Reklama tanqidlari - Criticism of advertising

Qismi seriyali kuni
Anti-iste'molchilik
Nazariyalar va g'oyalar

Reklama mahsulotni ma'lum bir auditoriyaga sotish shaklidir aloqa uchun mo'ljallangan ishontirish mahsulotni, idealni yoki xizmatni xohlagan yoki xohlagan holda sotib olish uchun auditoriya. Reklama tinglovchilarni ma'lum bir mahsulot yoki g'oya to'g'risida xabardor qilishning bir usuli sifatida qaralishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, bu xarajat bilan ham bog'liq, chunki sotuvchilar sotuvchiga o'z mahsulotiga qiziqish bildirish yo'lini topishlari kerak. ijtimoiy xarajatlar. Kiruvchi elektron pochta xabarlari va boshqa shakllari Spam shunchalik keng tarqalganki, ular internet foydalanuvchilari uchun katta noqulaylik tug'diradi, shuningdek moliyaviy yuk bo'ladi Internet-provayderlar.[1] Reklama tobora ko'proq jamoat joylarini egallab olmoqda, masalan, ba'zi tanqidchilar fikricha bolalar ekspluatatsiyasi shaklidir.[2] Reklama tez-tez zararli bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan iste'molchiga psixologik bosimni (masalan, etishmovchilik hissiyotlariga murojaat qilish) qo'llaydi. Ushbu tanqidlar natijasida reklama sohasi so'rovnomalarda past darajadagi ma'qullash va salbiy madaniy tasvirlarni ko'rdi.[3]

Reklama tanqidlari bilan chambarchas bog'liq ommaviy axborot vositalarini tanqid qilish va ko'pincha almashtirilishi mumkin. Tanqidchilar reklama reklamalariga murojaat qilishlari mumkin

Giper-tijorat

Zamonaviy jamiyatda reklama keng tarqalganligi sababli, u tobora ko'proq tanqid qilinmoqda. Reklama jamoat maydonini egallaydi va tobora ko'proq odamlarning shaxsiy doirasiga kirib boradi. Jorj Frankning so'zlariga ko'ra, "Reklama va ommaviy axborot vositalaridan qochish qiyinlashmoqda. Jamoat maydoni tobora har xil turdagi mahsulotlar uchun ulkan reklama taxtasiga aylanib bormoqda. Estetik va siyosiy oqibatlarni hozircha kutib bo'lmaydi".[4] Hanno Rauterberg nemis gazetasida Die Zeit reklamani qochib qutula olmaydigan yangi turdagi diktatura deb ataydi.[5]

Muhokama reklama sudraluvchisi, Commercial Alert "Maktablarda, aeroport zallarida, shifokorlar idoralarida, kinoteatrlar, kasalxonalarda, yoqilg'i quyish shoxobchalarida, liftlarda, maishiy xizmat do'konlarida, Internetda, mevalarda, bankomatlarda, axlat qutilarida va boshqa son-sanoqsiz joylarda e'lonlar mavjud. U erda plyajdagi qum va hojatxona devorlaridagi reklamalar. "[6] "Bizning zamonamizda reklamaning istehzolaridan biri bu tijoratizm ko'payadi, bu har qanday ma'lum bir reklama beruvchining muvaffaqiyatga erishishini ancha qiyinlashtiradi, shuning uchun reklama beruvchini yanada katta sa'y-harakatlarga majbur qiladi. "[7] O'n yil ichida radiolarda reklama soatiga qariyb 18 yoki 19 daqiqaga ko'tarildi, asosiy vaqt televideniyesida standart 1982 yilgacha soatiga 9,5 daqiqadan ko'p bo'lmagan reklama edi, bugungi kunda bu 14 dan 17 minutgacha. Qisqa 15 soniyali joy joriy etilishi bilan e'lonlarning umumiy miqdori yanada oshdi. Reklama nafaqat tanaffuslarda, balki o'yin davomida ham sport telekanallarida joylashtiriladi. Ular o'sib borayotgan bozor - Internetni to'kishadi.

Boshqa o'sib borayotgan bozorlar mahsulotni joylashtirish odatiy amaliyotga aylangan ko'ngilochar dasturlarda va filmlarda va mahsulotni qayta namoyishlarga retroaktiv joylashtirilgan virtual reklama. Mahsulot reklama taxtalari deyarli Major League Baseball translyatsiyalariga kiritiladi va xuddi shu tarzda virtual ko'cha bannerlari yoki logotiplari kirish soyabonida yoki piyodalar yo'llarida, masalan, taniqli shaxslarning 2001 yilga kelishi paytida aks ettiriladi. Grammy mukofotlari. Reklama Microsoft yoki DaimlerChrysler kabi kompaniyalar tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan dabdabali "film shortilar" filmlarini namoyish etishdan oldin kinoteatrlarda namoyish etiladi. "Eng yirik reklama agentliklari eng yirik media-firmalar bilan birgalikda dasturlarni ishlab chiqarish bo'yicha ish boshladi",[8] ko'ngilochar dasturlarga o'xshash Infomercials yaratish.

Muxoliflar o'sib borayotgan reklama hajmini "to'lqin to'lqini "va toshqinni" to'sib qo'yish "bilan cheklovlar. Kalle Lasn, reklamani ashaddiy tanqid qiluvchilardan biri, reklamani "ruhiy ifloslantiruvchi moddalarning eng ko'p tarqalgan va toksik moddasi deb hisoblaydi. Sizning radio signalingiz ertalab yangragan paytdan boshlab tunda tunda tungi tijorat ifloslanishining mikrojoltlari miyangizga kirib boradi. Kuniga taxminan 3000 ta marketing xabarlari. Har kuni taxminiy 12 milliardlik reklama e'lonlari, 3 million radio reklamalar va 200 000 dan ortiq televizion reklamalar Shimoliy Amerikaning jamoaviy ongiga tashlanadi ".[9] O'z hayoti davomida o'rtacha amerikalik televizorda uch yillik reklamani tomosha qiladi.[10]

Video o'yinlar o'z tarkibiga mahsulotlarni kiritadi. Kasalxonalarda maxsus tijorat kanallari va vaqtincha tatuirovka bilan shug'ullanadigan jamoat arboblari. Reklama sifatida tanib bo'lmaydigan usul, deyiladi partizan marketingi maqsadli auditoriyada yangi mahsulot haqida "shov-shuv" tarqatmoqda. Naqd pulga qiynalgan AQSh shaharlari reklama uchun politsiya mashinalarini taklif qilmoqda.[11] Kompaniyalar nomlarini sotib olishadi sport stadionlari reklama uchun. The Gamburg futbol Volkspark stadioni avval AOL Arena, keyin esa bo'ldi HSH Nordbank Arena. The Shtutgart Neckarstadion bo'ldi Mercedes-Benz Arena, Dortmund Westfalenstadion bu Signal Iduna Park. Torontodagi sobiq SkyDome nomi o'zgartirildi Rojers markazi.

Berlindagi butun metro stantsiyalari mahsulot zali sifatida qayta ishlangan va faqat kompaniyaga ijaraga berilgan. Dyusseldorfda yuvish vositasining hidini tarqatadigan karnaylar va tizimlar bilan jihozlangan "ko'p sensorli" sarguzasht tranzit to'xtash joylari mavjud. Swatch Berlin telekanali va G'alaba ustunidagi xabarlarni loyihalash uchun beamerlardan foydalangan, bu esa ruxsatisiz qilinganligi sababli jarimaga tortilgan. Noqonuniylik ushbu sxemaning bir qismi edi va targ'ibotni qo'shdi.[5] Kristofer Lasch reklama umumiy o'sishiga olib keladi, deb ta'kidlaydi iste'mol jamiyatda; "Reklama mahsulotlarni reklama qilish bilan emas, balki reklama qilish uchun ham xizmat qiladi hayot tarzi sifatida iste'mol."[12]

Konstitutsiyaviy huquqlar

AQShda reklama konstitutsiyaviy kafolatlangan fikr va so'z erkinligi bilan tenglashtiriladi.[13]

"Hozirda yoki yaqin kelajakda sud tizimida har qanday sud ishi davom etmoqda va ular sud tomonidan ... tijorat nutqini (masalan, reklama yoki oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini yorlig'i) har qanday davlat tomonidan tartibga solishni taqiqlashga qaratilgan. fuqarolar va korporatsiyalarning so'z erkinligi yoki matbuot uchun birinchi o'zgartirish huquqlarini buzadi. "[14]

Ushbu bahs uchun misol sifatida tamaki yoki spirtli ichimliklarni reklama qilish, shuningdek pochta yoki varaqalar (tiqilib qolgan pochta qutilari) orqali reklama qilish, telefonda, Internetda va bolalar uchun reklama qilish mumkin. AQSh, Evropa Ittifoqi va boshqa mamlakatlar tomonidan spam, mobil telefonlarda reklama, bolalarga murojaat qilishda tamaki, alkogol bilan bog'liq har xil qonuniy cheklovlar joriy etilgan.

