Qo'shma Shtatlar harbiy xizmatida transgenderlar - Transgender personnel in the United States military

2017 yil 26 iyulda Tayms maydonidagi AQSh armiyasi chaqiruv markazi oldida namoyishchilar Prezidentga javob berishdi Donald Tramp transgenderlar endi AQSh armiyasida xizmat qilishiga yo'l qo'yilmaydi degan tvitlar.

Tufayli DoD Instruction 1300.28 ning 2020 versiyasi[1] Qo'shma Shtatlar harbiy xizmatida transgender xodimlar rad etilgan teng imkoniyat Qo'shma Shtatlarning harbiy xizmatida bo'lish yoki xizmatga kirish, agar ular o'zlarida xizmat qilmasa asl jinsiy aloqa tayinlanishi, 2019 yil 12 aprelgacha bobosi bo'lgan yoki undan voz kechishgan. Dastlab 2020 yil 12 martda tugashi kerak bo'lgan ushbu Memorandum 2020 yil 12 sentyabrgacha uzaytirildi.[2][3] Muddati tugamasdan, uning o'rniga 2020 yil 4 sentyabrda kuchga kirgan DoD Instruction 1300.28 "Transgender shaxslar va jinsi disforiyasi bo'lgan shaxslar tomonidan harbiy xizmat" ning qayta nashr etilgan versiyasi bilan almashtirildi.[4]

  • Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi tashkil topganidan to 1960 yilgacha transgender odamlarning Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasida xizmat qilishi yoki safiga qo'shilishi taqiqlanmagan.
  • 1960 yildan 2016 yil 30 iyungacha barcha transgenderlarning Qo'shma Shtatlar armiyasida xizmat qilishlari va xizmatga borishlari uchun yopiq taqiq mavjud edi.
  • 2016 yil 30 iyundan 2018 yil 1 yanvargacha Qo'shma Shtatlar harbiy xizmatida transgender shaxslar o'zlarida xizmat qilishga ruxsat berildi aniqlangan yoki tayinlangan o'tish tugagandan so'ng jinsi.
  • Transgender shaxslar 2018 yil 1 yanvardan 2019 yil 11 aprelgacha aniqlangan yoki tayinlangan jinsi bo'yicha 18 oy davomida barqaror bo'lish sharti bilan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari harbiy xizmatiga jalb qilinishi mumkin edi.


Tarix

Birinchi taqiq

Davomida ko'plab ayollar Amerika fuqarolar urushi askarlar safiga qo'shilish va urushda qatnashish uchun o'zlarini erkaklar qiyofasida yashirishdi. Shu vaqt ichida ayollarga qonuniy ravishda jang qilish taqiqlangan edi, ammo urush paytida erkak askar sifatida o'tayotgan 400 dan ortiq ayol borligi taxmin qilinmoqda. Ushbu ayol askarlarning ko'pchiligining xizmatlari davomida hech qachon aniqlanmagan.[5] Urushda qatnashganlarning ko'pchiligining "fuqarolar askarlari" bo'lishlari natijasida, avvalgi harbiy yoki jangovar tayyorgarliklarga ega bo'lmaganlar, erkaklar va ayollar xuddi shu yo'l bilan qanday qilib askar bo'lishni o'rgandilar. Bu ayollarga erkaklar o'rganayotgan bir xil tezlikda qanday qilib yaxshi askar bo'lishni o'rganish va shu bilan birga ularning kimligini sir saqlashga yordam berish uchun imtiyoz berdi. Aslida askarlar o'zlarining asl ayollik belgilariga duchor bo'lishgan, odatda yaralangan va askarlar kasalxonasiga yuborilgan. Ko'pincha, bu ayollarga faqat tibbiy yordam ko'rsatilib, uylariga yuborilgan. Biroq, bir nechta holatlarda, erkak askar niqobini olgan ba'zi ayollar jazolangan yoki hatto qamalgan.[6]

Albert Kassir 1862 yil 6-avgustda Illinoys shtatidagi Belvidere shahrida Jenni Irene Xodjers tug'ilgan, ro'yxatga olingan va xizmat qilgan. Ittifoq armiyasi erkak sifatida Uning shaxsiyati butun xizmat davomida noma'lum bo'lib qoldi va u umrining oxirigacha Albert Kassirning shaxsini saqlab qoldi. Faqatgina 1911 yilda, qo'lida ishlayotganda, uni avtomobil urib yubordi va oyog'ini sindirdi. Shifokor chaqirilganda, Albert aslida ayol bo'lib tug'ilganligi aniqlandi. Jarohatlaridan ko'p o'tmay u Illinoys shtatidagi askarlar va dengizchilar uyiga qabul qilindi, u erda u o'zining asl ismini Jenni Xodjers deb atadi va 1844 yil 25-dekabrda Irlandiyada tug'ilganligini aytdi. Uyda, faqat shifokor uning haqiqiy kimligini bilar edi va u uydagi boshqa bemorlar qatori Albert Kassir sifatida yashashda davom eta oldi. Uning ruhiy salomatligi uy unga etarlicha g'amxo'rlik qila olmaydigan darajada yomonlashganda, u Votertaundagi jinnixonaga yuborildi. Boshpana paytida Albert 1915 yilda vafot etguniga qadar ko'ylak kiyishga va tug'ilgan Jenni Xodjersga tegishli bo'lgan shaxsni qabul qilishga majbur bo'ldi. Albert Kassir to'liq harbiy sharaf bilan dafn qilindi.[7]

Jinslarni tasdiqlash bo'yicha operatsiyadan o'tgan birinchi transgender amerikalik ayol (1952 yilda) bo'ldi Kristin Yorgensen, ilgari Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida xizmat qilish uchun Qo'shma Shtatlar armiyasiga chaqirilgan. Jarrohlik birinchi sahifadagi yangiliklarni "Ex-GI sarg'ish go'zalga aylandi" kabi sarlavhalar bilan nashr etdi ( Nyu-York Daily News ) uning oldingi harbiy xizmatiga e'tibor qaratish.[8]

Transgender xodimlariga birinchi taqiq

Olimlarning fikriga ko'ra, hech bo'lmaganda 1960 yildan beri, 10450-sonli buyrug'i transgender shaxslarning Qo'shma Shtatlar harbiy xizmatida bo'lishini taqiqlash uchun qo'llanilgan.[9] 1963 yil 17-mayda armiya to'g'risidagi 40-501-sonli buyrug'i bilan gender masalalari bilan shug'ullanadigan shaxslar Qo'shma Shtatlar harbiy xizmatidan rasman taqiqlangan. Ushbu siyosat transgenderlarning tibbiy xizmatga layoqatsizligini, chunki ularning ruhiy holati yaroqsiz deb hisoblangan.[10]:4

Faqat 1980-yillarda, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari harbiylari transgender deb topilganlarga nisbatan tibbiy qoidalarni kuchliroq qo'llashga qaror qilganlarida. Harbiylar tomonidan ko'rsatiladigan tibbiy yordam gormon terapiyasi va jinsni almashtirish operatsiyasini o'z ichiga olmaydi. Psixologik xizmatlar bundan ham yaxshiroq emas edi. Agar trans bilan bog'liq mavzular paydo bo'lsa, unda maxfiylik odatda buziladi va keyingi harakatlar uchun buyruqlarga xabar qilinadi. Agar biron bir kishi jinsi modifikatsiyasini boshdan kechirgan bo'lsa, ular bo'shatiladi yoki harbiy xizmatga qabul qilinmaydi. Ba'zi odamlar ushbu qoidalarga rozi bo'lmaydilar va siyosatni sudga berishadi. Bunday holda Doe v Aleksandrga qarshi (1981),[11] armiya transseksuallarni qo'llab-quvvatlash tibbiy muammo tug'dirishini aytib, transseksual shaxslarga qo'shilishni rad etish siyosatini himoya qiladi. Gormon qo'shimchasini olish zarurati ushbu shaxs joylashtirilgan ba'zi joylashuvlarda mavjud bo'lmasligi mumkin. Ning yana bir holati Leyland va Orr (1987),[12] bu erda havo kuchlari a'zosi Leyland, bo'shatilishidan oldin jinsini almashtirish operatsiyasini boshdan kechirgan. Leyland haqiqatan ham aqlan emas, jismonan yaroqsiz degan fikr tufayli sudlar buni haqiqiy deb topdilar. Ushbu hukm genital jarrohlik amputatsiya operatsiyasiga o'xshaydi, bu esa odamni askar talablarini qondira olmaydigan qilib qo'yadi.[13]

Barak Obamaning prezidentligi

Amaldagi Mudofaa vazirligining 2012 yil 2 iyuldagi 6130.03 "Harbiy xizmatga tayinlash, ro'yxatdan o'tish yoki xizmatga jalb qilishning tibbiy standartlari" bo'yicha harbiy xizmatga nomzodlar "[c] urrent yoki psixoseksual sharoitlar tarixi, shu jumladan transseksualizm, ekspressionizm, transvestizm, voyeurizm va boshqa parafiliyalar bilan cheklanib qolmaydi, chunki bu "so'ramang, aytmang" ning bekor qilinishiga zid emas ", chunki gomoseksualizm psixoseksual sharoitlar ro'yxatidan chiqarildi. DSM 1973 yilda.[14]

