5%.^[55] 2016 yil noyabr oyidan boshlab BLS, ishchi kuchidan tashqarida bo'lgan 95 million kishidan 90 millioni "hozir ish istamasligini" ko'rsatdi.^[56]

Obama prezidentligi davrida tanqidchilar uning siyosati (xususan, ACA) doimiy ish bilan bandlikni yo'q qilib, "Obamaning yarim kunlik Amerikasini" yaratayotganini ta'kidlashdi.^[57][58] Biroq, ACA 2010 yil mart oyida qabul qilingan oydan Obama prezidentligining oxirigacha to'liq ish kuni 12,5 foizga o'sdi, ixtiyoriy yarim kunlik ish (odatda yarim kunlik ish izlayotganlar) 1,0 foizga kamaydi va majburiy ravishda qisman ish bilan bandlik (to'liq ish kunini olishni istaganlar, ammo yarim kunlik ish bilan ishlashlari kerak) 35,4% ga kamaydi.^[59]

Bank faoliyatini tartibga solish

Inqirozni keltirib chiqargan bank sektoridagi ortiqcha muammolarni bartaraf etish uchun Obama qonunni imzoladi Dodd - Frenk Uoll-stritni isloh qilish va iste'molchilar huquqlarini himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun 2010 yil, bu bank tavakkalchiligini cheklab qo'ygan va depozitariy bo'lmaganlarni kuzatishda samarasiz bo'lgan eskirgan tartibga solish rejimini qayta ko'rib chiqqan yoki soya banklari an'anaviy depozit bank sektoridan oshib ketgan inqirozning asosiy qismidir. Shuningdek, u yaratdi Iste'molchilarni moliyaviy himoya qilish byurosi (CFPB). Biroq, u eng katta banklarni (inqiroz paytida majburiy birlashish tufayli yanada kattalashgan) yoki alohida investitsiya va depozit banklarini tarqatib yubormadi. Shisha-o'g'irlik to'g'risidagi qonun qilgan edi. Kongressning deyarli barcha demokratlari, ammo bir nechta respublikachilar qonun uchun ovoz berishdi.^[1] 2014 yil 10 dekabrda Prezidentning o'zi, JP Morganning vakili Jeymi Dimon bilan birgalikda "kromnibus" sarf-xarajatlari to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun uyning ovozini berishga yordam berdi, unga bitta deputat Dodd-Frank qoidalarini sezilarli darajada zaiflashtirishi mumkin degan qoidani kiritdi.^[60]

Qayta tiklash

The Katta tanazzul 2007-2009 yillar Buyuk Depressiyadan keyingi barcha tanazzullardan farqli o'laroq ajralib turardi, chunki u bank inqirozi va juda qarzdor uy xo'jaliklarining mablag'laridan foydalanishni qisqartirish (qarzlarni kamaytirish) bilan bog'liq edi. Tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, moliyaviy inqirozdan qutulish uzoq davom etishi mumkin, uzoq muddatli ishsizlik darajasi va nostandart iqtisodiy o'sish.^[61] Iqtisodchi Karmen Reynxart 2011 yil avgust oyida aytilgan edi: "Qarzni qisqartirish [kamaytirish] taxminan etti yil davom etadi ... Va og'ir moliyaviy inqirozdan keyingi o'n yil ichida siz avvalgi o'n yilga nisbatan 1 dan 1,5 foizgacha kamroq o'sishga moyilsiz, chunki o'n yil oldin xususiy qarzdorlikning o'sishi bilan ta'minlandi va bu o'sishning hammasi ham haqiqiy emas edi. Iqtisodiy rivojlangan mamlakatlarda ishsizlik ko'rsatkichlari pasayishdan keyin ham juda qorong'i. Ishsizlik avvalgi o'n yilga nisbatan besh foizli punktga bog'langan bo'lib qolmoqda. "^[62]

Bir necha muhim iqtisodiy o'zgaruvchilar (masalan, ish darajasi, aholi jon boshiga to'g'ri keladigan YaIM, uy xo'jaliklarining aniq qiymati va federal byudjet kamomadi) 2009 yoki 2010 yillarda eng past ko'rsatkichga (eng past darajaga) erishdi, shundan so'ng ular tanazzulga qadar tiklana boshladilar (2007) darajalari, 2012 yil oxiri va 2014 yil may oylari orasida turg'unlik paytida yo'qolgan barcha ish joylarining tiklanishini belgilab berdi.^{[63][64][65][66]} Uy xo'jaliklarining haqiqiy o'rtacha daromadi 2012 yilda 53 331 dollarga tushdi, ammo 2016 yilga kelib eng yuqori darajaga - 59 039 dollargacha tiklandi.^[67]

Buyuk tanazzul davlat va mahalliy soliq tushumlariga ayniqsa jiddiy ta'sir ko'rsatdi, natijada ko'plab shtatlar va mahalliy aholi byudjetlarni o'z konstitutsiyalari yoki qonunlari bilan belgilab qo'yilgan xarajatlarni kamaytirish va ish bilan ta'minlashni kamaytirishga olib keldi. Hukumatning bu qisqarishi odatdagi kabi YaIMga real qo'shilishni emas, balki iqtisodiy pasayishni vujudga keltiradigan YaIMning real o'sishidan chiqarib tashlandi.^[68] 2012 yil iyun oyida Obama buni ta'kidlab, "Xususiy sektor yaxshi ishlayapti. Iqtisodiyotimizdagi zaif tomonlarni ko'rayotganimizda, bu davlat va mahalliy hukumat bilan bog'liq - ko'pincha hokimlar yoki hokimlar tashabbusi bilan bunday natijaga erishmayotganlar o'tmishda federal hukumat tomonidan olingan va kamroq daromadlar bilan ishlashda federal hukumat kabi moslashuvchan bo'lmagan yordam ".^[69]

Sog'liqni saqlash tizimini isloh qilish

Ushbu jadvalda "Xizmat ko'rsatishning maqbulligi to'g'risida" gi qonunning bir nechta jihatlari, jumladan, qamrab olingan odamlar soni, subsidiyalardan oldin va keyingi xarajatlar va jamoatchilik fikri ko'rsatilgan.

Qamrab olish darajasi, ish beruvchilar bozori narxlari tendentsiyalari, byudjetga ta'siri va "Affordable Care" qonuni daromadlarining tengsizligi jihatlari.

"Affordable Care Act" (ACA yoki Obamacare) ning 2014 yildagi taqsimot ta'siri. ACA soliqlarni asosan 1 foizga oshirdi, oilalarning pastki 40 foiziga o'rtacha 600 AQSh dollari miqdorida nafaqa ajratdi.

Prezident Obama uning nomidagi qonunchilikka amal qildi ("Obamacare"), the Bemorlarni himoya qilish va arzon narxlarda parvarish qilish to'g'risidagi qonun 2010 yil. Bu uchta tegishli tushunchaga asoslanib qurilgan, shu jumladan: 1) kam ta'minlanganlarga tibbiy sug'urtani sotib olishga yordam berish uchun subsidiyalar; 2) kafolatlangan muammo va jamoatchilik reytingi, ya'ni oldindan tibbiy sharoitga ega bo'lgan shaxslar kamsitilmasligi mumkin; va 3) jismoniy va ish beruvchilarning "mandatlari" orqali ularni qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan moddiy rag'batlantirish bilan ta'minlangan, sog'lom odamlarning (tibbiy to'lovlari kam) ishtirok etishlari uchun sug'urta xarajatlarini hammaga kamaytirishga yordam beradigan qamrov talablari.^[70] Qonun Respublikachilar Kongressi tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanmagan bo'lsa-da, konservativ tomonidan tuzilgan sog'liqni saqlash rejasiga o'xshash edi Heritage Foundation 1980 yillarning oxirlarida va Romneycare.^[71] Sog'liqni saqlash tarixchisi Pol Starr 2017 yil dekabr oyida "Agar siz ACAdagi g'oyalarning kelib chiqishini aniqlasangiz, bu asosan qat'iy partiyaviylik asosida qabul qilingan ikki partiyaviy qonun loyihasi edi" dedi.^[72]

Davlat darajasidagi bozor maydonlarini yoki birjalarni yaratish orqali etarlicha odamlar iqtisodiy jihatdan samarali qamrab olish uchun hovuzlar yaratishlari mumkin edi. Bundan tashqari, qonun Medicaid dasturlarini kengaytirishni tanlagan davlatlar uchun federal mablag'larni taqdim etdi. Kongressdagi demokratlarning aksariyati qonun uchun ovoz berdi, palatada yoki senatda biron bir respublikachi buni bajarmadi.^[73][74] Respublikachilar, asosan Vakillar palatasida, Obamaning davrida qonunni bekor qilish, bekor qilish yoki kechiktirishga 60 marta urinishgan, ammo bu natija bermagan.^[75]

Qoplama

2016 yilga kelib, qonun 24 million kishini tibbiy sug'urta bilan qamrab olgan bo'lib, davlat sog'liqni saqlash birjalari va Medicaid-ni ko'proq odamlarga davlat darajasida kengaytirishni moliyalashtirish vositalarini birlashtirgan.^[6] Bu tibbiy sug'urtasizlar stavkasini 2010 yildagi taxminan 16% dan 2015 yilga kelib 9% ga tushirdi.^[7] Poltifact turli xil taxminlarga asoslanib, umumiy sug'urta qilinganlarning atigi 2 foizigina (262 milliondan 4 millioni) sifatsiz siyosat o'zgartirilishi kerakligi to'g'risida ogohlantirish olishganiga qaramay, Obamani "agar sog'lig'ingiz rejasi sizga yoqsa, uni ushlab turishingiz mumkin. "^[76]

Biroq, buni amalga oshirish uchun federal moliyaviy imtiyozlarga qaramay, respublika gubernatorlari bo'lgan ko'plab davlatlar ACA doirasida Medicaid-ni o'z aholisi uchun kengaytirmaslikni tanladilar, bu esa xarajatlarni kamaytirish bilan birga kam daromadli fuqarolarning qamroviga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Ga ko'ra Shahar instituti Medicaid-ni kengaytirgan davlatlar (shulardan 32 tasi, shu jumladan Vashington, DC) 2016 yilning birinchi choragida 7,3% sug'urtalanmagan bo'lsa, (19 shtat) esa kattalar orasida 14,1% sug'urtalanmagan. 18 va 64 yoshda.^[77][78]

Sog'liqni saqlash xarajatlari

Uning faoliyati davomida sog'liqni saqlash xarajatlari o'rtacha darajada davom etdi. Masalan, ish beruvchilar qamrab oladigan sog'liqni saqlash bo'yicha mukofotlar 2000 yildan 2005 yilgacha 69 foizga o'sgan, ammo 2010 yildan 2015 yilgacha faqat 27 foizga o'sgan.^[8] Ushbu tendentsiyalarni istiqbolga qo'yish uchun 2017 yil Prezidentning iqtisodiy hisoboti aytilgan,

Ish beruvchilarni qamrab olish xarajatlari sekin o'sib borayotganligi sababli ... 2016 yilda ish beruvchilarni qamrab oladigan oila uchun o'rtacha xarajatlar, agar OA qonun chiqarilishidan oldin o'n yil ichida ularning tezligi bo'yicha o'sib ketishi kerak bo'lgan narxdan 4,400 dollardan past bo'lsa.

