Endi qiyomat - Apocalypse Now

Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Apocalypse Now (so'zma-so'z).

Endi qiyomat
Apocalypse Now poster.jpg
Teatrlashtirilgan plakat tomonidan Bob Peak
RejissorFrensis Koppola
Tomonidan ishlab chiqarilganFrensis Koppola
Tomonidan yozilgan
Maqola bo'yichaMaykl Herr
Bosh rollarda
Musiqa muallifi
KinematografiyaVittorio Storaro
Tahrirlangan
Ishlab chiqarish
kompaniya
TarqatganBirlashgan rassomlar
Ishlab chiqarilish sanasi
  • 1979 yil 19-may (1979-05-19) (Kann )[1]
  • 1979 yil 15-avgust (1979-08-15) (Qo'shma Shtatlar)
Ish vaqti
153 daqiqa[2]
MamlakatQo'shma Shtatlar
TilIngliz tili
Byudjet31 million dollar[3]
Teatr kassasi150 million dollar[4]

Endi qiyomat 1979 yilgi amerikalik doston psixologik[5] urush filmi tomonidan boshqarilgan, ishlab chiqarilgan va hammualliflik qilgan Frensis Ford Koppola. Yulduzlar Marlon Brando, Robert Duvall, Martin Shin, Frederik Forrest, Albert Xoll, Sam Bottomlar, Lorens Fishburne, Xarrison Ford va Dennis Xopper.

Coppola va birgalikda yozgan ssenariy Jon Milius va tomonidan yozilgan rivoyat Maykl Herr, 1899 yilgi romanlarga asoslangan edi Zulmatning yuragi tomonidan Jozef Konrad, 19-asrning oxiridan boshlab bu parametr o'zgargan Kongo uchun Vetnam urushi. Hikoya daryo bo'ylab sayohat qilishdan keyin Janubiy Vetnam ichiga Kambodja suiqasd qilish uchun maxfiy topshiriq bilan ketayotgan kapitan Benjamin L. Villard (Shin) tomonidan qabul qilingan Polkovnik Kurtz (Brando), yolg'onchi Armiya maxsus kuchlari qotillikda ayblangan va aqldan ozgan deb topilgan zobit.

Milius moslashishga qiziqib qoldi Zulmatning yuragi 1960 yillarning oxirlarida Vetnam urushi uchun va dastlab Coppola bilan filmni suratga olishni boshlagan va prodyuser sifatida Jorj Lukas direktor sifatida Lukas mavjud bo'lmay qolgandan so'ng, Coppola direktorlik boshqaruvini o'z qo'liga oldi va unga ta'sir ko'rsatdi Verner Gertsog "s Agirre, Xudoning g'azabi (1972) materialga bo'lgan munosabatida.[6]

Dastlab besh oylik suratga olish sifatida belgilangan ushbu film, hujjatli filmda yozilganidek, bir yildan ko'proq vaqt davomida yuzaga kelgan muammolarga e'tibor qaratdi. Zulmat qalblari: Kinorejissyorning apokalipsisisi (1991). Ushbu muammolar orasida og'ir ob-havo tufayli qimmatbaho to'plamlar yo'q bo'lib ketishi, Brando ortiqcha vaznda va umuman tayyor bo'lmagan holda paydo bo'lganligi va Sheen buzilib qolgan va o'lim yaqinida yurak xurujiga duchor bo'lgan. Muammolar prodyuserlikdan keyin ham davom etdi, chunki Coppola million futdan ortiq filmni tahrir qilgan paytda chiqish bir necha marta qoldirilgan edi.[7]

Endi qiyomat bilan taqdirlandi Palma d'Or da Kann kinofestivali u erda 1979 yil 15 avgustda nihoyat chiqarilishidan oldin tugallanmagan premyerasi bo'lib o'tdi Birlashgan rassomlar. Film kassalarda yaxshi natija ko'rsatdi, mamlakat ichida 78 million dollar ishlab topdi va dunyo bo'ylab 150 million dollardan ko'proq pul ishladi. Dastlabki sharhlar aralashgan; esa Vittorio Storaro Kinematografiya keng e'tirof etildi, bir nechta tanqidchilar Kopolaning hikoyaning asosiy mavzularini ko'rib chiqishini antiklimaktik va intellektual jihatdan umidsiz deb topdilar.

Endi qiyomat bugungi kunda hisoblanadi hozirgacha yaratilgan eng buyuk filmlardan biri. Bu sakkizga nomzod bo'lgan Oskar mukofotlari da 52-chi Oskar mukofotlari, shu jumladan Eng yaxshi rasm, Eng yaxshi rejissyor (Coppola) va Eng yaxshi ikkinchi darajali aktyor Duvall uchun va g'alaba qozonish uchun davom etdi Eng yaxshi operatorlik va Eng yaxshi ovoz. 14-o'rinni egalladi Sight & Sound'eng buyuk filmlar bo'yicha so'rovnoma 2012,[8] va barcha zamonlarning eng zo'r filmlari rejissyori so'rovida 6-o'rin.[9] Rojer Ebert shuningdek, uni 2012 yildagi eng buyuk filmlarning eng yaxshi 10 ro'yxatiga kiritdi.[10] 2000 yilda film saqlanib qolish uchun tanlangan Milliy filmlar registri tomonidan Kongress kutubxonasi "madaniy, tarixiy yoki estetik ahamiyatga ega" sifatida.[11][12]

Uchastka

Ushbu xulosada faqat ko'rilgan voqealar bundan mustasno Redux yoki Yakuniy kesish.

Davomida Vetnam urushi, AQSh armiyasining maxsus kuchlari Polkovnik Valter E. Kurtz aftidan aqldan ozgan va shafqatsiz harakat qilmoqda partizan urushi dahshatga qarshi NVA va PLAF uning qo'mondonlarining ruxsatisiz, ko'rsatmalarisiz yoki qayta ta'minlanmagan kuchlar. Chet elda Kambodja, u amerikaliklarga va Montagnard uni a sifatida ko'radigan qo'shinlar yarim xudo.

Yonib ketgan MACV-SOG tezkor, Kapitan Benjamin L. Villard, chaqiriladi I Field Force shtab-kvartirasi Nha Trang. U vaziyat haqida ikki armiya qo'mondoni va a Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi zobit va "Kurtzning buyrug'ini bekor qilishni buyurdi ... bilan haddan tashqari xurofot ".