Sage Fox 1993 yilda AQSh armiyasiga qabul qilingan va 2012 yilda zaxiraga o'tgan.[15] U jismoniy jihatdan erkakdan ayolga o'tish uchun zaxiradan bo'shatdi. 2013 yilda u yana faollashdi va qo'mondonga erkak deb da'vo qilib qaytib kelmasligini aytdi.[16] Harbiylar uni qonuniy ravishda ishdan bo'shata olmadilar, shuning uchun Foxdan qaytib, yana ayol sifatida xizmat qilishni so'rashdi.[16] Bu uni harbiy xizmatda birinchi bo'lib ochiq transgenderga aylantirdi. U 2 hafta xizmat qildi va keyin uning jinsi o'ziga xosligi sababli u faol bo'lmagan zaxiraga joylashtirilishi uchun buyurtma berdi.[16] Unga nogironlik berilmagan, ammo tibbiy ma'lumotlarida uning xizmatga yaroqsizligi ko'rsatilmagan. 2016-yilda Obama armiyadagi transgenderlar taqiqini bekor qildi va Sage Fox tibbiy kengash bilan ishlagan va qayta ro'yxatga olinishi kutilgandi.[15]

Palm Center paneli

2014 yil 13 mart kuni. Tomonidan tashkil etilgan maslahat paneli Palm Center, asoslangan ilmiy-tadqiqot instituti San-Fransisko davlat universiteti, transgenderlar tomonidan harbiy xizmatga cheklovlar qo'yilishi uchun jiddiy tibbiy sabablarni topmagan hisobot chiqardi. Transgenderlar tomonidan ro'yxatdan o'tishga yoki xizmatni davom ettirishga to'sqinlik qiladigan DoD qoidalari ularning psixologik va jismoniy tayyorgarligi to'g'risida eskirgan va ishonib bo'lmaydigan fikrlarga asoslanganligini aytdi va tibbiy yordam xarajatlari haqidagi xavotirlarni bekor qildi. DoD siyosati ijro etuvchi buyruq bilan o'zgartirilishi mumkinligi aytilgan. Panelni sobiq general-jarroh boshqargan Joyslin oqsoqollari va qirg'oq xavfsizlik xizmatining sobiq sog'liqni saqlash va xavfsizlik bo'yicha direktori Alan Shtaynman.[17] Xulosa:[18]

Biz nafaqat taqiq uchun jiddiy tibbiy sabab yo'qligini, balki taqiqning o'zi hozirda faol, soqchilar va zaxira qismlarida xizmat qilayotgan taxminan 15,450 transgender xodimlar uchun sog'liqni saqlashga kirish uchun qimmat, zararli va adolatsiz to'siq ekanligini aniqladik. . Transgender xodimlarni ishdan bo'shatishni talab qiluvchi tibbiy qoidalar harbiylarning boshqa barcha tibbiy va psixologik holatlarni qanday tartibga solishiga mos kelmaydi va transgenderlar bilan bog'liq sharoitlar xizmatga yaroqliligidan qat'i nazar, bo'shatishni talab qiladigan yagona jinsga bog'liq shartlar bo'lib ko'rinadi.

O'sha paytda, xizmat ko'rsatuvchi xodimlar o'zlarining ob'ektiv ishlariga qaramay, transgender bo'lganliklari uchun ishdan bo'shatilgan edilar. Ishdan bo'shatish siyosati eskirgan tibbiy tashxislarga asoslanib, jinsga mos kelmaslik ruhiy kasallik deb taxmin qildi.[19] 2014 yil may oyida Mudofaa vaziri Xeygl o'z bo'limining transgender xizmatiga nisbatan siyosatini "doimiy ravishda" ko'rib chiqish kerakligini aytdi.[20] Keyinchalik may oyida, 1981 yildan beri amal qilib kelayotgan Medicare-ni jinsini almashtirish operatsiyasi uchun qamrab olish to'g'risidagi taqiq, 2013 yilda 74 yoshli transgender armiya faxriysi Denee Mallon nomidan da'vo arizasiga javoban bekor qilindi.[21] Gey xizmatchilariga ochiqchasiga taqiq tugagandan so'ng, havo kuchlari kotibi Debora Li Jeyms Transgender xodimlariga qo'yilgan taqiq "kelgusi yilda yoki shunga o'xshash muddatda ko'rib chiqilishi mumkin" deb dekabr oyida bo'lib o'tgan intervyusida aytib o'tdi.[22]

Shuningdek, 2014 yil may oyida Uilyams instituti 15,500 transgender odam xizmatda yoki Gvardiya / rezervda xizmat qilayotganini taxmin qilgan tadqiqot xulosasini e'lon qildi va qo'shimcha 134,300 transgender kishi faxriylar yoki Guard / Reserve'dan nafaqaga chiqqan. Qisqacha ma'lumot 2008-2009 yillarda olti oy davomida o'tkazilgan 6000 dan ziyod transgenderlar orasida (qisman) ular qurolli kuchlarda xizmat qilganmi yoki transgender bo'lganligi sababli kirish huquqidan mahrum bo'lganmi degan savolga asoslangan.[23]

Kotib Karterning siyosati

2015 yil fevral oyida, birinchi safari paytida Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Mudofaa vaziri, Ash Karterdan transgender qo'shinlari xizmati to'g'risida so'rashdi va u shunday javob berdi:

... biz o'zimizning sharoitimiz va xizmat ko'rsatish tajribamizni mamlakatimizdagi eng yaxshi odamlar uchun iloji boricha jozibali qilishni xohlaymiz. Va men bu haqda juda ochiq fikrdaman - aks holda ularning shaxsiy hayoti va nasl-nasablari, agar ular biz uchun nima qilishimiz kerak bo'lsa, qila olishlari shart. Bu muhim mezon. Ular mukammal harbiy xizmatchilar bo'lishadimi? Va menimcha, ularning xizmatga yaroqliligi ularga xalaqit berishi kerak.[24]

Bir necha kundan so'ng, Oq Uy kotib Karterning transgender xizmati xodimlarini qo'llab-quvvatlashini takrorladi.[25] 2015 yil mart oyidan boshlab Armiya, Harbiy-havo kuchlari va Dengiz kuchlari transgender askarlarni ishdan bo'shatishdan himoya qiladigan ko'rsatmalar chiqardi. Armiya transgender askarlarini o'rta darajadagi ofitserlar tomonidan ishdan bo'shatilishidan himoya qilish to'g'risidagi yo'riqnomani xizmatning yuqori lavozimli fuqarolari tomonidan kadrlar masalasi bo'yicha chiqarilishini talab qilib chiqardi.[26] Havo kuchlari, harbiy xizmatga jalb qilingan harbiy xizmatchilar uchun harbiy xizmatdan bo'shatish uchun hech qanday asos yo'qligini aytdi jinsiy disforiya yoki transgender deb aniqlagan shaxs va agar u uning ahvoli ularning potentsial joylashuvi yoki xizmat vazifasini bajarishiga xalaqit bergan bo'lsa, faqatgina havo kuchlaridan chiqarib yuborilishi mumkin.[27] Dengiz kuchlari kotibi Rey Mabus Dengiz kuchlari boshlig'i va Dengiz Korpusi komendantiga yuborilgan memorandumni imzoladi: "Darhol kuchga kirgan, o'zlarini jinsiy disforiya tashxisi yoki tarixi bo'lgan harbiy xizmatchilar uchun ma'lumotnomaga binoan ajratish. transgender yoki shartni tashqi holatga keltirish uchun choralar ko'rgan shaxs qaror qabul qilish uchun dengiz kuchlari kotibi yordamchisiga (ishchi kuchi va zaxira ishlari) yuborilishi kerak. "[28]

L – R: Mudofaa vaziri Eshton Karter, Armiya kotibi John M. McHugh va Mudofaa vazirligi shtabi boshlig'i Erik Fanning 2015 yil 9-iyun kuni Pentagon auditoriyasida LGBT mag'rurligi oyiga bag'ishlangan marosimda.

