Quyosh soati - Sundial

Moot Hall-dagi Quyosh soatiga qarab vertikal pasayib ketgan SSW Aldeburg, Suffolk, Angliya. Gnomon - bu juda tor bo'lgan tayoq, shuning uchun u uslub sifatida ishlaydi. Lotin shiori erkin "Men faqat quyoshli soatlarni hisoblayman" deb tarjima qilinadi.

1862 yilda foydalanishga topshirilgan gorizontal raqamli gnomon - bu uchburchak pichoq. Uslub uning moyil chekkasidir.^[1]

Birlashtirilgan analemmatik - Ann Morrison Parkdagi ekvatorial quyosh soati Boise, Aydaho, 43 ° 36'45.5 "N 116 ° 13'27.6" V

A quyosh soati aytadigan qurilma kunning vaqti ko'rinishda quyosh nuri bo'lganda Quyoshning holati ichida osmon. So'zning tor ma'nosida u tekis plastinkadan iborat ( terish) va a gnomon, bu a soya kadran ustiga. Sifatida Quyosh ko'rinadi harakat qilish osmon bo'ylab soya boshqasiga to'g'ri keladi soat chiziqlari, ular kunning vaqtini ko'rsatish uchun kadrda belgilanadi. The uslubi gnomonning vaqtni belgilaydigan tomoni, garchi bitta nuqta yoki nodus ishlatilishi mumkin. Gnomon keng soya soladi; uslubning soyasi vaqtni ko'rsatadi. Gnomon tayoq, sim yoki chiroyli bezatilgan metall quyma bo'lishi mumkin. Uslub bo'lishi kerak eksa bilan parallel ning Yerning aylanishi Quyosh soati yil davomida aniq bo'lishi uchun. Gorizontaldan uslubning burchagi quyosh soatining geografik qismiga teng kenglik.

Kengroq ma'noda quyosh soati Quyoshdan foydalanadigan har qanday moslama balandlik yoki azimut (yoki ikkalasi ham) vaqtni ko'rsatish uchun. Quyosh soatlari vaqtni aniqlash funktsiyasidan tashqari, bezak buyumlari, adabiy metafora va fitna va matematik o'rganish ob'ekti sifatida qadrlanadi.

Vaqt o'tishini belgilash uchun oddiy quyosh soati osongina qurilishi mumkin, bu esa tayoqni qumga yoki mixga taxtaga solib, markerlarni soyaning chetiga qo'yadi yoki intervallarni soyani belgilaydi. Arzon, ommaviy ravishda ishlab chiqarilgan dekorativ quyosh soatlarida gnomonlar, soya uzunliklari va soat chiziqlari noto'g'ri hizalanishi odatiy holdir, ularni to'g'ri vaqtni belgilash uchun sozlash mumkin emas.^[2]

Kirish

Quyosh soatlarining bir necha xil turlari mavjud. Ba'zi quyosh soatlari soyani yoki soyaning chekkasini, boshqalari vaqtni ko'rsatish uchun chiziq yoki yorug'lik nuqtasini ishlatadi.

A deb nomlanuvchi soya chiqaradigan ob'ekt gnomon, uzun ingichka novda yoki o'tkir uchi yoki tekis qirrasi bo'lgan boshqa narsalar bo'lishi mumkin. Quyosh soatlari gnomonning ko'p turlaridan foydalanadi. Gnomon mavsumga qarab o'rnatilishi yoki ko'chirilishi mumkin. U vertikal, gorizontal yo'naltirilgan, Yer o'qi bilan tekislangan yoki umuman matematikada aniqlangan boshqa yo'nalishga yo'naltirilgan bo'lishi mumkin.

Quyosh soatlari vaqtni ko'rsatish uchun yorug'likni ishlatishini hisobga olsak, yorug'lik chizig'i Quyosh nurlarini ingichka tirqish orqali o'tqazish yoki ularni yo'naltirish orqali hosil bo'lishi mumkin. silindrsimon ob'ektiv. Quyosh nurlarini kichik teshik, deraza, okulus yoki ularni kichik dumaloq oynadan aks ettirish orqali. Yorug'lik nuqtasi a kabi kichik bo'lishi mumkin teshik quyosh naychasida yoki Panteondagi okula kabi katta.

Quyosh soatlari yorug'lik yoki soyani olish uchun ko'plab sirt turlaridan foydalanishi mumkin. Samolyotlar eng keng tarqalgan sirt, ammo qisman sohalar, tsilindrlar, konuslar va boshqa shakllar yanada aniqlik yoki go'zallik uchun ishlatilgan.

Quyosh soatlari portativligi va yo'nalishga bo'lgan ehtiyojlari bilan farq qiladi. Ko'p raqamlarni o'rnatish mahalliy tilni bilishni talab qiladi kenglik, aniq vertikal yo'nalish (masalan, daraja yoki plumb-bob tomonidan) va yo'nalish haqiqiy Shimoliy. Portativ raqamlar o'z-o'zidan mos keladi: masalan, gorizontal va turli xil printsiplarda ishlaydigan ikkita terish bo'lishi mumkin analemmatik terish, bitta plastinaga o'rnatilgan. Ushbu dizaynlarda ularning vaqtlari faqat plastinka to'g'ri tekislanganda mos keladi.

Quyosh soatlari quyidagini ko'rsatishi mumkin mahalliy quyosh vaqti faqat. Milliy soat vaqtini olish uchun uchta tuzatish talab qilinadi:

1. Yerning orbitasi mukammal aylana emas va uning aylanish o'qi uning orbitasiga perpendikulyar emas. Quyosh soati ko'rsatilgan quyosh vaqti soat davomida yil davomida o'zgarib turadigan oz miqdordagi farq qiladi. 16 daqiqa 33 soniya bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan ushbu tuzatish - tomonidan tasvirlangan vaqt tenglamasi. Egri uslubga yoki soat yo'nalishlariga ega bo'lgan murakkab quyosh soati ushbu tuzatishni o'z ichiga olishi mumkin. Oddiyroq oddiy quyosh soatlarida ba'zida yilning turli vaqtlarida ofsetlarni beruvchi kichik blyashka mavjud.
2. Quyosh vaqtini uchun tuzatish kerak uzunlik rasmiy soat mintaqasi uzunligiga nisbatan quyosh soati. Masalan, tuzatilmagan quyosh soati g'arb ning Grinvich, Angliya, lekin bir xil vaqt zonasi ichida oldinroq rasmiy vaqtdan ko'ra vaqt. Rasmiy peshin vaqtida "11:45" ko'rsatilishi mumkin va rasmiy peshindan keyin "peshin" ko'rsatiladi. Ushbu tuzatish soat chiziqlarini uzunliklar farqiga teng doimiy burchakka burish orqali osonlikcha amalga oshirilishi mumkin, bu esa odatda mumkin bo'lgan dizayn variantidir.
3. Sozlash uchun yozgi vaqt, agar iloji bo'lsa, quyosh vaqti qo'shimcha ravishda rasmiy farq uchun (odatda bir soat) o'zgarishi kerak. Bu, shuningdek, kadrda bajarilishi mumkin bo'lgan tuzatish, ya'ni soat satrlarini ikkita raqamlar to'plami bilan raqamlash yoki hatto ba'zi dizayndagi raqamlarni almashtirish orqali amalga oshiriladi. Ko'pincha bu shunchaki e'tiborsiz qoldiriladi yoki boshqa tuzatishlar bilan plakatda eslatib o'tiladi, agar mavjud bo'lsa.

Quyoshning aniq harakati

Ekvatorial quyosh soatining yuqori ko'rinishi. Soat chiziqlari aylana atrofida teng ravishda joylashtirilgan va gnomonning soyasi (yupqa silindrli tayoq) bir tekis aylanadi. Gnomonning balandligi⁵⁄₁₂ terishning tashqi radiusi. Ushbu animatsiya soyaning soat 03.00 dan 21.00 gacha bo'lgan harakatini tasvirlaydi. (Quyoshning tejash vaqtini hisobga olmaganda) Quyosh eng yuqori pasayish paytida (taxminan 23,5 °), Solstice yoki uning atrofida. O'sha kuni quyosh chiqishi va botishi soat 15.00 va 21.00 da, 57.05 ° ga yaqin geografik kengliklarda, taxminan Aberdin, Shotlandiya yoki Sitka, Alyaska.

Quyosh soatlari printsiplari eng oson tushuniladi Quyosh ko'rinadigan harakat.^[3] Yer o'z o'qi atrofida aylanib, Quyosh atrofida elliptik orbitada aylanadi. Ajoyib taxminlarga ko'ra, Quyosh harakatsiz Yer atrofida aylanadi samoviy shar, har 24 soatda osmon o'qi atrofida aylanadi. Osmon o'qi - bu birlashtiruvchi chiziq samoviy qutblar. Osmon o'qi Yer aylanadigan o'q bilan tekislanganligi sababli, o'qning burchagi mahalliy gorizontal bilan mahalliy geografik hisoblanadi kenglik.

Dan farqli o'laroq sobit yulduzlar, Quyosh samoviy sohada o'z o'rnini o'zgartiradi, shimoliy yarim sharda esa - ijobiy moyillik bahorda va yozda, va kuzda va qishda salbiy moyillikda va aniq nolga ega (ya'ni, samoviy ekvator ) da teng kunlar. Quyosh samoviy uzunlik har xil bo'lib, yiliga bitta to'liq inqilob bilan o'zgarib turadi. Quyoshning osmon sferasida yuradigan yo'li deyiladi ekliptik. Ekliptik yulduzlarning o'n ikkita yulduz turkumidan o'tadi burj bir yil ichida.

Quyosh soati Singapur botanika bog'lari. Haqiqat Singapur deyarli joylashgan ekvator uning dizaynida aks etadi.

Quyosh harakatining ushbu modeli quyosh soatlarini tushunishga yordam beradi. Agar soya chiqaradigan gnomon. Bilan moslashtirilgan bo'lsa samoviy qutblar, uning soyasi doimiy tezlikda aylanadi va bu aylanish fasllarga qarab o'zgarmaydi. Bu eng keng tarqalgan dizayn. Bunday hollarda yil davomida bir xil soat chiziqlaridan foydalanish mumkin. Agar soyani oladigan sirt perpendikulyar bo'lsa (ekvatorial quyosh soati kabi) yoki gnomon atrofida aylana shaklida bo'lsa (soat kabi) armilyar shar ).

Boshqa holatlarda, soya bir tekis aylansa ham, soat chiziqlari teng ravishda joylashtirilmaydi. Agar gnomon bo'lsa emas samoviy qutblar bilan hizalanmış, hatto uning soyasi ham bir tekis aylanmaydi va soat chiziqlari mos ravishda tuzatilishi kerak. Gnomon uchini o'tlatadigan yoki kichik tuynukdan o'tadigan yoki kichik oynadan aks etadigan yorug'lik nurlari konus samoviy qutblar bilan tekislangan. Tegishli yorug'lik dog'i yoki soyaning uchi, agar u tekis yuzaga tushsa, a izini chiqaradi konus bo'limi, masalan giperbola, ellips yoki (shimoliy yoki janubiy qutblarda) a doira.

Ushbu konus bo'limi yorug'lik nurlari konusining tekis sirt bilan kesishishidir. Ushbu konus va uning konus kesimi fasllarga qarab o'zgarib turadi, chunki Quyoshning moyilligi o'zgaradi; Shunday qilib, quyosh nurlari yoki yorug'lik soya uchlari harakatini kuzatuvchi soatlar ko'pincha yilning turli vaqtlari uchun har xil soat yo'nalishlariga ega. Bu cho'pon qo'ng'iroqlarida, quyosh soatlari uzuklarida va obelisk kabi vertikal gnomonlarda ko'rinadi. Shu bilan bir qatorda quyosh soatlari analemmatik terish yoki Lambert terishida bo'lgani kabi gnomonning soat yo'nalishlariga nisbatan burchagini yoki holatini (yoki ikkalasini) o'zgartirishi mumkin.

