Barqaror rivojlanish - Sustainable development

Barqaror rivojlanish bo'ladi tashkil etish printsipi uchrashuv uchun inson rivojlanishi maqsadlar bir vaqtning o'zida qo'llab-quvvatlovchi tabiiy tizimlarning ta'minlash qobiliyati Tabiiy boyliklar va ekotizim xizmatlari iqtisodiyot va jamiyat bog'liq bo'lgan narsadir. Istalgan natija - bu hayot sharoitlari va resurslaridan inson ehtiyojlarini qondirishda davom ettirish uchun foydalaniladigan jamiyatning holati yaxlitlik va tabiiy tizimning barqarorligi. Barqaror rivojlanish kelajak avlodlarning o'z ehtiyojlarini qondirish qobiliyatiga ziyon etkazmasdan hozirgi zamon talablariga javob beradigan rivojlanish deb ta'riflash mumkin. Barqarorlik maqsadlari global muammolarni, shu jumladan qashshoqlik, tengsizlik, iqlim o'zgarishi, atrof-muhitning tanazzulga uchrashi, tinchlik va adolatni hal qilishga qaratilgan.

Zamonaviy barqaror rivojlanish kontseptsiyasi hali asosan 1987 yildan olingan Brundtland hisoboti, shuningdek, haqidagi ilgari fikrlarga asoslanadi barqaror o'rmon boshqaruvi va yigirmanchi asrdagi ekologik muammolar. Barqaror rivojlanish kontseptsiyasi ishlab chiqilgach, u o'z yo'nalishini ko'proq tomon yo'naltirdi iqtisodiy rivojlanish, ijtimoiy rivojlanish va kelajak avlodlar uchun atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish. "Barqarorlik" atamasi insoniyatning ekotizim muvozanatiga erishishdagi insoniyatning maqsadi sifatida qaralishi kerak, "barqaror rivojlanish" esa yaxlit yondashuv va vaqtinchalik jarayonlar bizni barqarorlikning so'nggi nuqtasiga olib boradi ".[1] Zamonaviy iqtisodiyotlar katta iqtisodiy rivojlanish va uni saqlash majburiyatlarini muvofiqlashtirishga intilmoqda Tabiiy boyliklar va ekotizimlar, chunki ikkalasi odatda ziddiyatli xarakterga ega. Tutish o'rniga Iqlim o'zgarishi majburiyatlar va boshqa barqarorlik choralari iqtisodiy rivojlanish vositasi sifatida, ularni bozor imkoniyatlariga aylantirish va jalb qilish katta foyda keltiradi.[muvozanatsiz fikr? ] Iqtisodiyotda bunday uyushgan tamoyillar va amaliyotlar keltirib chiqaradigan iqtisodiy rivojlanish "Boshqariladigan barqaror rivojlanish" (MSD) deb nomlanadi.[atribut kerak ]

Barqaror rivojlanish kontseptsiyasi tanqidga uchragan va hozir ham mavjud, shu jumladan barqaror rivojlanishda nimani ta'minlash kerak degan savol. A dan barqaror foydalanish degan tushuncha mavjud emasligi ta'kidlangan qayta tiklanmaydigan resurs, chunki ekspluatatsiya qilishning har qanday ijobiy darajasi oxir-oqibat erning cheklangan zaxiralarining tugashiga olib keladi;[2]:13 bu nuqtai nazar Sanoat inqilobi umuman barqaror emas.[3]:20f[4]:61–67[5]:22f Shuningdek, ushbu kontseptsiyaning ma'nosi "tabiatni muhofaza qilish menejmenti" dan "iqtisodiy rivojlanish" ga qadar kengaytirilganligi va Brundtland hisoboti jamoatchilik bilan aloqalar shiori sifatida noaniq va noaniq kontseptsiya biriktirilgan, odatdagidek dunyoni rivojlantirish strategiyasidan boshqa biznesni ilgari surmadi. (pastga qarang ).[6]:48–54[7]:94–99

Barqarorlik tarixi

Asosiy maqolalar: Barqarorlik va Barqarorlik tarixi
Moviy marmar olingan fotosurat Apollon 17 1972 yil 7-dekabrda tezda belgisiga aylandi atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish.[8]:7

Barqarorlik deganda, tabiiy biotik tizimlarni kamsitmasdan yoki ularga xavf tug'dirmasdan, foydalanilgan resurslarni teng yoki kattaroq qiymatga ega bo'lgan resurslar bilan almashtirish orqali - hosildorlikning jahon jarayonlarini cheksiz - tabiiy yoki inson tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan holda saqlash amaliyoti tushunilishi mumkin.[9] Barqaror rivojlanish aloqalari birgalikda g'amxo'rlik qiladi tashish hajmi ning tabiiy tizimlar insoniyat duch kelgan ijtimoiy, siyosiy va iqtisodiy muammolar bilan. Barqarorlik to'g'risidagi fan barqaror rivojlanish va atrof-muhit haqidagi tushunchalarni o'rganishdir. Hozirgi avlodlarning kelajak avlodlar foydalanishi uchun sayyora resurslarini tiklash, saqlash va takomillashtirish mas'uliyatiga qo'shimcha e'tibor qaratilgan.[10]:3–8

Barqaror rivojlanishning asoslari g'oyalardan kelib chiqadi barqaror o'rmon boshqaruvi 17-18 asrlarda Evropada rivojlangan.[11][8]:6–16 Angliyada yog'och resurslarining kamayishi to'g'risida tobora ko'payib borayotgan xabardorlikka javoban, Jon Evelin vayronkorlikni to'xtatish uchun "daraxt ekish va ekish har bir er egasining milliy burchi deb qaralishi kerak edi" ustida- tabiiy resurslardan foydalanish "1662 yilgi insholarida Silva. 1713 yilda Xans Karl fon Karlovits, Elector xizmatidagi katta kon boshqaruvchisi Saksoniyalik Frederik Avgust I nashr etilgan Silvikultura iqtisodiyoti, o'rmon xo'jaligi bo'yicha 400 betlik ish. Evelin va Frantsiya vaziri g'oyalari asosida Jan-Batist Kolbert, fon Karlowits o'rmonlarni boshqarish kontseptsiyasini ishlab chiqdi barqaror hosil.[11] Uning ishi boshqalarga ta'sir qildi, shu jumladan Aleksandr fon Gumboldt va Jorj Lyudvig Xartig, oxir-oqibat o'rmon xo'jaligi fanining rivojlanishiga olib keladi. Bu, o'z navbatida, shunga o'xshash odamlarga ta'sir ko'rsatdi Gifford Pinchot, ning birinchi rahbari AQSh o'rmon xizmati, kimning o'rmonni boshqarishga yondashuvi resurslardan oqilona foydalanish g'oyasi tomonidan boshqarilgan va Aldo Leopold kimning er axloqi ning rivojlanishiga ta'sir ko'rsatgan atrof-muhit harakati 1960-yillarda.[11][8]

Nashr etilganidan keyin Reychel Karson "s Silent bahor 1962 yilda rivojlanayotgan ekologik harakat e'tiborni iqtisodiy o'sish va rivojlanish o'rtasidagi bog'liqlikka qaratdi atrof-muhitning buzilishi. Kennet E. Boulding uning 1966 yildagi ta'sirli insholarida Kelajak iqtisodiyoti Kosmik kemasi iqtisodiy tizimning cheklangan resurslari bilan ekologik tizimga mos kelishi zarurligini aniqladi.[8] Yana bir muhim voqea 1968 yilgi maqola edi Garret Hardin "atamasini ommalashtirganjamoat fojiasi ".[12] Zamonaviy ma'noda barqaror atamasining birinchi ishlatilishlaridan biri bu Rim klubi 1972 yilda o'zining klassik ma'ruzasida O'sishning chegaralari boshchiligidagi bir guruh olimlar tomonidan yozilgan Dennis va Donella Meadows ning Massachusets texnologiya instituti. Kerakli "global muvozanat holatini" tavsiflab, mualliflar shunday yozishgan: "Biz to'satdan va nazoratsiz qulab tushmasdan barqaror bo'lgan va barcha odamlarning asosiy moddiy talablarini qondirishga qodir bo'lgan dunyo tizimini ifodalovchi chiqadigan modelni qidirmoqdamiz."[10] O'sha yili nufuzli nashr ham nashr etildi Omon qolish uchun loyiha kitob.[13][14]