Makkesni ta'kidlashicha, hukumat bunday qoidalar haqida gap ketganda doimo hushyor bo'lishga loyiqdir, ammo bu "bizning jamiyatimizdagi yagona antidemokratik kuch emas". Korporatsiyalar va boylar lordlar va qirollik bahramand bo'lgandek ulkan kuchga ega. feodal davridagi "va" bozorlar qiymatsiz yoki neytral emas; ular nafaqat eng ko'p pul egalari foydasiga ishlashga moyil, balki o'zlarining mohiyatiga ko'ra, foyda hamma narsadan ustunligini ta'kidlaydilar. reklama yoki oziq-ovqat yorlig'i yoki saylov kampaniyasidagi mablag'lar nutqmi, agar ... agar birinchi tuzatish bilan himoya qilinadigan huquqlardan faqat fuqarolarning bir qismi samarali foydalanishi mumkin bo'lsa va ularning ushbu huquqlardan foydalanishi ularga asossiz siyosiy hokimiyatni beradi va ularni buzsa. fuqarolar muvozanatining bir xil huquqlardan va / yoki konstitutsiyaviy huquqlardan foydalanish qobiliyati, demak u birinchi o'zgartirish bilan qonuniy ravishda himoya qilinmaydi ". "Erkin matbuot bilan shug'ullanish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lganlar, fuqarolarning katta qismi bilan kim gaplasha olishini va kim gapira olmasligini aniqlay oladilar".[15]

Vena Texnologiya Universitetidan Jorj Frank, reklama u "aqliy kapitalizm" deb atagan narsaning bir qismi ekanligini aytadi,[4][16] kabi ruhiy muhit bilan bog'liq guruhlar tomonidan ishlatilgan atamani (aqliy) qabul qilish Adbusters. Frank "Diqqat iqtisodiyoti" ni Kristofer Lashnikiga aralashtiradi narsisizm madaniyati aqliy kapitalizmga:[17] Uning "Reklama qiyomat chekkasida" inshoida, Sut Jhally yozadi: "20-asr reklama - bu eng kuchli va barqaror targ'ibot tizimi insoniyat tarixi va uning kümülatif madaniy ta'siri, agar tezda tekshirilmasa, biz bilgan dunyoni yo'q qilish uchun javobgar bo'ladi. "[18]

Xarajatlar

Reklama milliardlab dollarlik biznesga aylandi. 2014 yilda 537 mlrd AQSh dollari [19] dunyo bo'ylab reklama uchun sarflangan. 2013 yilda televidenie reklama xarajatlarining 40,1 foizini tashkil etdi, bu ko'rsatkich internetga nisbatan 18,1 foiz, gazetalar uchun 16,9 foiz, jurnallar uchun 7,9 foiz, tashqi makon uchun 7 foiz, radio uchun 6,9 foiz, uyali aloqa uchun 2,7 foiz va kino uchun 0,5 foizni tashkil etdi. reklama bo'yicha sarf-xarajatlar ulushi sifatida. Reklama iste'molni ko'paytiradi deb hisoblanadi.

Diqqat va e'tibor bozor rivojlangan yangi tovarga aylandi. "OAV tomonidan qabul qilinadigan va kvotalar olish va ularni qo'lga kiritish uchun o'tkazilgan tanlovda qayta taqsimlanadigan e'tibor miqdori, e'tiborning jamiyatdagi mavjud miqdori bilan bir xil emas. Jamiyatda aylanayotgan umumiy miqdordagi mablag'lar, shu jumladan, odamlar o'zlari va ommaviy axborot vositalariga berilgan e'tibor. Faqat ikkinchisi miqdoriy o'lchov bilan bir hil bo'lib, faqat ikkinchisi noma'lum valyuta xususiyatiga ega bo'ladi. "[4][16] Frankning so'zlariga ko'ra, ma'lum darajadagi diqqatni kafolatlaydigan har qanday taqdimot yuzi diqqat uchun magnit bo'lib ishlaydi, masalan, aslida axborot va ko'ngil ochish, madaniyat va san'at, jamoat maydoni va boshqalar uchun mo'ljallangan ommaviy axborot vositalari. reklama biznesiga sotiladi. Germaniyada reklama sohasi yalpi milliy daromadning 1,5 foizini tashkil etadi. Germaniya reklama assotsiatsiyasi 2007 yilda Germaniyada reklama uchun 30,78 milliard evro sarflanganligini,[20] 26% gazetalarda, 21% televizorda, 15% pochta orqali va 15% jurnallarda. 2002 yilda reklama biznesida 360 ming kishi ish bilan ta'minlandi. 2006 yildan 2007 yilgacha reklama uchun Internet daromadlari ikki baravarga ko'payib, qariyb 1 milliard evroni tashkil etdi va bu unga eng yuqori o'sish sur'atlarini berdi.

Jamiyat bilan aloqalar, reklama, chegirmalar, qadoqlash va h.k.lar uchun sarflangan har bir foiz uchun ular o'zlari haq to'lashlarini ozgina iste'molchilar bilishadi, chunki ular odatda narxlar hisobiga kiritiladi.

Ta'sir

Uchun reklama McDonald's ustida Targ'ibot orqali, Rim, Italiya

Reklamaning eng muhim elementi bu axborot emas, balki taklifdir - ozmi-ko'pmi assotsiatsiyalardan foydalanish, hissiyotlar va shunga o'xshash bilinçaltındaki haydovchilar jinsiy aloqada bo'lish, podaning instinkti, istaklar baxt, sog'liq, jismoniy holat, tashqi ko'rinish, o'z-o'zini hurmat, obro'-e'tibor, tegishli, ijtimoiy holat, shaxsiyat, sarguzasht, chalg'itadigan narsa, mukofot, qo'rquv kasallik, zaiflik, yolg'izlik, ehtiyoj, noaniqlik, xavfsizlik yoki xurofot, o'rganilgan fikrlar va tasalli. "Hammasi inson ehtiyojlari, munosabatlar va qo'rquv - eng chuqur chuqurliklar inson psixikasi - kengayish uchun oddiy vosita bo'lib qoladi tovar zamonaviy marketing kuchi ostida olam. Zamonaviy marketingning mashhurligi ortishi bilan, tijoratizm - inson munosabatlarining tovar munosabatlariga aylanishi - garchi kapitalizmga xos bo'lgan hodisa bo'lsa-da, nihoyatda kengaygan. "[21] So'nggi o'n yil ichida reklama beruvchilar o'z mahsulotlarini qandaydir munosib ijtimoiy sabablar bilan bog'laydigan sabab bilan bog'liq marketing jadal rivojlandi.

Reklama model modelidan foydalanadi taniqli shaxslar yoki taniqli shaxslar va hazildan, shuningdek, rang, kuy, ba'zi nomlar va atamalar bilan uyushmalardan qasddan foydalanadi. Bular ularni o'zini va o'z qadr-qimmatini qanday anglashining omillari. Frank o'zining "aqliy kapitalizm" ta'rifida "iste'molni birovni chidab bo'lmas holga keltirish va'dasi - bu sub'ektiv tajribaga ob'ektlar va belgilarning ideal usuli. Ko'rinib turibdiki, e'tibor daromadi oldinga siljigan jamiyatda iste'mol o'z qadr-qimmati bilan chizilgan bo'lib, natijada iste'mol odamni jalb qilishda "ish" ga aylanadi.Sub'ektiv nuqtai nazardan, bu "ish" reklama uchun kutilmagan o'lchovlar maydonlarini ochadi.Reklama hayotdagi maslahatchi rolini oladi. Xayrixohlik masalalari. O'zining jozibasi atrofidagi kult - bu Kristofer Lasch "Narsisizm madaniyati" deb ta'riflagan. "[16][17]

Reklama tanqidchilari uchun yana bir jiddiy muammo shundaki, "reklama va ommaviy axborot vositalarining tahririy / ijodiy tomonlari o'rtasidagi uzoq vaqtdan beri ajralib turadigan tushunchalar tezda qulab tushadi" va reklamani yangiliklar, ma'lumotlar yoki ko'ngilocharlardan ajratib olish tobora qiyinlashmoqda. Reklama va dasturlash o'rtasidagi chegaralar xiralashib bormoqda. Media firmalarning fikriga ko'ra, bu barcha tijorat ishtiroki haqiqiy media tarkibiga hech qanday ta'sir ko'rsatmaydi, ammo Makkesni aytganidek, "bu da'vo eng oddiy kıkırdama sinovlaridan ham o'tolmayapti, bu shunchalik beparvo".[22]

Reklama "mavzular qanday yaratilishi to'g'risida psixologik nazariyalarga asoslangan bo'lib, reklama va marketingga" aniqroq psixologik rang berish "imkoniyatini beradi.[23] Borgan sari reklamaga bo'lgan e'tibor tobora ko'payib bormoqda, chunki "haqiqiy" ma'lumotlarni taqdim etish tovarlarning ramziy ma'nolariga aylandi, chunki reklamaning muhim madaniy sharti shundaki, sotilayotgan moddiy ob'ekt hech qachon o'z-o'zidan etarli bo'lmaydi. Kundalik hayotning eng oddiy ehtiyojlarini ta'minlaydigan tovarlarni ham reklama "sehrli tizimi" orqali ramziy fazilatlar va madaniy jihatdan ma'noga ega bo'lish kerak.[24] Shu tarzda va reklamalar paydo bo'ladigan kontekstni o'zgartirib, narsalar "deyarli har qanday narsani" anglatishi mumkin va "bir xil" narsalarni turli xil shaxslar va odamlar guruhlari uchun turli xil ma'nolarga ega qilish va shu bilan ommaviy ishlab chiqarishni taklif qilish mumkin. individualizm qarashlari. "[25][26]

Reklama qilishdan oldin, bozorni o'rganish reklama kampaniyasini aniq rejalashtirish va amalga oshirish va iloji boricha eng yaxshi natijalarga erishish uchun muassasalar maqsadli guruhni bilishi va ta'riflashi kerak. Butun bir qator fanlar to'g'ridan-to'g'ri reklama va marketing bilan shug'ullanadi yoki uning ta'sirini yaxshilash uchun ishlatiladi. Fokus guruhlari, psixologlar va madaniy antropologlar de rigueur marketing tadqiqotlarida ".[27] Kredit kartalari, bonus kartalari, lotereyalar va Internet-so'rov yordamida shaxslar va ularning xarid qilish odatlari to'g'risidagi katta hajmdagi ma'lumotlar to'planadi, to'planadi, to'planadi va tahlil qilinadi. Borayotgan aniqlik bilan bu reklama ko'proq tanlangan va samarali ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan aholining ayrim qismlarining xatti-harakatlari, istaklari va zaif tomonlarini aks ettiradi.

