Qo'shma Shtatlardagi transgenderlar tarixi - History of transgender people in the United States

The Transgender mag'rurligi bayrog'i, Amerikalik transgender ayol tomonidan yaratilgan Monika Helms 1999 yilda,^[1][2] va birinchi g'urur paradida namoyish etilgan Feniks, Arizona, 2000 yilda Qo'shma Shtatlar.^[3]

Qismi bir qator kuni
Transgender mavzular
Jinsiy identifikatorlar Androgin Cisgender Jinsiy bender Ikkilik bo'lmagan (yoki genderqueer) Uchinchi jins Akava'ine Bakla Bissu Calabai Faafafin Fakaleitī Hijrat Keti Xanit Koekchuch Maxi Mak nyah Muxannathun Muxe Albaniyalik qasamyod qilingan bokira qizlar Takatapui Travesti Ikki ruh Vinkte Trans odam Trans ayol Transeksual
Tarix Kontur Xronologiya Qo'shma Shtatlar Kompton kafesi Stounewall tartibsizliklari Interters
Sog'liqni saqlash va tibbiyot O'tkazish Jinsiy disforiya Bolalarda Sog'liqni saqlash Gormonlarni davolash Homiladorlik Jinsni almashtirish Jarrohlik Terapiya Ayolga Erkakka Transeksual
Huquqlar masalalar Kamsitish Jinsga qarshi harakat Tengsizlik Ikkilik bo'lmagan Transmisoginiya Transfobiya Huquqlar Harakat Ikkilik bo'lmagan, uchinchi jins Tashkilotlar Harbiy xizmat Hojatxonalar Hammom uchun to'lovlar Uniseks Zo'ravonlik Transboshlash Qonunga zid ravishda o'ldirish Trans vahima Yogyakarta printsiplari
Jamiyat va madaniyat Belgilar Xayoliy Film va televidenie LGBT bilan bog'liq filmlar Tadbirlar Xabardorlik haftaligi Xotira kuni Ko'rinish kuni Mart LGBT Bayroqlar Tarix Odamlar Ikkilik bo'lmagan Nashrlar Din Sport O'tish Yoshlik Ko'proq
Nazariya va tushunchalar Ambifiliya, androfiliya, ginefiliya Bolalik jinsining nomuvofiqligi Cisgender / cissexual O'zaro kiyinish Jinsiy identifikatsiya Jinsiy ifoda Jinsiy ikkilik Jinsiy-jinsiy savollar Jinsiy farq Postgenderizm Transfeminizm Transmedikalizm Transmisoginiya
Mamlakatlar bo'yicha Argentina Avstraliya Huquqlar Qayta Kevin Braziliya Kanada Bill C-16, 2016 yil Huquqlar Xitoy Germaniya Hindiston "Transgender shaxslarning huquqlari to'g'risida" gi qonun, 2014 y Tamil Nadu Eron Irlandiya Yangi Zelandiya Singapur Janubiy Afrika kurka Birlashgan Qirollik Huquqlar Jinslarni tan olish to'g'risidagi qonun 2004 y Qo'shma Shtatlar Kafeteryada g'alayon Huquqdan mahrum etish Tarix Huquqiy tarix Huquqlar IX sarlavha
Shuningdek qarang Jins Interters LGBT Jinsiy aloqa jinsiy tayinlash Jins va jinsni farqlash Jinsiy orientatsiya
LGBT portali  Transgender portal

Ushbu maqola Qo'shma Shtatlardagi transgenderlar tarixi ilgari g'arb aloqasidan hozirgi kungacha. Evropa transgender odamlar hozirgi kunda hech bo'lmaganda 1600-yillarning boshidan beri Qo'shma Shtatlar deb nom olgan mamlakatda bo'lganlar. G'arb bilan aloqa qilishdan oldin, ba'zilari Mahalliy Amerika qabilalari bor edi uchinchi jins odamlar kimniki ijtimoiy rollar har bir qabiladan turlicha bo'lgan. Odamlar kiyinishadi va ulardan farq qiladi jinsiy tayinlash tug'ilish paytida va uning turli jihatlariga hissa qo'shish Amerika tarixi va madaniyat dan hujjatlashtirilgan 17-asr hozirgi kungacha. 20 va 21 asrlarda avanslar jinsiy aloqani almashtirish operatsiyasi shu qatorda; shu bilan birga transgender faolligi transgenderlar hayotiga va Qo'shma Shtatlarda transgenderlarning keng tarqalgan tushunchasiga ta'sir ko'rsatdi.

Umumiy nuqtai

1800 yilgacha

Antropolog Jorj Katlin rasm, "Raqs Berdax "[sic]. Taxminan 1861-1869 yillar orasida Sak va Fox millatlari. Ketlinning geylar va jinsga xos bo'lgan mahalliy xalqlar haqidagi yozuvlari xushomadgo'y emas edi.

Biroz Tug'ma amerikalik Millatlarning azaldan nomlari va rollari bor gender-variant yoki uchinchi jins odamlar. Ushbu rollar faqat qat'iy madaniyatga ega bo'lishga moyil jinsdagi rollar, odatda bu faqat ko'rinadi patriaxal jamoalar. Atama ikki ruh Hozirgi kunda ushbu tarixiy rollarni tavsiflash uchun retroaktiv ravishda foydalaniladigan, faqat 1990 yilda tub aholi punktida yaratilgan lezbiyen va gomoseksual xalqaro yig'ilish Vinnipeg va "tub amerikaliklarni / birinchi millat odamlarini tub mahalliy bo'lmagan xalqlardan ajratish va uzoqlashtirish uchun maxsus tanlangan."^[4] Yangi atamani yaratishning asosiy maqsadi eskirgan va ko'rib chiqilayotgan tajovuzkor antropologik atamani almashtirishni rag'batlantirish edi. berdax antropologik hisoblarda paydo bo'lgan. Ushbu yangi atama hamma tomonidan qabul qilinmagan bo'lsa-da, bu yangi atama ostida guruhlangan odamlar uchun o'z shartlariga ega bo'lgan an'anaviy jamoalar va "g'arbiy" deb atagan narsani rad etganlar tomonidan tanqid qilindi. ikkilik mahalliy aholi ushbu shaxslarni "erkak va ayol" deb hisoblashlariga ishonish kabi oqibatlar^[4]- u odatda antropologik atamaga nisbatan ko'proq qabul qilingan va ishlatilgan.^[5]

Ning birinchi hujjatli aholisidan biri Amerika mustamlakalari da'vo qilmoq ikkilik jins rollar edi Tomas (ine) Hall, 1620-yillarda navbatma-navbat erkaklar va ayollar kiyimlarida kiyingan xizmatkor. Xoll ehtimol edi interseks va Virjiniya sudi tomonidan ikkalasiga ham erkak kishining kiyinishini buyurdi shimlar va bir vaqtning o'zida ayolning perroni va kepkasi.^[6][7]

1821 yildan boshlab ommaviy universal do'stning portreti.

1836 yilda H.R.Robinson tomonidan chizilgan Meri Jonsning litografiyasi.

1776 yilda Umumjahon do'st jinssiz (erkak ham, ayol ham emas), androjin kiyinganligini va keyingi Angliya bo'ylab va'z qilish paytida orttirgan izdoshlaridan tug'ma ismlari yoki jinsi olmoshlari bilan murojaat qilmasliklarini so'radi.^[8][9][10] Ba'zi olimlar ularga shunday qarashgan jinsiy ikkilikdan tashqari va trans tarixidagi bob sifatida "transgender" so'zidan oldin ".^[11][12][13]

Odatda, Genni Beeminning so'zlariga ko'ra AQShning transgender tarixi, Amerikaning dastlabki tarixida mavjud bo'lgan transgenderlarning bir nechta tarixiy ma'lumotlari ayoldan erkakka transgenderlar, ehtimol bu qiyinroq bo'lganligi sababli erkakdan ayolgacha paydo bo'lishidan oldin ayollar sifatida muvaffaqiyatli namoyish etadigan odamlar jinsni almashtirish operatsiyasi va gormonlarni davolash. U keltirgan misollardan biri - Meri Xenli, Massachusets shtatida ayollarga tayinlangan shaxs, u 1692 yilda noqonuniy ravishda erkaklar kiyimlarini kiyganlikda ayblanib, "tabiat yo'lini chalg'itayotgandek" edi.^[14]

1800–1950

Jozef Lobdell (1829 yilda Lyusi Ann Lobdell sifatida tug'ilgan), oltmish yil erkak bo'lib yashagan va shu sababli hibsga olingan va jinnixonada qamalgan. Biroq, u bir ayolga uylanishi mumkin edi.^[15]

Meri Jons (1803 yilda Piter Syual sifatida tug'ilgan), erkin afroamerikalik, 1836 yilda Nyu-York shahrida ayol kiyinishi, fohishalik va cho'ntak uchun hibsga olingan. Zamonaviy hisobotga ko'ra Nyu-York dunyosi, Jons sudda "charchagan holda paydo bo'ldi a la mode de Nyu-York, nafis va mukammal uslubda. Uning yoki xiralashgan quloqlariga qorli oppoq quloq uzuklari taqilgan, boshi chiroyli jingalak qulflarning pariklari bilan bezatilgan va uning ustiga oltindan taralgan jun tarovati o'rtasida yashiringan zarhal taroq bor edi. "^[16] Kiyinish haqida so'rashganda, Jons shunday javob berdi: "Men shuhrat qozongan qizlarni kutish odatim bo'lgan ... va ular meni ayollar kiyimida kiyinishga undashdi, chunki men ulardagi kiyimlarim juda yaxshi ko'rinishga ega edim va men har doim ziyofatlarda qatnashganman Mening rangimdagi odamlar orasida shunday kiyingan - va Nyu-Orleanda men doim shunday kiyinganman. "^[17] Jons katta o'g'irlik uchun besh yilga ozodlikdan mahrum qilindi. Ko'p o'tmay Jonsning ayol kiyimi aks etgan "Man-Monster" nomli litografi nashr etildi.^[18] Jons 1845 yilda va 1845 yilda yana hibsga olingan, ikkalasi ham ayol kiyimida.^[19]

Albert Kassir 1864 yilda.