Rim klubi hisobotidan so'ng, an MIT tadqiqot guruhi "O'sish va uning kelajak uchun ta'siri" mavzusida o'n kunlik tinglovlarni tayyorladi (davra suhbati matbuoti, 1973)[15] AQSh Kongressi uchun barqaror rivojlanish bo'yicha birinchi eshituvlar bo'lib o'tdi. Uilyam Flinn Martin, Devid Dodson Grey va Elizabeth Grey Kongress a'zosi raisligida tinglovlarni tayyorladilar Jon Dingell.[16]

1980 yilda Tabiatni muhofaza qilish xalqaro ittifoqi global ustuvor yo'nalish sifatida barqaror rivojlanishga birinchi murojaatlardan birini o'z ichiga olgan dunyoni saqlash strategiyasini nashr etdi[17] va "barqaror rivojlanish" atamasini kiritdi.[18]:4 Ikki yildan keyin Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti Tabiat uchun Jahon Xartiyasi ning beshta printsipini ko'targan konservatsiya tabiatga ta'sir qiladigan inson xulq-atvori boshqarilishi va hukm qilinishi kerak.[19] 1987 yilda Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti Atrof-muhit va taraqqiyot bo'yicha Jahon komissiyasi hisobotni e'lon qildi Bizning umumiy kelajagimiz, odatda Brundtland hisoboti deb nomlanadi. Hisobotda hozirgi kunda barqaror rivojlanishning eng taniqli ta'riflaridan biri bo'lgan narsa keltirilgan.[20][21]

Barqaror rivojlanish kelajak avlodlarning o'z ehtiyojlarini qondirish qobiliyatiga ziyon etkazmasdan hozirgi zamon talablariga javob beradigan rivojlanishdir. Unda ikkita asosiy tushunchalar mavjud:

Brundtland hisobotidan buyon barqaror rivojlanish kontseptsiyasi avlodlar o'rtasidagi dastlabki doiradan tashqarida rivojlanib, "ijtimoiy jihatdan" shu jumladan va ekologik jihatdan barqaror iqtisodiy o'sish ".[18]:5 1992 yilda Atrof-muhit va rivojlanish bo'yicha BMT konferentsiyasi nashr etdi Yer Xartiyasi 21-asrda adolatli, barqaror va tinchliksevar global jamiyat qurilishini aks ettiradi. Harakat rejasi Kun tartibi 21 barqaror rivojlanish uchun mamlakatlarni ushbu o'zaro bog'liq ustunlarni tan olishga yordam beradigan asosiy qurilish materiallari sifatida axborot, integratsiya va ishtirokni aniqladi. Barqaror rivojlanishda har bir kishi ma'lumot foydalanuvchisi va ta'minlovchisi ekanligi ta'kidlanadi. Bu biznesni olib borishda eski sektorga yo'naltirilgan usullardan tarmoqlararo muvofiqlashtirish va atrof-muhit va ijtimoiy muammolarni barcha rivojlanish jarayonlariga qo'shishni o'z ichiga olgan yangi yondashuvlarga o'tish zarurligini ta'kidlaydi. Bundan tashqari, 21-kun tartibi qarorlarni qabul qilishda jamoatchilikning keng ishtiroki barqaror rivojlanishga erishish uchun asosiy shart ekanligi ta'kidlangan.[22]

Tamoyillari ostida Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti Ustavi The Ming yillik deklaratsiyasi barqaror rivojlanish bo'yicha printsiplar va shartnomalarni, shu jumladan iqtisodiy rivojlanish, ijtimoiy rivojlanish va atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish. Keng ma'noda, barqaror rivojlanish bu a tizimlarga yaqinlashish o'sish va rivojlanish va tabiiy, ishlab chiqarilgan va ijtimoiy kapital o'zlarining va kelajak avlodlarining farovonligi uchun. Tomonidan ishlatilgan barqaror rivojlanish atamasi Birlashgan Millatlar bilan bog'liq ikkala masalani ham o'z ichiga oladi erlarni rivojlantirish va kengroq masalalari inson rivojlanishi ta'lim, sog'liqni saqlash va turmush darajasi kabi.[23]

2013 yilgi bir tadqiqot natijalariga ko'ra barqarorlik to'g'risida hisobotni to'rtta o'zaro bog'liq bo'lgan sohalar: ekologiya, iqtisod, siyosat va madaniyat nuqtai nazaridan qayta ko'rib chiqish kerak.[24]

Barqaror rivojlanish uchun ta'lim

Barqaror rivojlanish uchun ta'lim (ESD) o'zgarishlarni rag'batlantiradigan ta'lim sifatida tavsiflanadi bilim, ko'nikmalar, qadriyatlar va munosabat ko'proq narsani ta'minlash uchun barqaror va teng huquqli jamiyat. ESD iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy, ijtimoiy va muvozanatli yondashuv yordamida ehtiyojlarni qondirish uchun hozirgi va kelajak avlodlarni kuchaytirish va jihozlashga qaratilgan. atrof-muhit barqaror rivojlanish o'lchovlari.[25]

ESD tushunchasi o'sib borayotgan va o'zgaruvchan ekologik muammolarni hal qilish uchun ta'limga bo'lgan ehtiyojdan kelib chiqqan sayyora. Buning uchun ta'limni ta'minlash uchun ta'lim o'zgarishi kerak bilim, ko'nikmalar, imkoniyatlar beradigan qadriyatlar va munosabat o'quvchilar barqaror rivojlanishga hissa qo'shish. Shu bilan birga, barqaror rivojlanishni ta'minlaydigan barcha kun tartiblari, dasturlari va tadbirlarida ta'limni kuchaytirish kerak. Barqaror rivojlanish ta'limga, ta'lim esa barqaror rivojlanishga qo'shilishi kerak. ESD ushbu muhim barqarorlik muammolarini mahalliy va global sharoitlarda o'quv dasturiga tayyorlashga yordam beradi o'quvchilar o'zgaruvchan dunyoni tushunish va unga javob berish. ESD ishlab chiqarishni maqsad qiladi ta'lim natijalari tanqidiy va tizimli kabi asosiy vakolatlarni o'z ichiga oladi fikrlash, hamkorlikda Qaror qabul qilish, va hozirgi uchun mas'uliyatni o'z zimmasiga olish va kelajak avlodlar. An'anaviy bir yo'nalishli etkazib berishdan beri bilim sifatida harakat qilishga ilhom berish uchun etarli emas mas'uliyatli fuqarolar, ESD qayta ko'rib chiqishga olib keladi o'quv muhiti, jismoniy va virtual. Ta'lim muhitining o'zi barqaror rivojlanish falsafasini singdirish uchun butun muassasa yondashuvini moslashtirishi va qo'llashi kerak. Imkoniyatlarini oshirish o'qituvchilar xalqaro, mintaqaviy, milliy va mahalliy darajadagi siyosatni qo'llab-quvvatlash o'zgarishlar o'zgarishiga yordam beradi o'quv muassasalari. Ta'lim muassasalari bilan o'zaro aloqada bo'lgan vakolatli yoshlar va mahalliy jamoalar barqaror rivojlanishga yordam beradigan asosiy omillarga aylanishadi.[25]

BMTning Barqaror rivojlanish uchun ta'lim bo'yicha o'n yillik

Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Barqaror rivojlanish maqsadlari

Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Barqaror rivojlanish uchun o'n yillik ta'limining boshlanishi (2005-2014) barqaror rivojlanish muammolarini hal qilish uchun ta'limni qayta yo'naltirish bo'yicha global harakatni boshladi. ESD to'g'risidagi Aichi-Nagoya deklaratsiyasida ko'rsatilgan o'n yillik yutuqlarga asoslanib, YuNESKO Bosh konferentsiyasining 37-sessiyasida ESD bo'yicha Global Harakat dasturini (GAP) ma'qulladi. Tomonidan tan olingan BMT Bosh assambleyasi A / RES / 69/211-sonli qarori va 2014 yilda ESD bo'yicha YuNESKOning Butunjahon konferentsiyasida boshlangan GAP harakatlar va yaxshi tajribalarni kengaytirishga qaratilgan. YUNESKO sheriklari bilan bir qatorda tamoyillarini ta'minlash uchun muhim yutuqlarni qo'lga kiritishda katta rol o'ynaydi ESD rasmiy, norasmiy va norasmiy ta'lim.[26]

