Edmund Maski - Edmund Muskie

Edmund Maski
Edmund Maski portreti, yuqoriga qarab.jpg
Maski 1980 yilda
58-chi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari davlat kotibi
Ofisda
1980 yil 8 may - 1981 yil 18 yanvar
PrezidentJimmi Karter
O'rinbosarUorren Kristofer
OldingiKir Vens
MuvaffaqiyatliAleksandr Xeyg
Kafedra Senatning byudjet qo'mitasi
Ofisda
1975 yil 3 yanvar - 1980 yil 8 may
OldingiLavozim belgilandi
MuvaffaqiyatliFritz Xollings
Kafedra Demokratik senatorlar saylovoldi qo'mitasi
Ofisda
1967 yil 3 yanvar - 1969 yil 3 yanvar
OldingiLavozim belgilandi
MuvaffaqiyatliBennett Jonston
Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari senatori
dan Meyn
Ofisda
1959 yil 3 yanvar - 1980 yil 7 may
OldingiFrederik Peyn
MuvaffaqiyatliJorj Mitchell
64-chi Meyn gubernatori
Ofisda
1955 yil 5 yanvar - 1959 yil 2 yanvar
OldingiBerton Kros
MuvaffaqiyatliRobert Haskell
A'zosi Meyn Vakillar Palatasi
110-okrugdan
Ofisda
1946 yil 5-dekabr - 1951 yil 2-noyabr
OldingiCharlz Kammings
MuvaffaqiyatliRalf Farris
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan
Edmund Sixtus Maski

(1914-03-28)1914 yil 28 mart
Rumford, Meyn, BIZ.
O'ldi1996 yil 26 mart(1996-03-26) (81 yosh)
Vashington, Kolumbiya, BIZ.
Dam olish joyiArlington milliy qabristoni
Siyosiy partiyaDemokratik
Turmush o'rtoqlar
Jeyn Grey
​
(m. 1948)​
Bolalar5
Ta'limBates kolleji (BA )
Kornell universiteti (LLB )
Imzo
Harbiy xizmat
Sadoqat Qo'shma Shtatlar
Filial / xizmat Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz kuchlari
Xizmat qilgan yillari1942–1945
RankUS-O3 insignia.svg Leytenant
BirlikAQSh dengiz qo'riqxonasi
Janglar / urushlarIkkinchi jahon urushi
 • Osiyo-Tinch okeani teatri

Edmund Sixtus Maski[a] (1914 yil 28 mart - 1996 yil 26 mart) 58-bo'lib xizmat qilgan Amerika davlat va siyosiy arbobi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari davlat kotibi Prezident davrida Jimmi Karter, a Meyn shtatidan AQSh senatori 1959 yildan 1980 yilgacha, 64-chi Meyn gubernatori 1955 yildan 1959 yilgacha va a'zosi Meyn Vakillar Palatasi 1946 yildan 1951 yilgacha Demokratik partiya uchun nomzod Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining vitse-prezidenti ichida 1968 yil prezident saylovi, yonida Xubert Xamfri.

Tug'ilgan Rumford, Menga Polsha ota-onalar, Maski tugatgan Bates kolleji yilda Leviston va Kornell universiteti yilda Itaka. Xizmat qilishdan oldin u ikki yil advokat bo'lib ishlagan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining dengiz qo'riqxonasi davomida 1942 yildan 1945 yilgacha Ikkinchi jahon urushi. Qaytib kelgandan so'ng, Maski xizmat qildi Meyn shtati qonun chiqaruvchi organi 1946 yildan 1951 yilgacha respublikachilarning og'ir muxolifatiga qarshi. Shahar hokimligi uchun muvaffaqiyatsiz taklifga qaramay Votervill, u Meynning xafa bo'lgan g'alabasida 64-gubernator etib saylandi Rim katolik 1954 yilda. Garchi islohot gubernatori etib saylangan bo'lsa-da, Maski undan ajralib chiqdi mandat; u tuzatdi uning konstitutsiyasi hokimiyatni mustahkamlash uchun bir necha marta, to'xtatib qo'ydi "Meyn qanday ketsa, xalq ham shunday bo'ladi "agressiv bosilgan doktrina iqtisodiy ekspansionizm va atrof-muhitning qat'iy qoidalarini o'rnatdi. Maski harakatlari deyarli to'xtadi 100 yillik respublika tayanchi va siyosiy qo'zg'olonga olib keldi Meyn demokratlari. U o'z uy shtati vakili sifatida Qo'shma Shtatlar Senatidan joy olish uchun jamoatchilikning ko'payganligidan foydalangan.

Davomida uning qonunchilik faoliyati uning senatorlik faoliyati ning keng kengayishiga yordam berdi Qo'shma Shtatlardagi zamonaviy liberalizm. U otasini 1960-yillarning ekologik harakati ning o'tishi bilan yakunlandi 1970 yil "Toza havo to'g'risida" gi qonun va 1972 yilgi Toza suv to'g'risidagi qonun, xalqaro ekologik siyosatning o'ziga xos xususiyatlari. Fuqarolik huquqlari harakati tarafdori Muskie uni qo'llab-quvvatladi Fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi 1964 y, yaratilishi Martin Lyuter Kingning kuni va toraygan Richard Nikson "Imperial prezidentlik "oldinga siljish orqali Yangi federalizm. Maski 1968 yilgi prezidentlik saylovlarida Xamfri bilan Niksonga qarshi kurash olib borgan, faqat 0,7 foizga yutqazgan - bu ulardan biri AQSh tarixidagi eng tor chegaralar. U yugurishda davom etardi 1972 yil prezident saylovi u 1,84 million ovozni qo'lga kiritdi boshlang'ich saylovlar 15 ishtirokchi orasida to'rtinchi o'rinni egallab turibdi. Qarama-qarshi bo'lganlarning chiqarilishi "Canuck xat "o'zining saylovoldi kampaniyasini bekor qildi va o'zining obro'sini to'kdi Asli fransuz-kanadalik amerikaliklar.

Saylovdan so'ng u 1976 yil bergan Senatiga qaytib keldi Ittifoqning holati. Maski yangi tashkilotning birinchi raisi bo'lib ishlagan Senatning byudjet qo'mitasi 1975 yildan 1980 yilgacha u Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining byudjet jarayoni.[b] Senatdan iste'foga chiqqach, Karter uni AQShning 58-davlat kotibi lavozimiga taklif qildi; u edi tasdiqlangan 94-2 marj bilan o'z lavozimiga kirish. A o'rtasida ofisni faraz qilaylik qator xalqaro ziddiyatli nizolar, uning kotib sifatida eng muhim muvaffaqiyati uning bo'limi bilan muzokara olib borganida yuz berdi 52 amerikalikni ozod qilish xulosa qilish Eron garovidagi inqiroz. U mukofotga sazovor bo'ldi Prezidentning Ozodlik medali 1981 yilda Karter tomonidan mukofotlangan ommaviy ta'til 1987 yildan beri Meynda.

Edmund Muskie.jpgUshbu maqola haqida ketma-ket qismidir Edmund Maski
Meyn gubernatori
Meyn shtatidan AQSh senatori
Saylovlar

Egalik

Oq uy uchun kampaniyalar
Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari davlat kotibi
Kotibiyatdan keyingi

Edmund Muskie Signature.svg

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Davlat departamenti

Dastlabki hayot va ta'lim

Edmund Sixtus Maski 1914 yil 28 mart, shanba kuni tug'ilgan Rumford, Meyn.[9][10] U ota-onasining birinchi farzandi Irene (1912 yilda tug'ilgan) va ukasi Evgeniy (1918 yilda tug'ilgan) va uchta opa-singilidan oldin tug'ilgan - Lyusi (1916 yilda tug'ilgan), Yelizaveta (1923 yilda tug'ilgan) va Frensis (tug'ilgan). 1921).[1] Uning otasi Stiven Marciszewski, tug'ilgan va o'sgan Jasionowka, Rossiya Polshasi[11] va kichik rus zodagonlari uchun mulk menejeri bo'lib ishlagan.[12] U 1903 yilda Amerikaga ko'chib kelgan va 1914 yilda "Marciszewski" dan Muskie ismini o'zgartirgan.[c] U sifatida ishlagan usta tikuvchi va Maskining onasi Jozefina (vanee Czarnecka) a sifatida ishlagan uy bekasi. U a uchun tug'ilgan Polsha-amerikalik oila qo'tos, Nyu York. Maskining ota-onasi 1911 yilda turmush qurgan va Jozefina ko'p o'tmay Rumfordga ko'chib o'tgan.[14]

Maski birinchi tili edi Polsha; u 4 yoshga qadar o'zining yagona tili sifatida gapirgan. U ko'p o'tmay ingliz tilini o'rganishni boshladi va oxir-oqibat ona tilida ravonligini yo'qotdi.[15] Yoshligida u g'ayratli edi baliqchi, ovchi va suzuvchi.[16] U o'zini "g'alati" kabi his qilar edi, shuning uchun u butun umri davomida Ed tomonidan yurib o'tdi.[17] Muski erta hayotida uyatchan va xavotirli edi, lekin juda ko'p do'stlarini saqlab qoldi.[18] Maski u o'ynagan Stephens o'rta maktabida o'qigan beysbol, sahna san'atida qatnashgan va katta yoshida talabalar birlashmasining prezidenti etib saylangan. U 1932 yilda o'z sinfining yuqori qismida o'qishni tugatgan valediktorian.[19] Maktab gazetasining 1931 yildagi nashrida u quyidagilarni qayd etgan: "Stivenning zallarida sizning boshingiz va elkangiz ko'tarilganini ko'rganingizda, sizning ko'zingiz Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining bo'lajak Prezidentiga bayram qilayotganini bilishingiz kerak".[20]

Ning siyosiy hayajoni ta'sirida Franklin D. Ruzvelt ga saylanish oq uy, u ishtirok etdi Bates kolleji yilda Leviston, Meyn.[19][21] Kollejda o'qiyotgan paytida Maski muvaffaqiyatli a'zosi bo'lgan munozara jamoasi, bir nechta sport turlari bilan shug'ullangan va saylangan talabalar hukumati.[19] Garchi u kichik stipendiya olgan bo'lsa va Yangi bitim subsidiyalar, u yozda idishlarni yuvish mashinasi sifatida ishlashi kerak edi qo'ng'iroq mehmonxonada Kennebunk Batesdagi vaqtini moliyalashtirish uchun.[22] U o'zining kundaliklarida vaqti-vaqti bilan yanada boyroq Bates tengdoshlariga nisbatan ishonchsizlik hissiyotlarini yozib qo'ygan; Maski, natijada kollejdan haydalishidan qo'rqardi ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy holat.[23] Uning ahvoli asta-sekin yaxshilanib boradi va 1936 yilda sinf prezidenti va a'zosi sifatida bitiradi Phi Beta Kappa.[14] Dastlab u matematika ixtisosligi bilan shug'ullanmoqchi bo'lib, tarix va hukumat sohasida ikki martalik mutaxassislikka o'tdi.[24]

Bitirgandan so'ng, unga qisman imtiyozlar asosida stipendiya berildi Kornell huquq fakulteti. U erda ikkinchi semestrdan so'ng, uning stipendiyasi tugadi. U maktabni tashlab ketishga tayyorlanayotganda, Uilyam Bingem II ismli "ekssentrik millioner" haqida, unga maktub yozganlarning universitet xarajatlari, ipoteka kreditlari, avtoulov kreditlari va boshqa xarajatlarni tasodifiy va vaqti-vaqti bilan to'lash odati borligini eshitdi. Muski unga immigratsion kelib chiqishi haqida yozganidan so'ng, u Korneldagi so'nggi yillarini moliyalashtirishga imkon beradigan odamdan 900 dollar oldi. Yuridik fakultetda o'qiyotgan paytida u saylangan Phi Alpha deltasi va bitirishni davom ettirdi jum laude, 1939 yilda.[25] Kornellni tugatgandan so'ng, Maski qabul qilindi Massachusets shtati 1939 yilda.[26]

Keyin u Meyn shtati imtihonida o'qiyotganda o'rta maktabning o'rnini bosuvchi o'qituvchi bo'lib ishlagan; u 1940 yilda o'tdi. Maski ko'chib o'tdi Votervill va 1940 yil mart oyida 2000 dollar evaziga "Muskie & Glover" deb nomlangan kichik yuridik amaliyotni sotib oldi.[27]

