Barak Obama 2008 yilgi prezidentlik saylovoldi tashviqoti - Barack Obama 2008 presidential primary campaign

Obama Amerika uchun
2008 yil prezidentlik saylovoldi kampaniyasining logotipi
Kampaniya	AQSh Demokratik prezidentlik saylovlari, 2008 yil
Nomzod	Barak Obama AQSh senatori 2005–2008
Tegishli	Demokratik partiya
Holat	2007 yil 10 fevralda e'lon qilingan Taxminiy nomzod 2008 yil 3-iyun Rasmiy nomzod 2008 yil 27 avgust
Bosh ofis	233 Shimoliy Michigan Avenue Chikago, Illinoys 60601
Asosiy odamlar	Senator Jo Bayden (VP Running Mate) Devid Plouffe (Menejer) Penny Pritzker (Moliya) Devid Akselrod (OAV) Robert Gibbs (Aloqa)
Kvitansiyalar	287,4 AQSh dollari (2008 yil 31-may)
Shior
Nido	Ha biz qila olamiz
Veb-sayt
www.barackobama.com

Ushbu maqola qismidir haqida bir qator Barak Obama
Siyosiy lavozimlar Saylov tarixi Dastlabki hayot va martaba Oila Ommaviy imidj Prezidentlikka qadar Illinoys shtati senatori 2004 yil DNC asosiy manzili Illinoys shtatidan AQSh senatori Homiylik loyihalari Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti Prezidentlik Xronologiya Siyosatlar Iqtisodiyot Energiya Tashqi siyosat Obama doktrinasi Xorijiy sayohatlar Kechirasiz Ijtimoiy Bo'shliq Uchrashuvlar Kabinet Sudyalar Birinchi davr Prezidentlik uchun saylovoldi tashviqoti 2008 yilgi umumiy saylov Boshlang'ich saylovlar O'tish 1-inauguratsiya Birinchi 100 kun Rossiya yadroviy shartnomasi Arzon parvarishlash to'g'risidagi qonun Iroqdan chiqish Usama bin Ladinning o'limi Liviya urushiga aralashish Afg'onistonni olib qo'yish Bingazi hujumi Xronologiya '09 '10 '11 '12 Ikkinchi muddat Qayta tanlash kampaniyasi 2012 yilgi umumiy saylov Reaksiyalar 2-inauguratsiya Immigratsiya ijroiya harakati IShIDga qarshi aksiya Iroq Suriya Eron bitimi Kubalik eritish Rossiyaga qarshi sanktsiyalar Selma 50 yilligi Bir jinsli nikohni butun mamlakat bo'ylab qonuniylashtirish Parij kelishuvi Xirosima nutqi Qunduz kasalxonasining havo hujumi Merrick Garlandning muvaffaqiyatsiz nominatsiyasi Xronologiya '13 '14 '15 '16 '17 Prezidentlikdan keyingi lavozim Rejalashtirilgan kutubxona Obama fondi One America Appeal Otamdan tushlar Umidning jasorati Va'da qilingan er Tinchlik bo'yicha Nobel mukofoti

2007 yil 10 fevralda, Barak Obama, o'shanda kichik Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senator dan Illinoys uchun nomzodini e'lon qildi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining prezidentligi yilda Sprinfild, Illinoys. Obama o'z nomzodini e'lon qildi Old State Capitol bino, qaerda Avraam Linkoln etkazib bergan edi "Uy bo'lingan "nutq.^[1] Obama bilan birga asosiy raqib edi Jon Edvards, ga oldingi yuguruvchi Hillari Klinton U yaqinda Demokratik siyosatda milliy arbob sifatida paydo bo'ldi DNC asosiy ma'ruzasi atigi uch yil oldin va uni yutdi Senat saylovi ko'p o'tmay.

Obamaning dastlabki g'alabasi Ayova shtatidagi kongress 2008 yil yanvar oyida uni olomon maydonidan milliy obro'ga erishishga yordam berdi Demokratik da'vogarlar. Obamaning taniqli demokratlar tomonidan erta qo'llab-quvvatlanishi, shu jumladan Tom Dashl va Ted Kennedi va uning saylovoldi kampaniyasi Klinton bilan bir qator qiyin davlatlarning g'alabalarini oldi Super seshanba, unda Obama yirik qishloq shtatlarida katta muvaffaqiyatlarga erishgan va Klinton aholisi ko'p bo'lgan qirg'oqbo'yi hududlarida deyarli ustun bo'lgan. Obama kichik donorlar mablag'larini yig'ishda muvaffaqiyat qozonishda davom etdi,^[2] va aprel oyigacha Klintonga qaraganda ko'proq tanlovlarda g'oliblikni davom ettirdi.

May oyining boshlarida, Obama g'alaba qozonganidan keyin Shimoliy Karolina shtabi va deyarli yo'qotib qo'ydi Indiana shtab-kvartirasi, superdelegatlar Obamani ko'proq sonda tasdiqlashni boshladi. Obamaning g'alabasi Oregon unga va'da qilingan delegatlarning mutlaq ko'pchiligini berdi. Montana va Janubiy Dakotaning so'nggi birlamchi musobaqalari kuni - 3 iyun kuni superdelegatlar tomonidan Obamani qo'llab-quvvatlashga shoshilgandan so'ng, Obama Demokratlar nomzodi uchun zarur bo'lgan 2118 delegatdan oshib ketishi taxmin qilinmoqda.^[3] 7-iyun kuni Klinton o'z nomzodini rasman tugatdi va Obamani ma'qulladi va uni partiyaning taxminiy nomzodiga aylantirdi.^[4]

2008 yil 27-avgust kuni Demokratik milliy konventsiya, Demokratik partiya rasmiy ravishda Barak Obamaning nomzodini nomzod qilib ko'rsatdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti Amerika. Obama prezidentlik saylovlarida Respublikachilar partiyasidan nomzodga qarshi g'olib chiqishni davom ettiradi Jon Makkeyn.

Oldindan e'lon qilish

Iliq kutib olindi Obamaning asosiy ma'ruzasi oldin 2004 yilgi Demokratik milliy konventsiya uning prezidentlikka nomzodini qo'yishi haqidagi taxminlarni keltirib chiqardi.^[5] Ular Obamedan keyin kuchayib ketishdi hal qiluvchi g'alaba 2004 yil noyabrida senator uchun kurashda, garchi u o'shanda jurnalistlarga "men to'rt yildan keyin milliy lavozimga nomzod bo'lmasligimni aniq aytishim mumkin" deb aytgan bo'lsa ham.^[6]

2006 yil sentyabr oyida Obama Ayova shtatidagi senatorning taniqli ma'ruzachisi edi Tom Xarkin har yili o'tkaziladigan biftek go'shti, an'anaviy ravishda prezidentlik umidvorlari ishtirok etadigan siyosiy tadbir Ayova shtatidagi kokuslar.^[7]

Va 2006 yil oktyabr oyida televizion dasturdagi intervyusida Matbuot bilan tanishing, senator 2008 yilgi prezidentlikka da'vogarlik ehtimolini xushnud etgandek edi.^[8] Illinoys senatori Richard Durbin va davlat nazoratchisi Daniel Xayns bunday yugurishni dastlabki himoyachilari edi.^[9]

Ko'p odamlar ko'ngilochar hamjamiyat Obama prezidentligi uchun saylovoldi tashviqotini, shu jumladan taniqli televizion shou dasturini olib borishga tayyorligini bildirdi Opra Uinfri, ashulachi Macy Grey, rap ijrochisi Umumiy va kino aktyorlari Jorj Kluni, Halle Berri va Will Smith.^[10]

2006 yil dekabrda Obama a Nyu-Xempshir Demokratik partiyaning oraliq saylovlardagi g'alabalarini nishonlaydigan tadbir birinchi millat 1500 kishidan iborat AQSh prezidentining asosiy shtati.

A da chiqish Demokratik milliy qo'mita Fevral oyi e'lon qilinishidan bir hafta oldin yig'ilish, Obama bunga chek qo'yishga chaqirdi salbiy saylov kampaniyasi. "Bu kim ko'proq skeletlarni qazib olishi, kimning saylov kampaniyasida eng kam sirpanishlarni amalga oshirishi haqida bo'lishi mumkin emas", dedi u. "Biz bundan ham ko'proq narsani qilishimiz uchun Amerika xalqiga qarzdormiz."^[11]

Nomzodlik to'g'risida e'lon

Prezidentlik saylovlari kampaniyasini e'lon qilishdan oldin Obama rafiqasi va qizlari bilan Sprinfilddagi (Illinoys) sahnada.^[12]

2007 yil 16-yanvarda Obama o'zining veb-saytidagi video orqali a prezident qidiruv qo'mitasi,^[13] va 10 fevral kuni u o'z nomzodini quyidagi so'zlar bilan rasmiy ravishda e'lon qildi:

Shimoliy, Janubiy, Sharqiy va G'arb birlashadigan aynan shu erda, Springfildda men Amerika xalqining muhim odob-axloqi haqida esladim - bu odob-axloq orqali biz yanada umidvor bo'lgan Amerikani barpo etishimiz mumkinligiga ishonganman. Va shuning uchun, Old State Capitolining soyasida, qaerda Linkoln Bir paytlar bo'linib ketgan uyni umumiy umidlar va umumiy orzular saqlanib qolgan joyda birga bo'lishga chaqirgan bo'lsa, men bugun sizning oldingizda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidentligiga nomzodimni e'lon qilish uchun turibman.^[14]

Kampaniya xodimlari va siyosat guruhi

2007 yil 14 yanvarda Chicago Tribune Obamaning shtab-kvartirasi Chikagoda joylashgan 2008-yilgi prezidentlik saylovoldi guruhini yig'ishni boshlagani haqida xabar berdi.^[15] Uning jamoasi tarkibida kampaniya menejeri bor edi Devid Plouffe va OAV bo'yicha maslahatchi Devid Akselrod Chikagodagi AKP & D Message and Media siyosiy konsalting kompaniyasining sheriklari bo'lganlar.^[16] Aloqa bo'yicha direktor Robert Gibbs ilgari matbuot kotibi bo'lgan Jon Kerri "s 2004 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi.^[17] Penny Pritzker kampaniyaning moliya guruhini boshqargan.

Aksiya shtabining boshqa a'zolari orasida Milliy kampaniya direktorining o'rinbosari ham bor edi Stiv Xildebrand,^[18] Yangi media direktori Djo Rospars,^[19] nutq muallifi Jon Favro,^[20] Milliy matbuot kotibi Bill Berton, sayohat bo'yicha matbuot kotibi Dan Pfayfer, siyosatni ishlab chiqish Kassandra Butts, moliya bo'yicha direktor Julianna Smoot, tadqiqot direktori Devora Adler va so'rovchilar Pol Xarstad va Kornell Belcher.^[21]

Obamaning bir qator yuqori darajadagi yordamchilari avvalgilaridan kelib chiqqan Senatning ko'pchilik rahbari Tom Dashl,^[22] Obamaning ichkarisiga kirayotgan bir paytda Senatni qayta saylangan mag'lubiyati tufayli tark etgan.

Obamaning iqtisodiy maslahatchilari orasida boshliq ham bor edi Austan Goolsbee AQSh Senatidagi kampaniyasidan beri u bilan birga ishlagan, Pol Volker, Uorren Baffet,^[23] sog'liqni saqlash bo'yicha iqtisodchi Devid Kutler va Jeffri Leybman.^[24] Uning tashqi siyosat bo'yicha maslahatchilari to'qqiz kishidan iborat edi: Greg Kreyg, Richard Danzig, Skott Gration, Entoni Leyk, Denis McDonough, Samanta Kuch, Ben Rods, Syuzan Rays, va Daniel Shapiro^[25] Samanta Pau iste'foga chiqqan 2008 yil martgacha. 250 ta maslahatchidan iborat katta guruh, taxminan 20 kishidan iborat kichik guruhlarga bo'linadi, ularning har biri ma'lum bir yo'nalish yoki mavzuga e'tibor beradi.^[26] Uning huquqiy masalalar bo'yicha maslahatchilari kiradi Marta Minov, Ronald S. Sallivan Jr., Kichik Kristofer Edli, Erik Xolder, va Kassandra Butts.^[27]

Uning dala xodimlari orasida, Pol Tves va Mitch Styuart Obamaning Ayova shtatida bo'lib o'tgan g'oliblik kampaniyasini olib bordi va ulardan biri yoki boshqasi Nevada, Minnesota, Texas, Pensilvaniya, Ogayo va Indiana singari ko'plab boshqa muhim davlatlarda dala operatsiyalarini boshqargan.

Obamaning saylovoldi kampaniyasi a-dan keng foydalanish bilan ajralib turdi logotip O harfidan tashkil topgan bo'lib, markazi quyosh ranglarini dalalar ustiga ko'tarilishini ko'rsatmoqda Amerika bayrog'i. Uni Chikago dizayn firmasi jamoasi ishlab chiqqan "Sender" MChJ.^[28]

Dastlabki kampaniyani rivojlantirish

2007 yil birinchi yarmi

Barak Obama Nevada universiteti, Las-Vegas Prezident sog'liqni saqlash forumi, 2007 yil mart.