Ushbu sekinroq xarajatlarning o'sishi ACAdan oldin boshlangan bo'lsa-da, ular amalga oshirilgandan keyin ham davom etdi yoki yaxshilandi.^[2]

ACA, shuningdek, kam ta'minlangan oilalarni sug'urta qilishga yordam berish uchun subsidiyalar ajratdi. 2017 yilga kelib, birjalardagilarning deyarli 70 foizi sug'urtani oyiga 75 dollardan kamiga sotib olishlari mumkin edi.^[9] CBO hisob-kitoblariga ko'ra, 2016 yilda qonunga binoan to'langan subsidiyalar, ularni oladigan 10 million kishiga o'rtacha 4240 AQSh dollarini, bir kishiga 4240 AQSh dollarini tashkil etdi. Miqyosiga ko'ra, ish beruvchilar tomonidan ishchilar nomidan to'lanadigan tibbiy sug'urta mukofotlarini soliqqa tortishdan ozod qilish shaklida ish beruvchilar bozori uchun subsidiya 2016 yilda bir kishiga taxminan 1700 AQSh dollarini yoki ish beruvchilar bozoridagi 155 million kishi uchun 266 milliard dollarni tashkil etdi. Qonun bilan ish beruvchining bozoriga beriladigan subsidiya o'zgartirilmagan.^[6]

Byudjetga ta'sir

Qonun tomonidan bir necha bor baholandi Kongressning byudjet idorasi, bu o'rtacha defitsitni pasaytiruvchi sifatida baholandi, chunki u asosan yuqori daromadli soliq to'lovchilarga soliqlarni oshirishni (taxminan $ 200,000 dan yuqori 5%) va kelgusida Medicare narxining pasayishini, subsidiya xarajatlarini qoplashni o'z ichiga oladi.^[10] CBO shuningdek, 2015 yil iyun oyida "Makroiqtisodiy fikr-mulohazalarning byudjet ta'sirini hisobga olgan holda, ACA-ni bekor qilish 2016-2025 yillarda federal byudjet kamomadini 137 milliard dollarga ko'paytiradi" deb xabar bergan.^[10] CBO shuningdek, makroiqtisodiy teskari aloqa ta'sirini hisobga olmaganda, ACA ni bekor qilish shu davrda defitsitni 353 milliard dollarga ko'payishini taxmin qildi.^[10]

The Prezidentning 2017 yilgi iqtisodiy hisoboti shuningdek, ACA sog'liqni saqlash sifatini yaxshilaganligini ta'kidladi

2010 yildan beri kasalxonaga murojaat qilishda bemorlarning zararlanish darajasi 21 foizga kamaydi, bu 2015 yilgacha taxminan 125000 kishining o'limidan saqlanishiga olib keldi. ACAda yaratilgan to'lov imtiyozlari, shuningdek, stavkaning sezilarli darajada pasayishiga olib keldi. qaysi bemorlar kasalxonadan chiqqandan keyin kasalxonaga qaytib kelishadi, bu esa taxminan 565,000 ta 2010 yil aprelidan 2015 yil mayigacha bo'lgan qayta qabul qilishdan saqlanishiga to'g'ri keladi.^[2]

Jamoatchilik fikri

Gallup ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, Obamaning davrida qonunning ommaviyligi pasayib, keyin yaxshilandi, ammo 2016 yil noyabr holatiga ko'ra (44%) tasdiqlanganidan (52%) ko'proq ma'qullanmadi. Ommaboplik partiyalar qatoriga bo'lingan, demokratlar esa qonunga nisbatan ancha qulay ko'rinish.^[79] Odamlarni sug'urtalashni talab qiladigan mandati juda mashhur bo'lmaganligiga qaramay, individual elementlar umuman qonundan ancha mashhur edi.^[80][81]

Kongress nazorati

Dastlabki ikki yil ichida Prezident Obama palatada ko'pchilikni tashkil qildi va muvozanatlash bilan mos keladigan Senatda (2010 yil fevralgacha) o'ta ko'pchilik AQShning 111-kongressi, beri qabul qilingan qonunchilik jihatidan eng samarali Kongresslardan biri deb hisoblanadi 89-kongress, davomida Lyndon Jonsonniki Buyuk jamiyat.^{[11][12][13][14]} Biroq, 2010 yil noyabr oyida bo'lib o'tgan saylovlarda respublikachilar Vakillar palatasida ko'pchilikni qo'lga kiritib, Senatda Demokratik ko'pchilikni kamaytirdilar.

The AQShning 112-kongressi (2011 yil yanvaridan 2013 yil yanvarigacha) Prezident Obamaning boshqa ko'plab qonunchilik rejalarini to'sib qo'yishga muvaffaq bo'ldi, natijada Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan beri eng kam samarador bo'lgan Kongresslardan biri bo'lib, rekord darajadagi past reytingga ega bo'ldi.^[82] Obama keyinchalik unchalik mashhur bo'lmagan bo'linishga yoki Respublikachilar Kongressiga duch keldi. 2014 yil avgust oyida e'lon qilingan Gallup So'roviga ko'ra 113-Kongress ma'lumotlar yig'ila boshlagan 1974 yildan buyon har qanday Kongressning eng yuqori darajadagi norozilik reytingiga ega edi: so'ralgan amerikaliklarning 83 foizi Kongress bajarayotgan ishdan norozi ekanliklarini, faqat 13 foizi ma'qullashlarini aytdi.^[83][84] 112 va undan keyingi Kongresslar Obamaning qonunchilikdagi yutuqlarini asosan byudjet masalalari bilan cheklab qo'ydi.

Federal byudjet muhokamalari

Daromadlar, sarf-xarajatlar, kamomad va qarzlar to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga olgan to'rtta CBO diagrammasi. Obamaning ma'muriyati davrida yillik byudjet kamomadi sezilarli darajada kamaydi, garchi iqtisodiyot hajmiga nisbatan qarz o'sgan bo'lsa ham.

CBO 2009 defitsit prognozlarini 2009-2016 yillardagi haqiqiy natijalar bilan taqqoslash. Kamomad deyarli uchdan ikki qismga qisqartirildi va 2009 yilgi 1,4 trillion dollardan 2014 yilga kelib 500 milliard dollardan pastga tushdi. Iqtisodiyot kattaligi bilan solishtirganda, u har yili 2010–2015 yillarda pasayib borardi.^[85]

Amerika soliq to'lovchilariga yordam berish to'g'risidagi 2012 yilgi qonun (ATRA) va Fiskal Cliff bilan bog'liq uchta CBO defitsit stsenariylari. Moviy chiziq (2012 yil avgust oyi boshlang'ich bosqichi) "amaldagi qonun" bazasi bo'lib, soliqlarni oshirish va xarajatlarni kamaytirish bilan qonunlar o'zgartirilmasa kuchga kiradi. Kulrang chiziq (2012 yil mart oyidagi muqobil boshlang'ich yo'nalish) soliqlarni oshirishni oldini olish va xarajatlarni qisqartirishni anglatuvchi "joriy siyosat" bazasi edi. Apelsin chizig'i (2013 yil fevral oyidagi asosiy ko'rsatkich) ATRAdan keyingi natijalar edi. Vertikal qora nuqta chiziq - kuchga kirgan 2013 yil yanvar.^[86]

AQSh Federal xarajatlarining 2008–2015-yillarda taqqoslanishi 1990-2008 yillarda o'rtacha yillik 5% o'sishga asoslangan tendentsiya chizig'iga nisbatan. Xarajatlar 2012 yildan boshlab trend yo'nalishidan past bo'lgan.

Buyuk tanazzul tufayli federal hukumat daromadi 50 yil davomida iqtisodiyot hajmiga nisbatan eng past darajaga tushdi, soliq tushumlari 2008-2009 yillar orasida qariyb 400 milliard dollarga (20%) kamaydi. Shu bilan birga, xavfsizlik sof xarajatlari sabab bo'ldi xarajatlar sezilarli darajada oshadi. Masalan, avtomatik stabilizator xarajatlar (masalan, ishsizlik tovon puli, oziq-ovqat markalari va nogironlik bo'yicha to'lovlar, qonunchilik harakatlarisiz ko'paygan) 2009 yildan 2012 yilgacha har yili 350-420 milliard dollarni tashkil etdi,^[87] xarajatlarning taxminan 10%. Yuqori xarajatlar va pastki tushumlarning kombinatsiyasi^[88] byudjet defitsitini Prezident Obamaning hech qanday siyosiy qadamlarisiz ham oshirib yubordi va qarzga oid jiddiy muammolarni keltirib chiqardi. Buning natijasida Respublikachilar Kongressi bilan bir qator ko'kargan munozaralar bo'lib o'tdi, ular Bush ma'muriyati davrida boshlangan tanazzul tufayli kelib chiqqan defitsit uchun Prezidentni ayblashga urinishdi (katta muvaffaqiyat bilan).^[1]

Bir voqea munozaraning mohiyati va keskinligini tasvirlaydi. AQSh 2008 yil sentyabr oyida tugagan 2008 moliyaviy yilida (FY) milliy qarzga 1,0 trillion dollar qo'shdi. Kongressning byudjet idorasi Obamaning birinchi inauguratsiyasidan ikki hafta oldin 2009 yil moliyaviy kamomadining (Prezident Bush byudjet qilgan yili) 1,2 trillion dollarni tashkil qilishi va keyingi o'n yil ichida qarz o'sishi 3,1 trillion dollarni tashkil etishi taxmin qilingan edi. Bush soliqlarini kamaytirish 2010 yilda rejalashtirilganidek yoki agar Bush soliq imtiyozlari barcha darajalarda uzaytirilsa, taxminan 6,0 trln. CBO bazasida boshqa taxminlarni to'g'rilash ushbu qarz darajasini yanada yuqori darajaga ko'tarishi mumkin edi.^[85]