Ushbu ko'rsatmalardan so'ng, 2015 yil iyul oyida davlat kotibi Karter Pentagon ishchi guruhini tuzishga "keyingi olti oy davomida transgenderlarni ochiq xizmatga qabul qilish siyosati va tayyorgarligini o'rganish uchun" buyruq berdi.[29] Shuningdek, u qo'shinlarni ishdan bo'shatish to'g'risidagi barcha qarorlarni bildirdi jinsiy disforiya Pentagonning Kadrlar va Tayyorlik masalalari bo'yicha Mudofaa vazirining muovini vazifasini bajaruvchi tomonidan amalga oshiriladi. Bred Karson.[29] Keyinchalik Karson 2016 yil aprelida Senat tomonidan 2016 yil fevral oyida Sen bilan tasdiqlangan tinglash marosimidan so'ng o'z lavozimidan iste'foga chiqqani va u erda Sens bilan jamoatchilik bilan to'qnashgani aytilgan edi Jim Inxof [R-OK] va Jon Makkeyn [R-AZ], lekin u kotib Karterning kotib muovini vazifasini bajaruvchi sifatida bajargan yakuniy ishlaridan biri sifatida ko'rib chiqishi uchun transseksuallarga ochiq xizmat ko'rsatishga ruxsat berish bo'yicha dasturni amalga oshirdi.[30][31] Garchi ishchi guruhda o'zgarishlarni baholashni yakunlash uchun 2016 yil yanvar oyi tugagan bo'lsa-da, 2016 yil may oyigacha rasmiy siyosat mavjud emas edi va Pentagonning amaldagi kadrlar boshlig'i transgenderni yakunlash uchun "oylar, ammo ko'p oylar kerak emas" deb aytdi. harbiy xizmat siyosati tafsilotlari.[32]

The Amerika tibbiyot assotsiatsiyasi 2015 yil iyun oyida ochiq transgender qo'shinlarining taqiqlanishiga qarshi qarorni tasdiqladi.[33] "AQSh harbiy xizmatining transgender a'zolari" Yilning eng yaxshi odamlari reytingida to'qqizinchi o'rinni egalladi Advokat 2015 yil noyabr oyida.[34]

Mudofaa vazirining kadrlar va tayyorlik masalalari bo'yicha muovini tomonidan so'ralgan RAND milliy mudofaa tadqiqot instituti transgender harbiy xizmatchilarining ta'sirini o'rganish, shu jumladan transgender harbiy xizmatchilarining sog'liqni saqlashga bo'lgan ehtiyojlarini aniqlash, qo'shinlarning tayyorgarligiga ta'siri va transgender a'zolarining ochiq xizmat qilishiga imkon beradigan xorijiy harbiy kuchlarning tajribasini o'rganish. RAND, 2016 yil iyun oyida e'lon qilingan hisobotda 2450 ta faol ishchi va 1510 ta zaxira xodimining transgender ekanligini taxmin qildi. Xususiy tibbiy sug'urtadan foydalangan holda, gender o'zgarishi bilan bog'liq tibbiy davolanishni so'ragan transgenderlarning foizlariga asoslanib, RAND qo'shimcha ravishda 29 dan 129 nafargacha muddatli harbiy xizmatni o'tash davri bilan bog'liq sog'liqni saqlash uchun nafaqalar olishlarini va harbiy sog'liqni saqlash tizimining xarajatlarini 0,13% ga oshirishini taxmin qildi. 6 milliard dollarlik harbiy sog'liqni saqlash tizimining yillik byudjetining umumiy yillik taxminiy bahosi 2,4 dan 8,4 million dollargacha. Qayta tiklanish tufayli tayyorlik mavjud bo'lgan mehnat yillarining 0,0015% ga kamayganligi bilan baholandi va birliklarning birlashishi minimal ta'sir ko'rsatdi. RAND tadqiqotida transgenderlar xizmatining Avstraliya, Kanada, Isroil va Buyuk Britaniyadagi xizmat tarixiga bag'ishlangan bo'lib, "hech qanday holatda kuchning operativ samaradorligi, operativ tayyorgarligi yoki birlashishiga ta'sir ko'rsatadigan biron bir dalil bo'lmagan" degan xulosaga kelishdi. " RAND "kuchli rahbariyatni qo'llab-quvvatlash" ga chaqirish, xilma-xillik bilan bog'liq bo'lgan "butun kuchga ta'lim va tarbiya berish" va "ta'qibga qarshi aniq siyosat" ishlab chiqish va amalga oshirishni eng yaxshi tajriba deb xulosa qildi.[35][36] Hisobot 2016 yil mart oyida to'ldirilgan edi va transseksuallar advokatlari kotib Karterni transgender qo'shinlarining ochiq xizmat qilishiga yo'l qo'yadigan kam to'siqlar borligi sababli uning chiqarilishini kechiktirganlikda ayblashdi. RAND hisobotining nusxasi tomonidan nashr etilgan va nashr etilgan The New York Times 2016 yil may oyida.[30] RAND xarajatlar smetasi Aaron Belkinning avvalgi tadqiqotlari bilan kelishilgan bo'lib, u o'tish davri bilan bog'liq parvarishlashning yillik xarajatlari 5,6 million dollarni tashkil etadi.[37] 2016 yil 23 mayda Mudofaa vazirligi birinchi LGBT mag'rurlik oyini transgenderlar harbiy xizmatchilari bilan o'tkazdi.[38][39]

Taqiqning tugashi
Davlat kotibi Karter 2016 yil 30 iyunda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining harbiy xizmatida transgender xodimlariga qo'yilgan taqiq tugaganligini e'lon qiladi

 [...] Xizmat qilishni istagan va bizning standartlarimizga javob beradigan amerikaliklarga buning uchun raqobatlashish imkoniyati berilishi kerak. Axir bizning ko'ngilli kuchlarimiz eng malakali amerikaliklarga ega bo'lishiga asoslanadi. Qurol-yarog 'kasbi sharaf va ishonchga asoslangan.
 Armiya bosh shtabi boshlig'i general Milley yaqinda buni eslatdi va u menga shunday dedi: "Qo'shma Shtatlar armiyasi kim bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, standartga javob beradigan barcha amerikaliklar uchun ochiqdir. Bizning Konstitutsiyamizga kiritilgan narsa - bu aynan shu tamoyil Biz amerikaliklarning hammasi erkin va teng huquqli ekanmiz, biz armiya sifatida aynan shu tamoyilni himoya qilishga va himoya qilishga qasamyod qilamiz va hatto o'sha tamoyil uchun o'lishga ham qasamyod qilamiz, shuning uchun agar biz forma kiysak, bu tamoyil uchun o'lishga tayyor bo'lsak, demak biz formada ushbu printsip asosida yashashga tayyor bo'lishi kerak. " Bu general Milley.

— Eshton Karter, AQSh harbiy xizmatida transseksual xizmatni taqiqlashni bekor qilish to'g'risidagi izoh[40]

2016 yil 30 iyunda,[41][42] Kotib Ash Karter rasmiy e'lon qildi va Direktiv tipidagi Memo 16-005 (DTM 16-005) ni e'lon qildi va quyidagilarni e'lon qildi:

  • Darhol kuchga kiradi:[43][44]
    • Aks holda malakali Xizmat a'zosi faqat o'zlarining jinsi asosida majburiy ravishda ajratilishi, ishdan bo'shatilishi yoki qayta ro'yxatga olinishi yoki xizmatning davom etishi rad etilishi mumkin.
    • AQSh Bosh prokurorining fikriga mos ravishda Departamentning pozitsiyasi shundaki, gender identifikatsiyasiga asoslangan diskriminatsiya jinsiy kamsitishning bir shakli hisoblanadi.
  • 2016 yil 1 oktyabrgacha:[43][44]
    • Transgender xizmati a'zolari, qo'mondonlar, kuchlar va tibbiyot xodimlari uchun o'quv qo'llanma ishlab chiqiladi va nashr etiladi. Bundan tashqari, transgender xizmati a'zolarini tibbiy yordam va davolash bo'yicha ko'rsatmalar nashr etiladi.
    • Transgender xizmati a'zolari Mudofaa vazirligining 1300.28-sonli yo'riqnomasiga muvofiq xizmat qilish paytida jinsga o'tishga ruxsat beriladi (shuningdek, 30-iyun kuni nashr etilgan).[45]
    • "Harbiy sog'liqni saqlash tizimi transgender xizmati a'zolariga berilgan ko'rsatmalar asosida jinsga o'tish bilan bog'liq barcha tibbiy yordamni ko'rsatishi kerak."
  • 2016 yil 1-noyabrga qadar:[44]
    • Amaliy qo'llanma va o'qitish va ta'lim rejasi harbiy qismning har bir bo'limi tomonidan, shu jumladan rejalashtirilgan tugatish sanasi tomonidan beriladi.
  • 2017 yil 1-iyulgacha:[43][44]
    • Transgender xizmati a'zolariga nisbatan kuchni o'qitish yakunlandi.
    • Qo'shilish jarayoni (harbiy xizmatga kirish, harbiy xizmatga kirish, Xizmat ko'rsatish akademiyalari, ROTC yoki shunga o'xshash boshqa dasturlar) transgenderlar uchun ochiq bo'ladi, agar ular boshqa talabnoma beruvchilar bilan bir xil jismoniy va ruhiy tayyorgarlik standartlariga javob bersalar.
    • Boshlang'ich qo'shilish siyosati "shaxs o'z shifokorining jinsga o'tishi bilan bog'liq deb belgilagan har qanday tibbiy muolajani tugatishi va o'z shifokorlari tomonidan tasdiqlangan 18 oy davomida o'zlari afzal ko'rgan jinsi bo'yicha barqaror bo'lishini talab qiladi. harbiy xizmatga kiring. "