Orqali reklama samaradorligi yaxshilanadi reklama tadqiqotlari. Universitetlar, albatta, biznes tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadi va boshqa fanlar bilan hamkorlikda (yuqorida), asosan Psixiatriya, Antropologiya, Nevrologiya va xulq-atvor fanlari doimiy ravishda reklamani yanada samaraliroq qilish uchun yanada takomillashtirilgan, murakkab, nozik va hiyla-nayrang usullarini izlaydilar. "Neyromarketing marketingning funktsional kabi tibbiy texnologiyalaridan foydalanadigan munozarali yangi sohasi Magnit-rezonans tomografiya (fMRI) - sog'ayish uchun emas, balki mahsulotni sotish uchun. Reklama va marketing firmalari uzoq vaqtdan beri mahsulot sotish uchun psixologiya haqidagi tushuncha va tadqiqot usullaridan foydalanib kelmoqdalar. Ammo bugungi kunda ushbu amaliyotlar epidemiya darajasiga etib bormoqda va psixologik kasbning o'tmishdagidan ko'proq ishtirok etishi bilan. Natijada, bu amalga oshirilgan eng katta psixologik loyihani o'z ichiga olgan ulkan reklama va marketing hujumi. Shunga qaramay, ushbu buyuk ish Amerika Psixologik Uyushmasi tomonidan e'tiborsiz qolmoqda. "[28] Robert Makkesni buni "uyushtirilgan eng katta urinish" deb ataydi psixologik manipulyatsiya butun insoniyat tarixida. "[29]

Media va korporativ tsenzurasi

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Korporativ tsenzurasi

Deyarli barchasi ommaviy axborot vositalari bor reklama vositalari va ularning aksariyati faqat reklama vositalaridir va bundan mustasno jamoat xizmatlari eshittirishlari, xususiy sektorda. Ularning daromadlari asosan reklama orqali hosil bo'ladi; gazeta va jurnallarda 50 dan 80% gacha. Ba'zi mamlakatlarda jamoat radioeshittirishlari, shuningdek, daromad manbai (40% gacha) sifatida reklamaga bog'liq bo'lishi mumkin.[30] Tanqidchilarning fikriga ko'ra, reklama tarqatadigan biron bir ommaviy axborot vositasi mustaqil bo'la olmaydi va reklama ulushi qanchalik yuqori bo'lsa, qaramlik shunchalik yuqori bo'ladi. Ushbu qaramlik "ommaviy axborot vositalarining mazmuni uchun alohida oqibatlarga olib keladi. .... Ishbilarmonlik matbuotida ommaviy axborot vositalari ko'pincha o'zlarini samimiy daqiqalarda o'zini ko'rsatadigan tarzda: reklama sanoatining bir bo'lagi deb atashadi".[31]

Bundan tashqari, xususiy ommaviy axborot vositalari tobora birlashishga va mulkiy vaziyatlar bilan bir joyga to'planishga duch kelmoqdalar. Genri A. Jirou "demokratik madaniyatga doimiy tahdid" deb atagan ushbu rivojlanish,[32] o'z-o'zidan demokratiyada barcha signallarni berish kifoya. Besh-oltita reklama agentliklari ushbu 400 milliard AQSh dollari miqdoridagi global sohada ustunlik qilmoqda.

"Jurnalistlar anchadan beri reklama beruvchilar va egalariga mos keladigan voqealarni shakllantirish bosimiga duch kelishgan. .... telekanal rahbarlarining aksariyati yangiliklar bo'limlarini" noan'anaviy daromadlarni rivojlantirishga yordam berish uchun "kooperativ" deb topishgan.[33]

Reklama beruvchilar buyurtmalarni bekor qilish bilan tahdid qilganda yoki shunchaki bekor qilish xavfi tug'ilganda, salbiy va istalmagan xabarlarning oldini olish yoki ta'sir qilish mumkin. Faqat bitta dominant yoki juda kam miqdordagi yirik reklama beruvchilar mavjud bo'lganda, ommaviy axborot vositalariga qaramlik va bunday tahdid juda real bo'ladi. Reklama beruvchilarning ta'siri nafaqat o'z mahsuloti yoki xizmatlari to'g'risidagi yangiliklar yoki ma'lumotlarga bog'liq, balki ular bilan bevosita bog'liq bo'lmagan maqolalar yoki ko'rsatuvlarga kengayadi. Reklama daromadlarini ta'minlash uchun ommaviy axborot vositalari imkon qadar "reklama muhiti" ni yaratishi kerak.

Tanqidchilar tomonidan tsenzurani ko'rib chiqadigan yana bir muammo - bu ommaviy axborot vositalarining o'zlari uchun manfaatdor bo'lmagan reklamalarni qabul qilishdan bosh tortishlari. Bunga yorqin misol - telekanallarning reklama e'lonlarini rad etishidir Adbusters. Guruhlar reklama joylashtirishga harakat qilishadi va tarmoqlar ularni rad etishadi.[34]

Xususiy radio va televidenie biznesidagi dasturni asosan tomosha stavkalari belgilaydi. "Ularning ishi iloji boricha ko'proq e'tiborni jalb qilishdir. Ko'rish darajasi ommaviy axborot vositalarining taklif qilinayotgan ma'lumotlarga bo'lgan e'tiborini o'lchaydi. Ushbu attraksion xizmati reklama biznesiga sotiladi"[16] va ko'rish stavkalari reklama uchun talab qilinishi mumkin bo'lgan narxni belgilaydi.

"Shoularning tarkibini aniqlaydigan reklama kompaniyalari 1933 yildan beri AQShda kundalik hayotning bir qismi bo'lib kelgan. Procter & Gamble (P&G) .... radio stantsiyasiga tarix yaratadigan savdo-sotiqni taklif qildi (bugungi kunda" bartering "nomi bilan tanilgan): kompaniya "bepul" uchun o'z shou dasturini tayyorlaydi va radiostansiyani tarkibini ishlab chiqarish uchun katta xarajatlarni tejaydi, shuning uchun kompaniya reklama roliklarining tarqalishini va, albatta, uning mahsulotlarini shouda joylashishini istaydi.Ma Perkins "P&G" kompaniyasi o'sha yillarda va keyingi yillarda yuvish vositalarining etakchi markasi - Oxydolni targ'ib qilishda mohirlik bilan foydalangan Sovunli opera Tug'ilgan ..."[35]

Tanqidchilar, asosan, iqtisodiyotning ommaviy axborot vositalariga sezgir ta'siridan xavotirda bo'lishsa-da, ta'sirning to'kis ta'siriga misollar ham mavjud. AQSh kompaniyasi Chrysler bilan birlashmasidan oldin Daimler Benz uning agentligi (PentaCom) ko'p sonli jurnallarga "yuzaga kelishi mumkin bo'lgan to'qnashuvlarning oldini olish" uchun keyingi mavzular nashr etilishidan oldin barcha mavzular haqida umumiy ma'lumot yuborishni talab qilib xat yuborgan. Chrysler, asosan, "jinsiy, siyosiy yoki ijtimoiy" mazmundagi yoki "provokatsion yoki tajovuzkor" deb topilishi mumkin bo'lgan maqolalar mavjudligini bilishni xohlar edi. PentaCom ijrochi direktori Devid Martin shunday dedi: "Bizning fikrimiz shuki, 22.000 dollarlik mahsulotni tomosha qiladigan kishi uni ijobiy narsalar bilan o'ralgan bo'lishini xohlaydi. Bolalar pornografiyasi haqidagi maqolada ijobiy narsa yo'q".[35] Boshqa bir misol, AQSh Tarmog'i 2000 yilda reklama beruvchilar bilan yuqori darajadagi rekord darajadagi uchrashuvlarni o'tkazib, ularning reklamasini olishlari uchun tarmoqqa qaysi turdagi dasturiy tarkibni istashlarini aytib berishlariga imkon berdi. "[36]Televizion ko'rsatuvlar reklama ehtiyojlarini qondirish uchun yaratilgan, masalan. ularni tegishli bo'limlarga bo'lish. Ularning dramaturgiyasi, odatda, tomoshabinni bog'lab turish uchun shubhada tugashiga yoki javobsiz savol qoldirishga mo'ljallangan.

Kino tizimi, bir vaqtning o'zida kengroq marketing tizimining bevosita ta'siridan tashqarida, endi unga litsenziyalash, taqish va mahsulotlarni joylashtirish strategiyalari orqali to'liq qo'shildi. Bugungi kunda ko'plab Gollivud filmlarining asosiy vazifasi ulkan tovar kollektsiyasini sotishda yordam berishdir.[37]Matbuot 2002 yildagi Bond filmini 24 ta yirik reklama sheriklari ishtirokidagi "Die Another Day" ni "reklama" deb atadi va ta'kidladi. Jeyms Bond "endi" sotish uchun litsenziyaga ega "" Mahsulotlarni kinofilmlarga joylashtirish odatiy amaliyotga aylangani sababli, "filmlarning qaysi turlari mahsulot joylashtirilishini o'ziga jalb qilishi va shu sababli filmlarning qaysi turlari ko'proq bo'lishi mumkinligi haqida o'z-o'zidan ravshan ta'sirlar mavjud. amalga oshirilsin ".[38]

Reklama va axborotni bir-biridan farqlash tobora qiyinlashmoqda. "Reklama va ommaviy axborot vositalari o'rtasidagi chegaralar .... tobora ko'proq loyqalanmoqda .... Avgust Fisher, boshqaruv kengashi raisi Aksel Springer nashriyot kompaniyasi "ommaviy axborot vositalari va reklama biznesi o'rtasidagi tasdiqlangan sheriklik" deb tan oladi, tanqidchilar jurnalist vazifalari va erkinliklariga kirishishdan boshqa narsa emas ". RTL guruhi sobiq ijrochi Helmut Thoma "xususiy stantsiyalari biron bir vazifani bajarishi mumkin emas va qila olmaydi, faqat kompaniyaning maqsadi -" reklama biznesi va tomoshabin tomonidan qabul qilinishi ". Ushbu tartibda ustuvor yo'nalishlarning belgilanishi aslida" dizayni "haqida hamma narsani aytadi xususiy televizion dasturlar. "[35]Bozor ulushi 25-35 foizni tashkil etgan TF1 xususiy frantsuz telekanalining sobiq boshqaruvchi direktori Patrik Le Lay shunday dedi: "Televizor haqida gapirishning ko'p usullari mavjud. Ammo biznes nuqtai nazaridan realistik bo'laylik: asosan , TF1-ning vazifasi, masalan, Coca Cola-ga o'z mahsulotini sotishda yordam berishdir. (...) Reklama xabarini ko'rish uchun tomoshabinning miyasi bizning ixtiyorimizda bo'lishi kerak. Bizning dasturlarimizning vazifasi - uni taqdim etish, Ya'ni uni chalg'itib, tinchlantirish va ikkita xabar o'rtasida tayyorlab qo'yish. Biz Coca Cola-ga sotadigan inson miyasidagi bir martalik vaqt. "[39]

Ushbu bog'liqliklar tufayli reklama va uning axborot va so'z erkinligiga ta'siri haqida keng tarqalgan va asosiy jamoatchilik munozaralarini, hech bo'lmaganda odatiy media kanallari orqali olish qiyin: u o'tirgan shoxobchani olib qochadi. "Ommaviy axborot vositalari, jurnalistika va kommunikatsiyalarning tijorat asoslari demokratiya uchun bezovta qiluvchi oqibatlarga olib kelishi mumkin degan tushuncha qonuniy munozaralar doirasidan chiqarib tashlandi" xuddi "kapitalizm AQSh siyosiy madaniyatida qonuniy munozaralar mavzusi sifatida taqiqlangan".[40]