Davomida Amerika fuqarolar urushi (1861–1865) tug'ilish paytida ayolga tayinlangan kamida 240 kishi erkaklar kiyimlarini kiyib, askar sifatida jang qilganliklari ma'lum. Ko'pchilik shunday qilgan bo'lishi mumkin, chunki ularga ayol sifatida jang qilishga ruxsat berilmagan va bu ularning urush harakatlarida qatnashish vositasi edi. Ba'zilari transgender bo'lib, umr bo'yi erkaklar kabi yashashni davom ettirdilar.^[20] Shunday taniqli askarlardan biri edi Albert Kassir.^[21] Urushdan keyin, Frensis Tompson (ilgari qullikda bo'lgan qora trans ayol) Kongressning tergovidan oldin guvohlik bergan besh qora tanli ayollardan biri edi Memfisdagi 1866 yilgi tartibsizliklar, shu vaqt ichida oq tanli terrorchilar olomon Tompsonga hujum qilishdi va zo'rlashdi; o'n yil o'tgach, Tompson "ayollar kiyimida kiyingan erkak" bo'lgani uchun hibsga olingan.^[22][23][24]

1895 yilda bir guruh o'zini o'zi ta'riflagan androginlar Nyu-Yorkda the deb nomlangan klub tashkil qildi Cercle Hermaphroditos, ularning "dunyodagi qattiq ta'qiblardan himoya qilish uchun birlashish" istagiga asoslanadi.^[25]Jenni iyun (1874 yilda Erl Lind nomi bilan tug'ilgan), Serkl Hermafroditos a'zosi yozgan Androginaning tarjimai holi (1918) va Ayollarning taqlidchilari (1922), transgender kishining 20-asrning boshlari to'g'risida noyob shaxsning guvohligini beradigan xotiralar. "Transseksual" va "transgender" so'zlari hali ishlab chiqilmagan edi va iyun o'zini "peri" yoki "androjin" deb ta'rifladi, u "erkak jinsiy a'zolari bilan", ammo uning "jismoniy tuzilishi" va jinsiy hayoti "ayol turiga yaqinlashish".^[26] 2010 yilda uning uchinchi xotira jildining (1921 yilda yozilgan, ammo hech qachon nashr etilmagan) ilgari yo'qolgan beshta qismi topildi va OutHistory.org saytida nashr etildi.^[26]

Myurrey Xoll (1841-1901) Nyu-York shahrida deyarli yigirma besh yil davomida siyosatchi bo'lgan. Xolning o'limidan so'ng, unga tug'ilish paytida ayol tayinlanganligi aniqlandi. Xoll ikki marta turmush qurgan va asrab olingan qizi bo'lgan. Yaqinda uning rafiqasi undan oldinroq bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, uning qizi "dahshatli hayratda qoldi. U har doim o'z tarbiyalovchi otasi erkak bo'lganiga ishonishini aytdi va emizikli onasi uni boshqacha shubha ostiga qo'yadigan gaplarni eshitmaganini aytdi."^[27]

1917 yilda doktor. Alan L. Xart, psixiatr doktor Joshua Gilbert bilan ishlash, birinchi hujjatlashtirilgan trans odam Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarida o'tishi kerak histerektomiya va gonadektomiya, o'z hayotini odam sifatida yashash uchun.^[28] Uning o'tishidan so'ng, Xart The Albany Daily Demokrat u "bu o'zgarishlarni amalga oshirganimdan beri hayotimda bo'lganimdan baxtliroq edi va men bu yo'lni tirik ekanman, davom ettiraman [...] Men hech qachon erkaklar kiyimiga [almashtirishimga] nisbatan hech narsani yashirmaganman. ..] Uyga do'stlarimga hech narsadan uyalmasligimni ko'rsatish uchun keldim ".^[29]

Trans ayol Lusi Xiks Anderson 1886 yilda Kentukki shtatining Vaddi shahrida tug'ilgan. U o'spirinlik yillarida uy ishchisi bo'lib xizmat qildi va oxir-oqibat 1920 va 1930 yillarda Kaliforniyaning Oksnard shahrida sotsialistik va madamga aylandi. 1945 yilda u Ventura okrugida harbiylardan turmush o'rtog'i uchun ajratmalar olganligi uchun yolg'on guvohlik va firibgarliklar uchun sud qilingan, chunki uning kiyinishi va ayol sifatida o'zini ko'rsatishi maskarad deb hisoblangan. U ishni yo'qotib qo'ydi, ammo uzoq muddatli qamoq jazosidan qochdi, ammo ko'p o'tmay federal hukumat uni qayta sud qildi. U bu ishda ham yutqazdi va qamoq jazosiga mahkum etildi, o'sha paytdagi eri Ruben Anderson bilan birga. Jazoni o'tab bo'lgach, ular Los-Anjelesga ko'chib o'tdilar va u erda 1954 yilda vafotigacha tinchgina yashashdi.^[30]

Billi Tipton (1914 yilda Doroti Lyusil Tipton sifatida tug'ilgan) - taniqli amerikalik jaz musiqachisi va musiqachisi, 1940-yillardan to vafotigacha hayotining barcha jabhalarida inson sifatida yashagan. O'z o'g'li Tipton vafotigacha o'tmishini bilmagan. Tipton haqidagi birinchi gazeta maqolasi uning dafn marosimining ertasi kuni chop etilgan va tezda uni qabul qilib olgan simli xizmatlar. Tipton haqidagi hikoyalar turli xil hujjatlarda, jumladan, kabi tabloidlarda paydo bo'ldi National Enquirer va Yulduz, shuningdek, kabi ko'proq obro'li qog'ozlar Nyu-York jurnali va Sietl Tayms. Tiptonning oilasi ham ishlab chiqargan tok-shou tashqi ko'rinish.^[31]

1950 va 1960 yillar

1953 yilgi film Glen yoki Glenda transeksualizm va transvestizm bilan shug'ullangan.

1950 va 1960 yillarda birinchi transgender tashkilotlari va nashrlari paydo bo'ldi, ammo qonun va tibbiyot transgenderlarning xabardorligi oshishiga ijobiy ta'sir ko'rsatmadi.

Vaqtning eng taniqli amerikalik transgender odami edi Kristin Yorgensen, 1952 yilda u birinchi bo'lib keng tarqalgan reklama qilingan odam bo'lib, u boshdan kechirgan jinsiy aloqani almashtirish operatsiyasi (Ushbu holatda, erkakdan ayolgacha ), butun dunyo bo'ylab sensatsiya yaratish.^[32] Biroq, u 1959 yilda bir erkakka uylanmoqchi bo'lganida, unga nikoh litsenziyasi berilmagan va Kristin bilan aloqasi jamoatchilikka ma'lum bo'lganida, uning turmush o'rtog'i ishsiz qolgan.^[33]

Virjiniya shahzodasi, 1940-yillarda San-Frantsiskoda ayol sifatida to'la vaqtli yashashni boshlagan transgender, 1950 yillarga kelib Evropa va AQSh bo'ylab transgenderlar bilan keng yozishmalar tarmog'ini rivojlantirdi. U bilan yaqin hamkorlik qildi Alfred Kinsey transgender odamlarning ehtiyojlarini ijtimoiy olimlar va jinsiy islohotchilar e'tiboriga etkazish.^[34]

1952 yilda Virjiniya shahzodasining yozishmalar ro'yxati uchun yozishmalar tarmog'idan foydalangan holda, Janubiy Kaliforniyadagi boshqa bir nechta transgender odamlar ishga tushishdi Transvestiya: Amerika kiyinishdagi tenglik jamiyati jurnali, ikkita sonini nashr etdi. Jurnalni boshlagan Jamiyat faqat qisqa vaqt ichida Janubiy Kaliforniyada mavjud edi.^[34]

The Cooper Donuts Riot 1959 yil may oyida Los-Anjelesda sodir bo'lgan voqea bo'lib, unda transgender ayollar, lezbiyen ayollar, sudralib yuradigan malikalar va gomoseksual erkaklar birinchilardan bo'lib LGBT AQShdagi qo'zg'olonlar.^[35] Ushbu hodisa politsiyaning "Cooper Donuts" deb nomlangan 24 soatlik kafedagi LGBT odamlarini ta'qib qilishi natijasida yuzaga keldi.

1960 yilda Virjiniya shahzodasi yana bir nashrni boshladi, u ham nomlandi Transvestiya, bu transgender muammolarini muhokama qildi. 1962 yilda u shpal kiyuvchilar uchun Shlangi va poshnalar klubini tashkil etdi, u tez orada o'z nomini Phi Pi Epsilon deb o'zgartirdi, bu ism yunoncha harfli sororitiesni uyg'otish va FPE bosh harflarida o'ynash uchun, shahzoda falsafasining qisqartmasi "To'liq" Shaxsiyat ifodasi ". Shahzoda ikkilik gender tizimi erkaklarga ham, ayollarga ham ularni to'liq insoniy salohiyatidan saqlab qolish orqali zarar etkazadi, deb ishongan va u kiyinishni buni hal qilishning bir usuli deb bilgan.^[34]

Rid Erikson, transseksual erkak, 1964 yilda Erikson Ta'lim Jamg'armasini asos solgan. EEF transgenderlar, oila a'zolari va mutaxassislariga bepul ma'lumot etkazib berdi va Richard Green va John Money 1969 yil tahrir qilingan matn Transeksualizm va jinsni qayta tayinlash va jinsiy va jinsga oid boshqa kitoblar.^[36] EEF shuningdek, transseksuallar bilan ishlagan mutaxassislar uchun dastlabki simpoziumlarni moliyalashtirgan; bu oxir-oqibat Garri Benjamin Xalqaro Jinsiy Disforiya Assotsiatsiyasining shakllanishiga olib keldi, u bugungi kunda Transgender sog'lig'i bo'yicha Butunjahon professional assotsiatsiyasi deb nomlanadi.^[37][38] EEF ishini psixolog Pol Uolker 1970-yillarning oxirlarida, 1980-yillarda Opa-singil davom ettirishi mumkin edi. Meri Elizabeth Elizabeth Klark va Yahud Patton va 1990 yillarda Dallas Denni.^[39]

1960 yillarning oxirlarida Nyu-Yorkda Mario Martino transseksual erkaklar ehtiyojlarini qondiradigan birinchi transgenderlar jamoatchilik tashkiloti bo'lgan Labyrinth Foundation maslahat xizmatiga asos solgan.^[40]

Xolli Vudlaun, Andy Warhol super yulduzi, 2007 yilda

Transgenderlar, shuningdek, ommaviy madaniyat, xususan, ishi tufayli ba'zi ta'sirlarga ega bo'lishdi Endi Uorxol. 1960-yillarda va 70-yillarning boshlarida transgender aktrisalar Xolli Vudlaun va Qandli azizim Uorxolnikilar orasida edi Warhol Superstars, uning bir nechta filmlarida paydo bo'lgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} 1953 yilgi film Glen yoki Glenda o'rganilgan transseksualizm va transvestizm; yomon baholarga ega bo'lsa-da, keyinchalik u klassik klassikaga aylandi.^[41] Bu bo'shashmasdan ilhomlantirildi jinsiy aloqani almashtirish operatsiyasi ning Kristin Yorgensen; sifatida tanilgan film uchun plakatlar Men jinsimni o'zgartirdim va Men ikkita hayotni olib bordim, filmni unga asoslangan holda ommalashtiring.^[42] 1968 yilda, Gor Vidal bosh qahramon boshidan kechirgan birinchi Amerika romanini yozdi jinsiy aloqani almashtirish operatsiyasi, Myra Breckinridge, keyinchalik filmga aylandi.^[43]