2016 yil 30-iyunda chop etilgan Mudofaa vazirligi (DoD) 1300.28-sonli "Transgender harbiy xizmatchilarining xizmatga o'tishlari" yo'riqnomasida, hozirgi vaqtda xizmatni o'tab kelayotgan harbiy xizmatchilarga jinsiy o'tishga intilish uchun ma'muriy va tibbiy ko'rsatmalar berilgan.[45] 2016 yil 20 sentyabrda Mudofaa vazirligi tomonidan "AQSh harbiy xizmatida transgender xizmati" nomli tibbiy protokol va harbiy xizmatchining jinsini o'zgartirish bo'yicha ko'rsatma bilan birga qo'mondonning o'quv qo'llanmasi nashr etildi.[46] 2016 yil 3-oktabr kuni faol bo'lmagan navbatchi xizmat a'zolari Harbiy sog'liqni saqlash tizimi xulq-atvori bo'yicha sog'liqni saqlash va gormonlarni davolashni ta'minlash, ammo jinsni almashtirish operatsiyasi emas.[41]

26 oktyabrda Qo'shma Shtatlar armiyasida 10 nafar askar birinchi bo'lib jinsiy aloqani o'zgartirish to'g'risida iltimosnoma bilan murojaat qilishdi.[47] Shuningdek, 26-oktabr kuni Mudofaa vazirligi transgender yoshlarga nisbatan har qanday diskriminatsiya AQShning o'sha paytdagi prezidenti Bill Klinton tomonidan 2000 yilda chiqarilgan ta'lim to'g'risidagi faoliyatni amalga oshiruvchi federal idoralarga ko'rsatma bergan buyruq bilan mos kelmasligi to'g'risida qaror chiqardi. IX sarlavha ning 1972 yilgi ta'limga oid o'zgartirishlar va harbiy yoshlar maktablarini 2000 yilgi Ijroiya buyrug'iga zudlik bilan rioya qilishni buyurgan memorandum chiqardi.[48]

Training is being conducted to educate Naval War College personnel ofr United States Navy transgender policies on January 10, 2017. View is from the audience showing a majority of the screen, with the lecturers (Captain Tamara Graham and Command Master Chief Craig Cole) standing to the right of the screen at a lectern, facing the audience.
Kapitan Tamara Grem va CMDCM Kreyg Koul harbiy dengiz flotida transgender siyosati bo'yicha majburiy trening o'tkazadi Dengiz urushi kolleji yilda Nyu-York, Rod-Aylend (2017 yil 10-yanvar; Ezra Elliott surati)

2016 yil 16 oktyabrda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari havo kuchlari transgender shaxslar uchun rasmiy ko'rsatma siyosatini e'lon qildi.[49] Ushbu siyosat transgender aviatsiyani qo'llab-quvvatlashini va ularga nisbatan har qanday tarafkashlikka yo'l qo'yilmasligini e'lon qildi. Bu transgender shaxslarga ochiq havoda harbiy xizmatni o'tashga imkon berdi, shuningdek, har qanday bo'shatishni taqiqlash yoki faqat jinsi identifikatsiyasiga asoslanib qayta ro'yxatga olishni rad etish.[50] Shuningdek, siyosat tibbiy protokol va shaxsini o'zgartirishni istagan har qanday harbiy xizmatchilarga yordam ko'rsatdi.[50]

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi ham unga ergashdi va 1 noyabr kuni transgenderlar uchun ko'rsatma siyosatini chiqardi.[51]

2016 yil 7-noyabrda Dengiz kuchlari transgender shaxslar uchun rasmiy rahbarlik siyosatini e'lon qildi.[52] Ushbu siyosat, irqi, jinsi va jinsiy yo'nalishidan qat'i nazar, har qanday shaxsga dengiz kuchlari standartlariga javob bera oladigan bo'lsa, dengizchi bo'lishiga imkon berdi.[53] Amaldagi dengiz flotining dengizchilari, tibbiy tibbiy xizmat ko'rsatuvchi shaxs uchun tibbiy zarurat degan tashxis bilan jinslarni o'zgartirishi mumkin.[53] Siyosat muassasa maxfiyligini oshirish va siydik tahlilini o'tkazish protokoliga moslashtirildi. Jismoniy tayyorlik protokoli o'zgarishsiz qoldi.[53]

2016 yil 10-noyabr kuni Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining dengiz flotidagi 55 ta dengizchi va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Harbiy-havo kuchlaridagi 48 ta aviakompaniyalar o'zlari uchun ochiq murojaat qilishdi. jinsni tasdiqlovchi operatsiyalar.[54][55] 2016 yil 29 noyabrda AQSh Mudofaa vazirligining 1350.2-sonli yo'riqnomasi, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Mudofaa vazirligining harbiy imkoniyatlari teng, gender identifikatsiyasini o'z ichiga olgan holda yangilanadi.[56]

Donald Tramp davridagi siyosat

2017 yil 25-fevral kuni Military Times Tramp prezidentlikka qasamyod qabul qilganidan bir muncha vaqt o'tgach, Mudofaa vazirligi maktablari 2016 yil 26-oktabrda Mudofaa vazirligining transgender yoshlarga nisbatan kamsitishning har qanday shakli AQSh Prezidenti Bill Klinton tomonidan 2000 yilda chiqarilgan Ijroiya buyrug'iga mos kelmasligi to'g'risidagi qarorini bajarishni to'xtatganligini bilib oldi. 1972 yildagi Ta'lim to'g'risidagi o'zgartirishlarning IX sarlavhasini bajarish uchun ma'rifiy faoliyatni olib boruvchi federal agentliklarga rahbarlik qildi va harbiy yoshlar maktablariga 2000 yilgi Ijroiya buyrug'iga zudlik bilan rioya qilishni buyurgan memorandum chiqardi.[57]

2017 yil aprel oyida Prezident Tramp armiya faxriysi va Tennesi shtati senatorini nomzod qilib ko'rsatdi Mark Green armiya kotibi uchun uning ikkinchi tanlovi sifatida. Grin 2016 yil sentyabr oyida Chattanooga Choy partiyasi oldida qilgan so'zlari, shu jumladan, "agar siz psixiatrlarni so'roq qilsangiz, ular sizga transgender kasallik ekanligini aytishadi" degan so'zlari uchun tanqid qilindi.[58] Yashil may oyida o'z nomzodini LGBT advokatlari va boshqalar qatorida uning nomzodiga qarshi bo'lgan kuchli qarshilik tufayli qaytarib oldi,[59] Obama ma'muriyati huzuridagi Mudofaa vazirining tayyorgarlik bo'yicha yordamchisining asosiy o'rinbosari Daniel Feehan, Grinning avvalgi bayonotlari "harbiy tayyorgarlikka nisbatan katta tashvish" va darhol birliklarning birlashuviga ta'sir qilishi mumkinligini aytdi.[60] 2017 yil 16-may kuni o'nlab o'ng tarafdor guruhlar tomonidan imzolangan maktub transgender shaxslarni Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari harbiy xizmatidan chetlatishni taqiqlashga undadi.[61]

2017 yil 2-iyun kuni Mudofaa vazirligi AQSh armiyasida transgender harbiy xizmatchilari tomonidan ochiq harbiy xizmatga qo'yilgan taqiq bekor qilinganidan beri birinchi LGBT mag'rurlik oyini o'tkazdi, ammo Mudofaa vazirligi 2016 yilni kuzatganda ochiq transgender xizmatchilari bor edi. LGBT mag'rurligi oyi.[38][62] Transseksual shaxslarning qo'shilishiga ruxsat berishdan oldin bir yillik ko'rib chiqish davri 2017 yil 1 iyulga qadar DTM 16-005 ga to'g'ri keladi,[44] ammo mudofaa vaziri Jim Mettis qo'shilishning boshlanishini qo'shimcha olti oyga kechiktirish to'g'risida "shu kabi qo'shilishlarning tayyorlik va o'limga ta'sirini yanada sinchkovlik bilan baholash uchun qo'shimcha vaqt [ishlatiladi]" deb yozib qo'ydi.[63][64] Harbiy rahbarlar qo'shilish boshlanishini bir yildan ikki yilgacha kechiktirishni so'rashgan.[65]

2018-moliya yili uchun milliy mudofaa vakolatlari to'g'risidagi qonun

Vakilning vakolatxonasi Viki Xartzler (R-MO) transgender xizmat ko'rsatuvchi xodimlar uchun sog'liqni saqlash xarajatlarini 1,3 milliard dollarga baholashni taqdim etdi, chunki 2014 yilgi Uilyams instituti tadqiqotiga ko'ra faol ishchilar soni ko'proq bo'lgan, bu taxminan 15,500 faol va qo'riqchi / zaxira xizmati degan xulosaga keldi. xodimlar transgender edi.[23][66] 1,3 milliard dollarlik hisob-kitoblarga ko'ra, transgenderlarning o'rtacha 30 foizi har yili har bir operatsiya uchun o'rtacha 132 ming AQSh dollari miqdorida jinsini almashtirish operatsiyasiga murojaat qiladi.[66] Biroq, Avstraliya harbiylari tajribasida 30 oy davomida faqat 13 ta qo'shin (58000 kishidan iborat doimiy ishchi kuch) jinsini almashtirish operatsiyasiga murojaat qilgan; ushbu stavkani Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining harbiy aholisiga qo'llagan holda, AQSh harbiy xizmatida yiliga 192 ta jinsni almashtirish bo'yicha operatsiyalarni taxmin qilishdi, bu esa jarrohlik so'rovining stavkasini 15,500 taxmin qilingan transgenderlar xizmatining 1,2% ni tashkil etadi.[23][37] Keyingi intervyusida Xartzler "bizning ofisimiz ushbu tahlilni o'tkazdi va biz bunga juda ishonamiz" dedi.[67]