Nikoh va bolalar

Jeyn Frensis Grey 1927 yil 12 fevralda Votervillda Mirti va Millage Gay Greyda tug'ilgan. O'sib ulg'ayganidan so'ng, u o'rta maktabda "maktabdagi eng chiroyli" deb tan olingan va 15 yoshida birinchi ishini kiyim do'konida boshladi.[28][29] 18 yoshida u eksklyuziv ravishda buxgalter va sotuvchi sifatida ishga qabul qilindi haute couture butiki Vatervillda. U erda umumiy do'sti uni shaharda advokat sifatida ishlayotgan paytida Maski bilan tanishtirishga urindi. Uning ishi tomon ketayotganida, uning derazasida Grey liboslari bor edi. Maski bir kuni do'konga kirib, uni tantanali tadbirga taklif qildi. O'sha paytda u 19 yoshda edi va u 32 yoshda edi; ularning yoshdagi farqi shaharchada tortishuvlarga sabab bo'ldi.[30] Biroq, Grey va uning oilasi bilan o'n sakkiz oy davomida uchrashgandan so'ng, u 1948 yilda shaxsiy marosim bilan unga uylanishga rozi bo'ldi. Grey va Maski besh farzandi bor: Stiven (1949 yilda tug'ilgan), Ellen (1950 yilda tug'ilgan), Melinda (1956 yilda tug'ilgan). ), Marta (1958 yilda tug'ilgan) va kichik Edmund (1961 yilda tug'ilgan).[10] Muskilar sariq dachada yashagan Kennebunk plyaji ular Meynda yashaganlarida.[18]

AQSh dengiz kuchlari qo'riqxonasi, 1942–1945

1940 yil iyun oyida Prezident Ruzvelt yaratdi V-12 dengiz kuchlari kollejini tayyorlash dasturi 28 yoshgacha bo'lgan erkaklarni oxir-oqibat avj olishiga tayyorlash Ikkinchi jahon urushi. Maski rasmiy ravishda ro'yxatdan o'tgan qoralama 1940 yil oktyabrda va rasmiy ravishda chaqirilgan pastki ofitser 1942 yil 26-martdagi mashg'ulotlar.[31] 28 yoshida u a sifatida ishlashga tayinlangan dizel muhandisi ichida Dengiz zaxiralari bo'yicha midshipmenlar maktabi.[31] 1942 yil 11 sentyabrda uni chaqirishdi Annapolis, Merilend shtatida Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz akademiyasi. U yurish amaliyotini u yo'qligida "uning ismi Vatervillda tarqalishda davom etishi" uchun yugurib ketdi. U sifatida o'qidi shogird dengizchi unvoniga ega bo'lishdan oldin olti hafta davomida midshipman.[32]

1943 yil yanvar oyida u tayinlanishidan oldin o'n olti hafta davomida dizel injiniring maktabida o'qidi Birinchi dengiz okrugi, Boston May oyida. Maski ishlagan YP-522 USS bir oyga. Iyun oyida u tayinlandi USP YP-566 da Shuyler Fort sifatida ishlagan Nyu-Yorkda indoktrinator.[33] 1943 yil noyabrda u lavozimga ko'tarildi Pastki ofitser. U ikki hafta davomida mashq qildi Mayami, Florida Submarine Chaser o'quv markazida. Shundan so'ng u boshqa joyga ko'chirildi Kolumb, Ogayo shtati o'qish uchun razvedka 1944 yil fevralda.[34] Mart oyida u lavozimga ko'tarildi Leytenant (kichik sinf).[34] Maski Kaliforniyada joylashgan edi Mare oroli aprel oyida rasmiy ravishda ishtirok etishdan oldin faol vazifa urush.[34]

U o'zining faol xizmat safarini kemada boshladi esmort eskorti Brackett USS. Uning kemasi himoya vazifasini bajargan AQSh konvoylari dan sayohat qilish Marshal va Gilbert orollari dan Yaponiya suvosti kemalari. The Braket 1944 yil yozining aksariyat qismida orollarga va undan orollarga kuzatib qo'yilgan kemalar. 1945 yil yanvar oyida kema Yaponiya yuk kemasini olib bordi va oxir-oqibat cho'kib ketdi. Taroa oroli.[35] Ikki orolga va undan qaytib kemalarni yana bir necha oy kuzatib turgandan so'ng, kema edi ishdan chiqarilgan. U edi zaryadsizlangan 1945 yil 18-dekabrda dengiz flotidan.[36]

Meyn Vakillar Palatasi

Qavat Meyn Vakillar Palatasi.

U 1946 yil yanvar oyida Meynga qaytib keldi va yuridik amaliyotini tiklay boshladi. O'zining yuridik amaliyotini kengaytirishning bir usuli sifatida boshqalar siyosiy siyosiy lavozimga qatnashishga ishonib, rasmiy ravishda siyosatga kirishdi.[37] U respublikachiga qarshi chiqdi Uilyam A. Jons uchun saylovda Meyn Vakillar Palatasi 110-okrug uchun. Muskie 2635 ovozni qo'lga kiritdi va 1946 yil 9 sentyabrda ko'pchilikni ajablantiradigan saylovda g'olib bo'ldi.[38] Shu vaqt ichida Meyn Senati 30 dan 3 gacha, uy esa 127 dan 24 gacha respublikachilarni demokratlarga qarshi stacked qildi.[39]

U birinchi yil davomida federal va harbiy aloqalar qo'mitalariga tayinlangan. Maski himoya qildi ikki partiyaviylik uni siyosiy partiyalar tomonidan keng qo'llab-quvvatlanishiga erishdi. 1946 yil 17 oktyabrda uning yuridik amaliyoti katta yong'inni davom ettirdi va unga taxminan 2300 dollar miqdorida zarar etkazdi. Ammo yillik 800 AQSh dollar miqdoridagi stipendiya va yong'in ta'sirida bo'lgan boshqa korxona rahbarlarining yordami uning ishini tezda boshladi.[39]

Uning shahar farmonlari bilan ishlashi Votervill mahalliy aholini 1947 yilgi saylovda bankir Rassel V. Skvayrga qarshi Vatervill meri bo'lish uchun qatnashishini so'rashga undadi. Ehtimol tufayli ishda ustunlik, Maski saylovlarda 2853 ovoz bilan yutqazdi va Skvayrdan 434 ovoz ortda qoldi.[40] Ba'zi tarixchilar uning yo'qolishi uning o'ziga torta olmasligi bilan bog'liq deb hisoblashadi Franko-amerikalik saylovchilar.[41]

Maski 1948 yilda Waterville rayonlashtirish bo'yicha kengashda o'z o'rnini egallab, siyosiy ishtirokini davom ettirdi va gubernator bo'lguniga qadar bu yarim kunlik lavozimda qoldi. Keyinchalik u ikkinchi muddatini 1948 yilda boshlash uchun uyga qaytib keldi Ozchiliklar etakchisi og'ir respublikachilar oppozitsiyasiga qarshi.[42] Maski 1949 yil Meyn Demokratik Kongressi paytida platforma qo'mitasining raisi etib tayinlandi. Qurultoy davomida u Meynning turli siyosiy elitasini birlashtirdi - ayniqsa Frank M. Tobut va Viktor Xant Harding - partiyaning qaytishini rejalashtirish.[43] 1951 yil 8-fevralda Maski Meyn vakili palatasidan iste'foga chiqib, Meyn direktori vazifasini bajaruvchisi bo'ldi Narxlarni barqarorlashtirish idorasi. U ko'chib o'tdi Portlend ko'p o'tmay inflyatsiyani nazorat qilish va narxlar darajasiga qarab bo'linmalar tayinlandi.[44] Uning ishi uning nomini tanib olish uchun foydalanadigan iqtisodiy rag'batlantirish to'g'risida xabar tarqatish uchun Meyn bo'ylab harakatlanishini talab qildi.[44] 1951 yildan 1952 yilgacha narxlarni barqarorlashtirish idorasida mintaqaviy direktor bo'lib ishlagan.[10] Ofisdan chiqqandan keyin unga qo'shilishni so'rashdi Demokratik milliy qo'mita a'zo sifatida; u 1952 yildan 1956 yilgacha qo'mitada ishlagan.[10]

1953 yil aprelda, Vatervildagi oilaviy uyida ta'mirlash ishlarini olib borayotganda, Maski balkon panjarasini ikki marta qulab tushdi. reyslar zinapoyalar.[45] U hushidan ketib, orqasiga o'tirdi. U kasalxonaga etkazilgan va u erda ikki kun davomida hushsiz yotgan.[45] Shifokorlar uni a koma shuning uchun ular unga komatozaga xos dori berishdi, bu esa uning hushiga kelishiga, lekin boshlanishiga olib keldi gallyutsinat.[46] Maski kasalxona derazasidan sakrab o'tmoqchi bo'lgan, ammo xodimlar uni jilovlagan. Bir necha oydan keyin jismoniy reabilitatsiya va tuzatuvchi qavslar bilan yana bir bor yurishga muvaffaq bo'ldi.[47]

Meyn gubernatori, 1955–1959

Gubernatorlik kampaniyasi

Asosiy maqola: 1954 yil Meyn gubernatori saylovi
Meyn gubernatorligi uchun Meyn uchun kampaniya

Men shtatidagi qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyatda va narxlarni barqarorlashtirish idorasida taniqli vakolatxonani o'rnatgandan so'ng, u o'zining rasmiy taklifini 1954 yil Meyn gubernatorlik poygasi demokrat sifatida. Berton M. Kross, respublikaning amaldagi gubernatori o'z lavozimiga qo'shilishni istagan. Agar u g'alaba qozonganida edi, u bo'lar edi ketma-ket beshinchi Qayta saylanadigan gubernator. Saylov davomida Muskie shunday deb qaraldi underdog tufayli Meyndagi respublikachilarning tayanch punkti. Maski buni o'zi tan oldi: "Bu imkoniyatdan ko'ra ko'proq vazifa, chunki demokratning g'alaba qozonish ehtimoli yo'q edi".[18] Uning yugurishiga turli xil shaxsiy sabablar turtki bo'ldi. Maski kasalxonalardagi besh ming dollarlik qarzlari tufayli juda qattiq qarzga botgan va o'sayotgan ipoteka kreditini saqlab qolgan. U saylangan paytda, Men shtatining gubernatori uchun oylik har yili o'n ming dollar qilib belgilandi.[18] U saylovoldi tashviqotini olib borayotganda, unga "Muskie Vatervildagi o'n to'rt yillik amaliyoti davomida erisha olmagan mijozlari va daromadlari" ni saqlaydigan nufuzli Rumford yuridik firmasida to'liq sheriklik bilan shug'ullanadigan lavozim taklif qilindi.[18] Uning yakuniy tanlovi uning "o'ziga nisbatan jamiyat" mentalitetini aks ettirdi va saylovni davom ettirishga qaror qildi.[48] U 1954 yil 8 aprelda ofisga nomzodligini e'lon qildi.[49]

Maski a partiya platformasi ekologiya va davlat investitsiyalari. Uning ekologik platformasi Meynni muhofaza qilish departamentini "o'rmon xo'jaligi, ichki baliq va ov, dengiz va qirg'oq yurisdiktsiyasiga ega bo'lish uchun" tashkil etishni talab qildi. baliqchilik, mineral, suv va boshqalar Tabiiy boyliklar "va yaratish ifloslanishga qarshi qonunchilik.[50] U Meyn siyosatiga "ikki partiyali" yondashuv zarurligini ta'kidladi. Maski markaziy kampaniya shiori ko'p yillik respublika tayanch punktiga ishora qilgan "Meyn o'zgarishga muhtoj" edi.[49] U Respublikachilar partiyasini atrof-muhitga beparvoligi, iqtisodiyotni qayta yo'lga qo'ymaganligi, malakali ishchi kuchlaridan kam foydalanayotgani va davlat sarmoyalarini e'tiborsiz qoldirayotgani uchun tanqid qildi.[51]

U ketma-ket Demokratik gubernatorlik nominatsiyasida, so'ngra 1954 yil 13 sentyabrda ko'pchilik ovoz berish orqali umumiy saylovda g'olib bo'ldi. xafa g'alaba Muskieni o'sha vaqtdan beri Meynning ijrochi direktori etib saylangan birinchi demokratga aylantirdi Lui J. Brann 1934 yilda. Uning saylanishi Meynda respublikachilarning siyosiy hukmronligining tugashi va hokimiyatning ko'tarilishi bilan bog'liq sabab sifatida qaraldi. Demokratik partiya.[18][52][53] G'alaba qozonganidan so'ng, u Meyndan tashqarida saylovlarda qatnashayotgan boshqa demokratlardan unga bir qator saylov kampaniyasini to'xtatishni so'radi.[54]

Birinchi davr

Maski 40 gektar maydonni sotib oldi Cape Elizabeth Meyn uchun.