Respublikachilarning tanqidiga javoban Prezident Obama,

Gap shundaki, biz ish boshlaganimizda, defitsit 1,3 trillion dollarni tashkil etdi [2009 yil uchun] ... [keyingi o'n yil ichida 8 trillion dollarlik qarz [prognoz qilingan].

da'vo, Politifact "Aslida haqiqat" deb baholagan. Prezident Obama yuqori daromadli soliq to'lovchilaridan tashqari soliqlarni oshirmaslikka va'da bergan edi, shuning uchun uning qarzdorlik ko'rsatkichi ko'pchilik soliq to'lovchilar uchun Bush soliq imtiyozlarini uzaytirishni o'z ichiga olgan. Ushbu faktlar respublikachilarni prezidentni uning boshqaruv paytida keyingi qarzlar uchun ayblashiga to'sqinlik qilmadi.^[89]

Balans Obama ma'muriyati davrida qarzni to'lashni tavsiflash uchun uchta stsenariydan foydalangan:

1. Qarz Obamaning 2009 yil 20-yanvarda inauguratsiya qilinganidan (10,6 trillion dollar) 2017-yil 20-yanvarda lavozimini tark etgandan keyingi davrga (20,0 trillion dollar) qo'shilib, 9,4 trillion dollarga ko'paygan. Ushbu hisoblash vaqtni ikki nuqtasini taqqoslaydi va sababni tahlil qilmaydi.
2. Obamaning byudjetida byudjet yillarida (2010 yildan 2017 yilgacha moliyaviy davrda) yillik defitsitning yig'indisi bo'lib, u Markaziy banki tarixiy jadvallaridan foydalangan holda 6,5 ​​trln. Bu ham sababni tahlil qilmaydi.
3. Obamaning siyosati bilan qo'shilgan qarzni o'lchash, birinchi navbatda Bush soliq imtiyozlarini uzaytirish (860 milliard dollar) va ARRA-ni rag'batlantirish (800 milliard dollar).^[90]

Bir oy ichida 2010 yil oraliq saylovlar, Obama Kongressning respublikachilar rahbariyati bilan kelishuvni vaqtincha, ikki yilga uzaytirishni o'z ichiga olgan kelishuv e'lon qildi 2001 va 2003 yillarda daromad solig'i stavkalari, bir yillik ish haqi solig'i qisqartirish, ishsizlik nafaqalarini davom ettirish va yangi stavka va ozod qilish miqdori mulk solig'i.^[91] Ushbu murosaga kelish har ikki partiyaning ham qarama-qarshiligini yengib chiqdi va natijada 858 mlrd 2010 yilgi soliq imtiyozlari, ishsizlarni sug'urtalashni qayta tasdiqlash va ish o'rinlarini yaratish to'g'risidagi qonun Obama 2010 yil 17 dekabrda imzolaguniga qadar Kongressning ikkala palatasida ikki partiyaviy ko'pchilik ishtirok etgan.^[92]

Qarzni qoplash inqirozlari

2011 yil 2 avgustda, uzoq davom etgan Kongressdan so'ng qarzdorlik bo'yicha munozara, Obama ikki tomonlama partiyani imzoladi 2011 yilgi byudjet nazorati to'g'risidagi qonun, which enforced limits on discretionary spending until 2021 (the "sequester"), established a procedure to increase the debt limit, created a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5 trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and established automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2 trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee does not achieve such savings.^[93][94]

By passing the legislation, the U.S. was able to prevent a AQSh hukumati sukut bo'yicha on its obligations, as Congressional Republicans had initially refused to raise the debt ceiling.^[95] President Obama referred to the situation as a "manufactured crisis", while Senate Minority Leader Mitch Makkonnell called it "a new template...[raising] the debt ceiling will not be clean anymore."^[93] The Republicans attempted to use the qarz limiti as a bargaining chip again in 2013, resulting in another qarz tavanining inqirozi, which was resolved with minor legislation.

Soliq siyosati

President Obama pledged before he was elected not to raise taxes except on those couples earning over $250,000 (200,000 for individuals). Bilan Bush soliqlarini kamaytirish extension scheduled to expire in January 2013, Obama had significant leverage with the Republican Congress, as his veto of further extensions would have resulted in a sizable income tax increase across the income spectrum, a significant expansion of government, but contrary to his pledge. His compromise, the 2012 yilgi Amerika soliq to'lovchilariga yordam to'g'risidagi qonun (ATRA), passed by a wide majority in the Senate, with both Demokratlar va Respublikachilar supporting it, while a majority of Republicans in the House opposed it. It extended the Bush tax cuts for roughly the bottom 99% of income earners (those earning below $400,000, or $450,000 for married couples).

Capital gains, dividends, and estate tax rates were also increased relative to the 2003–2012 levels; these also mainly affect high-income and wealthy households. It was estimated to increase revenues by $600 billion over a decade, roughly one-fifth of the amount if the tax cuts had been allowed to expire at all income levels. Stated another way, it extended roughly 80% of the Bush tax cuts indefinitely. Separately enacted as part of Obamacare, individual mandates and tobacco taxes impacted the middle class slightly, although they were mainly designed to adjust behavior rather than gather revenue.^[96]

ATRA reduced the deficit trajectory significantly relative to the CBO "Alternative baseline" or "current policy" baseline of March 2012, which projected $10.7 trillion in deficit increases (debt) over the 2013-2022 decade. That baseline assumed the Bush tax cuts and other tax cuts would again be extended at all levels and that the discretionary spending sequester negotiated as part of the Budget Control Act of 2011 would not be implemented. The February 2013 (post ATRA) CBO baseline had deficit increases of $6.8 trillion over a decade, so ATRA reduced these deficits by approximately $3.9 trillion relative to current policies. However, measured another way, relative to the CBO August 2012 "current law baseline" (which assumed deficits would total $2.3 trillion over a decade via the expiration of the Bush tax cuts at all levels, several other tax increases, and implementation of the sequester) ATRA raised the deficit by $4.5 trillion.^[86] The CBO had forecast that cutting the deficit towards the current law baseline would have a significant risk of recession in 2013 along with higher unemployment, so a more moderate trajectory was chosen by the President and Congress.^[97]

Trends in deficits and debt

Comparison of annual federal deficits (CBO 10-year forecast from prior to inauguration vs. the actual amount), during the Obama and G.W. Bush presidencies. Bush added far more to the debt relative to the CBO 2001 forecast than Obama added relative to the CBO 2009 forecast.^[98]

Federal spending increased significantly from $3.0 trillion in FY2008 to $3.5 trillion in FY 2009, the last fiscal year budgeted by President Bush. This increase was mainly driven by the Great Recession, with significant increases in automatic stabilizers such as unemployment insurance and food stamps. Spending then roughly stabilized at that dollar level through 2015. For instance, 2014 spending of $3,506B was slightly below the 2009 level of $3,517B. Throughout 2015, the U.S. federal government spent $3.7 trillion, around the historical average relative to the size of the economy at 20.7% GDP. Projecting 2008 spending forward at the historical 5% rate, by 2015 federal spending was $500 billion below trend. Spending rose to $4.0 trillion or 20.8% GDP in FY2017, the last year budgeted by President Obama.^[99]

The budget deficit reached 9.8% GDP in 2009 in the depths of the recession, before steadily recovering to below the 3.0% GDP historical average (1970-2013) in 2014 (2.8% GDP) and 2015 (2.4% GDP).^[23] Federal spending per person rose approximately from $9,800 in 2008 to $11,440 in 2009 mainly due to the Great Recession, then declined somewhat (the first reduction since 1960) and remained relatively flat through 2015 at $11,480. It rose steadily thereafter to $12,217 in FY2017.^[100]

The national debt increased from $10.0 trillion in September 2008 to $19.6 trillion in September 2016.^[101] As described above, roughly $3 trillion of this increase was anticipated in the January 2009 CBO baseline forecast, or $6–8 trillion adjusting for the extension of the Bush tax cuts and other baseline overrides typically legislated.^[85][89] Obama ultimately extended the Bush tax cuts for approximately 98% of taxpayers as part of the 2012 yilgi Amerika soliq to'lovchilariga yordam to'g'risidagi qonun, allowing taxes to rise on the top 1–2% of income earners. This extension represented about 80% of the dollar value of the tax cuts. The debt held by the public (which excludes intra-governmental liabilities like the Social Security Trust Fund) rose from around 36% GDP in 2009 to 76% GDP in 2016, the highest level except for the post World War 2 era.^[23]

Upon taking office, the Obama administration eliminated four budgeting gimmicks the Bush administration had used to underestimate deficits, causing reported deficits to increase by $2.7 trillion over the coming decade.^[102]

Summary of major budgetary legislation

President Obama signed four key laws that significantly impacted the level of revenue and spending:

1. The Amerika tiklanishi va qayta tiklanishi to'g'risidagi qonun, an $800 billion stimulus spending and tax cut bill;
2. The Bemorlarni himoya qilish va arzon narxlarda parvarish qilish to'g'risidagi qonun, also known as Obamacare, which CBO estimated would increase revenues and spending in approximately equal amounts;
3. The 2010 yilgi soliq imtiyozlari, ishsizlarni sug'urtalashni qayta tasdiqlash va ish o'rinlarini yaratish to'g'risidagi qonun, an $850 billion bill with payroll, income, and AMT tax cuts along with an extension of unemployment benefits; va
4. The 2012 yilgi Amerika soliq to'lovchilariga yordam to'g'risidagi qonun, which included the expiration of the Bush soliqlarini kamaytirish for high income earners and implemented a sequester (cap) on spending for the military and other discretionary categories of spending. Compared against a baseline where the Bush tax cuts were allowed to expire for all levels of income, it significantly increased future deficits. Compared against the prior year, it significantly reduced the deficit and avoided some future cost increases.

Obama inherited a highly ambiguous fiscal outlook, with several important tax laws scheduled to expire during his first term in office, not to mention uncertainty regarding the depth of the financial crisis and Great Recession. These laws included the Bush soliqlarini kamaytirish of 2001 and 2003 (scheduled to expire in 2010) and temporary "patches" that prevented the muqobil minimal soliq from impacting the middle class. This ambiguity resulted in the CBO publishing a second "alternative fiscal scenario" during 2009 to help explain the consequences of making this tax relief permanent over the following decades. This ambiguity culminated in the United States fiscal cliff and was addressed by the latter two laws listed above, such that the CBO returned to publishing just one fiscal scenario by 2016.^[103]

Addressing income inequality

From 2012 to 2013, the average federal tax rate of the top 1% of income earners rose from 28% to 34%, due to tax increases in the ACA and the expiration of the Bush tax cuts for the highest income earners.