2007 yil mart oyida Obama saylovoldi kampaniyasida bir savol paydo bo'ldi Yahoo! Javoblar, sarlavhasi: "Qanday qilib biz ko'proq odamlarni demokratik jarayonlarga jalb qila olamiz?" oxir-oqibat 17000 dan ortiq javoblarni oldi.^[29] Xuddi shu oyda Obama sayohat qildi Selma, Alabama, bilan birga Hillari Klinton, ning 42 yilligiga to'g'ri keladi Selma - Montgomeri yurishlari.^[30]

Shuningdek, 2007 yil mart oyida, Hillari 1984 yil, bir mashup olma "s 1984 savdo-sotiqni boshlash uchun Macintosh kadrlar bilan Hillari Klinton o'rnida ishlatiladi Katta aka, virusga aylandi ning dastlabki bosqichlarida 2008 yilgi Demokratik partiyadan prezidentlikka nomzod uchun kurash. Video Obamani qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun uning xodimi Fil de Vellis tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan Moviy davlat raqamli, ammo Obamaning saylovoldi kampaniyasi yoki de Vellisning ish beruvchisi haqida bilmasdan qilingan: de Vellis videoni bir kuni tushdan keyin uyda Mac va ba'zi dasturlardan foydalangan holda qilganini aytdi. Siyosiy sharhlovchilar, shu jumladan Karla Marinuchchi va Arianna Xuffington, shuningdek de Vellisning o'zi, videoda texnologiya shaxslarga siyosatga ta'sir ko'rsatishi uchun yangi imkoniyatlar yaratganligini namoyish etgan deb taxmin qildi.^[31][32][33]

2007 yil 3 mayda, hech qanday tahdidga asoslanmaganligini, ammo uning katta hajmidan kelib chiqqan holda xatni yomon ko'rish nomzodga, Milliy xavfsizlik kotibiga yo'naltirilgan Maykl Chertoff deb e'lon qildi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari maxfiy xizmati saylovoldi tashviqotini, shu jumladan Obamaning qo'riqchilari va mutanosib ravishda kichikroq darajada bo'lsa-da, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidentining xavfsizligi uchun ishlaydiganlarga o'xshash xizmatlar / manbalarni o'z ichiga oladi. Odatda, prezidentlikka nomzodlarga maxfiy xizmatni himoya qilish saylov yilining fevral oyi boshigacha taklif etilmaydi; bu birinchi himoya qilingan edi.^[34]

2007 yil ikkinchi yarmi

1 avgust kuni Obama tashqi siyosiy nutqini o'tkazishda AQSh Pokiston hukumatining roziligisiz yoki roziligisiz Pokiston ichkarisida Al-Qoida nishonlariga zarba berishga tayyor bo'lishi kerakligini aytib, ziddiyatlarni keltirib chiqardi. Uning ta'kidlashicha, agar u saylansa: "Agar bizda terrorizmning yuqori maqsadlari to'g'risida aniq ma'lumot mavjud bo'lsa va Prezident Musharraf harakat qilmasa, biz buni qilamiz".^[35] ABC News siyosiy nutqni "qarama-qarshi" deb ta'rifladi va "musobaqada eng liberal nomzodlardan biri prezident Bushnikidan ko'ra tajovuzkorroq bo'lgan geosiyosiy pozitsiyani taklif qilayotgani" ga izoh berdi.^[36] Natijada, Obama to'rt yil o'tgach, Prezident sifatida buyruq berganida, ushbu siyosat bayonotiga amal qildi Pokistonga kirish va Usama bin Ladenni o'ldirish bo'yicha operatsiya.

Obama mitingda so'zga chiqib Konvey, Janubiy Karolina 2007 yil 3-avgustda.^[37]

Siyosat atrofidagi bir necha hafta davom etgan muhokamalardan so'ng, Obama "men hech qachon Pokistonga yoki Afg'onistonga bostirib kirishga chaqirmaganman", deya mulohazalarini "noto'g'riligini" aytdi. Uning aniqlik kiritishicha, Iroqdagi qo'shinlar sonining ko'payishi o'rniga, "diplomatik o'sish" bo'lishi kerak va agar "al-Qoida" etakchisi Usama bin Ladin Pokistonda ko'rsatilayotgan "razvedka ma'lumotlari" bo'lsa, AQSh qo'shinlari oxirgi chora kirib, terrorchilarni qo'lga olishga harakat qilishi kerak. Bu "Pokiston hukumati terrorchilarning orqasidan borishni istamagan yoki xohlamagan taqdirdagina" sodir bo'ladi, deya qo'shimcha qildi u.^[38]

Demokratik bahslar yozda bo'lib o'tganda, Obama o'zining sa'y-harakatlari uchun eng yaxshi aralash xabarlarni oldi. Demokratik strateg Bob Shrum "U Garvard Law Review-ning prezidenti sifatida o'rgangan ushbu tendentsiyaga kirib, o'z mavqeini bayon qilishdan oldin o'z xonasini oshirib yubormoqchi. Siyosatda siz" Qonunlar sharhida "qilganingizning aksini qilasiz - siz o'zingizni Agar siz ularga etib borsangiz, o'z xonangizni ayting. "^[39] Sharhlovchi Eleanor Clift "Obamaning zamonaviy siyosat dunyosi uchun deyarli miyasi juda katta, ammo bu uning murojaatining bir qismidir."^[39]

2007 yil oktyabr oyida saylov kampaniyasini to'xtatish paytida muxbir nima uchun Obamaning kiyishni to'xtatganligi haqida so'radi lapel pin ning Amerika bayrog'i keyin kiyishni boshlagan 2001 yil 11 sentyabrdagi hujumlar va uning javobi shuni anglatadiki, bu "haqiqiy vatanparvarlikning o'rnini bosuvchi" kabi tuyuldi. Bu munozaraga olib keldi kabel yangiliklari kabi satiriklar tomonidan yoritilgan Stiven Kolbert bilan doimiy ravishda kelishmovchilik yuzaga kelgan Tulki va Do'stlar "bu Amerika, va agar siz prezident bo'lishni istasangiz", degan da'vo Amerika, uni kiyib yurish uning uchun bo'lishi mumkin Amerika bayroq. "Sharhlovchi Bill Maher, Obamaning savollariga juda tanqidiy munosabatda bo'lgan vatanparvarlik va buni "hikoyasiz" deb atadi, shunga qaramay, voqeani "u prezidentlik kampaniyasining birinchi haqiqiy qarama-qarshiligi" deb atadi.^[40]

2007 yil oktyabr oyi o'rtalarida Obama tomonidan o'q otildi Inson huquqlari aksiyasi va boshqalar Janubiy Karolina uchun xushxabar musiqasi aksiya safari^{[qo'shimcha tushuntirish kerak ]} bu qo'shiqchi Donni Makklurkin, u kimligini aytadi sobiq gey va gomoseksualizm - bu "Xudoning niyatiga zid bo'lgan la'nat".^[41][42] Obama bunga javoban: "Men afroamerikaliklar va LGBT hamjamiyati teng huquqlar uchun kurashda birgalikda turishlari kerakligiga qat'iy ishonaman. Shuning uchun men muhtaram Makklurkinning fikrlari bilan qat'iyan roziman" dedi.^[42] Makklurkinning o'rnini bosmasa-da, kampaniya sayohatga gomoseksuallar vazirini qo'shdi.^[41]

2007 yil kuzi davom etar ekan, Obama milliy so'rovnomalarda Klintondan ancha orqada qoldi.^[43] 2007 yil oktyabr oyi oxirida, ikki oy oldin Ayova shtatidagi kokuslar va Nyu-Xempshirda boshlang'ich saylov, Obama o'zining asosiy pozitsiyasini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri siyosiy mavqeini aniq aytolmagani uchun ayblay boshladi.^[44] Ushbu yondashuv o'zgarishi ko'plab ommaviy axborot vositalarining sharhlarini jalb qildi; The New York Times ' Adam Nagourney yozishicha, "Obama kampaniyaning boshidanoq prezidentlik kampaniyalarini uzoq vaqt davomida belgilab qo'ygan partizanlarning achchiqlanishidan xoli siyosatga yangicha munosabatda bo'lishga va'da bergan narsaga qanday uylanish kerakligi bilan kurashdi. aslida prezidentlik poygasida g'olib bo'lish. "^[43] 30 oktyabr kuni kutilgan Demokratik munozarada Dreksel universiteti yilda Filadelfiya,^[43] Klinton munozarali o'yinni yomon o'tkazdi uning demokratik raqiblari va moderator tomonidan so'roq ostida.^[45] Obamaning saylovoldi kampaniyasi jonlandi va u yana saylov uchastkalarida ko'tarila boshladi.

Saylovoldi tashviqoti 2007 yil noyabrida, dedi Obama Washington Post Demokratik nomzod sifatida u ko'proq qo'llab-quvvatlaydi mustaqil va respublikachilar umumiy saylovlarda Klintonga qaraganda.^[46] Ayova shtatida Jefferson-Jekson mablag 'yig'ish uchun kechki ovqat Obama mavzuni kengaytirdi va uning prezidentligi uzoq vaqtdan beri davom etib kelayotgan muammolarga echim izlash uchun "mamlakatni yangi ko'pchilikda birlashtiradi" deb aytdi.^[47]

Opra Uinfri Saylovoldi kampaniyasida Barak va Mishel Obamaga qo'shildi (2007 yil 10-dekabr)

21-noyabr kuni Obama buni e'lon qildi Opra Uinfri dastlabki boshlang'ich davlatlarda uning uchun tashviqot olib borgan bo'lar edi,^[48] mashhur odamlarning tasdiqlashi odatda saylovchilar fikriga unchalik ta'sir qilmasa ham, Opraning ishtiroki Obamani katta, qabul qiluvchi auditoriya bilan ta'minlar edi.^[49] Opraning birinchi ko'rinishi paydo bo'lishi haqida xabar tarqaldi Ayova, Dekabr oyi boshida o'tkazilgan so'rovnomalar Obamani ushbu hal qiluvchi davlatda etakchi mavqega ega ekanligini ko'rsatdi.^[50] Keyin, 8-dekabr kuni Opra Obamaning saylovoldi kampaniyasini qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan uchta shtat safari boshladi,^[51] u Nyu-Xempshir shtatining Ayova shtatida rekord o'rnatgan olomonni jalb qildi.^[52] va Janubiy Karolina shtatlari va saylov kampaniyasida qatnashgan har kimga qaraganda "yanada yumshoq, samaraliroq va ishonchli" deb ta'riflangan.^[53][54] Oprah-Obama safari siyosiy yangiliklar sarlavhalarida ustunlik qildi^[55] va Klintonning Ayova shtatidagi kokus saylovlarida yaqinda yo'qotgan etakchisini qayta tiklash qobiliyatiga shubha bilan qaradi.^[56]

Keyinchalik dekabr oyida Obamaning o'smirlik davrida giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilish huquqini qabul qilishi bilan bog'liq tortishuvlar bo'lgan. Obama birinchi marta 1995 yilda nashr etilgan kitobida ushbu muammoni ommaviy ravishda tan oldi, Otamdan tushlar. Kitobda Obama "Qozon yordam bergan va ichishgan. Balki biroz puflamoq qachon imkoningiz bor edi. "^[57][58] Ushbu masala 2007 yil noyabr oyida Nyu-Xempshir o'rta maktabida nutq so'zlaganidan keyin saylov kampaniyasida qayta tiklandi. Obama o'quvchilarga "Men aslida yozgan ba'zi noto'g'ri qarorlarni qabul qildim" dedi va uning "giyohvand moddalarni ichish va eksperiment qilish" litseyda juda ko'p "behuda vaqt" o'tkazganligini ta'kidladi.^[59] Ba'zilar, shu jumladan respublikachilar nomzodi Mitt Romni, Obamani talabalar bilan ushbu misollarni muhokama qilgani uchun tanqid qildi. Romnining aytishicha, "bolalarimizga iloji boricha eng yaxshi misolni qoldirish uchun, ehtimol biz o'zimizning nomutanosibliklarimiz haqida batafsil gaplashmasligimiz kerak".^[60] Biroq, GOP nomzodi Rudy Giuliani va Giyohvand moddalarsiz Amerika uchun hamkorlik Prezident Stiven J. Pasierb Obamaning samimiyligini maqtadi. "Men uning halolligini hurmat qilaman", dedi Giuliani.^[59] Pasierb CNN-ga bolalar bilan giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilishni muhokama qilishda "haqiqat eng yaxshi ishlaydi" dedi.^[60][61] Nyu-Xempshirdagi Klintonning saylovoldi kampaniyasining hamraisi Bill Shaxin 12 dekabr kuni giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilish haqida eslatib o'tdi konferents-qo'ng'iroq jurnalistlar bilan.^[62] Shaxinning aytishicha, agar Obama ushbu nominatsiyada g'olib chiqsa, Respublikachilar Umumiy saylovlarda Obamaning tan olishlarini unga qarshi ishlatgan bo'lar edi. U bunday stsenariyda respublikachilar "" Oxirgi marta qachon bo'lgan? Siz giyohvand moddalarni birovga berganmisiz? Siz ularni kimgadir sotganmisiz? "Deb so'rashni taklif qildi." Bunday "respublika iflos hiyla-nayranglari" qiyin bo'lishi mumkinligini qo'shimcha qildi. yengish. Izohlar darhol ziddiyatlarni keltirib chiqardi va Shaxin ertasi kuni iste'foga chiqdi.^[63] Klinton izohlarni qoralab, shaxsan Obamadan kechirim so'radi. Uning vakili "u bunday salbiy shaxsiy bayonotning ushbu kampaniyada hech qanday ishtiroki yo'qligini aniq aytdi". Yoqmoqda Kris Mettyus bilan Hardball, Axelrod Klinton kampaniyasini salbiy taktikaga "ko'z qisib qo'ydi" deb aybladi. U Klintonning 3-dekabrdagi bayonotini tanqid qildi^[64] unda u yanada tajovuzkor yondashuvga ishora qildi va uni kampaniyaning "qiziqarli qismi" deb atadi. Akselrodning ta'kidlashicha, kampaniya "ariqda" o'tkazilmasligi to'g'risida signal "yuqoridan" kelishi kerak.^[65]

Birinchi tanlovlarning ta'tilga yaqinligi ko'plab nomzodlarni Rojdestvoga bag'ishlangan videofilmlarni chiqarishga undaganida - ularga xabarlarini taqdim etishda davom etishlari mumkin, ammo ko'proq mavsumiy sharoitlarda^[66]—Obama xotiniga va qizlariga so'zlovchi qismlar beradigan va minnatdorchilik va birlik xabarini ta'kidlaydigan birini tanladi.^[66]

"Ishdan bo'shatildi! Borishga tayyorman!"