ESDning barqaror rivojlanishning asosiy omillaridan biri sifatida xalqaro miqyosda tan olinishi barqaror o'sib bormoqda. ESDning roli BMTning barqaror rivojlanish bo'yicha uchta yirik sammitida tan olingan: 1992 yil Atrof-muhit va rivojlanish bo'yicha BMT konferentsiyasi (UNCED) Rio-de-Janeyro, Braziliya; 2002 yilda Janubiy Afrikaning Yoxannesburg shahrida Barqaror rivojlanish bo'yicha Jahon sammiti (WSSD); va 2012 yil Barqaror rivojlanish bo'yicha BMT konferentsiyasi (UNCSD) Rio-de-Janeyroda. Kabi boshqa muhim global kelishuvlar Parij kelishuvi (12-modda) ESDning ahamiyatini ham tan oladi. Bugungi kunda ESD, shubhasiz, uning markazida joylashgan Barqaror rivojlanish bo'yicha 2030 kun tartibi va uning 17 Barqaror rivojlanish maqsadlari (SDG) (Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti, 2015). SDGlar barcha mamlakatlar quyidagi asosiy yo'nalishlar bo'yicha harakatlarni rag'batlantirishi kerakligini tan olishadi - odamlar, sayyora, farovonlik, tinchlik va sheriklik - insoniyat hayoti uchun hal qiluvchi global muammolarni hal qilish. Ushbu SDGlarning ba'zilari kiradi arzon va toza energiyani ta'minlash, ta'minlash toza suv va kanalizatsiya va ushbu maqsadlar uchun hamkorlik. ESD SDG4-ning 4.7-maqsadida aniq ko'rsatilgan, bu barchani ta'minlashga qaratilgan o'quvchilar barqaror rivojlanishni rag'batlantirish uchun zarur bo'lgan bilim va ko'nikmalarni egallaydi va qolgan 16 ta SDGga erishish uchun muhim vosita sifatida tushuniladi (YuNESKO, 2017).[25] Qo'shimcha ravishda, SDG17 barqaror rivojlanish uchun global sheriklikni amalga oshirish va jonlantirish vositalarini kuchaytirishga qaratilgan.[27]

Kichik guruhlar

Shuningdek qarang: Sayyora chegaralari va Uch chiziq
Atrof muhitTengBarqarorChidab bo'ladigan (ijtimoiy ekologiya)Hayotiy (atrof-muhit iqtisodiyoti)IqtisodiyIjtimoiyBarqaror rivojlanish.svg
Ushbu rasm haqida
Barqaror rivojlanish sxemasi:
uchta tarkibiy qismning birlashuvida. (2006)

Barqaror rivojlanishni uchta soha, o'lchovlar, domenlar yoki ustunlar, ya'ni atrof-muhit, iqtisodiyot va jamiyat nuqtai nazaridan o'ylash mumkin. Uch soha doirasi dastlab iqtisodchi Rene Passet tomonidan 1979 yilda taklif qilingan.[28] Shuningdek, u "iqtisodiy, ekologik va ijtimoiy" yoki "ekologiya, iqtisod va tenglik" deb yozilgan.[29] Bu ba'zi bir mualliflar tomonidan madaniyat, muassasalar yoki boshqaruvning to'rtinchi ustunini o'z ichiga olgan kengaytirilgan.[29] yoki muqobil ravishda ijtimoiy - ekologiya, iqtisod, siyosat va madaniyatning to'rt sohasi sifatida qayta tuzilgan,[30] shu tariqa iqtisodiyotni ijtimoiy hayotga qaytarish va ekologiyani ijtimoiy va tabiiyning kesishishi sifatida ko'rib chiqish.[31]

Atrof-muhit (yoki ekologik)

Shuningdek qarang: Ekologik muhandislik
Turli millatlarning ekologik izlarini inson taraqqiyoti ko'rsatkichlari bilan taqqoslaydigan grafik
O'zaro munosabatlar ekologik iz va Inson taraqqiyoti indeksi (HDI)

The ekologik barqarorlik aholi punktlari odamlar o'rtasidagi munosabatlarning bir qismi va ularning tabiiy, ijtimoiy va qurilgan muhit.[32] Shuningdek, muddat inson ekologiyasi, bu barqaror rivojlanish yo'nalishini kengaytiradi va inson salomatligi sohasini qamrab oladi. Havo, suv, oziq-ovqat va boshpana mavjudligi va sifati kabi insonning asosiy ehtiyojlari ham barqaror rivojlanishning ekologik asosidir;[33] investitsiyalar orqali aholi salomatligi xavfini hal qilish ekotizim xizmatlari barqaror rivojlanish uchun qudratli va o'zgaruvchan kuch bo'lishi mumkin, bu ma'noda barcha turlarga taalluqlidir.[34]

Atrof-muhit barqarorligi bu bilan bog'liq tabiiy muhit va u qanday bardosh beradi va xilma-xil va samarali bo'lib qoladi. Beri Tabiiy boyliklar atrof-muhitdan kelib chiqadi, havo, suv holati va iqlimi ayniqsa tashvishlidir. The IPCC Beshinchi baholash hisoboti tegishli ilmiy, texnik va ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy ma'lumotlar to'g'risidagi hozirgi bilimlarni bayon qiladi Iqlim o'zgarishi va variantlarini ro'yxatlaydi moslashish va yumshatish.[35] Ekologik barqarorlik jamiyatdan sayyoramizning hayotini qo'llab-quvvatlash tizimlarini saqlab, inson ehtiyojlarini qondirish bo'yicha faoliyatni rejalashtirishni talab qiladi. Masalan, bu suvdan barqaror foydalanishga, qayta tiklanadigan energiya manbalaridan va barqaror moddiy ta'minotdan foydalanishga olib keladi (masalan, o'rmonlardan biomassa va biologik xilma-xillikni saqlaydigan darajada o'tin yig'ib olish).[36]

Barqaror bo'lmagan holat yuzaga keladi tabiiy kapital (tabiat boyliklari yig'indisi) uni to'ldirishga qaraganda tezroq sarflanadi. Barqarorlik inson faoliyati tabiat boyliklaridan faqat tabiiy ravishda to'ldirish mumkin bo'lgan darajada foydalanishni talab qiladi. Barqaror rivojlanish kontseptsiyasi tashish hajmi tushunchasi bilan chambarchas bog'liq. Nazariy jihatdan, uzoq muddatli natijasi atrof-muhitning buzilishi inson hayotini davom ettirishga qodir emasligi. Jahon miqyosidagi bunday degradatsiya, aholi buzilgan muhit qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan darajaga tushgunga qadar, odam o'limi koeffitsientini oshirishni nazarda tutishi kerak. Agar degradatsiya ma'lum darajadan tashqarida davom etsa uchish nuqtasi yoki tanqidiy chegara bu oxir-oqibat olib keladi yo'q bo'lib ketish insoniyat uchun.[37]

Tabiiy resurslardan foydalanishAtrof muhit holatiBarqarorlik
Tabiatning to'ldirish qobiliyatidan ko'proq narsaAtrof muhitning buzilishiBarqaror emas
Tabiatning to'ldirish qobiliyatiga tengAtrof-muhit muvozanatiBarqaror davlat iqtisodiyoti
Tabiatning to'ldirish qobiliyatidan kamAtrof muhitni yangilashEkologik jihatdan barqaror

Barqaror rivojlanishning ajralmas elementlari tadqiqot va innovatsion faoliyatdir. Bunga aniq misol Evropaning ekologik tadqiqotlari va innovatsion siyosati Bu aniq barqaror rivojlanishga erishish uchun iqtisodiyotni va butun jamiyatni ko'kalamzorlashtirishning o'zgaruvchan kun tartibini belgilash va amalga oshirishga qaratilgan. Evropadagi tadqiqotlar va innovatsiyalar dastur tomonidan moliyaviy qo'llab-quvvatlanadi Ufq 2020, bu dunyo bo'ylab ishtirok etish uchun ham ochiq.[38] Barqaror rivojlanish yo'lidagi istiqbolli yo'nalish moslashuvchan va qaytariladigan tizimlarni loyihalashtirishdir.[39][40]