Selected economic variables related to wealth and income equality, comparing 1979, 2007, and 2015.

Rasmda AQShning boylik tengsizligi bilan bog'liq bir nechta jadvallar mavjud. AQShning boyligi 2000 yildan 2016 yilgacha taxminan ikki baravar oshgan bo'lsa-da, daromadlar asosan boylarga to'g'ri keldi. The share of wealth of the top 1% has increased since the 1970s.

With the economy recovering and major budget legislation behind him, President Obama began to shift to another priority, income and wealth tengsizlik. From 1950 to 1979, the top 1% earned roughly a 10% share of the market or pre-tax income. However, this had risen to 24% by 2007, due to a combination of globalization, automation, and policy changes that weakened labor's bargaining position relative to capital.^[15][104] Bundan tashqari, Amerika taraqqiyot markazi estimated that 76% of the real income gains between 2009 and 2013 went to the top 1%.^[105]In December 2013, Obama declared that growing income inequality is a "defining challenge of our time" and called on Congress to bolster the safety net and raise wages. This came on the heels of the nationwide strikes of fast-food workers va Papa Frensis ' criticism of inequality and pastga tushadigan iqtisodiyot.^[16][106]

Income inequality can be addressed by pre-tax (market) income policies ("pre-distribution") that raise worker pay, as well as after-tax policies that raise taxes on higher-income taxpayers to fund transfers to lower-income taxpayers ("redistribution"). President Obama attempted both strategies, with some success in reducing both the pre-tax and after-tax share of income of the top 1% measured 2012 to 2013 (the most recent CBO data available as of December 2016), which means the share of income of the bottom 99% increased.^[17]

An alternate data series, from economists Piketti, Saez, and Zucman (that includes 2014 data) also indicated that the income share of the top 1% both pre-tax and after-tax was pastki in 2014 than 2012, indicating improved inequality. However, they also found the share of both pre-tax and after-tax income of the top 1% was slightly yuqori in 2014 than 2007.^[107]

Qayta taqsimlash

Obama increased taxes on high-income taxpayers via: a) expiration of the Bush income tax cuts for the top 1–2% of income earners starting with 2013; and b) payroll tax increases on roughly the top 5% of earners as part of the ACA. This increased the average tax rate paid by the top 1% (incomes above $443,000 in 2015) from 28% in 2012 to 34% in 2013.^[17] According to the CBO, after-tax income inequality improved, by lowering the share of after-tax income received by the top 1% from 16.7% in 2007 to 15.1% in 2012 and to 12.4% in 2013.^[17]

The bottom 99% also saw an average federal tax rate increase by one percentage point from 2012 to 2013, mainly due to the expiration of the Obama payroll tax cuts, which were in place in 2011 and 2012. However, for income groups in the bottom 99%, the average federal tax rate remained at or below the 2007 level.^[17] Siyosat rated the claim that Obama had cut taxes for middle-class families and small businesses as "Mostly True" in 2012.^[108]

In addition, the ACA Medicaid expansion (10 million persons in 2016) and subsidies (approximately 10 million persons received a total of $42 billion in 2016, or about $4,200 each) also served to address after-tax income inequality, by transferring money and providing health insurance to lower-income citizens.^[2] A 2016 report from the Obama Administration claimed that "Tax changes enacted since 2009 have boosted the share of after-tax income received by the bottom 99 percent of families by more than the tax changes of any previous Administration since at least 1960."^[2]

Taqsimlash

President Obama also attempted to address inequality before taxes (i.e., market income), with an increase in the minimum wage and infrastructure investment. While the Republican Congress did not support a federally-mandated increase in the minimum wage, 18 states did increase their minimum wages, benefiting an estimated 7 million workers, following the President's 2013 State of the Union speech calling for an increase.^[2] During late 2015, the House and Senate, in rare bipartisan form, passed the largest infrastructure package in a decade, costing $305 billion over five years, less than the $478 billion in Obama's initial request. U imzoladi Amerikaning Yer usti transporti to'g'risidagi qonunini tuzatish into law in December 2015.^[19]

Obama also issued several executive orders and his administration issued regulatory rulings designed to help workers. One included raising the salary threshold above which employers do not have to pay overtime, from $455 to $913 per week. This would have increased the earnings of as many as 4.2 million workers beginning December 1, 2016, but it was blocked by a federal judge.^[109] The Labor Department also issued guidelines for employers on whether to treat contractors as employees; the latter receive additional pay and benefits. President Obama also issued executive orders to raise pay at companies that receive government contracts.^[110]

According to the CBO, the top 1% received 18.7% of the pre-tax income in 2007, but 17.3% in 2012 and 15.0% in 2013. This indicated some progress on pre-tax inequality as well.^[17]

Boylikning tengsizligi

Wealth inequality had also risen similarly, with the share of wealth owned by the top 1% rising from 24% in 1979 to 36% by 2007.^[111] While U.S. household net worth rose nearly 30% from its pre-crisis peak in 2007 to 2016,^[18] much of this gain went to the wealthiest Americans, as it had prior to his tenure.^[111] By 2015, the share of wealth owned by the top 1% reached 42%. However, the share of wealth owned by the bottom 50% fell from 2.9% in 1979 to 2.6% in 2007 and 1.1% in 2015, as the crisis did additional damage to highly leveraged households that had purchased homes with low down-payments.^[111][112]

Savdo

President Obama has urged Congress to ratify a 12-nation free trade pact called the Trans-Tinch okeani sherikligi.^[113] In theory, free trade enables economies to focus on those products where they have qiyosiy ustunlik, making both economies better off. While trade maximizes the overall outcome, specific groups are helped or hurt by trade. Due to a backlash against globalization in both the U.S. and Europe by working-class voters, several politicians in the 2016 U.S. election expressed their opposition to the deal.^[114]

The trade deficit (imports greater than exports) fell dramatically as a result of the Great Recession, falling from a 2006 pre-crisis record peak of $802 billion to $380 billion by 2009. During Obama's presidency, the trade deficit moved in a range between approximately $400 and $500 billion.^[115]

Economic results summary

Several major U.S. economic variables during the Great Recession and President Obama's terms in office.

Panel chart showing several economic variables related to household income and net worth

U.S. cumulative real (inflation-adjusted) GDP growth by President.^[116]

The economic performance during the Obama administration can be measured by analyzing several key variables:^[117] Analysis conducted by Bloomberg yangiliklari in January 2019 found that the Obama economy after two years ranked second among the seven presidents from 1977-2019, based on fourteen metrics of economic activity and financial performance.^[118]

Umuman olganda

• Economic growth, measured as the change in real YaIM, averaged 2.0% from Q2 2009 to Q4 2016. This was slower than the 2.6% average from Q1 1989 to Q4 2008.^[119] Real GDP grew nearly 3% during President Bush's first term but only 0.5% during his second. During the Clinton administration, the GDP growth was close to 4%, slightly faster than the Reagan administration.^[120]
• Real GDP rose from $14.4 trillion in Q1 2009 to $16.8 trillion in Q4 2016, a cumulative increase of $2.4 trillion or 16.6%.^[121] Real GDP per capita rose from $46,930 in 2009 to $51,523 in 2016 (a record level), an increase of $4,593 or 9.7%.^[122]
• Inflation (measured by CPI-All Urban Consumers, All Items) fell to a historically low level during his administration, averaging 1.4% from Q2 2009 to Q4 2016, well below the 3.0% average from Q1 1989 to Q4 2008.^[123]
• Interest rates also fell and remained very low. The yield on the 10-year Treasury bond averaged 2.4% from Q2 2009 to Q4 2016, well below the 5.8% average from Q1 1989-Q4 2008.^[123]
• The debt held by the public rose from $6.3 trillion on January 31, 2009 to $14.4 trillion on December 31, 2016, an increase of $8.1 trillion or 128%.^[124] Measured as a % GDP, it rose from 52.3% GDP in 2009 to 76% GDP by 2016.^[125] As described above, most of the debt increase was inherited from the prior administration (e.g., tax cuts and wars) or was due to the Great Recession (e.g., declining revenue and higher automatic stabilizer spending), as opposed to Obama's policies.^[89][126]
• The national debt (the debt held by the public plus intra-governmental debt) rose from $10.6 trillion on January 31, 2009 to $20.0 trillion on December 31, 2016, an increase of $9.4 trillion or 88%.^[124]
• Obama presided over the third longest economic expansion among the 33 expansions tracked since records began in 1857, and the longest continuous stretch of private sector job creation since records began in 1939.^{[127][128][129]}

Mehnat bozori

• The number of civilian persons employed rose from 142.1 million in January 2009 to 152.1 million by December 2016, an increase of 10.0 million or 7.0%.^[130]
• The unemployment rate (U-3), rose during the Great Recession to peak at 10.0%, then fell back towards full employment by the end of his two terms to 4.7%, similar to 2007 pre-crisis levels during the Bush administration, and well-below the historical average of 5.8%. The wider U-6 rate, which includes marginally attached and those working part-time for economic reasons, followed a similar path to peak at 17.1%, but ended slightly above the pre-crisis levels at 9.2%.^[51][131]
• The ratio of employed to civilian population ("EM Ratio") for the prime working age group (ages 25 to 54) fell from around 80% pre-crisis to 75% by early 2010, then steadily recovered to 78% by 2016. However, the labor force participation rate ("LFPR") for that group continued a long-term downward trend,^[2] falling from around 83% pre-crisis to 81% during Obama's tenure.^[132]
• Between 2014 and 2015, real median household income grew 5.2%, or $2,800, the fastest growth on record. Contrary to prior trends, these gains were widely shared across the income distribution.^[2]
• 2017 yil Economic Report of the President stated that: "Since the end of 2012, private production and non-supervisory workers, who comprise about 80 percent of private-sector employment, have seen their real hourly earnings increase by 5.3 percent, more than the total cumulative real wage gains for these workers from 1980 to 2007. Overall, real hourly wage growth since the business cycle peak in December 2007 has averaged 0.8 percent a year for these workers, the fastest growth of any business cycle (measured peak-to-peak) since the 1970s."^[2]
• The percent of persons aged 25 or older with a bachelor's degree or higher increased from 27.7% in 2008 to 30.1% in 2016.^[133]

