Adlai Stivenson II - Adlai Stevenson II

Adlai Stivenson II
5-chi Qo'shma Shtatlarning BMTdagi elchisi
Ofisda 1961 yil 23 yanvar (1961-01-23) - 1965 yil 14-iyul (1965-07-14)
Prezident	Jon F. Kennedi Lyndon B. Jonson
Oldingi	Jeyms Jeremiah Wadsworth
Muvaffaqiyatli	Artur Goldberg
31-chi Illinoys gubernatori
Ofisda 1949 yil 10-yanvar (1949-01-10) - 1953 yil 12-yanvar (1953-01-12)
Leytenant	Shervud Dikson
Oldingi	Duayt H. Yashil
Muvaffaqiyatli	Uilyam Stratton
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan	Adlai Ewing Stivenson II (1900-02-05)1900 yil 5-fevral Los-Anjeles, Kaliforniya, BIZ.
O'ldi	1965 yil 14-iyul(1965-07-14) (65 yosh) London, Birlashgan Qirollik
Dam olish joyi	Har doim yashil qabriston
Siyosiy partiya	Demokratik
Turmush o'rtoqlar	Ellen Borden ​ ​ (m. 1928; div 1949)​
Bolalar	3, shu jumladan Adlai III
Ota	Lyuis Stivenson
Qarindoshlar	Stivensonlar oilasi
Ta'lim	Princeton universiteti (BA ) Shimoli-g'arbiy universiteti (JD )
Harbiy xizmat
Sadoqat	Qo'shma Shtatlar
Filial / xizmat	Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz kuchlari
Xizmat qilgan yillari	1918
Rank	Dengizchi shogirdi

Adlai Ewing Stivenson II (/ˈædleɪ/; 1900 yil 5 fevral - 1965 yil 14 iyul) amerikalik huquqshunos, siyosatchi va diplomat edi.

In ko'tarilgan Bloomington, Illinoys, Stivenson a'zosi bo'lgan Demokratik partiya.^[1] U ko'plab lavozimlarda ishlagan federal hukumat 1930 va 1940 yillar davomida, shu jumladan Qishloq xo'jaligini sozlashni boshqarish, Spirtli ichimliklar bo'yicha federal ma'muriyat, Dengiz kuchlari departamenti, va Davlat departamenti. 1945 yilda u tashkil etgan qo'mitada ishlagan Birlashgan Millatlar va u AQShning BMTdagi dastlabki delegatsiyalarining a'zosi edi. U edi Illinoys shtatining 31-gubernatori 1949 yildan 1953 yilgacha va u Demokratik partiyaning prezidentlikka nomzodini qo'lga kiritdi 1952 yil va 1956 yilgi saylovlar.

Ikkalasida ham 1952 va 1956 saylovlarda, Stivenson respublikachilar tomonidan katta miqdordagi mag'lubiyatga uchradi Duayt D. Eyzenxauer. Demokratik partiyadan prezidentlikka nomzodni uchinchi marta muvaffaqiyatsiz izladi 1960 yil Demokratik milliy konventsiya. Prezidentdan keyin Jon F. Kennedi saylandi, u Stivensonni tayinladi Qo'shma Shtatlarning BMTdagi elchisi. Stivenson 1961 yildan Londonda yurak xurujidan vafotigacha 1965 yilda, Shveytsariyadagi Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining konferentsiyasidan so'ng xizmat qildi.

Dastlabki hayot va ta'lim

Stivensonning Bloomington shahridagi bolalik uyi, Ill.

Adlai Ewing Stivenson II yilda tug'ilgan Los-Anjeles, Kaliforniya, hozirda belgilangan mahallada Shimoliy universiteti Park tarixiy tumani. Monmut avenyuidagi 2639-uydagi uyi va tug'ilgan joyi Los-Anjeles tarixiy-madaniy yodgorligi sifatida belgilangan.^[2] U taniqli kishining a'zosi edi Illinoys siyosiy oila. Uning bobosi va ismdoshi Adlai Stivenson I edi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining vitse-prezidenti Prezident davrida Grover Klivlend 1893 yildan 1897 yilgacha. Uning otasi, Lyuis Stivenson, hech qachon saylanadigan lavozimni egallamagan, ammo tayinlangan Illinoys shtati davlat kotibi (1914-1917) va demokrat uchun kuchli da'vogar hisoblangan vitse-prezident nomzodlik 1928 yilda. Onaning katta bobosi, Jessi V. Fell, uchun yaqin do'st va kampaniya menejeri bo'lgan Avraam Linkoln AQSh Senatining 1858 yildagi poygasida; Stivenson ko'pincha Fellni o'zining sevimli ajdodi deb atagan.^[3] Stivensonning to'ng'ich o'g'li, Adlai E. Stivenson III, bo'ldi a AQSh senatori Illinoysdan (1970-1981). Uning onasi Xelen Devis Stivenson edi va uning katta singlisi Elizabeth Stivenson Ives edi, u muallif "Baffi" deb nomlangan. Aktyor Maklin Stivenson edi a bir marta olib tashlangan ikkinchi amakivachcha.^[4] U roman yozuvchisi bilan jiyani edi Meri Borden va u o'zining ba'zi siyosiy ma'ruzalarini yozishda yordam berdi.^[5]

Stivenson shaharda katta bo'lgan Bloomington, Illinoys; uning oilasi Bloomington yuqori sinfining a'zosi bo'lgan va shaharning obod mahallalaridan birida yashagan. 1912 yil 30-dekabrda o'n ikki yoshida Stivenson namoyish paytida 16 yoshli do'sti Rut Mervinni tasodifan o'ldirdi. burg'ulash Stivenson uyidagi ziyofat paytida bexosdan yuklangan holda miltiq bilan texnika.^[6] Stivenson avtohalokatdan qattiq xafagarchilikni boshdan kechirgan va kamdan-kam hollarda, hatto rafiqasi va bolalari bilan ham katta yoshdagilar haqida gapirgan yoki muhokama qilgan.^[7] Biroq, 1955 yilda Stivenson o'g'li shu kabi fojiaga duch kelgan ayol haqida eshitdi. U unga o'g'liga "endi u ikki yashashi kerak" deb aytishi kerakligini yozgan, bu Stivensonning do'stlari uni otishma hodisasiga ishora qilishgan.^[8]

Stivenson undan keyin Bloomington o'rta maktabini tark etdi kichik yil va ishtirok etdi Universitet o'rta maktabi yilda Normal, Illinoys, Shunchaki shimolda, Bloomingtonning "egizak shahri". Keyin u Konnektikutdagi internat maktabiga bordi Choate maktabi (hozirgi Choate Rosemary Hall), u erda u tennis jamoasida o'ynagan, o'yinlarda o'ynagan va bosh muharrir etib saylangan. Choate yangiliklari, maktab gazetasi.^[9] 1918 yilda Choate-ni tugatgandan so'ng,^[10] u ro'yxatga olingan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining dengiz qo'riqxonasi darajasida xizmat qilgan Dengizchi shogirdi, ammo uning mashg'uloti Birinchi Jahon urushida qatnashishi uchun juda kech yakunlandi.^[11]

U ishtirok etdi Princeton universiteti, bo'lish boshqarish muharriri ning Daily Princetonian, a'zosi Amerika Whig-Cliosophic Society,^[12] a'zosi To'rtburchak klubi va B.A.ni olgan. 1922 yilda adabiyot va tarix bo'yicha ilmiy daraja.^[13] U otasining buyrug'i bilan u erga bordi Garvard yuridik fakulteti, ammo qonunni "qiziqishsiz" deb topdi va bir nechta darslardan o'ta olmaganidan keyin chiqib ketdi.^[14] U Bloomingtonga qaytib, oilaviy gazetaga yozgan, Daily Pantagraph, uning onasining katta bobosi Jessi Fell tomonidan asos solingan. The PantagrafChikago hududidan tashqarida Illinoysdagi har qanday gazetaning eng katta tirajlaridan biri bo'lgan, Stivensonlar oilasining boyligining asosiy manbai bo'lgan.^[15] 1935 yilda onasi vafot etganidan keyin Adlai to'rtdan bir qismini meros qilib oldi Pantagrafniki uni butun umri davomida katta, ishonchli daromad manbai bilan ta'minlaydigan aktsiyalar.^[16]

Garvardni tark etganidan bir yil o'tgach, Stivenson suhbatlashgandan keyin yana qonun bilan qiziqdi Oliy sud adliya Kichik Oliver Vendell Xolms Uyga Bloomingtonga qaytib kelgach, u diplomini tugatishga qaror qildi Shimoli-g'arbiy universitet yuridik fakulteti, hafta davomida darslarga qatnashish va dam olish kunlari Bloomingtonga qaytib, yozish uchun Pantagraf. Stivenson uni qabul qildi J.D. 1926 yilda shimoli-g'arbiy darajadan va Illinoysdan o'tgan Davlat Bar o'sha yili imtihon. Da lavozimga ega bo'ldi Chiqib ketish, Mur va Sidley, Chikagodagi eng qadimiy va eng obro'li kishilardan biri yuridik firmalar.^[17]

Oila va din

Stivensonning uyi yilda Libertyvil, Illinoys (hozir Mettava, Illinoys )

1928 yilda Stivenson Ellen Borden bilan turmush qurgan ijtimoiy. Tez orada yosh er-xotin Chikagodagi ijtimoiy sahnada taniqli va taniqli shaxslarga aylandi; ularga tashrif buyurish va xosting, ayniqsa yoqdi kostyum partiyalari.^[18] Ularning uchta o'g'li bor edi: Adlai Stivenson III, kim AQSh senatoriga aylanadi; Borden Stivenson va Jon Fell Stivenson. 1935 yilda Adlai va Ellen 70 gektarlik (28 ga) er uchastkasini sotib olishdi Des Plaines daryosi yaqin Libertyvil, Illinoys, Chikagoning boy shahar atrofi. Ular mulkka uy qurishdi va u Stivensonning umrining oxirigacha rasmiy qarorgohi bo'lib xizmat qildi. Garchi u karerasi tufayli u erda nisbatan kam vaqt o'tkazgan bo'lsa-da, Stivenson bu ko'chmas mulkni o'z uyi deb bilgan va 1950-yillarda uni milliy yangiliklar ommaviy axborot vositalari tez-tez "Ozodlikdan kelgan odam" deb atashgan. Stivenson shuningdek Illinoysning shimoli-g'arbiy qismida, uning tashqarisida fermani sotib oldi Galena, u erda tez-tez ot minib, bir necha qoramol boqardi.