Davlat resurslarining ifloslanishi boshqacha harakat emas, aksincha jamoat fojiasi, unda biron bir narsani olib chiqish o'rniga, umumiy narsalarga bir narsa qo'yiladi. Agar umumiy foydalanishni ifloslantirish xarajatlari iste'mol qilinadigan buyumlar narxiga hisoblanmasa, u holda ifloslanish tabiiy holga aylanadi, chunki ifloslanish qiymati ishlab chiqarilgan mahsulotlar narxiga va chiqindilarni undan oldin tozalash xarajatlariga bog'liq. chiqindi chiqindilarni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri umumiy foydalanishga yuborish narxidan oshib ketadi. Shunday qilib, bu muammoni hal qilishning yagona usuli - bu chiqindilarni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri umumiy foydalanishga yuborish uchun chiqindilarni chiqindilarni tozalash xarajatlariga qaraganda, soliqlar yoki jarimalar evaziga umumiy foydalanish ekologiyasini himoya qilishdir.[41]

Shunday qilib, shaxs sifatida to'g'ri ish qilish orqali vaziyat axloq qoidalariga murojaat qilishga urinish mumkin, ammo hech qanday to'g'ridan-to'g'ri oqibatlar bo'lmagan taqdirda, shaxs odam uchun eng yaxshisini emas, balki odam uchun eng yaxshisini qilishni istaydi. jamoat manfaatlari. Yana bir bor ushbu masalani hal qilish kerak. Qarovsiz qoldirilganligi sababli, umumiy mulkni rivojlantirishni barqaror rivojlantirish imkonsiz bo'lib qoladi. Shunday qilib, ushbu mavzu shaxsiy foydalanish uchun foydalaniladigan davlat resurslarini boshqarishdan barqaror vaziyatni yaratishni tushunishda muhim ahamiyatga ega.

Qishloq xo'jaligi

Shuningdek qarang: Barqaror qishloq xo'jaligi

Barqaror qishloq xo'jaligi quyidagilardan iborat atrof-muhit uchun qulay ekinlarni yoki chorvachilikni inson yoki tabiiy tizimlarga zarar etkazmasdan etishtirishga imkon beradigan dehqonchilik usullari. Bu tuproqqa, suvga, biologik xilma-xillikka, atrofdagi yoki quyi oqim manbalariga, shuningdek fermada yoki qo'shni hududlarda ishlaydigan yoki yashovchilarga salbiy ta'sirlarni oldini olishni o'z ichiga oladi. Barqaror qishloq xo'jaligi kontseptsiyasi nasldan naslga o'tib, tükenmiş yoki ifloslangan emas, balki saqlanib qolgan yoki yaxshilangan tabiiy resurs, biotik va iqtisodiy bazani uzatadi.[42] Barqaror qishloq xo'jaligi elementlariga kiradi permakultura, agro o'rmonzorlari, aralash dehqonchilik, bir necha marta kesish va almashlab ekish.[43] U atrof-muhitga zarar etkazmaydigan qishloq xo'jaligi usullarini, odamlarning rivojlanishi va cho'llarni qayta tiklashi va qishloq xo'jaligi maydonlariga aylantirishi uchun sifatli muhitni yaxshilaydigan aqlli dehqonchilik texnologiyalarini o'z ichiga oladi (Xerman Deyli, 2017).[iqtibos kerak ]

Ko'p sonli barqarorlik standartlari va sertifikatlash tizimlar mavjud, shu jumladan organik sertifikatlash, Rainforest alyansi, O'zaro foydali savdo-sotiq, UTZ sertifikati, Qushlarga do'stona munosabat va kofe jamoatchiligi uchun umumiy kod (4C).[44][45]

Iqtisodiyot

Qismi bir qator kuni
Ekologik iqtisodiyot
Tabiiy resurslar oqimining diagrammasi .jpg
Insoniyatning iqtisodiy tizimi a
global muhitning quyi tizimi
Tushunchalar
A kanalizatsiya tozalash ishlatadigan o'simlik quyosh energiyasi, joylashgan Santuari de Lyuk monastir, Majorca.
Shuningdek qarang: Ekologik iqtisodiyot

Qishloqdagi qashshoqlik tufayli va haddan tashqari ekspluatatsiya, atrof-muhit resurslari muhim iqtisodiy aktivlar deb nomlanishi kerak tabiiy kapital.[46] Iqtisodiy rivojlanish an'anaviy ravishda yalpi ichki mahsulot o'sishini talab qiladi. Shaxsiy va yalpi ichki mahsulotning cheksiz o'sishining ushbu modeli tugashi mumkin. Barqaror rivojlanish ko'pchilik uchun hayot sifatini yaxshilashni o'z ichiga olishi mumkin, ammo pasayishni talab qilishi mumkin resurslarni iste'mol qilish.[47]Ekologik iqtisodchining fikriga ko'ra Malte Faber, ekologik iqtisodiyot tabiat, adolat va vaqtga yo'naltirilganligi bilan belgilanadi. Masalalari avlodlararo tenglik, qaytarilmaslik atrof-muhit o'zgarishi, noaniqlik uzoq muddatli natijalar va barqaror rivojlanish ekologik iqtisodiy tahlil va baholash bo'yicha ko'rsatma.[48]

Barqarorlik kontseptsiyasi 1970-yillarning boshlarida "asosiy ekologik qo'llab-quvvatlash tizimlari bilan muvozanatda" iqtisodiyotni tavsiflash uchun ishlatilgan.[49] Ko'plab sohalardagi olimlar ta'kidladilar O'sishning chegaralari,[50][51] va iqtisodchilar alternativalarni taqdim etishdi, masalan "barqaror iqtisodiyot ', sayyoradagi inson taraqqiyotining kengayishi oqibatlari bilan bog'liq muammolarni hal qilish uchun.[5] 1987 yilda iqtisodchi Edvard Barbier tadqiqotni nashr etdi Barqaror iqtisodiy rivojlanish konsepsiyasi, bu erda u atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish va iqtisodiy rivojlanish maqsadlari bir-biriga zid kelmasligini va bir-birini kuchaytirishi mumkinligini tan oldi.[52]

A Jahon banki 1999 yildagi tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, haqiqiy tejash nazariyasiga asoslanib, siyosatchilar barqarorlikni oshirish uchun ko'plab choralar ko'rishadi. makroiqtisodiyot yoki faqat atrof-muhit.[53] Bir nechta tadqiqotlar shuni ta'kidladiki, qayta tiklanadigan energiya va ifloslanish bo'yicha samarali siyosat inson farovonligini oshirish bilan mos keladi va natijada oltin qoida barqaror holatga keladi.[54][55][56][57]

O'qish, Barqarorlikni iqtisodiy sharoitlarda talqin qilish, barqaror rivojlanishning uchta ustunini topdi, o'zaro bog'liqlik, avlodlararo tenglik va dinamik samaradorlik.[58]

Ammo Gilbert Rist Jahon banki barqaror rivojlanish tushunchasini burab, ekotizimni saqlab qolish uchun iqtisodiy rivojlanishni to'xtatish kerak emasligini isbotladi. U shunday yozadi: "Shu nuqtai nazardan," barqaror rivojlanish "yashirin operatsiyaga o'xshaydi ... Davom etish uchun mo'ljallangan narsa ekotizim yoki insoniyat jamiyatlarining bag'rikenglik qobiliyati emas, balki haqiqatan ham" rivojlanish "dir."[59]

Jahon banki, ekologik bilimlarning etakchi ishlab chiqaruvchisi, iqtisodiy o'sish va ekologik barqarorlikning yutuqli istiqbollarini himoya qilishni davom ettiradi, hatto uning iqtisodchilari shubha bildirishmoqda.[60] Xerman Deyli, 1988 yildan 1994 yilgacha Bank uchun iqtisodchi, shunday yozadi:

Qachon mualliflar WDR '92 [yuqori darajadagi nufuzli 1992 yil Jahon taraqqiyoti hisoboti atrof-muhitni namoyish etgan] hisobotni tayyorlayotganda, ular menga ishimda "g'alaba qozonish" strategiyasining misollarini so'rab murojaat qilishdi. Men nima deya olaman? Hech kim bu sof shaklda mavjud emas; savdo-sotiq bor, "g'alaba qozonish" emas. Ammo ular haqiqatga emas, balki e'tiqod maqolalariga asoslangan "yutuqlar" dunyosini ko'rishni xohlashadi. Men o'z hissamni qo'shmoqchi edim WDRBankda muhim ahamiyatga ega, chunki vazifa menejerlari [so'nggi] loyihalarining so'nggi bosqichlari uchun falsafiy asos topish uchun ularni o'qiydilar. Ammo ular narsalar qanday ekanligi yoki mening ishimda topgan narsalar haqida eshitishni xohlamadilar ...[61]