Tarix

Misrning Shohlar vodiysidan (miloddan avvalgi 1500 yil) dunyodagi eng qadimgi quyosh soati.

Arxeologik yozuvlardan ma'lum bo'lgan birinchi quyosh soatlari soya soatlaridir (1500 yil) Miloddan avvalgi yoki Miloddan avvalgi ) qadimdan Misr astronomiyasi va Bobil astronomiyasi. Taxminlarga ko'ra, odamlar vaqtni soyaning uzunligidan ham oldinroq vaqtni aytib berishgan, ammo buni tasdiqlash qiyin. Miloddan avvalgi taxminan 700 yilda Eski Ahd Quyosh soatini tasvirlaydi - unda aytib o'tilgan "Ahaz terisi" Ishayo 38: 8 va 2 Shohlar 20:11. Miloddan avvalgi 240 yilga kelib Eratosfen obelisk va suv qudug'i yordamida dunyo atrofini hisoblab chiqdi va bir necha asrlardan so'ng Ptolomey quyosh burchagi yordamida shaharlarning kengligini chizdi. Odamlar Kush geometriya orqali quyosh terishlarini yaratdi.^[4][5] Rim yozuvchisi Vitruvius uning tarkibida o'sha paytda ma'lum bo'lgan terish va soya soatlarini ro'yxati Arxitektura. A kanonik quyosh soati liturgik harakatlarning kanonik soatlarini ko'rsatadigan narsadir. Bunday quyosh soatlaridan VII-XIV asrlarda diniy jamoalar a'zolari foydalanganlar. Italiyalik astronom Jovanni Padovani 1570 yilda quyosh soatiga bag'ishlangan risolani nashr etdi, unda u devor (vertikal) va gorizontal quyosh soatlarini ishlab chiqarish va yotqizish bo'yicha ko'rsatmalarni o'z ichiga olgan. Juzeppe Byankani "s Constructio instrumenti ad horologia solaria (1620-yil) mukammal quyosh soati yasashni muhokama qiladi. Ular odatda XVI asrdan beri foydalanilgan.

Terminologiya

A London tipidagi gorizontal terish. Gnomonning g'arbiy qirrasi peshindan oldin, o'sha vaqtdan keyin sharqiy chekkasi uslub sifatida ishlatiladi. O'zgarish vaqt oralig'ida uzilishlarni, tushlik oralig'ini keltirib chiqaradi.

Umuman olganda, quyosh soatlari soya solib yoki "a" deb nomlanuvchi yuzaga nur sochish orqali vaqtni bildiradi yuzni tering yoki terish plitasi. Odatda tekis tekislik bo'lsa ham, terish yuzi shar, silindr, konus, spiral va boshqa har xil shakllarning ichki yoki tashqi yuzasi bo'lishi mumkin.

Soat yoki yorug'lik terish yuziga tushadigan vaqt ko'rsatiladi, bu odatda soat chiziqlari bilan yoziladi. Odatda, to'g'ri bo'lsa ham, soat soati dizayniga qarab, soat yo'nalishlari ham egri bo'lishi mumkin (pastga qarang). Ba'zi dizaynlarda yilning sanasini aniqlash mumkin yoki to'g'ri vaqtni topish uchun sanani bilish talab qilinishi mumkin. Bunday hollarda, turli oylar uchun bir necha soatlik chiziqlar to'plami bo'lishi mumkin yoki oyni belgilash / hisoblash mexanizmlari bo'lishi mumkin. Soat chizig'idan tashqari, terish yuzi boshqa ma'lumotlarni taqdim etishi mumkin - masalan, ufq, ekvator va tropiklar - bu raqamlar terimi mebellari deb nomlanadi.

Terining yuziga soya yoki yorug'lik tushiradigan barcha narsalar quyosh soati deb nomlanadi gnomon.^[6] Biroq, odatda vaqtni aniqlash uchun ishlatiladigan soya soladigan gnomonning faqat bir chekkasi (yoki boshqa chiziqli xususiyat); bu chiziqli xususiyat quyosh soatlari sifatida tanilgan uslubi. Uslub odatda samoviy sohaning o'qiga parallel ravishda hizalanadi va shuning uchun mahalliy geografik meridianga to'g'ri keladi. Ba'zi quyosh soatlari dizaynlarida vaqt va sanani aniqlash uchun faqat nuqta o'xshash xususiyati, masalan uslubning uchi ishlatiladi; bu o'xshash xususiyat quyosh soatlari sifatida tanilgan nodus.^[6][a]Ba'zi quyosh soatlari vaqtni va sanani aniqlash uchun ham uslubdan, ham nodusdan foydalanadi.

Gnomon odatda terish yuziga nisbatan o'rnatiladi, lekin har doim ham emas; analemmatik quyosh soati kabi ba'zi dizaynlarda uslub oyga qarab ko'chiriladi. Agar uslub sobit bo'lsa, uslub ostidagi perpendikulyar ravishda chiziq plitasi deyiladi pastki uslub,^[6] "uslubdan past" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Tarozi plitasining tekisligi bilan uslubning burchagi pastki uslub balandligi, so'zning g'ayrioddiy ishlatilishi deb ataladi balandlik degan ma'noni anglatadi burchak. Ko'pgina devor qo'ng'iroqlarida pastki ko'rinish peshin chizig'i bilan bir xil emas (pastga qarang). Tush chizig'i va pastki uslub o'rtasidagi farqlash plitasidagi burchakka deyiladi taglik masofasi, so'zning g'ayrioddiy ishlatilishi masofa degan ma'noni anglatadi burchak.

An'anaga ko'ra, ko'plab quyosh soatlari a shiori. Shiori odatda epigram shaklida bo'ladi: ba'zida vaqt o'tishi va hayotning qisqaligi haqida mulohazali mulohazalar, lekin terish ishlab chiqaruvchisining ham xuddi shunday hazil-mutoyiba. Bunday quiplardan biri Men quyosh soati bilan shug'ullanaman va botch qilaman, soat bilan nima yaxshi bo'ladi.^[7][8]

Terish deyiladi teng burchakli agar uning soat chiziqlari to'g'ri va teng masofada joylashgan bo'lsa. Aksariyat tengdoshli quyosh soatlari Yerning aylanish o'qiga to'g'ri keladigan sobit gnomon uslubiga, shuningdek, shu o'qga nisbatan nosimmetrik bo'lgan soyani qabul qiluvchi sirtga ega; misollarga ekvatorial kadran, ekvatorial kamon, armilyar shar, silindrli kadran va konusning kadrani kiradi. Biroq, boshqa dizaynlar teng burchakli, masalan, Lambert kadrani analemmatik quyosh soati harakatlanadigan uslub bilan.

Janubiy yarim sharda

Janubiy yarim sharda quyosh soati Pert, Avstraliya. Soat belgilari soat yo'nalishi bo'yicha harakatlanishini ko'rish uchun kattalashtiring. Yuqoridagi grafaga e'tibor bering gnomon ning Vaqt tenglamasi, quyosh soatlari ko'rsatkichlarini to'g'rilash uchun zarur.

Quyosh soati, xususan kenglik bittasida yarim shar boshqa yarim sharda qarama-qarshi kenglikda foydalanish uchun orqaga qaytarilishi kerak.^[9] Vertikal to'g'ridan-to'g'ri janubiy quyosh soati Shimoliy yarim shar da vertikal to'g'ridan-to'g'ri shimoliy quyosh soatiga aylanadi Janubiy yarim shar. Gorizontal quyosh soatini to'g'ri joylashtirish uchun, haqiqatni topish kerak Shimoliy yoki Janubiy. Xuddi shu jarayon ikkalasini ham bajarish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin.^[10] To'g'ri kenglikka o'rnatilgan gnomon, Shimoliy yarim sharda bo'lgani kabi, Janubiy yarim sharda ham haqiqiy Shimolga ishora qilishi kerak.^[11] Soat raqamlari, shuningdek, qarama-qarshi yo'nalishda harakat qiladi, shuning uchun gorizontal terishda ular soat yo'nalishi bo'yicha emas, aksincha (AQSh: soat sohasi farqli o'laroq) harakatlanadi.^[12]

Plitalari bir yarim sharda gorizontal holatida bo'lishi uchun mo'ljallangan quyosh soatlari, boshqa yarim sharda bir-birini to'ldiruvchi kenglikda plitalari vertikal holda ishlatilishi mumkin. Masalan, tasvirlangan quyosh soati Pert, Avstraliya, 32 daraja janubiy kenglikda joylashgan, agar u janubga qaragan vertikal devorga 58 (ya'ni 90-32) darajadagi shimoliy kenglikda o'rnatilsa, u shimoldan bir oz uzoqroqda joylashgan bo'lsa, to'g'ri ishlaydi. Pert, Shotlandiya. Shotlandiyadagi devor yuzasi Avstraliyadagi gorizontal zamin bilan parallel bo'lar edi (uzunlik farqiga e'tibor bermay), shuning uchun quyosh soati ikkala yuzada ham bir xil ishlaydi. Shunga mos ravishda, janubiy yarimsharda gorizontal quyosh soati soat yo'nalishi bo'yicha teskari yo'nalishda harakatlanadigan soat belgilari, shimoliy yarim sharda vertikal quyosh soatlarida ham buni amalga oshiradi. (Ushbu maqolaning yuqori qismidagi dastlabki ikkita rasmga qarang.) Shimoliy-yarim sharning gorizontal quyosh soatlarida va vertikal janubiy-yarim sharda soat belgilari soat yo'nalishi bo'yicha harakatlanadi.

Quyosh soati o'qishdan soat vaqtini hisoblash uchun tuzatishlar

Quyosh soatining soat vaqtidan katta farq qilishining eng keng tarqalgan sababi shundaki, quyosh soati to'g'ri yo'naltirilmagan yoki uning soat chiziqlari to'g'ri chizilmagan. Masalan, aksariyat tijorat soatlari quyidagicha ishlab chiqilgan gorizontal quyosh soatlari yuqorida tavsiflanganidek. To'g'ri, bunday quyosh soati mahalliy geografik kenglik uchun ishlab chiqilgan bo'lishi kerak va uning uslubi Yerning aylanish o'qiga parallel bo'lishi kerak; uslub bilan moslashtirilishi kerak haqiqiy Shimoliy va uning balandlik (uning gorizontal bilan burchagi) mahalliy kenglikka teng bo'lishi kerak. Uslubning balandligini sozlash uchun quyosh soatini tez-tez biroz "yuqoriga" yoki "pastga" burish mumkin, shu bilan birga uslubning shimoliy-janubiy yo'nalishini saqlab turish mumkin.^[13]

Yozgi (yozgi vaqtni) tejash

Jahon amaliyotining ayrim yo'nalishlari yozgi vaqt, bu rasmiy vaqtni odatda bir soatga o'zgartiradi. Rasmiy vaqt bilan kelishish uchun bu smenani quyosh soati vaqtiga qo'shish kerak.