Maski tantanali ravishda ochildi 64-chi Meyn gubernatori 1955 yil 6-yanvarda.[55] U davlatning birinchi vakili edi Rim katolik hokim.[56] Uning lavozimiga kirishganidan ko'p o'tmay, navbatdagi saylov tsikli qonun chiqaruvchini Maskiga qarshi 4 dan 1 gacha respublikachilar-demokratlar nisbati bilan birlashtirdi. Orqali ikki partiyaviylik va uning tajovuzkor shaxsiyati[18] u partiyasi platformasining aksariyat qismidan o'tishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Saylovchilar uni suvni nazorat qilish va ifloslanishiga qarshi qonunchilikni yanada agressiv ravishda amalga oshirishga undashdi. Avgust oyida Meyn shtati qonun chiqaruvchi organi unga davlatning ifloslanish standartlarini nazorat qilish bo'yicha favqulodda choralar ko'rishga vakolat berdi. U 1955 yil 31-avgustda Yangi Angliya davlatlararo suvning ifloslanishini nazorat qilish to'g'risidagi Shartnomani imzolash uchun foydalangan. Ushbu ixcham tashkilotga a'zo davlatlardan ifloslanishga qarshi choralar uchun to'lashni talab qilishgan. Savdo-sanoat palatasining konservativ a'zolari Maskiga ixcham pul ajratishga urinishda unga qarshi kurashdilar va to'lanadigan summani ancha kamaytirdilar.[57] Bu davrda Maski asosiy tashvishlardan biri bu iqtisodiy rivojlanish edi. Meyn aholisi keksayib, bosim o'tkazmoqda ijtimoiy xizmatlar. U davlat xarajatlarini muvozanatlash maqsadida ma'lum dasturlarni kengaytirdi va boshqalarni qisqartirdi.[6][58] Maski ishdan ketishdan oldin imzoladi ijro buyrug'i gubernatorlik muddatini to'rt yilgacha uzaytirish.[59]

U o'z ichiga olgan hududni kengaytirdi Baxter shtat bog'i 3569 gektar maydonni tashkil etdi va 40 gektar maydonni sotib oldi (1,7 million fut)2) ning Cape Elizabeth federal hukumatdan 28000 dollar evaziga.[60] Shuningdek, u Savdo-sanoatni rivojlantirish departamenti va Meyn sanoat qurilish boshqarmasini yaratdi.[53] 1955 yil fevral oyida unga atom energiyasi haqida ma'lumot berildi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Atom energiyasi bo'yicha komissiyasi uni atom energiyasi bilan ishlaydigan elektr inshootlarining kengayishini cheklashga olib keladi.[61]

Ikkinchi muddat

Maski meros portret sifatida uning muddatini eslash uchun 64-chi Meyn gubernatori (1955 yildan 1959 yilgacha).

1956 yil 10 sentyabrda Maski respublikachilarga qarshi 180,254 ovoz (59,14% ovoz) bilan Meyn gubernatori etib qayta saylandi. Uillis A. Trafton. U 16 ta okrugning 14 tasida g'alaba qozongan. U ikkinchi muddatini atrof-muhit standartlarini tajovuzkorona bajarish bilan boshladi. 1957 yilda u 29 million dollarlik avtomobil yo'lini sanksiya qildi bog'lanish.[62] Ushbu obligatsiya Meyn tomonidan amalga oshirilgan eng yirik yo'l qurilishini moliyalashtirdi. Avtomobil yo'li 91 ko'prikni o'z ichiga olgan va 1960 va 1967 yillarda kengaytirilgan Davlatlararo 95.[63]

Gubernatorlik davrida u xalq ta'limi sohasidagi xarajatlarni ko'paytirish, kasalxonalarni subsidiyalashtirish, davlat muassasalarini modernizatsiya qilish va davlat sotish soliqlarini yig'indisi bilan 1 foizga oshirishda obro'sini saqlab qoldi.[62] U infratuzilmani rivojlantirishga yo'llar va daryolarni saqlashga qaratilgan 4 million dollar qo'shdi.[64] Maski agressiv tarzda itarib yubordi iqtisodiy ekspansionizm.[51][65] 1957 yilda u kurash olib borgan Meyn kafolati idorasini tashkil etdi iqtisodiy etuklik - biznes egalari uchun kapitalni yanada qulayroq qilish bilan bog'liq ish yo'qotish.[66] Maski ham vaqti-vaqti bilan tushirildi savdo solig'i, oshdi eng kam ish haqi va mehnatni muhofaza qilishni yanada oshirib, sezilarli darajada oshishiga olib keldi iste'mol xarajatlari.[67] U o'zgartirdi Meyn konstitutsiyasi 20 million dollarlik davlat mablag'larini xususiy investitsiyalarga yo'naltirish maqsadida.[68] U davlat boshlang'ich va o'rta maktablari hamda universitetlar kabi qimmat muassasalarga subsidiyalarni oshirdi.[69] Dastlab 1836 yilda tashkil etilgan bo'lsa-da, Men shtatidagi muzey yopiq va Maski oldida olti marta qayta ochilgan berilgan 1958 yilda.[70]

Uning gubernatorligi Respublikachilar partiyasidagi ko'p fraktsionalizmdan foydalangan va keng tarqalishiga olib kelgan Meyndagi Demokratik partiya. 1954 yildan 1974 yilgacha partiya ikki baravar ko'paydi, Respublikachilar partiyasi doimiy ravishda 262 ming 367 kishidan ro'yxatdan o'tgan 227 ming 828 nafarga kamaydi.[53] Ko'p sonli davlat siyosatchilari uning siyosiy uslubiga taqlid qilib, o'z dasturlarini turli xil mahalliy hukumatlar orqali amalga oshirdilar va saylovlarda muvaffaqiyat qozondilar.[53] Uning mo''tadil siyosatchilarni tayinlashi shtatdagi butun respublika muassasasini chap tomonga siljitdi.[53] Ushbu smenada taqqoslashlar yig'ildi Xubert Xamfri ning ta'siri Minnesota va Jorj MakGovern ning ta'siri Janubiy Dakota.[53] Gubernatorlikdagi so'nggi oylarida u o'z lavozimini ikki yildan to'rt yilga o'zgartirdi.[62] Ishdan ketishdan biroz oldin u Meynnikini ko'chirdi umumiy saylov sentyabrdan noyabrgacha bo'lgan sana "degan tushunchani qat'iyan tugatadiMeyn qanday ketsa, millat ham shunday bo'ladi ".[71] Bunga Muski konstitutsiyaga o'zgartirish kiritmasdan oldin o'ttiz olti marta urinib ko'rdi.[72]

Maski 1959 yil 2 yanvarda o'z o'rnini egallash uchun iste'foga chiqdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati keyin 1958 yilgi Senat saylovi. Uning o'rnini respublikachi egalladi Robert Haskell saylangan gubernator, demokratgacha vaqtinchalik lavozimda Klinton Klauzon, ochilish marosimi bo'lib o'tdi. Maski 1959 yil 6 yanvarda rasman Klausonning o'rnini egalladi.[53]

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati, 1959–1980

Saylov va kampaniyalar

Asosiy maqola: Edmund Maskining saylov tarixi
Edmund Maski Senat tomonidan ijro etilishi uchun stiker

Muskiening birinchi tanlovi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati 1958 yilda bo'lgan. U 1958 yilgi saylovlar amaldagi respublikachi senatorga qarshi Frederik G. Peyn. Muskie Peynning 39 foiziga qarshi 60% ovoz bilan saylovda g'olib bo'ldi. U respublikadagi amaldagi prezidentlarni quvib o'tgan va saylovlar davrida tsiklni uy ichidagi partiya sifatida tashkil etgan 12 demokratlardan biri edi.[73] The New York Times bu saylov paytida Tashqi saylov byulletenlari Demokratlar uchun so'ralganlar, saylovchilarning noroziligini sezilarli darajada oshirdi Respublika mafkurasi.[73] Ushbu saylov Senat tarixidagi yagona partiyaviy yutuq sifatida baholandi.[74]

U ikkinchi muddatga nomzodini qo'ydi 1964, Respublikachilarga qarshi Klifford MakIntir. Muskie 66,6% ovoz bilan g'alaba qozondi. Demokratlar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanayotgani sababli saylovlar "Yo'qotib bo'lmaydigan Senat poygasi" deb nomlandi. Prezident Jon F. Kennedining o'ldirilishi.[75]

Saylov arafasida nutq

Uning uchinchi kampaniyasi va Senatga saylanishi 1970 yilda bo'lib o'tdi 1970 yilgi saylovlar, Maski Respublikachilarga qarshi ovozlarning 61,9 foizini qo'lga kiritdi Nil S. Bishop Bu 38,3%. Saylovlar Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining ishtiroki tufayli shov-shuvli deb topildi Vetnam urushi va amaldagi prezidentning mashhurligi oshib bormoqda Richard Nikson. Ovoz berishni boshlagan tunda Maski butun mamlakat bo'ylab 14 daqiqalik nutqni Niksonning shu kabi murojaatidan so'ng amerikalik saylovchilarga ma'ruza qildi. "Deb nomlangansaylov arafasida nutq"[76][77][78][79] u bilan gaplashdi Amerika eksklyuzivligi va "yolg'on va yolg'on toshqinlariga" qarshi.[80] Nutq ko'rib chiqildi ikki tomonlama va ikkala tomon ham yaxshi kutib olishdi. Siyosatshunoslarning fikricha, nutq saylov paytida ovoz berish tartibiga ta'sir qildi, chunki o'ttiz million tinglovchi bor edi.[80] Sharhlovchilar ushbu nutqni "asosan evangelist" deb qabul qilishdi[25] va "vulkanik shaxsiy xarakter, ammo tinchlantiruvchi jamoat uslubi" ning belgisi. [80] Nutqdan eng taniqli parcha jamoatchilik tomonidan keng sharhlandi[81] tishlash xususiyati va tanqidiyligi uchun "qo'rquv siyosati ":

Men gapiryapman Cape Elizabeth, Men bilan yaqinlashib kelayotgan saylov kampaniyasini muhokama qilish uchun Meyn. Kampaniyalarimizning jaziramasida hammamiz ozgina g'azab va mubolag'a qilishga odatlanib qoldik. Bu bizning tizimimiz. U deyarli ikki yuz yil davomida ishladi - dunyodagi boshqa siyosiy tizimlarga qaraganda ko'proq. Ammo 1970 yilgi ushbu saylovlarda biron bir narsa noto'g'ri ketdi. Taxminan misli ko'rilmagan hajmni nomlash va aldash bor edi. Hurmatli erkaklarga tuhmat qilishdi. Mamlakatning sodiq xizmatchilari o'zlarining sabablarini so'rashgan va vatanparvarliklariga shubha qilishgan. Bu rahbarlik qilingan. . . ilhomlangan. . . va boshqariladigan. . . erdagi eng yuqori idoralardan. ... Biz Amerikani kichkina qila olmaymiz. ... Odatda bu bo'linish partiyalar o'rtasida emas, balki odamlar va g'oyalar o'rtasida bo'ladi. Ammo bu yil Respublikachilar partiyasi rahbarlari qasddan ushbu yo'nalishni partiya safiga aylantirdilar. Ular sizga aynan shu tanlov bilan duch kelishdi. Shunday qilib - uchun ovoz berishda Demokratik partiya ertaga - siz ovozingizni nafaqat rahbarlar va siyosat uchun - balki o'z fuqarolaringizga bo'lgan ishonch uchun berasiz. . . ozodlik uchun ushbu uyning qadimiy an'analarida. . . va eng muhimi, o'zingizga bo'lgan ishonch uchun.[77]

The Portlend Press Herald 1970 yil 4-noyabrda bunga o'xshashligini ta'kidladi Franklin D. Ruzvelt "s yong'in tomon suhbatlar "video bilan".[77] Ushbu ma'ruza "zamonaviy ishlarda keng tarqalgan ta'sirning paydo bo'layotgan ritorik janri sifatida televidenie orqali chiqishning o'lchamlari" bo'yicha ko'plab tadqiqotlar mavzusi bo'ldi.[82]

Uning ichida to'rtinchi va yakuniy saylov, Maski Respublikachilarga qarshi yugurdi Robert A. G. Monks 1976 yilda; u Monk 39,8% bilan taqqoslaganda 60,2% ovoz oldi.[83] Saylovlar bilan saylovlarga to'g'ri keldi Jimmi Karter demokrat sifatida katta qo'llab-quvvatlashga olib keladigan prezident sifatida,[84] garchi Karter Meynni amaldagi prezidentga boy bergan bo'lsa-da Jerald Ford ichida 1976 yil prezident saylovi.

Birinchi va ikkinchi davr

Muskining ismida uning nomi yozilgan Senat palatasi stol: "ning ostidagiBayden, Del. "Kumush rangda.