2002 yilda o'tkazilgan meta sharh atrof-muhit va iqtisodiy baholarni ko'rib chiqdi va "barqarorlik siyosati" yo'qligini aniqladi.[62] 2004 yilda o'tkazilgan bir tadqiqot biz juda ko'p iste'mol qiladimi, deb so'radi.[63] 2007 yilda o'tkazilgan tadqiqot natijalariga ko'ra, bilim, ishlab chiqarilgan va inson kapitali (sog'liqni saqlash va ta'lim) dunyoning ko'p qismlarida tabiiy kapitalning degradatsiyasini qoplamadi.[64] Iqlim iqtisodiyotini iqtisodiy baholashda odatiy holga aylanganidek, avlodlararo tenglikni barqaror rivojlanish va qarorlar qabul qilish jarayoniga qo'shish mumkin degan fikrlar mavjud.[65] 2009 yilda o'tkazilgan meta-tekshiruv kuchli ish uchun harakat qilish shartlarini aniqladi Iqlim o'zgarishi va tegishli iqtisodiyotni va uning inson farovonligiga qanday ta'sir qilishini to'liq hisobga olish uchun ko'proq ishlashga chaqirdi.[66] Ga binoan erkin bozor ekologi Jon Baden "atrof-muhit sifatini yaxshilash bog'liq bozor iqtisodiyoti qonuniy va himoyalangan mavjudligi mulk Huquqlar ". Ular shaxsiy javobgarlikning samarali amaliyoti va atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish mexanizmlarini ishlab chiqishga imkon beradi. Davlat shu nuqtai nazardan" odamlarni atrof-muhitni saqlashga undaydigan sharoitlarni yaratishi "mumkin.[67]

Misum, Mistra barqaror bozorlar markazi, asoslangan Stokgolm iqtisodiyot maktabi, shved va xalqaro aktyorlarga barqaror bozorlar bo'yicha siyosiy tadqiqotlar va tavsiyalar berishga qaratilgan. Misum barqarorlik va barqaror bozorlarga bag'ishlangan intizomiy va ko'p manfaatli bilimlar markazidir va uchta tadqiqot maydonchasini o'z ichiga oladi: moliyaviy bozorlarda barqarorlik (Mistra Financial Systems), ishlab chiqarish va iste'moldagi barqarorlik va barqaror ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy rivojlanish.[68]

Atrof-muhit iqtisodiyoti

Asosiy maqola: Atrof-muhit iqtisodiyoti

Umumiy muhit nafaqat o'z ichiga oladi biosfera er, havo va suv, shuningdek, odamlarning bu narsalar bilan, tabiat bilan va odamlar o'zlari yaratgan narsalar bilan o'zaro aloqalarini.[69]

Dunyo bo'ylab mamlakatlar iqtisodiy rivojlanishda davom etar ekan, ular tabiiy muhitning ushbu iqtisodiy o'sishning bir qismi sifatida hosil bo'ladigan yuqori darajadagi ifloslantiruvchi moddalarni o'zlashtira olish qobiliyatiga qiyinchilik tug'diradi. Shu sababli, dunyo iqtisodiyoti o'sishda davom etishi uchun echimlarni topish kerak, ammo jamoat foydasi hisobiga emas. Iqtisodiyot dunyosida atrof-muhit sifati miqdori ta'minotda cheklangan deb hisoblanishi kerak va shuning uchun u kam manbadir. Bu himoya qilinadigan manba. Kam manbaga oid siyosat qarorlarining mumkin bo'lgan natijalarini tahlil qilishning keng tarqalgan usullaridan biri bu xarajatlar va foyda tahlilini o'tkazishdir. Ushbu turdagi tahlil resurslarni taqsimlashning turli xil variantlarini taqqoslaydi va kutilayotgan harakat yo'nalishlari va ushbu harakatlar natijalarini baholash asosida turli xil siyosiy maqsadlar nuqtai nazaridan buni amalga oshirishning maqbul yo'lini topish mumkin.[70]

Foyda-xarajatlar tahlili asosan muammoni hal qilishning bir necha usullarini ko'rib chiqishi mumkin, so'ngra individual harakatlar yo'nalishlarini yanada rivojlantirish natijasida kelib chiqadigan oqibatlar majmuidan kelib chiqib, echim uchun eng yaxshi yo'lni belgilaydi va keyin kursni tanlaydi. ushbu rivojlanish yoki jarayon sodir bo'lgandan keyin qolgan atrof-muhit sifati uchun kutilgan natijaga eng kam zarar etkazilishiga olib keladigan harakatlar. Ushbu tahlilni yanada murakkablashtiradigan - tanlangan harakat yo'nalishi ta'sir qilishi mumkin bo'lgan atrof-muhitning turli qismlarining o'zaro bog'liqligi. Ba'zida kutilmagan oqibatlar va foyda-xarajatlar tahlilida hisobga olinmaydigan noma'lumlar soni tufayli harakatlarning turli xil natijalarini taxmin qilish deyarli mumkin emas.[iqtibos kerak ]

Energiya

Asosiy maqolalar: Aqlli tarmoq va Barqaror energiya

Barqaror energiya toza va uzoq vaqt davomida ishlatilishi mumkin. Dunyo energiyasining asosiy qismini ta'minlaydigan qazilma yoqilg'i va bioyoqilg'idan farqli o'laroq, qayta tiklanadigan energiya gidroelektr, quyosh va shamol energiyasi kabi manbalar ifloslanishni kamroq hosil qiladi.[71][72] Quyosh energiyasi odatda jamoat to'xtash joylarida, ko'cha chiroqlarida va binolarning tomida ishlatiladi.[73] Shamol kuchi tez kengayib, uning butun dunyo bo'ylab elektr energiyasidan foydalanish ulushi 2014 yil oxirida 3,1 foizni tashkil etdi.[74] Kaliforniyadagi qazib olinadigan yoqilg'i infratuzilmasining aksariyati kam ta'minlangan jamoalarda yoki ularning yonida joylashgan va an'anaviy ravishda Kaliforniyaning fotoalbom yoqilg'i energiya tizimidan eng ko'p zarar ko'rgan. Qarorlar qabul qilish jarayonida ushbu jamoalar tarixiy jihatdan chetda qolib, ko'pincha havoni zaharlaydigan va atrofga zarar etkazadigan iflos elektr stantsiyalari va boshqa iflos energiya loyihalari bilan yakunlanadi. Ushbu toksikantlar jamiyatdagi sog'liq muammolariga katta hissa qo'shadi. Qayta tiklanadigan energiya tobora ko'payib borayotganligi sababli, fotoalbom yoqilg'ining infratuzilmasi qayta tiklanadigan manbalar bilan almashtiriladi va biz ko'rishni boshlashimiz mumkin Qayta tiklanadigan energiyaga o'tish, ushbu jamoalarga yaxshiroq ijtimoiy tenglikni ta'minlash.[75]Umuman olganda va uzoq muddatli istiqbolda energetika sohasidagi barqaror rivojlanish ham iqtisodiy barqarorlik va jamoatlarning milliy xavfsizligini ta'minlashga hissa qo'shadi va shu bilan investitsiya siyosati orqali rag'batlantiriladi.[76]

Ishlab chiqarish

Asosiy maqolalar: Yashil ishlab chiqarish va Tarqatilgan ishlab chiqarish

Texnologiya

Shuningdek qarang: Tegishli texnologiya, Atrof-muhit muhandisligi va Atrof-muhit texnologiyasi