1949 yilda Adlai va Ellen ajrashishdi; keyinchalik ularning o'g'li Adlay III "bu erda uzoq vaqtdan beri yaxshi munosabatlar yo'q edi. Men uni [Ellen] ni nafaqat otam bilan, balki biz bilan va xizmatkorlarimiz bilan ham asossiz deb eslayman. Men uning beparvoligidan xijolat bo'ldim. xizmatkorlar bilan yo'l. "^[19] Stivensonning bir qancha biograflari uning rafiqasi ruhiy kasallikka chalinganligini yozishgan: "Petulantdan g'alati holatga o'tadigan hodisalar, umuman olganda, uning tobora og'irlashib borayotgan ruhiy kasallikning rivojlanishi sharoitida tasvirlanmagan. Bu kasallik edi. unga yaqin bo'lganlar, shu jumladan, Adlai ajrashganidan ko'p vaqt o'tgach - sekin va tan olishni istamas edilar. Xayolparastlik, sud jarayonlari va psixiatrik ko'rsatmalar endi uning oilasini hayratga solgan va xafa qilgan xatti-harakatlarni tushunarli qilib qo'ydi. "^[20] Stivenson ajrashganidan keyin boshqa turmushga chiqmadi, aksincha butun umri davomida bir qator taniqli ayollar bilan uchrashdi, shu jumladan Alisiya Patterson, Marietta daraxti,^[21] va Betti Biyal.^[22][23]

Stivenson tegishli bo'lgan Unitar e'tiqod va Bloomingtonning Unitar cherkovining uzoq vaqt a'zosi bo'lgan.^[24] Shu bilan birga, u vaqti-vaqti bilan Unitar cherkov mavjud bo'lmagan Libertyvildagi Presviterian xizmatlariga tashrif buyurgan va gubernator sifatida u Springfilddagi Presviterian cherkovi ruhoniysi Richard Graebel bilan yaqin do'st bo'lgan.^[25] Graebel "Stivensonning Unitar tarbiyasi uni diniy va axloqiy qadriyatlarni fuqarolik masalalariga aylantirish vositasi bilan singdirganligini tan oldi".^[25] Bir tarixchining so'zlariga ko'ra "din hech qachon uning jamoat xabarlaridan butunlay yo'q bo'lib ketmagan - bu haqiqatan ham uning murojaatining bir qismi bo'lgan".^[25]

Erta martaba

1933 yil iyul oyida Stivenson maxsus advokat va yordamchi sifatida ish topish imkoniyatidan foydalangan Jerom Frank, umumiy maslahat ning Qishloq xo'jaligini sozlashni boshqarish (AAA), Prezident Franklin D. Ruzveltning bir qismi Yangi bitim. Bekor qilinganidan keyin Taqiq 1933 yil dekabrda Stivenson ish joyini o'zgartirdi va alkogol sanoati faoliyatini tartibga soluvchi AAA tarkibiga kiruvchi Federal Spirtli ichimliklarni Boshqarish Boshqarmasi (FACA) bosh advokati bo'ldi.

1935 yilda Stivenson advokatlik bilan shug'ullanish uchun Chikagoga qaytib keldi. U fuqarolik faoliyati bilan shug'ullangan, xususan Chikago filialining raisi sifatida Ittifoqchilarga yordam berish orqali Amerikani himoya qilish qo'mitasi 1940 yildan 1941 yilgacha.^[26] Stivenson rais sifatida harbiy va iqtisodiy yordamni jamoatchilik tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun ish olib bordi Birlashgan Qirollik va uning ittifoqchilari kurashda Natsistlar Germaniyasi davomida Ikkinchi jahon urushi. Stivenson "Britaniyaning Amerikaning birinchi mudofaasi ekanligiga ishongan" va "betaraflik to'g'risidagi qonunni bekor qilishni" va prezident Ruzveltni qo'llab-quvvatlaganini ta'kidlagan Qarz berish dastur.^[27] Uning sa'y-harakatlari polkovnikning qattiq tanqidiga sazovor bo'ldi Robert R. Makkormik, ning kuchli, izolatsionist noshiri Chicago Tribune, va etakchi a'zosi aralashmaydigan Amerika birinchi qo'mitasi.^[28]

1940 yilda mayor Frank Noks, Prezident tomonidan yangi tayinlangan Franklin D. Ruzvelt kabi Dengiz kuchlari kotibi, Stivensonga asosiy advokat va maxsus yordamchi lavozimini taklif qildi. Ushbu lavozimda Stivenson nutqlarini yozgan, kotib Noks va dengiz flotining qo'mitalarida qatnashgan, turli xil urush teatrlarini tomosha qilgan va ko'plab ma'muriy vazifalarni bajargan. Noks asosan figurali odam bo'lganligi sababli, Stivenson uchun juda kam rollar bo'lgan. Biroq, 1944 yil boshida u Sitsiliya va Italiyaga yuborilgan missiyaga qo'shildi Tashqi iqtisodiy ma'muriyat mamlakat iqtisodiyoti to'g'risida hisobot berish. 1944 yil aprel oyida Noks vafot etganidan so'ng, Stivenson Chikagoga qaytib, u erda Noksni sotib olishga urindi foizlarni nazorat qilish ichida Chikago Daily News, ammo uning sindikati boshqa tomon tomonidan g'azablandi.^[29]

1945 yilda Stivenson vaqtinchalik lavozimni egalladi Davlat departamenti, AQSh davlat kotibining maxsus yordamchisi sifatida Edvard Stettinius bilan ishlash Davlat kotibining yordamchisi Archibald MacLeish taklif qilingan dunyo tashkilotida. O'sha yili u Londonga tayyorgarlik komissiyasida AQSh delegatsiyasining o'rinbosari sifatida bordi Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilot, u 1946 yil fevralga qadar bu lavozimda ishlagan. Delegatsiya rahbari kasal bo'lib qolganida, Stivenson o'z vazifasini bajarishga kirishgan. Uning Komissiyadagi faoliyati, xususan. Vakillari bilan bo'lgan munosabatlari Sovet Ittifoqi 1946 va 1947 yillarda Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotidagi AQSh delegatsiyalarini tayinlashga olib keldi.^[30]

Illinoys gubernatori, 1949 yildan 1953 yilgacha

1948 yilda, Stivenson tomonidan tanlangan Jeykob Arvi, kuchli Chikago Demokratik siyosiy tashkilotining etakchisi, amaldagi respublikachiga qarshi Illinoys gubernatorlik poygasida Demokratik nomzod bo'lish, Duayt H. Yashil.^[31] Ajablanadigan xafa bo'lib, Stivenson Grinni 572.067 ovoz bilan mag'lubiyatga uchratdi, bu Illinoys gubernatorlik saylovlarida rekord darajada farq.^[32] Prezident Truman Illinoysni respublikachi raqibiga qarshi atigi 33612 ovoz bilan oldi, Tomas E. Devi, ba'zi sharhlovchilarni "Shubhasiz, Adlai Prezidentni o'zi bilan birga olib ketgan" deb yozishga undagan.^[32] Pol Duglas, Chikago universiteti iqtisod professori, xuddi shu chipta asosida senator etib saylandi.^[33]

Stivensonning Illinoys gubernatori sifatida erishgan yutuqlari orasida asosiy narsa islohotlar bo'lgan davlat politsiyasi yollash amaliyotidan siyosiy fikrlarni olib tashlash va ishga joylashish va lavozimini ko'tarish uchun merit tizimini yaratish, noqonuniy qimor o'yinlariga qarshi kurash va davlat avtomobil yo'llarini obodonlashtirish.^[34] U aralash muvaffaqiyat bilan Illinoys shtati hukumatini korrupsiyadan tozalashga intildi; bir holatda u mahbuslarni qo'zg'olon yoqasida qoldirgan haddan tashqari ko'pligi, siyosiy korrupsiyasi va qobiliyatsizligi uchun davlat jazoni ijro etish boshqarmasi boshlig'ini ishdan bo'shatdi, boshqa holatda esa Stivenson alkogol ichuvchilar uchun muassasa nozirini ishdan bo'shatdi. mahalliy taverna egalaridan pora olganidan so'ng, bemorlarga mahalliy barlarda ichimliklar sotib olishga ruxsat bergan.^[35] Stivensonning gubernatorlikdagi ikkita asosiy tashabbusi - Illinoys shtati konstitutsiyasini isloh qilish va takomillashtirish bo'yicha konstitutsiyaviy konventsiya ("kon-kon" deb nomlangan) tuzish to'g'risidagi taklif va Illinoys shtatidagi jinoiy faoliyatga qarshi kurashish uchun yangi manbalar va usullarni taqdim etgan bir nechta jinoyatlar to'g'risidagi qonun loyihalari. .^[36] Jinoyatchilik to'g'risidagi qonun hujjatlarining aksariyati shtat qonun chiqaruvchisidan o'tolmadi, bu Stivensonning g'azabiga sabab bo'ldi. Biroq, Stivenson respublikachilarning "Gateway" nomli alternativasini qo'llab-quvvatlashga rozi bo'ldi, u qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyatdan o'tdi va Illinoys saylovchilari tomonidan 1950 yilgi referendumda ma'qullandi.^[37] Stivensonning takomillashtirilgan shtat konstitutsiyasiga intilishi "konstitutsiyani o'zgartirish jarayonini boshladi ... va 1969 yilda, vafotidan to'rt yil o'tgach, maqsadga erishildi. Bu uning gubernator sifatidagi eng muhim yutug'i edi."^[37] Yangi Konstitutsiya shtatdagi hukumatning o'sishiga tarkibiy cheklovlarni olib tashladi.