Xartzler birinchi bo'lib 2017 yil moliyaviy yil (NDAA) uchun milliy mudofaani avtorizatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonunga 2017 yil iyun oyi oxirida transgender harbiy xizmatchilarni ochiqchasiga xizmatdan bo'shatishni nazarda tutuvchi o'zgartirish kiritishni taklif qildi, ammo kotib Mattis olti oylik kechikish haqida e'lon qilganidan keyin tuzatishlarni qaytarib oldi. tayyorlik va o'lim holati o'rganilayotgan edi.[68][69] O'zgartirishlar bo'yicha munozaralar paytida Vakil va Dengiz kuchlari faxriysi Duncan D. Hunter (R-CA) u "qiz bo'lgan va erkak bo'lish uchun operatsiya qilinmagan, lekin qizning narsalarini saqlagan kishi bilan" dush qabul qilishni tasavvur qila olmasligini aytdi, vakili rad javobini rad etdi. Donald McEachin (D-VA), u shunga o'xshash dalillarni qurolli kuchlarning birlashishiga qarshi yillar oldin qilinganligini ta'kidladi. "Men tasavvur qila olaman, bu shaxslarni emas, mening o'ng tarafdagi hamkasblarimni emas, balki 70 yoki 80 yil oldin bo'lib o'tgan Kongressda ma'lum bir guruh odamlarning samolyotda uchish uchun aqlli emasligi aytilgan edi. Ular birinchi belgida chopishdi. Afro-amerikaliklar Qo'shma Shtatlar Qurolli Kuchlarida xizmat qila olmasliklari. Afro-amerikaliklar ularni noto'g'ri ekanligini isbotladilar. Bo'lim moslashtirildi. Va men bo'linmani transgenderlarga ham moslashishni taklif qilaman. "[68]

2017 yil 13-iyulda vakili Viki Xartzler uyga 183-sonli o'zgartirish kiritdi, bu 2017-yil iyul oyida NDAA-ga yangi o'zgartirish orqali jinsni almashtirish operatsiyalari va transgender harbiy xizmatchilar uchun tibbiy muolajalarni moliyalashtirishni taqiqlash to'g'risidagi tuzatish,[70] 249 respublikachilar 190 demokratlarga qo'shilib, bu taklifga qarshi chiqishganda 209–214 yillarda ovoz berildi.[61][71] Ovoz berishdan oldin kotib Mattis Xartzlerga qo'ng'iroq qilib, tuzatishdan voz kechishini so'radi.[69] Tuzatish mag'lub bo'lgandan keyin, Vakil Trent Franks (R-AZ) "menimcha va har kimga hurmat bilan, agar kimdir armiyaga kelmoqchi bo'lsa, vatanni saqlab qolish uchun o'z hayotini xavf ostiga qo'yishi mumkin, ehtimol ular erkakmi yoki yo'qmi degan qarorga kelishlari kerak. ular buni qilishdan oldin ayol. " Franks va boshqalarning Pentagonning xarajatlar paketini tartibga soluvchi qoidalarga moliyalashtirishni taqiqlovchi qoidalarni kiritishga urinishlari muntazam tartibni chetlab o'tishga urinish uchun bosimdan so'ng muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi. Shundan keyin Respublika uyi rahbarlari Oq uydan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri aralashuvga murojaat qilishdi. Bosh strategist Stiv Bannon Prezident Trampni hozirda bu masalani hal qilishga undaydi va Trampni Pentagonning qayta ko'rib chiqilishiga qaramay, transgender shaxslarni harbiy xizmatga jalb qilishni taqiqlash borasida oldinga siljishda muhim rol o'ynadi.[61][72]

Prezident tomonidan xizmatni taqiqlash to'g'risidagi e'lon

2017 yil 26 iyulda Prezident Donald Tramp o'zining Twitter-dagi sahifasida transgender shaxslarga endi "AQSh harbiy xizmatida har qanday xizmatda xizmat qilishga" ruxsat berilmasligini e'lon qildi.[73][74] Ga binoan Politico va ma'muriyatning yuqori lavozimli rasmiysi, Prezident Trump har doim transgender shaxslarni harbiy xizmatdan chetlatishni va Pentagonning jinsini almashtirish operatsiyalarini moliyalashtirishni taqiqlashni rejalashtirgan edi, ammo Pentagonning jinsini almashtirish operatsiyalarini moliyalashtirishni taqiqlash bo'yicha kurash Trampning qarorini tezlashtirdi. Kongress va Oq uyning ko'plab manbalariga ko'ra, ushbu tvit 2018 yilgi moliyaviy yil uchun Milliy mudofaaga ruxsat berish to'g'risidagi qonunda chegara devorlarini moliyalashtirish uchun 1,6 milliard dollar tejashga qaratilgan so'nggi urinish edi.[61][75][76]

Mening generallarim va harbiy mutaxassislarim bilan maslahatlashgandan so'ng, iltimos, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hukumati Transgender shaxslarni AQSh harbiy xizmatida biron bir xizmatda ishlashiga qabul qilmaydi yoki ruxsat bermaydi. Bizning harbiylarimiz qat'iyatli va katta g'alabaga yo'naltirilgan bo'lishi kerak va bu katta tibbiy xarajatlar va armiyada transgenderlar olib kelishi mumkin bo'lgan buzilishlar bilan yuklanishi mumkin emas. Rahmat.[77][78][79]

Tramp "generallar va harbiy mutaxassislar" bilan maslahatlashib, "harbiylarga katta tibbiy xarajatlar va harbiy transgenderlar olib kelishi mumkin bo'lgan buzg'unchilik yukini yuklash mumkin emas" degan xulosani keltirdi, bu 2016 yilgi RAND tadqiqotining xulosalariga ziddir.[35][80] Siyosiy sharhlovchi Richard Kim Prezident Trampning tvitlari Xartzler boshchiligidagi Vakillar Palatasidagi "o'ta o'ngdagi evangelistlar fraktsiyasiga bir luqma" bo'lganini, agar ular Prezident Tramp rejalashtirgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari-Meksika chegara devorini moliyalashtirishga tahdid qilgan bo'lsa, agar harbiylar sarf qilsalar gender disforiyasini tibbiy davolash uchun sog'liqni saqlash mablag'lari.[81]

E'lonning shoshqaloqligi tufayli Oq uy rasmiylari taklif qilingan taqiq qanday amalga oshiriladi yoki ochiq transgender bo'lgan xodimlarning taqdiri qanday bo'ladi degan savollarga javob berolmadi.[82] Kotib Mattisga bu haqda faqat 25 iyulda xabar berilgan.[83] Xuddi shunday, shtab boshliqlarining birlashgan raisi Jozef Dunford 2017 yil 27 iyuldagi elektron pochta xabarlarida 2018 yil fevral oyida BuzzFeed News-ga yuborilgan elektron pochta xabarlarida "so'ralganda, men bilan maslahatlashmaganligimni aytaman", deb aytganidan hayratlanishini ta'kidladi.[84] The Nyu-York Tayms ushbu harakat "saylovoldi kampaniyasi paytida o'zini gomoseksuallar, lezbiyenlar, biseksuallar va transgenderlarning ittifoqchisi sifatida hisob-kitob qilgan janob Tramp uchun keskin burilish" ekanligini ham ta'kidladi.[82] U erda bo'lgan Jonni Murning so'zlariga ko'ra, Oila tadqiqotlari kengashining prezidenti Toni Perkins birinchi bo'lib iyul oyida Tramp-Pens ma'muriyati rasmiylari va diniy rahbarlar o'rtasida bo'lib o'tgan uchrashuvda transgender xodimlarga harbiy xizmatni taqiqlashni taklif qildi, ammo bu taklif amalga oshmadi ishtirokchilar tomonidan universal qo'llab-quvvatlash.[85] Prezidentning tvitlaridan so'ng, Xartzler o'z intervyusida "bu bizning qo'mondonimizning har bir mudofaa dollari dunyoda duch kelayotgan tahdidlarni qondirishga qaratilganligiga ishonch hosil qilish uchun to'g'ri qo'ng'iroq edi", deb aytdi ... [T] u butun siyosat ... bu bizning tayyorligimizga zarar keltiradi. "[61]

Oq uy oldida "Transgenderlarning harbiy taqiqlanishini to'xtatish" mitingi 2017 yil 29 iyulda bo'lib o'tdi