AQSh jurnalistikasining tarkibiy asoslarini erta tanqid qilgan Upton Sinclair uning romani bilan Brass Check unda u mulkdorlar, reklama beruvchilar, jamoatchilik bilan aloqalar va iqtisodiy manfaatlarning ommaviy axborot vositalariga ta'sirini ta'kidlaydi. O'zining "Bizning ustozimiz ovozi - reklama" kitobida ijtimoiy ekolog Jeyms Rorti (1890-1973) shunday deb yozgan edi: "Gargoylning og'zi - bu karnay, ikki milliard dollarlik sanoat manfaati bilan quvvatlanadi va buning orqasida umuman biznes, sanoat, moliya manfaatlari mavjud. Bu hech qachon emas jim, u boshqa barcha ovozlarni so'ndiradi va hech qanday tanbehga duchor bo'lmaydi, chunki bu Amerika ovozi emasmi? Bu uning da'vosi va ma'lum darajada bu adolatli da'vo ... "[41]

Bu bizga qanday yashashni, nimadan qo'rqishni, nimadan faxrlanishni, go'zal bo'lishni, sevishni, hasad qilishni, muvaffaqiyat qozonishni o'rgatdi .. Amerika aholisi moyilligi ajablanarli emasmi? tobora bu jabbervoki nuqtai nazaridan gapirish, o'ylash, his qilish? San'at, ilm-fan va dinning rag'batlantiruvchi omillari marginal qadriyatlarga aylanish uchun Amerika hayotining chekka qismlariga asta-sekin chiqarilib, marginal odamlar tomonidan marginal vaqtda etishtiriladi? "[42]

Madaniyat va sport

Spektakllar, ko'rgazmalar, shoular, kontsertlar, anjumanlar va boshqa ko'plab tadbirlar homiysiz amalga oshishi qiyin.[iqtibos kerak ] San'atkorlar tijorat maqsadlarida san'at baholariga qarab baholanadi va to'lanadi, korporatsiyalar taniqli rassomlarni targ'ib qiladi va shu bilan global reklama kampaniyalarida eksklyuziv huquqlarga ega bo'ladi. "La Bohème" kabi Broadway shoulari o'zlarining to'plamlarida tijorat rekvizitlarini namoyish etdi.[43]

Reklama o'zi madaniyatga qo'shgan hissasi sifatida keng tarqalgan. Reklama modaga birlashtirilgan. Kompaniyaning ko'plab kiyim-kechaklarida logotip yagona dizayndir yoki uning muhim qismidir. Iste'mol iqtisodiyotidan tashqarida faqat madaniyat va san'at mustaqil ravishda rivojlanib boradigan va muqobil qadriyatlarni ifoda etadigan kichik joy qoldi. So'nggi muhim soha, universitetlar, biznes va uning manfaatlari uchun ochiq bo'lish uchun kuchli bosim ostida.[44]

A oldida shishiriladigan reklama taxtasi sport stadioni

Raqobatbardosh sport turlari homiysiz tasavvur qilib bo'lmaydigan bo'lib qoldi va o'zaro bog'liqlik mavjud.[iqtibos kerak ] Reklama bilan katta daromad faqat taqqoslanadigan tomoshabinlar soni yoki tomoshabinlar bilan mumkin. Boshqa tomondan, jamoaning yoki sportchining yomon ishlashi reklama daromadlarining kam bo'lishiga olib keladi. Yurgen Xyuter va Xans-Yorg Stixler "Sport / Media majmuasi" haqida suhbatlashadilar, bu ommaviy axborot vositalari, agentliklar, menejerlar, sport targ'ibotchilari, reklama va h.k.larning qisman umumiy va qisman bir-biridan farq qiladigan, ammo har qanday holatda ham umumiy tijorat manfaatlariga ega bo'lgan aralashmasi. Ehtimol, ommaviy axborot vositalari markaziy bosqichda, chunki u boshqa tomonlarni kamdan-kam uchraydigan tovar bilan ta'minlay oladi, ya'ni jamoatchilik e'tiborini (potentsial). Sportda "ommaviy axborot vositalari muomalada ham, reklamada ham ulkan savdo-sotiqni amalga oshirishga qodir".[45]

"Sport homiyligini tamaki sanoati qimmatbaho reklama deb tan olgan. 1994 yilda" Tobacco Industry "jurnali" Formula-1 "avtomashinasini" dunyodagi eng kuchli reklama maydoni "deb ta'riflagan. .... 22 ta ikkinchi darajali markazda o'tkazilgan kohort tadqiqotida. 1994 yildagi Angliyadagi maktablar va 1995 yildagi sevimli televizion sporti avtoulov poygasi bo'lgan o'g'il bolalar avtoulov poygasiga ergashmagan bolalarning 7,0 foiziga nisbatan odatdagidek chekuvchilar bo'lish xavfi 12,8 foizni tashkil etgan.[46]

CHiptalarni sotish emas, balki translyatsiya huquqi, homiylik va savdo-sotiq shu vaqtgacha XOQ bilan sport assotsiatsiyasi va sport klubi daromadlarining katta qismini tashkil etadi (Xalqaro Olimpiya qo'mitasi ) etakchilikni qo'lga olish. Ommaviy axborot vositalarining ta'siri sportda ko'plab o'zgarishlarni, jumladan, yangi "trend sportlari" ning paydo bo'lishiga olib keldi Olimpiya o'yinlari, raqobat masofalarining o'zgarishi, qoidalarning o'zgarishi, tomoshabinlarning animatsiyasi, sport inshootlarining o'zgarishi, o'zlarining reklama va ko'ngil ochish biznesida o'zlarining media qiymatlari tufayli tezda o'zini namoyon qiladigan sport qahramonlariga sig'inish.[47] va nihoyat, eng muhimi, sport stadionlariga yirik kompaniyalar nomini berish va ularning nomlarini o'zgartirish.

"Sportda ommaviy axborot vositalarining mantig'iga moslashish teng imkoniyat yoki adolat kabi qadriyatlarning yo'q qilinishiga, ommaviy bosim va ko'p ekspluatatsiya yoki aldash orqali sportchilarga haddan tashqari talablarga (doping, natijalarni manipulyatsiya qilish ...). Ushbu xavfga qarshi kurashish ommaviy axborot vositalari va sportning manfaatlariga javob beradi, chunki ommaviy sport turlari faqat sport mavjud bo'lgan vaqtdagina ishlashi mumkin.[47]

Jamoat maydoni

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: jamoat maydoni

Ko'z bilan ko'riladigan har bir joyda reklama qilish imkoniyati mavjud, ayniqsa, ularning tuzilmalari bilan shahar joylari, shuningdek, ko'chalar ko'rinishidagi landshaftlar tobora ko'proq reklama uchun ommaviy axborot vositalariga aylanib bormoqda. Belgilar, plakatlar, reklama taxtalari, bayroqlar shahar qiyofasining hal qiluvchi omiliga aylandi va ularning soni hali ham ko'payib bormoqda. "Tashqi reklama muqarrar bo'lib qoldi. An'anaviy reklama taxtalari va tranzit boshpanalari o'ralgan transport vositalari, binolarning yon tomonlari, elektron belgilar, kiosklar, taksilar, plakatlar, avtobuslarning yon tomonlari va boshqalar kabi keng tarqalgan usullarga yo'l ochib berdi. Shahar sporti uchun binolarda raqamli texnologiyalar qo'llaniladi devor displeylari '. Shahar joylarda tijorat mazmuni jamoat makonida bo'lgan har bir daqiqada bizning ko'zimizga va ongimizga joylashtiriladi. Germaniyaning "Zayt" gazetasi buni "qochib qutula olmaydigan diktatura" ning yangi turi deb atadi.[5]

Vaqt o'tishi bilan atrofdagi bu hukmronlik "tabiiy" holatga aylandi. Uzoq muddatli tijorat to'yinganligi orqali jamoatchilik tomonidan reklamaning mavjud bo'lgan har bir dyuymga egalik qilish, egallash va boshqarish huquqiga ega ekanligi bevosita tushunib yetildi. Invaziv reklamani barqaror ravishda normallashtirish jamoatchilikning o'z atrofini anglashini susaytiradi, kuchsizlikning ijodkorlik va o'zgarishlarga bo'lgan umumiy munosabatini qayta tiklaydi, shu tariqa tsikl rivojlanib boradi va reklama beruvchilarning ommaviy noroziligi bilan asta-sekin va doimiy ravishda to'yinganligini oshiradi. "[48]

Reklama tomon ulkan optik yo'nalish brendlar foydalanadigan jamoat joylari funktsiyasini o'zgartiradi. Shaharlarning diqqatga sazovor joylari savdo belgilariga aylantirildi. Eng yuqori bosim taniqli va tez-tez uchrab turadigan jamoat joylariga ta'sir qiladi, ular shaharning o'ziga xosligi uchun ham muhimdir (masalan.) Pikadli sirk, Times Square, Alexanderplatz Shahar joylari jamoat tovarlari hisoblanadi va shu asosda ular asosan qurilish qoidalari, merosni muhofaza qilish va landshaftni muhofaza qilish orqali "estetik muhitni muhofaza qilish" ga bo'ysunadilar. "Ayni paytda ushbu joylar xususiylashtirilmoqda. Ular taxtalar va yozuvlar bilan qalampirlangan, reklama uchun ommaviy axborot vositalarida qayta tiklangan."[4][16]

Seksizm, kamsitish va stereotiplar

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: qolipga solish, seksizm va kamsitish
Devorga qo'yilgan e'lon taxtasini ko'rib chiqayotgan ikki qiz. Ularning ustiga bo'yalgan reklama "Siz ayolmisiz?" Deb so'raydi.