Vaqt mintaqasini (uzunlik) tuzatish

Standart vaqt zonasi taxminan 15 ° uzunlikni qamrab oladi, shuning uchun ushbu zonadagi mos yozuvlar uzunligida bo'lmagan har qanday nuqta (odatda 15 ° ko'plik) har bir daraja uchun 4 minut vaqtga teng bo'lgan standart vaqtdan farq qiladi. Misol uchun, quyosh botishi va chiqishlari vaqt mintaqasining g'arbiy chekkasida, keyinchalik sharqiy qirg'oqda quyosh botishi va botish vaqtiga qaraganda ancha keyinroq "rasmiy" vaqtga to'g'ri keladi. Agar quyosh soati mos yozuvlar uzunligidan 5 ° g'arbiy uzunlikda joylashgan bo'lsa, uning vaqti 20 minut sekin o'qiydi, chunki Quyosh soatiga 15 ° da Yer atrofida aylanadigandek. Bu yil davomida doimiy tuzatish. Ekvatorial, sferik yoki Lambert terish kabi teng burchakli terish uchun bu tuzatish gnomon holatini yoki yo'nalishini o'zgartirmasdan, terish yuzasini uzunlik farqiga teng burchak bilan aylantirish orqali amalga oshirilishi mumkin. Biroq, bu usul boshqa terish uchun ishlamaydi, masalan, gorizontal terish; tuzatish tomoshabin tomonidan qo'llanilishi kerak.

Vaqt zonalari eng yuqori darajada, rasmiy peshinni, shu jumladan, yozgi vaqtni tejashni uch soat oldin sodir bo'lishiga olib keladi (Quyosh aslida meridian rasmiy soat 15.00 da). Bu uzoq g'arbda sodir bo'ladi Alyaska, Xitoy va Ispaniya. Batafsil ma'lumot va misollar uchun qarang Vaqt zonalarini burish.

Vaqtni to'g'rilash tenglamasi

The Vaqt tenglamasi - o'qi ustida vaqt tenglamasi musbat va quyosh soati paydo bo'ladi tez mahalliy o'rtacha vaqtni ko'rsatadigan soatga nisbatan. Qarama-qarshi tomonlar eksa ostida joylashgan.

The Whitehurst & Son quyosh soati vaqtni to'g'irlash tenglamasini ko'rsatadigan dumaloq o'lchov bilan 1812 yilda ishlab chiqarilgan. Bu hozirda namoyish etiladi Derbi muzeyi.

Garchi Quyosh Yer atrofida bir tekis aylanayotganday tuyulsa-da, aslida bu harakat bir tekis emas. Buning sababi ekssentriklik Yer orbitasi (Yerning Quyosh atrofida aylanishi mutlaqo aylana emas, balki ozgina ekanligi elliptik ) va Yerning aylanish o'qining uning orbitasi tekisligiga nisbatan qiyshiqligi (moyilligi). Shuning uchun quyosh soati vaqti o'zgaradi standart soat vaqti. Yilning to'rt kunida tuzatish nolga teng. Biroq, boshqalarda bu chorak soat oldin yoki kech bo'lishi mumkin. Tuzatish miqdori quyidagicha tavsiflanadi vaqt tenglamasi. Ushbu tuzatish butun dunyoda teng: bu mahalliyga bog'liq emas kenglik yoki uzunlik kuzatuvchi pozitsiyasi. Biroq, u uzoq vaqt davomida o'zgarib turadi, (asrlar va undan ko'proq,^[14]) Yerning orbital va aylanma harakatlarining sekin o'zgarishi sababli. Shuning uchun asrlar ilgari tuzilgan vaqt tenglamasining jadvallari va grafiklari endi sezilarli darajada noto'g'ri. Qadimgi quyosh soatini o'qish terish qilingan davrdan emas, balki hozirgi vaqt tenglamasini qo'llash orqali tuzatilishi kerak.

Ba'zi quyosh soatlarida vaqtni to'g'rilash tenglamasi kuzatuvchiga hisoblash uchun quyosh soatiga qo'yilgan axborot plakati sifatida taqdim etiladi. Quyosh soatlarida tenglama avtomatik ravishda kiritilishi mumkin. Masalan, ba'zi bir ekvatorial quyosh soatlari yil vaqtini belgilaydigan kichik g'ildirak bilan ta'minlangan; bu g'ildirak o'z navbatida ekvatorial kamonni aylantirib, uning vaqt o'lchovini qoplaydi. Boshqa hollarda, soat chiziqlari egri chiziqli bo'lishi mumkin yoki ekvatorial kamon vaza shaklida shakllanishi mumkin, bu yil davomida quyoshning o'zgaruvchan balandligidan foydalanib, o'z vaqtida to'g'ri ofsetni amalga oshiradi.^[15]

A gelioxronometr taxminan 1763 yilda ishlab chiqilgan aniq quyosh soati Filipp Xan va taxminan 1827 yilda Abbé Guyoux tomonidan takomillashtirilgan.^[16]Bu tuzatadi aniq quyosh vaqti ga quyosh vaqtini anglatadi yoki boshqasi standart vaqt. Helioxronometrlar odatda daqiqalarni 1 daqiqadan keyin ko'rsatadilar Umumjahon vaqti.

Richard L. Shmoyer tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan quyoshli quyosh soati Kuba tog'idagi rasadxona yilda Grinvill, Delaver.

The Quyosh soati, 1950-yillarda Richard L. Shmoyer tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan bo'lib, analemmik ilhomlantiruvchi gnomon yordamida ekvatorial vaqt o'lchovidagi yarim oyga yorug'lik nurini sochadi. Sunquest kenglik va uzunlik bo'yicha sozlanishi, vaqt tenglamasini avtomatik ravishda to'g'irlab, uni "ko'p cho'ntak soatlari kabi aniq" qilib ko'rsatadi.^{[17][18][19][20]} Xuddi shunday, gnomon soyasi o'rnida the Migel Ernandes universitetida quyosh soatlari soat vaqtini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ko'rsatish uchun vaqt o'lchovini kesib o'tgan vaqt tenglamasi grafigining quyosh proektsiyasidan foydalanadi.

Quyosh soatlari Orihuela shaharchasida Migel Ernandes universiteti, Ning prognozlangan grafikasidan foydalanadigan Ispaniya vaqt tenglamasi soat vaqtini ko'rsatish uchun soya ichida.

Ko'rinadigan quyosh vaqtini to'g'rilash uchun quyosh soatlarini ko'p turlariga analemma qo'shilishi mumkin quyosh vaqtini anglatadi yoki boshqasi standart vaqt. Ular odatda "sakkizinchi raqam" (analemmalar ) ga muvofiq vaqt tenglamasi. Bu Yer orbitasidagi ozgina ekssentriklik va Yer o'qining burilishining o'rnini qoplaydi, bu o'rtacha quyosh vaqtidan 15 daqiqagacha o'zgarishni keltirib chiqaradi. Bu yanada murakkab gorizontal va vertikal terishda ko'riladigan terish mebellarining turi.

To'g'ri soatlar ixtiro qilinishidan oldin, 17-asrning o'rtalarida quyosh soatlari umumiy foydalaniladigan yagona soat edi va ular "to'g'ri" vaqtni aytib berishgan. Vaqt tenglamasidan foydalanilmagan. Yaxshi soatlar ixtiro qilingandan so'ng, quyosh soatlari hali ham to'g'ri deb hisoblangan va odatda noto'g'ri. Vaqt tenglamasi bugungi kundan boshlab teskari yo'nalishda ishlatilib, soat bilan ko'rsatilgan vaqtga tuzatishlarni kiritish uchun quyosh soati vaqtiga to'g'ri keldi. Ba'zilar batafsil "tenglama soatlari "Masalan, Jozef Uilyamson tomonidan 1720 yilda tuzilganidek, ushbu tuzatishni avtomatik ravishda amalga oshirish uchun mexanizmlar kiritilgan. (Uilyamsonning soati birinchi marta ishlatilgan qurilma bo'lishi mumkin differentsial Tishli soat.) Faqat taxminan 1800 yildan so'ng tuzatilmagan soat vaqti "to'g'ri" deb hisoblandi va quyosh soati odatda "noto'g'ri" deb hisoblandi, shuning uchun vaqt tenglamasi hozirgi kabi ishlatila boshlandi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Ruxsat etilgan eksenel gnomon bilan

1959 yil Diqqatsiz quyosh soati yilda Carefree, Arizona 19 fut gnomonga ega, ehtimol AQShdagi eng katta quyosh soati.^[21]

Eng ko'p kuzatiladigan quyosh soatlari: soyani quyish uslubi o'z o'rnida o'rnatiladi va Yerning aylanish o'qiga to'g'ri keladi va unga yo'naltiriladi. haqiqiy Shimoliy va janubiy va gorizontal bilan geografik kenglikka teng burchakka ega bo'lish. Ushbu o'q o'q bilan tenglashtirilgan samoviy qutblar bilan chambarchas bog'liq, ammo mukammal emas qutb yulduzi Polaris. Illyustratsiya uchun osmon o'qi vertikal ravishda haqiqiyga ishora qiladi Shimoliy qutb, u erda gorizontal ravishda ishora qiladi ekvator. Da Jaypur, dunyodagi eng katta quyosh soatlari uyi gnomonlar gorizontaldan 26 ° 55 "balandlikda ko'tarilib, mahalliy kenglikni aks ettiradi.^[22]

Har qanday kunda Quyosh bu o'q atrofida bir tekis, soatiga 15 ° atrofida aylanib, 24 soat ichida to'liq aylanani (360 °) tashkil qiladi. Ushbu o'qga to'g'ri keladigan chiziqli gnomon soyaga (yarim tekislikka) tushadi, u Quyoshga qarama-qarshi bo'lib, osmon o'qi atrofida soatiga 15 ° da aylanadi. Soya odatda tekis bo'lgan, lekin sharsimon, silindrsimon, konus shaklida yoki boshqa shakllarda bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan qabul qiluvchi yuzaga tushishi bilan ko'rinadi. Agar soya osmon o'qiga nosimmetrik bo'lgan sirtga tushsa (armilyar sferada yoki ekvatorial terishda bo'lgani kabi), sirt soyasi ham bir xil harakat qiladi; Quyosh soatidagi soat chiziqlari bir xil masofada joylashgan. Ammo, agar qabul qiluvchi sirt nosimmetrik bo'lmasa (aksariyat gorizontal quyosh soatlarida bo'lgani kabi), sirt soyasi odatda bir tekis harakatlanmaydi va soat chiziqlari teng ravishda intervalgacha emas; istisnolardan biri quyida tavsiflangan Lambert terishidir.

Quyosh soatlarining ayrim turlari vertikal obelisk singari samoviy qutblarga to'g'ri kelmaydigan sobit gnomon bilan yaratilgan. Bunday quyosh soatlari quyida "Nodus asosidagi quyosh soatlari" bo'limida keltirilgan.

Ampirik soat satrini belgilash

Quyidagi xatboshilarda ko'rsatilgan formulalar har xil quyosh soatlari uchun soat satrlari o'rnini hisoblash imkonini beradi. Ba'zi hollarda hisob-kitoblar oddiy; boshqalarida ular juda murakkab. Ko'plab quyosh soatlari uchun ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan soat chiziqlari o'rnini topishning muqobil, oddiy usuli mavjud va hisob-kitoblar murakkab bo'lgan hollarda ko'p ishlarni tejaydi.^[23] Bu haqiqiy quyosh soati gnomonining soyasi holati soatlik interval bilan belgilanadigan empirik protsedura. The vaqt tenglamasi soat chiziqlari pozitsiyalari belgilangan vaqtdan mustaqil bo'lishini ta'minlash uchun hisobga olinishi kerak. Buning eng oson usuli - soatni belgilash yoki soatni "soat soati" ni ko'rsatish^[b] qaysi standart vaqt,^[c] shuningdek, ko'rib chiqilayotgan kunning vaqt tenglamasi.^[d][24] Quyosh soatidagi soat satrlari ushbu soatda soatlarning to'liq sonlarini ko'rsatganda uslub soyasining holatini ko'rsatish uchun belgilanadi va shu soat soni bilan belgilanadi. Masalan, soat 5:00 ni o'qisa, uslubning soyasi belgilanadi va "5" (yoki "V") belgisi bilan belgilanadi Rim raqamlari ). Agar soat chiziqlari barchasi bir kunda belgilanmagan bo'lsa, vaqt tenglamasining o'zgarishini hisobga olish uchun soat har yoki ikki kunda sozlanishi kerak.