1965 yil 25 aprelda Filadelfiyadagi Janubiy 17-ko'chada joylashgan 219-uyda joylashgan mahalliy kofe do'koni va Dewey's-da 150 dan ortiq odamga xizmat ko'rsatishdan bosh tortishdi. Rittenxaus maydoni. Xizmatdan voz kechilganlar o'sha paytda turli xil "gomoseksuallar", "erkaklar ayollari", "ayol erkaklar" va "nomuvofiq kiyim kiygan shaxslar" deb ta'riflangan. Uchta o'spirin (tomonidan xabar berilgan Janus Jamiyati va Baraban Ikkita erkak va bitta ayol bo'lish) o'sha kuni o'tirishni tashkil etishdi. Restoran menejerlari politsiyaga murojaat qilganlaridan so'ng, uch kishi hibsga olingan. Yoshlarni huquqiy qo'llab-quvvatlash jarayonida mahalliy faol va gomofil tashkilotning prezidenti Janus Jamiyati Klark Polak ham hibsga olingan. Namoyishlar keyingi besh kun ichida Janus Jamiyati va uning tarafdorlari tomonidan tarqatilgan 1500 ta varaq bilan tashkilot tashqarisida bo'lib o'tdi. Uch kishi 1965 yil 2-mayda ikkinchi marta o'tirdi. Politsiya yana chaqirildi, ammo bu safar hibsga olishdan bosh tortdi. Janus Jamiyatining ta'kidlashicha, norozilik namoyishlari boshqa hibsga olishlarning oldini olishga muvaffaq bo'lgan va bu aksiya "Qo'shma Shtatlar tarixidagi ushbu turdagi birinchi yig'ilish" deb hisoblanadi. Baraban jurnal.^[44]

San-Frantsiskoda Teylor va Turkning burchagida joylashgan Gen Compton's Cafeteria Riot 40-yilligi tarixiy belgisi.

Keyingi yili, 1966 yilda, AQSh tarixidagi birinchi qayd etilgan transgenderlar tartibsizliklari yuz berdi. The Compton's Cafeteria Riot San-Frantsiskoning Tenderloin tumanida sodir bo'lgan. To'polondan keyingi kecha ko'proq transgenderlar, hustlers, Tenderloin ko'chasidagi odamlar va boshqa a'zolar LGBT a qo'shildi piket Transgenderlarni qaytarib berishga imkon bermaydigan choyxonada. Namoyish yangi o'rnatilgan plastinka oynalarni yana sindirish bilan yakunlandi. Ushbu g'alayon San-Frantsiskoda transgenderlar faolligining boshlanishini ko'rsatdi.^[45] Onlayn entsiklopediyaga ko'ra glbtq.com, "Compton's-dagi g'alayondan so'ng, transgenderlarni ijtimoiy, psixologik va tibbiy qo'llab-quvvatlash xizmatlari tarmog'i tashkil etildi. Bu 1968 yilda Milliy Transseksual Maslahatlar Bo'limi (NTCU) ning yaratilishi bilan yakunlandi. va dunyodagi advokatlik tashkiloti "mavzusida.^[46]

Keyinchalik transgenderlar faolligi bilan shug'ullanadigan ba'zi odamlar jalb qilingan Stounewall tartibsizliklari 1969 yil Nyu-Yorkdagi Stonewall Innda. Ushbu bir hafta davom etgan zo'ravon qo'zg'olon gey barlari va ko'chalari Grinvich qishlog'i Amerikada LGBT huquqlari harakati uchun burilish nuqtasi sifatida keng tan olingan, chunki u ko'proq assimilyatsiya tarafdoridan o'tishni belgiladi, hurmat siyosati kabi guruhlarning Mattachine Jamiyati va Bilitning qizlari radikal tug'ilishigacha, Geylarni ozod qilish harakati va shunga o'xshash guruhlarning tashkil etilishi Geylarni ozod qilish jabhasi, uning a'zolari keyinchalik tashkil etilgan Drag Queen Caucus bilan Ko'cha transvestiti aksiyasi inqilobchilari va Queens ozodlik fronti. Jinsga mos kelmaydigan va trans faollari, shu jumladan Marsha P. Jonson, Zazu Nova va Jeki Xormona birinchi kechasi tartibsizlikning "avangardida" ekanligi tasdiqlandi.^[47][48][49]

1970-80-yillar

Erkaklar ko'ylaklarini qo'llab-quvvatlovchi ko'plab tashkilotlar 1970 va 1980 yillarda boshlangan, ularning aksariyati 60-yillarning boshidan Virjiniya Prinsining tashkilotlari.^[34] Transgender faollari Li Brewster, ning Queens ozodlik fronti transgender ayollar jurnalini chiqara boshladi Malika.^[34] Angela Duglas TAO (Transsexual / Transvestite Action Organization) ni tashkil qildi Oy soyasi va Miraj axborot byulletenlari. TAO 1972 yilda Mayamiga ko'chib o'tdi, u erda Puerto-Riko va Kubaning bir nechta a'zolari bor edi va tez orada birinchi xalqaro transgenderlar jamoat tashkilotiga aylandi.^[34]

Faollik uchun yana bir muhim voqea 1979 yilda yuz berdi, birinchisi Lezbiyen va gey huquqlari uchun Vashingtonda Milliy marsh ichida bo'lib o'tdi Vashington, Kolumbiya 14 oktyabrda 75,000 va 125,000 orasida qatnashdi^[50] transgenderlar, lezbiyenlar, biseksuallar, gomoseksual erkaklar va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ittifoqdoshlar teng fuqarolik huquqlarini talab qilishlari va himoya qiluvchi fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi qonun hujjatlarining qabul qilinishini talab qilishlari kerak.^[51][52] Yurish tashkillashtirildi Filis Fray (u 2010 yilda Texasning birinchi ochiq transgender sudyasi bo'ldi)^[53] va yana uchta faol, ammo asosiy mitingda biron bir transgender odam gaplashmadi.

Qumli tosh, Olivia Records-ning transgender muhandisi sifatida 1970-yillarda nishonga olingan; u muallifi sifatida ko'rsatilgan Transgender tadqiqotlari.

1970-yillarda Amerikada transgender va lezbiyen jamoalari o'rtasida ziddiyatlar ham bo'lgan. 1973 yilda munozara boshlandi G'arbiy sohildagi Lesbiyan konferentsiyasi transgender transgender folklor qo'shiqchisi tomonidan rejalashtirilgan spektaklda bo'linish Bet Elliott.^[54] Elliott lesbiyanlar guruhining San-Frantsisko bo'limining vitse-prezidenti bo'lib ishlagan Bilitning qizlari va bobning yangiliklarini tahrir qildi, Opa-singillar, lekin 1973 yilda u aslida ayol emasligi sababli guruhdan chiqarildi.^[34][55] 1977 yilda ba'zi lezbiyenlar transgender ayol lezbiyen ekanligiga norozilik bildirishdi Qumli tosh da ishlagan Olivia Records.^[55] 1979 yilda lezbiyan radikal feministik faol Janis Raymond kitobni chiqardi Transeksual imperiya: ayol erkakning yaratilishi u buni patriarxal tibbiy va psixiatriya muassasasini tanqid qilish uchun yaratgan va transeksualizm "erkak onalik" va "ayolni erkak qiyofasiga ko'ra yasash" "patriarxal afsonalari" ga asoslanadi. Raymond buni "feministik identifikatsiya qilish, madaniyat, siyosat va shahvoniylikni mustamlaka qilish maqsadida" qilingan deb ta'kidlab, quyidagilarni qo'shimcha qildi: "Barcha transseksuallar ayollarning tanasini zo'rlashadi, bu ayolni asl artefaktga aylantirib, bu tanani o'zlari uchun egallab olishadi ... Transseksuallar shunchaki kesilgan ayollarga tajovuz qilishning eng aniq vositalaridan, ular invaziv bo'lmagan ko'rinishga ega bo'lishlari uchun. " Ushbu mas'uliyatda Raymond feministik fikrni takrorladi Robin Morgan Los-Anjelesda bo'lib o'tgan 1973 yilgi G'arbiy Sohil Lesbiyan konferentsiyasida, oldingi kunida transseksual folklor qo'shiqchisi Bet Elliott "fursatchi, infiltrator va buzg'unchi bo'lganligi sababli zo'rlagan. "^[56] Xususan, Raymond an ad hominem yilda Sendi Stounga hujum Transeksual imperiya.^[57] Raymond toshni yo'q qilish uchun fitna uyushtirganlikda aybladi Olivia Records umuman "erkak energiyasi" bilan jamoaviy va ayollik. 1976 yilda, nashr etilishidan oldin Raymond toshga hujum qilish haqidagi bobning loyihasini "izohlash uchun" Oliviya jamoasiga yuborgan edi, ehtimol u toshni tashqariga chiqarib yuborishni kutgan edi. Raymond Stoun qo'shilishga rozi bo'lishidan oldin uning transgender maqomi to'g'risida jamoaga xabar berganidan bexabar edi. Kollektiv Raymondga transgenderlar va Stounning jamoadagi o'rni va ta'siri haqidagi tavsiflari kollektivning Stone bilan o'zaro aloqasi haqiqatiga zid bo'lgan degan fikrni qaytarib berdi. Raymond qo'lyozmaning nashr etilgan versiyasida toshga hujumining zaharliligini oshirib javob berdi:

Erkaklarning xatti-harakatlari, ayniqsa, noqulay. Transseksual tarzda qurilgan lezbiyen feministlar feministlar jamiyatida o'zlarini muhim va / yoki ishlash pozitsiyalariga qo'shib qo'yishlari juda muhimdir. "Hamma ayollar" ovoz yozish kompaniyasi bo'lgan Olivia Records-ning transeksual muhandisi Sendi Stoun buni yaxshi ko'rsatmoqda. Tosh nafaqat Olivia korxonasi uchun hal qiluvchi ahamiyatga ega, balki u erda juda ustun rol o'ynaydi. ... Olivia ziddiyatlaridan so'ng erishgan ko'rinishi ... faqat uning ilgari hukmronlik qilgan rolini oshirishga va erkaklar tez-tez o'zlarini borligini ayollar uchun zarur va hayotiy holatga keltirganda ayollarni ajratishga xizmat qiladi. Bir ayol shunday deb yozgan edi: "Men Oliviya Sendidan o'tib ketganda o'zini zo'rlaganimni his qilaman ... haqiqiy ayol sifatida. Erkak imtiyozidan keyin u ham lezbiyen feministik madaniyatni naqd qiladimi?"^[57]

Kollektiv, o'z navbatida, o'sha davrdagi turli feministik nashrlarda toshni ommaviy ravishda himoya qildi. Stoun kollektiv a'zosi sifatida davom etdi va 1979 yilda Oliviya mahsulotlarini boykot qilish xavfi bilan avjiga chiqqan, Janisning kitobi bilan kuchaygan transgender maqomidagi siyosiy kelishmovchiliklarga qadar Olivia rassomlarini yozishni davom ettirdi. Uzoq tortishuvlardan so'ng Stoun jamoani tark etib, Santa-Kruzga qaytdi.