Dastlab ikkilangan Uilyard AQSh dengiz kuchlariga qo'shiladi daryo patrul kemasi (PBR) tomonidan buyruq berilgan Bosh kichik xodim "Bosh" Fillips, ekipaj a'zolari Lens, "Oshpaz" va "Mister Klin" bilan Ning daryosi bo'ylab Kurttsning postigacha jimgina harakatlanish uchun. Nùng daryosining og'ziga etib borishdan oldin ular 1-otryad, 9-otliq polki, podpolkovnik Bill Kilgor tomonidan qo'mondonlik qilingan vertolyot bilan boshqariladigan havo hujumi bo'limi, xavfsiz o'tishni muhokama qilish uchun. Kilgore dastlab o'zaro hamkorlik qilmaydi, chunki u odatdagi kanallar orqali ularning vazifalari to'g'risida xabar olmagan, ammo Lans taniqli sörfçü ekanligini aniqlagandan so'ng u bilan ko'proq shug'ullanadi. Qo'mondon o'zi g'ayratli sörfçü va ularni Nùng kemalari orqali olib o'tishga rozi Vietnam Kong - qirg'oq bo'yidagi og'iz. Vertolyot otryad "o'ynamoqda"Valkyries safari "karnaylarda, tong otgan reydlarda, Kilgor buyurtma bergani bilan a napalm Vietnam Kongiga zarba berish. Kilgore Lansni yangi fath qilingan plyajda sayr qilishga jalb qilishdan oldin, Villard dengizchilarni o'z vazifalarini davom ettirish uchun PBRga yig'adilar.

Villard o'zini PBR buyrug'iga ishonganligi sababli, keskinlik paydo bo'ladi, Bosh esa Villardnikidan ko'ra odatdagi patrul vazifalarini birinchi o'ringa qo'yadi. Sekin-asta yuqoriga ko'tarilib, Villard o'z missiyasini nima uchun davom ettirish kerakligi haqidagi xavotirlarini bartaraf etish uchun boshlig'iga o'z missiyasini qisman ochib beradi. Villard Kurtzning hujjatlarini o'rganar ekan, u Pentagonning nufuzli topshirig'ini qoldirib, maxsus politsiyaga qo'shilish uchun qilgan o'rta martabadagi qurbonligi bilan hayratga tushadi, bu polkovnikdan oldingi darajaga ko'tarilish imkoniyatiga ega emas edi. Uchinchi avlod West Point bitiruvchisi oxir-oqibat to'rt yulduzli generalga ko'tarilish uchun odatiy buyruq topshiriqlarini bajarishi mumkin edi.

Bir necha hafta o'tgach, PBR Do Lung ko'prigi tomonidan AQSh armiyasining uzoq forpostiga etib boradi. Uilyard va Lens tunda tushgandan keyin forpostga kirib, nima bo'lganligi to'g'risida ma'lumot olishadi va rasmiy va shaxsiy pochta xabarlari yuborilgan yukxalta olishadi. Do Lungda biron bir qo'mondonni topa olmagan Villard boshliqqa ko'rinmas dushman ko'prikka hujum qilishda davom etishni buyuradi. Uillard dispetcherlik orqali yana bir MACV-SOG tezkor xodimi, maxsus kuchlar kapitani Richard Kolbi Villardnikiga o'xshash oldingi missiyaga jo'natilganini va shu vaqtdan beri Kurtzga qo'shilganini bilib oladi.[a]

Ekipaj uydan kelgan xatlarni o'qiyotganda, Lens LSD ta'siri ostida tutunli granatani faollashtiradi va ko'zga ko'rinmas dushmanning e'tiborini tortadi va janob Klin o'ldiriladi. Keyinchalik, Montagnards tomonidan otilgan nayza ustunga mixlangan va Vilyardni o'z ko'kragidan chiqib turgan nayza uchiga mixlab o'ldirmoqchi. Uillard Boshliqni bo'g'ib qo'yadi va Lans uni daryoga ko'madi. Uillard o'z vazifasini hozirda PBR uchun mas'ul bo'lgan oshpazga ochib beradi. Bosh oshpaz missiyadan g'azablansa-da, uni birgalikda bajarishlarini talab qilmoqda.

PBR uzoq vaqt tashlandiq joyda joylashgan Kurttsning zudlik punktiga etib boradi Angkor imperiyasi Montagnards bilan to'lib toshgan va jasadlar va kesilgan boshlar bilan to'lib toshgan ibodatxona. Uillard, oshpaz va Lensni amerikalik mustaqil fotomuxbir kutib oladi va u Kurtzning dahosini qo'l bilan maqtaydi. Ular yurib ketayotganlarida, Kursning notekis armiyasida bo'lgan boshqa AQSh harbiy xizmatchilari bilan birga katatonikka yaqin Kolbiga duch kelishdi. Uillard Chefni qayiq bilan tark etish uchun bog'langan PBRga qaytib keladi, agar Uillard va Lens qaytib kelmasa, unga zudlik bilan aviazarbani chaqirishni buyuradi.

Lagerda Uillard bo'ysundiriladi, bog'lanadi va qoraygan ma'badda Kurtzga olib kelinadi. Uilyard bir necha kun hibsda saqlanadi, shu vaqt ichida Kurs havo hujumi sodir bo'lishining oldini olib, Chefni o'ldiradi. Tez orada Willard qo'yib yuboriladi va aralashma bo'ylab yurishga ruxsat beriladi. Kurtz unga urush haqidagi nazariyalarini o'qiydi insonning holati tsivilizatsiya va dushmanlari Vet Kongning shafqatsizligi va sadoqatini maqtagan holda. Kurtz uning oilasini muhokama qiladi va Villard vafotidan keyin o'g'liga bu haqda aytib berishini so'raydi.

O'sha kecha, Montagnards tantanali ravishda so'yish paytida a suvsar, Uillard ovoz yozib olayotgan paytda Kursning xonasiga yashirincha kirib, unga machete bilan hujum qilmoqda. O'lim bilan yaralangan Kurtz "... Dahshat ... dahshat  ... "vafot etadi. Hamma binoda Kurtzning yozuvlari to'plamini ko'tarib, Uilyarning ketayotganini ko'rishadi va unga ta'zim qilishadi. Keyin Uillard Lansni qayiqqa olib boradi va ular suzib ketishadi.