Stivensonning gubernatorligi bilan mos tushdi Ikkinchi qizil qo'rqinch va uning vakolat muddati davomida Illinoys shtati qonun chiqaruvchisi "har qanday buzg'unchi guruhga kirishni og'ir jinoyatga aylantirgan" va "davlat xizmatchilari va lavozimga nomzodlarning sodiqlik qasamini" talab qiladigan qonun loyihasini qabul qildi. Stivenson qonun loyihasiga veto qo'ydi.^[38] Stivenson veto huquqiga oid ommaviy xabarida "Kimdir chinakam xiyonatkor sodiqlik qasamyodini imzolashdan qo'rqadi deb jiddiy o'ylaydimi? Albatta yo'q. Haqiqatan ham xavfli buzg'unchilar va sabotajchilar ehtiyotkorlik bilan, doimiy, professional tergov tomonidan qo'lga olinadi, parcha-parcha emas. Sadoqat bo'yicha so'rovlarning butun tushunchasi demokratiyaning emas, balki politsiya davlatining tabiatiga xos xususiyatdir, men bilamanki, bu veto buziladi va noto'g'ri tushuniladi ... Men ushbu qonun loyihasiga veto qo'yish og'ir tashvish davrida bo'ladi. Ko'pchilikka yoqmaydi, lekin vijdonan, qadimgi huquqlarimizni erkin erkaklar sifatida har qanday bekor qilinishiga qarshi norozilik bildirishim kerak ... biz dunyoni qiynayotgan g'oyalar tanlovida bu huquqlarni bostirish bilan emas, balki ularning g'alabasi bilan g'olib chiqamiz. "^[39]

Stivenson o'zini taniqli hazil tuyg'usiga ega bo'lgan intellektual sifatida milliy obro'ga ega bo'lib, ommabop notiq ekanligini isbotladi. Bir misol, Illinoys shtati qonun chiqaruvchisi qonunsiz (qushlarni sevuvchilar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan) sayohat qilmagan mushuklar jamoat bezovtaligini e'lon qilganida keldi. Stivenson qonun loyihasiga veto qo'ydi va vetoga oid ushbu ommaviy xabarni yubordi: "Mushuklarning tabiatida ma'lum miqdordagi tartibsiz rouming qilish kerak ... mushuk va qushlarga nisbatan muammo vaqt kabi eskirgan. Agar biz hal qilishga harakat qilsak Bu qonun bilan kim biladi, lekin bizni it va mushuk, qushlarga qarshi qushlarga qarshi kurash, hatto qushlarga qarshi qurtlarga qarshi kurash masalalarida ham biz tomonga chorlashimiz mumkin. Mening fikrimcha, Illinoys shtati va uning mahalliy boshqaruv organlari allaqachon mushuklarning huquqbuzarligini nazorat qilmasdan qilish kerak. Shu sabablarga ko'ra emas, balki qushlarni yoki mushuklarni ko'proq sevganim uchun emas, men veto qo'yaman va Senatning 93-sonli qonun loyihasidan o'z roziligimni ushlab qolaman. "^[40]

1949 yil 2-iyunda Stivenson xususiy ravishda qasamyod qildi belgi guvohi uchun Alger Hiss, keyinchalik Sovet Ittifoqi josusi deb topilgan Davlat departamentining sobiq amaldori.^[41] Stivenson Hiss bilan kamdan-kam ishlagan, avval qonuniy bo'linmada AAA 1933 yilda, so'ngra 1945, 1946 va 1947 yillarda Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining turli loyihalarida, ammo u uning yaqin do'sti yoki hamkori emas edi.^[42] Depozitda Stivenson Xissning yaxlitligi, sadoqati va haqiqati uchun obro'si yaxshi bo'lganiga guvohlik berdi.^[43] 1950 yilda Xiss aybdor deb topildi yolg'on guvohlik berish josuslik ayblovlari bilan.^[41] Stivensonning cho'kishi, uning biografi Porter MakKeverga ko'ra, keyinchalik 1952 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasida senatorlar tomonidan ishlatilishi mumkin Jozef Makkarti va Richard Nikson "jamoatchilik fikrini qo'zg'atish va Adlayga" kommunizmga yumshoq "deb hujum qilish."^[44] 1952 yilgi saylov kampaniyasida senator Nikson Stivensonning "Hisni himoya qilishida" uning "Adlayning boshqaruv qobiliyatiga shubha tug'dirgani" kabi "noto'g'riligi" aks etgan deb da'vo qilar edi.^[43] 1952 yilda NBC telekanalida paydo bo'ldi Matbuot bilan tanishing, Stivenson Xissga jo'natilganligi haqidagi savolga shunday javob berdi: "Men advokatman. Menimcha, eng asosiy vazifalardan biri ... ayniqsa advokatlarning ishi sudda ko'rsatma berish, uni halol berishdir. va bajonidil, va bu odam, hatto jamoat hayotida ham, sudlanuvchidan qo'rqib, sudlanuvchi haqida bilganlarini va eshitganlarini aytib berishga jur'atsiz bo'lganida, Anglo-Saksoniya odil sudlovi uchun juda baxtsiz kun bo'ladi. keyinroq sudlangan. Bu men uchun eng katta uyatchanlik bo'ladi. "^[45]

1952 yil prezidentlik taklifi

Prezident Garri S. Truman, vitse-prezidentlikka nomzod Alabama senator Jon J. Sparkman va prezidentlikka nomzod Illinoys gubernatori Adlai Stivenson Oval ofis, 1952

1952 yil boshlarida, Stivenson hali ham Illinoys shtati gubernatori bo'lgan paytda Garri S. Truman u prezident sifatida boshqa muddatni izlamaslikka qaror qildi. Buning o'rniga Truman Vashingtonda Stivenson bilan uchrashdi va Stivensonga Demokratlardan prezidentlikka nomzodni izlashni taklif qildi; Agar shunday qilsa, Truman unga yordam berishini va'da qildi. Stivenson dastlab Illinoys shtatida ikkinchi gubernatorlik muddatiga nomzodini qo'yishga sodiqligini ta'kidlab, ikkilanib turdi. Biroq, uning bir qator do'stlari va sheriklari (masalan Jorj Uayldman to'pi ) jimgina prezident uchun "qoralama Stivenson" harakatini tashkil qila boshladi; Stivenson (ham jamoat, ham xususiy) ularga to'xtashni buyurganida ham ular o'z faoliyatlarini davom ettirdilar. Stivenson nomzod emasligini aytishda davom etganida, Prezident Truman va Demokratik partiya rahbariyati boshqa bo'lajak nomzodlarni izlashdi. Biroq, boshqa asosiy da'vogarlarning har biri katta zaiflikka ega edi. Senator Estes Kefauver Tennesi shtati prezidentlik saylovlarida ko'pchilik g'oliblikni qo'lga kiritdi 1952 yil demokratlarning milliy qurultoyi eng ko'p delegatlar bilan, lekin u prezident Truman va boshqa taniqli demokratlarga yoqmadi. 1950 yilda Kefauver bir nechta yirik shaharlarga sayohat qilgan va uyushgan jinoyatchilikka qarshi televizion eshituvlarni o'tkazgan Senat qo'mitasini boshqargan. Tinglovlar uyushgan jinoyatchilik sindikatlari va yirik shaharlarning demokratik siyosiy tashkilotlari o'rtasidagi aloqalarni aniqladi, bu Truman va boshqa demokratlar rahbarlarini Kefauverning nomzodga da'vosiga qarshi chiqishiga olib keldi: "mashinasoz siyosatchi va bundan faxrlanadi, [Truman] islohotchilar uchun foydasi yo'q edi. birodar demokratlar nomlarini qora qildi ".^[46] Truman AQSh diplomatiga yoqdi W. Averell Harriman, lekin u hech qachon saylanadigan lavozimda ishlamagan va milliy siyosatda tajribasiz bo'lgan. Truman keyingi o'rinbosariga murojaat qildi, Alben Barkli, ammo 74 yoshida u kasaba uyushma rahbarlari tomonidan juda keksa deb ishdan bo'shatildi. Senator Kichik Richard Rassel Jorjiya janubda mashhur bo'lgan, ammo irqni qo'llab-quvvatlagan ajratish qora tanlilar uchun fuqarolik huquqlariga qarshi chiqish uni Shimoliy va G'arbiy demokratlar uchun nomaqbul qildi. Oxir oqibat Stivenson, saylovda qatnashishni istamasligiga qaramay, 1952 yil Chikagoda bo'lib o'tgan Demokratik Milliy Kongressga boradigan eng jozibali nomzod bo'lib qoldi.

1952 yilgi kampaniyadan afishada

Konvensiyada Stivenson mezbon davlat gubernatori sifatida delegatlarga qutlov so'zini aytishga topshirildi. Uning nutqi shu qadar hayajonli va aqlli ediki, u prezidentlikka nomzod bo'lmaganligidan noroziligiga qaramay, unga nomzodni ta'minlash harakatlarini kuchaytirdi. U o'zining qutlov nutqida u bilan hazillashdi 1952 yilgi respublikachilarning milliy anjumani Ikki hafta oldin Chikagoda xuddi shu kolliziyada bo'lib o'tgan edi. Stivenson Demokratik partiyaning prezidentlar Franklin Ruzvelt va Garri Trumanlar davrida erishgan yutuqlarini tasvirlab berdi, ammo "respublikachi do'stlarimiz bularning hammasi ayanchli muvaffaqiyatsizlik ekanligini aytishdi. Deyarli bir hafta davomida dabdabali iboralar g'oyani izlab ushbu manzara bo'ylab yurishdi va yagona Ikki buyuk o'n yillik taraqqiyot ... bu noto'g'ri talaffuz qilingan buzg'unchilik, korruptsiya, sotsializm, noto'g'ri boshqarish, isrofgarchilik va yomon narsalar ... bizning partiyamiz haqidagi epitetlarning abadiy yurishini tinglaganimizdan keyin. ] hatti-harakatlari Ertasi kuni ertalab pochta o'z vaqtida etkazib berilganda, men hatto hayratlandim, lekin biz demokratlar bu erda hech qanday qurbon bo'lmadik, avval ular [respublikachilar] bir-birlarini so'ydilar, keyin ular orqamizdan ketishdi ... ehtimol yaqinlik Qirg'inni omborxonalar tashkil qiladi. "^[47]

Ushbu nutqdan so'ng Illinoys delegatsiyasi (Jeykob Arvi boshchiligida) nomzodlikka Stivensonning nomini qo'yishini e'lon qildi va Stivenson prezident Trumanga qo'ng'iroq qilib, agar Stivenson nomzodlik uchun o'z nomzodini qo'yishini rasman e'lon qilsa, "u uyaladimi" deb so'radi. Truman Stivensonga "Yanvar oyidan beri sizni shu gapni aytishga harakat qilyapman. Nega bu meni uyaltirishi kerak?"^[48] Birinchi ovoz berishda Kefauver peshqadamlik qildi, ammo g'alaba qozonish uchun zarur bo'lgan ovozlarning umumiy sonidan ancha past edi. Stivenson asta-sekin uchinchi ovoz berishda nomzod bo'lguncha kuch topdi.^[48] 1952 yilgi Demokratik milliy konventsiya har ikkala yirik partiyaning prezidentlikka nomzod ko'rsatish uchun bir nechta byulletenni talab qilgan so'nggi siyosiy konvensiyasi edi.^[49]

Tarixchi Jon Frederik Martinning aytishicha, partiya rahbarlari uni "fuqarolik huquqlariga nisbatan mo'tadil bo'lganligi sababli tanlagan" Estes Kefauver, ammo shunga qaramay, mehnat va shahar mashinalari uchun ma'qul - shuning uchun janubiy, shahar va mehnat rahbarlarining koalitsiyasi Chikagodagi nomzodi ortida qoldi. "^[50] Stivensonning 1952 yildagi turmush o'rtog'i senator edi Jon Sparkman ning Alabama.