Edmund Maski o'z lavozimiga qasamyod qildi Meyn shtatidan AQSh senatori 1959 yil 3-yanvarda.[85] Senatdagi birinchi ikki oyi jangovar va tez-tez kambag'al bo'lganligi uchun obro'ga ega bo'ldi Ko'pchilik rahbari, Lyndon B. Jonson keyinchalik uni Senatdagi tashqi o'rindiqlarga tushirgan. Keyingi besh yil ichida u sezilarli kuch va ta'sirga ega bo'ldi va Senatning eng samarali qonunchilari qatorida ko'rib chiqildi.[86] Biroq, kuch va ta'sirning kuchayishi Meyndagi tarafdorlarini beparvolikka ishora qilib, unga "faxriy Kennedi" deb nom berishga undadi. Jon F. Kennedi birinchi bo'lib siyosiy tortishuvga erishganida Massachusets shtatiga to'g'ri keldi.[86] Maski o'zining dastlabki ikki davridagi ta'sir kuchidan 50-yillarning oxiri va 60-yillarning boshlarida ekologizmning keng tarqalishiga turtki berdi.[87] Uning aniq maqsadlari ifloslanishni oldini olish va toza muhitni ta'minlash edi. Vaqti-vaqti bilan chiqish qilish atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish unga erishdi taxallus - Janob Toza.[88][89]

U Senatdagi barcha karerasini a'zosi sifatida xizmat qildi Jamoat ishlari qo'mitasi, u atrof-muhit to'g'risidagi qonunlarning aksariyatini ijro etish uchun foydalanadigan qo'mita.[10] U xizmat qilgan Bank va valyuta bo'yicha qo'mita 1959 yildan 1970 yilgacha; The Hukumat operatsiyalari qo'mitasi 1978 yilgacha.[10] Jamoat ishlari qo'mitasining a'zosi sifatida u sayohat qilgan Sovet Ittifoqi 1959 yilda.[10] U homiylik qilingan The Hukumatlararo munosabatlar to'g'risidagi qonun, o'sha yil oxirida.[90]

1962 yilda u asos solgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari poytaxt tarixiy jamiyati Kongressning boshqa a'zolari bilan bir qatorda.[91] Xuddi shu yili Kongress a'zolari uni havo va suvning ifloslanishi bo'yicha kichik qo'mitaning birinchi raisi sifatida saylashdi.[10] 1963 yilda u birinchi bo'lib havoning ifloslanishini tartibga soluvchi yangi qonunga homiylik qildi. The 1963 yilgi toza havo to'g'risidagi qonun Maski va uning yordamchisi Leon Billings tomonidan yozilgan va ishlab chiqilgan.[10]

Maski tashkil etdi Ruzvelt Kampobello xalqaro bog'i yilda Nyu-Brunsvik, Kanada.

Uning birinchi katta yutug'i - bu o'tish Fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi 1964 y. U taklif qilingan qonunchilik uchun uni qabul qilish uchun yuzdan ortiq ovoz to'pladi.[86] Shuningdek, 1964 yil davomida u tanqid qildi J. Edgar Guvver ning boshqaruvi Federal tergov byurosi. Muskie "haddan tashqari g'ayratli kuzatuv va uning direktorining murosasizligidan" xafa bo'ldi.[86] Maski shuningdek, qurilishiga homiylik qilgan Ruzvelt Kampobello xalqaro bog'i yaqin Franklin Delano Ruzvelt Nyu-Brunsvikdagi ko'chmas mulk.[10] Xalqaro xususiyatiga ko'ra, Maskidan bog'ni saqlash uchun AQSh-Kanada komissiyasiga qo'shilishni so'rashdi.[10] 1965 yilda unga yana homiylik qilingan Suv sifati to'g'risidagi qonun (keyinchalik "Toza suv to'g'risidagi qonun" nomi bilan tanilgan). U munozarada zamin menejeri bo'lgan va 1965 yilda uning o'tishiga va 1970 yilda muvaffaqiyatli tuzatishlariga olib keldi.[10]

Prezident Jonson bilan bir qatorda Buyuk jamiyat va Qashshoqlikka qarshi urush Muskie tomonidan tayyorlangan dasturlar Shaharlarning namunaviy loyihasi oxir-oqibat 1966 yilda Kongressning ikkala palatasidan o'tdi.[92] Ilgari Jonson bilan jangovar bo'lib, Maski u bilan ko'proq hamkorlik aloqalarini rivojlantira boshladi. Jonson imzolagan paytida Hukumatlararo hamkorlik to'g'risidagi qonun u dedi: Men senator Maski bugun tushda biz bilan bo'lishi mumkinligidan mamnunman. Menimcha, hech kim hech kim Milliy hukumat, shtatlar va shaharlar o'rtasidagi hamkorlikni rag'batlantirish uchun ko'proq ish qilgani yo'q. "[93] Shuningdek, 1966 yilda Maski yordamchi etib saylandi Demokratik qamchi va qavat menejeri bo'lib xizmat qilgan Toza suvni tiklash to'g'risidagi qonun.[10]

Muski Prezidentni rag'batlantirdi Jonson AQShning harbiy yordamini qaytarib olish Rolling Thunder operatsiyasi.

1967 yil davomida AQShda mashhur kayfiyat mavjud edi urushga qarshi, bu Maskini tashrif buyurishga undadi Vetnam 1968 yilda o'zining siyosiy mavqeini xabardor qilish. Mamlakatga tashrif buyurishdan oldin u kongressmen bilan urush tarafdorlari platformasida bahslashdi. Safardan so'ng, u harakatning etakchi ovoziga aylandi va yillik Demokratik Kongressda nutq so'zlab, davom etayotgan bahslarga kirishdi. Uning nutqidan keyin "o'n minglab namoyishchilar konvensiyani o'rab olishdi va besh kun davomida politsiya bilan qattiq to'qnashuvlar".[94] U Jonsonga shaxsan o'z pozitsiyasini tasdiqlagan holda yozgan Vetnam urushi. U AQShni Vetnamdan imkon qadar tezroq chiqib ketishi kerakligini ta'kidladi.[10] Bir necha oy o'tgach, u yana prezidentga maktub yozib, uni tugatishni talab qildi Shimoliy Vetnamni bombardimon qilish.[95] Xuddi shu yili u boshqa senatorlar bilan sayohat qilgan Janubiy Vetnam Respublikasi ularning saylovlarini tasdiqlash uchun.[10]

Keyinchalik, da 1968 yil Demokratlarning milliy qurultoyi, u Vetnamdagi ma'muriyat taxtasi uchun munozarani olib bordi, bu jamoatchilikning g'azabini qo'zg'atdi. 1969 yil 15 oktyabrda uni yashil maydon kutib oldi Yel universiteti uning ovozi bilan bog'liq muammolarni hal qilish uchun, lekin taklifni rad etib, o'sha kuni kechasi o'z maktabida gaplashishni ma'qul ko'rdi, Bates kolleji, yilda Leviston, Meyn.[18] Uning bu qarorini Demokratik partiya va Yel universiteti mutasaddilari keng tanqid qildilar.[18] 1967 yildan 1969 yilgacha u kafedra vazifasini bajargan Demokratik senatorlar saylovoldi qo'mitasi.[10] U tayinlanishiga qarshi ovoz berdi Klement Xaynsvort uchun AQSh Oliy sudi.[10]

Uchinchi va to'rtinchi muddat

Uning uchinchi muddati 1970 yilda homiylik qilish bilan boshlangan McGovern-Xetfild rezolyutsiyasi Vetnam urushiga harbiy aralashuvni cheklash.[10] Shu vaqt ichida Xarold Karsvell AQSh Oliy sudiga tayinlanmoqchi edi. Maski unga qarshi ovoz berdi va Karsvell tasdiqlash jarayonida muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi.[10] Maski shuningdek, olti oylik ichki va Sovet Ittifoqi yadro texnologiyalarini rivojlantirish yadroviy qurollanish poygasi.[10]

Jorj Mitchell Maski bilan nutqni nusxalash-tahrirlash, 1960 yil

Kongressning atrof-muhit qo'mitasining raisi sifatida u va boshqa qo'mita a'zolari, shu jumladan Xovard Beyker tanishtirdi 1970 yil "Toza havo to'g'risida" gi qonun,[96] Qo'mita shtab-kvartirasi direktori Leon Billings va ozchiliklar bo'yicha direktor Tom tomonidan birgalikda yozilgan Jorling. Ushbu hujjatning bir qismi sifatida u avtomobilsozlik sanoatiga 1977 yilgacha havoning ifloslanishini 90% kamaytirish kerakligini aytdi.[97] U, shuningdek, suvni ifloslanish to'g'risida Federal qonunga qo'shimchalar yozgan Toza suv to'g'risidagi qonun va boshqa Kongress a'zolarini uni qabul qilishga undab: "Mamlakat bir vaqtlar daryolari bilan mashhur edi ... Ammo bugungi kunda bu mamlakatning daryolari dengizga kanalizatsiyadan ko'proq xizmat qiladi ... Sog'liq uchun xavf, ekologik zarar, iqtisodiy yo'qotish har qanday joyda bo'lishi mumkin. "[98] Qonun loyihasi yoqdi ikki tomonlama qo'llab-quvvatlash AQSh Kongressida bo'lib, 1971 yil 29 noyabrda quyi palata va 1972 yil 29 martda yuqori palata tomonidan qabul qilingan. Kongressning qo'llab-quvvatlashi uni qonun sifatida qabul qilish uchun etarli edi. Richard Nikson mashq qildi ijro etuvchi veto qonun loyihasida va uning qonun bo'lishini to'xtatdi. Biroq, Maskie tomonidan olib borilgan keyingi saylov kampaniyasidan so'ng Senat va Vakillar palatasi Nikson vetosini bekor qilish to'g'risidagi qonunni 247-23 qabul qildi.[99][100] Qonun loyihasi tarixiy ahamiyatga ega edi, chunki u AQShning federal va shtat suvlarida ifloslantiruvchi moddalarni tartibga solishni belgilab qo'ydi va keng vakolatlarni yaratdi. Atrof muhitni muhofaza qilish agentligi va suvning sog'liqni saqlash standartlarini yaratdi.[101][102] Shuningdek, 1971 yilda Maskiega qo'shilishni so'radi Senatning tashqi aloqalar qo'mitasi; u Evropaga va Yaqin Sharq ushbu sifatda.[10]

Uning xulosasidan keyin 1968 yilgi kampaniya uchun oq uy u Senatga qaytib keldi. Chattanooga paytida qora tanli ikki talabani otish da Jekson shtat kolleji 1970 yilda Missisipi shtati politsiyasi tomonidan Muskie yollashga majbur qilingan reaktiv samolyot taxminan yuz kishini o'q teshiklarini ko'rish va qurbonlardan birining dafn marosimida qatnashish. Meyn aholisi buni "shoshma va o'z-o'ziga xizmat qilish" deb aytishdi, ammo Muski o'zining harakatlari uchun ochiqchasiga afsuslanmasligini bildirdi.[18] Los-Anjelesdagi bir tadbirda u bir necha kishini qo'llab-quvvatlashini ochiqchasiga aytdi qora kuchlarni kuchaytirish harakatlari ko'plab ommaviy axborot vositalarining e'tiborini tortgan Kaliforniyada va qora tanli shahar kengashi a'zosi Tomas Bredli.[18] 1970 yilda Muski Demokratik partiyaning Kongress saylovchilariga oraliq saylovlar oldidan yuborgan xabarini bayon qilish uchun tanlandi. Uning milliy qadami 1972 yilda Demokratik partiyadan prezidentlikka nomzod uchun asosiy nomzod sifatida ko'tarilgan. 1973 yilda u Niksonning nomzodiga Demokratik javob berdi Ittifoq manzili.[103] Shu vaqt ichida u hukumatlararo aloqalar quyi qo'mitasi raisi etib tayinlandi.[104] Maski "daryo suvi uchun topshiriq" deb hisoblanib, hukumatning majburiyatlarini kengaytirish va uning vakolatlarini cheklash uchun foydalangan. Richard Nikson "Imperial prezidentlik "va oldinga siljish Yangi federalizm ideallar.[105]

U raisi sifatida ishlagan Senatning byudjet qo'mitasi orqali To'qson uchinchi uchun To'qson oltinchi kongresslar 1973 yildan 1980 yilgacha. Shu vaqt ichida Kongress Kongressning byudjet idorasi Niksonning byudjet talabiga qarshi chiqish uchun. 1974 yilgacha a tashkil etish uchun rasmiy jarayon bo'lmagan federal byudjet shuning uchun Kongress Senatning byudjet qo'mitasi homiyligida ofisni tashkil etdi. Muskie rais sifatida rahbarlik qildi, tuzildi va yaratilishini ma'qulladi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining byudjet jarayoni.[3][4][5][6]

1977 yilda u o'zgartirdi 1972 yil suvning ifloslanishini nazorat qilish to'g'risidagi Federal qonun boshqalar bilan birga, o'tish 1977 yilgi Toza suv to'g'risidagi qonun.[106] Ushbu yangi qo'shimchalar cheklashga mo'ljallangan "tanazzulga uchramaslik" yoki "toza o'sish" siyosatini o'z ichiga olgan salbiy tashqi ta'sirlar.[106] 1978 yilda u kichik tuzatishlar kiritdi Resurslarni tejash va tiklash to'g'risidagi qonun va "Superfund ".[107]

Oq uy uchun kampaniyalar

1968 yil prezident saylovi

Asosiy maqola: 1968 yil AQShda prezident saylovi

Kampaniya

Uchun reklama kampaniyasi 1968 yil prezident saylovi.