Cast

Filmning kinoteatrlarda namoyish etilgan 153 daqiqali versiyasiga kiritilmagan qolgan aktyorlar ro'yxati bilan tanishing. Apocalypse Now Redux § Cast.
  • Marlon Brando kabi Polkovnik Valter E. Kurtz, juda bezatilgan AQSh armiyasining maxsus kuchlari bilan ofitser 5-maxsus kuchlar guruhi kim yolg'onga chiqadi. U Kambodjada joylashgan o'z harbiy qismini boshqaradi va AQSh harbiylari tomonidan bo'lgani kabi qo'rqishadi Shimoliy Vetnam va Vietnam Kong.
  • Robert Duvall kabi Podpolkovnik Uilyam "Bill" Kilgor, 1-otryad, 9-otliq polki komandiri va bemaqsad fanati. Uning fe'l-atvori bir nechta personajlardan tashkil topgan, shu jumladan general, polkovnik Jon B. Stokton Jeyms F. Xollingsvort va Jorj Patton IV, shuningdek, a G'arbiy nuqta Robert Duvall bilgan ofitser.[13]
  • Martin Shin AQSh armiyasi sifatida Kapitan Benjamin L. Villard, faxriysi qotil uch yildan beri Vetnamda xizmat qilmoqda. Film boshida uni kuzatib borgan askar Uilyard elitaning 505-batalyonidan ekanligini aytadi. 173-havo-desant brigadasi, tayinlangan MACV-SOG. Ochilish sahnasi - Uilyardning mehmonxonasi atrofida aylanib yurishi va uning oynasini mushtlashi bilan yakunlanganligi - Sheinning 36 yoshga to'lgan kunida, u qattiq mast bo'lganida suratga olingan. U sindirgan ko'zgu tirgak emas edi va uning qo'lida qon ko'p qon ketishiga olib keldi, ammo u Kopolaning tashvishlariga qaramay, sahnani davom ettirishni talab qildi.[14] Sheinning ukasi Djo Estevez ba'zi bir sahnalarda Uilyard uchun turdi va uning o'g'li esa qahramonning ovozli rivoyatlarini ijro etdi Charli shuningdek, filmda ishonchsiz qo'shimcha sifatida namoyon bo'ladi. Ikkalasi ham kreditsiz ketdi.[15]
  • Frederik Forrest kabi Engineman 3-sinf Jey "Chef" Xiks, mahkam yaralangan sobiq oshpaz Yangi Orlean kim uning atrofidan dahshatga tushadi.
  • Albert Xoll kabi Bosh kichik xodim Jorj Fillips. Boshliq qattiq kemani boshqaradi va tez-tez hokimiyat uchun Villard bilan to'qnashadi.
  • Sam Bottomlar kabi Gunnerning turmush o'rtog'i 3-sinf Lens B. Jonson, sobiq professional surfer Orange okrugi, Kaliforniya. Ko'prik sahnasida u olganini eslatib o'tadi LSD. U Montagnard qabilasi tomonidan kirib keladi va qurbonlik marosimida qatnashadi.
  • Larri Fishburne Gunnerning turmush o'rtog'i sifatida 3-darajali Tyrone "Mr. Clean" Miller, o'n etti yoshli xo'roz Janubiy Bronks - tug'ilgan ekipaj a'zosi. 1976 yil mart oyida tortishish boshlanganda Fishburne atigi o'n to'rt yoshda edi, chunki u o'z rolini ijro etish uchun yoshi haqida yolg'on gapirgan edi.[16] Filmni tugatish shu qadar uzoq davom etganki, u paydo bo'lguncha Fishburne o'n etti yoshda edi (uning xarakteriga teng yoshda).
  • Dennis Xopper amerikalik sifatida fotomuxbir, Villard bilan salomlashadigan Kurtsning manik shogirdi. DVD izohiga ko'ra Redux, belgi asoslanadi Shon Flinn, 1970 yilda Kambodjada g'oyib bo'lgan taniqli yangiliklar muxbiri. Uning suhbati Konradning hikoyasidagi rus "arlequin" i bilan davom etmoqda.
  • G. D. Spradlin kabi General-leytenant R. Korman, harbiy razvedka (G-2), avtoritar ofitser, Kursdan qo'rqadi va uni olib tashlashni xohlaydi. Belgiga kinorejissyor nomi berilgan Rojer Korman.
  • Jerri Ziesmer Uilyardning dastlabki brifingida o'tirgan, fuqarolik kiyimidagi sirli odam Jerri singari. Uning filmdagi yagona yo'nalishi "nihoyatda xurofot bilan tugatish Ziesmer shuningdek, filmning rejissyor yordamchisi sifatida ishlagan.
  • Xarrison Ford polkovnik G. Lukas sifatida, Kormanning yordamchisi va Uilyardga buyruq beradigan umumiy ma'lumot mutaxassisi. Belgining nomi havoladir Jorj Lukas, Milius bilan ssenariyning dastlabki rivojlanishida qatnashgan va dastlab filmni boshqarishni maqsad qilgan.
  • Scott Glenn kapitan Richard M. Kolbi sifatida ilgari Uilyardning hozirgi vazifasini Kurtning shaxsiy armiyasiga o'tishdan oldin tayinlagan va uning xotiniga AQSh armiyasi tomonidan tutib yuborilgan xabarida u hech qachon qaytib kelmasligini va ularga tegishli bo'lgan hamma narsani, shu jumladan bolalar.
  • Kollin lageri, Sintiya Vud va Linda Bitti kabi Playboy Playmates. Yog'och edi 1974 yil "Yilning eng yaxshi do'sti", va Beatty edi 1976 yil avgust oyining eng yaxshi o'yinchisi.
  • Bill Grem Agent sifatida, Playmates shousining mas'ul diktori sifatida.
  • Frensis Ford Koppola (kameo) plyajdagi jangni suratga oluvchi televidenie yangiliklari rejissyori sifatida; u "Kameraga qaramang, jang qilayotganday o'tib keting!" Kinematograf Vittorio Storaro Kopola yonida operator rolini o'ynaydi.
  • R. Li Ermey (ishonchsiz) vertolyot uchuvchisi sifatida. Ermeyning o'zi sobiq edi burg'ulash bo'yicha o'qituvchi va Vetnam urushi faxriysi.

Moslashuv

Garchi ilhomlantirilsa ham Jozef Konrad "s Zulmatning yuragi, film o'zining dastlabki materialidan juda ko'p chetga chiqadi. The roman, Konradning Afrikada paroxod kapitani sifatida ishlash tajribasiga asoslanib Kongo ozod shtati XIX asr davomida.[17] Kurtz va Marlou (ularning filmidagi mos keladigan belgi kapitan Uilyard) o'zlarining mahalliy afrikalik ishchilarini shafqatsizlarcha ekspluatatsiya qiladigan Belgiyaning savdo kompaniyasida ishlaydi.

Kurttsning zastavasiga etib borganidan so'ng, Marlou Kurtz aqldan ozgan va xudo sifatida kichik bir qabilani boshqaradi degan xulosaga keladi. Novella Kursning qaytishda vafot etishi va rivoyatchi inson ruhiyatining zulmatlari haqida: "ulkan zulmatning yuragi" haqida gapirishi bilan tugaydi.

Novellada Marlow Kurttsning postidan fil suyagini yig'ish uchun yuborilgan daryo qayig'ining uchuvchisi bo'lib, asta-sekin Kurtzga g'azablanmoqda. Darhaqiqat, u Kurtni dahshatli sog'lig'i bilan topganida, Marlou uni uyiga xavfsiz olib kelish uchun harakat qiladi. Filmda Uillard Kurtsni o'ldirish uchun yuborilgan qotil. Shunga qaramay, Kurtsni mahalliy aholining bir qabilasining xudoga o'xshash rahbari sifatida tasvirlashi va uning bezgak bezgagi, Kursning "Barcha shafqatsizliklarni yo'q qiling!" (bu filmda "Bomba tashla. Barchasini yo'q qiling!" deb nomlangan) va uning so'nggi so'zlari "Dahshat! Dahshat!" Konradning romanidan olingan.