Barqaror rivojlanishning asosiy tushunchalaridan biri shundaki, texnologiya odamlarning rivojlanish ehtiyojlarini qondirishda yordam berish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin. Ushbu barqaror rivojlanish ehtiyojlarini qondirish texnologiyasi ko'pincha deb nomlanadi tegishli texnologiya, bu mafkuraviy harakat (va uning namoyon bo'lishi) dastlab sifatida ifodalangan oraliq texnologiya iqtisodchi tomonidan E. F. Shumaxer uning ta'sirli ishida Kichik chiroyli va hozirda keng ko'lamli texnologiyalarni qamrab oladi.[77] Shumaxer ham, zamonaviy texnologiyalarning ko'plab zamonaviy tarafdorlari ham texnologiyani odamlarga yo'naltirilgan deb ta'kidlashadi.[78] Bugungi kunda ko'pincha tegishli texnologiyalar ishlab chiqilmoqda ochiq manba olib kelgan tamoyillar ochiq manbali tegishli texnologiya (OSAT) va shu bilan texnologiyaning ko'plab rejalarini Internetda erkin topish mumkin.[79] OSAT - bu yoqishning yangi modeli sifatida taklif qilingan yangilik barqaror rivojlanish uchun.[80][81]

Transport

Shuningdek qarang: Barqaror transport
Bir yo'lovchiga uglerod chiqindilari
Transportdan olingan umumiy gaz

Issiqxona gazlari chiqindilariga transport katta hissa qo'shadi. Ishlab chiqarilgan gazlarning uchdan bir qismi transport hisobiga to'g'ri keladi deyishadi.[82] Motorli transport, shuningdek, inson salomatligi uchun xavfli va iqlim o'zgarishiga hissa qo'shadigan zarracha moddalarni o'z ichiga olgan chiqindi gazlarni chiqaradi.[83]

Barqaror transport mahalliy barqaror rivojlanishni tezlashtirishi mumkin bo'lgan ko'plab ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy afzalliklarga ega. Tomonidan bir qator xabarlarga ko'ra Kam emissiya rivojlanish strategiyasi Global hamkorlik (LEDS GP), barqaror transport ish joylarini yaratishda yordam berishi mumkin,[84] velosipedlar va piyodalar yo'llariga sarmoya kiritish orqali shahar atrofidagi xavfsizlikni yaxshilash;[85] ish va ijtimoiy imkoniyatlardan foydalanish imkoniyatini yanada arzonroq va samarali qilish. Shuningdek, u odamlarning vaqtini va uy xo'jaliklarining daromadlarini hamda davlat byudjetlarini tejash uchun amaliy imkoniyatni taqdim etadi,[86] barqaror transportga sarmoyalarni "yutib chiqish" imkoniyatiga aylantirish.

Ba'zi G'arb mamlakatlari transportni uzoq muddatli va qisqa muddatli amalga oshirishda barqarorroq qilishmoqda.[87] Masalan, mavjud transportdagi modifikatsiyani keltirish mumkin Frayburg, Germaniya. Shaharda jamoat transporti, velosipedda yurish va piyoda yurishning keng usullari, shuningdek, avtoulovlarga ruxsat berilmagan katta joylar joriy etilgan.[82]

Ko'pgina G'arb mamlakatlari yuqori darajadagi avtomobillarga yo'naltirilganligi sababli, odamlar foydalanadigan asosiy tranzit shaxsiy transport vositalaridir. Sayohatlarning taxminan 80% avtoulovlarga to'g'ri keladi.[82] Shuning uchun Kaliforniya eng balandlardan biri hisoblanadi issiqxona gazlari Qo'shma Shtatlardagi emitentlar. Federal hukumat parnik gazlari chiqindilarini kamaytirish uchun transport vositalarining umumiy sonini kamaytirish bo'yicha ba'zi rejalarni ishlab chiqishi kerak. Kabi:

  • Ko'proq harakatlanish va qulayliklarni ta'minlash, yanada ishonchli va tezkor jamoat transporti tarmog'ini ta'minlash uchun yangi texnologiyalarni ta'minlash uchun keng qamrovli hududni taqdim etish orqali jamoat transportini takomillashtirish.[88]
  • Yurish va velosipedda yurishni piyodalar uchun keng yo'l bilan ta'minlash, shahar markazlarida velosipedlarni ulashadigan stantsiyalarni xarid qilish, avtoulovlarni to'xtash joylarini joylashtirish, ko'cha to'xtash joylarini cheklash, shahar markazida harakatlanish yo'lini sekinlashtirish.
  • Avtoturargohlar uchun to'lovlar va yo'l haqlarini oshirish orqali avtoulovlarga egalik narxini va benzin solig'ini oshirish, odamlarni yoqilg'i tejaydigan vositalarni boshqarishga undash. Bu ijtimoiy tenglik muammosini keltirib chiqarishi mumkin, chunki kam daromadli odamlar odatda yonilg'i samaradorligi pastroq bo'lgan eski transport vositalarini boshqaradilar. Hukumat soliqlar va bojlardan olinadigan qo'shimcha daromadlarni jamoat transportini yaxshilash va kambag'al jamoalarga foyda keltirish uchun ishlatishi mumkin.[89]

Boshqa davlatlar va millatlar bunga intilishdi bilimlarni tarjima qilish yilda xulq-atvor iqtisodiyoti ichiga dalillarga asoslangan barqaror transport siyosatlar.[90]

Biznes

Shuningdek qarang: Korporativ barqarorlik

Korporativ barqarorlikning eng keng qabul qilingan mezonlari firmaning tabiiy kapitaldan samarali foydalanishidir. Bu ekologik samaradorlik odatda firma tomonidan uning qo'shilgan ekologik ta'siriga nisbatan qo'shilgan iqtisodiy qiymat sifatida hisoblanadi.[91] Ushbu g'oya Barqaror rivojlanish bo'yicha Butunjahon biznes kengashi tomonidan ommalashtirildi (WBCSD ) quyidagi ta'rif ostida: "Ekologik samaradorlikka raqobatbardosh narxlarda inson ehtiyojlarini qondiradigan va hayot sifatini ta'minlaydigan tovarlar va xizmatlarni etkazib berish, shu bilan birga ekologik ta'sirlarni bosqichma-bosqich kamaytirishi va resurs intensivligi hayot tsikli davomida hech bo'lmaganda erning yuk ko'tarish qobiliyatiga mos keladigan darajaga qadar "(DeSimone and Popoff, 1997: 47).[92]

Ekologik samaradorlik kontseptsiyasiga o'xshash, ammo hozirgacha kam o'rganilgan korporativ barqarorlikning ikkinchi mezonidir. Ijtimoiy samaradorlik[93] firmaning qo'shimcha qiymati va uning ijtimoiy ta'siri o'rtasidagi munosabatni tavsiflaydi. Holbuki, atrof-muhitga korporativ ta'sirlarning aksariyati salbiy deb taxmin qilish mumkin (daraxt ekish kabi noyob istisnolardan tashqari), bu ijtimoiy ta'sirga to'g'ri kelmaydi. Ular ijobiy (masalan, korporativ berish, ish joyini yaratish) yoki salbiy bo'lishi mumkin (masalan, ishlab chiqarishdagi baxtsiz hodisalar, xodimlarning mafiyasi, inson huquqlarining buzilishi). Ta'sir turiga qarab, ijtimoiy samaradorlik salbiyni minimallashtirishga harakat qiladi ijtimoiy ta'sir (ya'ni qo'shilgan qiymat uchun baxtsiz hodisalar) yoki ijobiy ijtimoiy ta'sirlarni maksimal darajaga ko'tarish (ya'ni qo'shilgan qiymat uchun xayr-ehsonlar) qo'shilgan qiymatga nisbatan.[iqtibos kerak ]

Ekologik samaradorlik ham, ijtimoiy samaradorlik ham birinchi navbatda iqtisodiy barqarorlikni oshirish bilan bog'liq. Ushbu jarayonda ular tabiiy va ijtimoiy kapitalni o'zaro manfaatli vaziyatlardan foydalanishga yo'naltirishadi. Biroq, Dyllick va Hockerts kabi[93] barqaror rivojlanishni amalga oshirish uchun faqatgina ishning o'zi etarli bo'lmaydi. Ular ekologik samaradorlik, ijtimoiy samaradorlik, etarlilik va ekologik tenglikni to'rtta mezon sifatida ko'rsatib berishadi, agar barqaror rivojlanishga erishish zarur bo'lsa.[94]

CASI Global, Nyu-York "KSS va Barqarorlik birgalikda barqaror rivojlanishga olib keladi. KSS xuddi shunday korporativ ijtimoiy javobgarlik siz o'zingizning foyda bilan nima qilayotganingiz emas, balki siz qanday qilib daromad olishingiz mumkin. Bu shuni anglatadiki, KSS kompaniyaning qiymat zanjirining har bir bo'limiga kiradi va kadrlar / mustaqil bo'limga tegishli emas. Barqarorlik inson resurslari, atrof-muhit va ekologiyaga ta'sirini kompaniyaning har bir bo'limida o'lchash kerak. " CASI Global