Ekvatorial quyosh soatlari

Soat, Sent-Katarin doklari, London (1973) tomonidan tenglashtirilgan dial Vendi Teylor^[25]

Ekvatorial quyosh soati Taqiqlangan shahar, Pekin. 39 ° 54′57 ″ N. 116 ° 23′25 ″ E / 39.9157 ° N 116.3904 ° E / 39.9157; 116.3904 (Taqiqlangan shahar ekvatorial quyosh soati) Gnomon ishora qiladi haqiqiy Shimoliy va uning gorizontal bilan burchagi mahalliyga teng kenglik. Yaqinroq tekshirish to'liq o'lchamdagi rasm xurmo va soat chiziqlarining "o'rgimchak to'ri" ni ochib beradi.

Ning ajralib turadigan xususiyati ekvatorial terish (deb ham nomlanadi equinoctial dial) gnomon uslubiga to'liq perpendikulyar bo'lgan soyani qabul qiladigan tekis sirt.^[26][27][28] Ushbu tekislik ekvatorial deb ataladi, chunki u Yer va osmon sferasining ekvatoriga parallel. Agar gnomon sobit va Yerning aylanish o'qi bilan tekislangan bo'lsa, Quyoshning Yer atrofida aniq aylanishi gnomondan bir tekis aylanuvchi soyani hosil qiladi; bu ekvatorial tekislikda bir tekis aylanadigan soya chizig'ini hosil qiladi. Quyosh 24 soat ichida 360 ° aylanar ekan, ekvatorial terish bo'yicha soat chiziqlari hammasi 15 ° (360/24) oralig'ida joylashgan.

${ displaystyle H_ {E} = 15 ^ { circ} times t { text {(hours)}}.}$

Ularning oralig'ining bir xilligi bu turdagi quyosh soatlarini tuzishni osonlashtiradi. Agar plastinka materiali xira bo'lsa, ekvatorial kadranning ikkala tomoni belgilanishi kerak, chunki soya qishda pastdan, yozda esa yuqoridan tashlanadi. Shaffof raqamli plitalar bilan (masalan, shisha) soat burchaklari faqat quyoshga qaragan tomonda belgilanishi kerak, ammo soat raqamlari (agar ishlatilsa) kadrning har ikki tomonida, quyoshdagi soatning har xil sxemasi tufayli belgilanishi kerak. qarama-qarshi va quyosh nurlari bilan ta'minlangan tomonlari.

Ushbu terishning yana bir muhim afzalligi shundaki, vaqtni (EoT) tenglashtirish va yozgi vaqtni (DST) to'g'rilash har kuni shunchaki raqamni mos burchak bilan aylantirish orqali amalga oshiriladi. Buning sababi, soat burchaklari kadran atrofida teng ravishda joylashtirilgan. Shu sababli, ekvatorial terish tez-tez terish jamoat uchun namoyish qilish uchun foydalidir va bu haqiqiy mahalliy vaqtni oqilona aniqlikda ko'rsatishi kerak. EoT-ni tuzatish munosabatlar orqali amalga oshiriladi

${ displaystyle { text {Correction}} ^ { circ} = { frac {{ text {EoT (minutes)}} + 60 times Delta { text {DST (hours)}}} {4} }.}$

Yaqinida teng kunlar bahor va kuzda quyosh ekvator tekisligi bilan deyarli bir xil aylana bo'ylab harakatlanadi; binobarin, yilning o'sha paytlarida ekvatorial kadrda aniq soya hosil bo'lmaydi, bu dizayndagi kamchilik.

A nodus ba'zida ekvatorial quyosh soatlariga qo'shiladi, bu quyosh soatiga yil vaqtini aytib berishga imkon beradi. Har qanday kunda tugunning soyasi ekvatorial tekislikdagi aylana bo'ylab harakatlanadi va aylana radiusi moyillik oftob. Gnomon satrining uchlari tugun sifatida ishlatilishi mumkin yoki uning uzunligi bo'ylab ba'zi xususiyatlar mavjud. Ekvatorial quyosh soatlarining qadimiy variantida faqat nodus mavjud (uslubsiz) va konsentrik doiraviy soat chiziqlari o'rgimchak to'riga o'xshab joylashtirilgan.^[29]

Landshaft quyosh soatlari

Landshaft quyosh soati Minnesota. 2007 yil 17 iyun soat 12:21 da. 44 ° 51′39,3 ″ N, 93 ° 36′58,4 ″ V

In gorizontal quyosh soati (shuningdek, a bog 'quyosh soati), soyani qabul qiladigan tekislik ekvatorial terishda bo'lgani kabi uslubga perpendikulyar emas, balki gorizontal ravishda hizalanadi.^[30][31][32] Demak, soya chizig'i terish yuzida bir tekis aylanmaydi; aksincha, soat chiziqlari qoida bo'yicha intervalgacha.^[33][34]

${ displaystyle tan H_ {H} = sin L tan (15 ^ { circ} marta t)}$

Yoki boshqa ma'noda:

${ displaystyle H_ {H} = tan ^ {- 1} [ sin L marta tan (15 ^ { circ} marta t)]}$

bu erda L - quyosh soati geografik kenglik (va gnomon terish plitasi bilan burchak hosil qiladi), ${ displaystyle H_ {H}}$ - berilgan soat chizig'i bilan peshin soat yo'nalishi orasidagi burchak (har doim tomon yo'naltiriladi haqiqiy Shimoliy ) samolyotda va t tushdan oldin yoki undan keyin soatlarning soni. Masalan, burchak ${ displaystyle H_ {H}}$ soat 15.00 ga teng bo'lsa arktangens ning gunoh L, chunki tan 45 ° = 1. L 90 ° ga teng bo'lganda (da Shimoliy qutb ), gorizontal quyosh soati ekvatorial quyosh soatiga aylanadi; uslub to'g'ri yuqoriga qarab (vertikal ravishda), gorizontal tekislik esa ekvatorial tekislikka to'g'ri keladi; soat yo'nalishi formulasi aylanadi ${ displaystyle H_ {H}}$ = 15 ° × t, ekvatorial terishga kelsak. Yerning gorizontal quyosh soati ekvator, bu erda L 0 ° ga teng bo'lsa, (ko'tarilgan) gorizontal uslubni talab qiladi va qutbli quyosh soatiga misol bo'ladi (pastga qarang).

Jonson kosmik markazi yaqinidagi quyosh soati

Tashqi gorizontal quyosh soatlari haqida batafsil ma'lumot Kew saroyi Londonda, Buyuk Britaniya

Gorizontal quyosh soatining asosiy afzalliklari shundaki, uni o'qish oson va quyosh nurlari yil davomida yuzni yoritadi. Barcha soat chiziqlari gnomon uslubi gorizontal tekislikni kesib o'tadigan nuqtada kesishadi. Uslub Yerning aylanish o'qiga to'g'ri kelganligi sababli, uslub ko'rsatib beradi haqiqiy Shimoliy va uning gorizontal bilan burchagi quyosh soatining geografik kengligi L. ga teng kenglik kengligini farqiga teng burchak bilan uning asosini yuqoriga yoki pastga burish orqali boshqa kenglikda foydalanish uchun sozlanishi mumkin. Masalan, 40 ° kenglik uchun mo'ljallangan quyosh soati 45 ° kenglikda ishlatilishi mumkin, agar quyosh tekisligi 5 ° ga yuqoriga burilgan bo'lsa, shu tariqa uslubni Yerning aylanish o'qi bilan tekislanganda.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Ko'plab dekorativ quyosh soatlari shimoldan 45 daraja haroratda foydalanishga mo'ljallangan. Ba'zi bir ommaviy ishlab chiqarilgan bog 'quyosh soatlari to'g'ri hisoblab chiqa olmaydi soat jadvallari va shuning uchun hech qachon tuzatib bo'lmaydi. Mahalliy standart vaqt zonasi nominal ravishda 15 daraja kenglikda, lekin geografik yoki siyosiy chegaralarga rioya qilish uchun o'zgartirilishi mumkin. Quyosh soatini o'z uslubi atrofida aylantirish mumkin (u samoviy qutbga qarab turishi kerak) mahalliy vaqt mintaqasiga moslashish uchun. Ko'pgina hollarda, sharqdan 7,5 darajagacha 23 darajagacha g'arbgacha aylanish kifoya qiladi. Soat burchaklari teng bo'lmagan quyosh soatlarida xatolik yuzaga keladi. Tuzatish uchun yozgi vaqt, yuzga ikkita raqamlar to'plami yoki tuzatish jadvali kerak. Norasmiy standart yozda issiq ranglarda, qishda sovuq ranglarda raqamlarga ega bo'lishi kerak.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Soat burchaklari bir-biridan uzoq bo'lmaganligi sababli, gnomon o'qi atrofida terish plitasini aylantirish orqali vaqtni tuzatish tenglamasini tuzib bo'lmaydi. Ushbu turdagi qo'ng'iroqlar, odatda, o'zlarining poydevorlariga o'yib yozilgan yoki vaqtni to'g'rilash jadvalining tenglamasiga ega. Landshaft terish odatda bog'larda, cherkov bog'larida va jamoat joylarida kuzatiladi.

Vertikal quyosh soatlari

Ikkita vertikal terish Xyuton zali Norfolk Buyuk Britaniya 52 ° 49′39 ″ N. 0 ° 39′27 ″ E / 52.827469 ° N 0.657616 ° E / 52.827469; 0.657616 (Houghton Hall vertikal quyosh soatlari). Chap va o'ng terish navbati bilan Janubiy va Sharqqa qaratilgan. Ikkala uslub ham parallel, ularning gorizontalga burchagi kenglikka teng. Sharq tomon yo'naltirilgan terish - bu parallel soat satrlari bo'lgan qutb terish, terish yuzi uslubga parallel.

Umumiy vertikal terish, soyani qabul qiluvchi tekislik vertikal ravishda hizalanadi; odatdagidek gnomon uslubi Yerning aylanish o'qiga to'g'ri keladi.^[26][35][36] As in the horizontal dial, the line of shadow does not move uniformly on the face; the sundial is not teng burchakli. If the face of the vertical dial points directly south, the angle of the hour-lines is instead described by the formula^[37][38]

${displaystyle an H_{V}=cos L an(15^{circ } imes t)}$

where L is the sundial's geographical kenglik, ${displaystyle H_{V}}$ is the angle between a given hour-line and the noon hour-line (which always points due north) on the plane, and t is the number of hours before or after noon. For example, the angle ${displaystyle H_{V}}$ of the 3pm hour-line would equal the arktangens ning cos L, since tan 45° = 1. The shadow moves soat miliga qarshi on a south-facing vertical dial, whereas it runs clockwise on horizontal and equatorial north-facing dials.