Stivenson Demokratik nomzodni qabul qilish nutqi bilan qabul qildi, u zamondoshlarning fikriga ko'ra "delegatlarni elektrlashtirdi:"^[51]

Shov-shuv va hayqiriqlar o'lganida, guruhlar yo'q bo'lganda va chiroqlar xiralashganida, tarixdagi bir soat ichida mas'uliyatning aniq haqiqati mavjud bo'lib, ular uy sharoitida o'sha mash'um, janjal, kelishmovchilik va moddiy narsalarga duch kelgan va shafqatsizlar chet elda, tushunarsiz va dushman kuch. Yigirmanchi asrning sinovlari - nasroniylar davrining eng qonli, eng notinch davri - hali tugamagan. Qurbonlik, sabr-toqat, tushunish va murosasiz maqsad kelgusi yillarda bizlarga tegishli bo'lishi mumkin. ... Keling, Amerika xalqi bilan oqilona gaplashaylik! Keling, ularga haqiqatni aytaylik, og'riqsiz yutuqlar yo'q, biz hozir buyuk qarorlar arafasida turibmiz.

Stivensonning notiqlik va mulohazali, zamonaviy xulq-atvori ko'plab ziyolilar, jurnalistlar, siyosiy sharhlovchilar va millatning ilmiy jamoatchiligi a'zolarini hayratga solgan bo'lsa-da, respublikachilar va ba'zi ishchi-demokratlar uning qarorsiz, aristokratik havosi deb bilganlarini masxara qildilar. 1952 yilgi kampaniya davomida Styuart Alsop, qudratli Konnektikut Respublikachisi, Stivensonning kallik va intellektual havosiga asoslanib, uni "tuxum boshi" deb nomlagan. Uning ukasi, nufuzli gazeta sharhlovchisi Djo Alsop, bu so'zni Stivensonning ishchi sinf saylovchilarini jalb qilishdagi qiyinligini ta'kidlash uchun ishlatgan va taxallus shu xususda qolgan.^[52] Stivensonning o'zi "tuxum pallasi" laqabini masxara qilgan; bitta nutqida u hazil qildi "dunyoning tuxumlari birlashadi, sizning sarig'ingizdan boshqa yo'qotadigan hech narsangiz yo'q! "Stivenson o'zining saylovoldi nutqlarida senatorning kommunistlarni ov qilish taktikasini qattiq tanqid qildi Jozef Makkarti, "Makkartining vatanparvarligini sharmandalik" deb belgilash va Evropaning oldingi qatorlarida haqiqiy narsalarga qarshilik ko'rsatayotgan jabbor erkaklar va ayollarga yordam berishga ikkilanib, yovvoyi tabiat va baliq ovlari byurosidagi kommunistlarni ov qilgan "o'ng qanot respublikachilarni masxara qilish". Osiyo ... ular nihoyat bizni aralashtirib yuborishimizga ishonadigan erkaklar Kreml o'zimizni o'limga qo'rqitib. "^[53] Buning evaziga senator Makkarti nutqida "u klub bilan Stivensonning saylovoldi izidan o'tishni va ... gubernatordan yaxshi va sadoqatli amerikalikni chiqarishni istaydi" deb aytdi.^[52]

1952 yilgi kampaniyada Stivenson ham qattiq yoqtirmaslikni rivojlantirdi Richard M. Nikson, keyin GOP vitse-prezidentligiga nomzod. "Adlai Niksondan so'zma-so'z nafratlandi. Boshqa biron bir odam bunday nafratni qo'zg'atmadi; hatto Jozef Makkarti ham ... U nafratliroq bo'lishini tez-tez xohlagan do'stlari uning Niksonga bo'lgan nafratidan qo'rqib qolishdi."^[54] Bir biografning yozishicha, "Stivenson uchun Nikson g'oliblikni, zamonaviy Amerika siyosatida noto'g'ri bo'lgan narsani aniq tasvirlashni xohlaydigan ambitsiyali, printsipial bo'lmagan partizan edi ... [Stivenson uchun] Nikson umuman plastik siyosatchi edi ... Nikson Stivenson uchun to'liq edi Boshqalar axloqsizlikning potentsialini sezishdi, bu esa 1974 yilda Niksonning haqoratli iste'fosiga olib keldi, ammo Stivenson birinchilardan bo'ldi ".^[55] 1952 yilgi kampaniya davomida Stivenson tez-tez o'zining aql-idrokidan foydalanib, Niksonga hujum qildi va bir vaqtlar Nikson "qizil daraxtni kesadigan, so'ngra dubulg'ani o'rnatadigan va [daraxtlarni] saqlash uchun nutq so'zlaydigan siyosatchi edi" deb aytgan edi.^[56]

Jurnalist Devid Xolberstam keyinchalik "Stivenson [siyosiy nutqni ko'targan nafis tashviqotchi" edi) va 1952 yilda "Stivenson [Demokratik partiyani] kuchaytirdi va uni boshqa hech qachon o'ylamagan yosh amerikaliklar avlodi uchun ochiq va hayajonli joyga aylantirdi" deb yozgan. siyosiy nomzod uchun ishlash to'g'risida. "^[53] Kampaniya davomida fotosuratda Stivensonning o'ng tuflisining tagida teshik borligi aniqlandi.^[57] Bu Stivensonning tejamkorligi va dunyoviyligining ramzi bo'ldi. Fotosuratchi Uilyam M. Gallager ning Flint jurnali g'olib bo'ldi 1953 yil Pulitser mukofoti tasvirning kuchi bo'yicha.^[58]

Stivenson respublikachilarning raqibi, urush qahramoni singari televizordan samarali foydalanmadi Duayt D. Eyzenxauer va miting o'tkazolmadi Yangi bitim so'nggi bir ovoz uchun ovoz berish koalitsiyasi. Yoqilgan saylov kuni Eyzenxauer umumxalq ovozini 55% dan 45% gacha yutdi. Stivenson eshik tashqarisida juda ko'p yutqazdi Qattiq janubiy; u faqat to'qqizta davlatni olib yurgan va davlatlarni yo'qotgan Saylov kolleji Ovoz berish kuni 442 dan 89 gacha. Stivenson saylovlar kuni kechqurun qilgan nutqida shunday dedi: "Kimdir mendan o'zimni qanday his qilgani haqida so'radi va menga bir hamshaharimiz - Ibrohim Linkoln aytib bergan bir voqea esimga tushdi. U aytdi U o'zini qorong'ida barmoq uchini qoqib olgan kichkina boladek his qildi. U yoshi ulg'ayganini aytdi, lekin kulish juda achinarli edi. "^[59]

Biograf Jan H. Beyker Stivensonning 1952 yildagi kampaniyasini sarhisob qildi: "Saylovning karnaval tomoni noqulay bo'lganligi sababli, Stivenson ular uchun emas, balki odamlar uchun odam bo'lishga harakat qildi; manipulyatsiya yoki hissiyotlar bilan emas, balki aql bilan gapiradigan aqlli odam".^[60] "Liberallar ... Illinoys gubernatoriga qattiq qarshilik ko'rsatgani uchun uni jalb qilishdi Makkartizm, [va] ular Stivensonni uning uslubi tufayli ham qadrlashdi ... u ko'plab amerikaliklar singari plebiylardan ham o'zini ajratib qo'ydi. Stivenson o'qimishli elitalarning murakkab his-tuyg'ularini sahnalashtirdi, ularning ba'zilari uni liberal bo'lganligi uchun emas, balki u emasligi sababli unga sig'inish uchun kelgan ... u o'rtacha amerikaliklardan tobora kollejda o'qiydigan aholini ajratib turadigan tilda gapirdi. Uning saylovchilarga masalalarni tortishidan kelib chiqadigan jarayonning oqilona ishtirokchilari sifatida munosabati islohotchilarni, ziyolilarni va o'rta sinf ayollarini vaqt va pul bilan jalb qildi ("Shekspir ovozi", deb hazillashdi bitta sharhlovchi). Yoki hayratga tushgan bir saylovchi "Siz Amerika xalqi uchun juda yaxshi edingiz" deb yozganidek.^[61] "Adlai Stivenson 1952 yilgi kampaniyani Stevensonitlarning ashaddiy guruhi bilan yakunladi. Badiiy va sodiq ... ular tez orada Stivenson afsonasini yaratadilar va Libertyvildagi odamni Prezident Eyzenxauerga qarshi qahramonga aylantiradilar.^[62]

1953 yilgi Jahon sayohati va 1954 yilgi saylovlar

Stivenson 1953 yil mart oyida AQSh havo kuchlarining Koreyadagi 17-bomba qanoti bazasida, AQShning Koreyadagi elchisi bilan birga Ellis O. Briggs (chapda), Koreya Respublikasi tashqi ishlar vaziri vazifasini bajaruvchi Cho Chon Xvan (o'ngdan ikkinchi) va Koreya Respublikasi bosh vaziri vazifasini bajaruvchi Taik Tu-chin (o'ta o'ngda)

Mag'lubiyatidan so'ng, 1953 yilda Stivenson Osiyo, Yaqin Sharq va Evropa bo'ylab taniqli dunyo bo'ylab sayohat uyushtirdi va o'zining sayohatlari haqida yozdi. Qarang jurnal. Demokratik partiyaning rahbari sifatida siyosiy mavqei unga ko'plab xorijiy rahbarlar va taniqli shaxslar bilan uchrashishga imkon berdi. U a'zosi etib saylandi Amerika San'at va Fanlar Akademiyasi 1953 yilda.^[63] 1954 yilda o'tkazilgan saylovlarda Stivenson butun mamlakat bo'ylab Demokratik Kongress va gubernatorlik nomzodlari uchun tashviqot ishlarida etakchi rol o'ynadi. Demokratlar Kongressning ikkala palatasi ustidan nazoratni qo'lga kiritib, to'qqizta gubernatorlik o'rnini egallaganida, bu "butun mamlakat bo'ylab demokratlarni Stivensonning qarziga solib qo'ydi va uning partiyasi rahbari sifatida o'z mavqeini ancha mustahkamladi".^[64]

1956 yil prezidentlik taklifi

Stivenson va uning tarafdori Djo Smit Chikagodagi O'Hare aeroportidan Tinch okeanining shimoli-g'arbiy qismida va Kaliforniyada to'rt kunlik saylovoldi kampaniyasini o'tkazish uchun ketishadi.