Kopolaning ta'kidlashicha, filmdagi ko'plab epizodlar - masalan, qayiqqa nayza va o'q bilan hujum qilish - roman ruhini hurmat qiladi va xususan uning tsivilizatsiya va taraqqiyot tushunchalarini tanqid qiladi. Coppola tomonidan moslashtirilgan boshqa epizodlar, Playboy Playmates (Sirenlar) chiqishi, yo'qolgan jonlar, qayiqqa va Willard uchun kanolarni (Jahannam eshiklari) ajratib turadigan (oq yuzli) mahalliy Kurtz qabilasiga, "uyimga olib boringlar", (Chef va Lens bilan) lagerga kirish Virgil va "Inferno" ga o'xshatilgan (Ilohiy komediya ) tomonidan Dante. Coppola evropalikni almashtirgan bo'lsa mustamlakachilik amerikalik bilan aralashuv, Konradning kitobidagi xabar hali ham aniq.[18]

Koppolaning talqini haqida ko'pincha taxminlar mavjud Kurtz belgi keyin modellashtirildi Toni Po, Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining yuqori darajada bezatilgan Vetnam davridagi harbiylashtirilgan ofitseri Maxsus faoliyat bo'limi.[19] Poning Vetnamdagi harakatlari va qo'shni Laosdagi "Yashirin urush" da, xususan, urush olib borishning g'ayritabiiy va tez-tez vahshiyona usullarida, uydirma Kurtsga o'xshashlik ko'p. masalan, Poning vertolyotlardan uzilgan boshlarini bir shakli sifatida dushman nazoratidagi qishloqlarga tashlagani ma'lum bo'lgan psixologik urush va uning mahalliy qo'shinlari o'ldirgan dushmanlarning sonini qayd etish uchun inson quloqlaridan foydalaning. U ushbu quloqlarni o'zlarining yuqori lavozimlariga Laos ichkarisidagi operatsiyalarining samaradorligini isbotlash uchun qaytarib yuborar edi.[20][21] Coppola Po birinchi darajali ta'sir ko'rsatganini rad etadi va bu belgi maxsus kuchlar polkovnigiga asoslanganligini aytadi Robert B. Reo 5-maxsus kuchlar guruhining haqiqiy rahbari bo'lgan (1969 yil maydan iyulgacha) va 1969 yilda gumon qilingan ikki kishilik agentning o'ldirilishi bilan hibsga olingan. Tailandlik Xac Chuyen yilda Nha Trang zamonaviy zamonaviy yangiliklar yoritilishini yaratdi Yashil beret ishi,[22] shu jumladan "degan iborani jamoatchilikka etkazishnihoyatda xurofot bilan tugatish ",[23] filmda taniqli foydalanilgan.

Podpolkovnik Bill Kilgorning fe'l-atvori bir nechta belgi, jumladan, Jon B. Stokton, qo'mondonga asoslangan deb hisoblanadi. 1-otryad, 9-otliq polki Vetnamda va afsonaviy piyoda qo'shini Jeyms F. Xollingsvort.[24]

T.S.dan foydalanish Eliot she'riyati

Filmda, polkovnik Kurts vafot etishidan biroz oldin, u bir qismini o'qiydi T. S. Eliot she'ri "Bo'sh erkaklar "She'r oldin bosma nashrlarda Konradning ko'chirmasi bo'lgan" Mistah Kurtz - u vafot etdi "epigrafidan iborat. Zulmatning yuragi.

Filmda Kurtsning stolida ochilgan ikkita kitob bor Ritualdan Romantikaga tomonidan Jessi Ueston va Oltin bog ' tomonidan Ser Jeyms Frazer, Eliot uning she'ri uchun asosiy manbalar va ilhom sifatida keltirgan ikkita kitob "Chiqindilarni er "Eliotning" Chiqindi er "uchun asl epigrafasi ushbu parcha edi Zulmatning yuragiKurtzning so'nggi so'zlari bilan tugaydi:[25]

To'liq bilimga ega bo'lgan eng yuqori daqiqada u yana o'z xohish-istagi, vasvasasi va taslim bo'lishida hayotini qayta tikladimi? U qandaydir tasvirga, qandaydir ko'rinishga qarab shivirlab yig'lab yubordi, - u ikki marta qichqirdi, bu nafasdan boshqa narsa emas edi -

"Dahshat! Dahshat!"

Uillard Dennis Xoperning personaji bilan birinchi marta tanishtirilganda, fotomuxbir Kurtzga nisbatan o'z qadr-qimmatini quyidagicha tavsiflaydi: "Men jingalak tirnoqlarning jufti bo'lishim kerak edi / jim dengizlar qavatida tarash", dan "J. Alfred Prufrokning "Sevgi qo'shig'i" ".

Ishlab chiqarish

Rivojlanish

Frensis Fordning yordamchisi bo'lib ishlagan paytida Coppola on Yomg'irli odamlar 1967 yilda rejissyor Jon Miliusni do'stlari Jorj Lukas va Stiven Spilberg Vetnam urushi haqidagi filmni yozish.[26][1] Milius urushga ko'ngilli bo'lishni xohlagan edi va astma kasalligi tufayli rad etilganida ko'ngli qolgan edi.[27] Milius Jozef Konradning syujetini moslashtirish g'oyasini taklif qildi Zulmatning yuragi Vetnam urushi sharoitida. U romanni o'spirin paytida o'qigan va bu haqda uning kolleji ingliz tili professori, USCdan Irvin Bleyker uni filmga moslashtirishga qaratilgan bir nechta muvaffaqiyatsiz urinishlar haqida eslaganda eslatgan. Bleker o'z sinfiga qarshi chiqdi: «Hech bir ssenariy muallifi Jozef Konradning filmini to'liq takomillashtirmagan Zulmatning yuragi."[28][29][b]

Coppola Miliusga ssenariy yozish uchun 15000 dollar berdi, agar shunday bo'lsa, qo'shimcha 10 000 dollar va'da qildi yashil yoritilgan.[30][31] Miliusning ta'kidlashicha, u ssenariyni 1969 yilda yozgan[28] va dastlab uni chaqirdi Psixel askari.[32] U Konradning romanini "biron bir allegoriya sifatida ishlatmoqchi edi. Kitobni to'liq kuzatib borish juda oddiy bo'lar edi".[30]

Milius Villard va Kurtzning ayrim xarakterlarini uning do'sti Fred Rekser asosida yaratgan. Rekser, Brando xarakteri bilan bog'liq bo'lgan voqeani o'z qo'li bilan boshdan kechirganini da'vo qildi, bu erda qishloq aholisi qo'llarini Vetnam Kong tomonidan buzib tashlangan. Kurtz Vetnamdagi maxsus kuchlar boshlig'i Robert B. Reolga asoslangan edi.[33] Olimlar hech qachon Rekserning da'vosini va shunga o'xshash Vetnam Konging xatti-harakatlarini tasdiqlovchi dalillarni topmaganlar va buni shahar afsonasi deb hisoblashgan.[34][35]

Bir paytlar Coppola Miliyusga: "Siz o'sha filmga tushishni istagan har bir sahnani yozing", dedi.[28] va u mingdan ziyod sahifani tashkil etgan o'nta qoralama yozdi.[36] Milius filmning nomini o'zgartirdi Endi qiyomat mashhur bo'lgan tugma nishonidan ilhomlanganidan keyin hippilar 1960 yillarda "Nirvana Now" deb aytilgan.[37] Unga yozgan maqola ta'sir ko'rsatdi Maykl Herr "Khe Sanh uchun jang" deb nomlangan, unda giyohvand moddalar, rok-n-roll va odamlarni chaqiruvchilar haqida so'z yuritilgan havo hujumlari o'zlariga.[28] U shuningdek, kabi filmlardan ilhomlangan Doktor Strangelove.