Taqiqni qayta tiklash to'g'risida 2017 yil 26 iyulda Nyu-York, Vashington va San-Frantsiskoda norozilik namoyishlari bo'lib o'tdi,[86] va 29-iyul kuni Oq uy oldida miting bo'lib o'tdi. Tramp hali aniq siyosiy o'zgarishlarni bayon qilmaganligi sababli, rais Dunford 2017 yil 27-iyulda "prezident ko'rsatmasi berilgunga qadar amaldagi siyosatda hech qanday o'zgartirishlar kiritilmaydi" deb e'lon qildi. tomonidan qabul qilingan mudofaa vaziri va kotib amalga oshirish bo'yicha ko'rsatma berdi. "[87] Senator Kirsten Gillibrand (D-NY) 2017 yil 27-iyunda NDAA-ga transgender qo'shinlarini majburiy ravishda bekor qilish, tibbiy yordamni to'xtatish yoki mas'uliyat yoki lavozimdagi o'zgarishlarni (lavozimdan ko'tarish, muntazam ravishda tayinlash yoki joylashtirishdan tashqari) taqiqlovchi tuzatish kiritdi. oltmish kundan keyin Kongress kotib Mattis tomonidan taklif qilingan olti oylik tadqiqot natijalarini oldi.[88]

2017 yil 1-avgust kuni Palm Center transgender harbiy xizmat a'zolariga taqiq qo'yilishiga qarshi bo'lib, iste'fodagi 56 general va admiral tomonidan imzolangan xatni e'lon qildi. Maktubda aytilishicha, agar amalga oshirilsa, taqiq "jiddiy buzilishlarni keltirib chiqaradi, harbiylarni missiyani tanqidiy iste'doddan mahrum qiladi va yolg'onda yashashga majbur bo'ladigan transgender qo'shinlarining yaxlitligini buzadi, shuningdek, majburlanadigan transgender bo'lmagan tengdoshlari. o'z o'rtoqlariga xabar berish yoki siyosatga bo'ysunmaslik o'rtasida tanlov qilish ".[89] Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari qirg'oq qo'riqchisi komendanti, admiral Pol F. Zukunft, made a personal commitment to "not turn my back ... not break faith" with transgender service members in the Coast Guard on August 1, 2017.[90] At the time, it was noted the Coast Guard was part of the Department of Homeland Security, not the Department of Defense, and it was not clear how the proposed ban on transgender service members would affect the Coast Guard.[91]

Presidential Memorandum (August 25, 2017)

Asosiy maqola: Presidential Memorandum on Military Service by Transgender Individuals by Donald Trump (August 25, 2017)
Prezidentlik memorandumi of August 25, 2017

In my judgment, the previous Administration failed to identify a sufficient basis to conclude that terminating the Departments' longstanding policy and practice [prohibiting openly transgender individuals from serving in the United States military] would not hinder military effectiveness and lethality, disrupt unit cohesion, or tax military resources, and there remain meaningful concerns that further study is needed to ensure that continued implementation of last year's policy change would not have those negative effects.

— President Donald J. Trump, Prezidentlik memorandumi of August 25, 2017[92]

In late August, a memorandum was being prepared which would require Secretary Mattis to enforce the ban on transgender personnel within six months. An anonymous source familiar with the contents of the memo stated it will expel serving transgender personnel if they are unable to deploy, bar recruitment of transgender soldiers, and end payments for medical care associated with gender dysphoria, including gender reassignment surgery. Aaron Belkin, director of the Palm Center, criticized the forthcoming memo for imposing a double standard on transgender troops, calling it "a recipe for disruption, distraction, and waste".[93] On August 25, 2017, President Trump signed a presidential memorandum identifying the guidelines for renewing the ban.[94] In the memo, President Trump stated the ban on transgender personnel in the military will remain effective until "the Secretary of Defense, after consulting with the Secretary of Homeland Security, provides a recommendation to the contrary that I find convincing", ignoring the conclusions of the 2016 RAND study, and further called for a "halt [to] all use of DoD or DHS resources to fund sex reassignment surgical procedures for military personnel", effective March 23, 2018. The memo further required the Secretary of Defense and Secretary of Homeland Security to submit an implementation plan by February 21, 2018.[92] Senator Tammi Dakuort [D-IL] and Representative Nensi Pelosi [D-CA] released separate statements condemning the memorandum; Pelosi stated the memo directed "the Pentagon to hurt and humiliate" transgender service personnel and questioned whether "prejudice, not the national defense" was motivating the action.[95]

If you are willing to risk your life for our country and you can do the job, you should be able to serve—no matter your gender identity or sexual orientation. Anything else is not just discriminatory, it is disruptive to our military and it is counterproductive to our national security. If the President enacts this ban, which would harm our military readiness, the Democratic and Republican Members of Congress who oppose this discrimination must enact legislation that prevents it from taking effect.

— Senator Tammi Dakuort [D-IL], August 24, 2017 statement[96]

Two weeks before sending his directive to the Pentagon, Trump said, "I think I'm doing the military a great favor" by banning trans military members.[83][97] Vakil Donald McEachin (D-VA) was the lead author of a letter to Secretary Mattis on October 10, 2017, requesting records of discussions or correspondence between the White House and the Pentagon that would document or justify that Trump was "doing the military a great favor", including any substantiation of requests for a ban on transgender soldiers originating from senior military or Department of Defense personnel. The letter, which questioned "whether the president, his national security team, and military leaders are actively coordinating policy with one another, or whether the president's transgender ban announcement reflected a breakdown in communication", was co-signed by 114 other Democratic Representatives.[98]

On August 29, 2017, Secretary Mattis announced that currently serving transgender troops would be allowed to remain in the armed services, pending further study. Mattis stated he would set up a panel of experts from the Departments of Defense and Homeland Security to provide recommendations on implementing the President's policy direction.[99] Secretary Mattis formalized the interim policy in an interim guidance issued on September 18, 2017. The interim guidance, which expires no later than February 21, 2018, essentially freezes the policies that were in place before the Presidential Memorandum of August 25. Accession of transgender individuals is still banned per the procedures dated April 28, 2010. Transgender soldiers will not be denied reenlistment, and may not be involuntarily discharged solely on the basis of their gender identity. Medical treatment will continue for service members with a gender dysphoria diagnosis, with the exception that no new sex reassignment surgeries will be permitted after March 22, 2018 unless necessary to protect the health of an individual who has already begun treatment.[100] Mattis named the Deputy Secretary of Defense, Patrik M. Shanaxon, and the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Pol Selva, to head the advisory panel of experts tasked with providing recommendations.[101][102]

Despite the Interim Guidance, the Presidential Memorandum has attracted significant legal and legislative opposition:

  • Jeyn Dou va Trump, a lawsuit filed by GLAD va NCLR on August 9, 2017. A preliminary injunction against the Presidential Memorandum was granted in part on October 30, 2017,[103] but the court vacated this injunction on January 4, 2019.[104] (Injunctions granted by other courts remained in effect.)
  • Tosh v Trumpga qarshi, a lawsuit filed by the ACLU of Maryland on August 28, 2017. Judge Marvin J. Garbis granted a preliminary injunction against the Presidential Memorandum in full on November 21, 2017.[105]
  • Karnoski va Trump, a lawsuit filed by Lambda yuridik on August 28, 2017.[106] A preliminary injunction against the Presidential Memorandum was granted in full on December 11, 2017.[107]
  • Stokman va Trampga qarshi, a lawsuit filed by Kaliforniyadagi tenglik 2017 yil 5 sentyabrda.[108] A preliminary injunction against the Presidential Memorandum was granted in full on December 22, 2017.[109]
  • S. 1820 (September 15, 2017) and H.R. 4041 (October 12, 2017), bipartisan bills in the Senate and House, respectively, to prohibit the involuntary separation or denial of re-enlistment of military personnel solely on the basis of gender identity.