"Reklama" kun tartibini belgilash funktsiyasi "ga ega, bu katta miqdordagi mablag 'bilan iste'molni kun tartibidagi yagona masala sifatida qo'yish qobiliyatidir. jamoat vijdoni bu davolanmaganga to'g'ri keladi (savodsizlik ) tijorat bo'lmagan va reklama qilinmagan narsalardan

Borayotgan kuch bilan reklama o'zini qulay qiladi xususiy soha shuning uchun tijorat ovozi jamiyatda ifoda etuvchi uslubga aylanadi. "[49]Reklama tanqidchilari reklamani madaniyatimizdagi etakchi nur deb bilishadi. Sut Jhally va Jeyms Tvitchell reklama turlarini bir xil deb hisoblashdan nariga o'tadilar din va reklama hatto dinni asosiy institut sifatida almashtiradi.[50]

"Korporativ reklama (yoki tijorat ommaviy axborot vositalari) - bu insoniyat tomonidan amalga oshirilgan eng yirik psixologik loyihadir. Shunga qaramay, bularning barchasi bizga ta'sirini noma'lum bo'lib qolmoqda va umuman e'tibordan chetda qoldirmoqda. Ommaviy axborot vositalarining yillar davomida, o'nlab yillardagi ta'siri haqida o'ylaganimda, Men ular haqida o'ylayman miya yuvish doktor tomonidan o'tkazilgan tajribalar. Even Kemeron 1950-yillarda Monreal psixiatriya kasalxonasida (qarang) MKULTRA ). Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi homiyligidagi g'oya "jo'natish "tajribalar ongli, ongsiz yoki yarim ongli sub'ektlarni minigarnituralar bilan jihozlash va ularning xatti-harakatlarini vaqt o'tishi bilan o'zgartiradigan minglab takrorlanadigan" haydash "xabarlari bilan miyalarini to'ldirish edi .... Reklama ham xuddi shu narsani qilishni maqsad qilgan."[9]

Reklama, ayniqsa, yoshlar va bolalarga qaratilgan bo'lib, u yoshlarni iste'molchilarga tobora kamaytirmoqda.[32]Sut Jhally uchun "bu markaziy va unga juda ko'p sarf qilinadigan narsa ijtimoiy hayotda muhim ahamiyatga ega bo'lishi ajablanarli emas. Darhaqiqat, ulkan tovar kollektsiyasini maksimal darajada iste'mol qilishni maqsad qilgan tijorat manfaatlari tobora ko'proq koloniyalarga aylandi. Masalan, deyarli barcha ommaviy axborot vositalari tizimi (televizion va bosma) marketologlar uchun etkazib berish tizimi sifatida ishlab chiqilgan bo'lib, uning asosiy vazifasi reklama beruvchilarga sotish uchun tomoshabinlarni ishlab chiqarishdir. matter that acts as a support for it celebrate the consumer society. The movie system, at one time outside the direct influence of the broader marketing system, is now fully integrated into it through the strategies of licensing, tie-ins and product placements.

The prime function of many Hollywood films today is to aid in the selling of the immense collection of commodities. As public funds are drained from the non-commercial cultural sector, art galleries, museums and symphonies bid for corporate sponsorship."[37] In the same way effected is the education system and advertising is increasingly penetrating schools and universities. Cities, such as New York, accept sponsors for public playgrounds. "Even the pope has been commercialized ... The pope's 4-day visit to Mexico in ...1999 was sponsored by Frito-Lay and PepsiCo.[51]The industry is accused of being one of the engines powering a convoluted economic mass production system which promotes consumption.As far as social effects are concerned it does not matter whether advertising fuels consumption but which values, patterns of behaviour and assignments of meaning it propagates.

Advertising is accused of hijacking the language and means of pop culture, of protest movements and even of subversive criticism and does not shy away from scandalizing and breaking taboos (e.g. Benneton). This in turn incites counter action, what Kalle Lasn in 2001 called Jamming the Jam of the Jammers. Anything goes. "It is a central social-scientific question what people can be made to do by suitable design of conditions and of great practical importance. For example, from a great number of psychological experiments it can be assumed, that people can be made to do anything they are capable of, when the according social condition can be created."[52]

Advertising often uses stereotype gender specific roles of men and women reinforcing existing klişeler and it has been criticized as "inadvertently or even intentionally promoting sexism, racism, heterosexualism, ableism, ageism, et cetera... At very least, advertising often reinforces stereotypes by drawing on recognizable "types" in order to tell stories in a single image or 30 second time frame." Activities are depicted as typical male or female (stereotyping). In addition, people are reduced to their sexuality or equated with commodities and gender specific qualities are exaggerated. Sexualized female bodies, but increasingly also males, serve as eye-catchers.

In advertising, it is usually a woman that is depicted as

  • a servant of men and children that reacts to the demands and complaints of her loved ones with a bad conscience and the promise for immediate improvement (wash, food)
  • a sexual or emotional play toy for the self-affirmation of men
  • a technically totally clueless being that can only manage a childproof operation
  • female expert, but stereotype from the fields of fashion, cosmetics, food or at the most, medicine
  • as ultra thin
  • doing ground-work for others, e.g. serving coffee while a journalist interviews a politician[53]

A large portion of advertising deals with the promotion of products in a way that defines an "ideal" body image. This objectification greatly affects women; however, men are also affected. Women and men in advertising are frequently portrayed in unrealistic and distorted images that set a standard for what is considered "beautiful," "attractive" or "desirable." Such imagery does not allow for what is found to be beautiful in various cultures or to the individual. It is exclusionary, rather than inclusive, and consequently, these advertisements promote a negative message about body image to the average person. Because of this form of media, girls, boys, women and men may feel under high pressure to maintain an unrealistic and often unhealthy body weight or even to alter their physical appearance cosmetically or surgically in minor to drastic ways.

The EU parliament passed a resolution in 2008 that advertising may not be discriminating and degrading. This shows that politicians are increasingly concerned about the negative impacts of advertising. However, the benefits of promoting overall health and fitness are often overlooked. Men are also negatively portrayed as incompetent and the butt of every joke in advertising.

False statements are often used in advertising to help draw a person's attention. Misleading or deceiving methods of advertising are used by millions of companies such as Volkswagen, Dannon, and Red Bull. According to Business Insider, "In 2015, it was exposed that VW had been cheating emissions test on its diesel cars in the US for the past seven years" [1]. Advertising can also portray individuals provocatively by displaying nude photos or indecent language. As a result, this leads to people not feeling confident about themselves or their body which causes psychological disorders such as depression or anxiety. Your Article Library talks about some of the main criticisms against advertising by stating, "Some advertisements are un-ethical and objectionable...This adversely affects the social values" 2

Bolalar va o'spirinlar

Business is interested in children and adolescents because of their buying power and because of their influence on the shopping habits of their parents. As they are easier to influence they are especially targeted by the advertising business.

Children "represent three distinct markets:

  1. Primary Purchasers ($2.9 billion annually)
  2. Future Consumers (Brand-loyal adults)
  3. Purchase Influencers ($20 billion annually)

Kids will carry forward brand expectations, whether positive, negative, or indifferent. Kids are already accustomed to being catered to as consumers. The long term prize: Loyalty of the kid translates into a brand loyal adult customer"[54]

"Kids represent an important demographic to marketers because they have their own purchasing power, they influence their parents' buying decisions and they're the adult consumers of the future." [55] Advertising for other products preferably uses media with which they can also reach the next generation of consumers.[56] "Key advertising messages exploit the emerging independence of young people".

College students tend to fall into student debt due to a simple purchase of a credit card. How are these students being influenced to buy a credit card though? Well it all starts with credit card companies targeting college students from the very beginning as soon as they walk into campus. These companies advertise credit cards by convincing students that this card will be given away for “free” or by giving away items in turn for a credit card sign up. An article called “Why Credit Card Companies Target College Students” by The Balance talks about how, “One in 10 college students leaves with over $10,000 in debt.” [2]

Children's exposure to advertising

The children's market, where resistance to advertising is weakest, is the "pioneer for ad creep".[57] One example is product placement. "Product placements show up everywhere, and children aren't exempt. Undan uzoqroq. The animated film, Foodfight, had 'thousands of products and character icons from the familiar (items) in a grocery store.' Children's books also feature branded items and characters, and millions of them have snack foods as lead characters."[58]

The average Canadian child sees 350,000 TV commercials before graduating from high school, spends nearly as much time watching TV as attending classes. In 1980 the Canadian province of Quebec banned advertising for children under age 13.[59] "In upholding the constitutional validity of the Kvebekdagi iste'molchilar huquqlarini himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun cheklovlar bolalarga reklama under age 13 (in the case of a challenge by a toy company) the Court held: '...advertising directed at young children is per se manipulative. Such advertising aims to promote products by convincing those who will always believe.'"[60]Norway (ads directed at children under age 12), and Sweden (television ads aimed at children under age 12) also have legislated broad bans on advertising to children, during child programmes any kind of advertising is forbidden in Sweden, Denmark, Austria and Flemish Belgium. In Greece there is no advertising for kids products from 7 to 22 h. An attempt to restrict advertising directed at children in the US failed with reference to the First Amendment. In Spain bans are also considered undemocratic.[61][62]

Web sites targeted to children may also display advertisements, though there are fewer ads on non-profit web sites than on for-profit sites and those ads were less likely to contain enticements. However, even ads on non-profit sites may link to sites that collect personal information.[63]

Child Social Media Advertising

In 2015, Shion and Loan Kaji built a YouTube channel hosted by their 7-year-old son, Ryan Kaji. Ryan's ToyReviews channel has 21 million subscribers and over 30 billion views. Toy manufacturing companies have donated a large sum of toys for Ryan to review on his channel. Walmart, Hasbro, Netflix, Chuck E. Cheese and Nickelodeon have all sponsored Ryan Kaji and his Ryan ToysReview channel.[64] He has also built a partnership with a child entertainment company Pocket.Watch. Due to the popularity of the show, they were advertised to change the name to Ryan's World. Not only did large companies advise the name change, they encouraged him to provide more content such as, science experiments, challenges and education as well. [65] The expansion of Ryan's World also has led to the production of his very own merchandise. He now produces a clothing line and his own toys sold specifically at Walmart.[66]

Food advertising

Shuningdek qarang: Fast tamaddi qilishga reklama va Adolescents and food marketing

Shirinliklar, Muzqaymoq va nonushta uchun ovqat makers often aim their promotion at children and adolescents. For example, an ad for a breakfast cereal on a channel aimed at adults will have music that is a soft ballad, whereas on a channel aimed at children, the same ad will use a catchy rock jingle of the same song to aim at kids."The marketing industry is facing increased pressure over claimed links between exposure to food advertising and a range of social problems, especially growing obesity levels."[67] "Tez tayyorlanadigan ovqat chains spend more than 3 billion dollars a year on advertising, much of it aimed at children... Restaurants offer incentives such as playgrounds, contests, clubs, games, and free toys and other merchandise related to movies, TV shows and even sports leagues."[68]These businesses are constantly reaping the benefits of this child manipulation.In 2006, forty-four of the largest U.S. oziq-ovqat sanoati spent about 2 billion dollars on advertising their products, which mainly consisted of unhealthy, sugary and fatty foods. Such massive advertising has a detrimental effect on children and it heavily influences their diets. Extensive research proves that most of the food consumed between ages of 2-18 is low in nutrients. Facing a lot of pressure from health industries and laws, such as the Children's Food and Beverage Advertising initiative, food marketers were forced to tweak and limit their advertising strategies. Despite regulations, a 2009 report shows that three quarters of all food advertising during children's television programs were outside of the law's boundaries. Government attempts to put a heavy burden on food marketers in order to prevent the issue, but food marketers enjoy the benefits of the Birinchi o'zgartirish which limits government's power to prevent advertising against children. The Federal savdo komissiyasi states that children between the ages of 2-11 on average see 15 food based commercials on television daily. Most of these commercial involve high-sugar and high-fat foods, which adds to the problem of bolalarda semirish. An experiment that took place in a summer camp, where researches showed food advertisements to children between ages 5–8 for two weeks. The outcome-what kids chose to eat at a cafeteria were the ads they saw on TV over the two weeks.[69] Leading back to psychological effects that advertising has on individuals, one of the main important effects is eating disorders among children. An article from the US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health even states that, “Several cross-sectional studies have reported a positive association between exposure to beauty and fashion magazines and an increased level of weight concerns or eating disorder symptoms in girls.” [3] Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are some of the common disorders among adolescent girls. The rate of anorexia nervosa among adolescent girls is 0.48%. [4] The image of "ideal beauty" among women and the "muscular body type" image of men has resulted in a lack of body confidence and eating disorders especially when it comes to young teenage girls and boys.