"Ishdan bo'shatildi! Borishga tayyorman!" Obamaning saylovoldi kampaniyasida hamma joyda tarqalgan mitingga aylandi. Ga binoan The New York Times,^[67] hayqiriq yozda yomg'irli, erta tongda o'tkazilgan kampaniya paytida paydo bo'lgan Grinvud, Janubiy Karolina. Obama tarafdorlarining kichik guruhi orasida charchoqni his qilar edi. Obamaning ta'kidlashicha, kutilmaganda:^[68]

Taxminan 5'3 "yoshdagi, 65 yoshdagi katta cherkov shlyapasida, katta ko'zoynak taqqan kichkina ayol menga qarab jilmayib turibdi. U:" Otib yubor! "- dedi. Men sakrab tushdim, ammo hamma odatdagidek harakat qilishdi. Ular Hammasi: "Ishdan bo'shatilgan!", degan ovozni eshitamiz: "Borishga tayyormiz!" Va odamlar, ularning hammasi: "Borishga tayyormiz!"

Ushbu voqea Obamaning "bitta ovoz xonani o'zgartirishi mumkinligi to'g'risida" so'zlagan nutqlarida tez-tez esga olinadi. Hikoyadagi ayol, Kengash ayol Edith S. Childs, keyinchalik Obama bilan Janubiy Karolinada bo'lib o'tgan mitingda paydo bo'ldi. Keyinchalik u jurnalistlarga agar u prezidentlikni qo'lga kiritadigan bo'lsa, u bir narsani xohlashini aytdi: "Men ochilish to'piga taklifnoma olishni xohlayman!"^[69]

Kongresslar va boshlang'ich saylovlar 2008 yil

Ayova

Obama Demokratlar partiyasidan nomzodlar mavsumidagi birinchi tanlovda, 2008 yil 3 yanvarda g'olib chiqdi Ayova shtatidagi Demokratik kongress. Obama Ayova shtati delegatlarining 37,6 foizini qo'llab-quvvatlagan, 29,7 foizi esa Jon Edvards va uchun 29,5 foiz Hillari Klinton.^[70] O'sha kuni kechqurun izdoshlariga aytgan so'zlarida u shunday dedi: "Ushbu yanvar oqshomida tarixning ushbu aniq daqiqasida siz kiniklar biz qila olmaydigan narsalarni qildingiz."^[71] Shuningdek, u "bizning o'zgarish vaqtimiz keldi" deb ta'kidladi va kelajakda amerikaliklar Ayova shtatidagi 2008 yilgi kokuslarga nazar tashlab, "bu hammasi boshlangan payt" deb aytishni taklif qildi.^[72]

Nyu-Xempshir

Obamaning Ayova shtatidagi g'alabasi, uning imkoniyatlari yaxshilanayotgani sifatida qaraldi Nyu-Xempshir. 4 yanvar kuni u Nyu-Gempshirdagi tarafdorlariga: "Agar siz kecha Ayova menga bergan imkoniyatni bersangiz, men Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining prezidenti bo'lishimga chinakam ishonaman", dedi.^[73] Aksiya avvalgi bosqichda yana bir turtki oldi Nyu-Jersi senator va 2000 yilgi Demokratik partiyadan prezidentlikka nomzod Bill Bredli 6-yanvar kuni Obamani ma'qulladi.^[74] Demokratik bahsda Sankt-Anselm kolleji yilda Goffstaun, Nyu-Xempshir, 5-yanvar kuni Obama, Klinton va Edvards kampaniyaning "o'zgarish" so'zini kim yaxshiroq o'rnak ko'rsatganiga qarshi kurashdilar.^[75][76] Bir muhim almashinuvda Klinton Obamaning ritorik mahoratini aniq nishonga oldi: "O'zgarishlarni kiritish siz ishongan narsada emas; siz qilgan nutqingizda emas ... Biz yolg'on umidlarni ko'tarishimiz shart emas".^[76] Obamaning so'zlariga ko'ra, "haqiqat aslida so'zlar ilhom beradi. So'zlar odamlarning aralashishiga yordam beradi".^[77]

Nyu-Xempshir shtatidagi boshlang'ich saylovga qadar bir necha kun oldin ovoz berish qattiq kurashni namoyish etdi. Ayovadagi kokuslardan keyingi to'rt kun davomida barcha nomzodlar Nyu-Xempshirda shtatdagi qarorga kelmagan va mustaqil saylovchilarni nishonga olishdi.^[78] Saylovdan bir kun oldin CNN / WMUR tomonidan o'tkazilgan so'rovnomalar, Rasmussenning ma'ruzalari va USA Today / Gallup Obamaning mos ravishda 9, 10 va 13 ochko bilan oldinga sakraganligini ko'rsatdi. Tez sur'atlarda o'sib borayotganiga qaramay, Klinton Obamani 39,1 foizdan 36,5 foizgacha ustunlik bilan mag'lub etdi Nyu-Xempshirda boshlang'ich saylov 2008 yil 8 yanvarda.^[79] Obama tarafdorlariga "hali ham ishdan bo'shatilganligini va ketishga tayyorligini" aytib, o'zining saylovoldi tashviqoti mavzusini takrorladi.^[80][81]

"Ha, biz qila olamiz" deb nomlangan nutqida Obama nomzodlik uchun kurashga duch kelganini va "o'zgarishga chaqiruvchi millionlab ovozlarning kuchiga hech narsa to'sqinlik qila olmasligini" tan oldi.^[82] Qo'shiqning so'zlari Ha biz qila olamiz, an ismli Obamaning taniqli tarafdorlari tomonidan yaratilgan musiqiy video to'liq ushbu nutq qismlaridan iborat edi.

Shu bilan birga, Internetda ovozlar hisoblashda qanday qilib shubhali bo'lganligi haqida paydo bo'ldi, chunki bu mashinada hisoblangan ovozlar (umuman Klintonni qo'llab-quvvatlagan) va qo'lda hisoblangan (umuman Obamani qo'llab-quvvatlagan) ovozlar o'rtasidagi farqlar.^[83] Beshinchi o'rin Dennis Kucinich "s kampaniya ega bo'lish uchun 25000 dollar to'lagan qayta sanash "Demokratik saylov byulletenlari" birinchi bo'lib berilib, "Bu savollar jamoatchilikning saylov jarayoni va saylov mexanizmlarining yaxlitligiga ishonchini hisobga olgan holda hal qilinishi shart" dedi. 16 yanvar kuni Nyu-Xempshir shtati davlat kotibi Idorasi qayta hisoblashni boshladi. Shtatdagi demokratik birlamchi ovozlarning 23 foizini qayta sanab chiqqandan so'ng, Davlat kotibi biron bir nomzodning umumiy sonida sezilarli farq yo'qligini va qo'lda va mashinada sanab chiqilgan byulletenlar o'rtasida tez-tez muhokama qilinayotgan nomuvofiqlik faqat demografik omillar bilan bog'liqligini e'lon qildi.^[84]

Nevada

The Nevada kokusi 19 yanvar kuni bo'lib o'tdi. Obama shtatdagi ikkita juda muhim kasaba uyushmalarini tasdiqladi: Kulinariya ishchilari kasaba uyushmasi (ularning 60 ming a'zosi kazino va dam olish maskanlarida ishlaydi Las-Vegas va boshqa joylarda) va Nevada bobida SEIU. Klinton murojaat bilan qarshi chiqdi Ispancha shtatlarida ovoz berish, ularning tushib qolishidan alohida xavf ostida ekanliklarini ta'kidladi ipoteka inqirozi.

Kongressdan oldin Obamaning sobiq respublikachi prezidentga nisbatan bildirgan fikrlari Ronald Reygan raqiblarining tanbehini tortdi va ommaviy axborot vositalarining barcha bo'limlari tomonidan tarqatib yuborildi. Obama o'z intervyusida: "Ronald Reygan Amerikaning traektoriyasini Richard Nikson qilmagan va Bill Klinton qilmagan tarzda o'zgartirdi" deb ta'kidlagan edi.^[85] Ga binoan The New York Times, Xillari Klinton "respublikachilar g'oyalar partiyasi degan g'oyani masxara qildi va janob Obamaning respublikachilarning" yaxshiroq "g'oyalari borligini aytganini" ta'kidladi.^[86] MSNBC ta'kidlashicha, senator Jon Edvards "Obamani Ronald Reyganni o'zgarish agenti deb ataganligi uchun tanqid qilgan [gazetadagi intervyusida [men] hech qachon Ronald Reyganni o'zgarish misoli sifatida ishlatmasligimni aytgan].^[87]

Oshpazlik ishchilari kasaba uyushmasi Obamani ma'qullaganidan bir kun o'tgach, Nevada shtati Ta'lim assotsiatsiyasi - o'qituvchilar kasaba uyushmasi, Klintonni rasman qo'llab-quvvatlamagan bo'lsa-da, eng yuqori mansabdor shaxslar bor edi - sudga murojaat qilib, tashkil etilgan yirik kokus saytlarini yo'q qilishni so'radi. to'qqiz Las-Vegas dam olish maskanlari, ular teng himoya va bir kishi bir ovoz uchun talablarni buzganligini aytdi. Ushbu kostyum Klinton va Obamaning ishonchli vakili sifatida ko'rib chiqildi, chunki kazinolar ichidagi kokus saytlari birinchi navbatda Obamaga ovoz berish ehtimoli ko'proq bo'lgan KSB a'zolari tomonidan ishlatilishi kerak edi. Bu Obamani kostyumlar partiyasida uning imkoniyatlariga ziyon etkazish uchun da'vo arizasi bilan da'vo qilganiga olib keldi. "Qoidalarni o'rnatgan ba'zi odamlar, ehtimol biz kabi raqobatbardosh bo'lamiz deb o'ylamagan va ularni so'nggi daqiqada o'zgartirishga urinishgan", dedi u.^[88]

17-yanvar kuni federal sudya kazino keng miqyosdagi kokuslar rejasi amalga oshishi mumkinligi to'g'risida qaror chiqardi. Bu oshpazlik ishchilari kasaba uyushmasi tomonidan tasdiqlanganligi sababli Obamaning yutug'i sifatida qaraldi.^[88] Vaziyatni yanada murakkablashtirish uchun yirik yangiliklar va ovoz berish tashkilotlari, kokusning yangiligidan, Nevada aholisining vaqtinchalik tabiatidan va Nyu-Xempshirdagi o'zlarining yomon tajribalaridan xavotirlanib qo'rqib, Nevada kokuslari oldida ovoz berishdan bosh tortishga qaror qilishdi.

19 yanvar kuni Klinton shtat delegatlari sonida 51-o'rinni egallab, shtat delegatlari sonini birinchi bo'lib yakunladi.^[89] Biroq, Obamaning Nevada shtatidagi milliy delegatlar sonini 13 nafar delegat bilan Klintonning 12 nafar vakili bilan yutishi taxmin qilingan edi, chunki ba'zi delegatlarning ulushi Kongress okrugi tomonidan belgilanadi.^[90] Milliy anjumanda delegatlar 19-aprel kuni bo'lib o'tgan shtat anjumanida rasman aniqlandi. Qurultoyda Klintonning va'da qilingan delegatlaridan biri Obamaga o'tib, Obamaga Klintonning 11 nafar delegatiga 14 ta delegat berdi.^[91]

23 yanvar kuni Obama kampaniyasi rasmiy shikoyat xati bilan murojaat qildi Nevada Demokratik partiyasi, Klinton kampaniyasiga ular qabul qilgan 1600 shikoyatlar asosida partiyalar qoidalarini ko'p marta buzganlik ayblovini yuklamoqda.^[92] Klinton lagerining ta'kidlashicha, Obamaning operatsiyasi "somonni ushlagan" va ularning Obamaning saylovoldi kampaniyasi doirasidagi harakatlaridan o'zlarining shikoyatlari bo'lgan.^[92]

Janubiy Karolina

Janubiy Karolina Universitetida Janubiy Karolina shtatidagi boshlang'ich saylovlardan bir kun oldin Obama tarafdorlariga murojaat qildi

Rasmussenning ma'ruzalari 7-yanvar kuni o'tkazilgan so'rovnomada Obamaning 12 ochko, 42 foizni Xillari Klintonning 30 foizini egallaganligi ko'rsatilgan. Bu dekabrdan boshlab, ikkalasi 33 foizga tenglashib ketganidan va noyabrdan Klinton Obamani 10 ochko bilan boshqarganidan ancha sakrash edi.^[93]

Saylovoldi tashviqoti boshlanganda poyga masalalari birinchi o'ringa chiqdi Janubiy Karolina shtabi, birinchi bo'lib Demokratik elektoratda afroamerikaliklarning katta qismi ishtirok etdi. Birinchidan, Bill Klinton Obamaning u bilan ashaddiy raqib bo'lgan degan da'vosiga ishora qildi Iroq urushi boshidanoq "ertak" sifatida, ba'zilar Obamaning butun kampaniyasining xarakteristikasi deb o'ylashdi.^[94] Sobiq Prezident chaqirdi Al Sharpton U Obamaning hayotiyligini hurmat qilgani va unga ishonganligini shaxsan aniqlashtirish uchun radioeshittirish.^[94]