Dials with faces perpendicular to the ground and which face directly South, North, East, or West are called vertical direct dials.^[39][40] It is widely believed, and stated in respectable publications, that a vertical dial cannot receive more than twelve hours of sunlight a day, no matter how many hours of daylight there are.^[41] However, there is an exception. Vertical sundials in the tropics which face the nearer pole (e.g. north facing in the zone between the Equator and the Tropic of Cancer) can actually receive sunlight for more than 12 hours from sunrise to sunset for a short period around the time of the summer solstice. For example, at latitude 20 degrees North, on June 21, the sun shines on a north-facing vertical wall for 13 hours, 21 minutes.^[42] Vertical sundials which do emas face directly South (in the northern hemisphere) may receive significantly less than twelve hours of sunlight per day, depending on the direction they do face, and on the time of year. For example, a vertical dial that faces due East can tell time only in the morning hours; in the afternoon, the sun does not shine on its face. Vertical dials that face due East or West are polar dials, which will be described below. Vertical dials that face North are uncommon, because they tell time only during the spring and summer, and do not show the midday hours except in tropical latitudes (and even there, only around midsummer). For non-direct vertical dials—those that face in non-cardinal directions—the mathematics of arranging the style and the hour-lines becomes more complicated; it may be easier to mark the hour lines by observation, but the placement of the style, at least, must be calculated first; such dials are said to be declining dials.^[43][44][45]

"Double" sundials in Nové Město nad Metují, Chex Respublikasi; the observer is facing almost due north.

Vertical dials are commonly mounted on the walls of buildings, such as town-halls, kuboklar and church-towers, where they are easy to see from far away. In some cases, vertical dials are placed on all four sides of a rectangular tower, providing the time throughout the day. The face may be painted on the wall, or displayed in inlaid stone; the gnomon is often a single metal bar, or a tripod of metal bars for rigidity. If the wall of the building faces tomonga the South, but does not face due South, the gnomon will not lie along the noon line, and the hour lines must be corrected. Since the gnomon's style must be parallel to the Earth's axis, it always "points" true North and its angle with the horizontal will equal the sundial's geographical latitude; on a direct south dial, its angle with the vertical face of the dial will equal the kelishuv, or 90° minus the latitude.^[46]

Polar dials

Polar sundial at Melbourne Planetarium

Yilda polar dials, the shadow-receiving plane is aligned parallel to the gnomon-style.^[47][48][49]Thus, the shadow slides sideways over the surface, moving perpendicularly to itself as the Sun rotates about the style. As with the gnomon, the hour-lines are all aligned with the Earth's rotational axis. When the Sun's rays are nearly parallel to the plane, the shadow moves very quickly and the hour lines are spaced far apart. The direct East- and West-facing dials are examples of a polar dial. However, the face of a polar dial need not be vertical; it need only be parallel to the gnomon. Thus, a plane inclined at the angle of latitude (relative to horizontal) under the similarly inclined gnomon will be a polar dial. The perpendicular spacing X of the hour-lines in the plane is described by the formula

${displaystyle X=H an(15^{circ } imes t)}$

qayerda H is the height of the style above the plane, and t is the time (in hours) before or after the center-time for the polar dial. The center time is the time when the style's shadow falls directly down on the plane; for an East-facing dial, the center time will be 6am, for a West-facing dial, this will be 6pm, and for the inclined dial described above, it will be noon. Qachon t approaches ±6 hours away from the center time, the spacing X diverges to +∞; this occurs when the Sun's rays become parallel to the plane.

Vertical declining dials

Effect of declining on a sundial's hour-lines. A vertical dial, at a latitude of 51° N, designed to face due South (far left) shows all the hours from 6am to 6pm, and has converging hour-lines symmetrical about the noon hour-line. By contrast, a West-facing dial (far right) is polar, with parallel hour lines, and shows only hours after noon. At the intermediate orientations of South-Southwest, Southwest, and West-Southwest, the hour lines are asymmetrical about noon, with the morning hour-lines ever more widely spaced.

Two sundials, a large and a small one, at Fotih masjidi, Istanbul dating back to the late 16th century. It is on the southwest facade with an azimuth angle of 52° N.

A declining dial is any non-horizontal, planar dial that does not face in a cardinal direction, such as (true) Shimoliy, Janubiy, Sharq yoki G'arb.^[43][50][45] As usual, the gnomon's style is aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, but the hour-lines are not symmetrical about the noon hour-line. For a vertical dial, the angle ${displaystyle H_{ ext{VD}}}$ between the noon hour-line and another hour-line is given by the formula below. Yozib oling ${displaystyle H_{ ext{VD}}}$ is defined positive in the clockwise sense w.r.t. the upper vertical hour angle; and that its conversion to the equivalent solar hour requires careful consideration of which quadrant of the sundial that it belongs in.^[51]

${displaystyle an H_{ ext{VD}}={frac {cos L}{cos Dcot(15^{circ } imes t)-s_{o}sin Lsin D}}}$

qayerda ${ displaystyle L}$ is the sundial's geographical kenglik; t is the time before or after noon; ${ displaystyle D}$ is the angle of declination from true janub, defined as positive when east of south; va ${displaystyle s_{o}}$ is a switch integer for the dial orientation. A partly south-facing dial has an ${displaystyle s_{o}}$ value of + 1; those partly north-facing, a value of -1. When such a dial faces South (${displaystyle D=0^{circ }}$), this formula reduces to the formula given above for vertical south-facing dials, i.e.

${displaystyle an H_{ ext{V}}=cos L an(15^{circ } imes t)}$

When a sundial is not aligned with a cardinal direction, the substyle of its gnomon is not aligned with the noon hour-line. Burchak ${ displaystyle B}$ between the substyle and the noon hour-line is given by the formula^[51]

${displaystyle an B=sin Dcot L}$

If a vertical sundial faces true South or North (${displaystyle D=0^{circ }}$ yoki ${displaystyle D=180^{circ }}$, respectively), the angle ${displaystyle B=0^{circ }}$ and the substyle is aligned with the noon hour-line.

The height of the gnomon, that is the angle the style makes to the plate, ${ displaystyle G}$, is given by :

${displaystyle sin G=cos Dcos L}$

^[52]

Reclining dials

Vertical reclining dial in the Southern Hemisphere, facing due north, with hyperbolic declination lines and hour lines. Ordinary vertical sundial at this latitude (between tropics) could not produce a declination line for the summer solstice. This particular sundial is located at the Valongo rasadxonasi ning Rio-de-Janeyro federal universiteti, Braziliya.

The sundials described above have gnomons that are aligned with the Earth's rotational axis and cast their shadow onto a plane. If the plane is neither vertical nor horizontal nor equatorial, the sundial is said to be reclining yoki moyil.^[53] Such a sundial might be located on a South-facing roof, for example. The hour-lines for such a sundial can be calculated by slightly correcting the horizontal formula above^[54]

${displaystyle an H_{RV}=cos(L+R) an(15^{circ } imes t)}$

qayerda ${ displaystyle R}$ is the desired angle of reclining relative to the local vertical, L is the sundial's geographical latitude, ${displaystyle H_{RV}}$ is the angle between a given hour-line and the noon hour-line (which always points due north) on the plane, and t is the number of hours before or after noon. For example, the angle ${displaystyle H_{RV}}$ of the 3pm hour-line would equal the arktangens ning cos (L + R), since tan 45° = 1. When R equals 0° (in other words, a South-facing vertical dial), we obtain the vertical dial formula above.

Some authors use a more specific nomenclature to describe the orientation of the shadow-receiving plane. If the plane's face points downwards towards the ground, it is said to be proclining yoki moyil, whereas a dial is said to be reclining when the dial face is pointing away from the ground. Many authors also often refer to reclined, proclined and inclined sundials in general as inclined sundials. It is also common in the latter case to measure the angle of inclination relative to the horizontal plane on the sun side of the dial.In such texts, since I = 90° + R, the hour angle formula will often be seen written as :

${displaystyle an H_{RV}=sin(L+I) an(15^{circ } imes t)}$

The angle between the gnomon style and the dial plate, B, in this type of sundial is :

${displaystyle B=90^{circ }-(L+R)}$

Or :

${displaystyle B=180^{circ }-(L+I)}$

Declining-reclining dials/ Declining-inclining dials

Some sundials both decline and recline, in that their shadow-receiving plane is not oriented with a cardinal direction (such as true North or true South) and is neither horizontal nor vertical nor equatorial. For example, such a sundial might be found on a roof that was not oriented in a cardinal direction.

The formulae describing the spacing of the hour-lines on such dials are rather more complicated than those for simpler dials.

There are various solution approaches, including some using the methods of rotation matrices, and some making a 3D model of the reclined-declined plane and its vertical declined counterpart plane, extracting the geometrical relationships between the hour angle components on both these planes and then reducing the trigonometric algebra.^[55]

One system of formulas for Reclining-Declining sundials: (as stated by Fennewick)^[56]

Burchak ${displaystyle H_{ ext{RD}}}$ between the noon hour-line and another hour-line is given by the formula below. Yozib oling ${displaystyle H_{ ext{RD}}}$ advances counterclockwise with respect to the zero hour angle for those dials that are partly south-facing and clockwise for those that are north-facing.

${displaystyle an H_{ ext{RD}}={frac {cos Rcos L-sin Rsin Lcos D-s_{o}sin Rsin Dcot(15^{circ } imes t)}{cos Dcot(15^{circ } imes t)-s_{o}sin Dsin L}}}$

within the parameter ranges : ${displaystyle D$ va ${displaystyle -90^{circ }$.

Or, if preferring to use inclination angle, ${ displaystyle I}$, rather than the reclination, ${ displaystyle R}$, qayerda ${displaystyle I=(90^{circ }+R)}$ :

${displaystyle an H_{ ext{RD}}={frac {sin Icos L+cos Isin Lcos D+s_{o}cos Isin Dcot(15^{circ } imes t)}{cos Dcot(15^{circ } imes t)-s_{o}sin Dsin L}}}$

within the parameter ranges : ${displaystyle D$ va ${displaystyle 0^{circ }$.

Bu yerda ${ displaystyle L}$ is the sundial's geographical latitude; ${displaystyle s_{o}}$ is the orientation switch integer; t is the time in hours before or after noon; va ${ displaystyle R}$ va ${ displaystyle D}$ are the angles of reclination and declination, respectively.Note that ${ displaystyle R}$ is measured with reference to the vertical. It is positive when the dial leans back towards the horizon behind the dial and negative when the dial leans forward to the horizon on the Sun's side. Declination angle ${ displaystyle D}$ is defined as positive when moving east of true south.Dials facing fully or partly south have ${displaystyle s_{o}}$ = +1, while those partly or fully north-facing have an ${displaystyle s_{o}}$ value of -1.Since the above expression gives the hour angle as an arctan function, due consideration must be given to which quadrant of the sundial each hour belongs to before assigning the correct hour angle.