Cigarettes and alcohol advertising

Asosiy maqolalar: Spirtli ichimliklar reklamasi va Sigaret reklama
Shuningdek qarang: Kollej yotoqxonalarida spirtli ichimliklarni reklama qilish va Qo'shma Shtatlarda yoshlar tomonidan spirtli ichimliklarni iste'mol qilish

In advertisements, cigarettes "are used as a fashion accessory and appeal to young women. Other influences on young people include the linking of sporting heroes and smoking through sports sponsorship, the use of cigarettes by popular characters in television programmes and cigarette promotions. Research suggests that young people are aware of the most heavily advertised cigarette brands."[46] Alcohol is portrayed in advertising similarly to smoking, "Alcohol ads continue to appeal to children and portrayals of alcohol use in the entertainment media are extensive".[70] The spirtli ichimliklarni iste'mol qilish is glamorized and shown without consequences in advertisements, music, magazines, television, film, etc. The advertisements include alcoholic beverages with colorful packaging and sweet tasting flavors, catering to the interests and likes of children and teens. The alcohol industry has a big financial stake in underage drinking, hoping to gain lifelong customers. Therefore, the media are overrun with alcohol ads which appeal to children, involving animal characters, popular music, and comedy.[70]

"Kids are among the most sophisticated observers of ads. They can sing the jingles and identify the logos, and they often have strong feelings about products. What they generally don't understand, however, are the issues that underlie how advertising works. Mass media are used not only to sell goods but also ideas: how we should behave, what rules are important, who we should respect and what we should value."[71]

Opposition and campaigns against advertising

According to critics, the total commercialization of all fields of society, the privatization of public space, the acceleration of consumption and waste of resources including the negative influence on lifestyles and on the environment has not been noticed to the necessary extent. The "hyper-commercialization of the culture is recognized and roundly detested by the citizenry, although the topic scarcely receives a whiff of attention in the media or political culture."[72] "The greatest damage done by advertising is precisely that it incessantly demonstrates the selling out of men and women who lend their intellects, their voices, their artistic skills to purposes in which they themselves do not believe, and .... that it helps to shatter and ultimately destroy our most precious non-material possessions: the confidence in the existence of meaningful purposes of human activity and respect for the integrity of man."[73] "The struggle against advertising is therefore essential if we are to overcome the pervasive alienation from all genuine human needs that currently plays such a corrosive role in our society. But in resisting this type of hyper-commercialism we should not be under any illusions. Advertising may seem at times to be an almost trivial if omnipresent aspect of our economic system. Yet, as economist A. C. Pigou pointed out, it could only be 'removed altogether' if 'conditions of monopolistic competition' inherent to corporate capitalism olib tashlandi. To resist it is to resist the inner logic of capitalism itself, of which it is the pure expression."[74]

"Vizual ifloslanish, much of it in the form of advertising, is an issue in all the world's large cities. But what is pollution to some is a vibrant part of a city's fabric to others. New York City without Times Square 's huge digital billboards or Tokyo without the Ginza 's commercial panorama is unthinkable. Pikadli sirk would be just a London roundabout without its signage. Still, other cities, like Moscow, have reached their limit and have begun to crack down on over-the-top outdoor advertising.[75]

"Many communities have chosen to regulate reklama taxtalari to protect and enhance their scenic character. The following is by no means a complete list of such communities. Scenic America estimates the nationwide total of cities and communities prohibiting the construction of new billboards to be at least 1500.

A number of states in the US prohibit all billboards:

  • Vermont - Removed all billboards in the 1970s
  • Gavayi - Removed all billboards in the 1920s
  • Meyn - Removed all billboards in the 1970s and early 80s
  • Alyaska - State referendum passed in 1998 prohibits billboards[76]

In 2006, the city of San-Paulu, Brazil ordered the downsizing or removal of all billboards and most other forms of commercial advertising in the city."[77] 2015 yilda, Grenobl, Frantsiya similarly banned all billboards and public advertising.[78]

Technical appliances, such as Spam-filtrlar, TV-Zappers, reklama blokerlari for TVs and stickers on mail boxes—"No Advertising"—and an increasing number of court cases indicate a growing interest of people to restrict or rid themselves of unwelcome advertising.

Consumer protection associations, environment protection groups, globalization opponents, consumption critics, sociologists, media critics, scientists and many others deal with the negative aspects of advertising. "Antipub" in France, "pastki reklama ", madaniyatni siqib chiqarish va adbusting have become established terms in the anti-advertising community. On the international level globalization critics kabi Naomi Klayn va Noam Xomskiy are also renowned media and advertising critics. These groups criticize the complete occupation of public spaces, surfaces, the airwaves, the media, schools etc. and the constant exposure of almost all senses to advertising messages, the invasion of privacy, and that only few consumers are aware that they themselves are bearing the costs for this to the very last penny. Some of these groups, such as the Billboard Liberation Front Creative Group in San-Fransisko yoki Adbusters yilda Vankuver, Canada, have manifestos.[79] Grassroots organizations campaign against advertising or certain aspects of it in various forms and strategies and quite often have different roots. Adbusters, for example contests and challenges the intended meanings of advertising by subverting them and creating unintended meanings instead. Other groups, like Illegal Signs Canada, try to stem the flood of billboards by detecting and reporting ones that have been put up without permit.[80] Examples for various groups and organizations in different countries are L'association Résistance à l'Aggression Publicitaire [fr ][81] in France, where media critic Jan Bodrillyar is a renowned author.[82] The Anti Advertising Agency works with parody and humour to raise awareness about advertising,[83] va Commercial Alert campaigns for the protection of children, family values, community, environmental integrity and democracy.[84]

Media savodxonligi organisations aim at training people, especially children, in the workings of the media and advertising in their programmes. In the US, for example, the Media Education Foundation produces and distributes documentary films and other educational resources.[85]MediaWatch, a Canadian non-profit women's organization, works to educate consumers about how they can register their concerns with advertisers and regulators.[86] The Canadian 'Media Awareness Network/Réseau éducation médias' offers one of the world's most comprehensive collections of media education and Internet literacy resources. Its member organizations represent the public, non-profit but also private sectors. Although it stresses its independence, it accepts financial support from Bell Canada, CTVglobemedia, G'arbiy, Telus va S-VOX.[87]

To counter the increasing criticism of advertising aiming at children media literacy organizations are also initiated and funded by corporations and the advertising business themselves. In the US the Advertising Educational Foundation was created in 1983 supported by ad agencies, advertisers and media companies. It is the "advertising industry's provider and distributor of educational content to enrich the understanding of advertising and its role in culture, society and the economy,"[88] sponsored for example by American Airlines, Anheuser-Busch, Kempbell sho'rva, Coca Cola, Kolgeyt-Palmolive, Disney, Ford, Umumiy ovqatlar, General Mills, Gillette, Xaynts, Jonson va Jonson, Kelloggniki, Kraft, Nabisko, Nestle, Filipp Morris, Quaker jo'xori, Schering, Sterling, Unilever, Warner Lambert, advertising agencies like Saatchi va soatchi, and media companies like ABC, CBS, Capital Cities Communications, Cox Enterprises, Forbes, Xerst, Meredit, The New York Times, RCA /NBC, Reader Digest, Vaqt va Washington Post, faqat bir nechtasini eslatib o'tish kerak.

Canadian businesses established Xavotirdagi bolalar reklama beruvchilari in 1990 "to instill confidence in all relevant publics by actively demonstrating our commitment, concern, responsibility and respect for children."[89] Members are CanWest, Corus, CTV, General Mills, Hasbro, Hershey's, Kellogg's, Loblaw, Kraft, Mattel, McDonald's, Nestle, Pepsi, Walt Disney, and Weston, as well as almost 50 private broadcast partners and others.[90] Concerned Children's Advertisers was an example for similar organizations in other countries, like 'Media smart' in the United Kingdom, with offspring in Germany, France, the Netherlands and Sweden. Yangi Zelandiya has a similar business-funded programme called Willie Munchright. "While such interventions are claimed to be designed to encourage children to be critical of commercial messages in general, critics of the marketing industry suggest that the motivation is simply to be seen to address a problem created by the industry itself, that is, the negative social impacts to which marketing activity has contributed.... By contributing media literacy education resources, the marketing industry is positioning itself as being part of the solution to these problems, thereby seeking to avoid wide restrictions or outright bans on marketing communication, particularly for food products deemed to have little nutritional value directed at children.... The need to be seen to be taking positive action primarily to avert potential restrictions on advertising is openly acknowledged by some sectors of the industry itself.... Furthermore, Hobbs (1998) suggests that such programs are also in the interest of media organizations that support the interventions to reduce criticism of the potential negative effects of the media themselves."[67]

There has also been movement that began in Paris, France, called "POP_DOWN PROJECT" in which they equate street advertising to the annoying pop-up reklamalar Internetda. Their goal is "symbolically restoring everyone's right to non-exposure". They achieve their goal by using stickers of the "Close Window" buttons used to close pop-up reklamalar.