Miliusning aytishicha, "Charli sörf qilmaydi" klassik chizig'i izohdan ilhomlangan Ariel Sharon davomida qilingan Olti kunlik urush, u ketganida teri sho'ng'in dushman hududini egallab olganidan keyin va "Biz ularning baliqlarini yeymiz" deb e'lon qildi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, "Men ertalab napalm hidini yaxshi ko'raman".[38]

Warner Bros.-Seven Art 1969 yilda ssenariyni sotib olgan, ammo uni qo'ygan ortga burilmoq.[39][1] Miliusning o'zi filmni suratga olish istagi yo'q edi va Lukas bu ish uchun munosib odam ekanligini his qildi.[28] Lukas Milius bilan to'rt yil davomida filmni ishlab chiqishda, shuningdek, boshqa filmlardagi ishi bilan bir qatorda uning ssenariysida ham ishlagan Yulduzlar jangi.[40] U yaqinlashdi Endi qiyomat kabi qora komediya,[41] va filmni suratga olishdan so'ng suratga olishni maqsad qilgan THX 1138, 1971 yilda boshlanadigan asosiy fotosurat bilan.[30] Lukasning do'sti va prodyuseri Gari Kurtz ga sayohat qilgan Filippinlar, mos joylarni izlash. Ular filmni ikkala guruch dalalarida ham suratga olishni niyat qilganlar Stokton va Sakramento, Kaliforniya va joyida Janubiy Vetnam, 2 million dollarlik byudjetga, cinéma vérité uslubi, foydalanish 16 mm urushlar davom etayotgan paytda kameralar va haqiqiy askarlar.[28][40][42] Biroq, studiyalarning xavfsizligi va Lukasning ishtiroki tufayli Amerika grafiti va Yulduzlar jangi, Lukas hozircha loyihani to'xtatishga qaror qildi.[30][40]

Oldindan ishlab chiqarish

Coppola Miliusning ssenariysiga qiziqib qoldi va u "komediya va dahshatli psixologik dahshat hikoyasi" deb ta'riflagan huquqlarga ega bo'ldi.[43] 1974 yil bahorida Coppola do'stlari va hammualliflari bilan muhokama qildi Fred Roos va Kulrang Frederikson filmni yaratish g'oyasi.[44] U Lukasdan, so'ng Miliusdan rejissyorlikni so'radi Endi qiyomat, lekin ikkalasi ham boshqa loyihalar bilan shug'ullangan;[44] Lukasning taqdirida, u buni amalga oshirishga ruxsat oldi Yulduzlar jangiva yo'naltirish taklifini rad etdi Endi qiyomat.[28] Coppola filmni suratga olishga qat'iy qaror qildi va o'zini o'zi bosib o'tdi. U filmni zamonaviy urushning mohiyati, yaxshilik bilan yomonlik o'rtasidagi farq va Amerika jamiyatining butun dunyoga ta'siri to'g'risida aniq bayonot sifatida tasavvur qildi. Rejissyor tomoshabinlarni "misli ko'rilmagan urush tajribasini boshdan kechirishni va urushdan o'tganlar singari ularga ham munosabat bildirishni" xohlashini aytdi.[43]

1975 yilda Coppola hamkorlikdan umidvor edi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi va harbiy joylarni razvedka qildi Gruziya va Florida.[1] Armiya targ'ib qilish paytida hamkorlik qilmaganida Cho'qintirgan ota II qism Avstraliyada Coppola va uning ishlab chiqaruvchilari mumkin bo'lgan joylarni qidirdilar Endi qiyomat yilda Keyns shimoliy Kvinslend, Vetnamga o'xshash o'rmon bor edi,[45] va Malayziya.[1] U Amerikaning harbiy texnikasi va arzon ishchi kuchi uchun filmini Filippinda suratga olishga qaror qildi. Ishlab chiqarish koordinatori Fred Ruz u erda allaqachon kam byudjetli ikkita filmni suratga olgan edi Monte Xellman va mamlakatda do'stlari va aloqalari bor edi.[43] Frederikson Filippinlarga bordi va Prezident bilan kechki ovqatni o'tkazdi Ferdinand Markos ishlab chiqarishni qo'llab-quvvatlashni rasmiylashtirish va ularga mamlakatning ba'zi harbiy texnikalaridan foydalanishga ruxsat berish.[46] Coppola 1975 yilning so'nggi oylarida Miliyning ssenariysini qayta ko'rib chiqishga va muzokaralar o'tkazishga sarf qildi Birlashgan rassomlar ishlab chiqarishni moliyalashtirishni ta'minlash. Milius bu "eng shafqatsiz film" bo'lishini da'vo qildi.[1] Frederiksonning so'zlariga ko'ra, byudjet 12 dan 14 milliongacha bo'lgan.[47] Coppola Amerika zoetropi ichki rassomlik huquqi uchun United Artists-dan 7,5 million dollar va xalqaro savdo-sotiqdan 8 million dollar film Marlon Brandoning bosh rolini ijro etishi mumkinligi to'g'risida olgan, Stiv MakKvin va Gen Hackman.[43]

Kasting

Stiv MakKuen Kopolaning Vilyard rolini ijro etishdagi birinchi tanlovi edi, ammo aktyor qabul qilmadi, chunki u uch hafta davomida Amerikadan ketishni istamadi va Coppola o'zining 3 million dollarlik badalini to'lashni xohlamadi.[1] 1976 yil fevral oyida McQueen ishdan bo'shatilgandan so'ng, Coppola o'zi moliyalashtirgan 21 million dollardan 5 millionini qaytarishi kerak edi.[1] Al Pacino rol ham taklif qilingan edi, lekin u ham uzoq vaqt qolishni istamadi va otish paytida Dominikan Respublikasida bo'lgani kabi o'rmonda kasal bo'lib qolishidan qo'rqdi. Cho'qintirgan ota II qism.[43] Jek Nikolson, Robert Redford va Jeyms Kan Kurtz yoki Uilyardni o'ynashga yaqinlashdilar.[42] Tommi Li Jons, Keyt Karradin, Nik Nolte, va Frederik Forrest ham Villard roli uchun ko'rib chiqilgan.[48] 2015 yilda Hollywood Reporter intervyu, Klint Istvud Coppola unga Vilyard rolini taklif qilganini ma'lum qildi, ammo MakKvin va Pachino singari u ham uzoq vaqt Amerikadan uzoqlashishni istamadi. Istvud, shuningdek, McQueen uni Uilyardni o'ynashiga ishontirishga harakat qilganini aniqladi; McQueen Kurtni o'ynashni xohlar edi, chunki u holda u faqat ikki hafta ishlashi kerak edi.[49]