1968 yilda Maski o'tirgan vitse-prezident bilan Demokratik chiptada vitse-prezidentlikka ko'rsatildi Xubert Xamfri. Xamfri Maskidan uning sherigi bo'lishini so'radi, chunki u a-dan kontrastli shaxsga nisbatan ancha himoyalangan edi Katolik fon va Polsha kelib chiqishi.[108]

Hamfri-Maski chiptasi kamdan-kam hollarda xalq ovozini yo'qotdi Richard Nikson va Spiro Agnew. Xamfri va Maski umumiy ovozlarning 42,72 foizini oldi va 13 shtat va 191 ta ovoz oldi saylovchilarning ovozlari; Nikson va Agnew xalqning 43,42% ovozini qo'lga kiritishdi va 32 shtat va 301 saylovchining ovozini olishdi. uchinchi tomon chiptasi Jorj Uolles va Kertis LeMay nomzodi sifatida qatnashmoqda Amerika mustaqil partiyasi, ommaviy ovozlarning 13,53 foizini oldi va beshta shtatni oldi Chuqur janub va ularning 46 ta ovozi saylovchilar kolleji. Agnewning Maskiga nisbatan nomzod sifatida aniq zaifligi sababli, Xamfri prezidentlarning ikkita asosiy nomzodidan kimni tanlash borasida saylovchilarning noaniqliklari, vitse-prezidentlikka nomzodlarga bo'lgan munosabatlari bilan hal qilinishi kerakligi haqida gapirdi.[109] Vitse-prezidentlik saylov kampaniyasida Chattanooga, Tennessi, uning so'zlari keltirilgan:

Haqiqat shundaki, amerikaliklar ushbu buyuk an'anada tug'ilganlar gumanizm, hali ham xurofotga berilib, boshqa amerikaliklarga nisbatan kamsitishni amalda qo'llamoqda. The truth is, having developed patterns and ways of living which reflect these shortcomings and weaknesses, we find it burdensome and difficult to and all too often unacceptable to do the uncomfortable things that we all must do to right the wrongs of our society.[18]

1972 presidential election

Background and primaries

Asosiy maqola: Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarida prezident saylovi, 1972 y
Muskie campaigning during the 1972 presidential elections.

Oldin 1972 yilgi saylov, Muskie was viewed as a front-runner for the Democratic presidential nomination. Despite his political rise in the polls he continued to engage in tiring day after day speeches in various part of the country.[18] During an August 17, 1969 appearance on Matbuot bilan tanishing, Muskie said his entry into the presidential primary would depend on his being convinced that he could meet the challenges as well as his comfort: "I don't think I'll answer either question for a year or two."[110] On November 8, 1970, Muskie said he would only declare himself as a presidential candidate in the event he became convinced he was best suited for unifying the country through the presidency.[111]In August 1971, Harris polling amid a growing economic crisis, Muskie came out on top of incumbent Nixon if the election had been held that day.[112] In late 1971, Muskie gave an anti-war speech in Dalil.[18] The nation was at Vetnamdagi urush va Prezident Richard Nikson 's foreign policy promised to be a major issue in the campaign.[109]

The 1972 Ayova shtatidagi kokuslar, however, significantly altered the race for the presidential nomination. Senator Jorj MakGovern dan Janubiy Dakota, initially a dark horse candidate, made a strong showing in the caucuses which gave his campaign national attention. Although Muskie won the Iowa caucuses, McGovern's campaign left Iowa with momentum. Muskie himself had never participated in a primary election campaign, and it is possible that this led to a weakening of his campaign. Muskie went on to win the Nyu-Xempshirda boshlang'ich saylov, the victory was by only a small margin, and his campaign took a hit after the release of the "Canuck letter".[109]

"Canuck letter"

Asosiy maqola: Canuck xat

On February 24, 1972, a staffer from the White House forwarded a letter about Muskie to the "Manchester Yunayted" etakchisi. The qalbaki letter– reportedly the successful sabotaj work of Donald Segretti va Ken V. Klavson[113][114]—asserted that Muskie had made disparaging remarks about Frantsuz kanadaliklari which were likely to injure his support among the French-American population in northern Yangi Angliya.[115] The letter contained reference to French Canadians as "Kanaklar "—a term used affectionately by some Canadians [116] but which may be regarded as offensive when referring to French Canadians [117]—leading to its sobriket, "The Canuck letter".[118]

A day later, the same paper released an article that contained accusatory reference to his wife, Jane, as a drunkard and racially intolerant. On the morning of February 26, Muskie gave a speech to supporters outside of the "Manchester Yunayted" etakchisi ofislari "Manchester", New Hampshire. His speech was viewed as emotional and defensive; he called the newspaper's editor a "gutless coward".[115] Muskie gave the speech during a snowstorm which created the appearance of him crying.[119] Though Muskie later attempted to claim that what had appeared to the press as tears were actually melted snowflakes, the press reported that Muskie broke down and cried, shattering the candidate's image as calm and reasoned.[120][121][122]

Evidence later came to light during the Votergeyt bilan bog'liq janjal investigation that, during the 1972 presidential campaign, the Nixon campaign committee maintained a "dirty tricks" unit focused on discrediting Nixon's strongest challengers. Federal tergov byurosi (FBI) investigators revealed that the Canuck Letter was a forged document as part of the dirty-tricks campaign against Democrats orchestrated by the Nixon campaign.[89][123] Nixon was also reported to have ordered men to follow Muskie around and gather information. He tried to connect Muskie's acquaintance with singer Frank Sinatra to an abuse of office. Muskie often flew on Sinatra's private plane while traveling around California.[124][125]

1976 presidential election

Asosiy maqola: Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarida prezident saylovi, 1976 yil

In early July 1976, Muskie spoke with Jimmi Karter in a "productive" and "harmonious" discussion that was followed by Carter confirming that he considered Muskie qualified for the vice-presidential nomination.[126] Carter ultimately selected Valter Mondale uning sherigi sifatida.[127]

U.S. Secretary of State, 1980-81

Edmund Muskie in his office as Secretary of State, 1980[d]

In late April 1980, he was tapped by President Jimmi Karter to serve as secretary of state, following the resignation of Kir Vens. Vance had opposed Eagle Claw operatsiyasi, a secret rescue mission intended to rescue American hostages held by Iran. After that mission failed with the loss of eight U.S. servicemen, Vance resigned. Muskie was picked by Carter for his accomplishments with senatorial foreign policy. He was appointed and soon after tasdiqlangan by the Senate on May 8, 1980 by a margin of 94–2.[94][130]

Draft Muskie movement

In June 1980, there was a "draft Muskie" movement among Democratic voters within the primaries of the 1980 yilgi prezident saylovi. President Carter was running against Senator Ted Kennedi, and opinion polls ranked Muskie more favorably against Kennedy. One poll showed that Muskie would be a more popular alternative to Carter than Ted Kennedi, implying that the attraction was not so much to Kennedy as to the fact that he was not Carter. Moreover, Muskie was polled against Republican challenger Ronald Reagan at the time showing Carter seven points down.[131] Due to a political allegiance with Carter, he backed out of the contention.[132] Pressured by the Carter Administration, Muskie released the following public statement to Democratic voters: "I accepted the appointment as secretary of state to serve the country and to serve the president. I continue to serve the president, and I will support him all the way! I have a commitment to the president. I don't make such commitments lightly, and I intend to keep it."[132] Maqola Nyu-Yorker speculated that the move to back Muskie was a temporary flex of political power by the Democratic voter base to unease Carter.[133]

Afg'oniston

1979 yil dekabrda, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan bu sabab bo'ldi NATO to trigger its ally contract.[94] Muskie began his tenure as secretary of state five months into the invasion. He assigned Deputy Secretary Uorren Kristofer the tasks of managing the domestic side of the department while he participated in international deliberations.[134] Muskie met with Soviet diplomat Andrey Gromyko who categorically rejected a compromise that would secure the Soviet Union's chekinish Afg'onistondan.[135] Gromyko wanted the state department to formally recognize Kobul as a part of the Soviet Union.[136]

Sovet Ittifoqi

Muskie was against the rapid accumulation of highly developed weaponry during the 1950s and 1960s as he thought that would inevitably lead to a nuclear arms race that would erode international trust and cooperation. He spoke frequently with the government executives of Sovuq urush allies and that of the Soviet Union urging them to suspend their programs in pursuit of global security.[94] Muskie's inclinations were confirmed during the early 1970s when Russia split from the U.S. and accumulated more jangovar kallaklar va ballistikaga qarshi raketa tizimlari. In November 1980, Muskie stated that Russia was interested in pursuing a "more stable, less confrontational' relationship with the United States."[137] He criticized the stances undertaken by Ronald Reygan multiple times during his presidential campaign expressing disdain for the calls to reject the SALT II treaty.[138] Muskie, throughout his political career, was deeply afraid of global yadro urushi with the Soviet Union.[139]

Eron garovidagi inqiroz

Asosiy maqola: Eron inqiroz bo'yicha muzokaralarni garovga oldi

On November 4, 1979, 52 American diplomats and citizens were held hostage by an Iranian student group in Tehran's AQSh elchixonasi. Iste'fodan keyin Kir Vens left a gap in the negotiations for the hostages, Muskie appealed to the Birlashgan Millatlar (U.N.) and the government of Iran to release the hostages to little success. Already six months into the hostage crisis, he was pressed to reach a diplomatic solution.[140] Before he assumed the position, the Delta Force rescue attempt called Eagle Claw operatsiyasi resulted in the death of multiple soldiers, leaving military intervention a sensitive course of action for the American public. He established diplomatic ties with the Iranian government and attempted to have the hostages released yet was initially unsuccessful. On January 15, as Muskie was flying to address the Meyn Senati in Augusta, President Carter called him as his jet was touching down at Endryus aviabazasi.[141] Carter alerted him that there was a possible breakthrough in the negotiations conducted by his deputy secretary Uorren Kristofer.[141] After the negotiations failed, Muskie instructed the state department to continue seeking an agreement for the hostages' release.[136] On January 20–the inauguration day of Ronald Reagan –the fifty-two hostages were handed over to U.S. authorities, a solution that had eluded Muskie and the entire Carter administration for 444 days and contributed to Carter's defeat.[140]

Muskie left office on January 18, 1981, two days before Carter's last day as president and the inauguration of Ronald Reygan.[134]

Keyingi yillar

Muskie with Ronald Reygan va Jon minorasi discussing the Tower Commission

Muskie retired to his home in Bethesda, Maryland, in 1981. He continued to work as a lawyer for some years. After leaving public office, he was a partner with Chadbourne & Parke, a law firm in Vashington.[136] Muskie also served as the chairman of the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy at Jorjtaun universiteti as well as the chairman Emeritus of the Milliy siyosat markazi.[142]

1981 yilda u mukofot bilan taqdirlandi Laetare medali tomonidan Notre Dame universiteti, eng nufuzli mukofot deb hisoblanadi Amerika katoliklari.[143]

Tower Commission

In 1987, Muskie was appointed a member of the President's Special Review Board known as the "Tower Commission " to investigate President Ronald Reagan's administration's role in the Iran-Contra affair. Muskie and the commission issued a highly detailed report of more than 300 pages that was critical of the president's actions and blamed the White House chief of staff, Donald T. Regan, for unduly influencing the president's activities. The panel was notable as the findings of the report were directly critical of the president who appointed the commission.[144]

Muskie was critical of the commission decrying the "over-obsession with secrecy," noting that "there are occasions when it's necessary to hold closely information about especially covert operations, but even possibly other operations of the Government. But every time that you are over-concerned about secrecy, you tend to abandon process."[145] While underfunded, the commission did find that the Reagan administration ran a parallel policy directive at the same time they were publicly condemning negotiating for hostages.[146]

O'lim va dafn marosimi

Muskie's gravestone at the Arlington milliy qabristoni, 2007

Muskie died at 4:06 AM est on the morning of March 26, 1996 at the Georgetown University Medical Center in Washington, D.C., after seeking treatment for bouts of konjestif yurak etishmovchiligi.[147] He died two days shy of his 82nd birthday. Eight days prior he underwent a karotid endarterektomiya in his right neck.[148] His assistant reported that he had suffered a miokard infarkti.[148] Some historians believe that his qon pıhtıları were brought on from frequent 8,421 mile (13,552 km) flights to Kambodja; he was asked to assist in stabilizing its government[149] Prezident nomidan Bill Klinton.[74]

Due to his service in the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining dengiz qo'riqxonasi davomida Ikkinchi jahon urushi, he was eligible to be buried at Arlington milliy qabristoni yilda Arlington okrugi, Virjiniya.[148][150] His ultimate rank of leytenant had him placed in Section 25 of the cemetery.[151] Although he died on March 26, his qabr toshi initially noted that he died on the 25th.[152] His wife, Jane, died on December 25, 2004, due to health complications brought on by Altsgeymer kasalligi.[29] She was buried next to Muskie and his grave stone was corrected to read "March 26, 1996".[153]

Muskie was memorialized yilda Vashington, Leviston, Maine, and Bethesda, Merilend. At his Washington memorial, he was paid tribute to by a variety of U.S. senators and house representatives.[154] Uning alma mater–Bates kolleji –held a memorial presided over by its president, Donald Xarward.[154] On March 30, 1996, a publicly broadcast, Rim katolik funeral was held in Bethesda at the Church of the Little Flower.[155] U edi tabriklangan by U.S. president Jimmi Karter; U.S. Senator, Jorj J. Mitchell; 20th United States Ambassador to the United Nations, Madlen Olbrayt; a political aide, Leon G. Billings; and one of Muskie's sons, Stephen.[154]

Meros

Tarixiy baholash

Bronza büstü of Muskie looking upwards, a part of the Edmund S. Muskie Archives.