Unlike the simpler vertical declining sundial, this type of dial does not always show hour angles on its sunside face for all declinations between east and west. When a northern hemisphere partly south-facing dial reclines back (i.e. away from the Sun) from the vertical, the gnomon will become co-planar with the dial plate at declinations less than due east or due west. Likewise for southern hemisphere dials that are partly north-facing.Were these dials reclining forward, the range of declination would actually exceed due east and due west.In a similar way, northern hemisphere dials that are partly north-facing and southern hemisphere dials that are south-facing, and which lean forward toward their upward pointing gnomons, will have a similar restriction on the range of declination that is possible for a given reclination value.The critical declination ${displaystyle D_{c}}$ is a geometrical constraint which depends on the value of both the dial's reclination and its latitude :

${displaystyle cos D_{c}= an R an L=- an Lcot I}$

As with the vertical declined dial, the gnomon's substyle is not aligned with the noon hour-line. The general formula for the angle ${ displaystyle B}$, between the substyle and the noon-line is given by :

${displaystyle an B={frac {sin D}{sin Rcos D+cos R an L}}={frac {sin D}{cos Icos D-sin I an L}}}$

Burchak ${ displaystyle G}$, between the style and the plate is given by :

${displaystyle sin G=cos Lcos Dcos R-sin Lsin R=-cos Lcos Dsin I+sin Lcos I}$

Uchun ekanligini unutmang ${displaystyle G=0^{circ }}$, i.e. when the gnomon is coplanar with the dial plate, we have :

${displaystyle cos D= an L an R=- an Lcot I}$

i.e. when ${displaystyle D=D_{c}}$, the critical declination value.^[56]

Empirik usul

Because of the complexity of the above calculations, using them for the practical purpose of designing a dial of this type is difficult and prone to error. It has been suggested that it is better to locate the hour lines empirically, marking the positions of the shadow of a style on a real sundial at hourly intervals as shown by a clock and adding/deducting that day's equation of time adjustment.^[23] Qarang Empirical hour-line marking, yuqorida.

Spherical sundials

Equatorial bow sundial in Xasselt, Flandriya yilda Belgiya 50 ° 55′47 ″ N. 5°20′31″E / 50.92972°N 5.34194°E / 50.92972; 5.34194 (Hasselt equatorial bow sundial). The rays pass through the narrow slot, forming a uniformly rotating sheet of light that falls on the circular bow. The hour-lines are equally spaced; in this image, the local solar time is roughly 15:00 hours (3 p.m.). On September 10, a small ball, welded into the slot casts a shadow on centre of the hour band.

The surface receiving the shadow need not be a plane, but can have any shape, provided that the sundial maker is willing to mark the hour-lines. If the style is aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, a spherical shape is convenient since the hour-lines are equally spaced, as they are on the equatorial dial above; the sundial is teng burchakli. This is the principle behind the armillary sphere and the equatorial bow sundial.^[57][58][59] However, some equiangular sundials—such as the Lambert dial described below—are based on other principles.

In equatorial bow sundial, the gnomon is a bar, slot or stretched wire parallel to the celestial axis. The face is a semicircle, corresponding to the equator of the sphere, with markings on the inner surface. This pattern, built a couple of meters wide out of temperature-invariant steel invar, was used to keep the trains running on time in France before World War I.^[60]

Among the most precise sundials ever made are two equatorial bows constructed of marmar ichida topilgan Yantra mandir.^[61][62] This collection of sundials and other astronomical instruments was built by Maharaja Jai Singx II at his then-new capital of Jaypur, India between 1727 and 1733. The larger equatorial bow is called the Samrat Yantra (The Supreme Instrument); standing at 27 meters, its shadow moves visibly at 1 mm per second, or roughly a hand's breadth (6 cm) every minute.

Cylindrical, conical, and other non-planar sundials

Precision sundial in Bütgenbach, Belgium. (Precision = ±30 seconds) 50 ° 25′23 ″ N. 6 ° 12′06 ″ E / 50.4231°N 6.2017°E / 50.4231; 6.2017 (Belgiya) (Google Earth)

Other non-planar surfaces may be used to receive the shadow of the gnomon.

As an elegant alternative, the style (which could be created by a hole or slit in the circumference) may be located on the circumference of a cylinder or sphere, rather than at its central axis of symmetry.

In that case, the hour lines are again spaced equally, but at ikki marta the usual angle, due to the geometrical inscribed angle teorema. This is the basis of some modern sundials, but it was also used in ancient times;^[e]

In another variation of the polar-axis-aligned cylindrical, a cylindrical dial could be rendered as a helical ribbon-like surface, with a thin gnomon located either along its center or at its periphery.

Movable-gnomon sundials

Sundials can be designed with a gnomon that is placed in a different position each day throughout the year. In other words, the position of the gnomon relative to the centre of the hour lines varies. The gnomon need not be aligned with the celestial poles and may even be perfectly vertical (the analemmatic dial). These dials, when combined with fixed-gnomon sundials, allow the user to determine true North with no other aid; the two sundials are correctly aligned if and only if they both show the same time.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Universal equinoctial qo'ng'iroq terish

Universal ring dial. The dial is suspended from the cord shown in the upper left; the suspension point on the vertical meridian ring can be changed to match the local latitude. The center bar is twisted until a sunray passes through the small hole and falls on the horizontal equatorial ring. Qarang Commons annotations for labels.

A universal ekinoktial qo'ng'iroq (ba'zan a ring dial for brevity, although the term is ambiguous), is a portable version of an armillary sundial,^[64] or was inspired by the mariner's astrolabe.^[65] It was likely invented by Uilyam Oughtred around 1600 and became common throughout Europe.^[66]

In its simplest form, the style is a thin slit that allows the Sun's rays to fall on the hour-lines of an equatorial ring. As usual, the style is aligned with the Earth's axis; to do this, the user may orient the dial towards true North and suspend the ring dial vertically from the appropriate point on the meridian ring. Such dials may be made self-aligning with the addition of a more complicated central bar, instead of a simple slit-style. These bars are sometimes an addition to a set of Gemma's rings. This bar could pivot about its end points and held a perforated slider that was positioned to the month and day according to a scale scribed on the bar. The time was determined by rotating the bar towards the Sun so that the light shining through the hole fell on the equatorial ring. This forced the user to rotate the instrument, which had the effect of aligning the instrument's vertical ring with the meridian.

When not in use, the equatorial and meridian rings can be folded together into a small disk.

1610 yilda, Edvard Rayt yaratgan sea ring, which mounted a universal ring dial over a magnetic compass. This permitted mariners to determine the time and magnetic variation in a single step.^[67]

Analemmatik quyosh soatlari

Analemmatic sundial on a meridian line in the garden of the abbey of Herkenrode in Xasselt (Flandriya yilda Belgiya )

Analemmatik quyosh soatlari are a type of horizontal sundial that has a vertical gnomon and hour markers positioned in an elliptical pattern. There are no hour lines on the dial and the time of day is read on the ellipse. The gnomon is not fixed and must change position daily to accurately indicate time of day.Analemmatic sundials are sometimes designed with a human as the gnomon. Human gnomon analemmatic sundials are not practical at lower latitudes where a human shadow is quite short during the summer months. A 66 inch tall person casts a 4-inch shadow at 27 deg latitude on the summer solstice.^[68]

Foster-Lambert dials

The Foster-Lambert dial is another movable-gnomon sundial.^[69] In contrast to the elliptical analemmatic dial, the Lambert dial is circular with evenly spaced hour lines, making it an equiangular sundial, similar to the equatorial, spherical, cylindrical and conical dials described above. The gnomon of a Foster-Lambert dial is neither vertical nor aligned with the Earth's rotational axis; rather, it is tilted northwards by an angle α = 45° - (Φ/2), where Φ is the geographical kenglik. Thus, a Foster-Lambert dial located at latitude 40° would have a gnomon tilted away from vertical by 25° in a northerly direction. To read the correct time, the gnomon must also be moved northwards by a distance

${displaystyle Y=R an alpha an delta ,}$

qayerda R is the radius of the Foster-Lambert dial and δ again indicates the Sun's declination for that time of year.

Altitude-based sundials

Ottoman-style sundial with folded gnomon and a compass. Debbane saroyi museum, Lebanon.

Altitude dials measure the height of the Sun in the sky, rather than directly measuring its hour-angle about the Earth's axis. They are not oriented towards true North, but rather towards the Sun and generally held vertically. The Sun's elevation is indicated by the position of a nodus, either the shadow-tip of a gnomon, or a spot of light.

In altitude dials, the time is read from where the nodus falls on a set of hour-curves that vary with the time of year. Many such altitude-dials' construction is calculation-intensive, as also the case with many azimuth dials. But the capuchin dials (described below) are constructed and used graphically.

Altitude dials' disadvantages:

Since the Sun's altitude is the same at times equally spaced about noon (e.g., 9am and 3pm), the user had to know whether it was morning or afternoon. At, say, 3:00 pm, that isn't a problem. But when the dial indicates a time 15 minutes from noon, the user likely won't have a way of distinguishing 11:45 from 12:15.

Additionally, altitude dials are less accurate near noon, because the sun's altitude isn't changing rapidly then.

Many of these dials are portable and simple to use. As is often the case with other sundials, many altitude dials are designed for only one latitude. But the capuchin dial (described below) has a version that's adjustable for latitude.^[70]

The book on sundials by Mayall & Mayall describes the Universal Capuchin sundial.

Human shadows

The length of a human shadow (or of any vertical object) can be used to measure the sun's elevation and, thence, the time.^[71] The Hurmatli to'shak gave a table for estimating the time from the length of one's shadow in feet, on the assumption that a monk's height is six times the length of his foot. Such shadow lengths will vary with the geographical kenglik and with the time of year. For example, the shadow length at noon is short in summer months, and long in winter months.

Chaucer evokes this method a few times in his Canterbury ertaklari, uning singari Parsonning ertagi.^[f]

An equivalent type of sundial using a vertical rod of fixed length is known as a backstaff dial.

Shepherd's dial – timesticks

19th-century Tibetan Shepherd's Timestick

A shepherd's dial - a nomi bilan ham tanilgan shepherd's column dial,^[72][73] pillar dial, cylinder dial yoki chilindre – is a portable cylindrical sundial with a knife-like gnomon that juts out perpendicularly.^[74] It is normally dangled from a rope or string so the cylinder is vertical. The gnomon can be twisted to be above a month or day indication on the face of the cylinder. This corrects the sundial for the equation of time. The entire sundial is then twisted on its string so that the gnomon aims toward the Sun, while the cylinder remains vertical. The tip of the shadow indicates the time on the cylinder. The hour curves inscribed on the cylinder permit one to read the time. Shepherd's dials are sometimes hollow, so that the gnomon can fold within when not in use.

The shepherd's dial is evoked in Shekspir "s Genri VI, 3-qism (Act 2, Scene 5, Lines 21-29),^[g] among other works of literature.^[h]

The cylindrical shepherd's dial can be unrolled into a flat plate. In one simple version,^[75] the front and back of the plate each have three columns, corresponding to pairs of months with roughly the same solar declination (June–July, May–August, April–September, March–October, February–November, and January–December). The top of each column has a hole for inserting the shadow-casting gnomon, a peg. Often only two times are marked on the column below, one for noon and the other for mid-morning/mid-afternoon.

Timesticks, clock spear,^[72] yoki shepherds' time stick,^[72] are based on the same principles as dials.^[72][73] The time stick is carved with eight vertical time scales for a different period of the year, each bearing a time scale calculated according to the relative amount of daylight during the different months of the year. Any reading depends not only on the time of day but also on the latitude and time of year.^[73]A peg gnomon is inserted at the top in the appropriate hole or face for the season of the year, and turned to the Sun so that the shadow falls directly down the scale. Its end displays the time.^[72]

Ring dials

In a ring dial (also known as an Akvitaniya yoki a perforated ring dial), the ring is hung vertically and oriented sideways towards the sun.^[76] A beam of light passes through a small hole in the ring and falls on hour-curves that are inscribed on the inside of the ring. To adjust for the equation of time, the hole is usually on a loose ring within the ring so that the hole can be adjusted to reflect the current month.

Card dials (Capuchin dials)

Card dials are another form of altitude dial.^[77] A card is aligned edge-on with the sun and tilted so that a ray of light passes through an aperture onto a specified spot, thus determining the sun's altitude. A weighted string hangs vertically downwards from a hole in the card, and carries a bead or knot. The position of the bead on the hour-lines of the card gives the time. In more sophisticated versions such as the Capuchin dial, there is only one set of hour-lines, i.e., the hour lines do not vary with the seasons. Instead, the position of the hole from which the weighted string hangs is varied according to the season.