Military pays for one surgery

2017 yil noyabr oyida Mudofaa sog'liqni saqlash agentligi for the first time approved payment for jinsiy aloqani almashtirish operatsiyasi AQSh harbiy xizmatining faol a'zosi uchun. O'zini ayol deb biladigan piyoda askar, bemor allaqachon jinsni almashtirish uchun davolash kursini boshlagan edi. The procedure, which the treating doctor deemed medically necessary, was performed on November 14 at a private hospital, since military hospitals lack the requisite surgical expertise.[110]

Accession of transgender individuals

The accession of transgender individuals was scheduled to be allowed by July 1, 2017, per DTM 16-005,[44] but military leaders asked for a one to two-year delay on accessions, stating more time was needed to review entrance standards and to ensure the success of transgender individuals.[65] In response, Secretary Mattis issued a six-month delay on accessions.[64] With Judge Kollar-Kotelly's decision on October 30, 2017, to enjoin the Presidential Memorandum of August 25, the accession policy reverts to the six-month delay, and the accession of transgender individuals into military service is set to begin on January 1, 2018.[111][103] Because Secretary Mattis had previously delayed accession by six months in June, the United States Department of Justice Civil Division filed a motion for clarification asking if Secretary Mattis had independent authority to modify DTM 16-005.[112] In a November 27, 2017 order, Judge Kollar-Kotelly stated "Any action by any of the Defendants that changes this joriy vaziyat is preliminarily enjoined."[113]:2 As a named defendant, Secretary Mattis does not have authority to change the preliminary injunction order of October 30, which reverts policy to the joriy vaziyat prior to the Presidential Memorandum of August 25, and accessions are set to start on January 1, 2018.[114] On December 11, Judge Kollar-Kotelly denied the motion for partial stay, noting it took three weeks for USDOJ to file the first appeal, and that she "would have expected Defendants to act with more alacrity" if the January 1, 2018 deadline for accession was unmanageable.[115]

USDOJ filed for emergency stays with the DC davri (on December 11, for Doe),[116] The To'rtinchi davr (on December 14, for Tosh),[117] va To'qqizinchi davr (on December 15, for Karnoski),[118] seeking to either allow Secretary Mattis to institute a second delay on accession, or narrowing the scope of the injunction to allow accession of only those individuals ruled to have standing. 2017 yil 21-dekabrda to'rtinchi davradagi uchta sudyalardan iborat hay'at sudya Garbisning buyrug'i bilan qolish to'g'risida USDOJning favqulodda talabini rad etdi.[119] The next day, a panel of three judges on the D.C. Circuit also denied the USDOJ emergency stay motion on Judge Kollar-Kotelly's order.[120] On December 29, USDOJ filed to withdraw their appeal from the Ninth Circuit,[121] berilgan.

Beginning on January 1, 2018, transgender individuals were allowed to join the U.S. military if a licensed medical provider certified that the applicant completed all medical treatment associated with gender transition, has been stable in the preferred gender for 18 months, and if the applicant has completed sex reassignment or genital reconstruction surgery, that 18 months have elapsed since the most recent surgery, no functional limitations or complications persist, and no additional surgeries are required.[122] In February 2018, the Pentagon confirmed that, for the first time, a transgender recruit had signed a contract to enter the U.S. military, joining an estimated 4,000 already serving.[123]

Mattis recommendations and report

The Presidential Memorandum of August 25, 2017 required Defense Secretary Mattis to provide his recommendations to the President no later than February 21, 2018, but the meeting was postponed. 22 fevralda Washington Post reported that Mattis was set to recommend that transgender sailors and soldiers be allowed to continue serving in the military, according to anonymous officials familiar with Mattis's plans.[124] Also on February 22, in Karnoski va Trump, a motion was filed to compel disclosure as prior documents filed by USDOJ stated the "'new policy' on transgender service" would be released on February 21.[125]:3

  • "Transgender persons with a history or diagnosis of gender dysphoria are disqualified from military service, except under the following limited circumstances:"

The memorandum providing the recommendations from Mattis, dated February 22, 2018, was released March 23 alongside the supporting report in a document filed for Karnoski va Trump.[126] Mattis explained he had formed "a Panel of Experts comprised of senior uniformed and civilian Defense Department and U.S. Coast Guard leaders" to "provide its best military advice, based on increasing the lethality and readiness of America's armed forces", which authored the report attached to the Mattis memorandum.[126] The Panel was convened on September 14, 2017, and met 13 times over a span of 90 days. The names of those on the Panel were not released, but membership was stated by role to include "the Under Secretaries of the Military Departments (or officials performing their duties), the Armed Services' Vice Chiefs (including the Vice Commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard), and the Senior Enlisted Advisors". Meetings were led "by the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness or an official performing those duties".[127]:17–18 That leadership post was held by Anthony Kurta during the majority of the Panel's tenure until Robert Uilki was sworn in during November 2017.[128] Anonymous sources stated that Vitse prezident Mayk Pens, Rayan T. Anderson (a research fellow at the Heritage Foundation va muallifi Garri Sallyga aylanganda: Transgender momentiga javob berish) va Toni Perkins (leader of the Oila tadqiqotlari kengashi ) led the creation of that report.[129] In summary, Mattis recommended:

  • "Transgender persons with a history or diagnosis of gender dysphoria are disqualified from military service, except under the following limited circumstances:
    1. 36 consecutive months of stability "in their biological sex prior to accession"
    2. For currently serving personnel who are diagnosed with gender dysphoria after accession, "if they do not require a change of gender and remain deployable" they may continue to serve.
    3. For currently serving personnel who were diagnosed with gender dysphoria under the previous policy (outlined by Ash Carter) and prior to the effective date of the new policy, they may continue to serve "in their preferred gender and receive medically necessary treatment for gender dysphoria"
  • "Transgender persons who require or have undergone gender transition are disqualified from military service."
  • "Transgender persons without a history or diagnosis of gender dysphoria, who are otherwise qualified for service, may serve, like all other Service members, in their biological sex."

The Mattis memorandum criticized the prior RAND report, stating "It referred to limited and heavily caveated data to support its conclusions, glossed over the impacts of healthcare costs, readiness, and unit cohesion, and erroneously relied on the selective experiences of foreign militaries with different operational requirements than our own."[126] However, it was also reported that unlike Trump, Mattis preferred to keep transgender people in the military.[130]

For decades, military standards relating to mental health, physical health, and the physiological differences between men and women operated to preclude from military service transgender persons who desired to live and work as the opposite gender.

— Panel of Experts, Department of Defense Report and Recommendations on Military Service by Transgender Persons (Fevral 2018)[127]:3

The Department of Defense (DoD) report attached to the Mattis memorandum provides recommendations consistent with those summarized in the Mattis memorandum.[127]:4–6 For the third "limited circumstance" allowing the retention of those who began openly serving as transgender people under the Carter policy, the report concludes with the threat that "should [the Department of Defense] decision to exempt those Service members be used by a court as a basis for invalidating the entire policy, this exemption instead is and should be deemed severable from the rest of the policy",[127]:43 which would expel that grandfathered class of service members.[131] One journalist called the report "an attempt to retroactively justify Trump's ban [on transgender military service] by lending it a sheen of reason and legitimacy".[129]

The DoD report notes that DoDI 6130.03 provides "baseline accession medical standards" and touts that it "is reviewed every three to four years by the Accession Medical Standards Working Group" but later notes the "standards were consistent with DSM-III" (published in 1980) and that "[d]ue to challenges associated with updating and publishing a new iteration of DoDI 6130.03, the DoDI's terminology has not changed to reflect the changes in the DSM".[127]:8;10 The DoD report was critical of the RAND report, saying that RAND had "failed to analyze the impact at the micro level of allowing gender transition by individuals with gender dysphoria". Specifically, RAND "did not examine the potential impact on unit readiness, perceptions of fairness and equity, personnel safety, and reasonable expectations of privacy at the unit and sub-unit levels, all of which are critical to unit cohesion", did not "meaningfully address the significant mental health problems that accompany gender dysphoria", and did not address "the scope of the scientific uncertainty regarding whether gender transition treatment fully remedies those problems".[127]:14

The DoD report selectively quotes DSM-5 to define gender dysphoria as "a 'marked incongruence between one's experience/expressed gender and assigned gender, of at least 6 months duration,' that is manifested in various specified ways",[127]:20–21 which omits the second component of a gender dysphoria diagnosis. Ga ko'ra Amerika psixiatriya assotsiatsiyasi, "gender dysphoria diagnosis [in adolescents and adults] involves a difference between one's experienced/expressed gender and assigned gender, and significant distress or problems functioning. It lasts at least six months and is shown by at least two of the following [list of specific symptoms]".[132] According to the summary of DSM-5 paraphrased by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, "Gender nonconformity itself [is] not considered to be a mental disorder".[133]

In fact, there is a global medical consensus that such care is reliable, safe, and effective. An expectation of certainty is an unrealistic and counterproductive standard of evidence for health policy—whether civilian or military—because even the most well-established medical treatments could not satisfy that standard. Indeed, setting certainty as a standard suggests an inability to refute the research. A wide body of reputable, peer-reviewed research has demonstrated to psychological and health experts that treatments for gender dysphoria are effective.