Historical evaluations of Edmund Muskie focus on the impact his actions and legislation had in the United States and the greater world.[74][156][157] His accomplishments in his home state have had him noted as one of the most influential politicians in the history of Maine.[6][74] Depending on the metric he is coupled with Gannibal Xamlin va Jeyms Bleyn as the three most important politicians from Maine.[158][159][160] Muskie occupied all offices available in the Maine political system bundan mustasno shtat senatori va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari vakili. His political status in Maine is generally perceived favorably.[161] During his four-year term as Governor of Maine he initiated a konstitutsiyaviy o'zgartirish, invested heavily in infratuzilma, and institutionalized economic development– effectively bringing Maine into the Kapitalizmning oltin davri.[162] Muskie ended the "as Maine goes, so goes the nation " political sentiment in the United States by moving Maine's general election date to November instead of September.[162] He preserved the cultural integrity of the state by endowing the Maine State Museum which was seen as critical to his public perception.[162] Although economic expansionism was historically seen negatively by the people of Maine, Muskie's policies were seen favorably as they were coupled with environmental provisions. His advocation for eng kam ish haqi increases, increased mehnatni muhofaza qilish va savdo solig'i exemptions boosted iste'mol xarajatlari.[163][164] Muskie has been widely characterized as the catalyst for the political renaissance of the Democratic Party in Maine.[18][52][53] His election to the governorship signaled a fracturing of the Republican Party in the state and nearly tripled the number of Democrats in Maine between 1954 and 1974.[163][165]

Since Muskie left office as the AQSh davlat kotibi, writers, historians, scholars, political analysts and the general public have debated his legacy. Particular emphasis is placed on his impact in the ekolog va fuqarolik huquqlari harakati; bureaucratic advancement, and diplomacy. Overall supporters of Muskie point to an expansion of atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish, saqlash va xavfsizlik.[166] Numerous historians have noted him as "the father of the 1960s environmental movement Amerikada ".[74][87] His accomplishments in environmentalism established two of the foremost measures in U.S. ekologik siyosat: the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1972 and 1977 va Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 and 1977.[167] His contributions to the Clean Air Act were so great that the bill was nicknamed the "Muskie Act".[168][169][170] These two laws have been credited as the first major step to launching the wider environmentalism movement both in the U.S. and to some extent, the rest of the Free World.[171][172][173] Harvard University law professor Richard Lazarus summarized Muskie's legislative legacy with the following:

Senator Muskie's environmental law legacy is no less than stunning in terms of positive impact on the nation's natural environment. It takes little imagination to speculate what our national landscape would now look like if the economic growth we witnessed in the past four decades had not been accompanied by the environmental protections for air, land, and water provided by the laws that Senator Muskie championed in the 1970s.[174]

Muskie's influence on American diplomacy was detailed by the Tarixchi idorasi with the following: "In the nine months Muskie served as Secretary of State, he conducted the first high-level meeting with the Sovet hukumati undan keyin December 1979 invasion of Afghanistan. During these negotiations, Secretary Muskie unsuccessfully attempted to secure the withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan. [He] also assisted President Carter in the implementation of the "Karter doktrinasi," which aimed to limit Soviet expansion into the Middle East and Persian Gulf. Finally, under Muskie's leadership, the State Department negotiated the release of the remaining American hostages held by Iran."[136][175] Many political commentators believed the bestowing of the Prezidentning Ozodlik medali by Carter to be an affirmation of this assertion.[140][176][177]

The public perception of his inson huquqlari advancement has endured. Chempioni fuqarolik huquqlari harakati in the United States, he publicly criticized J. Edgar Guvver "s Federal tergov byurosi, which was at the time considered siyosiy o'z joniga qasd qilish as Hoover often spied and attempted to smear his opponents.[178][179] Muskie also was instrumental in the passage of the Fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi 1964 y, yaratilishi Martin Lyuter Kingning kuni, and developed the reform of lobbichilik.[74][180] His time as the chairman of the Senate Budget Committee from 1975 to 1980 include the formation of the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining byudjet jarayoni.[3][4][8] Because of this, he is known as the "father of the federal budget process".[5][6][181] Devid Broder ning Washington Post, noted that Muskie's leadership of the Senate's intergovernmental relations subcommittee was, in part, responsible for countering Richard Nikson "Imperial prezidentlik " and advancing "Yangi federalizm ".[105]

Public and political image

Edmund Muskie in 1972

Muskie's early political career was helped by his physical appearance. Voters could relate to his public persona in ways that translated to relatively high saylovchilarning faolligi. R. W. Apple Jr. described Muskie as "long-jawed and craggy-faced" later noting that he "looked like the typical New Englander [with] a classic Down East accent."[156] Muskie's height has variously been recorded as 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) to 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m).[182][183] His height had him often compared to U.S. President Avraam Linkoln and referred to by voters and media alike as "Lincolnesque".[86] He was often seen as "towering over" political candidates creating symbolic superiority and power.[16]

A nomi bilan tanilgan recluse, he disliked public attention and media speculation. Voters often associated with his "trademark directness, homespun integrity, and siyosiy bo'lmagan candor".[18] However, political aides have described him as having a "hot temper" and being demanding.[86] Taniqli micro-manager, Muskie was often required his aides to have "every speech and every position researched, analyzed and reported directly back to him."[86] While reserved and polite in public, when roused, it was reported that Muskie "had the vocabulary of a sailor".[16] His ability to command an argument was taken positively by voters as it signaled good leadership ability. Political opponents noted his "cutting intellect" as in-conducive to lengthy debates and voters noted it as a good quality to possess when negotiating with foreign leaders.[86] An official publication by Kornell universiteti commented on his political image by saying: "he will be remembered for the quality of his mind; the toughness, the rigor, the common sense; and for another quality: the courage to take risks for what he saw as right".[184]

Ma'lumki punktual, he was present 90% of Senate roll-call votes.[86] Although he was portrayed as socially rigid, he often broke from this mold and showed a personable side. While campaigning in cities, he often let students from the crowd run up to the stage and present a case for policy reform, unheard of at the time.[18] Jurnalist R. W. Apple Jr noted in his obituary that his constant tendency for probity (i.e. standing firm in moral beliefs), was ultimately politically detrimental.[86]

Faxriy va yodgorliklar

Memorial to Edmund Muskie in his birthplace of Rumford, Meyn.

He was awarded the Guardian of Berlin's Freedom Award from the U.S. Army Berlin Command 1961 yilda.[185] In 1969, he was inducted in the Amerika San'at va Fanlar Akademiyasi yonma-yon Ted Kennedi, Jorj MakGovern, Valter Mondale, Shirli Chisholm va Bella Abzug.[186]

At the conclusion of his political career, he held the highest political office by a Polsha amerikalik in U.S. history, and also was the only Polish American ever nominated by a major party for vice president.[187] On the 100th birthday of Edmund Muskie, U.S. Senator Angus King spoke on the floor of the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati xotirada. King noted the following: "if you would see Ed Muskie's yodgorlik, look around you. Take a deep breath. Experience our great rivers. Experience the environment that we now have in the country that we treasure."[6] Muskie has received the keys to all three major cities in Maine: Portland, Lewiston, and Augusta.[185] Unga berildi honorary citizenship uchun Texas shtati 1968 yilda.[188] Numerous days have been named "Edmund S. Muskie Day": September 25, 1968 (Michigan), January 20, 1980 (New York), March 28, 1988 (Maine), March 1928, 1994 (Maine), and March 20, 1995 (Maine).[185] In 1987, the Maine State Legislature enacted Statute §A7 enacting "Edmund S. Muskie Day" on March 28. The statute was amended in 1989; Edmund S. Muskie Day is celebrated annually and is a bayram Meynda.[189]

Muskie was given faxriy darajalar dan Portlend universiteti (1955), Suffolk universiteti (1955), Meyn universiteti (1956), Buffalo universiteti (1960), Avliyo Frensis kolleji (1961), Nasson kolleji (1962), Gannover kolleji (1967), Sirakuza universiteti (1969), Boston universiteti (1969), Jon Kerol universiteti (1969), Notre Dame universiteti (1969), Middlebury kolleji (1969), Providence kolleji (1969), Merilend universiteti (1969), Jorj Vashington universiteti (1969), Shimoli-sharq universiteti (1969), Uilyam va Meri kolleji (1970), Riker kolleji (1970), Sent-Jozef kolleji (1970), Nyu-Xempshir universiteti (1970), St. Anselm College (1970), Vashington va Jefferson kolleji (1971), Rivier College (1971), Tomas kolleji (1973), Husson College (1974), Birlik kolleji (1975), Market universiteti (1982), Rutgers universiteti (1986), Bates College (1986), Vashington kolleji (1987) va Janubiy Meyn universiteti (1992).[185]

Muskie was awarded the Prezidentning Ozodlik medali –the nation's highest honor–by President Jimmi Karter on January 16, 1981 for his work during the Eron garovidagi inqiroz, four days before stepping down from the presidency.[190] In 1984, the House of Representatives designated the Edmund S. Muskie Federal Building in Augusta.[191][192]

The Amerika advokatlar assotsiatsiyasi honors lawyers who under take pro bono work with the annual Edmund S. Muskie Pro Bono Service Award.[193] From 1993 to 2013, the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Davlat departamenti ran the Edmund S. Muskie Graduate Fellowship Program in an effort to increase international study abroad.[194] In 1996, the Edmund S. Muskie Distinguished Public Service Award was founded by the Truman National SecurityProject to honor current or former elected officials.[195]

The Edmund S. Muskie School of Public Service at the Janubiy Meyn universiteti was named in his honor in 1990.[142] Muskie's papers and personal effects are kept at the Edmund S. Muskie Archives and Special Collections Library at Bates kolleji yilda Leviston, Meyn.[196]

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

  1. ^ According to David (1970) and Witherell (2014) Muskie was born with the familiya "Muskie"; his father changed his name to Muskie from "Marciszewski".[1][2]
  2. ^ According to Baldwin (2015), King (2014), and Nevin (1970), Congress founded the Kongressning byudjet idorasi homiyligida Senate Budget Committee of which Muskie first presided over. Muskie developed the notions of direct spending, discretionary allowances, annual appropriations bills, and davom etayotgan qarorlar.[3][4][5] He ultimately approved of and shaped the formation of the modern Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining byudjet jarayoni.[6][7][8]
  3. ^ According to biographer Witherell (2014), his name was not changed at an immigration checkpoint in 1903 but nine years later in 1914.[2][13]
  4. ^ Muskie did not receive an official portrait in his capacity as Secretary of State. This photo was a fotosurat op da Janubi-g'arbiy federal markazi Vashingtonda.[128][129]