Xuddi shu vaqtlarda Xillari Klinton bu haqda gapirdi Martin Lyuter King kichik bilan suhbatda Fox News, "Doktor Kingning orzusi Prezident Jonson o'tgandan keyin amalga osha boshlaganiga ishora qilaman Fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi 1964 y, u Kongressdan o'tib ketishi mumkin bo'lgan narsa Prezident Kennedi umidvor edi, oldin Prezident hatto urinib ko'rmagan edi, lekin buni amalga oshirish uchun prezident kerak edi. Bu orzu haqiqatga aylandi, bu orzuning kuchi odamlar hayotida haqiqatga aylandi, chunki bizda buni amalga oshiramiz degan prezident bo'lgan va aslida uni amalga oshirgan. "^[95] Ba'zi afro-amerikalik rahbarlar bu bayonotni Qirol va undan kattaroq ishlarning kamsitilishi sifatida qabul qilishdi Fuqarolik huquqlari harakati.^[94] Xillari Klinton, saylovoldi kampaniyasi alangani avj olganini da'vo qilib, tortishuvlarda Obamani aybladi, bu ayblovni Obama "kulgili" deb rad etdi.^[94] 15 yanvarda Nevada shtatida bo'lib o'tgan Demokratik partiyaning munozarasi oldidan va undan oldin, Klinton va Obama bu masalada sulh e'lon qilishdi, ikkalasi ham irq, jins va bir-biriga nisbatan yarashtiruvchi bayonotlar berishdi.^[96] Biroq, afroamerikaliklar orasida Klintonning yordami buzilgan deb o'ylardi,^[96] bilan SUNY Albanyniki Debra Dikerson "Klintonlar ko'plab afro-amerikaliklarning ishonchini qaytarish uchun dramatik va ramziy narsa qilishlari kerak".^[96]

Qisman, keskinlik birinchi afroamerikalik prezidentlikka nomzod va birinchi hayotga layoqatli ayol nomzodning bir xil nomzodlar poygasida bir-biriga qarshi kurashishining tarixiy tasodifidan kelib chiqqan.^[97] Janubiy Karolina shtatidan bo'lgan bir ruhoniy butun hayoti davomida "birinchi" bo'lishini kutganidan afsuslanib, shunday dedi: "Men ularning bir vaqtning o'zida bir saylovda qatnashishlarini juda yomon ko'raman. Bu shunchaki ajoyib vaziyat bo'lishi kerak. Men kabi odamlar uchun juda og'ir. Men seni yaxshi narsadan juda ko'p narsaga ega bo'lishimni xayolimga ham keltirmaganman. "^[98] Bu boradagi Klinton-Obama keskinligidan so'ng, bir demokrat "Ayovadan so'ng, bizning barcha yaxshi tabiatimizga murojaat qilgan irqdan keyingi nomzod Obama edi. Endi u qora tanli siyosatchi va u ayol. Va bu yana odatdagidek siyosat. "^[96]

Barak Obama da Uilyams-Bris stadioni Columbia, SC, 2007 yil 9-dekabr

21 yanvar CNN /Kongressning qora guruhi munozara Mirtl-Bich nomzodlar o'rtasidagi eng qizg'in yuzma-yuz uchrashuv edi,^[99] aniq shaxsiy dushmanlikni aks ettiradi.^[100] Klinton Obamani Illinoys shtati qonun chiqaruvchi organida bo'lganida ko'p hollarda "hozir" ovoz bergani uchun tanqid qildi. "Siz bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri bahslashish qiyin, chunki siz hech qachon biron bir ovoz uchun javobgarlikni o'z zimmangizga olmaysiz", dedi u. Obama buni tushuntirdi Illinoys ga qaraganda boshqacha tizimga ega edi Kongress va "mavjud" ovozlarning funktsiyalari va ishlatilishida boshqa funktsiyalar mavjud edi Illinoys Senati.^[101] Obamaning aytishicha, Klinton "taxtada o'tirgan korporativ advokat bo'lgan paytda Chikagodagi ishsiz ishchilarga yordam berish uchun ishlagan Wal-Mart."^[102] Shuningdek, u saylovoldi tashviqoti yo'lidagi bayonotlari bilan ham shug'ullandi Bill Klinton, "Ba'zida kimga qarshi yugurayotganimni ayta olmayman."^[101] Qarama-qarshilik kabel televideniesi yangiliklari tarixidagi eng ko'p ko'rilgan asosiy mavsum bahslari bo'ldi.^[100]

26 yanvar kuni Obama Janubiy Karolinada bo'lib o'tgan dastlabki saylovlarda Klinton ustidan ikkitadan ko'p farq bilan g'alaba qozondi va 55 foiz ovozni 27 foizga, Edvardsning 18 foiz ovozini oldi.^[103] O'sha kecha g'alaba qozongan nutqida u shunday dedi: "Bu kecha, Ayova shtatining qorlarida boshlangan narsa shunchaki illyuziya deb ishongan kiniklarga Janubiy Karolinaning yaxshi odamlari boshqacha hikoya qilishdi".^[103] O'zi va Klintonlar o'rtasidagi irqiy changni ko'tarish va boshqa tashviqotlarga murojaat qilib, u shunday dedi: "Ushbu saylovda tanlov mintaqalar yoki dinlar yoki jinslar o'rtasida emas. Gap kambag'allarga, yoshlar qariyalarga qarshi; Qora bilan oq rang haqida emas, o'tmish bilan kelajak haqida. "^[103]

Florida va Michigan

The Florida va Michigan boshlang'ich saylovlar navbati bilan 29 va 15 yanvar kunlari bo'lib o'tdi. Biroq, avvalroq shtatlar o'zlarining boshlang'ich saylovlarini 5 fevralgacha o'tkazib, partiya qoidalarini buzganliklari uchun milliy qurultoydagi barcha delegatlaridan mahrum qilingan edi, barcha nomzodlar Florida shtatida saylov kampaniyasini o'tkazmaslik to'g'risida kelishuvga rioya qilishdi va Xillari Klintondan tashqari barcha asosiy nomzodlar saylovdan chetlatildi. ularning ismlari Michigan saylov byulletenidan.^[104] Shunga qaramay, Klinton "g'alaba" ni nishonladi va ular o'zlarining tezligini "Seshanba" ga olib borganlarini ta'kidladilar. Obamaning saylovoldi kampaniyasida aytilishicha, Klinton "poyga bo'lmaganida, asosan g'alaba qozonishga intilgan".^[104]

2008 yil 31 mayda Demokratik milliy qo'mita Qoidalar va nizomlar bo'yicha komissiya Florida va Michigan shtatlaridagi tortishuvlarga oid dastlabki saylovlar bilan bog'liq savollarni hal qilish uchun yig'ildi.^[105] Florida shtatida, delegatlarni taqsimlash dastlabki natijalarga qarab, ular turgan joyida va delegatsiya to'liq tarkibda o'tirilishi to'g'risida qaror qabul qilindi, ammo har bir delegat yarim ovoz oldi. Michigan shtatida, delegatlarni taqsimlash, birlamchi saylovda ishtirok etmaganlar orasida haqiqiy asosiy natijalar, mavjud ovoz berishlar va saylovchilarning afzalliklari bo'yicha so'rovlar kabi omillarni hisobga olgan holda bahoga asoslangan edi. Yakuniy natija Klintonni 69 delegat va Obamani 59 vakili bilan taqdirladi.^[106] Florida shtatida bo'lgani kabi, har bir delegatga yarim ovoz beriladi.^[107]

Super seshanba

Obama Ted Kennedi bilan mitingda Xartford, Konnektikut, Super seshanbadan bir kun oldin

Barak Obama 2008 yil 4 fevralda Xartfordda (KT) bo'lib o'tgan mitingda. Uning orqasida Karolin Kennedi, kongressmen Roza Delauro (D-CT) va kongressmen Kris Merfi (D-CT) o'tirishgan.

Janubiy Karolinada g'alaba qozonganidan so'ng, Obama ma'qullandi Kerolin Kennedi, sobiq prezidentning qizi Jon F. Kennedi,^[108] shuningdek, Massachusets shtatining senatori Ted Kennedi, sobiq Prezidentning akasi.^[109] Ted Kennedining tasdiqlashi "Obamaning Bill Klinton yoki Al Gorga etishmasligi mumkin bo'lgan eng katta Demokratik ma'qullash" deb hisoblandi.^[110] Xususan, bu Obamaning kasaba uyushmalari, ispaniylar va an'anaviy bazaviy demokratlar, shu paytgacha Klinton kuchliroq bo'lgan barcha demografik ko'rsatkichlar o'rtasida yordamini yaxshilash imkoniyatini berdi.^[111] Obama super shtab seshanba kuni (2008 yil 5 fevral) 22 shtatdan 13tasida g'alaba qozondi: Alabama, Alyaska, Kolorado, Konnektikut, Delaver, Gruziya, Aydaho, Illinoys, Kanzas, Minnesota, Missuri, Shimoliy Dakota va Yuta. Uning saylovoldi kampaniyasi ko'proq delegatlarni yutgan deb da'vo qilmoqda.^[112]

Fevral oyi musobaqalari

9-fevral kuni Obama g'alaba qozondi Luiziana shtatidagi asosiy saylov,^[113] shuningdek, kokuslar Nebraska^[114] va Vashington shtati.^[115] U Luiziana shtatidagi mavjud delegatlarning 57 foizini, Nebraska va Vashingtonda 68 foizini yig'di.^[116] Shu kuni u kokuslarni yutib oldi Virgin orollari xalqning 92 foiz ovozi bilan.^[117] Ertasi kuni Obama uni oldi Men shtatidagi kokuslar Men shtatidagi Demokratik partiyaning yuqori martabali amaldorlaridan biri "aql bovar qilmaydigan" faollik deb atagan sharoitda.^[118][119]

"Potomak birlamchi "12 fevral kuni bo'lib o'tdi. Unga Kolumbiya okrugi, Merilend va Virjiniya. Uchta boshlang'ich saylovda qatnashish uchun 168 delegat qatnashdi.^[120] Obama Kolumbiya okrugida 75 foiz, Merilendda 60 foiz va Virjiniyada 64 foiz ovoz olib, uchalasini ham yutdi. "Bugun biz izlayotgan o'zgarish Chesapeake orqali o'tdi va Potomak ustidan o'tdi", dedi Obama namoyishlarda Madison, Viskonsin.^[121]

18-fevral kuni Mishel Obama saylovoldi kampaniyasida chiqish paytida tanqidlarga uchradi Miluoki, Viskonsin u aytdi: "Sizga aytsam, kattalar hayotida birinchi marta men o'z yurtim bilan faxrlanaman. Barak yaxshi ishlayotgani uchun emas, balki odamlar o'zgarishlarga chanqoq deb o'ylayman". Barakning tanqidga javobi quyidagicha edi: "Bunday bayonotlar berilmoqda va odamlar buni kontekstdan chiqarib, juda katta kelishuvga erishishga harakat qilmoqdalar va bu uning so'zi emas. U nimani nazarda tutgan edi u birinchi marta Amerika siyosati bilan faxrlanadi ", dedi u. "Chunki u siyosiy jarayonlarga beparvolik qiladi va asosli va u yolg'iz emas. Ammo u bu jarayonga ko'plab odamlarning aralashganini ko'rgan va u dalda bo'lgan."^[122]

19 fevral kuni yana ikkita praymeriz o'tkazildi: Viskonsin va Gavayi. Obama Viskonsindagi 58 foiz ovozni va Gavayidagi mavjud 20 milliy delegatdan 14 tasini olib, ikkalasi ham qat'iy g'alaba qozondi.^[123] 21 fevral kuni Obama bir hafta davom etgan g'olib deb e'lon qilindi Chet eldagi demokratlar tanlov.^[124] Demokratik partiyadan prezidentlikka nomzod 24 fevral kuni o'zini va uning rafiqasini etarlicha vatanparvarlik haqidagi takliflardan himoya qildi.^[125] Barak Obamaning saylovoldi kampaniyasi ayblanmoqda Hillari Klinton Jamoasi 25-fevral kuni fotosuratni tarqatish Illinoys senator an'anaviy liboslar - hududga qarab kiyinadigan kiyim Musulmonlar - chet el safari paytida xayrixohlik harakati sifatida.^[126] Barak Obama va Xillari Klinton bir-biri bilan saylovoldi tashviqoti yuzasidan bahslashdi, Sog'liqni saqlash va erkin savdo 26 fevral.^[127] Obama va Jon Makkeyn uchastka almashinuvi bilan shug'ullangan Al-Qoida yilda Iroq 27 fevralda.^[128]

Mart oyining dastlabki saylovlari

Barak Obamaning saylovoldi kampaniyasi Xyuston Texasdagi boshlang'ich saylovlar va kokuslar arafasida

Obama va Klinton Texasda statistik jihatdan o'lik jaziramada edi, 2008 yil 25 fevralda o'tkazilgan so'rov natijalariga ko'ra.^[129] Obamaning fevral oyidagi Super seshanbadan keyingi boshlang'ich saylovlar va kokuslarni targ'ib qilish paytida, 4 mart kuni bo'lib o'tgan dastlabki saylovlar Texas va Ogayo shtati Klinton kampaniyasi uchun xavfsizlik devori sifatida qaraldi.^[130] Ushbu shtatlar uchun o'tkazilgan dastlabki so'rovlarda Klinton ushbu shtatlar uchun o'tkazilgan so'rovnomalarda ikki xonali etakchiga ega edi, ammo fevral oyining oxiriga kelib Obama o'zining asosiy demografik ko'rsatkichlarida Klintonning etakchisini yo'qqa chiqara boshladi va uning ovozi ba'zi so'rovlarda bitta raqamga tushirildi.^[130] Obamaning o'sishiga javoban, Klintonning saylovoldi kampaniyasi unga qarshi hujumlarni, jumladan, ayblovlarni ko'paytira boshladi plagiat due to similarities in Obama's campaign speeches and campaign speeches of Obama's campaign's national co-chair and Massachusetts governor, Deval Patrik, although Patrick specifically stated he told Obama to use it. During the February 21, CNN-Univision debate in Ostin, Texas Obama responded to the accusation by saying, "The notion that I had plagiarized from somebody who's one of my national co-chairs, who gave me the line and suggested that I use it, I think is silly." Clinton received a round of boos from the crowd when she responded, "Lifting whole passages from someone else's speeches is not change you can believe in; it's change you can Xerox."^[131]