— Joyslin oqsoqollari va Devid Satcher, avvalgi U.S. Surgeons General, Statement, March 28, 2018[134]

The DoD report goes on to cast doubt on the efficacy of treating gender dysphoria: "the available scientific evidence on the extent to which such treatments fully remedy all of the issues associated with gender dysphoria is unclear. Nor do any of these studies account for the added stress of military life, deployments, and combat."[127]:24 It cites several references to support this conclusion: a study published in 2016 by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (the "CMS" study),[133] another published in 2011 studying the experience in Sweden (the "Swedish study"),[135] one from Mayo Clinic researchers,[136] and a study published in the Hayes Medical Technology Directory (the "Hayes Directory").[137]

The scope of the CMS study was limited to determining whether a national coverage decision could be made for gender reassignment surgery. CMS did not assess specific surgery types, nor did CMS "analyze the clinical evidence for counseling or hormone therapy treatments for gender dysphoria".[133] In an interview published in 2015, the lead author of the "Swedish study" stated "People who misuse the study always omit the fact that the study clearly states that it is not an evaluation of gender dysphoria treatment. If we look at the literature, we find that several recent studies conclude that WPATH Standards of Care compliant treatment decrease gender dysphoria and improves mental health."[138] The Mayo Clinic study concluded that gender dysphoria treatment was effective.[139] In a joint statement released on March 28, former Surgeons General Joyslin oqsoqollari va Devid Satcher were "troubled that the Defense department's report on transgender military service has mischaracterized the robust body of peer-reviewed research on the effectiveness of transgender medical care as demonstrating 'considerable scientific uncertainty.'"[134] Maktub Amerika tibbiyot assotsiatsiyasi Bosh ijrochi direktor Jeyms Madara addressed to Secretary Mattis on April 3, 2018, also criticized the new policy, stating "there is no medically valid reason—including a diagnosis of gender dysphoria—to excludetransgender individuals from military service. Transgender individuals have served, and continue to serve, our country with honor, and we believe they should be allowed to continue doing so."[140]

The DoD report also asserts that using a person's gender identity, rather than their anatomy is inherently unfair since "sex-based standards are based on legitimate biological differences between males and females, it follows that a person's physical biology should dictate which standards apply", going on to fault the "variability and fluidity of gender transition" and providing examples such as "allowing a biological male to meet the female physical fitness and body fat standards and to compete against females in gender-specific physical training and athletic competition, [would undermine] fairness (or perceptions of fairness) because males competing as females will likely score higher on the female test than on the male test and possibly compromise safety".[127]:30–31 One study has shown that transgender female distance runners have no speed advantage over cisgender women after one year of hormone therapy.[141]

Presidential Memorandum (March 23, 2018)

Asosiy maqola: Donald Tramp tomonidan Transgender shaxslar tomonidan harbiy xizmatga oid Mudofaa vaziri va Milliy xavfsizlik kotibi uchun Prezidentlik memorandumi (23.03.2018)

On March 23, 2018, the Trump administration issued a new memorandum stating that Mattis had recommended "transgender persons with a history or diagnosis of gender dysphoria—individuals who the policies state may require substantial medical treatment, including medications and surgery—are disqualified from military service except under certain limited circumstances."[142] Among other declarations, the new memorandum revoked the prior memo of August 25, 2017 and authorized Secretaries Mattis and Kirstjen Nilsen to "implement any appropriate policiesconcerning military service by transgender individuals".[143]

Based on the new memorandum, in each of the four court cases (Doe, Tosh, Karnoski va Stokman ), USDOJ has filed motions to dissolve the preliminary injunctions previously imposed[144][145][146][147] and impose protective orders to halt discovery.[148][149][150] The motions to dissolve the preliminary injunctions stated "this new policy [from the Mattis memorandum of February 2018], like the Carter policy before it, turns on the medical condition of gender dysphoria and contains a nuanced set of exceptions allowing some transgender individuals, including almost every Plaintiff here, to serve" and asserted "the military's new policy is constitutional", concluding that challenges to the new policy "should not be litigated under the shadow of a preliminary injunction of a Presidential Memorandum [August 2017] that is no longer in effect".[144]:1–2 [145]:1–2 [146]:1–2 [147]:1–2

The policy was qoldi yilda Karnoski vs. Trump (Western District of Washington) on April 13, 2018, when the court ruled that the 2018 memorandum essentially repeated the same issues as its predecessor order from 2017, that transgender service members (and transgender individuals as a class) were a protected class entitled to qattiq nazorat of adverse laws (or at worst, a deyarli shubhali sinf ), and ordered that matter continue to a full trial hearing on the legality of the proposed policy.[151][152][153][154]

The Trump administration, through Solicitor General Noel Frantsisko, has submitted petitions of writ of certiorari to the AQSh Oliy sudi in November 2018 to rule on the matter on the Karnoski, Stokmanva Doe cases prior to their final judgement, specifically seeking to reverse the stay on the order while the cases otherwise continued in their respective courts.[155][156]

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Oliy sudi

On January 22, 2019, in two 5-4 orders, split along ideological lines, the US Supreme Court, denied the Trump administration's petition for expedited review ning Karnoski va Trump va Stokman va Trampga qarshi.[157][158][eslatma 1]. The Court, however, did agree to lift preliminary injunctions issued by the Karnoski va Stokman courts while legal proceedings go forward in lower courts.[157][159][160] The injunctions had blocked the reinstatement of restrictions on military service by transgender people.[157][158] However, the US Defense Department did not implement the policies set forth in the Presidential Memorandum of March 23, 2018, because the preliminary injunction issued by the federal district court in Maryland in Tosh v Trumpga qarshi was not considered by the Supreme Court and remains in effect.[157][158] The court's five conservative justices, Chief Justice Jon Roberts va odil sudlovlar Samuel Alito, Nil Gorsuch, Bret Kavanaugh va Klarens Tomas supported the lifting the preliminary injunctions. Mara Keisling wrote, "The Court’s extraordinary action […] is an attack on transgender people around the nation."[161]

The ban went into effect on April 12.[162][163]

Kongressning guvohliklari

In 2019 Army Capt. Alivia Stehlik, Navy Lt. Cmdr. Blake Dremann, Army Capt. Jennifer Peace, Army Staff Sgt. Patricia King and Navy Petty Officer 3rd Class Akira Wyatt became the first openly transgender members of the United States military to testify publicly in front of Congress when they testified in front of the House Armed Services Committee in support of openly transgender people serving in the military.[164]

Transgender askarni chetlatish

Asosiy maqola: Direktiv tipidagi Memorandum-19-004

Directive-type Memorandum-19-004 reinstated restrictions for transgender personnel and was signed by Devid L. Norquist on March 12, 2019. It came into effect April 12, 2019 and was supposed to expire exactly 11 months later but didn't.

Cheklovlar 2016 yilga nisbatan 2019 yilga nisbatan[165][166]
Guruh2016–20192019–2020
Xizmat a'zolariJinsiy disforiya tarixi yoki diagnostikasi bo'lmagan transgenderBiologik jinsiy aloqada xizmat qilishi mumkin
Jinsiy disforiya tashxisi bilanO'tish tugagandan so'ng, afzal qilingan jinsda xizmat qilishi mumkinBiologik jinsiy aloqada xizmat qilishi mumkin. Agar biologik jinsiy aloqada xizmat qila olmasa / istamasa, ajratish tartibi qo'llanilishi mumkin.
NomzodlarJinsiy disforiya tarixi yoki diagnostikasi bo'lmagan transgenderBiologik jinsiy aloqada xizmat qilishi mumkin
Jinsiy disforiya tashxisi yoki tarixi bilanAfzal jins yoki biologik jinsiy aloqada 18 oy davomida barqaror bo'lmasa, taxminiy diskvalifikatsiya qilingan36 oy davomida barqaror bo'lmasa va biologik jinsiy aloqada ishlashga tayyor va tayyor bo'lmasa, taxmin qilingan diskvalifikatsiya
Tibbiy o'tishni davolash tarixi bilanTaxminan diskvalifikatsiya qilingan

The Trump administration policy demands adherence to sex assignment at birth as a condition for military service. Discovery of one's gender identity is a disqualifier.

The Trump administration reissued DoD Instruction 1300.28, with the new version taking effect on September 4, 2020 under the title "Military Service by Transgender Persons and Persons with Gender Dysphoria." It cancels the previous DoD Instruction of the same number, which the Obama administration had issued on October 1, 2016 under the title "In-Service Transition for Transgender Service Members."[4]

H.Res. 124

2019 yil 28 martda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Vakillar palatasi o'tgan, 238 ha, 185 nay, 1 ishtirok etgan va 8 kishi ovoz bermagan holda, H.Res. 124, ochiq transgender shaxslar tomonidan Qurolli Kuchlarda xizmat qilishni taqiqlashga qarshi bo'lgan majburiy bo'lmagan qaror. [167]

On June 13, 2019, celebrating Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month in the Pentagon Center Courtyard, Senator Tammi Dakuort attacked Directive-type Memorandum-19-004. It is also significant in that the United States Department of Defense recognize Pride Month after failing to do so last year.[168][169]

Demografiya

According to 2014 estimates from the Uilyams instituti Jinsiy orientatsiya va gender identifikatori qonuni va davlat siyosati, despite the ban on military service, about 21.4% of the total transgender population in the US is estimated to have served in the military.[23] According to the 2014 study, "The American military employs more transgender people than any other organisation in the world: around 15,500...more than 6,000 of whom are on active duty."[170]

A 2016 workplace and gender relations survey found 9,000 US military service members consider themselves transgender individuals.[171]

In 2019, the United States Department of Defense states that 1,400 service members have been diagnosed with gender dysphoria and fewer than 10 service members are receiving gender reassignment surgery.[171]

Discharges

The military did not record statistics for the number of transgender individuals discharged.[172] 2015 yil aprel oyida Palm Center stated that at least a dozen individuals had been discharged in the past six months for being transgender.[173]

Faxriylar

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

  1. ^ Because they came to the Supreme Court on appeal by the Trump administration the correct case captions are Tramp va Karnoskiy va Trump v. Stockman.

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