1970-yillarning oxiriga kelib, tibbiyot doiralarida tobora ko'proq e'tirof etilayotganiga qaramay, qabul qilish uchun kurash g'alaba qozonishdan uzoqlashdi va ushbu davrning ba'zi teskari yo'nalishlari orasida NTCUni o'z ichiga olgan birinchi transseksual targ'ibot guruhlarining ayrimlari tarqatib yuborildi va ikkalasida ham qo'llab-quvvatlanish yo'qoldi gey va feministik doiralar.^[55]:255

1980 yilda transgenderlar rasmiy ravishda Amerika psixiatriya assotsiatsiyasi kabi "jinsiy identifikatsiya buzilishi."^[34]

1980-yillarda trans odamlar uchun markaziy ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan bir qator axborot byulletenlari va jurnallari tashkil etildi. 1980-yillarda abonentlarning aksariyati Rupert Raj Torontodagi nashrlar, Metamorfoz va Jinsiy NetWorker, amerikaliklar edi. Metamorfoz Raj tomonidan 1982 yil boshida ikki oylik axborot byulleteni sifatida tashkil etilgan. Bu "faqat F-M erkaklar uchun axborot byulleteni" edi (ularning oilalari, xotinlari / qiz do'stlari, shuningdek, professionallar va "ayol TSism" ga qiziquvchi para mutaxassislar orasida). Uchinchi nashrga ko'ra, axborot byulleteni o'rtacha 8 sahifani tashkil etgan bo'lsa, 1986 yilda aksariyat nashrlar 24 sahifani tashkil etdi; so'nggi son 1988 yilda chiqarilgan edi. 1986 yilda transgenderlar faoli Lou Sallivan o'sib boradigan qo'llab-quvvatlash guruhiga asos solgan FTM International, transgender erkaklar uchun etakchi targ'ibot guruhi va nashr etishni boshladi FTM yangiliklari.^[34] Gender NetWorker 1988 yilda Raj tomonidan asos solingan va ikki sonda davom etgan. Ushbu nashr "mutaxassislarga va resurslarni etkazib beruvchilarga yordam berish" ga qaratilgan.^[58]

"Transgender" atamasi soyabon atamasi sifatida barcha jinsga mos kelmaydigan odamlarni anglatadi, 1980-yillarning oxirida odatiy holga aylandi.^{[59][o'lik havola ][60][yaxshiroq manba kerak ]} 1987 yilda Qumli tosh, amerikalik transgender ayol, inshoni nashr etdi "Imperiya orqaga qaytadi: Posttranssexual manifest, "transseksuallarga qarshi kitobga javoban Transeksual imperiya.^[61] Uning inshosi kelib chiqishi sifatida keltirilgan transgenderlarni o'rganish.^[61]

1990 va 2000 yillar

1991 yilda transgender ayol Nensi Burxolder dan olib tashlandi Michigan shtatidagi Vominning musiqiy festivali qo'riqchilar uning transgender ekanligini tushunganlarida. Shundan so'ng Festivalda tug'ilgan ayol-ayollar siyosatiga qarshi namoyishlar bo'lib o'tdi. Ushbu namoyishlar sifatida tanilgan Lager Trans.^[62] Oxirgi Michigan Womyn's Music Festival 2015 yilda bo'lib o'tgan.^[63]

1991 yil ham birinchi yil bo'ldi Janubiy konfor konferentsiyasi, mayor transgender har yili bo'lib o'tadigan konferentsiya Atlanta, Jorjia.^[64][65][66] Bu eng katta,^[66] Qo'shma Shtatlarda eng taniqli va taniqli bunday konferentsiya.^[67]

Bir necha transgender tashkilotlari 1990-yillarda va 2000-yillarning boshlarida tashkil etilgan. 1991 yilda Dallas Denni 501 (c) (3) nodavlat Amerika Ta'lim Gender Ma'lumot Xizmatini ishga tushirdi, u translar, ularning oilalari va matbuotga ma'lumot va ma'lumotnomalarni taqdim etdi va hurmatli jurnalni nashr etdi. Krizalis har chorakda.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Transgender millati, filiali Queer Nation San-Fransisko bob, 1992 yildan 1994 yilgacha davom etgan dastlabki transgender tashkilotlaridan biri edi.^[34] Transseksual tahdid (sic) 1994 yilda tashkil etilgan yana bir shunday guruh edi Riki Uilchins.^[34] Uning birinchi harakatlaridan biri, Brendon Teenaning qotillari ustidan mahkama paytida tashqarida yodgorlik hushyorligini o'tkazish edi. 1995 yilda barcha milliy transgender tashkilotlari birlashib, GenderPAC kengashini tuzdilar, u o'zining gender identifikatsiyasi huquqiga bag'ishlangan birinchi milliy siyosiy advokatlik tashkiloti. GenderPAC keyingi yili Kapitoliy tepaligida birinchi marta Milliy Gender Lobbi kunini tashkil etdi va faollar Filis Fray va Jeyn Filar yordam berishdi. Shuningdek, u o'zlarining kamsitmaslik siyosatiga "jinsi identifikatori" ni qo'shgan "Fortune 500" kompaniyalarining korporativ xilma-xillik garovini (shu sababli HRC faqatgina "jinsiy orientatsiya" bo'lgan) va shunga o'xshash Kongressning xilma-xillik to'g'risidagi va'dasini boshladi. Shu bilan birga, GenderPAC o'z e'tiborini genderga mos kelmaydigan gey va lezbiyenlarni kamsitib, tashkilotda bo'linishni keltirib chiqarishni o'z ichiga olgan deb bildi. 1999 yilda Milliy transgender targ'ibot koalitsiyasi tajribali transgender lobbistlari guruhi tomonidan tashkil etilgan. The Amerikaning Transgender jamg'armasi 2001 yilda tashkil etilgan.^[68] 2003 yilda Transgender tengligi milliy markazi^[69] va Transgender Amerika faxriylari assotsiatsiyasi (TAVA) tashkil etilgan.^[70]

Transgender bolalarning ota-onalari 2000-yillarda faol bo'lishdi

LGBT huquqlari guruhi Lesbiyan va geylarning ota-onalari va do'stlari (PFLAG) 1972 yilda tashkil etilgan bo'lib, ayni paytda transgenderlarni ko'proq qo'llab-quvvatladi. 1998 yilda San-Frantsiskodagi yillik yig'ilishida ovoz bergandan keyin ularning missiyasiga gender identifikatori qo'shildi.^[71] PFLAG o'zining ishi uchun transgender-inklyuziya siyosatini rasmiy ravishda qabul qilgan birinchi milliy LGBT tashkiloti edi.^[72] PFLAG o'zining Transgender tarmog'ini TNET nomi bilan ham tanilgan bo'lib, 2002 yilda o'zining birinchi rasmiy "Maxsus sherigi" sifatida tashkil etdi va o'zining doimiy boblari singari imtiyoz va majburiyatlar bilan tan olindi.^[71]

Bu vaqtda transgenderlar hamjamiyati ko'proq ko'rinadigan bo'ldi. Leyk-Forest shahridagi o'rta maktab o'qituvchisi Karen Kopriva 1998 yilda ish joyiga o'tgan birinchi amerikalik o'qituvchiga aylandi. Ommaviy ommaviy shov-shuv bo'ldi, ammo boshqa o'qituvchi keyingi yilni boshqa shahar atrofida kuzatib turganda, buni hech kim sezmadi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} The Transgenderlarni xotirlash kuni tomonidan 1998 yilda tashkil etilgan Gvendolin Enn Smit, amerikalik transgender grafik dizayneri, kolumnist va faol,^[73] transgender ayolning o'ldirilishini xotirlash Rita Xester 1998 yilda Massachusetsda.^[74] Transgenderlarni xotirlash kuni har yili 20 noyabrda o'tkaziladi va hozirda transfobik nafrat va xurofot tufayli o'ldirilganlarning hammasi yodga olinadi.^[75] Ning eng ko'zga ko'ringan versiyasi Transgender mag'rurligi bayrog'i 1999 yilda amerikalik trans ayol Monika Helms tomonidan yaratilgan.^[76] Bayroq birinchi bo'lib faxrli paradda namoyish etildi Feniks, Arizona 2012 yilda Spokane Trans transgenderlar g'ururining bayrog'ining o'z versiyasini yaratdi. Ular buni o'zlarining veb-saytlarida quyidagicha ta'riflaydilar: "Yuqoridagi ikkita chiziq erkak (ko'k) dan ayol (pushti), binafsha rang ikkilik bo'lmagan va jins egasi odamlar (jinsga oid bayroq ranglari yashil, oq va binafsha rangga ega bo'lganligi sababli) ingichka oq chiziq barcha odamlarni, shuningdek, o'tish paytida "trans" odamlarni kesib o'tadi. Keyin pastki qismi bo'ylab ayol (pushti) dan erkakka (ko'k). "^[77] 2009 yilda Xalqaro transgenderlar kuni unga TransGender Michigan kompaniyasining asoschisi Reychel Krendall asos solgan; bu har yili 31 mart kuni bo'lib o'tadigan, transgenderlarni nishonlashga va butun dunyo bo'ylab transgenderlar duch keladigan kamsitilish to'g'risida xabardorlikni oshirishga bag'ishlangan.^[78][79]