Coppola va Roos bundan taassurot qoldirgan edi Martin Shin Maykl uchun ekran sinovi Cho'qintirgan ota va Uilyardni o'ynash uchun ularning eng yaxshi tanloviga aylandi, ammo aktyor allaqachon boshqa loyihani qabul qilgan va Xarvi Keytel uning ishi asosida rolga tushirildi Martin Skorseze "s O'rtacha ko'chalar.[50] 1976 yil boshiga kelib, Coppola Marlon Brandoni 1976 yil sentyabrda joylashgan joyda ishlaganligi uchun 2 million dollar evaziga Kurtni o'ynashga ko'ndirdi. U shuningdek 10% daromad oldi. teatr ijarasi va televizorni sotish huquqining 10%, unga 9 million dollar atrofida daromad keltiradi.[51][52]

Hackman Uayt Xanage rolini o'ynashi kerak edi, keyinchalik u Robert Dyuvall o'ynagan Kilgorga aylandi.[1] Dennis Xopper urush muxbiri va Kurtsning kuzatuvchisi sifatida tanlangan; Coppola Xoperning to'xtab turgan joyida gaplashayotganini eshitganda, "kameralar va Montagnard ko'ylagini ustiga kiyib, ularni qayiqda kutib olgan joyni [otib tashlaganini) esladi.[42] Polkovnik Lukasni o'ynash uchun Jeyms Kan birinchi tanlov edi. Kan filmning kichik qismi deb hisoblangan narsa uchun juda ko'p pul olishni xohladi va natijada uning o'rniga Harrison Ford tanlandi.

Asosiy suratga olishdan oldin, Coppola savdo matbuotida Keitel, Duvall va boshqalarni film uchun "birinchi tanlov" deb e'lon qilgan reklama e'lon qildi.[1] Reklama, shuningdek, filmda suratga tushmagan boshqa aktyorlarni ham sanab o'tdi Garri Din Stenton, Robbi Benson va Maykl o'rgangan.[1]

Sam Bottomlar, Larri Fishburne va Albert Xoll Hammasi Coppola bilan yetti yillik bitimlarni imzoladi, shu jumladan o'zlari tanlagan aktyorlik tayyorgarligini o'z ichiga oladi.[1] Pastki qismi yuqtirildi ankilomit Filippindagi suratga olish paytida va parazit "jigarini buzdi".[53]

Asosiy fotosurat

1976 yil 1 martda Coppola va uning oilasi uchib ketishdi Manila va to'rt oylik rejalashtirilgan suratga olish uchun u erda katta uyni ijaraga oldi.[42][1] Ovozli va fotografik uskunalar Kaliforniyadan 1975 yil oxiridan beri kirib kelmoqda. Jon Eshli Filippindagi ishlab chiqarishga yordam berdi.[54] Film 1977 yil 7 aprelda Coppolaning 38-tug'ilgan kunida namoyish etilishi kerak edi.[1]

Otish 1976 yil 20 martda boshlangan.[39] Bir necha kun ichida Koppola Harvi Keytelning Uilyardni qabul qilganidan norozi bo'lib, aktyor "uni passiv tomoshabin sifatida o'ynash qiyin" deb aytdi.[42] Brando uch oydan keyin filmga tushmasligi kerak edi, chunki u bolalari maktab ta'tilida bo'lganida ishlashni xohlamadi, Keytel aprel oyida loyihani tark etdi va o'zi imzolagan yetti yillik shartnomani bekor qildi.[1][55] Coppola Los-Anjelesga qaytib keldi va Keytelning o'rniga 24-aprel kuni Filippinga etib kelgan Martin Shinni tayinladi.[55] O'zgarishdan so'ng faqat to'rt kunlik qayta tiklash talab qilinganligi haqida xabar berilgan.[1]

Olga tayfuni to'plamlarning 40-80% buzilgan Iba 1976 yil 26 mayda ishlab chiqarish to'xtatildi. Dekan Tavoularis eslaydi: "tobora qattiqroq yomg'ir yog'a boshladi oq tashqarida va barcha daraxtlar qirq besh gradusda egilgan ". Ekipajning bir qismi mehmonxonada qolib ketgan, boshqalari esa bo'ron tufayli harakatsiz qolgan kichik uylarda edi. Playboy Playmate to'plami buzilib, bir oylik xarobaga aylandi. Taqdimotchilar va ekipaj a'zolarining aksariyati Qo'shma Shtatlarga olti yildan sakkiz haftagacha qaytib kelishdi.Tavoularis va uning jamoasi boshqa joylarda sayohat qilishda va Playmate to'plamini boshqa joyda tiklashda qolishdi. tunda va bir kuni doimiy ravishda tomosha qilib, barcha ish haqi pulini o'g'irlab ketishgan. Eleanora, film rejadan olti hafta orqada qoldi va byudjetdan 2 million dollar ko'proq;[56] Coppola tayfunning shikastlanishi uchun 500 ming dollar sug'urta da'vo arizasi bilan murojaat qildi[1] va agar u film yaratilmasa, United Artists-dan kredit oldi teatr ijarasi 40 million dollardan oshib ketgan bo'lsa, u ortiqcha ish uchun javobgar bo'ladi.[57] Borayotgan xarajatlarga qaramay, Coppola va'da berdi Filippin universiteti Filmlar markazi 1 million dollargacha bo'lgan daromadning 1 foizini, filmni o'rganish maqsadli jamg'armasi uchun.[1]

1976 yil iyun oyida Coppola AQShga qaytib keldi. U bu haqda kitob o'qidi Chingizxon Kurtzning xarakterini yaxshiroq boshqarish uchun.[56] Filmni suratga olish 1976 yil iyulda boshlanganidan so'ng,[39] Marlon Brando juda og'ir vaznli Manilaga keldi va oxirini qayta yozish uchun Coppola bilan ish boshladi. Rejissyor Brandoning vaznini pasaytirdi, uni qora rangda kiyintirib, faqat uning yuzini suratga oldi va Kurtzni deyarli afsonaviy personaj sifatida namoyish etish uchun uning bo'yi balandroq aktyorga ega bo'ldi.[58]

A suvsar mahalliy aholi tomonidan amalga oshirilgan marosimda klimatik sahna uchun machete bilan so'yilgan Ifugao ilgari Coppola rafiqasi Eleanora bilan birga guvoh bo'lgan (keyinchalik hujjatli filmda ko'rsatilgan marosimni suratga olgan). Zulmat qalblari ) va suratga olish guruhi. Garchi bu amerikaliklarga bo'ysunadigan amerikalik ishlab chiqarish edi hayvonlarga nisbatan shafqatsizlik Filippinda suratga olingan ushbu kabi qonunlar, sahnalar politsiya tomonidan nazorat qilinmagan yoki kuzatilmagan Amerika insonparvarlik assotsiatsiyasi filmga "qabul qilinmaydigan" baho berdi.[59]

1976 yilgi Rojdestvo bayramidan so'ng, Coppola kadrlarning taxminiy yig'ilishini ko'rib chiqdi, ammo baribir tugash nuqtasini yaratishi kerak edi. U 1977 yil boshida Filippinga qaytib keldi va filmni suratga olishni davom ettirdi.[58]