Taxation as revenue and control

Public interest groups suggest that "access to the mental space targeted by advertisers should be taxed, in that at the present moment that space is being freely taken advantage of by advertisers with no compensation paid to the members of the public who are thus being intruded upon. This kind of tax would be a Pigoviya solig'i in that it would act to reduce what is now increasingly seen as a public nuisance. Efforts to that end are gathering more momentum, with Arkansas and Maine considering bills to implement such a taxation. Florida enacted such a tax in 1987 but was forced to repeal it after six months, as a result of a concerted effort by national commercial interests, which withdrew planned conventions, causing major losses to the tourism industry, and cancelled advertising, causing a loss of 12 million dollars to the broadcast industry alone".[iqtibos kerak ]

In the US, for example, advertising is tax deductible and suggestions for possible limits to the advertising tax deduction are met with fierce opposition from the business sector, not to mention suggestions for a special taxation. In other countries, advertising at least is taxed in the same manner services are taxed and in some advertising is subject to special taxation although on a very low level. In many cases the taxation refers especially to media with advertising (e.g. Austria, Italy, Greece, Netherlands, kurka, Estoniya ). Tax on advertising in European countries:[91]

  • Belgium: Advertising or billboard tax (taxe d'affichage or aanplakkingstaks) on public posters depending on size and kind of paper as well as on neon signs
  • France: Tax on television commercials (taxe sur la publicité télévisée) based on the cost of the advertising unit
  • Italy: Municipal tax on acoustic and visual kinds of advertisements within the municipality (imposta comunale sulla pubblicità) and municipal tax on signs, posters and other kinds of advertisements (diritti sulle pubbliche affisioni), the tariffs of which are under the jurisdiction of the municipalities
  • Netherlands: Advertising tax (reclamebelastingen) with varying tariffs on certain advertising measures (excluding ads in newspapers and magazines) which can be levied by municipalities depending on the kind of advertising (billboards, neon signs etc.)
  • Austria: Municipal announcement levies on advertising through writing, pictures or lights in public areas or publicly accessible areas with varying tariffs depending on the fee, the surface or the duration of the advertising measure as well as advertising tariffs on paid ads in printed media of usually 10% of the fee.
  • Sweden: Advertising tax (reklamskatt) on ads and other kinds of advertising (billboards, film, television, advertising at fairs and exhibitions, flyers) in the range of 4% for ads in newspapers and 11% in all other cases. In the case of flyers the tariffs are based on the production costs, else on the fee
  • Spain: Municipalities can tax advertising measures in their territory with a rather unimportant taxes and fees of various kinds.

In his book, "Korporatsiyalar dunyoni boshqarganda ", US author and globallashuv tanqidchisi Devid Korten even advocates a 50% tax on advertising to counterattack what he calls "an active propaganda machinery controlled by the world's largest corporations " which "constantly reassures us that iste'molchilik is the path to happiness, governmental restraint of market excess is the cause of our distress, and economic globalization is both a historical inevitability and a boon to the human species."[92]