LGBT hamjamiyatidagi transgenderning ko'rinishi 2000-yillarda ham kuch to'plagan. 2002 yilda Pit Chvani, Luidji Ferrer, Jeyms Grin, Loreyn Xattins va Monika McLemore Kolorado shtatining Boulder shahrida bo'lib o'tgan Gey, Lesbiyan, Biseksual, Transgender, Kver va Interseks sog'liqni saqlash sammitida birinchi marta transgenderlar, biseksuallar va interseks odamlar nishonlangan geylar emas, balki milliy darajadagi teng huquqli sheriklar sifatida tan olingan. va lezbiyen "ittifoqchilari" yoki belgilar.^[80] 2004 yilda San-Frantsisko Trans-mart birinchi bo'lib o'tkazildi.^[81] O'shandan beri har yili o'tkazib kelinmoqda; bu San-Frantsiskodagi eng katta transgender Pride tadbiridir va butun dunyodagi eng yirik trans tadbirlardan biridir.^[81] Shuningdek, 2004 yilda kitob Qirolicha bo'ladigan odam: Gender-bukish va transseksualizm juda munozarali tadqiqotchi tomonidan J. Maykl Beyli 2003 yil Transgender toifasida finalist deb e'lon qilindi Lambda adabiy mukofotlari. Transgenderlar ushbu nomzodga zudlik bilan norozilik bildirdilar va bir necha kun ichida oppozitsiyada minglab petitsiya imzolarini to'pladilar. Murojaatnomadan so'ng, Jamg'arma sudyalari ushbu kitobni yaqindan o'rganib chiqdilar va uni ko'rib chiqishga qaror qildilar transfobik va uni finalistlar ro'yxatidan olib tashladilar.^[82] Bir yil ichida dastlab kitobni qo'shishni ma'qullagan ijrochi direktor iste'foga chiqdi.^[83] Keyinchalik ijrochi direktor Charlz Gullar "Beyl voqeasi bizning mukofotlarga nomzodlarni ko'rsatish jarayonidagi kamchiliklarni aniqladi, men 2006 yil yanvar oyida fondning ijrochi direktori bo'lganimdan beri uni to'liq qayta ko'rib chiqdim".^[84] 2005 yilda transgender faol Pauline Park Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlaridagi eng qadimiy va eng yirik LGBT faxrlanish hodisasi bo'lgan Nyu-York shahridagi mag'rurlik martining grand marshali sifatida tanlangan birinchi ochiq transgender odam bo'ldi.

Politsiya boshlig'i Xezer Fong, Tereza Sparks va Stefan Torn, birinchi transgender, San-Frantsisko politsiyasi xodimi

Siyosat tobora ochiq transgenderlarni o'z ichiga boshladi. 2003 yilda Tereza Sparks Kaliforniya shtati Assambleyasi tomonidan "Yilning ayoli" deb tan olingan birinchi ochiq transgender ayol edi,^[85] va 2007 yilda u prezident etib saylandi San-Fransisko politsiya komissiyasi bitta ovoz berish orqali uni har qanday San-Frantsisko komissiyasining prezidenti etib saylangan birinchi ochiq transgender shaxs, shuningdek, San-Frantsiskoda eng yuqori darajadagi ochiq transgender amaldoriga aylantirdi.^{[86][87][88][89]} 2006 yilda Kim Koko Ivamoto a'zosi etib saylangan Gavayi Ta'lim Kengashi, uni o'sha paytda eng yuqori martabaga aylantirdi transgender Qo'shma Shtatlarda saylangan mansabdor shaxs, shuningdek shtat miqyosida g'olib bo'lgan birinchi ochiq transgender amaldor.^[90][91] 2008 yilda Stu Rasmussen Amerikadagi birinchi ochiq transgender meri bo'ldi (Silverton, Oregon shtatida).^[92][93] 2009 yilda Diego Sanches ishlagan birinchi ochiq transgender odamga aylandi Kapitoliy tepaligi, u erda qonun chiqaruvchi yordamchi bo'lib ishlagan Barni Frank.^[94] Sanches shuningdek, birinchi transgender shaxs edi Demokratik milliy qo'mita 2008 yildagi (DNC) Platforma qo'mitasi.^[95][96] 2009 yilda Barbra "Babs" Sipershteyn Demokratik Milliy Qo'mitaning keng miqyosli birinchi ochiq transgender a'zosi sifatida ko'rsatilgan va tasdiqlangan,^[97] va 2012 yilda u DNCning ochiq saylangan birinchi transgender a'zosi bo'ldi.^[98]

Transgender tarixi ham shu davrda tan olinishni boshladi. 1996 yilda Lesli Faynberg nashr etildi Transgender jangchilari, transgenderlar tarixi.^[99] Dallas Denni 1995 yilda Transgender tarixiy jamiyatiga asos solgan va 2000 yilda o'zining tarixiy materiallar to'plamini Michigan universitetidagi Jozef A.Labadi kollektsiyasiga topshirgan.^[100][101] 2008 yilda Kristan Uilyams o'zining shaxsiy kollektsiyasini ushbu fondga sovg'a qildi Amerikaning Transgender jamg'armasi, bu erda u birinchi kollektsiyaga aylandi Transgender arxivi, butun dunyo bo'ylab transgender tarixining arxivi.^[102][103] 2009 yilda Lezbiyen va geylar tarixi bo'yicha qo'mita, uning sherik bo'lgan jamiyati Amerika tarixiy assotsiatsiyasi, o'z nomini Lesbiyan, gey, biseksual va transgenderlar tarixi bo'yicha qo'mita.^[104]

Transgenderlar o'yin-kulgida ham pog'onali yutuqlarga erishdilar. 2001 yilda Jessika Kroket televizorda transgender xarakterini ijro etgan birinchi transgender ayol aktrisa bo'ldi Jeyms Kemeron seriali To'q farishta.^{[105][106][107]} 2004 yilda transgenderlarning birinchi ijrosi Vagina monologlari o'tkazildi. Monologlarni o'n sakkizta taniqli transgender ayollar o'qishdi va transgender ayollarning tajribalari va kurashlari atrofida yangi monolog kiritildi.^[108] 2005 yilda Aleksandra Billings televizorda transgender xarakterini ijro etgan ikkinchi ochiq transgender ayol bo'ldi, u televizor uchun yaratilgan filmda Romy va Mishel: yangi boshlanish.^[109] 2007 yildan 2008 yilgacha aktrisa Candis Cayne Nyu-York Bosh prokurori Patrik Darling bilan ishqiy munosabatda bo'lgan transgender ayol - Karmelita Rayner rolini ijro etdi Uilyam Bolduin ), ustida ABC asosiy vaqt dramasi Nopok seksual pul.^{[110][111][112]} Ushbu rol Keynni asosiy vaqtda takrorlanadigan transgender xarakterini ijro etgan birinchi ochiq transgender aktrisaga aylantirdi.^{[110][111][112]}

Amerikalik transgenderlar hamjamiyati shu davrda dinda bir necha marotaba erishgan. 2002 yilda islohot yahudiylar seminariyasida Ibroniy Ittifoqi kolleji-yahudiy din instituti Nyu-Yorkda islohot ravvin Margaret Venig transseksual yoki jinsiy aloqada bo'lgan odamlarga tegishli psixologik, huquqiy va diniy masalalarni ko'rib chiqadigan har qanday ravvin maktabida birinchi maktab miqyosidagi seminarni tashkil etdi.^[113] 2003 yilda u birinchi maktab miqyosida seminar tashkil qildi Rekonstruktsion rabbonlar kolleji transseksual yoki jinsiy aloqada bo'lgan odamlarga ta'sir qiladigan psixologik, huquqiy va diniy muammolarni hal qilgan.^[113] Shuningdek, 2003 yilda, Ruben Zellman qabul qilingan birinchi ochiq transgender shaxs bo'ldi Ibroniy Ittifoqi kolleji-yahudiy din instituti, u 2010 yilda tayinlangan.^{[114][115][116]} Elliot Kukla 2006 yilda tayinlanishidan olti oy oldin transgender sifatida chiqqan, Ibroniy Ittifoqi kolleji-Yahudiy din instituti tomonidan tayinlangan birinchi ochiq transgender odam edi.^[117] HUC-JIR Amerikadagi eng qadimgi yahudiylar seminariyasi va bu erda ravvinlar, kantorlar, o'qituvchilar va kommunal ishchilarni tayyorlash uchun asosiy seminariya. Yahudiylikni isloh qiling. 2007 yilda Joy Ladin pravoslav yahudiy muassasasida (Stern ayollar uchun kolleji) birinchi ochiq transgender professor bo'ldi Yeshiva universiteti ).^[118][119] Emili Aviva Kaporni o'zi tayinlagan ravvin tayinlagan.Konservadoks "2005 yilda, ammo 2012 yilgacha ayol sifatida yashashni boshlamadi va shu tariqa transgender ayollarning birinchi ravviniga aylandi.^[120]

2010 va 2020 yillar

Chaz Bono paydo bo'ldi Yulduzlar bilan raqsga tushish 2011 yilda

2010-yillarda transgenderlar ochiq-oydin o'yin-kulgida taniqli bo'lishdi. Chaz Bono AQShdagi versiyasining 13-mavsumida paydo bo'lganda transgenderlarning taniqli taniqli shaxsiga aylandi Yulduzlar bilan raqsga tushish 2011 yilda, bu birinchi marta ochiq transgender erkak transgender bo'lish bilan bog'liq bo'lmagan narsa uchun yirik tarmoq teleko'rsatuvida ishtirok etgan.^[121] U ham qildi Chazga aylanish, uning premerasi 2011 yilda bo'lib o'tgan uning jinsi o'zgarishi haqidagi hujjatli film Sundance kinofestivali. OWN (Oprah Winfrey Network) hujjatli filmga huquqlarni oldi va uni 2011 yil 10 mayda debyut qildi. Shuningdek, 2011 yilda, Uyg'unlik Santana tomonidan taqdim etilganida, aktyorlik uchun katta mukofot nominatsiyasini olgan birinchi ochiq transgender aktrisa bo'ldi Mustaqil ruh mukofotlari filmning eng yaxshi ikkinchi darajali aktrisasi sifatida Gun Hill yo'li.^[121] 2012 yilda, Yoqing: Musiqiy Broadway-da premyerasi bo'lib, u Broadway shousidagi birinchi transgender o'spirin xarakterini namoyish etdi - La Cienega, transgender ayol aktyor o'ynadi Gregori Xeni.^[122] O'sha yili qo'shiqchi Tom Gabel transgender sifatida chiqib, tibbiy o'tishni boshlashni rejalashtirgan va oxir-oqibat ismini olgan Laura Jeyn Greys.^[123] U transgender sifatida chiqqan birinchi yirik rok yulduzidir.^[123] Direktor Lana Vaxovskiy Ilgari Larri Vaxovskiy nomi bilan tanilgan, 2012 yilda o'z filmi uchun reklama olib borishda transgender sifatida chiqqan Bulutli atlas.^[124] Bu uning transgender sifatida chiqqan birinchi yirik Gollivud rejissyoriga aylandi.^[125]