O'sha yilning 5 martida Sheen yurak xurujiga uchradi va yordam olish uchun chorak milya yurdi. O'sha paytga kelib, film allaqachon byudjetdan oshib ketgan edi, hatto u sarmoyadorlarga uning ahvoli to'g'risida xabar kelib qolsa, mablag 'to'xtab qoladi, deb xavotirga tushdi va buning o'rniga u issiq urdi deb da'vo qildi. U 19-aprel kuni yana sahnaga tushdi va vaqt oralig'ida uning akasi Djo Estevez unga to'ldirilgan va uning xarakteriga kerakli ovozli ovozlarni taqdim etgan. Keyinchalik Coppola endi qanday sahnalar Djo va qaysi qissalar Martin ekanligini ayta olmasligini tan oldi.[60] Frantsuz plantatsiyasidagi katta ketma-ketlik yuz minglab dollarga tushdi, ammo yakuniy filmdan qisqartirildi. Mish-mishlar bu haqida gapira boshladi Endi qiyomat bir nechta oxiri bor edi, ammo ovozli elementlar ustida ishlagan Richard Beggs: «Hech qachon bo'lmagan besh oxirlar, lekin boshqacha bo'lsa ham, faqat bittasi tahrirlangan Ushbu mish-mishlar Coppoladan tez-tez asl ssenariydan chiqib ketayotganidan kelib chiqqan. Koppola, uning oxiri yo'qligini tan oldi, chunki Brando sahnalarni asl ssenariyda yozilganidek ijro eta olmadi.[iqtibos kerak ]. Dennis Yakob yordamida Coppola, "daryo bo'yidan ko'tarilib, qirolni o'ldirgan va keyin o'zi qirol bo'lgan qotilning klassik afsonasi bo'lishi mumkin" degan qarorga keldi. Fisher King, dan Oltin bog '".[61]

Asosiy fotosurat 1977 yil 21 mayda tugadi,[62] 238 kunlik suratga olishdan so'ng.[39]

Post-prodaktsiya va audio

Byudjet 25 million dollardan oshib ketdi va Coppolaning United Artists-dan ortiqcha ishlarni moliyalashtirish uchun olgan qarzi 10 million dollardan oshdi.[1] UA Coppola uchun 15 million dollarlik hayot sug'urtasi polisini oldi.[63] 1977 yil iyungacha Coppola o'zining mashinasini, uyini va Cho'qintirgan ota filmni tugatish uchun xavfsizlik sifatida foyda.[64][1] Keyin Yulduzlar jangi ulkan xitga aylandi, Coppola telegramma yubordi Jorj Lukas pul so'rab.[65] Chiqarish sanasi 1978 yil bahoriga qaytarildi.[1]

Yaponiya bastakori Isao Tomita Coppola filmning soundtrekini Tomitaning ovoziga o'xshash bo'lishini xohlagan holda, original ballni taqdim etishi kerak edi elektron moslashish Sayyoralar tomonidan Gustav Xolst. Tomita Filippindagi suratga olish guruhiga hamrohlik qilishgacha bordi, ammo oxir-oqibat yorliq shartnomalari uning ishtirokiga to'sqinlik qildi.[66] 1977 yil yozida, deydi Kopola Uolter Murx unga ovozni yig'ish uchun to'rt oy vaqt bor edi. Murch ssenariy bayon qilinganligini tushundi, ammo Kopola suratga olish jarayonida bu g'oyadan voz kechdi.[62] Murch filmni hikoyasiz yig'ishning bir usuli bor deb o'ylardi, ammo bu o'n oy davom etadi va yana sinab ko'rishga qaror qildi.[67] U hammasini o'zi yozib olib, yana joyiga qo'ydi. Sentyabrga kelib, Coppola xotiniga "filmni tortib olish uchun 20 foizga yaqin imkoniyat borligini" his qilganini aytdi.[68] U United Artists rahbarlarini premyerani 1978 yil maydan oktyabrgacha kechiktirishga ishontirdi. Muallif Maykl Herr 1978 yil yanvar oyida Zoetrope-dan qo'ng'iroq oldi va Vetnam haqida yaxshi tanilgan kitobi asosida filmni bayon qilish ustida ishlashni so'radi, Jo'natmalar.[68] Herrning aytishicha, ilgari yozilgan rivoyat "umuman foydasiz" va bir yil davomida Coppola bilan turli xil rivoyatlarni yozib, unga juda aniq ko'rsatmalar bergan.[68]

Murch stereo soundtrack yaratishda muammolarga duch keldi Endi qiyomat chunki ovozli kutubxonalarda qurollarning stereo yozuvlari yo'q edi. Filippindan olib kelingan ovozli materiallar etarli emas edi, chunki kichik joy ekipajiga o'rmon tovushlari va atrofdagi shovqinlarni yozish uchun vaqt va mablag 'etishmayotgan edi. Murch va uning ekipaji soundtrackda o'rmonning kayfiyatini to'qishdi. Endi qiyomat film uchun yangi ovozli texnikaga ega edi, chunki Murch eng zamonaviy o'q ovozlarini yozib olishni talab qilgan va ularda ishlagan Dolby Stereo 70 mm olti trek 70 mm bo'shatish uchun tizim. Bunda tomoshabinlar orqasidan ikkita ovozli kanal va kino ekrani orqasidagi uchta kanal ishlatilgan.[68] 35 mm bo'shliq yangi ishlatilgan Dolby Stereo optik stereo tizim, ammo o'sha paytdagi texnologiya cheklanganligi sababli, aksariyat teatrlarda namoyish etilgan ushbu 35 mm chiqarilish hech qanday atrof-muhit tovushini o'z ichiga olmagan.[69]

1978 yil may oyida Coppola ochilishini 1979 yilning bahoriga qoldirdi.[70] Ortiqcha xarajatlar 18 million dollarga yetdi, bu Coppola shaxsan javobgar edi, lekin rasmga bo'lgan huquqni oldi abadiylik.[71]

Filmni suratga olish paytida muammolar

Haqiqiy inson jasadlari qabr qaroqchisi bo'lib chiqqan odamdan sotib olingan. Politsiya suratga olish guruhining pasportlarini olib, so'roq qildi, keyin askarlar kelib, jasadlarni olib ketishdi.[72]

Dennis Xopper ba'zida Marlon Brandoni qiynagan. Brando Hoper bilan bir vaqtda suratga olish maydonchasida bo'lishdan bosh tortdi.[73]

Chiqarish

1979 yil aprelda Coppola 900 kishiga mo'ljallangan "bajarilmayotgan ish" ni namoyish qildi, ammo u yaxshi qabul qilinmadi.[70] O'sha yili u ekranga taklif qilindi Endi qiyomat da Kann kinofestivali.[74] Yunayted Artists shuncha matbuot vakillari oldida tugallanmagan versiyasini namoyish qilishni xohlamadi. 1974 yilgi filmidan beri Suhbat g'olib bo'ldi Palma d'Or, Coppola ekranlashtirishga rozi bo'ldi Endi qiyomat festivaldan atigi bir oy oldin.