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ "Slashdot | ISP Operator Barry Shein Answers Spam Questions". interviews.slashdot.org. 2003-03-03. Olingan 2009-04-20.
  2. ^ "How Marketers Target Kids". Media-awareness.ca. 2009-02-13. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2009-04-16. Olingan 2009-04-20.
  3. ^ Koen, Endryu S.; Dromi, Shai M. (2018). "Advertising morality: maintaining moral worth in a stigmatized profession". Theory & Society. 47 (2): 175–206. doi:10.1007 / s11186-018-9309-7.
  4. ^ a b v d Franck, Georg: Ökonomie der Aufmerksamkeit. Ein Entwurf. (Economy of Attention), 1. Edition. Carl Hanser, March 1998, ISBN  3-446-19348-0, ISBN  978-3-446-19348-2.
  5. ^ a b v Die Zeit, Hamburg, Germany (2008-11-13). "Öffentlichkeit: Werbekampagnen vereinnahmen den öffentlichen Raum | Kultur | Nachrichten auf ZEIT ONLINE" (nemis tilida). Zeit.de. Olingan 2009-04-20.CS1 maint: bir nechta ism: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola)
  6. ^ "Ad Creep — Commercial Alert". Commercialalert.org. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2012-11-14 kunlari. Olingan 2009-04-20.
  7. ^ McChesney, Robert W. "The Political Economy of Media: Enduring Issues, Emerging Dilemmas". Monthly Review Press, New York, (May 1, 2008), p. 266, ISBN  978-1-58367-161-0
  8. ^ McChesney, Robert W. "The Political Economy of Media: Enduring Issues, Emerging Dilemmas". Monthly Review Press, New York, (May 1, 2008), p. 272, ISBN  978-1-58367-161-0
  9. ^ a b Lasn, Kalle in: Culture Jam: The Uncooling of America, William Morrow & Company; 1-nashr (1999 yil noyabr), ISBN  0-688-15656-8, ISBN  978-0-688-15656-5
  10. ^ Kilbourne, Jean: Can't Buy My Love: How Advertising Changes the Way We Think and Feel, Touchstone, 2000, ISBN  978-0-684-86600-0
  11. ^ McChesney, Robert W. "The Political Economy of Media: Enduring Issues, Emerging Dilemmas". Monthly Review Press, Nyu-York, (2008 yil 1-may), ISBN  978-1-58367-161-0
  12. ^ Lasch, Christopher. Narsisizm madaniyati: umidlari kamayib borayotgan asrdagi Amerika hayoti, Norton, Nyu-York, ISBN  978-0-393-30738-2
  13. ^ "Arxivlangan nusxa" (PDF). Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2012-10-08 kunlari. Olingan 2010-07-12.CS1 maint: nom sifatida arxivlangan nusxa (havola)
  14. ^ McChesney, Robert W. "The Political Economy of Media: Enduring Issues, Emerging Dilemmas". Monthly Review Press, New York, (May 1, 2008), pp. 132, 249, ISBN  978-1-58367-161-0
  15. ^ McChesney, Robert W. "The Political Economy of Media: Enduring Issues, Emerging Dilemmas". Monthly Review Press, New York, (May 1, 2008), pp. 252, 249, 254, 256, ISBN  978-1-58367-161-0
  16. ^ a b v d e Lecture held at Philosophicum Lech (Austria) 2002, published in Konrad Paul Liessmann (Hrg.), Die Kanäle der Macht. Herrschaft und Freiheit im Medienzeitalter, Philosophicum Lech Vol. 6, Vienna: Zsolnay, 2003, pp. 36-60; preprint in Merkur No. 645, January 2003, S. 1-15
  17. ^ a b Lasch, Christopher: Das Zeitalter des Narzissmus. (The Culture of Narcissism), 1. Edition. Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg 1995.
  18. ^ "Sut Jhally Website - Advertising at the Edge of the Apocalypse". Sutjhally.com. Olingan 2009-04-20.
  19. ^ "Internet Ad Spend To Reach $121B In 2014, 23% Of $537B Total Ad Spend, Ad Tech Boosts Display". 2014 yil aprel.
  20. ^ "ZAW - Zentralverband der deutschen Werbewirtschaft e.V". Zaw.de. Olingan 2009-04-20.
  21. ^ McChesney, Robert W. "The Political Economy of Media: Enduring Issues, Emerging Dilemmas". Monthly Review Press, New York, (May 1, 2008), p. 265, ISBN  978-1-58367-161-0
  22. ^ McChesney, Robert W. "The Political Economy of Media: Enduring Issues, Emerging Dilemmas". Monthly Review Press, New York, (May 1, 2008), pp. 270, 272, ISBN  978-1-58367-161-0
  23. ^ Miller and Rose, 1997, cited in Thrift, 1999, p. 67
  24. ^ Uilyams, 1980 yil
  25. ^ Hudson, R. (2008). "JEG - Sign In Page". Iqtisodiy geografiya jurnali. 8 (3): 421–440. CiteSeerX  10.1.1.620.267. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbn005. Olingan 2009-04-20.
  26. ^ McFall, 2002, p.162
  27. ^ McChesney, Robert W. "The Political Economy of Media: Enduring Issues, Emerging Dilemmas". Monthly Review Press, New York, (May 1, 2008), p.277, ISBN  978-1-58367-161-0
  28. ^ "Psychology — Commercial Alert". Commercialalert.org. 1999-10-31. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2009-02-21. Olingan 2009-04-20.
  29. ^ McChesney, Robert W. "The Political Economy of Media: Enduring Issues, Emerging Dilemmas"., (May 1, 2008), p. 277, ISBN  978-1-58367-161-0
  30. ^ Siegert, Gabriele, Brecheis Dieter in: Werbung in der Medien- und Informationsgesellschaft, Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2005, ISBN  3-531-13893-6
  31. ^ McChesney, Robert W. "The Political Economy of Media: Enduring Issues, Emerging Dilemmas". Monthly Review Press, New York, (May 1, 2008), p. 256, ISBN  978-1-58367-161-0
  32. ^ a b Giroux, Henry A., McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, in the foreword for: The Spectacle of Accumulation by Sut Jhally, Sutjhally.com
  33. ^ McChesney, Robert W. "The Political Economy of Media: Enduring Issues, Emerging Dilemmas". Monthly Review Press, New York, (May 1, 2008), p. 43, ISBN  978-1-58367-161-0
  34. ^ "Adbusters' Ads Busted". Ushbu davrlarda. 2008-04-04. Olingan 2009-04-20.
  35. ^ a b v "Seminar: Werbewelten - Werbung und Medien" (nemis tilida). Viadrina.euv-ffo.de. Olingan 2009-04-20.[doimiy o'lik havola ]
  36. ^ McChesney, Robert W. "The Political Economy of Media: Enduring Issues, Emerging Dilemmas". Monthly Review Press, New York, (May 1, 2008), p.271, ISBN  978-1-58367-161-0
  37. ^ a b Jhally, Sut. Advertising at the edge of the apocalypse: Sutjhally.com
  38. ^ McChesney, Robert W. "The Political Economy of Media: Enduring Issues, Emerging Dilemmas". Monthly Review Press, New York, (May 1, 2008), pp. 269, 270, ISBN  978-1-58367-161-0
  39. ^ "Selon Le Lay, TF1 a une mission: fournir du "temps de cerveau humain disponible" - [Observatoire français des médias]". Observatoire-medias.info. Olingan 2009-04-20.
  40. ^ McChesney, Robert W. "The Political Economy of Media: Enduring Issues, Emerging Dilemmas". Monthly Review Press, New York, (May 1, 2008), pp. 235, 237, ISBN  978-1-58367-161-0
  41. ^ Rorty, James: "Our Master's Voice: Advertising" Ayer Co Pub, 1976, ISBN  0-405-08044-1, ISBN  978-0-405-08044-9
  42. ^ Rorty, James: (1934) "Our Master's Voice - Advertising", McMaster Press (June 30, 2008), ISBN  1-4097-6973-9, ISBN  978-1-4097-6973-6
  43. ^ McChesney, Robert W. "The Political Economy of Media: Enduring Issues, Emerging Dilemmas". Monthly Review Press, New York, (May 1, 2008), p. 276, ISBN  978-1-58367-161-0
  44. ^ Jhally, Sut in: Stay Free Nr. 16, 1999 yil
  45. ^ McChesney, Robert W. "The Political Economy of Media: Enduring Issues, Emerging Dilemmas". Monthly Review Press, New York, (May 1, 2008), p. 213, ISBN  978-1-58367-161-0
  46. ^ a b Report of the Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health, Prepared March 20, 1998, in Arxiv.official-documents.co.uk
  47. ^ a b Hüther, Jürgen and Stiehler, Hans-Jörg in: Merz, Zeitschrift für Medien und Erziehung, Vol. 2006/6: merzWissenschaft - Sport und Medien, JFF.de
  48. ^ "Bizning missiyamiz". The Anti-Advertising Agency. 2006-01-23. Olingan 2009-04-20.
  49. ^ Eicke, Ulrich: Die Werbelawine. Angriff auf unser Bewußtsein. Myunxen, 1991 yil
  50. ^ Bepul qoling 16, Reklama to'g'risida, 1999 yil yoz
  51. ^ Mularz, Stiven. "Reklamaning salbiy ta'siri" (PDF). mularzart.com. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2009-03-18. Olingan 2010-07-12.
  52. ^ Rixter, Xans Yurgen. Das Image-Marketing-da einführung. Feldtheoretische Forschung. Shtutgart: Kohlhammer Verlag (Urban TB, 1977). Hieraus: Aufgabe der Werbung S. 12
  53. ^ "Humanistische Union: Aktuelles". Humanistische-union.de. Olingan 2009-04-20.
  54. ^ YTV-ning 2007 yilgi Tween hisoboti: Ontariondp.com
  55. ^ "Marketologlar bolalarni qanday nishonga olishadi". Media-xabardorlik tarmog'i (MNet). 2010. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2009-04-16. Olingan 2011-10-20.
  56. ^ Eicke Ulrich u. Wolfram: Medienkinder: Vom richtigen Umgang mit der Vielfalt, Knesebeck Myunxen, 1994, ISBN  3-926901-67-5
  57. ^ Makkesni, Robert V. "Ommaviy axborot vositalarining siyosiy iqtisodiyoti: dolzarb muammolar, paydo bo'layotgan ikkilanishlar". Monthly Review Press, Nyu-York, (2008 yil 1-may), p. 269, ISBN  978-1-58367-161-0
  58. ^ Makkesni, Robert V. "Ommaviy axborot vositalarining siyosiy iqtisodiyoti: dolzarb muammolar, paydo bo'layotgan ikkilanishlar". Oylik sharh matbuoti (2008 yil 1-may), ISBN  978-1-58367-161-0
  59. ^ Iste'molchilar huquqlarini himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun, R.S.Q., c. P-40.1, ss. 248-9 (shuningdek qarang: Iste'molchilar huquqlarini himoya qilish to'g'risidagi nizomning 87-91-moddalari, RRQ, 1981 y., P-40.1; va Kvebekdagi iste'molchilar huquqlarini himoya qilish to'g'risidagi Qonunning 248 va 249-bo'limlari uchun qo'llanma (13 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalar uchun mo'ljallangan reklama). Yosh).
  60. ^ "Qayta yo'naltirish". umontreal.ca. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2011-02-15. Olingan 2010-07-12.
  61. ^ Melani Rother (2008-05-31). "Leichtes Spiel für die Werbeindustrie: Textarchiv: Berliner Zeitung Archiv". Berlinonline.de. Olingan 2009-04-20.[doimiy o'lik havola ]
  62. ^ Xoks, Korinna (2004). "Bolalarga oziq-ovqat marketingi: global tartibga solish muhiti" (PDF). Jahon Sog'liqni saqlash tashkiloti. Jeneva.
  63. ^ Cai, Xiaomei (2008). "Reklama va maxfiylik: bolalar uchun foyda keltiradigan va notijorat veb-saytlarni taqqoslash". Aloqa bo'yicha tadqiqotlar bo'yicha hisobotlar. 25 (1): 67. doi:10.1080/08824090701831826.
  64. ^ Xsu, Tiffani (2019-09-04). "Ommabop YouTube o'yinchoqlarni ko'rib chiqish kanali reklama uchun chiziqlarni xira qilishda ayblanmoqda". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 2020-02-18.
  65. ^ Perelli, Amanda. "Dunyo bo'yicha eng ko'p daromad oladigan yulduz, 8 yoshli bola, o'z biznesining imperiyasi rivojlanib borishi bilan o'z kanalini o'zgartirdi". Business Insider. Olingan 2020-02-21.
  66. ^ Berg, Madelin. "Qanday qilib bu 7 yoshli bola o'yinchoqlar o'ynab 22 million dollar ishlab topdi". Forbes. Olingan 2020-02-21.
  67. ^ a b "Tijorat media savodxonligi: u nima qiladi, kimga va bu muhimmi? (22-IYUN-07)". Reklama jurnali. Accessmylibrary.com. 2007-06-22. Olingan 2009-04-20.
  68. ^ "Yosh bolalar uchun maxsus muammolar: keraksiz oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini reklama qilish va ovqatlanish masalalari". Ommaviy axborot vositalari tarmog'i (MNet). 2010 yil. Olingan 2011-10-20.
  69. ^ Graff, S., Kunkel, D., Mermin E. S. (2012). "Hukumat bolalarga oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini reklama qilishni tartibga solishi mumkin, chunki kognitiv tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, bu o'z-o'zidan chalg'itadi". Sog'liqni saqlash. 31 (2): 392–98. doi:10.1377 / hlthaff.2011.0609. PMID  22323170.CS1 maint: bir nechta ism: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola)
  70. ^ a b "ERIC ED461810: Tipplers: Amerikada voyaga etmaganlar ichadigan epidemiya". ERIC - Ta'lim resurslari haqida ma'lumot markazi (Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Ta'lim vazirligi ), Kolumbiya universitetidagi giyohvandlik va moddalarni suiiste'mol qilish bo'yicha milliy markaz.
  71. ^ Schechter, Danny (2009-04-16). "Uy". Media kanali. Olingan 2009-04-20.
  72. ^ Makkesni, Robert V. Ommaviy axborot vositalarining siyosiy iqtisodiyoti: dolzarb muammolar, paydo bo'layotgan ikkilanishlar. Monthly Review Press, Nyu-York, (2008 yil 1-may), p. 279, ISBN  978-1-58367-161-0
  73. ^ Baran, Pol va Svizi, Pol (1964) "Monopoliy kapital": Makkesni, Robert V. Ommaviy axborot vositalarining siyosiy iqtisodiyoti: dolzarb muammolar, paydo bo'layotgan ikkilanishlar. Monthly Review Press, Nyu-York, (2008 yil 1-may), p. 52, ISBN  978-1-58367-161-0
  74. ^ Makkesni, Robert V. Ommaviy axborot vositalarining siyosiy iqtisodiyoti: dolzarb muammolar, paydo bo'layotgan ikkilanishlar. Monthly Review Press, Nyu-York, (2008 yil 1-may), p. 281, ISBN  978-1-58367-161-0
  75. ^ Dovni, Endryu (2008-02-08). "San-Paulu o'zini o'zi sotmoqda - dunyo megapolislarining ichki ishi". TIME. Olingan 2009-04-20.
  76. ^ "Scenic America: Billboard qurilishini taqiqlovchi jamoalar". Scenic.org. 2008-08-01. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2011-07-25. Olingan 2009-04-20.
  77. ^ Plummer, Robert (2006-09-19). "Braziliyaning reklama odamlari reklama taxtalariga taqiq qo'yildi, BBC News, 2006 yil 19 sentyabr". BBC yangiliklari. Olingan 2009-04-20.
  78. ^ Mahdavi, Arva (2015 yil 12-avgust). "Shaharliklar reklamani tepishi mumkinmi? Shahar reklama taxtalarini taqiqlash bo'yicha global harakat ichida". Guardian. Olingan 21 aprel 2017.
  79. ^ "Billboard Liberation Front Creative Group". Billboardliberation.com. Olingan 2009-04-20.
  80. ^ "Qurilish paytida noqonuniy signallar.ca". noqonuniy_signs.ca.
  81. ^ "Résistance À l'Agression Publicitaire". Antipub.org. Olingan 2009-04-20.
  82. ^ "Media Education Foundation". Mediaed.org. Olingan 2009-04-20.
  83. ^ "Reklama qarshi agentligi". Reklama qarshi agentligi. Olingan 2009-04-20.
  84. ^ "Tijorat to'g'risida ogohlantirish - jamoalarni tijoratdan himoya qilish". Commercialalert.org. Olingan 2009-04-20.
  85. ^ "Media Education Foundation". Mediaed.org. Olingan 2009-04-20.
  86. ^ "Parklangan domen sahifasi". www.mediawatch.ca.
  87. ^ "MediaSmarts". media-awareness.ca.
  88. ^ Advertising Education Foundation (2008-05-20). "Advertising Education Foundation - Ta'lim reklama mazmuni". AEF. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2009-04-20. Olingan 2009-04-20.
  89. ^ "Missiya va mandat". Cca-kids.ca. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2009-04-04 da. Olingan 2009-04-20.
  90. ^ "Bolalarning reklama beruvchilaridan tashvishlanaman". Cca-kids.ca. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2009-04-22. Olingan 2009-04-20.
  91. ^ "DIP21.bundestag.de". bundestag.de.
  92. ^ Korten, Devid. (1995) Korporatsiyalar dunyoni boshqarganda. 2. 2001 yil nashr: Berrett-Koler, San-Fransisko, Kaliforniya, ISBN  1-887208-04-6

Tashqi havolalar

Bilan bog'liq ommaviy axborot vositalari Reklama tanqidlari Vikimedia Commons-da