2010-yillarda transgenderlar ham siyosatda ko'proq muvaffaqiyatga erishdilar. 2010 yilda Amanda Simpson u tijorat departamentining sanoat va xavfsizlik byurosining katta texnik maslahatchisi etib tayinlangach, Amerikadagi birinchi ochiq transgender prezident tayinlovchisi bo'ldi.^[126] Shuningdek, 2010 yilda, Viktoriya Kolakovski Amerikadagi birinchi ochiq transgender sudyasi bo'ldi.^[127] 2012 yilda Stacie Laughton Qo'shma Shtatlar tarixida shtat qonun chiqaruvchisi sifatida saylangan birinchi ochiq transgender shaxs bo'ldi. Biroq, u qasamyod qabul qilishdan oldin iste'foga chiqdi va hech qachon o'tirmadi. It was revealed that she was a convicted felon and was still on probation, having served four months in Belknap County House of Corrections following a 2008 credit card fraud conviction. It was later determined that she was ineligible to serve in the New Hampshire State Legislature.^{[128][129][130]} Previously, in 1992 Alteya garnizoni had been elected as a state legislator, serving one term in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, but it was not publicly known she was transgender when she was elected.^[131] 2017 yilda, Danica Roem ga saylangan Virjiniya delegatlar uyi.^[132][133] She became the first openly transgender person to both be elected to a U.S. state's legislature and serve her term.^{[134][135][136][137]} Also in 2017, Tyler Titus, a transgender man, became the first openly transgender person elected to public office in Pennsylvania when he was elected to the Erie School Board.^[138] U va Filipp Kanningem, elected to the Minneapolis City Council on the same night, became the first two openly trans men to be elected to public office in the United States.^[139] Andrea Jenkins was also elected to the Minneapolis City Council that same night, making her the first openly transgender African-American woman elected to public office in the United States.^[140]

LGBTQ activist and actress Laverne Cox at San Francisco Trans March 2015.

In 2014 openly transgender people became more visible. O'sha yili Laverne Cox was on the cover of the June 9, 2014, issue of Vaqt, and was interviewed for the article "The Transgender Tipping Point" by Katy Steinmetz, which ran in that issue and the title of which was also featured on the cover; this made Cox the first openly transgender person on the cover of Vaqt.^{[141][142][143]} Later in 2014 Cox became the first openly transgender person to be nominated for an Emmi in an acting category: Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Sophia Burset in Apelsin yangi qora.^{[144][145][146]} She did not win, however.^[147] O'sha yili Transgender tadqiqotlari har chorakda, the first non-medical academic journal devoted to transgender issues, began publication with two openly transgender coeditors, Syuzan Strayker va Paisley Currah.^[148][149] Also in 2014 a wooden racket used by openly transgender tennis player Rene Richards and the original transgender pride flag created by openly transgender activist and Navy veteran Monica Helms, as well as items from Helms's career in the service as a submariner, were donated to the Amerika tarixi milliy muzeyi, which is part of the Smithsonian.^[150] But perhaps the most important change in 2014 was that Mills kolleji became the first single-sex college in the U.S. to adopt a policy explicitly welcoming openly transgender students, followed by Holyoke tog'i birinchi bo'lish Etti opa-singil college to accept transgender students.^[151][152] In 2014, gay trans man Lou Cutler become the first transgender man to be crowned Mr. Gay Philadelphia.^[153]

Following her divorce in 2015, Keytlin Jenner came out in a television interview as a transgender woman.^[154] On June 1, 2015, Caitlyn Jenner (formerly Bruce Jenner) revealed her new name, Caitlyn, and her use of female pronouns officially.^[155] Many news sources have described Jenner as the most famous openly transgender American.^{[156][157][158]}

As for political organizations fighting for LGBT rights, in 2012 Allyson Robinson, who graduated G'arbiy nuqta as Daniel Robinson, was appointed as the first Executive Director of OutServe -SLDN, the association of LGBT people serving in the military, making her the first openly transgender person to lead a national LGBT organization that does not have an explicit transgender focus.^[159] 2012 also saw the country's first government-funded campaign to combat anti-transgender discrimination, held by the D.C. Office of Human Rights.^[160]

There were also two firsts for transgender people in sports in the 2010s. Kye Allums became the first openly transgender athlete to play NCAA basketball in 2010.^[161][162] Allums is a transgender man who played on Jorj Vashington universiteti ayollar jamoasi.^[163][164] 2012 yilda Keelin Godsey became the first openly transgender contender for the U.S. Olympic team, but he failed to qualify and did not go to the Olympics.^[165][166]

Three groups - the Girl Scouts, the North American Gay Amateur Athletic Alliance, va Yepiskop cherkovi in the United States - announced their acceptance of transgender people in this decade. In 2011, after the initial rejection of Bobby Montoya, a transgender girl, from the Skaut qizlar of Colorado, the Girl Scouts of Colorado announced that "Girl Scouts is an inclusive organization and we accept all girls in Kindergarten through 12th grade as members. If a child identifies as a girl and the child's family presents her as a girl, Girl Scouts of Colorado welcomes her as a Girl Scout."^[167] Shuningdek, 2011 yilda North American Gay Amateur Athletic Alliance changed its policy to include transgender and bisexual players.^[168] 2012 yilda Yepiskop cherkovi Qo'shma Shtatlarda ularning diskriminatsiya qilinmagan qonunlariga gender identifikatsiyasi va o'z ifodasini qo'shishni o'zgartirishni ma'qulladi.^[169]

Keytlin Jenner muqovasida paydo bo'ldi Vanity Fair 2015 yilda

Another significant change for transgender people occurred in 2013 when the fifth edition of the Amerika psixiatriya assotsiatsiyasi 's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) was released. This edition eliminated the term "gender identity disorder," which was considered stigmatizing, instead referring to "jinsiy disforiya ", which focuses attention only on those who feel distressed by their gender identity.^[170]

It was announced on June 30, 2016 that, beginning on that date, otherwise qualified United States service members could no longer be discharged, denied reenlistment, involuntarily separated, or denied continuation of service because of being transgender.^[171] However, on July 26, 2017, President Donald Tramp announced that transgender people would not be allowed to "serve in any capacity in the U.S. Military." Then on October 4 of that year, the Civil Division of the Department of Justice filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint in Jeyn Dou va Trump (about the new policy) and to oppose the application for a preliminary injunction, arguing instead "that challenge is premature several times over" and that Secretary Mattis's Interim Guidance, issued on September 14, 2017, protected currently serving transgender personnel from involuntary discharge or denial of reenlistment.^[172] Sudya Kollin Kollar-Kotelly da'vogarlarning 2017 yil 30 oktyabrdagi dastlabki buyrug'ini bergan.^[173] In the ruling, Judge Kollar-Kotelly noted the defendants' motion to dismiss the case was "perhaps compelling in the abstract, [but] wither[s] away under scrutiny." The ruling effectively reinstated the policies established prior to President Trump's tweets announcing the reinstatement of the ban, namely the retention and accession policies for transgender personnel effective on June 30, 2017.

Sara Makbrayd was a speaker at the Demokratik milliy konventsiya in July 2016, becoming the first openly transgender person to address a major party convention in American history.^{[174][175][176][177]}

2016 yilda Lambda adabiy jamg'armasi established an annual scholarship in honor of trans woman Bryn Kelly, a Lambda Literary Fellow who committed suicide in January 2016.^[178] She was the first male to female transgender Fellow.^[179]

On January 30, 2017, the Amerikaning Boy Skautlari announced that transgender boys would be allowed to enroll in boys-only programs, effective immediately. Ilgari, talabnoma beruvchining tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomasida ko'rsatilgan jinsiy aloqa ushbu dasturlarga muvofiqligini aniqlagan; oldinga qarab, qaror arizada ko'rsatilgan jinsga asoslangan bo'ladi.^[180] In February 2017, Joe Maldonado became the first openly transgender member of the Boy Scouts of America;^[181] the Boy Scouts policy on transgender boys had been changed after Joe's rejection from them in 2016 for being transgender became nationally known.^[181]

Also in 2017, the Tramp ma'muriyati, orqali Adliya vazirligi, reversed the Obama-era policy which used Fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi qonunning VII sarlavhasi to protect transgender employees from discrimination.^[182] The Supreme Court ruled in June 2020 that VII sarlavha includes protections for gay and transgender employees.^[183]

Shuningdek, 2017 yilda, Advokat named "Transgender Americans" as its "Person of the Year", and listed Danica Roem (a transgender woman) as a finalist.^[184]

On June 14, 2020, the largest transgender-rights demonstration in LGBTQ history, the Brooklyn Liberation March, took place; it stretched from Grand Army Plaza ga Bruklin, Fort-Gren, drawing an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 participants, and focused on supporting black trans lives.^[185][186]

Bostok va Kleyton okrugi, 590 BIZ. ___ (2020), a belgi Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled (on June 15, 2020) that Title VII of the Fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi 1964 y protects employees against discrimination because of their jinsiy identifikatsiya (or sexual orientation).^[187][188] A plaintiff in the case was Aimee Stephens, an openly transgender woman.^[189][190]

Recent history by topic (1970s - present)

Ta'lim

Holyoke tog'i became the first all women's college to accept openly transgender students in 2014

Qumli tosh is an openly transgender woman whose essay, titled "The Empire Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto," and published in 1987 in response to the anti-transsexual book Transsexual Empire, has been cited as the origin of transgenderlarni o'rganish.^[61]

2012 yilda Kampus mag'rurligi, founded in 2001, issued its first list of the most welcoming places for trans students to go to college.^{[191][192][193]}

2014 yilda Mills kolleji became the first single-sex college in the U.S. to adopt a policy explicitly welcoming openly transgender students. The policy states that applicants not assigned to the female sex at birth but who self-identify as women are welcome, as are applicants who identify as neither male or female if they were assigned to the female sex at birth. It also states that students assigned to the female sex at birth who have legally become male prior to applying are not eligible unless they apply to the graduate program, which is coeducational, although female students who become male after enrolling may stay and graduate.^[151]

Shuningdek, 2014 yilda Mount Holyoke kolleji birinchi bo'ldi Etti opa-singil college to accept openly transgender students.^[152]

Shuningdek, 2014 yilda, Transgender tadqiqotlari har chorakda, the first non-medical academic journal devoted to transgender issues, began publication, with two openly transgender coeditors, Syuzan Strayker va Paisley Currah.^[148][194]