Uy xo'jaliklari

• Real median household income reached a record level of $59,039 by 2016, after recovering from a trough of $53,331 in 2012. The $2,800 or 5.2% increase between 2014 and 2015 was the largest one-year increase since the government started keeping track in 1968, and was followed by a 3.2% increase between 2015 and 2016.^[3][134]
• U.S. household and non-profit net worth also reached record highs, growing from $54.4 trillion in Q1 2009 to $92.8 trillion by Q4 2016, an increase of 70%, driven primarily by record stock and bond prices. Measured from the pre-crisis peak of $67.7 trillion in Q2 2007, it increased 37%.^[135]
• U.S. households significantly reduced their debt burden, from a peak of 99% GDP in 2008 to 80% by Q4 2016,^[136] as they increased savings to pay off mortgages or lost their homes to foreclosure in the Great Recession. This debt reduction ("deleveraging") was a headwind to the recovery through much of President Obama's tenure.^[137] In contrast, during the Bush administration, households had increased their debt burden dramatically, which boosted the economy but later proved unsustainable.^[112]
• The official poverty rate in 2015 was 13.5%, down from 14.8% in 2014 but up from 12.5% in 2007, as the economy recovered from the Great Recession of 2007, 2008, and 2009. In 2015, there were 43.1 million in poverty, 3.5 million less than 2014.^[138] This was the largest one-year drop in the poverty rate since the 1960s.^[2]
• Talaba uchun kredit debt rose from $706.1 billion (4.8% GDP) in Q1 2009 to $1,406.8 billion (7.45% GDP) in Q4 2016.^[139]

Businesses and markets

• U.S. corporate profits reached their highest level in history, both in terms of dollars ($1.771 trillion annualized in Q4 2014) and GDP percent (10.8% in Q1 2012). Corporate profits were robust after 2009 and remained near record levels from Q1 2012 to Q4 2016. Annualized corporate profits rose from $1.0 trillion in Q1 2009 to $1.7 trillion in Q4 2016, an increase of 70%.^[140]
• The stock market, measured by the S&P500 index, rose from its 10-year low of 676.53 on March 9, 2009 to 2,204.72 by November 23, 2016, a 226% increase.^[141] The S&P500 reached record highs 118 times during the Obama presidency.^[142]
• The stock market, measured by the Dow Jones Industrial Average, fell from its October 9, 2007 pre-crisis peak of 14,164.53 to 6,594.44 on March 5, 2009. It regained the pre-crisis peak on March 5, 2013, closing at 14,253.77. It rose to 18,636.52 on August 15, 2016 and 19,974.62 on December 20, 2016.^[143]

Energiya

• Imports of petroleum products fell from 1.85% GDP in 2009 to 0.86% GDP in 2016.^[144] The U.S. was less reliant on foreign oil than it has been in nearly 30 years.^[2]
• Gasoline prices fluctuated between $2.00 and $4.00, falling towards the lower part of that range after mid-2014.^[145]
• From 2008 to 2016, the U.S. tripled the amount of energy harnessed from wind and increased solar power generation by a factor of 30.^[2]
• In June 2014 the Obama administration waived the crude oil export ban that had been in place since the 1973 yilgi neft inqirozi, injecting American oil production into global trading markets.^[146] Prices for benchmark Brent nefti and American gasoline immediately declined precipitously.^[147] Congress and Obama fully repealed the export ban in December 2015.^[148]

Comparison with subsequent administrations

Economic scorecard comparing Trump and Obama presidencies. Refer to sources on the detail page.

President Trump often disparaged the economic record of Barack Obama during both the Obama and Trump presidencies, often using false or misleading statistics. However, on many key variables Trump compared unfavorably with President Obama's record through year three of Trump's presidency (i.e., 2019, before the impact of the coronavirus pandemic in 2020), while other variables continued trends established during the Obama era.

1. Job creation was slower in Trump's first 36 months (6.6 million) than Obama's last 36 months (8.1 million).^[149][150]
2. The unemployment rate fell from 10.0% in October 2009 to 4.7% by December 2016, a 5.3 percentage point decline. The 4.7% rate was below the historical average of 5.6%. Under Trump, it then fell to 3.5% by November 2019, another 1.2 percentage points.^[151] This improvement pattern was similar for all racial groups after 2010.^[152]
3. The budget deficit increased significantly as a percent of GDP and in dollar terms under President Trump, rising from 3.2% GDP and $585 billion in fiscal year 2016 at the end of the Obama Administration, to $984 billion and 4.7% GDP by fiscal year 2019.^[153][154]
4. The number of persons without health insurance (i.e., uninsured) rose from 28.2 million in 2016 to 32.8 million in 2019, an increase of 4.6 million or 16%. President Trump's first year (2017) was the first year with an increase in uninsured since 2010.^[155]
5. The stock market (measured by the Dow Jones Industrial Average) increased cumulatively by 44.6% measured late in December 2019 (Trump's first 3 years) versus 52.9% in Obama's first 3 years. While Obama's performance involved a recovery from a deep recession, he also was reducing the budget deficit. President Trump cut corporate income taxes by about one-third and increased budget deficits.^[156]
6. Real (inflation-adjusted) wages grew faster from 2014-2016 under Obama at 1.3% per year on average, versus 0.8% for 2017-2019 under President Trump.^[157][150]
7. Real GDP grew 2.6% in Trump's first 11 quarters (arithmetic average through Q3 2019), the same as Obama's last 11 quarters.^[158]

Economic narratives

Sectoral financial balances in U.S. economy 1990–2017. Ta'rifga ko'ra, uchta qoldiq nolga teng bo'lishi kerak. During President Obama's tenure, an increase in the private sector surplus due to the Great Recession drove a corresponding government budget deficit.^[159]

One narrative for explaining the economic and budgetary performance during President Obama's tenure uses tarmoq balanslari. By ta'rifi, a country running a trade deficit (capital surplus) and where private savings exceeds business investment (private sector surplus) must run a government budget deficit, as the three must net to zero. Ikkalasi ham Martin Wolf^[160] va Pol Krugman^[161] explained that as the Great Recession hit, the saving (deleveraging) of the private sector significantly increased, while business investment declined in the face of reduced consumer spending. This created an enormous private sector surplus. Since the trade deficit did not change significantly, the offset was a large increase in the government budget deficit. The record drop in tax revenue and large increases in automatic stabilizer expenditures (such as unemployment compensation, food stamps, and disability payments) were the mechanism for much of the additional deficit and debt increases, even before new economic policies were implemented. The significant reduction in demand implied by the increase in the private sector surplus (i.e., consumers and businesses saving rather than spending or investing) created a severe recession.^[159]

Another way to look at President Obama's tenure is as a slow recovery from a combined financial crisis and recession. Research indicates such recoveries can be protracted, with lengthy periods of high unemployment and substandard economic growth.^{[162][62][163]} The U.S. economy steadily recovered as homeowners completed their deleveraging (debt reduction) and began to spend again, encouraging businesses to hire and invest. Supporting the recovery process were the stimulative monetary policies of the Federal Reserve, which maintained low interest rates and asset buying programs to encourage economic growth throughout President Obama's tenure.^[164]

Views before election

Energiya siyosati

Barak Obama delivering a speech at the Janubiy Kaliforniya universiteti qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun Kaliforniya taklifi 87

Uning ichida New Energy For America plan, Obama proposes to reduce overall U.S. oil consumption by at least 35%, or 10 million barrels per day, by 2030 in order to offset imports from OPEK millatlar.^[165][166] And by 2011 the United States was said to be "awash with domestic oil and increasingly divorced and less reliant on foreign imports".^[167]

Obama voted in favor of the 2005 yilgi energiya siyosati to'g'risidagi qonun, which provided incentives (chiefly tax breaks) to reduce national consumption of energy and to encourage a wide range of alternative energy sources.^[168][169] It also resulted in a net tax increase on oil companies.^[170]

Obama and other Senators introduced the BioFuels xavfsizlik to'g'risidagi qonun in 2006. "It's time for Congress to realize what farmers in America's heartland have known all along – that we have the capacity and ingenuity to decrease our dependence on foreign oil by growing our own fuel," Obama said.^[171] In a May 2006 letter to President Jorj V.Bush, he joined four other o'rta g'arbiy farming state Senators in calling for the preservation of a $0.54-per-gallon tarif on imported etanol.^[172]

Bilan intervyuda NBC "s Tim Rassert on May 4, 2008, Obama said, "...we've got a serious food problem around the world. We've got rising food prices here in the United States." "There's no doubt that bioyoqilg'i may be contributing to it. And what I've said is, my top priority is making sure that people are able to get enough to eat. And if it turns out that we've got to make changes in our ethanol policy to help people get something to eat, then that's got to be the step we take."^[173]

Masalasi bo'yicha atom energiyasi, in 2005, Obama stated, "... as Congress considers policies to address air quality and the deleterious effects of carbon emissions on the global ecosystem, it is reasonable – and realistic – for nuclear power to remain on the table for consideration. Illinois has 11 nuclear power plants – the most of any State in the country – and nuclear power provides more than half of Illinois's electricity needs."^[174] Regarding McCain's plans for 45 new nuclear power plants, Obama said that it's not serious, it's not new, it's not the kind of energy policy that will give families the relief they need.^[175] Obama declared himself flatly opposed to building the Yucca Mountain yadro chiqindilari ombori yilda Nevada.^[176] Furthermore, he opposes new nuclear plants until the problems of nuclear waste storage, safety and cost can be addressed.^[177]

In 2006, in response to Illinois residents' concerns about unreported radioactive leaks by Exelon korporatsiyasi, Obama introduced a Senate bill to effect mandatory disclosure of such leaks. 2008 yilda, The New York Times, which had endorsed Hillari Klinton,^[178] charged that, in revising his bill, Obama had "removed language mandating prompt reporting and simply offered guidance to regulators".^[179] In response, the Obama campaign cited a Milliy jurnal analysis of the revised bill, showing that "Obama's bill would require that any leak of radioactive materials exceeding the levels set by the Yadro nazorati bo'yicha komissiya va EPA be reported to state and local authorities, and to the NRC within 24 hours."^[180]

AQSh senatori Barak Obama

Obama and other Senators introduced a bill in 2007 to promote the development of commercially viable plaginli duragaylar and other electric-drive vehicles in order to shift away from neft fuels and "toward much cleaner – and cheaper – electricity for transportation".^[181] Similar legislation is now in effect in the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007.^[182] Obama proposes that the U.S. Government invest in such developments using revenue generated from an auction-based savdo-sotiq yoki emissiya savdosi kamaytirish dasturi issiqxona gazi emissiya.^[183]

Obama stresses innovation as a means to improve energiya samaradorligi, calling for a 50% improvement by 2030. He has called for a 50 miles per US gallon (4.7 L/100 km; 60 mpg_Pimp) rule, proposing soliq imtiyozlari to automakers in order to ease the transition.