The Capuchin sundials are constructed and used graphically, as opposed the direct hour-angle measurements of horizontal or equatorial dials; or the calculated hour angle lines of some altitude and azimuth dials.

In addition to the ordinary Capuchin dial, there is a universal Capuchin dial, adjustable for latitude.

Navikula

Navicula de Venetiis displeyda Ville de Genève fanlar muzeyi.

A navicula de Venetiis or "little ship of Venice" was an altitude dial used to tell time and which was shaped like a little ship. The cursor (with a plumb line attached) was slid up/down the mast to the correct latitude. The user then sighted the Sun through the pair of sighting holes at either end of the "ship's deck". The plumb line then marked what hour of the day it was.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Nodus-based sundials

Krakov. 50 ° 03′41 ″ N. 19°56′24″E / 50.0614°N 19.9400°E / 50.0614; 19.9400 (Kraków sundial) The shadow of the cross-shaped nodus moves along a giperbola which shows the time of the year, indicated here by the zodiac figures. It is 1:50 p.m. on 16 July, 25 days after the yoz kunlari.

Another type of sundial follows the motion of a single point of light or shadow, which may be called the nodus. For example, the sundial may follow the sharp tip of a gnomon's shadow, e.g., the shadow-tip of a vertical obelisk (masalan, Solaryum Augusti ) or the tip of the horizontal marker in a shepherd's dial. Alternatively, sunlight may be allowed to pass through a small hole or reflected from a small (e.g., coin-sized) circular mirror, forming a small spot of light whose position may be followed. In such cases, the rays of light trace out a konus over the course of a day; when the rays fall on a surface, the path followed is the intersection of the cone with that surface. Most commonly, the receiving surface is a geometrical samolyot, so that the path of the shadow-tip or light-spot (called declination line) traces out a konus bo'limi kabi a giperbola yoki an ellips. The collection of hyperbolae was called a pelekonon (axe) by the Greeks, because it resembles a double-bladed ax, narrow in the center (near the noonline) and flaring out at the ends (early morning and late evening hours).

Declination lines at solstices and equinox for sundials, located at different latitudes

There is a simple verification of hyperbolic declination lines on a sundial: the distance from the origin to the equinox line should be equal to garmonik o'rtacha of distances from the origin to summer and winter solstice lines.^[78]

Nodus-based sundials may use a small hole or mirror to isolate a single ray of light; the former are sometimes called aperture dials. The oldest example is perhaps the antiborean sundial (antiboreum), a spherical nodus-based sundial that faces true North; a ray of sunlight enters from the South through a small hole located at the sphere's pole and falls on the hour and date lines inscribed within the sphere, which resemble lines of longitude and latitude, respectively, on a globe.^[79]

Reflection sundials

Isaak Nyuton developed a convenient and inexpensive sundial, in which a small mirror is placed on the sill of a south-facing window.^[80] The mirror acts like a nodus, casting a single spot of light on the ceiling. Depending on the geographical kenglik and time of year, the light-spot follows a conic section, such as the hyperbolae of the pelikonon. If the mirror is parallel to the Earth's equator, and the ceiling is horizontal, then the resulting angles are those of a conventional horizontal sundial. Using the ceiling as a sundial surface exploits unused space, and the dial may be large enough to be very accurate.

Multiple dials

Sundials are sometimes combined into multiple dials. If two or more dials that operate on different principles — such as an analemmatik terish va a gorizontal yoki vertikal terish - birlashtiriladi, natijada ko'p sonli terish ko'pincha o'z-o'zidan moslashadi. Ikkala terish ham vaqtni, ham pasayishni chiqarishi kerak. Boshqacha qilib aytganda haqiqiy Shimoliy aniqlash kerak emas; terish bir vaqtning o'zida va pasayishini o'qiyotganda to'g'ri yo'naltirilgan. Shu bilan birga, eng keng tarqalgan shakllarni terish bir xil printsipga asoslanadi va analemmatik odatda quyoshning moyilligini keltirib chiqarmaydi, shuning uchun o'z-o'zidan mos kelmaydi.^[81]

Diptych (planshet) quyosh soati

A shaklida diptix quyosh soati lute, v. 1612. Gnomons uslubi gorizontal va vertikal yuz o'rtasida cho'zilgan ip. Ushbu quyosh soati giperbolikaga vaqtni ko'rsatadigan kichik tugunga ega (ip ustidagi munchoq) pelikinon, vertikal yuzidagi sanadan biroz yuqoriroq.

The diptix menteşe bilan birlashtirilgan ikki kichik tekis yuzlardan iborat edi.^[82] Diptixlar odatda cho'ntakka yaroqli kichkina tekis qutilarga o'raladi. Gnomon ikki yuzning o'rtasida ip edi. Ip mahkamlanganda ikkala yuz vertikal va gorizontal quyosh soatini hosil qildi. Ular oq fil suyagidan qilingan, qora lak belgilari bilan ishlangan. Gnomonlar qora naqshli ipak, zig'ir yoki kenevir iplari edi. Ipdagi tugun yoki munchoq bilan tugun va to'g'ri belgilar bilan diptych (chindan ham har qanday quyosh soati) ekinlarni ekish uchun taqvimni yaxshi ushlab turishi mumkin. Tez-tez uchraydigan xato diptych kadranini o'z-o'zidan moslashtirish deb ta'riflaydi. Bu gorizontal va vertikal terishdan tashkil topgan ikki yuzli terish uchun yuzlarning yo'nalishi qanday bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, yuzlar orasidagi gnomon simli yordamida to'g'ri emas. Gnomon ipi uzluksiz bo'lgani uchun, soyalar menteşada uchrashishi kerak; shu sababli, har qanday terishning yo'nalishi ikkala terishda ham bir xil vaqtni ko'rsatadi.^[83]

Ko'p yuzli terish

Ko'p sonli qo'ng'iroqning keng tarqalgan turi a-ning har bir yuzida quyosh soatlariga ega Platonik qattiq (oddiy ko'pburchak), odatda a kub.^[84]

Quyosh soatlarini shu tarzda, qattiq jismning har bir yuziga quyosh soatini qo'llash orqali tuzish mumkin.

Ba'zi hollarda quyosh soatlari qattiq jismdagi bo'shliqlar, masalan, Yerning aylanish o'qi bilan tekislangan silindrsimon bo'shliq (unda qirralar uslublar rolini o'ynaydi) yoki qadimgi urf-odatlardagi sharsimon bo'shliq shaklida hosil bo'ladi. yarim sharlar yoki antiboreum. (Yuqoridagi Tarix bo'limiga qarang.) Ba'zi hollarda, bu ko'p yuzli terish stolga o'tirish uchun etarlicha kichik, boshqalarda esa bu katta tosh yodgorliklardir.

Polyhedralning terish yuzlari bir vaqtning o'zida turli vaqt zonalari uchun vaqt ajratish uchun mo'ljallangan bo'lishi mumkin. Bunga misollar Shotlandiya quyosh soati 17 va 18 asrlarning ko'p qirrali va hatto qavariq yuzlarining o'ta murakkab shakli bo'lgan.

Prizmatik terish

Prizmatik terish - qutbli terishning alohida holati, unda a ning o'tkir qirralari joylashgan prizma konkavning ko'pburchak uslublar bo'lib xizmat qiladi va prizmaning yon tomonlari soyani oladi.^[85] Masalan, qabriston toshlarida Dovudning uch o'lchovli xochi yoki yulduzi.

G'ayrioddiy quyosh soatlari

Benoy raqamini tering

Benoy Sun Clock soat 18:00 ni ko'rsatmoqda.

Benoy kadrani Valter Gordon Benoy tomonidan ixtiro qilingan Kollingem, Nottingemshir, Angliya. Gnomon soya solsa, uning ixtirosi Quyosh nurlarini ingichka tirqish orqali o'tkazib, ularni uzun, ingichka oynadan (odatda yarim silindrsimon) aks ettirib yoki ularni silindrsimon ob'ektiv. Benoy terish misollarini Buyuk Britaniyada quyidagi manzilda topish mumkin:^[86]

• Carnfunnock Country Park, Antrim Shimoliy Irlandiya
• Upton Xoll, Britaniya Horologik instituti, Nyark-on-Trent, Nottingemshir
• St Edmundsbury Heritage Service to'plamlari ichida, Bury Sent-Edmunds^[87]
• Longleat, Wiltshire
• Jodrell banki Ilmiy markaz
• Birmingem botanika bog'lari
• Ilmiy muzey, London (inventarizatsiya raqami 1975-318)

Bifilar quyosh soati

Italiyada zanglamaydigan po'latdan yasalgan ikki soatlik soat

1922 yilda nemis matematikasi Ugo Mixnik tomonidan ixtiro qilingan bifilar quyosh soati kadranga parallel ravishda ikkita kesishmaydigan ipga ega. Odatda ikkinchi ip ortogonal birinchisiga.^[88]Ikkala ipning soyalari kesishishi mahalliy quyosh vaqtini beradi.

Raqamli quyosh soati

Raqamli quyosh soati quyosh nurlari ta'sirida hosil bo'lgan raqamlar bilan hozirgi vaqtni ko'rsatadi. Ushbu turdagi quyosh soatlari o'rnatilgan Deutsches muzeyi Myunxenda va Quyosh soatlari bog'ida Genk (Belgiya) va kichik versiyasi savdo sifatida mavjud. Quyosh soatining ushbu turiga patent mavjud.^[89]

Globusni terish

Yer shari - bu Yerning aylanish o'qi bilan tekislangan va sferik qanot bilan jihozlangan shar.^[90] Belgilangan eksenel uslubiga ega quyosh soatlariga o'xshab, sharsimon terish Quyoshning azimutal burchagidan Yerga aniq aylanishida vaqtni aniqlaydi. Ushbu burchakni eng kichik soya berish uchun qanotni aylantirish orqali aniqlash mumkin.

Tush soatlari

Tush vaqti dan Grinvich qirollik rasadxonasi. Analemma - bu tor shakl-8 shakli bo'lib, u chizilgan vaqt tenglamasi (vaqt emas, graduslarda, 1 ° = 4 minut) Quyoshning quyosh balandligi tushlik paytida quyosh soati joylashgan joyda. Balandlik vertikal ravishda, vaqtning tenglamasi gorizontal ravishda o'lchanadi.

Eng oddiy quyosh soatlari soatlarni bermaydi, aksincha soat 12:00 ning aniq vaqtiga e'tibor bering.^[91] O'tgan asrlarda, bunday terish mexanik soatlarni to'g'rilash uchun ishlatilgan, ular ba'zan bir kun ichida muhim vaqtni yo'qotish yoki yutqazish uchun juda noto'g'ri bo'lgan.

AQShning mustamlakachilik davriga oid ba'zi uylarida peshin vaqtini polga yoki derazaga o'yib topish mumkin.^[92] Bunday belgilar mahalliy peshinni ko'rsatadi va aniq soatlarga ega bo'lmagan uy xo'jaliklari uchun oddiy va aniq vaqt ma'lumotnomasini beradi. Zamonaviy davrda, ba'zi Osiyo mamlakatlarida, pochta aloqasi bo'limlari o'zlarining soatlarini peshin vaqtida aniq belgilab qo'ygan. Bular o'z navbatida jamiyatning qolgan qismini vaqt bilan ta'minlaydi. Odatda kunduzgi soat soati an ustiga o'rnatilgan ob'ektiv edi analemmatik plastinka. Plitada sakkizta shaklga o'yilgan, bu esa chizilgan rasmga to'g'ri keladi vaqt tenglamasi (yuqorida tavsiflangan) quyosh moyilligiga nisbatan. Quyosh tasvirining qirrasi joriy oy uchun shakl qismiga tegsa, bu uning peshin soat 12:00 ekanligini ko'rsatadi.