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ a b Witherell (2014), p. 4
  2. ^ a b David (1970), p. 10
  3. ^ a b v Joyce, Philip G. (April 18, 2011). The Congressional Budget Office: Honest Numbers, Power, and Policymaking. Jorjtaun universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-1589017580.
  4. ^ a b v "Backstage at the Budget Committee". Vashington Post. 1980 yil 11 aprel. ISSN  0190-8286. Olingan 20 fevral, 2018.
  5. ^ a b v University of Southern Maine (December 11, 2014), Muskie Centennial Celebration (Part 1: Mark Shields), olingan 20 fevral, 2018
  6. ^ a b v d e f Senator Angus S. King, Jr. (March 27, 2014). Sen. King Honors Sen. Ed Muskie's Centennial Birthday. Event occurs at[vaqt kerak ]. Olingan 20 fevral, 2018.
  7. ^ Jr, B. Drummond Ayres (February 14, 1979). "Budget Balancers Warned by Muskie". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 20 fevral, 2018.
  8. ^ a b "Chronology of Muskie's life and work | Archives | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Olingan 20 fevral, 2018.
  9. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 1
  10. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m n o p q r s t siz "Chronology of Muskie's life and work | Archives | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Olingan 21 fevral, 2018.
  11. ^ ampoleagle.com/ann-mikoll-a-trailblazer-p10493-226.htm "Stephen Marciszewski, came to Buffalo in the early 1900s after leaving his birthplace in Jasionewka, Poland. That part of Poland was occupied by Russia, and Stephen's father sent him away so that he wouldn't be conscripted into the Russian Army."
  12. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 7
  13. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 3
  14. ^ a b "Edmund Sixtus Muskie; People - Department History - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Olingan 30 yanvar, 2018.
  15. ^ Witherell (2014), p. viiii
  16. ^ a b v "Obituary: Edmund Muskie". Mustaqil. 1996 yil 27 mart. Olingan 5-yanvar, 2018.
  17. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 2018-04-02 121 2
  18. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m n o p q Nevin, Devid (1970). Men shtatidagi Maski. Ladd kutubxonasi, Bates kolleji: Random House, Nyu-York. p. 99. ... a man many deemed to be the single-most influential figure in Maine
  19. ^ a b v "Edmund S. Muskie | 150 Years | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Olingan 30 yanvar, 2018.
  20. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 29
  21. ^ "Muskie, Edmund S." Meyn: Entsiklopediya. 2011 yil 24 aprel. Olingan 16 yanvar, 2016.
  22. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 36
  23. ^ Witherell (2014), pp. 39, 42–45
  24. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 45
  25. ^ a b Nevin, Devid (1970). Men shtatidagi Maski. Ladd kutubxonasi, Bates kolleji: Random House, Nyu-York. p. 32.
  26. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 62
  27. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 63-64
  28. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 80-81
  29. ^ a b "Jane Muskie Dies; Husband's Emotional Defense Turned Race (washingtonpost.com)". www.washingtonpost.com. Olingan 21 fevral, 2018.
  30. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 82
  31. ^ a b Witherell (2014), p. 64
  32. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 66
  33. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 68-69
  34. ^ a b v Witherell (2014), p. 70
  35. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 72
  36. ^ "Biography | Archives | Bates College". www.bates.edu. Olingan 16 may, 2017.
  37. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 77
  38. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 78
  39. ^ a b Witherell (2014), p. 79
  40. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 86
  41. ^ Witherell (2014), pp. 86–87
  42. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 89
  43. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 93
  44. ^ a b Witherell (2014), p. 99
  45. ^ a b Witherell (2014), p. 109
  46. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 110
  47. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 111
  48. ^ Robert Meyson, Richard Nixon and the Quest for a New Majority (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, 2004), p. 153.
  49. ^ a b Blomquist 1999, pp. 93
  50. ^ Blomquist 1999, pp. 92–93
  51. ^ a b Blomquist 1999, pp. 93–94
  52. ^ a b Blomquist, Robert (1999). "What is Past is Prologue: Senator Edmund S. Muskie's Environmental Policymaking Roots as Governor of Maine, 1955-58". Valparaiso universiteti.
  53. ^ a b v d e f g h Palmer, Kenneth T.; Taylor, G. Thomas (1992). Maine Politics & Government. Nebraska Press-ning U. p.30. ISBN  0803287186.
  54. ^ Blomquist 1999, pp. 94
  55. ^ Blomquist 1999, pp. 95
  56. ^ Witherell, James L. (March 28, 2014). Ed Muskie: Made in Maine, The Early Years 1914-1960. Thomaston, Maine: Tilbury House Publishers. ISBN  9780884483922.
  57. ^ Blomquist 1999, pp. 101–02
  58. ^ "1946-1970 A Different Place". Meyn tarixi Onlayn. Olingan 20 fevral, 2018.
  59. ^ ildiz. "Edmund Sixtus Muskie". www.nga.org. Olingan 20 fevral, 2018.
  60. ^ Blomquist 1999, pp. 104
  61. ^ Blomquist 1999, pp. 106
  62. ^ a b v ildiz. "Edmund Sixtus Muskie". www.nga.org. Olingan 26 yanvar, 2018.
  63. ^ "1946-1970 A Different Place". Meyn tarixi Onlayn. Olingan 20 fevral, 2018.
  64. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 140
  65. ^ "Maine | history - geography". Britannica entsiklopediyasi. Olingan 21 fevral, 2018.
  66. ^ "Economic development plans in Maine, 1957-present". Bangor Daily News. Olingan 20 fevral, 2018.
  67. ^ DeFord, Deborah H. (2003). Maine: The Pine Tree State. Garet Stivens. ISBN  9780836851519.
  68. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 141
  69. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 142
  70. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 150
  71. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 152
  72. ^ Witherell (2014), pp. 101-02
  73. ^ a b "U.S. Senate: Mid-term Revolution". www.senate.gov. Olingan 19 fevral, 2018.
  74. ^ a b v d e f "Commentary: Happy 100th, Edmund Muskie". Press Herald. 2014 yil 16 mart. Olingan 19 fevral, 2018.
  75. ^ "The Senate Race That Couldn't Be Lost—And Was". POLITICO jurnali. Olingan 19 fevral, 2018.
  76. ^ "Edmund S. Muskie: Late A Senator of Maine" (PDF).
  77. ^ a b v College, Bates. "Muskie Congressional Record: Election Eve Speech". abacus.bates.edu. Olingan 19 fevral, 2018.
  78. ^ LLC, New York Media (August 18, 1975). Nyu-York jurnali. Nyu-York Media, MChJ.
  79. ^ Rooks, Douglas (July 1, 2016). Statesman: George Mitchell and the Art of the Possible. Rowman va Littlefield. ISBN  9781608933983.
  80. ^ a b v "The Muskie Moment | RealClearPolitics". Olingan 19 fevral, 2018.
  81. ^ Naughton, James M. (1972). "Muskie Home for Crucial Speech". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 19 fevral, 2018.
  82. ^ Velasco, Antonio de; Kempbell, Jon Angus; Henry, David (October 1, 2016). Rethinking Rhetorical Theory, Criticism, and Pedagogy: The Living Art of Michael C. Leff. MSU Press. ISBN  9781628952735.
  83. ^ "1970 yilgi saylovlar: demokratlar uy va gubernatorlik lavozimlarini egallaydilar".
  84. ^ Shlezinger, Artur Mayer; Israel, Fred L.; Frent, David J. (October 1, 2002). The Election of 1976 and the Administration of Jimmy Carter. Mason Crest Publishers. ISBN  9781590843635.
  85. ^ "MUSKIE, Edmund Sixtus - Biographical Information". bioguide.congress.gov. Olingan 19 fevral, 2018.
  86. ^ a b v d e f g h men j Nevin, Devid (1970). Men shtatidagi Maski. Ladd kutubxonasi, Bates kolleji: Random House, Nyu-York.
  87. ^ a b "The Edmund S. Muskie Foundation -- The Founder". www.muskiefoundation.org. Olingan 15 may, 2017.
  88. ^ "Supreme Court affirms Muskie's environmental legacy". 2006 yil 17-may. Olingan 15 may, 2017.
  89. ^ a b "On Ed Muskie's 100th birthday, six things everyone should know". 2014 yil 27 mart. Olingan 15 may, 2017.
  90. ^ "Edmund S. Muskie | Muskie School of Public Service | University of Southern Maine". usm.maine.edu. Olingan 21 fevral, 2018.
  91. ^ "Missiya va tarix". The U.S. Capitol Historical Society. 2012 yil 11-iyul. Olingan 20 fevral, 2018.
  92. ^ Blomquist, Robert (1999). "What is Past is Prologue: Senator Edmund S. Muskie's Environmental Policymaking Roots as Governor of Maine, 1955-58". Valparaiso universiteti.
  93. ^ "Remarks Upon Signing the Intergovernmental Cooperation Act". Amerika prezidentligi loyihasi. 1968 yil 16 oktyabr.
  94. ^ a b v d "The Mainer at the Center of the Cold War | Maine Meets World". Olingan 16 may, 2017.
  95. ^ "Muskie Warns Protestors". Chicago Tribune.
  96. ^ "Kaliforniyadagi 1970 yilda" Toza havo to'g'risida "gi qonunni erta tatbiq etish." EPA bitiruvchilari assotsiatsiyasi. Video, Stenogramma (qarang p2). 2016 yil 12-iyul.
  97. ^ "Kaliforniyadagi 1970 yilda" Toza havo to'g'risida "gi qonunni erta tatbiq etish." EPA bitiruvchilari assotsiatsiyasi. Video, Stenogramma (see p5). 2016 yil 12-iyul.
  98. ^ Jim Xenlon, Mayk Kuk, Mayk Kvigli, Bob Uaylend. "Water Quality: A Half Century of Progress." EPA bitiruvchilari assotsiatsiyasi. 2016 yil mart.
  99. ^ "CLEAN WATER ACT: Vetoes by Eisenhower, Nixon presaged today's partisan divide". www.eenews.net. Olingan 15 may, 2017.
  100. ^ Rinde, Meyr (2017). "Richard Nikson va Amerika ekologizmining ko'tarilishi". Distillashlar. 3 (1): 16–29. Olingan 4-aprel, 2018.
  101. ^ EPA, OA, OP, ORPM, RMD, US (February 22, 2013). "History of the Clean Water Act". www.epa.gov. Olingan 15 may, 2017.CS1 maint: bir nechta ism: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola)
  102. ^ "Edmund S. Muskie | Muskie School of Public Service | University of Southern Maine". usm.maine.edu. Olingan 19 fevral, 2018.
  103. ^ Frum, Devid (2000). Biz bu erga qanday etib keldik: 70-yillar. Nyu-York, Nyu-York: Asosiy kitoblar. p.47. ISBN  0-465-04195-7.
  104. ^ "The Edmund S. Muskie Foundation -- The Founder". www.muskiefoundation.org. Olingan 21 fevral, 2018.
  105. ^ a b Broder, David S. (March 31, 1996). "MUSKIE: YIG'LASH SABABI". Vashington Post. ISSN  0190-8286. Olingan 21 fevral, 2018.
  106. ^ a b Blomquist (1999), p. 261
  107. ^ Blomquist (1999), p. 263
  108. ^ Gould, Lyuis L. (2010 yil 16-aprel). 1968 yil: Amerikani o'zgartirgan saylov. Hukumat institutlari. ISBN  9781566639101.
  109. ^ a b v Nikson, Richard. RN: Richard Niksonning xotiralari.
  110. ^ Elsasser, Glen (1969 yil 18-avgust). "Maski Grim partiyalar birligi to'g'risida". Chicago Tribune.
  111. ^ "Prezidentning taklifi keyinroq-Maski". Chicago Tribune. 1970 yil 9-noyabr.
  112. ^ Frum, Devid (2000). Biz bu erga qanday etib keldik: 70-yillar. Nyu-York, Nyu-York: Asosiy kitoblar. p.298. ISBN  0-465-04195-7.
  113. ^ Bernshteyn, Karl; Vudvord, Bob (2005). Prezidentning barcha odamlari. Nyu-York: Simon va Shuster. ISBN  0-671-89441-2.
  114. ^ Bernshteyn, Karl; Vudvord, Bob (1972 yil 10 oktyabr). "Federal qidiruv byurosi Niksonning yordamchilarini demokratlarni sabotaj qilgan deb topdi". Washington Post. Olingan 14 may, 2014.
  115. ^ a b NHIOP (2013 yil 22-iyul). "Edmund Maski: Kannuk maktubiga kelsak (1972)". Olingan 15 may, 2017.
  116. ^ Cheng, Pan Guk; Barlas, Robert (2009). Madaniyatdan hayratga kelish! Kanada: bojxona va odob-axloqni saqlab qolish bo'yicha qo'llanma. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd., 262– betlar. ISBN  978-981-4435-31-4.
  117. ^ https://www.dictionary.com/browse/canuck
  118. ^ "16 eng yomon siyosiy nayrang - 16tadan 3tasi". Politico. Olingan 30 yanvar, 2018.
  119. ^ "Haqiqatning o'zi ham o'girilib ketgan". XPRESS JURNALI. Olingan 15 may, 2017.
  120. ^ "Ed Maski haqida eslash ", Onlayn yangiliklar soat, PBS, 1996 yil 26 mart.
  121. ^ "Federal qidiruv byurosi Niksonning yordamchilarini demokratlarni sabotaj qilgan deb topdi". Washington Post. Olingan 30 yanvar, 2018.
  122. ^ Vudvord, Bob; Bernshteyn, Karl (2012 yil 11-dekabr). Prezidentning barcha odamlari. Simon va Shuster. ISBN  9781471104664.
  123. ^ Teodor Uayt, Prezidentning yaratilishi, 1972.
  124. ^ Fulsom, Don (2017 yil 14-noyabr). Mafiya prezidenti: Nikson va Mob. Sent-Martin matbuoti. ISBN  9781250119407.
  125. ^ Fulsom, Don (2012 yil 31 yanvar). Niksonning eng qorong'u sirlari: Amerikaning eng muammoli prezidentining ichki hikoyasi. Makmillan. ISBN  9781429941365.
  126. ^ Mohr, Charlz (1976 yil 6-iyul). "Karter Maski chiptaga munosib deb ta'riflagan". Nyu-York Tayms.
  127. ^ "G'alaba uchun kalit bo'lgan 5 vitse-prezident tanlovi". NPR.org. Olingan 20 fevral, 2018.
  128. ^ "Davlat kotibi Edmund Sikstus Maski". 2001-2009. davlat.gov. Olingan 20 fevral, 2018.
  129. ^ "Edmund Sixtus Maski, AQSh davlat kotibi". Flickr. Olingan 20 fevral, 2018.
  130. ^ Kollej, Bates. "Maskie Kongressining rekordi: tasdiqlash". abakus.bates.edu. Olingan 5-yanvar, 2018.
  131. ^ "1980 yildagi poygani eslatuvchi Klinton kampaniyasi", CBS News.
  132. ^ a b Goshko, Jon M.; Reid, T. R .; hisobot, Washington Post xodimlarining yozuvchilari; Xodimlarning yozuvchisi Richar L. Lionlar bunga hissa qo'shdilar (30 iyul 1980). "Maski Karterni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi, ammo loyihani ishlab chiqarmaydi". Vashington Post. ISSN  0190-8286. Olingan 20 fevral, 2018.
  133. ^ "The New Yorker Digital Edition: 1980 yil 25-avgust".. Archives.newyorker.com. Olingan 20 fevral, 2018.
  134. ^ a b "Edmund Sixtus Maskie - Odamlar - Bo'lim tarixi - Tarixchi idorasi". history.state.gov. Olingan 20 fevral, 2018.
  135. ^ "Edmund Sixtus Maskie - Odamlar - Bo'lim tarixi - Tarixchi idorasi". history.state.gov. Olingan 16 may, 2017.
  136. ^ a b v d Mixalkanin, Edvard S. (2004). Amerika davlat arboblari: Jon Jeydan Kolin Pauellgacha davlat kotiblari. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN  9780313308284.
  137. ^ "Davlat kotibi Edmund Maski Sovet Ittifoqini aytmoqda ..." UPI. Olingan 16 may, 2017.
  138. ^ "Davlat kotibi Edmund Maski Sovet Ittifoqi ..." UPI. Olingan 16 may, 2017.
  139. ^ Mitchell 2009: 641
  140. ^ a b v Mitchell 2009: 640
  141. ^ a b "Ed Muskining garovga olingan kurashlari tugadi, ammo oilalarning jasorati hali ham sinovdan o'tkazilmoqda - 15-jild № 4". PEOPLE.com. 1981 yil 2 fevral. Olingan 16 may, 2017.
  142. ^ a b "Edmund S. Maski | Maski davlat xizmatlari maktabi | Janubiy Meyn universiteti". usm.maine.edu. Olingan 15 may, 2017.
  143. ^ "Qabul qiluvchilar". Laetare medali. Notre Dame universiteti. Olingan 31 iyul, 2020.
  144. ^ Times, Steven V. Roberts, Nyu-Yorkka maxsus (1987 yil 27 fevral). "Oq uy inqirozi: minora hisoboti Eron qurolidagi" tartibsizlik "uchun javobgar bo'lgan REAGAN va bosh maslahatchilarni topadi; Reygan ham aybdor". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 15 may, 2017.
  145. ^ Mitchell 1997: 639
  146. ^ "Minora komissiyasining hisobotidan parchalar". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Olingan 16 may, 2017.
  147. ^ Witherell (2014) p. 250
  148. ^ a b v Jr, R. W. Apple (1996 yil 27 mart). "Edmund S. Maski, 81 yoshda, vafot etdi; Meyn senatori va milliy sahnadagi kuch". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 5-yanvar, 2018.
  149. ^ "Beqaror Kambodja". The New York Times. 1971 yil 16-may. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 19 fevral, 2018.
  150. ^ "Meynning Vistester gulchambarlari Arlington milliy qabristoni tomon yo'l oldi". Bangor Daily News. Olingan 2 fevral, 2018.
  151. ^ "Hayotda ajratilgan, o'limga birlashtirilgan | Amerika janglari yodgorliklari komissiyasi". www.abmc.gov. Olingan 2 fevral, 2018.
  152. ^ Patterson, Maykl Robert. "Edmund Sixtus Maskie, leytenant, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz kuchlari". www.arlingtoncemetery.net. Olingan 2 fevral, 2018.
  153. ^ Knudsen, Robert C. (iyun 2008). Tirik xazina: Arlington milliy qabristonining mavsumiy fotosuratlari. Potomac Books, Inc. ISBN  9781597972727.
  154. ^ a b v Kongressda o'tkazilgan xotira marosimlari: Edmund S. Maski, 1914-1996, Mendan kech senator.. AQSh hukumatining bosmaxonasi. 1996 yil.
  155. ^ "Senator Muskie dafn marosimi, 1996 yil 30-mart | Video | C-SPAN.org". C-SPAN.org. Olingan 21 fevral, 2018.
  156. ^ a b Jr, R. W. Apple (1996 yil 27 mart). "Edmund S. Maski, 81 yoshda, vafot etdi; Meyn senatori va milliy sahnadagi kuch". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 19 fevral, 2018.
  157. ^ Bolduin, Nikoll, Goldstien va boshqalar. 2015: 214
  158. ^ Witherell (2014), 250-52 betlar
  159. ^ "Maski, Edmund S.". Meyn: Entsiklopediya. 2011 yil 24 aprel. Olingan 19 fevral, 2018.
  160. ^ Rold, Nil (2006). Meyn shtatidan kontinental yolg'onchi: Jeyms G. Bleyn. Tilbury uyi, nashriyotlar. ISBN  9780884482864.
  161. ^ Witherell, Jeyms L. (2014 yil 28 mart). Ed Muski: Meynda ishlab chiqarilgan. Tilbury House Publishers va Cadent Publishing. ISBN  9780884483922.
  162. ^ a b v Witherell (2014) 130-142 betlar
  163. ^ a b Judd, Richard Uilyam; Cherchill, Edvin A.; Eastman, Joel W. (1995). Meyn: Tarixdan to hozirgi kungacha qarag'ay daraxtlari holati. Meyn universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  9780891010821.
  164. ^ Coan, Ronald W. (2017 yil 28-aprel). Amerika davlati va mahalliy iqtisodiy rivojlanish tarixi: tunda ikkita kema o'tayotganda. Edvard Elgar nashriyoti. ISBN  9781785366369.
  165. ^ "1946-1970 boshqa joy". Meyn tarixi Onlayn. Olingan 20 fevral, 2018.
  166. ^ Witherell (2014) p. 251
  167. ^ "Jimmi Karter: toza havo to'g'risidagi qonunga o'zgartirishlar - senator Edmund S. Maskiga maktub". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Olingan 19 fevral, 2018.
  168. ^ "Edmund S. Maskie Foundation - Muskie-Chafee mukofoti". www.muskiefoundation.org. Olingan 16 may, 2017.
  169. ^ "Edmund S. Maski fondi". www.muskiefoundation.org. Olingan 16 may, 2017.
  170. ^ "Toza suv: mushki va atrof-muhit". Meyn tarixi Onlayn. Olingan 16 may, 2017.
  171. ^ Bloomsbury.com. "Qo'shma Shtatlarda ekologizmning xalq tarixi". Bloomsbury nashriyoti. Olingan 19 fevral, 2018.
  172. ^ "Shiddatli yashil olov | Atrof-muhit harakati va tarixi xronologiyasi | Amerikalik ustalar | PBS". Amerika ustalari. 2014 yil 15 aprel. Olingan 19 fevral, 2018.
  173. ^ Lokvud, Alan H. "Toza havo to'g'risidagi qonun sog'liqni saqlash xarajatlarini 22 trillion dollarga tejashga qanday yordam berdi". Atlantika. Olingan 19 fevral, 2018.
  174. ^ Lazar, Richard J. "Senator Edmund Maskining sudlarda qoldirgan merosi" (PDF). www.law.harvard.edu.
  175. ^ "Edmund Sixtus Maskie: Odamlar - Bo'lim tarixi - Tarixchi idorasi". history.state.gov. Olingan 19 fevral, 2018.
  176. ^ "Jimmi Karter: Prezidentning ozodlik medali taqdimot marosimidagi chiqishlari". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Olingan 19 fevral, 2018.
  177. ^ Tobias, Ted (1999). Taqdirlashda: taniqli odamlarning maqtovlari. Qo'rqinchli matbuot. p.116. ISBN  9780810835375.
  178. ^ "J. Edgar Guver - Faktlar va xulosa - HISTORY.com". TARIX.com. Olingan 15 may, 2017.
  179. ^ Akkerman, Kennet D.; Akkerman, Kennet D. (2011 yil 7-noyabr). "J. Edgar Guvver haqida beshta afsona". Washington Post. ISSN  0190-8286. Olingan 15 may, 2017.
  180. ^ Maski, Edmund S. "Edmund S. Maski". www.congress.gov. Olingan 19 fevral, 2018.
  181. ^ "Edmund S. Maskie fondi - asoschisi". www.muskiefoundation.org. Olingan 20 fevral, 2018.
  182. ^ "Sobiq senator Edmund Maski vafot etdi". UPI. Olingan 20 fevral, 2018.
  183. ^ "Obituar: Edmund Maski". Mustaqil. 1996 yil 27 mart. Olingan 20 fevral, 2018.
  184. ^ Mitchell, Jorj J. (2009). "Dunyo tinchligi: Edmund S. Maski merosi".
  185. ^ a b v d Edmund Maski arxivi (2018). "Taqdimot qismlari, faxriy yorliqlar va esdalik sovg'alari" (PDF).
  186. ^ Lyuis, Jeyms R. (2009 yil 11 mart). Sayentologiya. Oksford universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  9780199887118.
  187. ^ Hirshon (2003), p. 274
  188. ^ "Texas leytenant-gubernatori idorasi: Texas shtati arxividagi Uilyam Pettus Xobining kichik yozuvlari ro'yxati, 1917, 1924, 1931, 1947, 1953-1990, sanasi yo'q (1968-1990 yillar)". meros.lib.utexas.edu. Olingan 20 fevral, 2018.
  189. ^ "1-sarlavha, §130: Edmund S. Maski kuni". qonun chiqaruvchi.maine.gov. Olingan 20 fevral, 2018.
  190. ^ "Edmund S. Maskie Foundation - Muskie-Chafee mukofoti". www.muskiefoundation.org. Olingan 16 may, 2017.
  191. ^ "Avgustadagi namoyishchilar senator Kollinzni Senatning sog'liqni saqlash to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasini rad etishga chaqirishmoqda". Herald-ni bosing. 2017 yil 23-iyun. Olingan 20 fevral, 2018.
  192. ^ Jorj, Mitchell (1984 yil 8-may). "S.2460 - 98-kongress (1983-1984): Meynning Augusta shahridagi Federal binoni" Edmund S. Maskie Federal binosi sifatida belgilash to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi."". www.congress.gov. Olingan 20 fevral, 2018.
  193. ^ "TIPS Edmund S. Muskie mukofotiga nomzodlar haqida ma'lumot | Tort sinovlari va sug'urta amaliyoti bo'limi". www.americanbar.org. Olingan 19 fevral, 2018.
  194. ^ "Edmund S. Maski bitiruvchisi uchun stipendiya dasturi | AQShning O'zbekistondagi elchixonasi". AQShning O'zbekistondagi elchixonasi. Olingan 19 fevral, 2018.
  195. ^ "2017 mukofotlari uchun kechki ovqat Truman loyihasi". trumanproject.org. Olingan 20 fevral, 2018.
  196. ^ Witherell (2014), p. 251