He opposes drilling in the Arktika milliy yovvoyi tabiat qo'riqxonasi.

On June 22, 2008 Obama proposed tightening regulations on oil speculators in an effort to ease record high prices of oil.^[184] "My plan fully closes the Enron teshigi and restores common-sense regulation," Obama said.^[185]

Sog'liqni saqlash

Obama tarafdorlari saylovoldi mitingida Ostin, Texas, on February 23, 2007. President Obama said he supports universal sog'liqni saqlash and programs to increase access to education.^[186]

On January 24, 2007 Obama spoke about his position on health care at Oilalar AQSh, a health care advocacy group. Obama said, "The time has come for universal sog'liqni saqlash in America [...] I am absolutely determined that by the end of the first term of the next president, we should have universal health care in this country." Obama went on to say that he believed that it was wrong that forty-seven million Americans are uninsured, noting that taxpayers already pay over $15 billion annually to care for the uninsured.^[187] Obama cites cost as the reason so many Americans are without health insurance.^[188] Obama's health care plan includes implementing guaranteed eligibility for affordable health care for all Americans, paid for by insurance reform, reducing costs, removing Patent protection for pharmaceuticals, and required employer contributions.^[189] He would provide for mandatory health care insurance for children.

2008 yil iyulda The New York Times reported that Senator Obama has promised to "bring down premiums by $2,500 for the typical family." His advisers have said that the $2,500 premium reduction includes, in addition to direct premium savings, the average family's share of the reduction in employer paid health insurance premiums and the reduction in the cost of government health programs such as Medicare va Medicaid.^[190]

The Associated Press reported in September 2008 that Senator Obama was proposing a National Health Insurance Exchange that would include both private insurance plans and a Medicare-like government run option. Sog'liqni saqlash holatidan qat'i nazar, qamrab olish kafolatlanadi va sog'liqni saqlash holatiga qarab mukofotlar ham farq qilmaydi. The campaign estimates the cost of the program at $60 billion annually. The plan requires that parents cover their children, but does not require adults to buy insurance.^[191]

According to an October 26, 2008 article in the New York Times, Obama is considering a new payroll tax on large and medium employers who do not already provide their employees with health insurance, and this tax would be used to pay for health care for uninsured people, but Obama has not cited the specific percentage of payroll that the tax would be, or how small a number of employees the employer would have to have in order to be exempt from the tax.^[192]

Homes, mortgages, mortgage crisis, and real estate industry

Obama voted for the $700 billion 2008 yilgi favqulodda iqtisodiy barqarorlashtirish to'g'risidagi qonun.^[193]

Obama introduced the Stop Fraud Act^[194] to increase penalties for mortgage fraud by ipoteka brokerlari va ko'chmas mulk vositachilari and to provide more protections for low-income homebuyers.

In regards to capital gains on house sales, Obama says he favors increasing kapitaldan olingan daromad tax above the present 15% rate to 20% for families whose income is above $250,000.^[195]

Views related to income inequality

Korporativ boshqaruv

On April 20, 2007, Obama introduced a bill in the Senate (Shareholder Vote on Executive Compensation Act – S. 1181) requiring public companies to give shareholders an annual nonbinding vote on executive compensation, popularly called "Ish haqi haqida ayting." A companion bill introduced by Rep. Barni Frank passed the House the same day.^[196] Several corporations voluntarily have begun to give shareholders such a vote because of concerns about excessive Bosh ijrochi direktor ish haqi.

Mehnat huquqlari

Obama supports the Xodimlarni erkin tanlash to'g'risidagi qonun, a bill that adds penalties for labor violations and which would circumvent the yashirin ovoz berish requirement to organize a union. Obama promises to sign the EFCA into law.^[197] He is also a co-sponsor of the "Re-empowerment of Skilled and Professional Employees and Construction Tradesworkers" or RESPECT act (S. 969) that aims to overturn the Milliy mehnat munosabatlari kengashi 's "Kentucky River" 532 BIZ. 706 (2001) decision that redefined many employees lacking the authority to hire, fire, or discipline, as "supervisors" who are not protected by federal labor laws.^[198][199]

Minimal ish haqi

Obama favored the increase in the federal eng kam ish haqi from $5.15 an hour to $7.25, and he voted to end the muvozanatlash against a bill to accomplish that.^[200][201]He favored raising it to $9.50 an hour by 2011, and then indexing it for inflation afterwards.^[202] Uning ichida Ittifoq nutqi in 2012, he hinted at proposing legislation to raise minimum wage rate to $9.00/hr sometime during his next term.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} In January 2014 he signed an executive order raising the minimum wage for federal "workers who are performing services or constructing buildings" to $10.10/hr and began garnering support for a bill to enact this change nationally. The change made to the federal worker minimum wage applies only to new contracts or contracts having their terms changed and takes effect beginning in 2015.^[203][204]

2014 yil aprel oyida Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati munozarali Minimal ish haqining adolatli qonuni (S. 1737; 113-Kongress). Qonun loyihasiga o'zgartirishlar kiritiladi 1938 yildagi adolatli mehnat standartlari to'g'risidagi qonun (FLSA) ikki yillik davr mobaynida xodimlar uchun federal minimal ish haqini soatiga 10.10 AQSh dollarigacha oshirish.^[205] Ushbu qonun loyihasi Prezident tomonidan qattiq qo'llab-quvvatlandi Barak Obama va ko'plab demokrat senatorlar, ammo Senat va Palatada respublikachilar qattiq qarshilik ko'rsatmoqdalar.^{[206][207][208]} Obama strongly supported increasing the minimum wage, giving speeches about it urging Congress to take action.^[206] Obama argued that "if you pay people well, there's more money in everybody's pockets, and everybody does better."^[206]

Teng ish haqi

Obama favors the concept of equal pay (the abolition of ish haqi differences between genders).^[209] He has supported legislation designed to improve the effectiveness of the 1963 yilgi teng to'lovlar to'g'risidagi qonun.^[210] In 2007, the House of Representatives passed the Lilly Ledbetter Fair to'lov qonuni ga ko'ra, qaysi Milliy mustaqil biznes federatsiyasi, would have allowed "employees to file charges of pay discrimination within 180 days of the last received paycheck affected by the alleged discriminatory decision."^[211] The bill would have overturned the Oliy sud qaror Ledbetter va Goodyear. There the Court dismissed a woman's discrimination claim because she had filed it more than 180 days after the birinchi affected paycheck. The bill died in a 2008 Senate vote in which Obama and other Democrats could not break a Republican muvozanatlash.^[212] In the 111th congress it was passed again, and Obama signed it on January 29, 2009.^[213] The Trump adminstation has ended the Lilly Ledbetter fair pay act ^[214]

Ta'lim

2004 yil oktyabr oyida bo'lib o'tgan bahs-munozaralar chog'ida Obama ta'lim sohasidagi asosiy qarashlarga qarshi ekanligini bildirdi.

2007 yil iyul oyida Milliy ta'lim assotsiatsiyasi, Obama qo'llab-quvvatladi xizmat haqi o'qituvchilar uchun "o'qituvchilar bilan" ishlab chiqiladigan standartlarga asoslanish.^[215] Obama o'qituvchilar uchun yuqori maosh olishga ham chaqirdi.^[215]Obamaning rejasi yiliga 18 milliard dollarga baholanmoqda va dastlab qisman moliyalashtirishni kechiktirish hisobiga rejalashtirilgan NASA "s Burjlar dasturi besh yilga^[216] ammo keyinchalik u qayta ko'rib chiqdi va "butunlay boshqa ofset" ni izlashini aytdi.^[217]"Biz bolalarimizga erta bolalik ta'limi uchun sarmoya yotqizishimiz kerak; yangi o'qituvchilar armiyasini jalb qilishimiz va ularga yaxshi maosh va ko'proq yordam berishimiz kerak; nihoyat ushbu global iqtisodiyot sharoitida kollejda ta'lim olish imkoniyati bo'lmasligi kerak degan qarorga keldik. ozchilik uchun imtiyoz bo'ling, ammo har bir amerikalik uchun tug'ma huquq. "^[218] U shuningdek ta'lim berishga qarshi aqlli dizayn fan sifatida, lekin o'qitishni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi ilohiyot.^[219]

Obama taklif qildi Amerika imkoniyatlari bo'yicha soliq imtiyozi, bu esa qaytarib berilishini ta'minlaydi soliq imtiyozi evaziga ta'lim uchun jamoat ishlari.^[220]

Obama 5000 ta muvaffaqiyatsiz maktab yopilishini, so'ngra yangi direktorlar va o'qituvchilar bilan qayta ochilishini istaydi.^[221]

Tarmoq betarafligi va hukumat tomonidan axborot texnologiyalaridan foydalanish

2006 yil iyun oyida podkastda Obama himoya qilish uchun telekommunikatsiya qonunchiligini qo'llab-quvvatlashini bildirdi tarmoq betarafligi Internetda: "Buning sababi shundaki Internet Men buni o'chirib tashlashim mumkin bo'lgan neytral platforma podkast va biron bir korporativ vositachidan o'tmasdan Internet orqali uzatish. Nimani xohlasam, shuni ayta olaman tsenzura yoki maxsus to'lovni to'lamasdan. Ammo yirik telefon va kabel kompaniyalari Internetni biz bilgancha o'zgartirmoqchi. "^[222]

Obama bilan uchrashuvda aniq betaraflikka sodiqligini yana bir bor tasdiqladi Google 2007 yil noyabr oyida xodimlar, "u bir marta provayderlar ba'zi ilovalar yoki veb-saytlarga boshqalardan ustunlik berishni boshlaganlarida, kichik ovozlar siqilib qoladi va biz hammamiz yutqazamiz".^[223] Xuddi shu tadbirda Obama a tayinlashga va'da berdi Bosh texnologiya mutaxassisi AQSh hukumatining boshqaruvini nazorat qilish IT resurslar va hukumat ma'lumotlaridan kengroq foydalanish va qaror qabul qilishga ko'maklashadi.^[224]