Barack Obama speaking at the Nutter Center, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, February 25, 2008

On February 25, 2008, during the hotly contested primaries in Texas and Ohio, Obama appeared at rallies in both Cincinnati and—for the first time in his career—in Dayton, Ohio. The noontime audience at the Fifth Third Arena at the University of Cincinnati was estimated at 13,000. That evening, in Fairborn, just outside Dayton, Obama spoke before a capacity audience estimated at over 11,000 at the Nutter Center, da Rayt davlat universiteti. Speaking for just under an hour, Obama charged the audience with an equal responsibility in "making things happen". Ga ko'ra Dayton Daily News, "Sen. Barack Obama packed the Nutter Center like a rock star ... painting himself as a man who will cut through petty partisanship and bring real change to Washington."^[132]

In Ohio, as part of the campaign's self proclaimed goal to knock on a million doors the weekend immediately before the primary, Patrick^[133] and Kansas Governor Ketlin Sebelius spoke to Obama volunteers at volunteer rallies across the state on March 1 and 2, 2008.^[134] Obama, who had won the eleven contests in February after Super seshanba, claimed victory in the Vermont primary and the Texas Democratic caucuses, on March 4, 2008, but lost the primaries in Texas, Ogayo shtati va Rod-Aylend.^[135]

A portion of the Obama volunteers "staging" at the Mahoning Center in Youngstown, Ohio, the morning of March 1, 2008

On March 8, 2008, Obama won the Wyoming caucus o'n to'qqiz ochko bilan.^[136] The Clinton camp continued to suggest that Obama would make a good vice presidential candidate for Clinton, and former President Bill Clinton made known his support of this as a "dream ticket" which would be an "almost unstoppable force".^[137] On March 10, Obama flatly rejected such suggestions.^[138] Obama noted that he, not Clinton, held the lead in pledged delegates and that he had won more of the popular vote than Clinton. "I don't know how somebody who is in second place is offering the vice presidency to somebody who is in first place", he said.^[139] He told supporters in Kolumbus, Missisipi, that Clinton's VP suggestion was an example of what he called "the old okey-doke", further stating that the Clinton camp was trying to "bamboozle" or "hoodwink" voters.^[140] Obama wondered aloud why the Clinton campaign believed him competent for the vice presidency, but said he was "not ready" to be president.^[141] Obama stated that the nomination process would have to be a choice between himself and Clinton, saying "I don't want anybody here thinking that 'Somehow, maybe I can get both'," by nominating Clinton as president and assuming he would be her running mate".^[142][143] Some suggested that it was a ploy by the Clinton campaign to denigrate Obama as less qualified for the presidency.^[144]

On March 11, 2008, Obama won the Mississippi primary.^[145] There, Obama won approximately 90 percent of the black vote, compared to Clinton's 70 percent majority of white voters.^[146] On March 11, 2008, David Axelrod demanded that Clinton sever ties with Jeraldin Ferraro, a top Clinton fundraiser and 1984 Democratic vice-presidential nominee, who said publicly that Obama was a major presidential contender only because he is a black man.^[147] Obama widened his lead over Clinton in the overall delegate count when he was declared the winner of the March 4 Texas caucuses on March 12, 2008.^[148] Obama and Clinton would both statistically tie McCain in a general election matchup, according to a CNN/Opinion Research Corporation poll released March 18, 2008.^[149] The Milliy arxivlar on March 19, 2008, released more than 11,000 pages of Clinton's schedule when she was first lady. Obama's campaign had pushed for release of the documents, arguing that their review was necessary to make a full evaluation of Clinton's experience as first lady.^[150] Obama and his wife, Mishel Obama, released their tax returns from 2000 to 2006 on his campaign web site March 26, 2008, and he challenged Clinton to release hers.^[151]

Nyu-Meksiko gubernatori Bill Richardson, a former 2008 Democratic candidate, endorsed Obama on March 21. Prominent Clinton advisor Jeyms Karvil pointed out that the endorsement came during the week before Pasxa and likened Richardson's endorsement to Yahudo Ishkariot 's biblical betrayal of Iso Masih. Richardson had served as former President Bill Clinton's ambassador to the United Nations and Secretary of Energy. Amid controversy,^[152] a Clinton spokesman said that he would apologize had he made the comment but Carville declined to do so, further calling Richardson's decision an "egregious act". Richardson responded by refusing to "get in the gutter" with Carville and said that certain people around Clinton feel a "sense of entitlement to the presidency".^[153]

On March 20, 2008, Obama gave a preview of his strategy in a potential general election campaign against McCain. Obama blasted McCain for backing tax cuts for the wealthy without corresponding spending cuts and for his support of the Iraq war, which Obama blamed for high gasoline prices. "John McCain seems determined to carry out a third Bush term", Obama said. He added that McCain once opposed what Obama called the "irresponsible" Bush soliqlarini kamaytirish, but now wants to make them permanent. He also asserted that McCain wants a "permanent occupation in Iraq".^[154]

Pensilvaniya

Volunteers in line Saturday morning, April 19, 2008 at the Obama campaign office in North Philadelphia. (Girard Ave. & Broad St.)

After Obama's win in Mississippi on March 11, 2008, the campaign turned its attention to Pennsylvania. Mart oyining o'rtalarida tomonidan so'rovlar Rasmussenning ma'ruzalari,^[155] Franklin va Marshall kolleji so'rovi,^[156] Quinnipiac University Polling Institute^[157] va Davlat siyosati bo'yicha so'rovnoma^[158] had Obama trailing Clinton in Pennsylvania by 12 to 16 points. Dozens of campaign offices were opened around the state, including 8 in Philadelphia.^[159] By the beginning of April, polls of Pennsylvanians showed Obama trailing Clinton by average of 5 points.^[160]

Speaking about small-town Pennsylvania at a private April 6 fundraising event in Kentfield, CA, a small suburb of San Francisco located in neighboring Marin County, his remarks would be widely criticized after they were reported:

You go into these small towns in Pennsylvania, and like a lot of small towns in the Midwest, the jobs have been gone now for 25 years and nothing's replaced them. And they fell through the Clinton Administration, and the Bush Administration, and each successive administration has said that somehow these communities are gonna regenerate and they have not. And it's not surprising, then, they get bitter, they cling to guns or religion or antipathy to people who aren't like them or anti-immigrant sentiment or anti-trade sentiment as a way to explain their frustrations.^[161]

Hillary Clinton described the remarks as "elitist, out of touch, and frankly patronizing."^[162] Noting he had not chosen his words well, Obama subsequently explained his remarks, "Lately there has been a little typical sort of political flare-up, because I said something that everybody knows is true, which is that there are a whole bunch of folks in small towns in Pennsylvania, in towns right here in Indiana, in my hometown in Illinois, who are bitter."^[163] Obama had addressed similar themes in a 2004 interview with Charli Rose,^[164] and his strategists countered that Bill Klinton had made similar comments in 1991.^[165]

Just hours prior Obama's remarks in San Francisco, he spoke in Silikon vodiysi at another private event, and expressed a much more nuanced understanding of the second amendment and rural America. U shunday dedi:

We need sensible gun laws. I just got back from Montana where just about everyone has guns. In that culture, fathers and sons bond over hunting. You can't take that away from rural America. But the inner city is different, and we should tighten the laws on gun purchases and close the loopholes in gun show sales to unscrupulous buyers. The gun control people and the right to bear arms people are bir-biridan o'tib gaplashish about disconnected topics.^[166]

That Obama's comments in San Francisco made wide media play but not the ones he spoke in Silicon Valley became a source of speculation about the media and its political coverage.^[167]

On Friday, April 18, 2008, Obama spoke in Mustaqillik bog'i yilda Filadelfiya, Pensilvaniya, to a crowd of 35,000, the largest audience yet drawn during the campaign. Olomon taxmin qilinganidan qariyb ikki baravar ko'p edi^[168] va yaqin atrofdagi ko'chalarga to'kilgan.^[169] Ertasi kuni Obama a whistle stop train tour Filadelfiyadan Harrisburg, to'xtash joyida 6000 kishilik olomonni jalb qildi Wynnewood and 3,000 at a stop in Paoli.^[170]

The last big event in the final week of the campaign was the April 16 debate on ABC-TV. Many pundits gave the edge to Hillary Clinton, though many were critical of moderators Charlz Gibson va Jorj Stefanopulos.^[171] A two-month-old controversy gained more exposure when Stephanopoulos questioned Obama during the debate about Obama's contacts with Ob-havo asoschisi Bill Ayers.^[172]

Polls during the debate week showed the momentum that had cut Clinton's lead by half had stalled. Despite being outspent by three to one,^[173] Clinton would win the April 22 primary election with 54.6 percent of the vote, a solid nine-point margin over Obama's 45.4 percent.^[174] Although Clinton remained behind in delegates, the press soon ran cover stories about Obama's apparent trouble connecting with less educated whites and Catholics.^[162][175]

Indiana and North Carolina

On May 5, Obama campaigned in Downtown Indianapolis at the Indiana Jahon Urushi Memorial Plazmasi, drawing a crowd of 21,000.

After Clinton's victory in Pennsylvania, the campaigns focused on the May 6 primaries in Indiana and North Carolina. 115 delegates were at stake in North Carolina,^[176] and 72 in Indiana.^[177] Polling suggested a close race in Indiana, while Obama enjoyed the advantage in North Carolina thanks in part to the state's large African-American population – a demographic from which Obama was receiving strong support throughout the primary season.^[176] Indiana's demographic makeup appeared to favor Clinton, as the state was predominantly white, rural, and culturally conservative. Clinton won states like Ohio and Pennsylvania largely because of just such a voter base. However, there were positive signs for Obama as well.

Obama got a boost in Indiana when the former head of the state's Democratic party, Joe Andrew, endorsed him. Andrew, a superdelegate, also previously served as the chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1999–2001, a position he was appointed to by former President Bill Clinton. Andrew had come out behind Hillary Clinton's candidacy when she announced in 2007, and he explained that his defection to Obama was an attempt to end the protracted primary fight. He said that the Democrats were helping presumptive Republican nominee John McCain and "doing his [McCain's] work for him."^[178]

Obama won in North Carolina, capturing 56 percent of the vote, while Hillary Clinton finished with 42 percent, according to CNN.^[179] The Indiana race was much closer than expected, with Clinton, winning a 51 percent to 49 percent victory.^[180][181] These races were seen as Clinton's last chance to make a comeback in the nomination fight.^[182] As the results came in, ABC political analyst and former top Bill Clinton aide George Stephanopoulos declared the Democratic race "over," and NBC Washington Bureau Chief Tim Rassert said, "We now know who the Democratic nominee will be."^[183] The day after these primaries, it appeared that superdelegates and party leaders were beginning to coalesce around Obama. He added four superdelegate endorsements to Clinton's one, and former Democratic presidential candidate Jorj MakGovern switched his support from Clinton to Obama.^[184]

G'arbiy Virjiniya

In the days leading up to the May 13 West Virginia primary, Obama took the lead in committed superdelegates. He picked up seven endorsements from superdelegates the week after the May 6 primaries.^[185] Clinton won West Virginia by a 41-percentage-point margin,^[186] and told supporters that she was "more determined than ever to carry on in this campaign."^[187]

Kentucky and Oregon

On May 18, Obama drew a crowd of 75,000 people in Portland, Oregon.

Obama continued to add to his superdelegate lead in the week before the May 20 Kentucky and Oregon primaries, and former Democratic candidate John Edwards endorsed him on May 14.^[188][189] As Obama's chance at becoming the nominee increased, he decided to focus much of his attention on general election battleground states. He planned to watch the Kentucky and Oregon results in Iowa, and he scheduled an appearance in Florida for later that week.^[190]

While campaigning in Oregon, Obama drew a crowd of 75,000, his largest crowd of the campaign season.^[191][192]

Obama won Oregon, 59 percent to Clinton's 41 percent, but lost Kentucky by a margin of 35 percent. Delegates accrued in these two contests gave him an absolute majority among pledged delegates.