Daromad

Hozirgi vaqtda barqaror rivojlanish kamayishi mumkin qashshoqlik. Barqaror rivojlanish qashshoqlikni moliyaviy (boshqa narsalar qatori, muvozanatli byudjet), atrof-muhit (yashash sharoitlari) va ijtimoiy (shu jumladan daromadlar tengligi) vositalari orqali kamaytiradi.[95]

Arxitektura

Shuningdek qarang: Barqaror me'morchilik

Barqaror me'morchilikda so'nggi harakatlar Yangi shaharsozlik va Yangi klassik arxitektura barqaror yondashuvni targ'ib qilish qurilish, bu qadrlaydi va rivojlanadi aqlli o'sish, me'moriy an'analar va klassik dizayn.[96][97] Bu farqli o'laroq zamonaviyist va Xalqaro uslub arxitektura, shuningdek, yolg'izlikka qarshi turish uy-joy massivlari va shahar atrofi tarqalishi, with long commuting distances and large ecological footprints.[98] Ikkala tendentsiya ham 1980-yillarda boshlangan. (Sustainable architecture is predominantly relevant to the economics domain while architectural landscaping pertains more to the ecological domain.)[iqtibos kerak ]

Siyosat

Shuningdek qarang: Atrof-muhit siyosati, Atrof-muhitni boshqarish va Barqarorlik ko'rsatkichlari va ko'rsatkichlari

A study concluded that social indicators and, therefore, sustainable development indicators, are scientific constructs whose principal objective is to inform public policy-making.[99] The Barqaror rivojlanish bo'yicha xalqaro institut has similarly developed a political policy framework, linked to a sustainability index for establishing measurable entities and metrics. The framework consists of six core areas:

  1. International trade and investment
  2. Iqtisodiy siyosat
  3. Climate change and energy
  4. O'lchash va baholash
  5. Tabiiy resurslarni boshqarish
  6. Communication technologies.

The Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Global Shartnomasi Cities Programme has defined sustainable political development in a way that broadens the usual definition beyond states and governance. The political is defined as the domain of practices and meanings associated with basic issues of social power as they pertain to the organisation, authorisation, legitimation and regulation of a social life held in common. This definition is in accord with the view that political change is important for responding to economic, ecological and cultural challenges. It also means that the politics of economic change can be addressed. They have listed seven subdomains of the domain of politics:[100]

  1. Organization and governance
  2. Qonun va adolat
  3. Communication and critique
  4. Representation and negotiation
  5. Security and accord
  6. Dialogue and reconciliation
  7. Ethics and accountability

This accords with the Brundtland Commission emphasis on development that is guided by human rights principles (see above).

Madaniyat

Framing of sustainable development progress according to the Barqarorlik doiralari, tomonidan ishlatilgan Birlashgan Millatlar.

Working with a different emphasis, some researchers and institutions have pointed out that a fourth dimension should be added to the dimensions of sustainable development, since the triple-bottom-line dimensions of economic, environmental and social do not seem to be enough to reflect the complexity of contemporary society. In this context, the Agenda 21 for culture va Birlashgan shaharlar va mahalliy boshqaruv (UCLG) Executive Bureau lead the preparation of the policy statement "Culture: Fourth Pillar of Sustainable Development", passed on 17 November 2010, in the framework of the World Summit of Local and Regional Leaders – 3rd World Congress of UCLG, held in Mexico City. This document inaugurates a new perspective and points to the relation between culture and sustainable development through a dual approach: developing a solid madaniy siyosat and advocating a cultural dimension in all public policies. The Barqarorlik doiralari approach distinguishes the four domains of economic, ecological, political and cultural sustainability.[101][102][103]

Other organizations have also supported the idea of a fourth domain of sustainable development. The Network of Excellence "Sustainable Development in a Diverse World",[104] homiyligida Yevropa Ittifoqi, integrates multidisciplinary capacities and interprets madaniy xilma-xillik as a key element of a new strategy for sustainable development. The Fourth Pillar of Sustainable Development Theory has been referenced by executive director of IMI Institute at YuNESKO Vito Di Bari[105] in his manifesto of art and architectural movement Neofuturizm, whose name was inspired by the 1987 United Nations' report Bizning umumiy kelajagimiz. The Barqarorlik doiralari approach used by Metropolis defines the (fourth) cultural domain as practices, discourses, and material expressions, which, over time, express continuities and discontinuities of social meaning.[100]

Cultural elements in sustainable development frameworks

Recently, human-centered design and cultural collaboration have been popular frameworks for sustainable development in marginalized communities.[106][107][108][109] These frameworks involve open dialogue which entails sharing, debating, and discussing, as well as holistic evaluation of the site of development.[106][107][108][109] Especially when working on sustainable development in marginalized communities, cultural emphasis is a crucial factor in project decisions, since it largely affects aspects of their lives and traditions.[106] Collaborators use Articulation Theory in co-designing. This allows for them to understand each other's thought process and their comprehension of the sustainable projects.[106] By using the method of co-design, the beneficiaries' holistic needs are being considered.[106][108] Final decisions and implementations are made with respect to sociocultural and ecological factors.[109][108][107][106]

Human centered design
Wikimania Human Centered Design Visualization

The user-oriented framework relies heavily on user participation and user feedback in the planning process.[110] Users are able to provide new perspective and ideas, which can be considered in a new round of improvements and changes.[110] It is said that increased user participation in the design process can garner a more comprehensive understanding of the design issues, due to more contextual and emotional transparency between researcher and participant.[110] Ning asosiy elementi human centered design is applied ethnography, which was a research method adopted from madaniy antropologiya.[110] This research method requires researchers to be fully immersed in the observation so that implicit details are also recorded.[110]

Hayotiy tsiklni tahlil qilish
SDLC-Maintenance-Highlighted

Many communities express environmental concerns, so hayot aylanishini tahlil qilish is often conducted when assessing the sustainability of a product or prototype.[111][108][106] The assessment is done in stages with meticulous cycles of planning, design, implementation, and evaluation.[112] The decision to choose materials is heavily weighted on its longevity, renewability, and efficiency. These factors ensure that researchers are conscious of community values that align with positive environmental, social, and economic impacts.[111]

Mavzular

Taraqqiyot

Shuningdek qarang: Sustainable development goals

The Barqaror rivojlanish bo'yicha Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining konferentsiyasi (UNCSD; also known as Rio 2012) was the third international conference on sustainable development, which aimed at reconciling the economic and environmental goals of the global community. An outcome of this conference was the development of the Barqaror rivojlanish maqsadlari that aim to promote sustainable progress and eliminate inequalities around the world. However, few nations met the Butunjahon tabiatni muhofaza qilish jamg'armasi 's definition of sustainable development criteria established in 2006.[113] Although some nations are more developed than others, all nations are constantly developing because each nation struggles with perpetuating disparities, inequalities and unequal access to fundamental rights and freedoms.[114]

O'lchov

Asosiy maqolalar: Ekologik iz va Barqarorlikni o'lchash
Deforestation and increased road-building in the Amazon yomg'ir o'rmoni are a concern because of increased human encroachment upon cho'l areas, increased resource extraction and further threats to biologik xilma-xillik.