1952 yildan farqli o'laroq, Stivenson 1956 yilda Demokratik partiyadan prezidentlikka nomzod uchun e'lon qilingan, faol nomzod edi.^[65] Dastlab, Eyzenxauerning qayta saylanishiga yo'naltirilgan so'rovnomalar bilan, ozgina demokratlar 1956 yil nomzodini olishni xohlashdi va Stivenson jiddiy tanlovsiz va biron-bir prezidentlik praymeriziga kirmasdan nominatsiyani yutib olishiga umid qildi.^[66] Biroq, 1955 yil 24 sentyabrda Eyzenxauer jiddiy yurak xurujiga uchradi. U sog'ayib, oxir-oqibat ikkinchi muddatga saylanishga qaror qilgan bo'lsa-da, uning sog'lig'i bilan bog'liq xavotirlar ikki taniqli demokratni, Tennessi shtatidan senator Estes Kefauver va Nyu-York gubernatori Averell Harrimanni Demokratlar nomzodi uchun Stivensonga qarshi chiqishga qaror qilishlariga olib keldi.^[67] Yordamchilari Kefauver va Harrimanni mag'lub etish uchun bir nechta prezidentlik saylovlarida qatnashishi va g'alaba qozonishi kerakligini aytgandan so'ng, Stivenson Minnesota shtatiga, Florida va Kaliforniyadagi boshlang'ich saylov kampaniyalariga kirib, saylov kampaniyasini o'tkazdi.^[68] Stivensonni Minnesota shtatidagi boshlang'ich saylovda Kefauver xafa qildi, u Stivensonni buzilgan Chikagodagi siyosiy bosslarning "asiri" va "odatdagi demokratlar bilan aloqada bo'lmagan korporatsiya advokati" sifatida muvaffaqiyatli namoyish etdi.^[69] Keyinchalik Stivenson Florida shtatidagi dastlabki saylovda Kefauver bilan kurash olib bordi va u erda Kefauver bilan radio va televidenieda bahslashishga rozi bo'ldi.^[70] Keyinchalik Stivenson Florida shtatida "Yaponiya qo'ng'izini achchiq qoralash va O'rta er dengizi mevasi pashshasiga qo'rqmasdan hujum qilish orqali" shtat tsitrus dehqonlariga murojaat qilganini hazillashdi.^[70] U Florida shtatidagi Kefauverni 12000 ovoz bilan ozgina mag'lubiyatga uchratdi va keyin Kefauverning 63% ovozi bilan Kaliforniyadagi birlamchi g'alabani qo'lga kiritdi va Kefauverning prezidentlik saylovlariga yakun yasadi.^[70]

Da 1956 yil demokratlarning milliy konvensiyasi Chikagoda, sobiq prezident Truman Gubernator Garrimanni Stivensonning noroziligiga ma'qulladi, ammo zarba avvalgi tomonidan yumshatildi birinchi xonim Eleanor Ruzvelt davomli g'ayratli qo'llab-quvvatlash.^[71] Stivenson birinchi ovoz berishda Garrimanni osonlikcha mag'lubiyatga uchratdi va ikkinchi prezidentlik nomzodini qo'lga kiritdi.^[72] Unga yosh delegatlar tomonidan kuchli qo'llab-quvvatlash yordam berdi.Yangi siyosat Demokratlar chiptasiga bo'lgan ishtiyoqni kuchaytirish maqsadida Stivenson o'z turmush o'rtog'ini tanlashni qurultoy delegatlariga qoldirish to'g'risida g'ayrioddiy qaror qabul qildi.^[72] Bu vitse-prezidentlikka nomzodni qo'lga kiritish uchun bir nechta taniqli demokratlar, shu jumladan senator Kefauver o'rtasida g'azabga kirishdi. Xubert Xamfri va senator Jon F. Kennedi. Kennedining hayratlanarli darajada kuchli chaqirig'idan qutulganidan so'ng, Kefauver ikkinchi saylov byulletenida vitse-prezident nomzodini deyarli yutib chiqmadi.^[73] Qabul qilish nutqida Stivenson "Yangi Amerika" rejasi haqida so'zlab berdi, unda New Deal dasturlarini "ta'lim, sog'liqni saqlash va qashshoqlik sohalariga" kengaytirishni o'z ichiga olgan.^[74] U, shuningdek, respublikachilarni "nomzodlarni nonushta mahsulotlari kabi tovar ayirboshlashga" urinishlarini tanqid qildi.^[73]

Uning nomzodidan keyin Stivenson kuchli harakatlarni amalga oshirdi prezidentlik kampaniyasi, 300 ta ma'ruza qilish va 89000 km (89000 km) yurish; u noyabrdagi saylovlar oldidan uch marta xalqni kesib o'tgan.^[75] Robert F. Kennedi Stivenson kampaniyasi bilan sayohat qilib, "prezidentlik kampaniyasini boshqarish bo'yicha ba'zi saboqlarni uyga olib borishga" umid qildi.^[75] Kennedi Stivensonning saylovoldi kampaniyasidan qattiq ko'ngli qolgan, keyinroq "Men buni dahshatli deb o'ylardim. Bu juda yaxshi tashkil qilinmagan edi ... mening his-tuyg'ularim shundaki, u tinglovchilari bilan hech qanday aloqaga ega emas edi - saylovoldi tashviqoti zarurligini tushunmagan, qaror qabul qilish qobiliyati yo'q. .. 1952 yilda men u haqida aqldan ozgan edim ... Keyin men u bilan olti hafta davomida kampaniyada bo'ldim va u hammasini yo'q qildi. " Kennedi Noyabr oyida Eyzenxauerga ovoz bergan.^[76] O'z navbatida, Stivenson va uning ko'plab yordamchilari Kennedining saylovoldi kampaniyasida bo'lgan vaqtidagi munosabatidan norozi bo'lishdi; Stivensonning do'sti va yordamchisi Jorj V. Bal "Mening taassurotim shuki, Bobbi juda dadil va mag'rur yigit edi ... u Adlayga hech qanday yaxshilik qilmayapti. Nega biz u bilan birga bo'lganimizni bilmayman".^[77] Stivenson va Robert Kennedi o'rtasida yuzaga kelgan ziddiyat 1960 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi va Stivensonning prezident Kennedi ma'muriyati davrida Jon va Robert Kennedi bilan munosabatlari uchun jiddiy oqibatlarga olib keladi.^[78]

Ko'pgina siyosiy maslahatchilarining maslahatiga qarshi Stivenson yadroviy qurollarning er usti sinovlarini xalqaro miqyosda taqiqlashni va harbiy loyihani to'xtatishni talab qildi.^[79] Prezident Eyzenxauer va boshqa etakchi respublikachilar, masalan, vitse-prezident Nikson va Nyu-Yorkning sobiq gubernatori Tomas Devi, uning takliflari soddalik va sovuq urushda Sovet Ittifoqiga foyda keltiradi, degan qattiq tanqidlarga qaramay, Stivenson turli xil nutqlarida o'z so'zlarini aytdi "Yer atmosferasi haftadan haftaga vodorod bombalarining portlashi bilan ifloslanmoqda ... Biz radioaktiv qo'ziqorin buluti soyasida abadiy yashashni xohlamaymiz ... [va] o'sayotgan bolalar asosiy potentsial azob chekuvchilar" stronsiyum 90 atmosferada.^[80] Oxir oqibat, Stivensonning atmosferadagi yadro bombasini sinovdan o'tkazishni taqiqlashi unga "ovozlar evaziga juda qimmatga tushdi", ammo "Adlai hukmni oxiriga etkazdi", chunki Eyzenxauer yer usti yadro sinovlarini 1958 yilda to'xtatib qo'ygan edi, Prezident Kennedi imzolaydi Yadro sinovlarini qisman taqiqlash to'g'risidagi shartnoma into law in 1963, and President Nixon would end the military draft in 1973.^[81]

Civil rights was emerging rapidly as a major political issue. Stevenson urged caution and warned against aggressive enforcement of the Supreme Court's jigarrang decision in order to gain Southern white support. Kotlowski writes:

Liberal Democrats, too, flinched before Brown. Adlai E. Stevenson, front-runner for the party's presidential nomination in 1956, urged the government to "proceed gradually" on school desegregation in deference to the South's long-held "traditions." Stevenson backed integration but opposed using armed personnel to enforce Brown....It certainly helped. Stevenson carried most of Dixie in the fall campaign but received just 61 percent of the black vote, low for a Democrat, and lost the election to Eisenhower by a landslide.^[82]

His views on racial progress were described after his death by his longtime companion Marietta daraxti as: "He thought of all Negroes as being loveable old family retainers and not as individuals like you and me who were longing to get educated and who had aspirations and dreams just like the rest of us. I think this took him a long time to get over--the fact that they really indeed not only were created equal; they wanted equality of opportunity and wanted it now. It was hard for him to understand the urgency."^[83]

While President Eisenhower suffered heart problems, the economy enjoyed robust health. Stevenson's hopes for victory were dashed when, in October, Eisenhower's doctors gave him a clean bill of health and the Suvaysh va Vengriya crises erupted simultaneously. The public was not convinced that a change in leadership was needed. Stevenson lost his second bid for the presidency by a landslide, winning only 42% of the popular vote and 73 saylovchilarning ovozlari from just seven states, all except Missuri in the solid Democratic South.

Early in 1957, Stevenson resumed yuridik amaliyot, allying himself with Judge Simon H. Rifkind to create a law firm based in Washington, D.C. (Stevenson, Paul, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison), and a second firm in Chicago (Stevenson, Rifkind & Wirtz). Both law firms were related to New York City's Pol, Vayss, Rifkind, Uorton va Garrison. Stevenson's associates in the new law firm included Willard Wirtz, William McCormick Blair Jr. va Nyuton N. Minov; each of these men later served in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. He also accepted an appointment, along with other prominent Democrats, to the new Democratic Advisory Council, which "pursued an aggressive line in attacking the [Republican] Eisenhower administration and in developing new Democratic policies."^[84] He was also employed to'liqsiz ish kuni tomonidan Britannica entsiklopediyasi as a legal consultant.