Quyosh soatlari to'pi

A quyosh soatlari to'pi Ba'zan "meridian to'pi" deb ham ataladigan bu, soat yarmida avtomatik ravishda porox miqdorini yoqib yuboradigan, "eshitiladigan pesh nishonini" yaratishga mo'ljallangan ixtisoslashgan quyosh soatidir. Ba'zan Evropadagi bog'larda asosan 18-asr oxiri yoki 19-asrning boshlarida o'rnatiladigan aniq quyosh soatlari o'rniga yangi narsalar edi. Ular odatda gorizontal quyosh soatlaridan iborat bo'lib, ular a ga qo'shimcha ravishda qo'shiladi gnomon mos ravishda o'rnatilgan ob'ektiv, aniq tushda quyosh nurlarini miniatyuradagi otash panasiga yo'naltirish uchun sozlang to'p bilan yuklangan porox (lekin yoq to'p ). To'g'ri ishlashi uchun ob'ektivning holati va burchagi mavsumiy ravishda sozlanishi kerak.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Meridian chiziqlari

A ga to'g'ri keladigan gorizontal chiziq meridian bilan gnomon peshin-quyosh tomoni meridian chizig'i deb nomlanadi va vaqtni emas, balki yilning kunini bildiradi. Tarixiy jihatdan ular uzunligini aniq aniqlash uchun ishlatilgan quyosh yili. Bunga misollar Bianchini meridian chizig'i Santa Mariya degli Angeli e dei Martiri yilda Rim, va Kassini qatorda San-Petronio Bazilikasi da Boloniya.^[93]

Quyosh soatlari shiori

Quyosh soatlarining vaqt bilan birlashishi o'z dizaynerlarini asrlar davomida dizayn doirasida shiorlarni namoyish etishga ilhomlantirdi. Ko'pincha ular qurilmani rolida ijro etishadi yodgorlik mori, kuzatuvchini dunyoning o'tishi va o'limning muqarrarligi haqida mulohaza yuritishga taklif qilish. "Vaqtni o'ldirma, chunki u seni o'ldirishi aniq". Boshqa shiorlar injiqroq: "Men faqat quyoshli soatlarni hisoblayman" va "Men quyosh soati bilan shug'ullanaman va soatlarning bajarilishini juda yaxshi bajaraman". Quyosh soati shiori to'plamlari ko'pincha asrlar davomida nashr etilgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Kompas sifatida foydalaning

Agar gorizontal-plastinka quyosh soati ishlatilayotgan kenglik uchun qilingan bo'lsa va u gorizontal plitasi bilan o'rnatilsa va gnomonasi samoviy qutb u ufqning yuqorisida, keyin u to'g'ri vaqtni ko'rsatadi aniq quyosh vaqti. Aksincha, agar ko'rsatmalar asosiy fikrlar dastlab noma'lum, ammo quyosh soati hizalanadi, shuning uchun u o'qilganidan aniqlangan aniq quyosh vaqtini ko'rsatadi soat, uning gnomonasi yo'nalishini ko'rsatadi Haqiqiy Shimoliy yoki janubiy, quyosh soatlarini kompas sifatida ishlatishga imkon beradi. Quyosh soatini gorizontal yuzaga qo'yish mumkin va u to'g'ri vaqtni ko'rsatmaguncha vertikal o'q atrofida aylanishi mumkin. Keyin gnomon Shimoliy tomonga ishora qiladi shimoliy yarim shar, yoki janubiy yarim sharda janubga. Ushbu usul soatni kompas sifatida ishlatishdan ko'ra ancha aniqroq (qarang) Kardinal yo'nalish # Yuzni tomosha qiling ) va joylarda joylashgan joylarda ishlatilishi mumkin magnit moyillik katta bo'lib, a magnit kompas ishonchsiz. Muqobil usul turli xil dizayndagi ikki quyosh soatlaridan foydalanadi. (Qarang # Bir nechta qo'ng'iroqlar, yuqorida.) Diallar bir-biriga biriktirilgan va ular bilan hizalanadi va yo'naltirilgan bo'lib, ular bir xil vaqtni ko'rsatadi. Bu asosiy nuqtalarning yo'nalishlarini va aniq quyosh vaqtini bir vaqtning o'zida soatni talab qilmasdan aniqlashga imkon beradi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Shuningdek qarang

Angbuilgu, davomida Koreyada ishlatiladigan ko'chma quyosh soati Joseon davri. Integratsiyalashgan magnit kompas asbobni shimoliy qutb tomon tekislaydi. (Koreya milliy muzeyi )^[94]

• Butterfield terish
• Tenglama soati
• Fuko mayatnik
• Franchesko Byanchini
• Horologiya
• Jantar Mantar
• Moondial
• Tungi - tunda yulduzlar tomonidan vaqtni aniqlash uchun qurilma.
• Gorizontal raqamlarni terish sxemasi - qalam va chiziqli konstruktsiyalar
• Vertikal pasayib ketadigan raqamlarni terish sxemasi - qalam va chiziqli konstruktsiyalar
• Sciothericum teleskopikum - XVII asrda teleskopik ko'rinishda peshin vaqtini 15 soniya ichida aniqlash uchun foydalaniladigan quyosh soati.
• Shotlandiya quyosh soati - Shotlandiyaning qadimgi uyg'onish quyosh soatlari.
• Soyalar - quyosh soatlarini hisoblash va chizish uchun bepul dastur.
• Tide (vaqt) - erta quyosh soatlari bo'yicha kunning bo'linishlari.
• Nolinchi soya kuni
• Vilanov saroyi quyosh soati, tomonidan yaratilgan Yoxannes Hevelius taxminan 1684 yilda.

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

Iqtiboslar

Manbalar

• Brandmaier, H. (2005 yil mart). "Matritsalardan foydalangan holda quyosh soatlari dizayni". Kompendium. Shimoliy Amerika Quyosh soatlari jamiyati. 12 (1).
• Daniel, Kristofer St.J.H. (2004). Quyosh soatlari. Shire albomi. 176 (2-tahrirdagi tahrir). Shire nashrlari. ISBN  978-0747805588.
• Earl AM (1971). Quyosh soatlari va kechagi atirgullar. Rutland, VT: Charlz E. Tutl. ISBN  0-8048-0968-2. LCCN  74142763. Makmillan (Nyu-York) tomonidan nashr etilgan 1902 yilgi kitobni qayta nashr etish.
• Xeylbron, J. L.: Jamoatdagi quyosh: quyosh rasadxonalari sifatida soborlar, Garvard universiteti matbuoti, 2001 ISBN  978-0-674-00536-5.
• A.P.Gerbert, Eski va yangi quyosh soatlari, Methuen & Co. Ltd, 1967 yil.
• Kern, Ralf: Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit. Vom 15. - 19. Jarxundert. Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König 2010 yil, ISBN  978-3-86560-772-0
• Mayall, RN; Mayall, MW (1938). Quyosh soatlari: ularning qurilishi va ishlatilishi (3 (1994) tahrir). Kembrij, MA: Sky Publishing. ISBN  0-933346-71-9.
• Ugo Mixnik, Bifilar-Sonnenuhr nazariyasi, Astronomishe Nachrichten, 217 (5190), 81-90 betlar, 1923
• Roh, RRJ (1996). Quyosh soatlari: tarix, nazariya va amaliyot (G. Godin tahriri bilan tarjima qilingan). Nyu-York: Dover. ISBN  0-486-29139-1. Toronto Press (Toronto) universiteti tomonidan nashr etilgan 1970 yilgi tarjimaning ozgina o'zgartirilgan qayta nashr etilishi. Asl nusxasi 1965 yilda ushbu nom bilan nashr etilgan Les Cadrans plyonkalari Gautier-Villars tomonidan (Montrouge, Frantsiya).
• Savoie, Denis: Quyosh soatlari, dizayn, qurilish va foydalanish, Springer, 2009 yil, ISBN  978-0-387-09801-2.
• Frederik V. Soyer, Bifilar gnomonikasi, JBAA (Britaniya Astronomiya assotsiatsiyasi jurnali), 88 (4): 334-351, 1978
• Snayder, Donald L. (mart 2015). "Quyosh soatlari dizaynini ko'rib chiqish" (PDF). Kompendium. Sent-Luis: Shimoliy Amerika Quyosh soatlari jamiyati. 22 (1). ISSN  1074-3197. Arxivlandi (PDF) asl nusxasidan 2019 yil 16 aprelda. Olingan 16 iyun 2020.
• Tyorner, Jerar L'E (1980). Antik ilmiy asboblar. Blandford Press Ltd. ISBN  0-7137-1068-3.
• Walker, Brown: Quyosh soatini yarating, (Ta'lim guruhi British Sundial Society) muharrirlari Jeyn Uoker va Devid Braun, British Sundial Society 1991 y ISBN  0-9518404-0-1
• Vo, Albert E (1973). Quyosh soatlari: ularning nazariyasi va qurilishi. Nyu-York: Dover nashrlari. ISBN  0-486-22947-5.

Tashqi havolalar

Milliy tashkilotlar

• Asociación Amigos de los Relojes de Sol (AARS) - Ispaniyaning Quyosh soatlari jamiyati
• Britaniya Quyosh soatlari jamiyati (BSS) - Britaniya Quyosh soatlari jamiyati
• France de Cadrans Solaires de la Société Astronomique de France Frantsiya quyosh soatlari jamiyati
• Muvofiqlashtiruvchi Gnomoniko Italiano (CGI) - Italiya Quyosh soatlari jamiyati
• Shimoliy Amerika Quyosh soatlari jamiyati (NASS) - Shimoliy Amerika Quyosh soatlari jamiyati
• Societat Catalana de Gnomònica - Kataloniya quyosh soatlari jamiyati
• De Zonnewijzerkring - Gollandiyalik quyosh soati jamiyati (ingliz tilida)
• Zonnewijzerkring Vlaanderen - Flamand quyosh soatlari jamiyati

Tarixiy

• "Marmar quyosh soatlarini o'rnatishdagi kamchiliklarni bartaraf etish bo'yicha kitob" bu vaqtni saqlash va quyosh soatlari haqida 1319 yildan arabcha qo'lyozma.
• "Eğimli quyosh soatlarini qurish uchun jadvallarni hisoblash bo'yicha kichik risola" XVI asrdan boshlab quyosh soatlarini yaratish uchun ishlatilgan matematik hisob-kitoblar haqidagi yana bir arab qo'lyozmasi. Bu tomonidan yozilgan Sibt al-Maridini.
• Vodolajskaya, bronza davridagi L. analemmatik va gorizontal quyosh soatlari (Shimoliy Qora dengiz qirg'og'i). Arxeoastronomiya va qadimiy texnologiyalar 1(1), 2013, 68-88
• Qadimgi Misr quyosh soatlarini tiklash

Boshqalar

• Britaniya Quyosh soatlari jamiyati
• Shotlandiya soat soatlari ro'yxati
• Quyosh soatlarini xarita proektsiyalari orqali tushunish
• Qadimgi Vedik Quyosh terish
• Jahon quyosh soati atlasi
• Haqiqiy quyosh vaqti - Quyosh soatlari mobil yoki ish stoli versiyasi sifatida.