Bibliografiya

Izohlar

  • Bolduin, Semyuel J.; Nikoll Donald E.; Goldstien Soel K. va boshq. (2015). AQSh senatori Edmund Maski merosi. Meyn qonunlarini ko'rib chiqish. Onlayn.
  • Witherell, Jeyms L. (2014). Ed Muski: Meynda ishlab chiqarilgan: Dastlabki yillar, 1914-1960. Tilbury House Publishers. Chop etish. ISBN: 0884483924
  • Blomquist, Robert F. (1999). O'tmish nima - Prolog: Senator Edmund S. Maski Meyn gubernatori sifatida atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish siyosatini olib boradi, 1955-58. Valparaiso universiteti yuridik fakulteti. Onlayn.
  • Mitchel Jorj J. (1997). Dunyo tinchligi: Edmund S. Maski merosi. Cornell Law Review. Kornell universiteti Matbuot. Onlayn.
  • Anson, Cherrill A. (1972). Edmund S. Maski, Meyn shtatidan demokrat senator. Grossman nashriyoti. Onlayn.
  • Lippmann, Teo; Hansen Donald C. (1971). Maski. VW. Norton & Company ISBN: B000NQK5OM. Chop etish.
  • Hirshon, Robert E. (2003). "Senator Edmund Maski merosi". Meyn qonunlarini ko'rib chiqish. Onlayn.
  • Qirol, Angus. (2014). "Senator qirol senator Ed Muskining yuz yillik yubileyini sharaflaydi". Senator Angus S. King, kichik - YouTube. Onlayn.

Birlamchi manbalar

Tashqi havolalar

Partiyaning siyosiy idoralari
Oldingi
Jeyms Oliver		 Demokratik nomzod Meyn gubernatori
1954, 1956		Muvaffaqiyatli
Klinton Klauzon
Oldingi
Rojer Dub		 Demokratik nomzod Meyn shtatidan AQSh senatori
(1-sinf )
1958, 1964, 1970, 1976		Muvaffaqiyatli
Jorj Mitchell
Yangi ofis Kafedra Demokratik senatorlar saylovoldi qo'mitasi
1967–1969		Muvaffaqiyatli
Bennett Jonston
Oldingi
Xubert Xamfri		 Demokratik nomzod uchun Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining vitse-prezidenti
1968		Muvaffaqiyatli
Tomas Eagleton
Chekilgan
Siyosiy idoralar
Oldingi
Berton Kros		 Meyn gubernatori
1955–1959		Muvaffaqiyatli
Robert Haskell
Oldingi
Kir Vens		 Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari davlat kotibi
1980–1981		Muvaffaqiyatli
Aleksandr Xeyg
AQSh Senati
Oldingi
Frederik Peyn		 Meyn shtatidan AQSh senatori (1-sinf)
1959–1980
Bilan birga xizmat qildi: Margaret Smit, Bill Xetvey, Uilyam Koen		Muvaffaqiyatli
Jorj Mitchell
Yangi ofis Kafedra Senatning byudjet qo'mitasi
1975–1980		Muvaffaqiyatli
Fritz Xollings