1960 presidential campaign and appointment as UN Ambassador

In early 1960 Stevenson announced that he would not seek a third Democratic presidential nomination, but would accept a draft. One of his closest friends told a journalist that "Deep down, he wants [the Democratic nomination]. But he wants the [Democratic] Convention to come to him, he doesn't want to go to the Convention."^[68] In May 1960 Senator Jon F. Kennedi, who was actively campaigning for the Democratic nomination, visited Stevenson at his Libertyville home. Kennedy asked Stevenson for a public endorsement of his candidacy; in exchange Kennedy promised, if elected, to appoint Stevenson as his Davlat kotibi. Stevenson turned down the offer, which strained relations between the two men.^[85] Da 1960 yil Demokratik milliy konventsiya yilda Los Anjeles, Stevenson's admirers, led by Eleanor Ruzvelt, Agnes Meyer, and such Hollywood celebrities as Dor Shari va Genri Fonda, vigorously promoted him for the nomination, even though he was not an announced candidate.^[86] JFK's campaign manager, his brother Robert F. Kennedi, reportedly threatened Stevenson in a meeting, telling him that unless he agreed to place his brother's name in nomination "you are through." Stevenson refused and ordered him out of his hotel room.^[87] In letters to friends, Stevenson described both John and Robert Kennedy as "cold and ruthless", referred to Robert Kennedy as the "Black Prince", and expressed his belief that JFK, "though bright and able, was too young, too unseasoned, to be President; he pushed too hard, was in too much of a hurry; he lacked the wisdom of humility...[Stevenson felt] that both Kennedy and the nation would benefit from a postponement of his ambition."^[88]

The night before the balloting Stevenson began working actively for the nomination, calling the leaders of several state delegations to ask for their support. The key call went to Chicago Mayor Richard J. Deyli, the leader of the Illinois delegation. The delegation had already voted to give Kennedy 59.5 votes to Stevenson's 2, but Stevenson told Daley that he now wanted the Democratic nomination, and asked him if the "delegates' vote might merely indicate they thought he was not a candidate."^[89] Daley told Stevenson that he had no support in the delegation. Stevenson then "asked if this meant no support in fact or no support because the delegates thought he was not a candidate. Daley replied that Stevenson had no support." According to Stevenson biographer Jon Bartlou Martin, the phone conversation with Daley "was the real end of the [1960] Stevenson candidacy...if he could not get the support of his home state his candidacy was doomed."^[89] However, Stevenson continued to work for the nomination the next day, fulfilling what he felt were obligations to old friends and supporters such as Eleanor Roosevelt and Agnes Meyer.^[90] Senator Evgeniy Makkarti of Minnesota delivered an impassioned nominating speech for Stevenson, urging the convention to not "reject the man who has made us proud to be Democrats. Do not leave this prophet without honor in his own party."^[91] However, Kennedy won the nomination on the first ballot with 806 delegate votes; Stevenson finished in fourth place with 79.5 votes.^[91]

Once Kennedy won the nomination, Stevenson, always an enormously popular public speaker, campaigned actively for him. Due to his two presidential nominations and previous United Nations experience, Stevenson perceived himself an elder statesman and the natural choice for Secretary of State.^[92] Biroq, tarixchining fikriga ko'ra Robert Dallek, "neither Jack nor Bobby [Kennedy] thought all that well of Stevenson...they saw him as rather prissy and ineffective. [Stevenson] never met their standard of tough-mindedness." Stevenson's refusal to publicly endorse Kennedy before the Democratic Convention was something that Kennedy "couldn't forgive", with JFK telling a Stevenson supporter after the election, "I'm not going to give him anything."^[85] The prestigious post of Secretary of State went instead to the (then) little-known Din Rask. However, "although Jack and Bobby would have been just as happy to freeze Stevenson out of the administration, they felt compelled to offer him something" due to his continued support from progressive Democrats.^[85] President Kennedy offered Stevenson the choice of becoming "ambassador to Britain, attorney general (a post that eventually went to Robert Kennedy), or Qo'shma Shtatlarning BMTdagi elchisi." Stevenson accepted the latter position.^[85]

Many years later it was revealed that during the campaign Stevenson was approached by Soviet Ambassador Menshikov who offered Soviet financial and public relations help to assist him in getting elected if he decided to run. Stevenson flatly rejected the Soviet offer telling Menshikov that he, "considered the offer of such assistance highly improper, indiscreet and dangerous to all concerned." Stevenson then reported the incident directly to President Eisenhower.^[93]

Ambassador to the United Nations, 1961 to 1965

Stevenson shows aerial photos of Cuban missiles to the United Nations.

At the United Nations Stevenson worked hard to support AQSh tashqi siyosati, even when he personally disagreed with some of President Kennedy's actions. However, he was often seen as an outsider in the Kennedy administration, with one historian noting "everyone knew that Stevenson's position was that of a bit player."^[94] Kennedy told his adviser Uolt Rostou that "Stevenson wouldn't be happy as president. He thinks that if you talk long enough you get a soft option and there are very few soft options as president."^[95]

In April 1961 Stevenson suffered the greatest humiliation of his diplomatic career in the Cho'chqalar ko'rfazining bosqini. After hearing rumors that "a lot of refugees wanted to go back and overthrow Castro", Stevenson voiced his skepticism about an invasion, but "he was kept on the fringes of the operation, receiving...nine days before the invasion, only an unduly vague briefing by Artur M. Shlezinger kichik. " and the CIA.^[96] Senior CIA official Treysi Barns told Stevenson and his staff that "there was going to be a clandestine operation in Cuba...it was strictly a Cuban affair. It would have some American cooperation, but only with the training and financing."^[97] According to historian Peter Wyden, Barnes did not tell Stevenson that there would be a large-scale invasion of Cuba, nor did he provide details about the full extent of American support for, and involvement with, the Cuban rebels, nor did he tell Stevenson about the planned air strikes to destroy Castro's air force.^[98] Kennedy Library historian Sheldon Stern interviewed Ambassador Charlz V. Yost, Stevenson's deputy, who attended the meeting and confirmed that Yost had been suspicious of the story from the start. Yost agreed that this was another one of the CIA's "clumsy tricks." Davlat kotibining yordamchisi Xarlan Klivlend, who attended the briefing, felt that Barnes was too evasive in his description of the operation, and that it was clear that Stevenson was not to be given the full details of the invasion plan.^[98] Tarixchi Garri Uills has written that "news of the invasion was leaking out...Castro knew the landings would occur; only Adlai Stevenson was kept in the dark" about the invasion by President Kennedy and his aides.^[99]

Kennedy, anticipating that Stevenson might be angered at being left out of the discussions over whether to invade Cuba, told Schlesinger that "the integrity and credibility of Adlai Stevenson constitute one of our great national assets. I don't want to do anything to jeopardize that", and he asked Schlesinger to let Stevenson know that the president was shielding him from many of the details to protect him in case the clandestine operation failed.^[100] Instead, as Robert Dallek has written, "by leaving him out of the discussion it led to his humiliation." Unaware that the anti-Castro Cuban exiles landing at the Cho'chqalar ko'rfazi were being armed and assisted directly by the CIA and US Navy, and that American pilots were participating in bombing raids of Cuban targets, Stevenson unwittingly "repeated a CIA cover story in a speech before the UN General Assembly."^[96] He argued that the rebels were not assisted in any way by the U.S. government; when this claim was proven to be false Stevenson complained that "I took this job on the understanding that I would be consulted and kept fully informed on everything. Now my credibility has been compromised and therefore my usefulness."^[101] When he told his friend Harlan Cleveland that his own government had "deliberately tricked" him into believing there was no direct American involvement in the invasion, Cleveland replied "I feel as betrayed as you do."^[102] Stevenson seriously considered resigning, but was convinced by his friends and President Kennedy to stay.^[103]

Davomida Kuba raketa inqirozi in October 1962, Stevenson gave a presentation at an emergency session of the Xavfsizlik Kengashi.^[104] In his presentation, which attracted national television coverage, he forcefully asked Soviet UN representative Valerian Zorin if his country was installing nuclear missiles in Cuba, and when Zorin appeared reluctant to reply, Stevenson punctuated with the demand "Don't wait for the translation, [answer] 'yes' or 'no'!"^[105][106] When Zorin replied that "I am not in an American court of law, and therefore do not answer a question put to me in the manner of a prosecuting counsel...you will have your answer in due course", Stevenson retorted, "I am prepared to wait for my answer until Hell freezes over."^[105] Stevenson then showed photographs taken by a U-2 spy plane which proved the existence of nuclear missiles in Cuba, just after Zorin had implied they did not exist.^[107]

Stevenson also attended several meetings of the EXCOMM at the White House during the Missile Crisis, where he boldly proposed to make an exchange with the Soviets: if they would remove their missiles from Cuba, the United States would agree to remove its obsolete Jupiter missiles from kurka. However, he faced strong opposition from some other EXCOMM members, who regarded such an exchange as a sign of weakness. According to Kennedy adviser and Stevenson friend George W. Ball, who was present, these members "intemperately upbraided Stevenson...[and were] outraged and shrill."^[108] However, President Kennedy remarked "You have to admire Adlai, he sticks to his position even when everyone is jumping on him", and Robert Kennedy wrote that "Stevenson has since been criticized for the position he took at the meeting...although I disagreed strongly with his recommendations, I thought he was courageous to make them, and I might add that they made as much sense as some others considered during that period of time."^[109] Stevenson remarked "I know that most of those fellows will consider me a coward for the rest of my life for what I said today, but perhaps we need a coward in the room when we are talking about nuclear war."^[110] In fact, the Kennedy Administration did remove the Jupiter-class MRBMs from Italy and Turkey some six months after the Cuban Missile Crisis ended, and there is evidence that President Kennedy privately agreed that, if the Soviets would remove their missiles from Cuba, he would remove the Jupiter missiles from Turkey and Italy at a later date.^[111] The deal was kept a secret for many years, however, and Stevenson was thus given no credit for his original suggestion.