2015 yilda, Schools In Transition: A Guide for Supporting Transgender Students in K-12 Schools tanishtirildi; it is a first-of-its-kind publication for school administrations, teachers, and parents about how to provide safe and supportive environments for all transgender students in kindergarten through twelfth grade.^[195] Its authors are the Transgender Youth Project Staff Attorney for the Lesbiyan huquqlari bo'yicha milliy markaz (NCLR), Gender Spectrum's Senior Director for Professional Development and Family Services, the Milliy ta'lim assotsiatsiyasi, Amerika fuqarolik erkinliklari ittifoqi, va Inson huquqlari aksiyasi.^[195]

In 2016 guidance was issued by the Departments of Justice and Education stating that schools which receive federal money must treat a student’s gender identity as their sex (for example, in regard to bathrooms).^[196] However, this policy was revoked in 2017.^[196]

2019 yilda, Tennessi universiteti graduate Hera Jay Brown became the first transgender woman to be selected for a Rods stipendiyasi. Two non-binary scholars were also selected for the 2020 class.^[197][198]

Bandlik

San Francisco city officials and activists met in 2007 to urge Congress to include transgender people in the Employment Non-Discrimination Act

In 1971, Paula Grossman was fired from her 14-year position as an elementary music teacher in Bernards Township, New Jersey after coming out as transgender.^[199] She never returned to teaching and died in 2003.^[200]

In August 2005, it was revealed that New Jersey public school teacher Mr. Herb McCaffrey had undergone gender-reassignment surgery in the middle of the previous school year and would return as Ms. Kerri Nicole McCaffrey, becoming the first openly transgender teacher in New Jersey in over thirty years. Because McCaffrey was non-tenured, she hid her identity until the end of that 2005 school year and only revealed her changed name and status publicly that summer. Despite controversy, McCaffrey kept her 5th grade teaching job. She still teaches in Mendham Boro, New Jersey as of 2015.^[201][202]

2012 yilda, Kylar Broadus, asoschisi Trans People of Color Coalition of Columbia, Missouri, spoke to the Senate in favor of the Employment Non-Discrimination Act.^[203][204] His speech was the first-ever Senate testimony from an openly transgender witness.^[204]

The Obama ma'muriyati announced on June 30, 2016 that, effective immediately, otherwise qualified United States service members could no longer be discharged, denied reenlistment, involuntarily separated, or denied continuation of service because of being transgender.^[171] This was reversed by President Donald Tramp, who, in 2017, declared via Twitter that transgender individuals would not be allowed to "serve in any capacity in the U.S. Military."^[205] This set off a long legal battle. Although several judges issued injunctions to delay Trump's proposal, the Supreme Court ultimately allowed the Trump administration to proceed with its plan. As of April 2019, existing transgender personnel may continue to serve, but new transgender personnel cannot join. 2017 yilda Tramp ma'muriyati, orqali Adliya vazirligi, reversed the Obama-era policy which used Fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi qonunning VII sarlavhasi to protect transgender employees from discrimination.^[182]

Bostok va Kleyton okrugi, 590 BIZ. ___ (2020), a belgi Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled (on June 15, 2020) that Title VII of the Fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi 1964 y protects employees against discrimination because of their jinsiy identifikatsiya (or sexual orientation).^[187][188] A plaintiff in the case was Aimee Stephens, an openly transgender woman.^[206][190]

Sog'liqni saqlash

Trans activists Jazz Jennings va Ebbi Shteyn at the Philadelphia Trans Health Conference 2016

In 1980, transgender people were officially classified by the Amerika psixiatriya assotsiatsiyasi as having "jinsiy identifikatsiya buzilishi."^[34]

In 2003, Dr. Marci Bowers, a gynecologic surgeon and transgender woman, joined the practice of Dr. Stenli Biber in Trinidad, Colorado, and is acknowledged as the first woman and first trans woman to perform many vaginoplasties. (Sheila Kirk,^[207] MD, another trans woman, performed fewer than 10 vaginoplasties earlier while at the University of Pittsburgh.) She now practices primarily in Burlingame, California, and initiated transgender surgical training programs for vaginoplasty in Tel Aviv, Israel at Sheba kasalxonasi (2014), da Sinay tog'i Icahn School of Medicine in New York (2016), at Denver Health (2016) and at Toronto/Women’s College Hospital (2019). Dr. Bowers also performed the first 2 "live vaginoplasties" at the WPATH.^[208]/GEI courses at New York’s Mt. Sinai Hospital in 2018 and 2019.^[209]

In February 2007, Norman Spack birgalikda asos solgan Boston bolalar kasalxonasi 's Gender Management Service (GeMS) clinic; bu Amerikada transgender bolalarni davolash bo'yicha birinchi klinikadir.^[210][211]

In 2009, America's professional association of endocrinologists established best practices for transgender children that included prescribing puberty-suppressing drugs to preteens followed by hormone therapy beginning at about age 16.^[210] 2012 yilda Amerika bolalar va o'smirlar psixiatriyasi akademiyasi echoed these recommendations.^[210]

2011 yilda Center of Excellence for Transgender Health published the first-ever protocols for transgender primary care.^[121]

Shuningdek, 2011 yilda Veteranlar sog'liqni saqlash boshqarmasi issued a directive stipulating that all transgender and intersex veterans are entitled to the same level of care "without discrimination" as other veterans, consistent across all Veterans Administration healthcare facilities.^[212]

In 2012, the American Psychiatric Association issued official position statements supporting the care and civil rights of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals.^[213]

In 2013, the fifth edition of the Amerika psixiatriya assotsiatsiyasi 's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) was released. This edition eliminated the term "gender identity disorder," which was considered stigmatizing, instead referring to "jinsiy disforiya ", which focuses attention only on those who feel distressed by their gender identity.^[170]

Also in 2013, at the request of a panel of endocrinologists, AQSh yangiliklari va dunyo hisoboti, for the first time in its hospital rankings, assigned additional points to hospitals that had programs designed to meet the needs of transgender youth.^[210]

Willy Wilkinson, transgender writer and public health consultant, at San Francisco Trans March 2015

2015 yilda Amerika psixologik assotsiatsiyasi 's Council of Representatives adopted "Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Transgender and Gender Nonconforming People" at the Association's 123rd Annual Convention.^[214] Such guidelines set ideals to which the American Psychological Association encourages psychologists to aspire.^[214] According to the "Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Transgender and Gender Nonconforming People", psychologists who work with transgender or gender nonconforming people should seek to provide acceptance, support and understanding without making assumptions about their clients’ gender identities or gender expressions.^[214]

2017 yilda Mudofaa sog'liqni saqlash agentligi for the first time approved payment for jinsiy aloqani almashtirish operatsiyasi for an active-duty U.S. military service member. The patient, an infantry soldier who identifies as a woman, had already begun a course of treatment for gender reassignment. The procedure, which the treating doctor deemed medically necessary, was performed on November 14 at a private hospital, since military hospitals lack the requisite surgical expertise.^[215]

Qonuniy huquqlar

Legal issues regarding transgender persons in the United States began in 1966 with Mtr. of Anonymous v. Weiner, concerning a person who wanted their birth certificate name and sex updated following sex reassignment surgery. Changes to passports, licenses, birth certificates, and other official documents remained a theme from the 60s through 2010, when the State Department allowed gender on U.S. passports to be altered.^[216]

Other major themes in transgender-related legislation or regulatory action included provisions to protect against discrimination in housing, employment, health care, public restroom usage, the military, insurance coverage, and other areas of public life.

Identity and status issues

A Transgender Symbol

2003 yilda Konservativ yahudiylik 's Committee on Jewish Law and Standards approved a rabbinic ruling on the status of transsexuals. The ruling concluded that individuals who have undergone full sexual reassignment surgery, and whose sexual reassignment has been recognized by civil authorities, are considered to have changed their sex status according to Jewish law. Furthermore, it concluded that sexual reassignment surgery is an acceptable treatment under Jewish law for individuals diagnosed with jinsiy disforiya.^[217]

2014 yilda Amerika tibbiyot assotsiatsiyasi adopted a policy stating that transgender people should not be required to undergo genital surgery in order to update legal identification documents, including birth certificates.^[218]

Shuningdek, 2014 yilda, Facebook introduced dozens of options for users to specify their gender, including a custom gender option, as well as allowing users to select between three pronouns: "him," "her" or "their."^[219] Later that year Facebook added a gender-neutral option for users to use when identifying family members, for example Parent (gender neutral) and Child (gender neutral).^[220]

Shuningdek, 2014 yilda, Google Plus introduced a new gender category called "Custom", which generates a freeform text field and a pronoun field, and also provides users with an option to limit who can see their gender.^[221]

Marriage and parenting

2008 yilda Tomas Bati, an American transgender man, became pregnant, making international news. He wrote an article about his experience of pregnancy in Advokat.^[222] Washington Post blogger Emil Shtayner Beatini rekorddagi birinchi "qonuniy" homilador erkak deb atadi,^[223] in reference to certain states' and federal legal recognition of Beatie as a man.^[222][224] Beatie 2008 yil 29-iyun kuni Syuzan Jyulett Beati ismli qizni dunyoga keltirdi.^[225][226] In 2010 Guinness World Records recognized Beatie as the world's "First Married Man to Give Birth."^[227]

2018 yilda, Transgender sog'lig'i reported that a transgender woman in the United States breastfed her adopted baby; this was the first known case of a transgender woman breastfeeding.^[228][229]

Violence against transgender people and their partners

1993 yilda Brandon Teena, a transgender man, was raped and murdered in Nebraska. In 1999 he became the subject of a biopik huquqiga ega O'g'il bolalar yig'lamaydilar, bosh rollarda Xilari Svank as Brandon Teena, for which Swank won an Akademiya mukofoti.

The Transgender Day of Remembrance tomonidan 1998 yilda tashkil etilgan Gvendolin Enn Smit, an American transgender graphic designer, columnist, and activist,^[73] to memorialize the murder of transgender woman Rita Xester in Massachusetts in 1998.^[74] The Transgender Day of Remembrance is held every year on November 20 and now memorializes all those murdered due to transphobic hate and prejudice.^[75]

2002 yilda Gven Araujo, a transgender woman, was murdered in California by four cisgender men after they discovered she was transgender. The case made international news and became a rallying cause for the transgender and ultimately the larger LGBT community.^{[230][231][232][233][234][235][236][237]} The events of the case, including both criminal trials, were portrayed in a television movie, Menga o'xshagan qiz: Gven Araujoning hikoyasi.^[232][234]

2008 yilda Enji Sapata, a transgender woman, was murdered in Greeli, Kolorado. Allen Andrade was convicted of birinchi darajali qotillik and committing a bias-motivated crime, because he killed her after he learned that she was transgender. Andrade was the first person in the US to be convicted of a jinoyatdan nafratlanish involving a transgender victim.^[238] Angie Zapata's story and murder were featured on Univision "Aqui y Ahora " television show on November 1, 2009.