Montana and South Dakota – wrapping up the nomination

After a Clinton victory on June 1 in the Puerto-Riko asosiy,^[193] only one more day of primaries remained. June 3 saw the final votes of the primary season in Montana, which Obama won by 58-40 percent, and Janubiy Dakota, which Clinton won by 55-45 percent. Throughout the course of the day, a flood of superdelegates endorsed Obama, putting him over the top in terms of delegates needed to clinch the nomination.^[194] While campaigning in Montana in May, Obama was adopted as an honorary member of the Crow Nation and given the names "One Who Helps People Throughout the Land" and "Black Eagle".^[195]

On June 7, Clinton formally ended her candidacy and endorsed Obama, making him the party's presumptive nominee.^[196]

On July 6, 2008, during an interview with Fox News, a microphone picked up Jessi Jekson whispering to a fellow guest: "See, Barack's been talking down to black people ... I want to cut his nuts off."^[197] Jackson was expressing his disappointment in Obama's Otalar kuni speech chastisement of Black fathers.^[198] Only a portion of Jackson's comments were released on video. A spokesman for Fox News stated that Jackson had "referred to blacks with the N-word" in his comments about Obama; Fox News did not release the entire video or a complete transcript of his comments.^[199] Jyeysi Jekson, kichik issued a statement that said "Reverend Jackson is my dad, and I’ll always love him. . .I thoroughly reject and repudiate his ugly rhetoric. He should keep hope alive and any personal attacks and insults to himself."^[200] Jackson, Jr. took the statements very seriously because he had worked so hard as the National co-chair of the Barack Obama presidential campaign.^[201] Subsequent to his Fox News interview, Jackson, Sr. apologized and reiterated his support for Obama.^[197]

Potential role of superdelegates

After the February 12 primary, the potential role of superdelegatlar in deciding the Democratic nomination was heavily discussed. In particular, the possibility of one candidate gaining more pledged delegates from primary and caucus wins, but losing the nomination to the other due to the decisions of superdelegates, made some Democratic leaders uncomfortable.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} The Clinton camp, behind in pledged delegates, advocated that superdelegates exercise their own judgment in deciding which candidate to back, while the Obama camp, ahead in pledged delegates, advocated that superdelegates follow the will of the voters and back whichever candidate had the most pledged delegates.^[202] Some party leaders, such as Palata spikeri Nensi Pelosi, argued for the latter interpretation,^[203] kabi boshqalar Demokratik milliy qo'mita kafedra Xovard Din argued for the former.^[204] Dean also said party leaders would not force a deal, but "let the voters vote."^[205]

African American superdelegates previously pledged to Clinton, found themselves under pressure to switch to supporting Obama's candidacy; bitta misol Jon Lyuis, a noted leader of the Fuqarolik huquqlari harakati, marcher in the Selma - Montgomeri yurishlari, US Representative from Georgia, and superdelegate, who formally switched endorsements to Obama on February 27, 2008;^[206] Vakil Jyeysi Jekson, kichik suggested that those staying with Clinton might face Democratic primary challenges in the future.^[207] MoveOn.org started an Internet petition to urge superdelegates to "let the voters decide between Clinton and Obama, then support the people's choice."^[203][208]

While Clinton was viewed as having an institutional advantage in amassing superdelegates by virtue of her fifteen years of national prominence in party politics,^[209] Obama had heavily outspent Clinton in previous contributions to superdelegates through their siyosiy harakatlar qo'mitalari.^[210]

Speculation that Barack Obama had amassed about fifty additional superdelegates, removing Clinton's final advantage in the race, was reported on the eve of the March 4 primaries and caucuses; with the Clinton victory in most of that night's contests, the Obama camp chose not to release those names as expected the next day.^[211]

After Obama's large victory in North Carolina and close second in Indiana on May 6, he took the lead in committed superdelegates. The results in those two states made Obama the clear front-runner for the nomination, and he picked up endorsements from 26 superdelegates in the week after those primaries.^{[185][212][213]}

Primary voting, delegate count, and voter demographics

Pledged Delegate margins by state. Obama won the delegate count in the darkest purple states by the largest margins, while Clinton won the delegate count in the darkest green states by the largest margins. They tied in Missuri, Nyu-Xempshir va Guam

Ommabop ovoz berish margins by state. Obama won the popular vote in the darkest purple states by the largest margins, while Clinton won the popular vote in the darkest green states by the largest margins

Ommabop ovoz berish margins by county. Obama won the counties colored purple, Clinton won the counties colored green. Edwards won the counties colored orange, and pink counties were a delegate tie

Demokratik milliy konventsiya

On August 27 Barack Obama was awarded the Democratic presidential nomination by tanqid da 2008 yilgi Demokratik milliy konventsiya yilda Denver, Kolorado.^[214]

Controversies, allegations, and rumors during the primary campaign

Religion, citizenship, and loyalty

Various criticisms were made during the campaign concerning Obama's religious background and heritage, both by political opponents and by some members of the media.^[215]

In 2004, conservative columnist Endi Martin issued a press release alleging that Obama had "sought to misrepresent his heritage,"^[216] indirectly triggering one of the first viral emails spreading false rumors about Obama's background.^[217]

The issue lay fallow for almost three years, but picked up again in late 2006, as the announcement of Obama's presidential candidacy approached. In October, a conservative blog, Infidel Bloggers Alliance, reposted Martin's press release in response to a question about Obama's heritage.^[218] Keyin, 26-dekabr kuni, konservativ faol Ted Sampley, Vetnam faxriylariga qarshi asoschilaridan biri Jon Kerri, posted a column suggesting Obama was a secret Muslim, heavily quoting Martin's original press release.^[219] Shortly afterward, many chain elektron pochta xabarlari began circulating claiming that Obama was a hypothetical "Manjuriyalik nomzod."^[220] According to Hayes, one of these emails was forwarded to Snopes Sampleyning hikoyasidan bir necha soat ichida. Xeysning fikricha, elektron pochta xabarlari Sampley maqolasining biroz o'zgartirilgan versiyasi bo'lib, bu o'z navbatida Martinning 2004 yilgi press-reliziga asoslangan. Martin Xeysga elektron pochta xabarlari tarqatila boshlagach, unga ko'plab qo'ng'iroqlar bo'lganini aytdi. Qo'ng'iroq qiluvchilar undan ozodlikni yozganmisiz, deb so'rashganda, Martin: "Ularning barchasi mening bolalarim", deb javob berishdi.^[215]

In January 2007, two of the Obama campaign's first hires were opposition researchers, immediately assigned to debunk these e-mails.^[221]

On January 17, 2007, the day after Obama announced his candidacy, the Internet magazine Tushunish published an article claiming that Clinton campaign staff had told them that Obama had attended a Muslim seminary as a child in Indonesia and that they were planning to use that information against him during the upcoming asosiy saylov kampaniya.^[222] The Clinton and Obama campaigns quickly denounced the allegations.^[223] Tomonidan tergov CNN, ABC and others showed that Obama had not, as Tushunish had written, attended an Islamic seminary. Instead, for his first three years abroad Obama attended St. Francis Assisi Catholic School, and in his last year he transferred to State Elementary School Menteng Besuki, an Indoneziya davlat maktabi for children of all faiths.^[224] Bir qator Chicago Tribune reports found that "[w]hen Obama attended 4th grade in 1971, Muslim children spent two hours a week studying Islam, and Christian children spent those two hours learning about the Christian religion."^[225] The series also stated: "In fact, Obama's religious upbringing in Indonesia depended more on the conventions of the schools he attended than on any decision by him, his mother or his stepfather. When he was at a Catholic school for three years, he prayed as a Catholic. When he was at a public school for a year, he learned about Islam."^[226] 2008 yil may oyida Tushunish nashrni to'xtatdi.^[227]

In February 2008, a photo of Obama dressed in a turban and other local clothing while on a 2006 visit to an etnik somali community in Kenya appeared on the Drudge hisoboti, which attributed it to a Clinton staffer upset at Obama getting more favorable coverage in the media than Clinton. The photo was interpreted as suggesting Muslim garb, and the Obama campaign accused the Clinton campaign of “shameful, offensive fear-mongering”. A spokesman for Clinton replied that the release of the photo had not been sanctioned by the campaign—but added that "We have over 700 people on this campaign, and I’m not in a position to know what each one of them may or may not have done."^[228]

E-mails and varaqalar repeating allegations about Obama and other candidates were distributed to voters in Ayova va Janubiy Karolina just before they went to vote for presidential candidates. In Iowa, Obama told his supporters: “You have e-mails saying that I’m a Muslim plant that’s trying to take over America. If you get this e-mail from someone you know, set the record straight.”^[229] Sen. Clinton's campaign fired at least two campaign volunteers for forwarding related e-mails about Obama.^[230]

Obama's campaign organization responded with a letter from Christian leaders vouching for his Christian faith, as well as with appeals to supporters to help correct any misunderstanding.^[231] From November 2007 to January 2008, as part of a drive to promote awareness of his Christian faith, Obama gave interviews to Pat Robertson "s Christian Broadcasting Network, ga Bugungi kunda nasroniylik and to the religious website Beliefnet.com.^[232] Nevertheless, the false belief that Obama is a Muslim has persisted in some key demographics and is among the most frequently cited reasons for opposition to Obama in public polling.^[233][234] In polls taken in March and April 2008, between 10 and 15 percent of respondents believed Obama was Muslim.^[235]

While it campaigned in Kentucky in May 2008, the Obama campaign mailed out a flyer featuring Obama's Christianity.^[236]

Sadoqat garovi

Another accusation is that Obama refuses to say the Sadoqat garovi. This is based on a Vaqt magazine picture of Obama listening to the U.S. National Anthem with his hands at his sides while the others on stage have their right hands over their hearts. He does, in fact, say the Pledge and sometimes led the Senate in doing so.^[237]

Obama's name

Some conservative opponents of Obama featured his middle name "Hussein" and the similarity of his last name with "Osama" to suggest that he has Muslim heritage or possible associations with terrorists, or to question his loyalty to the United States^[238] (both "Barack" and "Hussein" are names of Semit origin that mean, respectively, to bless/blessing and good/handsome).^[239] In February 2008, the Tennessee Republican Party circulated a memo titled "Antisemitlar for Obama" that featured his middle name and showed a picture of him in African clothes while on a trip to Africa.^[240] Veb-sayt, ExposeObama.com, sent out emails in early 2008 that included messages such as "President Barack Hussein Obama ... the scariest four words in the English language!"^[241] In April 2008 a church in the small town of Jonsvill, Janubiy Karolina posted a message on its sign which said, "Obama, Osama—humm, are they brothers." The next day Roger Byrd, the pastor, removed the sign after receiving "so much negative comments from throughout the country." Those incidents attracted nation-wide media coverage,^[242][243] and were generally condemned by the other candidates' official campaigns and by the major political parties.^[240]

Impact of Rev. Jeremiah Wright

In March 2008, a tortishuv broke out concerning Obama's 20-year relationship to his former pastor Eremiyo Rayt.^[244] ABC News found and excerpted kliplar from racially and politically charged sermons by Rev. Wright, including his assertion that the United States brought on the 11 sentyabr hujumlari with its own terrorism and his assertion that "[t]he government lied about inventing the HIV virus as a means of genocide against people of color."^[244][245] Some of Wright's statements were widely criticized as anti-American.^[246][247] After negative media coverage and a drop in the polls,^[248] Obama responded by condemning Wright's remarks, ending his relationship with the campaign and delivering a speech entitled "Yana mukammal birlashma " at the Constitution Center in Filadelfiya, Pensilvaniya.^[249] In the speech, Obama rejected some of Wright's comments, but refused to disown the man himself, noting his lifelong ministry to the poor and past service as a US Marine.^[250] The speech, which sought to place Wright's anger in a larger historical context, was well received by liberal sources and some conservatives,^{[250][251][252]} but other conservatives and supporters of Hillary Clinton continued to question the implications of Obama's long relationship with Wright.^[251][253]

The story gained headlines again in late April with several public appearances by Rev. Wright. U paydo bo'ldi Bill Moyers show on PBS on April 25, spoke to the NAACP in Detroit on April 27 and addressed the media before a symposium at the Milliy press-klub 28 aprelda.^[254] In Detroit, Wright "also defended Obama and lashed out at the news media for running excerpts of his heated sermons, media pundits and those who have tried to connect him to Islam because of his full name—Barack Hussein Obama."^[255] At the Press Club, Wright said that Obama "had to distance himself from me, because he's a politician." He also suggested that Obama is not a regular attendee at church,^[256] and reiterated his earlier views on terrorism, HIV, and other issues. Obama held a press conference on April 29 in which he went further than he had in his Pennsylvania speech, appearing to disown the pastor himself rather than just his controversial remarks.^[257][258] Obama said he was "outraged" and "saddened" by Wright's comments, calling them "divisive and destructive." He said of Wright, "the man I saw yesterday was not the man I met 20 years ago." Obama stated, "Whatever relationship I had with Reverend Wright has changed as a consequence of this," he added.^[259]

Obama subsequently resigned his membership in the Trinity United Church of Christ after comments made during a guest sermon at the church by Katolik ruhoniysi and long-term Obama friend, Maykl Pfleger. During the sermon, Pfleger mocked Hillary Clinton and said that she felt "entitled" to be the Democratic nominee for President.^[260][261]

NAFTA controversy

In February 2008, a Canadian diplomatic memo surfaced, which alleged that Obama's economic advisor Austan Goolsbee had met with Canadian consular officials in Chicago and told them to disregard Obama's campaign rhetoric bilan bog'liq Shimoliy Amerika erkin savdo shartnomasi (NAFTA),^[262] a charge the Obama campaign later denied.