During his time as UN Ambassador, Stevenson often traveled around the country promoting the United Nations in speeches and seminars. On these trips, he frequently faced opposition and protests from groups skeptical of the United Nations, such as the right-wing Jon Birch Jamiyati. On October 25, 1963 Stevenson spoke in Dallas, Texas, where he was shouted down by unruly protestors led by retired General Edvin Uoker 's "National Indignation Convention". At one point a woman hit Stevenson on the head with a sign, leading Stevenson to remark "is she animal or human?", and telling a policeman "I don't want her to go to jail, I want her to go to school."^[112] Afterwards, Stevenson warned President Kennedy's advisers about the "ugly and frightening" mood he had found in Dallas, but Kennedy went ahead with his planned visit to Dallas in late November 1963.^[113]

After President Kennedy was assassinated, Stevenson continued to serve in his position as Ambassador to the UN under President Lindon Jonson. As the country moved toward the 1964 presidential election, the war in Vietnam became an important campaign issue. The Republican presidential candidate, Arizona Senator Barri Goldwater, advocated victory in Vietnam—a orqaga qaytish strategy that Johnson denounced as tantamount to nuclear war. Stevenson was not a major player on the Vietnam issue. He did support Johnson publicly and in private because he believed in the containment of communism, but he also wanted to start negotiations with North Vietnam through the United Nations, which Johnson rejected.^[114]

O'lim va meros

In July 1965, Stevenson traveled to Jeneva, Shveytsariya to attend the annual meeting of the United Nations Economic and Social Council.^[115] After the conference he stopped in London for several days, where he visited Buyuk Britaniya Bosh vaziri Garold Uilson, discussed the situation in South Vietnam with British officials, and was interviewed by CBS newsman Erik Sevareid.^[115] On the afternoon of July 14, while walking in London with his aide and romantic partner Marietta daraxti ga Grosvenor maydoni, Stevenson suffered a massive heart attack, and died later that day at age 65 of yurak etishmovchiligi da Sent-Jorj kasalxonasi.^{[116][117][118]} Marietta Tree recalled:

As we were walking along the street he said do not walk quite so fast and do hold your head up Marietta. I was burrowing ahead trying to get to the park as quickly as possible and then the next thing I knew, I turned around and I saw he'd gone white, gray really, and he fell and his hand brushed me as he fell and he hit the pavement with the most terrible crack and I thought he'd fractured his skull.

That night in her diary, she wrote, "Adlai is dead. We were together."^[119] Following memorial services at the United Nations General Assembly Hall (on July 19, 1965), and in Washington, D.C.; Sprinfild, Illinoys; va Bloomington, Illinoys, Stevenson was interred in the family plot in Evergreen Cemetery, Bloomington, Illinois. The funeral in Bloomington's Unitar cherkov was attended by many national figures, including President Lyndon B. Jonson, Vitse prezident Xubert Xamfri va Bosh sudya Graf Uorren.

Stevenson grave in Evergreen Memorial Cemetery in Bloomington, Illinois.

Qayd etilgan tarixchi Artur M. Shlezinger kichik., who served as one of his speechwriters, described Stevenson as a "great creative figure in American politics. He turned the Democratic Party around in the fifties and made JFK possible...to the United States and the world he was the voice of a reasonable, civilized, and elevated America. He brought a new generation into politics, and moved millions of people in the United States and around the world."^[120]

Jurnalist Devid Xolberstam wrote that "Stevenson's gift to the nation was his language, elegant and well-crafted, thoughtful and calming."^[53] His biographer Jean H. Baker stated that Stevenson's memory "still survives...as an expression of a different kind of politics – nobler, more issue-oriented, less compliant to the greedy ambitions of modern politicians, and less driven by public opinion polls and the media."^[121]

W. Willard Wirtz, his friend and law partner, once said "If the Saylov kolleji ever gives an honorary degree, it should go to Adlai Stevenson."^[122]

Jurnalist Devid Xolberstam wrote of Stevenson that

he had played a historic role for his party, twice its presidential candidate, the first time running against impossible odds in 1952, at the height of the Korean War and McCarthyism, with the [Democratic] party already decaying from the scandals of twenty years in power. Running against the great hero of the era, Dwight Eisenhower, Stevenson had lost, of course, but his voice had seemed special in that moment, a voice of rationality and elegance. In the process of defeat he had helped to salvage the party, giving it a new vitality and bringing to its fold a whole new generation of educated Americans, volunteers now in the political process, some very professional amateurs who would be masterly used by the Kennedys in 1960. If John and Robert Kennedy seemed to symbolize style in politics, much of that was derived directly from Stevenson. He had, at what should have been a particularly low point for the party, managed to keep it vibrant and vital, and to involve a new kind of people in politics.^[123]

His biographer Jean H. Baker wrote of Stevenson's two presidential campaigns in 1952 and 1956 that "what would be remembered...were not his public programs and ideas for a New America but, ironically, the private man – his character and personality, his wit and charm, his efforts to negotiate and keep the peace within the Democratic Party, his elegant speeches, and the grace with which he accepted defeat."^[124]

The Markaziy Illinoys mintaqaviy aeroporti near Bloomington has a whimsical statue of Stevenson, sitting on a bench with his feet propped on his briefcase and his head in one hand, as if waiting for his flight. He is depicted wearing shoes that had a hole in the sole, from having walked many miles during his election campaign. The shoe had become a symbol of his campaign.^[125][126]

The Adlai E. Stevenson II Farm yilda Mettava, Illinoys, which was Stevenson's home from 1936 to 1965, is on the Tarixiy joylarning milliy reestri va a Milliy tarixiy yo'nalish.

Adlai Stevenson II was inducted as a Laureate of Illinoysning Linkoln akademiyasi and awarded the Order of Lincoln (the State's highest honor) by the Governor of Illinois in 1965 in the area of Government.^[127]

Stevenson in popular culture

Ushbu bo'lim uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Resurs manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. Manbalarni toping: "Adlai Stevenson II"  – Yangiliklar  · gazetalar  · kitoblar  · olim  · JSTOR (Aprel 2019) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Kino va televidenieda

Stevenson has been referenced in television episodes of Simpsonlar epizodlarda "Liza Ikonoklast "va"Liza Simpsonning maxfiy urushi " (appearing in the latter as a filmstrip, with Garri Shirer providing the cartoon Stevenson's voice. In the former, a gag occurs, as the mob of Springfielders exhume the corpse of Jedediah, Willie mistakenly throws dirt over the flame of a candle vigil set in front of Adlai's grave), Oltin qizlar,^[128] Baxtli kunlar (in the January 28, 1975, episode "The Not Making of the President")^[129] va Sirli ilmiy teatr 3000 's presentation of Manos: Taqdir qo'llari (a Stevenson lookalike buys a car and one of the MST3K characters comments on it). Merfi Braun briefly names her newborn son 'Adlai Stevenson'.

Stevenson has also been referenced in films. Piter sotuvchilari claimed that his portrayal of President Merkin Muffley yilda Doktor Strangelove was modeled on Stevenson.^[130] Stevenson's "Don't wait for the translation " speech to Russian ambassador Valerian Zorin davomida Kuba raketa inqirozi inspired dialogue in a courtroom scene in Star Trek VI: kashf qilinmagan mamlakat.^[131] The historical speech itself is depicted in the 2000 yil film O'n uch kun bilan Michael Fairman playing Stevenson, as well as partially depicted in the 1974 television play Oktyabr raketalari tomonidan Ralf Bellami. Stevenson is also referenced in Ueyn dunyosi 2 ("Waynestock" is held in an Avora, Illinoys, park named for Stevenson), Oddiy kiyim (the high school is named for Stevenson), Enni Xoll (Woody Allen's character tells a standup joke about the Stevenson-Eisenhower campaign) and Tiffanidagi nonushta.^[132] Stevenson also appear in Global ish credited as himself.

Michael Fairman Portrayed him in the movie 13 Days^[133]

Yilda Kashshof biri, a crowd-financed TV series published under a Creative Commons license, one of the characters introduces himself as "Adlai Steve DiLeo", named after Adlai Stevenson, "someone who ran three times for president unsuccessfully".^[134]

A parallel koinot xususiyatli Slayderlar episode "The Return of Maggie Beckett", the German Vermaxt orqali buziladi Ittifoqdosh chiziqlar Bulge jangi in 1944, which causes Ikkinchi jahon urushi to drag on until 1947. General Eisenhower is relieved as the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe and returns to the United States in disgrace. Consequently, Stevenson becomes president. The Stevenson administration makes the Roswell NUJ hodisasi in July 1947 public knowledge and signs the Reticulan-American Free Trade Agreement (RAFTA), giving the US access to advanced Reticulan texnologiya. Bu a ga olib keladi Marsga insonparvarlik missiyasi 1990-yillarda.

In the 2016 movie Bogie and Bacall, Stevenson was portrayed by actor Ryan Paevey.

In alternate history and science fiction

Stevenson comes close to being assassinated by a 12-year-old in Jeyms Patrik Kelli "s Ugo mukofoti -yutuq yangi nashr 10¹⁶ 1 ga (1999).

In Robin Gerber's novel Eleanor vs. Ike, Stevenson suffers a fatal heart attack as he approaches the podium to accept the Democratic nomination in 1952. He is replaced as the Democratic presidential candidate by former First Lady Eleanor Ruzvelt.

In muqobil tarix short story "The Impeachment of Adlai Stevenson" by Devid Gerrold included in the anthology Muqobil Prezidentlar, Stevenson is elected in 1952 keyin Duayt D. Eyzenxauer makes the mistake of accepting Jozef Makkarti uning kabi yugurish jufti o'rniga Richard Nikson. He successfully runs for re-election in 1956, once again defeating General Eisenhower. However, he proves to be an extremely unpopular president.

Yilda Maykl P. Kube-Makdauell 's alternate history novel Alternities, Stevenson is mentioned as having been elected president in 1956 and serving for two terms, though he is quoted as describing his second term as a curse.

The alternate history novella "Southern Strategy" by Maykl F. Flinn (Muqobil generallar, volume two, Baen, 2002), is told entirely from Stevenson's point of view. In a world where the Kaiser's Germany is the leader of something resembling a free world in 1956, Stevenson is a former senator of the United States, which is in ruins after a Ikkinchi Amerika fuqarolar urushi. The novella follows Stevenson's increasingly futile efforts to negotiate an armistice between Millatlar Ligasi peacekeepers led by General Ervin Rommel and several disparate guerrilla-terrorist bands with differing agendas. One of the terrorist bands is led by Richard Nikson.

In the alternate history novel Dominion tomonidan C. J. Sansom, World War II ends in June 1940 when the Britaniya hukumati, under the leadership of the Bosh Vazir Lord Galifaks, bilan tinchlik shartnomasini imzolaydi Natsistlar Germaniyasi yilda Berlin. Franklin D. Ruzvelt is steadfast in his opposition to the Nazis and the treaty, which results in him losing the 1940 election to his Republican opponent, Robert A. Taft, who becomes the 33rd president. Taft is re-elected in 1944 and 1948 but Stevenson defeats him in 1952, becoming the 34th President. Shortly after Stevenson's election in November 1952, The Times, which is owned by the pro-Nazi British Prime Minister Lord Beaverbrook, speculates that Stevenson will follow in Roosevelt's footsteps and pursue an tashqi siyosat regarding European affairs. Several weeks later, President-elect Stevenson gives a speech indicating that he intends to begin trading with the Sovet Ittifoqi upon taking office on January 20, 1953.