In 2015, 21 transgender women were murdered, most being women of color. In 2016, the death toll reached 21 just through September, placing 2016 on pace to be the deadliest year on record.^[239]

In 2017, then-Attorney General Jeff Sessions announced that he had instructed federal authorities to review murders of transgender people that occurred recently, to see if they were nafrat jinoyatlari or if there was one person or group responsible for them.^[240] Earlier that year, in March, six Democratic lawmakers had written a letter on the subject to the Department of Justice.^[240]

In March and April 2020, four transgender women were killed in Puerto Rico, the body of two victims found in a charred car.^[241]

Notable American transgender people

Doktor Ben Barres

Ben Barres, Tibbiyot fanlari nomzodi was Chair of the Neurobiology department at Stanford University School of Medicine. His research focused on the interaction between neurons and glial cells in the nervous system.

Chaz Bono became a highly visible transgender celebrity when he appeared on the 13th season of the US version of Yulduzlar bilan raqsga tushish in 2011. This was the first time an openly transgender man starred on a major network television show for something unrelated to being transgender.^[121] U ham qildi Chazga aylanish, a documentary about his gender transition that premiered at the 2011 Sundance kinofestivali. OWN (the Oprah Winfrey Network) acquired the rights to the documentary and debuted it on May 10, 2011.

Keyt Bornshteyn is an author, playwright, performance artist, and gender theorist. She was ex-communicated from the Sayentologiya cherkovi and now writes extensively on jinsiy nomuvofiqlik.^[242]

Jennifer Finney Boylan is an author, political activist, and professor of English at Kolbi kolleji in Maine. Her 2003 autobiography, She's Not There: A Life in Two Genders, was the first book by an openly transgender American to become a bestseller.^[243] In 2013 Boylan was chosen as the first openly transgender co-chair of GLAAD 's National Board of Directors.^[244]

Aleshia Brevard is a performer and author, and was one of Harry Benjamin's earliest patients, and one of the first people to undergo SRS Qo'shma Shtatlarda.

Xonim Chablis (March 11, 1957 – September 8, 2016) was an actress, and writer.

Linn Konvey, a computer scientist noted for the Mead & Conway inqilobi yilda VLSI design and the invention of generalized dynamic instruction handling, came out as transgender in 1999.^{[245][246][247][248][249][250][251][252][253]} Her transition was more widely reported in 2000 in profiles in Ilmiy Amerika va Los Anjeles Tayms, and she founded a well-known website providing emotional and medical resources and advice to transgender people.^[253][254] Parts of the website have been translated into most of the world's major languages.^[255]

Amanda Simpson, former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Operational Energy. First openly transgender woman U.S. Presidential appointee. She contributed to the development and/or testing of numerous operation missile systems including Mavverik, AMRAAM, Standart, Phalanx, TOW, Ram, JAGM, ACM, ZARAR, JSOW, MALD, ESSM, SilentEyes, Yon tomon, Chumchuq, Yulka va Tomaxavk.

Laverne Cox

Laverne Cox is an American actress, reality star, and transgender activist.^{[256][257][258]} Cox has a recurring role in the Netflix series Apelsin yangi qora as Sophia Burset, a transgender woman who went to prison for credit-card fraud, and is the hairdresser for many of the inmates. Cox is best known for her role on Apelsin yangi qora, for being a contestant on the first season of VH1's I Want to Work for Diddy and for producing and co-hosting the VH1 makeover television series TRANSform Me (which made her the first African-American transgender person to produce and star in her own TV show).^[259][260] Cox was on the cover of the June 9, 2014 issue of Vaqt, and was interviewed for the article "The Transgender Tipping Point" by Katy Steinmetz, which ran in that issue and the title of which was also featured on the cover; this makes Cox the first openly transgender person on the cover of Vaqt.^{[141][142][143]} Later in 2014 Cox became the first openly transgender person to be nominated for an Emmi in an acting category, Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Sophia Burset in Apelsin yangi qora,^{[144][145][146]} though she did not win.^[147]

Laura Jeyn Greys is the first major rock star to come out as transgender, which she did in 2012.^[123] She is the founder, lead singer, songwriter, and guitarist of the punk rock band Menga qarshi!^[123]

Stephen Ira, o'g'li Uorren Bitti va Annette Bening, is an openly transgender and gay man.^[261]

Elliot Kukla is a rabbi at the Bay Area Jewish Healing Center.^[262][263] He came out as transgender six months before his ordination in 2006.^[264][265] He was the first openly transgender person to be ordained by the Reform Jewish seminary Ibroniy Ittifoqi kolleji-yahudiy din instituti Los-Anjelesda. Later, at the request of a friend of his who was also transgender, he wrote the first blessing sanctifying the sex-change process to be included in the 2007 edition of the Union for Reform Judaism's resource manual for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender inclusion called Kulanu.^{[266][267][268]}

Keytlin Jenner sobiq amerikalik yengil atletika athlete and current televizion shaxsiyat. Jenner came to international attention when, while still publicly identifying as a man, she won the gold medal in the dekatlon da 1976 yil yozgi Olimpiya o'yinlari ichida bo'lib o'tdi Monreal. Subsequently, she starred in several made-for-TV movies and was briefly Erik Estrada 's replacement on the TV series CHiPlar. Jenner was married for nearly 24 years to Kris Jenner (formerly Kardashian); the couple and their children appeared beginning in 2007 on the television haqiqat seriyasi Kardashianlardan xabardor bo'lish. Following her divorce in 2015, Jenner came out in a television interview as a transgender woman.^[154] On June 1, 2015, Caitlyn Jenner officially revealed her new name.^[155] Many news sources have described Jenner as the most famous openly transgender American.^{[156][157][158]}

Marci Bowers, MD is a gynecologic surgeon, the first woman and first trans person to perform MTF/FTM genital surgeries. Bowers is the first North American surgeon to perform functional restoration surgery for survivors of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/c). Her surgical efforts have been publicly chronicled for noted transgender individuals, Jazz Jennings in TLC's I am Jazz, Thomas Beattie (Shifokorlar) and Isis (Tyra Banks namoyishi). She also appeared in the 2004 CBS show, CSI: Las-Vegas.^[209]

Jazz Jennings amerikalik YouTube shaxsiyati, spokesmodel, television personality and LGBTQ huquqlari faol.^[269][270] Jennings, a transgender woman, is notable for being one of the youngest publicly documented people to be identified as transgender, and for being the youngest person to become a national transgender figure.

"Chelsi" Menning a Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi askar va hushtakboz who was convicted in July 2013 of violations of the Ayg'oqchilik to'g'risidagi qonun and other offenses, after providing WikiLeaks the largest set of maxfiy hujjatlar ever leaked to the public.^[271] On January 17, 2017, President Barack Obama commuted Manning's sentence to a total of seven years of confinement dating from the date of arrest (May 20, 2010) by military authorities.^[272]

Billi Martin, known professionally as Poppy Z. Brite, is an American author. He initially achieved fame in the gothic horror genre of literature in the early 1990s after publishing a string of successful novels and short story collections. Martin's recent work has moved into the related genre of dark comedy, with many works set in the New Orleans restaurant world. Martin's novels are typically standalone books but may feature recurring characters from previous novels and short stories.

Janet Mock is a columnist, author, editor, and trans activist. Her story was first highlighted in a 2011 Mari Kler article about her and her life.

Jennifer Pritsker came out as transgender in 2013 and thus became the world's first openly transgender billionaire.^[273]

Julia Serano is a trans activist, speaker, and author of three books on transgender issues, including Qamchiq qiz,^[274] a transfeminist tergov transmisogyny, a term that Serano coined for the book.^[275]

Mattilda Bernstein Sycamore is an activist and author. She organized with ACT UP va Oziqlangan Queers and writes about queer assimilation and gentrification.^[276]

Maks Bo'ri Valerio is a Native American poet, memoir writer, essayist and actor. His 2006 memoir The Testosterone Files describes his experience as a trans man.

Lana Vaxovskiy is the first major Hollywood director to come out as transgender.^[125] She came out in 2012 while doing publicity for her movie Bulutli atlas.^[124]

2016 yilda direktor Lilly Wachowski disclosed to the Windy City Times that she, like her sister Lana, is transgender, after an interview done with the Daily Mail.

Kortney Ryan Ziegler is an award-winning filmmaker,^[277] visual artist, writer,^[278] and scholar based in Oklend, Kaliforniya.^[279][280] His artistic and academic work focuses on quer /trans issues, body image, irqiylashtirilgan sexualities, gender, performance and black queer nazariyasi. Ziegler is also the first person in history to receive the PhD of African American Studies from Shimoli-g'arbiy universiteti.^[281]

Osiyo Keyt Dillon a ikkilik bo'lmagan aktyor. They are notable for the role of Taylor Mason in Milliardlar, reported to be the first non-binary character on mainstream North American television.^[282][283]

On October 25, 2017, it was announced that transgender aktyorlar MJ Rodriguez, Indya Mur, Dominik Jekson, Salom Sahar va Anjelika Ross va cisgender aktyorlar Rayan Jamaal Svayn, Billi Porter va Dilon Burnsid had been cast in main roles for the Valyuta drama turkumlari Pozitsiya. The series' became the largest transgender cast ever assembled for main parts on a recurring scripted series.^[284][285]

Anjelika Ross, cast member of the first two seasons of Pozitsiya, xususiyatli sakkizinchi mavsum ning Amerika dahshatli hikoyasi, becoming the first transgender thespian to be cast a series lead / main cast member on two different scripted television shows.^[286]

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Lady Chablis (1996). Mening konfetimni yashirish: Savannaning buyuk imperatori tarjimai holi. Cho'ntak kitoblari. ISBN  0-671-52095-4. OCLC  37901705.
• Kristin Yorgensen: Shaxsiy tarjimai hol, tomonidan Kristin Yorgensen va Syuzan Strayker (2000)
• Jinsiy aloqa qanday o'zgargan: Qo'shma Shtatlarda transseksualizm tarixi, tomonidan Joanne J. Meyerowitz (2004)
• Transgender tadqiqotlari bo'yicha o'quvchi, tomonidan Syuzan Strayker va Stiven Uittl (2006)
• Transgender tarixi, tomonidan Syuzan Strayker (2008)
• Transgender huquqlari, tomonidan Paisli Kurra, Richard M. Juang va Shannon Price Minter (2006)
• O'tish: Men qanday qilib odam bo'lganim haqidagi voqea, tomonidan Chaz Bono (2011)