2014 yil fevral oyida rasmiy blogida "Biz odamlar javob beramiz: Oq uyning aniq betaraflikka sodiqligini yana bir bor tasdiqlaymiz" deb nomlangan Obama ma'muriyati, Bosh texnologiya mutaxassisi Todd Park, yana bir bor aniq betaraflikka sodiqligini yana bir bor tasdiqladi: "Ochiq Internetni saqlash nafaqat erkin axborot oqimi, balki innovatsiya va iqtisodiy samaradorlikni rivojlantirish uchun ham muhimdir. TheTrump ma'muriyati aniq betaraflikni bekor qildi https://money.cnn.com/2017/12/14/technology/fcc-net-neutrality-vote/index.html

Soliq

Obamaning rejasiga binoan, o'rta sinf oilalar daromad solig'ini kamaytirishi kerak edi, hech bir oila 250 ming dollardan kam daromad olmagan. 2008 yil iyun oyida Obama soliqqa tortiladigan daromadi 25 foizdan 28 foizgacha ko'tarib, soliq solinadigan daromadi 32 ming dollardan oshgan turmush qurmagan shaxslarning soliqlarini oshiradigan byudjetni yoqlab ovoz berdi.^[225] Obama o'z ichiga soliq rejasini taklif qildi soliq imtiyozlari to'langan soliqlar miqdorini pasaytirish uchun. O'rtacha sinfning odatdagi oilasi soliqlarni to'lashda prezident davridagi soliqlardan 20 foizga kam bo'lgan holda, 1000 AQSh dollaridan ortiq soliq olishlari mumkinligi ta'kidlanmoqda. Ronald Reygan. Soliq siyosati markazining ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, Obamaning rejasi o'rta sinf oilalari uchun Makkeyn rejasidan uch baravar ko'proq soliq imtiyozini beradi.^[226] Obamaning rejasi vaqtinchalik "Ish haqini to'lash "dasturida ishlab chiqarilgan daromadning 6,2% miqdorida soliq imtiyozi beriladi qadar Yolg'iz ishchilar uchun 400 dollar (yiliga 75000 dollardan kam daromad) va turmush qurgan juftliklar uchun 800 dollar (150 ming dollardan kam daromad) 2010 yil oxirida tugaydi; bu M-jadvalda da'vo qilingan 1040-shakl.^[227] 250 ming dollardan ko'proq daromad oladigan oilalar daromad solig'i stavkalarini 1990 yillarda to'laganidan bir xil yoki pastroq miqdorda to'laydilar va daromad solig'i stavkalarini 1990 yilda to'lagandan ortiq to'laydigan oila qolmadi. Eng badavlat 2% oilalar uchun Obama bir qismini qaytarishni rejalashtirmoqda so'nggi sakkiz yil ichida soliqlarni kamaytirish. Dividend stavkalari Prezidentnikidan 39 foizga pastroq bo'ladi Jorj V.Bush ichida taklif qilingan uning 2001 yildagi soliq imtiyozlari.^[226]

Obamaning rejasi - daromad solig'ini umuman qisqartirish, unda u Ronald Reygan davrida (YaIMning 18,2 foizidan kam) daromadlarni kamaytirishi kerakligi aytilgan. Obamaning ta'kidlashicha, uning rejasi sof soliqlarni kamaytirish va uning o'rta sinf oilalari uchun soliq imtiyozlari 250 ming dollardan oshgan oilalar uchun soliqlarni o'zgartirishi natijasida tushadigan daromaddan kattaroqdir. Obama soliq o'zgarishlarini to'lashni rejalashtirmoqda, shu bilan birga ortiqcha xarajatlarni kamaytirish orqali byudjet kamomadini kamaytiradi.^[226]

2006 yil noyabr oyida a'zolari oldida nutq so'zlagan Wal-Martni uyg'oning, kasaba uyushmasi tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan tashviqot guruhi, Obamaning aytishicha: "Siz ishchilaringizga ish haqini to'lashingiz kerak, ular aslida ular nafaqat xarid qilishlari mumkin Wal-Mart "Ammo oxir-oqibat o'z farzandlarini kollejga o'qishga yuboring va pensiya uchun pul yig'ing." Uning soliq rejasi keyingi 10 yil ichida qo'shimcha 700 milliard dollar soliq keltirishi rejalashtirilgan.^[228]

Yilda Umidning jasorati va O'zgarishlar rejasi^[229] Obama "xavfli byudjet holati" ga javoban "foydaliligidan o'tgan soliq imtiyozlarini" yo'q qilish, korporativ soliq bo'shliqlarini yopish va soliqlarni tiklash bilan javob beradi PAYGO yo'qolgan daromadni qoplash usulisiz federal xarajatlarni ko'paytirishni taqiqlovchi siyosat.^[230]

2008 yil 13 oktyabrda Toledo (Ogayo shtati), Obamaning so'zlariga ko'ra, kelgusi ikki yil davomida u har kungi yangi ishchi uchun hozirgi ish kuchidagi ish haqi miqdoridan yuqori bo'lgan korxonalar uchun 3000 dollar miqdorida soliq imtiyozini berishni ma'qullaydi.^[231]

Daromadi 250 ming dollardan yuqori bo'lgan odamlar uchun Obama xayriya soliq chegirmalarini har bir dollar uchun 35 sentdan har bir donor uchun 28 sentgacha kamaytirishni, 250 ming dollardan kam daromad keltiradigan odamlar uchun ajratmalar darajasiga mos kelishini xohlamoqda.^[232] 2009 yil 24 martda bo'lib o'tgan matbuot anjumanida Obama Reygan ma'muriyatida bo'lgan darajaga qaytishni istashini aytdi.^[233] "Bu xayriya yordamiga sezilarli ta'sir ko'rsatadigan juda kam dalillar mavjud", dedi Obama. "Men sizga xayriya yordamiga muhim ta'sir ko'rsatadigan narsa - moliyaviy inqiroz va shartnoma tuzayotgan iqtisodiyot. Va shuning uchun xayriya yordami uchun qila oladigan eng muhim narsa bu iqtisodiyotni to'g'rilash, banklarning yana qarz berishidir. korxonalarning o'z eshiklarini yana ochishiga, odamlarni yana ishlariga qaytarishlariga ".^[233] Tomas L. Hungerford Kongress tadqiqot xizmati "yuqori daromadli soliq to'lovchilarga mo'ljallangan soliq imtiyozlarining belgilangan muddatlarda tugashiga imkon berish, iqtisodiy tiklanishni to'xtatmasdan qisqa muddatda byudjet kamomadini kamaytirishga yordam berishi mumkin" deb yozgan.^[234]

Obamaning ta'kidlashicha, "adolatli bo'lish uchun kapitaldan olinadigan soliqni oshirishni ko'rib chiqmoqchi".^[235]

Ijtimoiy Havfsizlik

Mumkin bo'lgan kamchilikka javoban Ijtimoiy Havfsizlik moliyalashtirish, Obama yangisini joriy qilishni ma'qulladi FICA $ 250,000 dan yuqori daromadlarga soliq. Ijtimoiy ta'minotning daromadlari "qopqog'i" bor, bundan tashqari ish haqi uchun soliq olinmaydi; 2015 va 2016 yillarda kapa 118,500 dollarni tashkil etdi.^[236] Obama Bushning taklifiga qarshi chiqdi ijtimoiy ta'minotni xususiylashtirish.^[237]

Lobbi va kampaniyani moliyalashtirishni isloh qilish

Obama ta'siriga qarshi bir necha bor chiqish qilgan Qo'shma Shtatlarda lobbichilik.^[238][239] Shuningdek, u lobbistlarning korporativ samolyotlarida parvoz qilayotganda qonun chiqaruvchilarga ustav haqini to'lashni majburlash orqali lobbistlarning ta'sirini cheklaydigan qonunlarni qo'llab-quvvatladi.^[240]

2007 yil 24 yanvarda, agar u nominatsiyani sotib olish kerak bo'lsa, davlat moliyalashtirish bo'yicha o'z rejasini aytib, "Menimcha, bir muddat prezidentning davlat moliyalashtirish tizimi ishlaydi", dedi. 27-noyabr kuni u: "Men respublikachilar nomzodi bilan davlat tomonidan moliyalashtirilgan umumiy saylovlarni saqlab qolish to'g'risida kelishuvni agressiv ravishda amalga oshiraman" dedi va 2008 yil 28-fevralda u keyinchalik davlat tomonidan moliyalashtirilgan kampaniyani "agressiv ravishda olib borishni" rejalashtirganini yozdi. saylov kampaniyasini moliyalashtirishning "davlat tizimi" saqlanib qolishini ta'minlash uchun Jon Makkeyn bilan o'tirishni va'da qilmoqda.^[241] 2008 yil 19-iyunda u ommaviy saylov kampaniyasini moliyalashtirishdan voz kechdi va "Men saylovlarni davlat tomonidan moliyalashtirishning mustahkam tizimini qo'llab-quvvatlayman (...), ammo bugungi kunda prezident saylovlarini davlat tomonidan moliyalashtirish buzilgan" deb e'lon qildi.^[242][243] Bundan tashqari, u 2008 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasida federal lobbistlar va maxsus manfaatlardan mablag 'olmasligini ta'kidladi.

O'zining veb-saytida yozilishicha, Obama lobbichilik hisobotlari, saylov kampaniyasini moliyalashtirish to'g'risidagi hujjatlar va axloq qoidalari to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar bazasini yaratadi va Kongressning axloqiy buzilishini nazorat qiluvchi mustaqil kuzatuv agentligini yaratadi.

Immigratsiya

Obama qo'llab-quvvatlaydi mehmon ishchi dasturi,^[244] va qo'llab-quvvatlagan Bush ma'muriyati foydasiga ovoz berdi 2007 yilgi Immigratsiyani isloh qilish to'g'risidagi qonuni. Obamaning ta'kidlashicha, "hujjatsiz aholi uchun fuqarolikka erishish yo'lini ta'minlamaydigan har qanday qonun loyihasini qo'llab-quvvatlamayman".