Boshqa ommaviy axborot vositalarida

Yozuvchi Gor Vidal, who admired and supported Stevenson, based a main character in his 1960 Broadway play Eng yaxshi odam on Stevenson. The play, which was nominated for six Toni mukofotlari, centers on the contest for the presidential nomination at a fictitious political convention. One of the main contenders for the nomination is Secretary of State William Russell, a principled, liberal intellectual. The character is based on Stevenson; his main opponent is the ruthless, unscrupulous Senator Joseph Cantwell, whom Vidal modeled on Richard Nixon and the Kennedy brothers. O'yin a-ga aylantirildi 1964 yil shu nomdagi film, aktyor bilan Genri Fonda playing Russell. Fonda had been a Stevenson supporter at the 1960 Democratic National Convention.

Qor ko'chkisi, albomi Sufjan Stivens, contains a song called "Adlai Stevenson".

Things named after Stevenson

• Stivenson Expressway – Davlatlararo 55 is known as the Adlai E. Stevenson Expressway between Lake Shore Drive va I-355 Illinoysda
• Adlai E. Stevenson Elementary School in Fairfield, New Jersey
• Adlai E. Stevenson Elementary School in Rochester, New York
• Adlai E. Stevenson II Elementary School in Bloomington, Illinoys
• Adlai E. Stivenson o'rta maktabi joylashgan Linkolnshir, Illinoys
• Adlai E. Stivenson o'rta maktabi yilda Sterling-Xayts, Michigan
• Adlai Stevenson Elementary School (formerly Junior High) in Klivlend, Ogayo
• Adlai E. Stivenson o'rta maktabi yilda Livoniya, Michigan
• Adlai E. Stivenson o'rta maktabi yilda Bronks, Nyu-York, endi yopiq
• Adlai E. Stevenson Elementary School in Elk Grove Village, Illinoys
• Adlai E. Stevenson Elementary School in Des Plaines, Illinoys
• Adlai Stevenson Elementary School in the Plum Borough School District yilda Olxo'ri, Pensilvaniya
• Adlai E. Stevenson Elementary School in Chicago, Illinois
• Stevenson Elementary School in Mountain View, Kaliforniya
• Adlai E. Stevenson College, a residential college at the Kaliforniya universiteti, Santa-Kruz
• Stevenson Hall, a lecture building on the Illinoys shtati universiteti kampus Normal, Illinoys
• Adlai E. Stevenson Hall, Sonoma davlat universiteti yilda Rohnert Park, Kaliforniya
• Stevenson Drive, a major thoroughfare in Sprinfild, Illinoys
• Stevenson Hall, a residence hall for students on the Shimoliy Illinoys universiteti kampus DeKalb, Illinoys
• Stevenson Hall, a residence hall for students on the Sharqiy Illinoys universiteti kampus Charlston, Illinoys
• Adlai E. Stevenson Chair, a professorship of International Affairs at Columbia University, currently held by Robert Jervis
• Adlai Stevenson Middle School in Vestlend, Michigan
• Adlai E. Stevenson School, an Elementary School in Dekatur, Illinoys
• Adlai E. Stevenson Elementary School in Sautfild, Michigan
• Stevenson Hall, a student dining facility at Princeton universiteti

Saylov tarixi

Gubernatorlik

1948

1952

Prezidentlik

1952

1956

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

• Beyker, Jan H. (1996). Stivensonlar: Amerikalik oilaning tarjimai holi. Nyu-York: W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN  978-0-393-03874-3.
• Bain, Richard C. va Judith H. Parris. Qurultoy qarorlari va ovoz berish yozuvlari. Brukings instituti, 1973 yil.
• Broadwater, Jeff. Adlai Stivenson va Amerika siyosati: Sovuq Urush Liberalining Odisseyasi. Twayne, 1994. 291 bet
• Kovden, Jonatan A. Adlai Stivenson: Retrospektiv. Prinston universiteti kutubxonasi yilnomasi 2000 61 (3): 322-359. ISSN 0032-8456
• Dallek, Robert. Camelot sudi: Kennedi Oq uyning ichida. Nyu-York: HarperCollins, 2013 yil.
• Xelberstam, Devid. Elliginchi yillar. Nyu-York: Faset Kolumbin, 1993 y.
• Xelberstam, Devid. Eng yaxshi va eng yorqin. Nyu-York: tasodifiy uy. 1969 yil.
• Xartli, Robert E. 1948 yilgi jang maydoni: Truman, Stivenson, Duglas va Illinoys tarixidagi eng hayratlanarli saylov (Southern Illinois University Press; 2013) 240 bet
• McKeever, Porter (1989). Adlai Stivenson: Uning hayoti va merosi. Nyu-York: Uilyam Morrou va Kompaniyasi. ISBN  978-0-688-06661-1.
• Manchester, Uilyam. Shon-sharaf va orzu: Amerikaning rivoyat tarixi, 1932–1972. Nyu-York: Bantam kitoblari. 1975 yil.
• Martin, Jon Bartlou. Illinoys shtatidan Adlai Stivenson: Adlai E. Stivensonning hayoti (1976) va Adlai Stivenson va dunyo: Adlai E. Stivensonning hayoti (1977), standart ilmiy biografiya
• Merfi, Jon M. "Zamonaviy davrda fuqarolik respublikachiligi: Adlai Stivenson 1952 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasida" Har chorakda nutq jurnali 1994 yil 80 (3): 313-388. ISSN 0033-5630
• Shlezinger, Artur M. Ming kun: Oq uyda Jon Kennedi. Nyu-York: Xyuton Mifflin, 1965 yil.
• Shlezinger, Artur M. Jurnallar: 1952-2000. Nyu-York: Penguin Press, 2007 yil.
• Slaybog, Duglas. Adlai Stivenson, televidenie va 1956 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi Illinoys tarixiy jurnali 1996 89 (1): 2-16. ISSN 0748-8149
• Slaybog, Duglas. Siyosiy falsafa yoki partiyaviylik: Adlay Stivensonning nashr etilgan asarlaridagi ikkilamchi, 1953–1956. Viskonsin tarixi jurnali 1992 yil 75 (3): 163-194. ISSN 0043-6534. Argues, 1956 yilga kelib, Stivenson o'zining ko'plab yaxshi va o'qimishli tarafdorlarini ko'plab yangi oddiy demokratlar ustidan g'alaba qozonmasdan chetlashtirdi.
• Oq, Mark J. Hamlet Nyu-Yorkda: Adlai Stivenson Kubaning raketa inqirozining birinchi haftasida " Illinoys tarixiy jurnali 1993 yil 86 (2): 70-84. ISSN 0748-8149
• Oq, Teodor H. Prezidentning tuzilishi 1960 yil. Nyu-York: Barns & Noble Books. 2004 yil.
• Vasiyatlar, Garri. Kennedi qamoqxonasi: hokimiyat haqida mulohaza yuritish. Nyu-York: Mariner kitoblari. 2002 yil.
• Vayden, Piter. Cho'chqalar ko'rfazi: aytilmagan voqea. Nyu-York: Touchstone kitoblari. 1979 yil.

Birlamchi manbalar

• Stivenson, Adlay. Adlai E. Stivensonning hujjatlari (1972 yil 8-jild)
• Bler, Uilyam Makk. tahrir. Adlai Stivensonning merosi: uning do'stlari va oilasi tomonidan eslatmalari. Prinston universiteti kutubxonasi yilnomasi (2000) 61 (3): 360-403. ISSN 0032-8456 tomonidan eslatmalar Artur Shlezinger kichik., Uilyam Makk. Bler, Adlay Stivenson III, Nyuton N. Minov va Uillard Virtz.

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Uitmen, Alden. Portret Adlai E. Stivenson: Siyosatchi, Diplomat, Do'st. Nyu-York: Harper va Row, politsiyachi. 1965. ix, 299 b. + [24] p. b & w fotosuratlari.

Tashqi havolalar

• Adlai E. Stivensonning hujjatlari Seeley G. Mudd qo'lyozmalar kutubxonasida, Princeton universiteti
• John J.B. Adlai E. Stivenson haqida Shea hujjatlari Seeley G. Mudd qo'lyozmalar kutubxonasida, Princeton universiteti

• Adlai Stivenson Demokratiya markazi
• Moslashtirilgan qismlar: Adlai E. Stivenson: Vijdon ovozi, Amerikaning taniqli unitarchilariga bag'ishlangan serialning bir qismi
• Adlai E. Stivenson tarixiy uyi Libertyvill, Illinoys shtatida. Omma uchun ochiq.
• Adlai bugun nutqlarni, fotosuratlarni va boshqalarni o'z ichiga oladi.
• Qisqacha tarjimai hol, Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti assotsiatsiyasi – Maklin okrugi Bob.
• Stivensonning birinchi prezidentlikka nomzodni qabul qilish matni
• Stivensonning Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Xavfsizlik Kengashining Kubada Sovet raketalarini qurish to'g'risida qilgan murojaatidan matn va video parcha
• Stivensonning JFK uchun BMTga bag'ishlangan eslatmalarining matni va audiosi
• Matn va audio Stivensonning Eleanor Ruzvelt uchun BMTga bag'ishlangan eslatmasi
• 1952 yilgi prezidentlik saylovlaridan Adlai E. Stivensonning radiosi
• Adlai Stivensonning ochiq fotosuratlari ichida Florida universiteti raqamli to'plamlari
• Adlai Stivenson Mayk Uolles bilan suhbatlashdi Mayk Uolles bilan suhbat 1958 yil 1-iyun
• Kitoblar Porter McKeever bilan intervyu Adlai Stivenson: Uning hayoti va merosi, 1989 yil 6-avgust
• "Adlai Stivenson, Prezidentlikka da'vogar" dan C-SPAN "s Nomzodlar
• Adlai Stivenson II – Maklin okrugi tarix muzeyi
• Xelen Devis Stivenson – Maklin okrugi tarix muzeyi
• Stivenson BMTga qarshi kurashga duch keldi. 1963 yilda olomon - Pantagraf (Bloomington, Illinoys, gazeta)
• Albert Herling Stivensonning 1956 yilgi kampaniyasida va boshqalar qatorida ishlagan. Uning kampaniyasi yodgorliklar da joylashgan Merilend universiteti kutubxonalari
• Adlai Stivenson II da Qabrni toping