Yan Brodi (Chief of Staff in Stiven Xarper 's Prime Minister's Office), during the media lockup for the February 26, 2008, byudjet, stopped to chat with several journalists and was surrounded by a group from CTV. The conversation turned to the pledges to renegotiate NAFTA made by the two Democratic contenders, Obama and Clinton. Brodie, apparently seeking to play down the potential impact on Canada, told the reporters that the threat was not serious and that someone from Clinton's campaign had even contacted Canadian diplomats to tell them not to worry because the NAFTA threats were mostly political posturing. The Kanada matbuoti news agency quoted that source as saying that Brodie said that someone from Clinton's campaign called and was "telling the embassy to take it with a grain of salt".^[263] The Clinton campaign denied it. "We flatly deny the report," said Clinton spokesperson Phil Singer. "We did not sanction nor would we ever sanction anyone to say any such a thing. We give the Canadian government blanket immunity to reveal the name of anyone in the Clinton campaign think they heard from."^[264]

The story was followed by CTV's Washington bureau chief, Tom Klark, who reported that Obama's campaign, not Clinton's, had reassured Canadian diplomats. Clark cited unnamed Canadian sources in his initial report. Media later reported the source as Canadian Ambassador Maykl Uilson. There was no explanation at the time for why Brodie was said to have referred to the Clinton campaign, but the news report was about the Obama campaign. Robert Xerst, president of CTV News, declined to comment.^[263]

The Prime Minister's communications director, Sandra Buckler, said that Brodie "does not recall" discussing the issue. On March 4, 2008, Harper initially denied that Brodie was a source of the leak—but he appeared to be referring to a diplomatic memo that described the key conversation between an adviser to Obama and Canada's consul-general in Chicago, Georges Rioux. Harper did not appear to be distinguishing between the two leaks later in the day. Harper asked the top civil servant, Clerk of the Privy Council Kevin Linch, to call in an internal security team, with the help of Tashqi ishlar. Members of the opposition asserted that an internal inquiry was unlikely to look seriously at Harper's own high-level political aides and appointees, such as Brodie or Wilson, Canada's ambassador to Washington.^[263]

On March 10, 2008, Canadian MP Navdeep Bains called on Canadian Ambassador to the United States Maykl Uilson to step down as Canada's ambassador to Washington while the leaks were investigated. Wilson publicly acknowledged that he spoke to CTV reporter Tom Klark, who first reported the leaks before the story aired, but refused to discuss what was said.^[265]

Pasport muammolari

There were three separate incidents involving Barack Obama's Davlat departamenti passport file in 2008. Although these occurred over a three-month span, Obama was notified only on March 20, as upper levels of the State Department themselves first became aware of the breaches.^[266] On March 21, 2008, the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Davlat departamenti revealed that Obama's passport file was improperly accessed three times in 2008. Three contract employees are accused in the wrongdoing. One, who works for Tahlil korporatsiyasi (TAC), accessed Obama and McCain's records and was disciplined. The two other workers, who worked for Stanley, Inc.., each accessed Obama's file on separate occasions and were fired. An unauthorized access of Hillary Clinton's file was also made in mid-2007, but was considered a training error and unrelated to the other instances.^[267] Jon O. Brennan, president and CEO of Analysis, is a consultant to the Barack Obama campaign and contributed $2,300 to the Obama campaign in January 2008. Brennan is a former senior Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi official and former interim director of the Milliy aksilterror markazi.^[268] The chairman of Stanley Inc., Philip Nolan, is a Clinton supporter and contributor;^[269] uning kompaniyasi AQSh Davlat departamenti bilan 1992 yildan beri shartnomalar tuzgan va yaqinda pasportni qayta ishlashni qo'llab-quvvatlashni davom ettirish uchun 570 million dollarlik shartnoma bilan taqdirlangan. Davlat departamenti TAC xodimiga nisbatan ichki surishtiruv ishlarini olib bormoqda, ammo nomzodlarning ishi bilan tanishgan uchta pudratchini ham so'roq qilishni rejalashtirmoqda.^[270]

Internetning ta'siri

Ijtimoiy tarmoq saytlari

Ko'plab sharhlovchilar Obamaning kuchli qo'llab-quvvatlashini ta'kidladilar ijtimoiy tarmoq saytlari kabi MySpace va Facebook.com.^[271] Har bir nomzodning onlayn faoliyatini kuzatib boradigan Internet-konsalting sayti Obamani Internet orqali potentsial saylovchilar bilan eng ko'p bog'langan nomzod sifatida o'lchadi.^[272]

Kris Xyuz, Facebook asoschilaridan biri va Barak Obamaning prezidentlik saylovoldi kampaniyasi doirasida onlayn tashkil etish koordinatori, Obamaning qo'llab-quvvatlanishini "misli ko'rilmagan" deb atadi.^[273]

Facebook-dagi bitta guruh "Barak Obama (Barak uchun bir million kuchli)" 2008 yil 5-noyabr holatiga ko'ra 894 913 a'zoga ega edi. Obamaning siyosiy sahifasi 2008 yil 17 iyun holatiga ko'ra milliondan ortiq tarafdorlarini qamrab oldi. 2007 yil 2 fevralda Obama da mitingda qatnashdi Jorj Meyson universiteti Facebook-da boshlangan bir necha minglab ishtirokchilar bilan "Barak Obama uchun talabalar" guruhi tomonidan tashkil etilgan.^[274] Boshqa mamlakatlardan kelgan fuqarolar ham Obamani, shu jumladan Kanadani qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun Facebook guruhlarini ro'yxatdan o'tkazdilar^[275] va bir nechta Evropa davlatlari.^[276]

Obamaning rasmiy veb-saytining o'zi tarmoq elementlarini o'z ichiga olgan bo'lib, bu tarafdorlarga o'z profillari va bloglarini yaratishga, shuningdek yaratishga imkon berdi suhbat va rejalashtirish oddiy voqealar. My.BarackObama.com - bu ijtimoiy tarmoq veb-sayt aksiya tomonidan yaratilgan. U birinchi bo'lib 2007 yil 11 fevralda ishga tushirilgan va "a." MySpace uning tarafdorlari uchun ".^[277] U Internet texnologiyalari va siyosiy strateglar firmasi tomonidan qurilgan va loyihalangan Moviy davlat raqamli^[278] va Kris Xyuz.^[279]

Sayt 70 mingdan ziyod ro'yxatdan o'tgan foydalanuvchilarga o'sdi,^[280] va Obamaning saylovoldi kampaniyasi mablag 'yig'ish va tadbirlarning faolligi oshib borishi bilan onlayn ijtimoiy tarmoq vositasini hisobga oldi.^[281] Keyinchalik boshqa prezidentlikka nomzodlar o'zlarining ijtimoiy tarmoqdagi veb-saytlarini yaratdilar, masalan Makkeynning "McCainSpace".^[282]

My.BarackObama.com faoliyatining asosiy qismi guruh va tadbirlarni tashkillashtirishda bo'lib o'tdi, bu erda a'zolar birinchi bo'lib umumiy guruhlarni yaratgan yoki on-layn guruhlarni qo'shdilar. elektron pochta ro'yxatlari va bloglar. Keyinchalik ushbu guruhlar rejalashtirish uchun ishlatilgan oflayn tasodifiy "kutib olishlar" dan tortib to katta voqealarga qadar bo'lgan tadbirlar mablag 'yig'ish My.BarackObama.com orqali mablag 'yig'ish tadbirlariga ro'yxatdan o'tganlar o'z mablag'larini jalb qilish va'dalarini oldindan bajarish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lishlari bilan. onlayn to'lov. 2007 yil birinchi choragida Obama uchun Amerika kampaniyasida 25 million dollar yig'ilgan mablag'ga 100000 dan ortiq individual donorlar o'z hissalarini qo'shdilar;^[283] ushbu mablag'ning 6 million dollardan ko'prog'i on-layn kanallar orqali to'plandi.^[279]

Virusli videolar

Obamaning asosiy saylov kampaniyasi bir nechta taniqli shaxslarning kiritilishidan ommalashdi musiqiy videolar senatorga tegishli. Birinchisi, Obama va provokatsion kiyingan "Obama qizi" laqabli yosh ayol o'rtasidagi xayoliy muhabbatni tasvirlaydigan mavzudan tashqari parodiya qo'shig'i edi. Men Obamaga qarshi ezilganman ..., birinchi bo'lib 2007 yil 13 iyunda paydo bo'ldi. Ikkinchi video esa Ha biz qila olamiz, hamma joyda tarqalgan Obama saylov kampaniyasi shioridan so'ng, o'zi dastlab uzoq vaqtdan beri mavjud birlashma AQShda ashula. U 2008 yil 2 fevralda chiqarilgan va bir qator aktyorlar, musiqachilar va boshqa taniqli shaxslar boshchiligidagi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yulduzlar tomonidan tasdiqlangan. Grammy - g'olib will.i.am ning The black eyed peas "guruhi, Nyu-Xempshir shtatidagi dastlabki saylovlardan keyin Obama nutqining haqiqiy so'zlarini kuylash.^[284] Video chiqarilganidan bir kun o'tib, YouTube'da milliondan ortiq tomosha qildi.^[285] 2008 yil 27 martga qadar ushbu qo'shiq YouTube va boshqa saytlarda 17 milliondan ortiq marta tomosha qilindi.^[284]

Obamaning nutqi videosi Yana mukammal birlashma shuningdek "virusga aylandi, "nutq so'zlanganidan keyin bir kun ichida YouTube-da 1,3 milliondan ortiq tomosha qilingan.^[286] Nutqqa havolalar eng ko'p almashinadiganlardan biri edi Facebook va 27 martga qadar nutq qariyb 3,4 million marta ko'rilgan.^[284]

Obamaning Rayt qarama-qarshiligi va boshqa mavzulardan salbiy e'tibor olayotgan bir paytda, "Imperiya Barakni uradi" filmi namoyish qilindi, Barak Obamaning Lyuk Skayvalker rolini o'ynashi, Xillari Klinton tomonidan uyushtirilgan hujumlardan Darth Vader sifatida tasvirlangan.^[287]

Siyosiy lavozimlar

Obama ko'plab milliy, siyosiy, iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy masalalar bo'yicha pozitsiyalarni jamoat sharhlari yoki senatorlikdagi ovoz berish natijalari orqali oldi.

Shunday pozitsiyalardan biri Obamaning sog'liqni saqlash masalasidagi pozitsiyasi. Obama har bir amerikalik har bir AQSh senatori singari arzon tibbiy xizmatga ega bo'lish imkoniyatiga ega ekanligiga ishonch hosil qilishni xohlashini bir necha bor ta'kidladi. U 45 millionga yaqin sug'urtalanmagan amerikaliklarni qamrab olishga, boshqa har bir kishi uchun mukofot xarajatlarini kamaytirishga qaratilgan va mamlakatning sog'liqni saqlash tizimini tubdan qayta qurishni taklif qildi. sog'liqni saqlash bozori.^[288]

Fikr so'rovi

Obamaning intervyusidan so'ng Matbuot bilan tanishing, ovoz berish tashkilotlar uning ismini qo'shdilar Demokratik nomzodlarning ro'yxatlarini o'rganib chiqdi. Birinchi shunday so'rovnoma (2006 yil noyabr) demokratlarni 17 foiz qo'llab-quvvatlagan holda Obamani ikkinchi o'ringa joylashtirdi Hillari Klinton (D. -Nyu-York ) 28 foiz javob bilan kim birinchi o'rinni egalladi.^[289] A Zogby so'rovi 2007 yil 18-yanvarda e'lon qilingan Obamaning Nyu-Xempshir shtatidagi birinchi asosiy shtatdagi Demokratik da'vogarlarga etakchilik qilgani, Nyu-Xempshir demokratlarining 23 foizi Obamani qo'llab-quvvatlaganligi aks etgan. Klinton va Jon Edvards har biri 19 foiz bilan ikkinchi o'rin uchun bog'langan.^[290] Washington Post / ABC News 2007 yil 26-27 fevral kunlari o'tkazilgan so'rovda Obamani Demokratik ehtimoliy asosiy saylovchilar orasida 24 foiz bilan ikkinchi o'ringa qo'ydi, Xillari Klinton esa lider sifatida 36 foizga ega bo'ldi.^[291]

2007 yil aprel oyida o'tkazilgan fikr-mulohazalar bir-biridan juda farq qiladi: Obama mamlakat bo'ylab uchinchi o'rinda qayd etilgan, Xillari Klintondan 24 foiz va Jon Edvardsdan 2 foiz orqada.^[292] 2007 yil 30 aprelda Rasmussenning hisobotlari bo'yicha o'tkazilgan so'rovda Barak Obama Demokratlar partiyasi nomzodi bo'yicha o'tkazilgan so'rovnomada birinchi marta 32 foiz ovoz bilan yetakchilik qildi.^[293] Ammo iyun oyiga kelib, Klinton barcha asosiy milliy so'rovnomalarda ikki raqamli g'oliblikni qo'lga kiritdi, Obamani bir ochko bilan ko'rsatganidan tashqari, iyul oyiga qadar esa barcha asosiy milliy so'rovlarda Obamaning ikki raqam bilan Klintonni ortda qoldirgani ko'rsatildi.^[294]

Ovoz berish bo'yicha tahlilchilar Obamaga nisbatan o'tkazilgan so'rovlar statistikasi to'g'riligini yoki oxir-oqibat "deb nomlangan narsalarga bo'ysunishini" e'tiborga olishlari kutilmoqda.Bredli effekti "o'tgan ba'zi Amerika saylovlarida kuzatilgan.^[295] Bu avvalgi ba'zi birlamchi shtatlarda tashvish uyg'otdi, ammo mavsum o'tgan sayin Obama Virjiniya va Viskonsin kabi shtatlarning oq tanli saylovchilari bilan saylovlarda muvaffaqiyat qozondi.^[296]

Tomonidan o'tkazilgan so'rovnomada Ayova universiteti 2007 yil iyul va avgust oylarida Ayova Respublikachilar, Obama 7 foiz ovoz bilan uchinchi o'rinni egalladi - bu respublikachilar nomzodlaridan ko'proq Mayk Xekabi, Sem Braunbek va bo'lajak nomzod Jon Makkeyn birlashtirilgan.^[297] So'rovnomalar Washington Post va ABC News Respublikachilar va mustaqillar Demokratlardan ko'ra Obamaning saylovlarda g'alaba qozonish uchun eng yaxshi imkoniyat bo'lishiga javob berishlari ehtimoli ko'proq ekanligini ko'rsatdi.^[297]