In 2007 a report for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency stated: "While much discussion and effort has gone into sustainability indicators, none of the resulting systems clearly tells us whether our society is sustainable. At best, they can tell us that we are heading in the wrong direction, or that our current activities are not sustainable. More often, they simply draw our attention to the existence of problems, doing little to tell us the origin of those problems and nothing to tell us how to solve them."[115] Nevertheless, a majority of authors assume that a set of well defined and harmonised indicators is the only way to make sustainability tangible. Those indicators are expected to be identified and adjusted through empirical observations (trial and error).[116]

The most common critiques are related to issues like data quality, comparability, objective function and the necessary resources.[117] However a more general criticism is coming from the project management community: How can a sustainable development be achieved at global level if we cannot monitor it in any single project?[118][119]

The Cuban-born researcher and entrepreneur Sonia Bueno suggests an alternative approach that is based upon the integral, long-term cost-benefit relationship as a measure and monitoring tool for the sustainability of every project, activity or enterprise.[120][121] Furthermore, this concept aims to be a practical guideline towards sustainable development following the principle of conservation and increment of value rather than restricting the consumption of resources.[iqtibos kerak ]

Reasonable qualifications of sustainability are seen U.S. Green Building Council's (USGBC) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). This design incorporates some ecological, economic, and social elements. The goals presented by LEED design goals are sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy consumption and atmospheric emission reduction, material and resurslardan foydalanish samaradorligi, and indoor environmental quality. Although amount of structures for sustainability development is many, these qualification has become a standard for sustainable building.[iqtibos kerak ]

Recent research efforts created also the SDEWES Index to benchmark the performance of cities across aspects that are related to energy, water and environment systems. The SDEWES Index consists of 7 dimensions, 35 indicators, and close to 20 sub-indicators. It is currently applied to 58 cities.[122]

Tabiiy kapital

Rio-de-Janeyro shahridagi mahalliy yomg'ir o'rmonini fuqarolik qurilishi uchun loy qazib olish uchun yo'q qilish
O'rmonlarni yo'q qilish mahalliy yomg'ir o'rmoni in Rio de Janeiro City for extraction of gil for civil engineering (2009 picture).

The sustainable development debate is based on the assumption that societies need to manage three types of capital (economic, social, and natural), which may be non-substitutable and whose consumption might be irreversible.[93] Etakchi ekologik iqtisodchi va barqaror holat nazariyotchisi Xerman Deyli,[5] for example, points to the fact that tabiiy kapital can not necessarily be substituted by economic capital. While it is possible that we can find ways to replace some natural resources, it is much more unlikely that they will ever be able to replace eco-system services, such as the protection provided by the ozone layer, or the climate stabilizing function of the Amazonian forest. In fact natural capital, social capital and economic capital are often complementarities. A further obstacle to substitutability lies also in the multi-functionality of many natural resources. Forests, for example, not only provide the raw material for paper (which can be substituted quite easily), but they also maintain biodiversity, regulate water flow, and absorb CO2.[iqtibos kerak ]

Another problem of natural and social capital deterioration lies in their partial irreversibility. The biologik xilma-xillikni yo'qotish, for example, is often definitive. The same can be true for cultural diversity. For example, with globalisation advancing quickly the number of indigenous languages is dropping at alarming rates. Moreover, the depletion of natural and social capital may have non-linear consequences. Consumption of natural and social capital may have no observable impact until a certain threshold is reached. A lake can, for example, absorb nutrients for a long time while actually increasing its productivity. However, once a certain level of algae is reached lack of oxygen causes the lake's ecosystem to break down suddenly.[123]

Business-as-usual

Oldin tutun gazini desulfurizatsiya was installed, the air-polluting emissions from this power plant in Nyu-Meksiko contained excessive amounts of oltingugurt dioksidi.

If the degradation of natural and social capital has such important consequence the question arises why action is not taken more systematically to alleviate it. Cohen and Winn[124] point to four types of market failure as possible explanations: First, while the benefits of natural or social capital depletion can usually be privatised, the costs are often externalised (i.e. they are borne not by the party responsible but by society in general). Second, natural capital is often undervalued by society since we are not fully aware of the real cost of the depletion of natural capital. Information asymmetry is a third reason—often the link between cause and effect is obscured, making it difficult for actors to make informed choices. Cohen and Winn close with the realization that contrary to economic theory many firms are not perfect optimisers. They postulate that firms often do not optimise resource allocation because they are caught in a "business as usual" mentality.[iqtibos kerak ]

Ta'lim

Asosiy sahifa: Barqaror rivojlanish uchun ta'lim

Education must be revisited in light of a renewed vision of sustainable human and social development that is both equitable and viable. This vision of sustainability must take into consideration the social, environmental and economic dimensions of human development and the various ways in which these relate to education: 'An empowering education is one that builds the human resources we need to be productive, to continue to learn, to solve problems, to be creative, and to live together and with nature in peace and harmony. When nations ensure that such an education is accessible to all throughout their lives, a quiet revolution is set in motion: education becomes the engine of sustainable development and the key to a better world.'[125][126]

Taniqli muassasalar

Insubstantial stretching of the term

It has been argued that since the 1960s, the concept of sustainable development has changed from "conservation management" to "economic development", whereby the original meaning of the concept has been stretched somewhat.[6]:48–54

In the 1960s, the international community realised that many African countries needed national plans to safeguard wildlife habitats, and that rural areas had to confront the limits imposed by soil, climate and water availability. This was a strategy of conservation management. In the 1970s, however, the focus shifted to the broader issues of the provisioning of basic human needs, community participation as well as appropriate technology use throughout the developing countries (and not just in Africa). This was a strategy of economic development, and the strategy was carried even further by the Brundtland komissiyasi 's report on Bizning umumiy kelajagimiz when the issues went from regional to international in scope and application.[6]:48–54 In effect, the conservationists were crowded out and superseded by the developers.

But shifting the focus of sustainable development from conservation to development has had the imperceptible effect of stretching the original forest management term of sustainable yield from the use of renewable resources only (like forestry), to now also accounting for the use of non-renewable resources (like minerallar ).[2]:13 This stretching of the term has been questioned. Thus, environmental economist Kerry Turner has argued that literally, there can be no such thing as overall "sustainable development" in an industrialised jahon iqtisodiyoti that remains heavily dependent on the extraction of earth's finite stock of exhaustible mineral resources: "It makes no sense to talk about the sustainable use of a non-renewable resource (even with substantial recycling effort and reduction in use rates). Any positive rate of exploitation will eventually lead to exhaustion of the finite stock."[2]:13

In effect, it has been argued that the industrial revolution as a whole is unsustainable.[3]:20f[4]:61–67[5]:22f[127]:52

One critic has argued that the Brundtland komissiyasi promoted nothing but a business as usual strategy for world development, with the ambiguous and insubstantial concept of "sustainable development" attached as a public relations slogan:[7]:94–99 Hisobot Bizning umumiy kelajagimiz was largely the result of a political bargaining process involving many special interest groups, all put together to create a common appeal of political acceptability across borders. After World War II, the notion of "development" had been established in the West to imply the projection of the American model of society onto the rest of the world. In the 1970s and 1980s, this notion was broadened somewhat to also imply human rights, basic human needs and finally, ecological issues. The emphasis of the report was on helping poor nations out of poverty and meeting the basic needs of their growing populations—as usual. This issue demanded more economic growth, also in the rich countries, who would then import more goods from the poor countries to help them out—as usual. When the discussion switched to global ecological limits to growth, the obvious dilemma was left aside by calling for economic growth with improved resource efficiency, or what was termed "a change in the sifat of growth". However, most countries in the West had experienced such improved resource efficiency since the early-20th century already and as usual; only, this improvement had been more than offset by continuing industrial expansion, to the effect that world resource consumption was now higher than ever before—and these two historical trends were completely ignored in the report. Taken together, the policy of perpetual economic growth for the entire planet remained virtually intact. Since the publication of the report, the ambiguous and insubstantial slogan of "sustainable development" has marched on worldwide.[7]:94–99

Shuningdek qarang

Manbalar

Bepul madaniy asarlarning ta'rifi logo notext.svg Ushbu maqola a dan matnni o'z ichiga oladi bepul tarkib ish. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 Wikimedia Commons-da litsenziya bayonoti / ruxsatnomasi. Matn olingan Ta'limni qayta ko'rib chiqish: global umumiy manfaat sari?, 32–33, UNESCO. YuNESKO. Qanday qo'shishni o'rganish ochiq litsenziya Vikipediya maqolalariga matn, iltimos ko'ring bu qanday qilib sahifa. Haqida ma'lumot olish uchun Vikipediyadan matnni qayta ishlatish, iltimos, ko'ring foydalanish shartlari.

Bepul madaniy asarlarning ta'rifi logo notext.svg Ushbu maqola a dan matnni o'z ichiga oladi bepul tarkib ish. CC BY-SA tomonidan litsenziyalangan Wikimedia Commons-da litsenziya bayonoti / ruxsatnomasi. Matn olingan Issues and trends in education for sustainable development, 276, UNESCO. UNESDOC. Qanday qo'shishni o'rganish ochiq litsenziya Vikipediya maqolalariga matn, iltimos ko'ring bu qanday qilib sahifa. Haqida ma'lumot olish uchun Vikipediyadan matnni qayta ishlatish, iltimos, ko'ring foydalanish shartlari.

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