Obama 12 millionga ishonmasligini aytdi noqonuniy muhojirlar bo'lishi kerak deportatsiya qilingan. U "Bu sodir bo'lmaydi. Biz ularni aylanib o'tirmaymiz ... Biz ularga fuqarolik yo'lini berishimiz kerak" dedi.^[245]

2006 yil sentyabr oyida Obama "uchun" ovoz berdi Xavfsiz panjara to'g'risidagi qonun bo'ylab 700 milya (1100 km) to'siqlar qurishga ruxsat berildi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari - Meksika chegarasi.^[246]

Obama berishni qo'llab-quvvatladi haydovchilik guvohnomalari noqonuniy muhojirlarga.^[247]

2007 yil iyun oyida Obama ingliz tili deb e'lon qilishga qarshi ovoz berdi rasmiy til federal hukumat.^[248]

2007 yil noyabrda Obama "Biz ... amerikaliklar bilan sanoatning malakali ishchilarga bo'lgan ehtiyojini qondirish yo'lida uzoq yo'lni bosib o'tamiz. Bunga erishgunimizcha, men ishchilarning vaqtincha ko'payishini qo'llab-quvvatlayman. H-1B vizasi immigratsiya tizimini har tomonlama isloh qilgunimizcha to'xtatish chorasi sifatida dastur. "^[248]

2007 yil iyulda Obama shunday dedi: "O'tgan yili immigratsiya mitingi oldidan qancha senator paydo bo'lganini aniqlang. Kim nutq so'zladi va kim piyoda yurdi - chunki men piyoda yurdim ... Men bu masaladan qochmadim va men ham qochmadim Bu haqda faqat oldida gaplashmayman Lotin tili tomoshabinlar. "^[249][250]

"Men o'z chegaralarimni himoya qilishimiz, buzilgan immigratsiya byurokratiyamizni tuzatishimiz va 12 millionni talab qilishimiz kerakligiga ishonaman hujjatsiz mas'uliyatli yo'lga kirish uchun fuqarolik. Shuningdek, biz mamlakatda ruxsat beradigan odamlar sonini ko'paytiraman qonuniy oilalarni birlashtiradigan va ish joylariga bo'lgan talabni qondiradigan darajada ish beruvchilar to'ldirolmaydilar "" Men har tomonlama qo'llab-quvvatlayman immigratsiya islohoti bu bizning viza dasturlarini takomillashtirishni o'z ichiga oladi, shu jumladan H-1B dastur, dunyodagi eng iste'dodli odamlarni Amerikaga jalb qilish ", dedi Obama bilan suhbatda IANS 2008 yil oktyabr oyida.^[251]

2013 yil 25-noyabr kuni, qonuniy hujjatlari bo'lmagan 24 yoshli Janubiy Koreyalik immigrant Ju Xong, Obamaga, ijro etuvchi hokimiyatidan foydalanib, noqonuniy muhojirlarni deportatsiya qilishni to'xtatish uchun baqirdi.^[252] Obamaning aytishicha, "agar men aslida bu muammolarning barchasini Kongressda qonunlar qabul qilmasdan hal qila olsam, demak buni qilardim". "Ammo biz ham qonunlar millatimiz, bu bizning an'analarimizning bir qismidir", deb davom etdi u. "Va shuning uchun eng oson yo'l - bu qichqirishga urinish va qonunlarimizni buzgan holda men biron bir narsa qila olaman deb o'zini ko'rsatishga harakat qilish. Va men taklif qilayotganim qiyinroq yo'l, ya'ni demokratik jarayonlarimizdan xuddi shu maqsadga erishish uchun."^{[253][254][255][256][257]}

Tasdiqlovchi harakat

Obamaning rasmiy vakili ijobiy harakatlar bo'yicha davlat byulletenlari tashabbuslariga ishora qilib Candice Toliver "Senator Obama irqiga, jinsiga va iqtisodiy mavqeidan qat'i nazar, barcha amerikaliklar uchun imkoniyat mavjud bo'lgan mamlakatga ishonadi. Shuning uchun u millionlab amerikaliklar uchun imkoniyatni qaytarib beradigan va nogiron harakatlarni buzish uchun qilingan saylov byulletenlariga qarshi. malakali ayollar va ozchiliklar taraqqiyoti yo'lidagi tarixiy to'siqlar. "^[258][259]

Obama o'zining so'nggi kitobida, Umidning jasorati: "Tasdiqlovchi harakat dasturlar to'g'ri tuzilgan holda, oq tanli talabalar uchun imkoniyatlarni kamaytirmasdan, aks holda malakali ozchiliklar uchun yopiq imkoniyatlarni ochishi mumkin. "^[260] Iyul oyida Obama shunday dedi: "Men to'g'ri tuzilganimda ijobiy harakatlarning kuchli tarafdoriman, bu shunchaki kvota emas, balki u rang-barang jamoalar boshidan kechirgan ba'zi qiyinchiliklar va qiyinchiliklarni tan oladi va hisobga oladi. tajriba va bu ham Amerika hayotining barcha jabhalarida xilma-xillikning ahamiyati haqida gapiradi. "^[261] U nafaqat irqqa, balki sinfga asoslangan ijobiy harakatlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashini ko'rsatdi (q.v.) qayta taqsimlash o'zgarishi ) izohlarida u qizlariga bo'lajak kollejlar va ish beruvchilar tomonidan imtiyozli ma'lumot bilan o'sgan odamlar kabi qarashlari kerakligini aytgan.^[262] Tramp ma'muriyati Obama davridagi ijobiy harakat siyosatini bekor qildi.^[263]

Savdo

Barak Obama bu haqda tanqidiy bayonotlar berdi Shimoliy Amerika erkin savdo shartnomasi (NAFTA) Demokratik saylovlar paytida, savdo shartnomasini "halokatli" va "katta xato" deb atagan.^[264] 2008 yil fevral oyida Kanadalik diplomatik eslatma^[265] paydo bo'ldi, u Obamaning iqtisodiy maslahatchisi deb da'vo qilmoqda Austan Goolsbee Kanadaning Chikagodagi konsullik rasmiylari bilan uchrashgan va ularga Obamani e'tiborsiz qoldirishni aytgan saylovoldi tashviqoti NAFTA bilan bog'liq holda, Obama kampaniyasi keyinchalik ayblovni rad etdi (qarang) Barak Obamaning prezidentlik saylovoldi tashviqoti, 2008 yil # NAFTA bahslari ).^[264] Obama, shuningdek, erkin savdo o'z xarajatlari bilan bog'liqligini ta'kidladi: u meksikalik fermerlarni samaraliroq amerikalik hamkasblari tomonidan siqib chiqarilishi AQShga ushbu mamlakatdan immigratsiya ko'payishiga olib keldi, deb hisoblaydi.^[264]

E'tiqodga asoslangan dasturlar

2008 yil iyul oyida, birlamchi saylovda g'alaba qozonganidan so'ng, Obama federal moliyalashtirishni kengaytirishni xohlashini aytdi e'tiqodga asoslangan dasturlar va "E'tiqodga asoslangan va mahalla sherikliklari bo'yicha kengash" ni tashkil etish. Uning rejasiga ko'ra, ibodat joylariga beriladigan federal pullar faqat dunyoviy dasturlarda ishlatilishi mumkin. Xususan, u eslatib o'tdi, 1 iyulda Zanesvill (Ogayo shtati), "kambag'al va muhtojlarga ijtimoiy xizmatlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash doimiy ravishda kam ta'minlangan". U Prezident Bushning sa'y-harakatlarini maqtashga davom etdi, ammo hozirgi ma'muriyat rejasi hech qachon "rahm-shafqat qo'shinlarini yig'ishga" muvaffaq bo'lmadi, deb ta'kidladi.^[266][267]

Davlat chiqindilari

2008 yil 22 sentyabrda Obama "Men har bir hukumat dasturini borligi sababli himoya qilishimiz yoki himoya qilishimiz kerak deb ishonadigan demokrat emasman ... Biz natija bermagan hukumat menejerlarini ishdan bo'shatamiz, moliyalashtirishni qisqartiramiz pullaringizni behuda sarf qiladigan dasturlar va biz hukumatning har bir darajasida samaradorlikni oshirish uchun texnologiya va xususiy sektordan saboqlardan foydalanamiz ... Bularning barchasini farzandlarimizni yanada kattaroq qarzga tashlamasdan qilishning yagona usuli - agar Vashington qabul qila boshlasa sarflagan har bir tanga uchun javobgarlik. "^[268]

Obama ma'muriyatining boshlarida ba'zilar kambag'allarga bepul uyali telefonlar va xizmat ko'rsatadigan dastur haqida xabardor bo'lib, bu yangi Obamaning dasturi deb xulosa qilishdi va bu hodisani "Obamafonlar" deb atashdi. Bu Obamaning prezidentligi davrida, go'yoki Obamaning qanday qilib farovonlik davlatini yaratayotganligini aks ettiruvchi doimiy memga aylandi. Biroq, uyali telefon dasturi 2008 yilda kengaytirilgan sifatida boshlangan edi Umumjahon xizmat ko'rsatish fondi kamida 1996 yildan boshlangan va soliq to'lovchilarning mablag'lari hisobiga moliyalashtirilmagan.^[269]

Shuningdek qarang

• AQSh prezidentligiga nomzodlarni taqqoslash, 2008 yil
• Barak Obama prezidentlik saylovlari kampaniyasini tasdiqlagan ro'yxati, 2008 yil
• Jo Baydenning siyosiy pozitsiyalari
• AQShning Demokratik va Respublikachilar partiyalari prezidentlari davridagi iqtisodiy ko'rsatkichlari

Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar

Rasmiy saytlar

• BarackObama.com - Javoblar markazi
• BarackObama.com - Muammolar
• Obama Senate.gov - muammolar

Mavzu sahifalari va ma'lumotlar bazalari

Umumiy

• Chicago Tribune - nomzodlarning yoritilishi
• Muammolar to'g'risida - lavozimlarni chiqarish
• Smart Vote loyihasi - nomzodlar to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar, shu jumladan nashr lavozimlari

Nogironlik bilan bog'liq muammolar

• Obama nogironlik bo'yicha savollarga javob beradi

Atrof muhit

• Obama va atrof-muhit muammolari: Dan keng qamrovli sharh Tabiatni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha saylovchilar ligasi.

Tashqi ishlar

• "Amerika etakchiligini yangilash" - tomonidan batafsil maqola Barak Obama yilda Tashqi ishlar
• Barak Obamaning tashqi siyosatning eng muhim masalalaridagi pozitsiyalari - tomonidan hujjatlashtirilgan keng materiallar Xalqaro aloqalar bo'yicha kengash

Sog'liqni saqlash

• 2008 yil Prezidentlikka nomzodning sog'lig'i rejasining hisobot kartasi tomonidan chiqarilgan Milliy shifokorlar ittifoqi
• 2008 yil Prezidentlikka nomzodlarning sog'lig'ini isloh qilish bo'yicha takliflari dan Hamdo'stlik jamg'armasi

Isroil va Yaqin Sharqdagi mojaro

• Obama sionizm va XAMAS haqida - bilan keng intervyu Jeffri Goldberg
• Senator Barak Obamaning nutqi