2008 yil mart oyining oxirida Obama o'z fuqaroligida ikki xonali etakchilikni ochgan birinchi nomzod bo'ldi Gallup har kuni kuzatuvchi so'rov natijalari, uning raqibi Hillari Klinton shu kabi marraga ega bo'lgan Super seshanba kunidan beri. 30 mart kuni o'tkazilgan so'rov natijalariga ko'ra Obamada 52 foiz, Klintonda 42 foiz bo'lgan. O'sha vaqt oralig'ida o'tkazilgan Rassmussen Reports so'rovi ham Obamaning besh ochkoga ustunligini ko'rsatdi.^[298] Mart oyining oxirida o'tkazilgan yana bir so'rov natijalariga ko'ra, Obama o'zining ijobiy reytingini saqlab qolgan va salbiy reytingini uning asosiy raqibi Klintonga qaraganda yaxshiroq cheklagan. The NBC News va The Wall Street Journal So'rovnoma shuni ko'rsatdiki, Obamaning ikki ochko yo'qotgan va to'rtta salbiy reytingga ega bo'lgan, Klinton esa sakkiz ochko yo'qotgan va beshta salbiy reytingga ega bo'lgan.^[299] A Newsweek 16-17 aprel kunlari o'tkazilgan so'rovnomada Obamaning Demokratlar va Demokratlarga moyil ro'yxatdan o'tgan saylovchilar orasida Klintonni 54-35 foiz orasida etakchilik qilganligi ko'rsatilgan.^[300] Gallup tomonidan o'tkazilgan har kungi kuzatuv so'rovi shu guruhda Obamaning Klinton ustidan etakchiligini 14 aprelda 51-40 foizgacha (natijalar 11-13 aprel intervyulariga asosan), keyin yopilishida va 19 aprelda (16-18 aprel intervyulariga asoslangan natijalar) ko'rsatdi. ) Klinton 46 foizdan 45 foizgacha ustunlikni qo'lga kiritdi, Obamaning 18-20 mart kunlaridan beri birinchi marta rahbarlik qilmagani.^[301] Ertasi kuni Obama Klinton ustidan 47 dan 45 foizgacha ustunlikni namoyish etdi.^[302] Ertasi kuni Obamaning Klinton ustidan etakchiligi 42 foizdan 49 foizga oshdi.^[303]

Tavsiyalar

Chikago meri Richard M. Deyli Demokratik saylovlarda betaraf qolish an'anasidan voz kechib, e'lon qilinganidan bir necha soat o'tgach, Obamani ma'qulladi.^[304] Bir kundan keyin Obama sayohat qildi Ames, Ayova u Ayova shtati Bosh prokurori tomonidan tasdiqlangan Tom Miller va davlat xazinachisi Maykl Fitsjerald. Muhim Nyu-Yorkdagi Demokratik boshlang'ich tashkilotidan bir necha kun oldin Obama Pelhamning "Yosh demokratlar klubi" tomonidan tasdiqlangan g'oliblikni qo'lga kiritdi, bu klubning 16 foizi Xillari Klintonni qo'llab-quvvatlaganligini hisobga olgan holda.^[305] Ehtimol, Obamaning taniqli shaxslarning eng katta ma'qullashi tok-shou xostidir Opra Uinfri, vaqti-vaqti bilan saylovoldi kampaniyasida Obamaga qo'shilib, unga mablag 'yig'ish uyushtirgan Santa Barbara, CA mulk. Janubiy Karolinada g'alaba qozonganidan so'ng, Obamani tasdiqladi Kerolin Kennedi, Prezidentning qizi Jon F. Kennedi,^[108] va Ted Kennedi, uning ukasi.^[306]

O'n yillik tarixida birinchi marta, MoveOn.org Obama o'z a'zolari tomonidan o'tkazilgan tashkilotning onlayn ovoz berishining 70 foizini olganida prezidentlikka nomzodni ma'qulladi.^[307] 2008 yil 3 fevralda Kennedi oilasining yana bir a'zosi, Kaliforniyaning birinchi xonimi Mariya Shriver, Obamani tasdiqlaganini e'lon qildi.^[308] 26 fevralda sobiq Demokratik nomzod Kris Dodd Obamani tasdiqladi,^[309] 21 mart kuni amaldagi yana bir sobiq Demokratik nomzod Nyu-Meksiko gubernator va nafaqaga chiqqan Birlashgan Millatlar elchi Bill Richardson. Richardson Prezident Bill Klinton davrida Energetika vaziri va Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining elchisi bo'lib ishlagan.^[310] Sobiq prezident Jimmi Karter prezidentlik uchun Obamani qo'llab-quvvatlashini aytdi.^[311] 14 may kuni sobiq Demokratik partiyadan prezidentlikka nomzod Jon Edvards Obamani qo'llab-quvvatlab, poyga tugaganiga va bitta nomzod ortida birlashish vaqti kelganiga ishonganiga ishora qildi.^[312] 19-may kuni Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senatining tempore prezidenti Sen Robert Berd (D-WV) Obamani ma'qulladi. 90 yoshli Senat afsonasi Obamani "porlab kelayotgan yosh davlat arbobi", "olijanob yurakparvar" va "kamtar nasroniy" deb maqtagan. Xususan, Berd o'z sherikligini aytdi Iroq urushiga qarshi chiqish Obama bilan uning qarorida muhim omil bo'lgan. 2008 yil 7 iyunda senator Hillari Klinton prezidentlikka da'vogarligini qabul qilganidan keyin senator Obamani qo'llab-quvvatladi va hatto o'zining "Ha biz qila olamiz" shiorini o'zining kontsessiya nutqida qabul qildi.^[313] 2008 yil 16 iyunda, Al Gor Michigan shtatida so'zlagan nutqida Obamani "buni mendan oling, saylovlar muhim" deb tasdiqladi.^[314] Gor shuningdek Obamani o'z veb-saytida tasdiqladi, algore.com,^[315] va Obamaning veb-saytida rasmiy tasdiqlashni taklif qiladi.^[316]2008 yil 19 oktyabrda, a Matbuot bilan tanishing intervyu, sobiq davlat kotibi Kolin Pauell Obamani ma'qulladi.^[317][318]

Mablag 'yig'ish

Obamaning qo'llab-quvvatlashini namoyish qilmoqda Ostin, Texas, 2007 yil fevral

Hyatt kengash a'zosi Penny Pritzker aksiyaning milliy moliya raisi sifatida ishlagan;^[319] Pritsker Obamaning 2004 yildagi Senatidagi moliya qo'mitasida ishlagan. Obama federal lobbistlar yoki boshqa xayriya mablag'larini qabul qilmasligini aytdi siyosiy harakatlar qo'mitalari aksiya davomida.^[320] U umumiy saylov hisobi uchun shaxsiy xayr-ehsonlarni yig'ishni boshlaganida, Obama undan so'radi Federal saylov komissiyasi agar u keyinchalik davlat mablag'larini olishga qaror qilsa, pulni qaytarib bera olsa. Bunga javoban, FEC prezidentlikka nomzodlarga, keyinchalik ular davlat pullarini qabul qilishga qaror qilgan taqdirda ham, umumiy saylov kampaniyasi uchun mablag 'ajratishga ruxsat berdi.^[321]

Alan D. Solomont 2004 yilda Jon Kerri uchun 35 million dollar yig'gan guruhni boshqargan va "Obamaning Amerika hozirda Oq Uyda istagan kishisi", deya kampaniyani imzolagan.^[322] Aksiyaga qo'shilgan boshqa mablag 'yig'uvchilar ham kiritildi Devid Geffen, Jeffri Katzenberg va Mark Gorenberg.^[323]

Obamaning mablag 'yig'ish mahorati erta Xillari Klintonnikiga to'g'ri keldi va moliyaviy jihatdan u bilan raqobatdosh bo'lib qoldi. 2007 yil 4 aprelda Obamaning saylovoldi kampaniyasi 2007 yilning birinchi choragida 25 million dollar to'plaganligini e'lon qildi va Hillari Klintonning birinchi chorakdagi 26 million dollarlik hissasiga yaqinlashdi. Aksiyada 100 mingdan ortiq kishi xayriya qildi va Internet orqali 6,9 million dollar yig'ildi. Obamaning birinchi chorakdagi mablag'laridan 23,5 million dollar asosiy saylovlarda ishlatilishi mumkin, bu har qanday nomzodning eng yuqori ko'rsatkichidir.^[324]

Obamaning mablag 'yig'ish mahorati 2007 yilning ikkinchi choragida yana tasdiqlandi, uning saylovoldi kampaniyasi 32,5 million dollar miqdorida xayriya oldi: uning eng yaqin raqibi Hillari Klintondan 5,5 million dollarga ko'proq, uning saylovoldi kampaniyasi 27 million dollar atrofida.^[325] Obamaning 258,000 donorlari Internet orqali mablag 'yig'ishda o'zining keng ommaviyligini va muvaffaqiyatlarini ochib berishdi.^[326] Obamaning saylovoldi kampaniyasi umuman ko'tarildi AQSH$ 2007 yilning birinchi yarmida 58 million., Boshqa barcha nomzodlarni ortda qoldirdi va saylov yiligacha har qanday yilning birinchi olti oyi davomida oldingi rekordlardan oshdi.^[327]

2007 yilning uchinchi choragida, odatda yilning qolgan davriga qaraganda kamroq raqamlarni ko'radi, Obama 20 million dollar yig'di, ammo bu katta miqdordagi mablag ', ammo 27 million dollar yig'ilgan barcha nomzodlarni boshqargan Klinton eng yaxshisi.^[328] Obamaning saylovoldi kampaniyasi chorakda 108,000 yangi donorlarni qo'shganligini, to'qqiz oy ichida jami 365,000 donorlarni qo'shganligini xabar qildi.^[329]

2007 yilning to'rtinchi choragida Obama 23,5 million dollar, Klinton esa 27,3 million dollar yig'di.^[330] 2008 yil yanvariga qadar Obama 600 mingdan ortiq individual donorlardan 800 mingdan ortiq xayriya mablag'larini qabul qildi.^[331]

Obamaning saylovoldi kampaniyasi faqat 2008 yil yanvar oyida 250 mingdan ortiq alohida tarafdorlaridan 32 million dollar yig'di.^[332][333] Hillari Klinton o'zining saylovoldi kampaniyasiga o'z pulidan 5 million dollar qarz bergani ma'lum bo'lgach, Obamaning tarafdorlari 24 soatdan kam vaqt ichida 6,5 ​​million dollardan ko'proq xayriya qilishdi.^[334] Klinton kampaniyasi Super seshanbadan keyingi besh kun ichida 10 million dollardan ko'proq mablag 'to'plaganini aytganida, Obama kampaniyasi bundan "ancha ko'p" mablag' yig'gani haqida xabar berdi.^[335]

Viskonsin va Gavayi shtatlaridagi dastlabki saylovlardan so'ng e'lon qilingan nomzodlarning moliyaviy ma'lumotlari, Barak Obamaning yanvar oyidagi tahminini 37 million dollarga ko'targan, bu ikkinchi o'rinni egallab turgan nomzod Hillari Klintondan taxminan 17 million dollarga ko'p. Uning mablag 'yig'ishining katta qismi, shuningdek, birlamchi tanlov xarajatlari uchun yaroqsiz edi va uning kampaniyasi oyni sakkiz million dollardan ziyod qarzdorlik bilan tugatgan deb taxmin qilinmoqda, bu to'rtdan biri maslahatchi uchun to'lanmagan to'lovlardir. Mark Penn.^[336] Fevral oyida Obamaning saylovoldi kampaniyasi million donorlik ko'rsatkichidan oshib ketdi, bu Qo'shma Shtatlardagi raqobatdosh birlamchi kampaniyada birinchi bo'ldi^[337] va 55 million dollar yig'ib, bir oy ichida siyosiy mablag 'yig'ish bo'yicha rekord o'rnatdi.^[338] Fevral oyida yig'ilgan 55 million dollardan 45 million dollari Internet orqali, ya'ni Obamaning bitta mablag 'yig'ish tashkilotini jalb qilmasdan jalb qilingan.^[339]

Tomonidan taqdim etilgan xabarlarga ko'ra FEC va yangiliklar Boston Herald, 2008 yilning birinchi choragining oxiriga kelib, kampaniya 2007 yildagiga qaraganda ko'proq pul (133 549 000 dollar) yig'di. (103,802,537).^[340] Mart oyining oxiriga kelib, Obama saylovoldi kampaniyasi davomida jami 235 million dollardan ko'proq mablag 'yig'di.^[341]

Umumiy saylov

2008 yil 3 iyunda Montana va Janubiy Dakota shtatlaridagi dastlabki saylovlardan so'ng Barak Obama Demokratik partiyaning AQSh prezidentligiga nomzodini ilgari surish uchun etarli delegatlarni ta'minladi.^[342] Uning raqibi, Respublikachilar partiyasidan nomzod Jon Makkeyn ancha ilgari, 4 mart kuni taxmin qilingan nomzodga aylanish uchun delegatlar chegarasidan o'tib, 7 iyun kuni Obamaning Demokratik nomzod uchun kurashda qolgan raqibi Hillari Klinton Vashingtondagi mitingda mag'lubiyatini tan oldi. va tarafdorlarini Obamani qo'llab-quvvatlashga chaqirdi.

Shuningdek qarang

• Obama uchun o'lim, San-Frantsiskoda "Grateful Dead" musiqiy guruhining uchta sobiq a'zosining uchrashuv kontserti.
• Barak Obamaning saylov tarixi
• 2008 yilda Barak Obamani respublikachilar va konservativ qo'llab-quvvatlash
• Sí Se Puede Cambiar, Obamani qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun yaratilgan qo'shiq va videoklip

Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar

• Kampaniyaning rasmiy veb-sayti
• Barak Obama 2008 yilgi prezidentlik saylovoldi tashviqoti da Curlie
• Obama nomzodni berkitib qo'ydi ichida Nyseum 2008-06-04 yillardagi oldingi sahifadagi rasmlarning arxivi.