Kanndan bir hafta oldin, Coppola 139 daqiqali qisqartirishni uchta yashirincha oldindan ko'rishni tashkil qildi Westwood, Los-Anjeles 11 may kuni[1][75] 2000 to'laydigan mijozlar ishtirok etdi, ularning ba'zilari 6 soatdan ko'proq vaqt davomida navbatda turdilar.[76] 1979 yil davomida ko'rsatilgan boshqa qisqartirishlar 150 va 165 daqiqa davom etdi.[1][39] Film shuningdek namoyish etildi oq uy uchun Jimmi Karter 10 may kuni.[76][39] Coppola tanqidchilarga L.A. namoyishlarida qatnashishga ruxsat berdi va ular bajarilayotgan ishni ko'rib chiqmaslik uchun embargoni hurmat qilishlariga ishonishdi.[39] 14 may kuni Rona Barret televizorda filmni oldindan ko'rib chiqdi Xayrli tong Amerika va buni "umidsizlikka uchragan muvaffaqiyatsizlik" deb atadi.[74][39] Sifatida Turli xillik embargo buzilgan deb hisobladi, ertasi kuni o'z sharhini e'lon qildi Kundalik xilma-xillik "kutishga arziydi" deb aytdi va uni "yorqin va g'alati film" deb atadi va bu birinchi "70 mm kreditsiz taqdimot" ekanligini ta'kidladi,[71] buning uchun Coppola turli gildiyalardan ruxsat olgan (Ekran aktyorlari gildiyasi, Direktorlar gildiyasi va Amerika Yozuvchilar uyushmasi ) o'rniga kreditlar bilan dastur taqdim etdi.[39][76] Sarlavha filmning so'nggi uchdan bir qismidagi ma'baddagi devorga chizilgan holda paydo bo'ldi.[76] Kundalik xilma-xillik xabar berishicha, birinchi, soat 20.00. skrining "cheklangan, agar ishtiyoq bilan qarsaklar" bilan qabul qilindi.[76]

Kann skriningi

The 1979 yil Kann kinofestivali Palme d'Or mukofotlandi Endi qiyomat.

Kannda Zoetrope texniklari namoyishdan oldin tunda Murchga erishish uchun teatr devorlariga qo'shimcha karnaylarni o'rnatish uchun ishladilar. 5.1 soundtrack.[74] Uch soatlik versiyasi Endi qiyomat 1979 yil 19 may, shanba kuni 1979 yil Kann kinofestivali davomida davom etayotgan asar sifatida namoyish etildi[1] va uzoq davom etgan qarsaklar bilan kutib olishdi.[77] Bu festivalda namoyish etilgan birinchi tugallangan ish edi.[76] At the subsequent press conference, Coppola criticized the media for releasing reviews of the work in progress[39] and for attacking him and the production during their problems filming in the Philippines and said, "We had access to too much money, too much equipment, and little by little we went insane", and "My film is not about Vietnam, it bu Vietnam".[77] The filmmaker upset newspaper critic Reks Rid who reportedly stormed out of the conference. Endi qiyomat won the Palme d'Or for best film along with Volker Schlöndorff "s Qalay baraban – a decision that was reportedly greeted with "some boos and jeers from the audience".[78]

Teatrlashtirilgan chiqish

On August 15, 1979 Endi qiyomat was released in North America in only three theaters equipped to play the Dolby Stereo 70 mm prints with stereo atrofdagi tovush,[79] - the Ziegfeld teatri Nyu-York shahrida Cinerama gumbazi Los-Anjelesda va University Theatre yilda Toronto.[39] The film, without credits, ran 146 minutes and tickets cost $5, a new high for L.A.[39]

It ran exclusively in these three locations for four weeks before opening in an additional 12 theaters on October 3, 1979.[80] On October 10, 1979, the 35 mm version, with credits, was released in over 300 theatres.[39]

The film had a $9 million advertising campaign bringing total costs to $45 million.[39]

Alternative and varied endings

At the time of its release, discussion and rumors circulated about the supposed various endings for Endi qiyomat. Coppola said the original ending was written in haste, where Kurtz convinced Willard to join forces and together they repelled the air strike on the compound. Coppola said he never fully agreed with the Kurtz and Willard dying in fatalistic explosive intensity, preferring to end the film in a more encouraging manner.

When Coppola originally organized the ending, he considered two significantly different ends to the movie. One involved Willard leading Lance by the hand as everyone in Kurtz's base throws down their weapons, and ends with images of Willard piloting the PBR slowly away from Kurtz's compound, this final scene superimposed over the face of a stone idol, which then fades into black. The other option showed an air strike being called and the base being blown to bits in a spectacular display, consequently killing everyone left within it.

The original 1979 70 mm exclusive theatrical release ended with Willard's boat, the stone statue, then fade to black with no credits, save for '"Copyright 1979 Omni Zoetrope"' right after the film ends. This mirrors the lack of any opening titles and supposedly stems from Coppola's original intention to "tour" the film as one would a play: the credits would have appeared on printed programs provided before the screening began.[4]

There have been, to date, many variations of the end credit sequence, beginning with the 35 mm general release version, where Coppola elected to show the credits superimposed over shots of the jungle exploding into flames.[4][39] The explosions were from the detonation of the sets.[39] Rental prints circulated with this ending, and can be found in the hands of a few collectors. Some versions of this had the subtitle "A United Artists release", while others had "An Omni Zoetrope release". The network television version of the credits ended with "... from MGM/UA Entertainment Company" (the film made its network debut shortly after the merger of MGM and UA). One variation of the end credits can be seen on both YouTube and as a supplement on the current Sherlar darvozasi Blu ray.

Later when Coppola heard that audiences interpreted this as an air strike called by Willard, Coppola pulled the film from its 35 mm run and put credits on a black screen.[39] However, the "air strike" footage continued to circulate in repertory theaters well into the 1980s, and it was included in the 1980s LaserDisc release. In the DVD commentary, Coppola explains that the images of explosions had not been intended to be part of the story; they were intended to be seen as completely separate from the film. He had added the explosions to the credits as a graphic background to the credits.[81]

Coppola explained he had captured the now-iconic footage during demolition of the sets (set destruction and removal was required by the Philippine government). Coppola filmed the demolition with multiple cameras fitted with different film stocks and lenses to capture the explosions at different speeds. He wanted to do something with the dramatic footage and decided to add them to the credits.[82]

Qayta chiqarish

The film was re-released on August 28, 1987, in six cities to capitalize on the success of Vzvod, To'liq metall ko'ylagi, and other Vietnam War movies. New 70 mm prints were shown in Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Jose, Seattle, St. Louis and Cincinnati – cities where the film did financially well in 1979. The film was given the same kind of release as the exclusive engagement in 1979, with no logo or credits and audiences were given a printed program.[64]

Qabul qilish

Tanqidiy javob

Yoqilgan ko'rib chiquvchi agregator Rotten Pomidor, the film holds an approval rating of 98% based on 94 reviews, with an average rating of 8.97/10. The website's critics consensus reads: 'Francis Ford Coppola's haunting, hallucinatory Vietnam War epic is cinema at its most audacious and visionary.'[83] Metakritik, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 94 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating 'universal acclaim'.[84]

Chiqarilgandan so'ng, Endi qiyomat aralash baholashlar oldi.[85][86][87] In his original review, Rojer Ebert yozgan: "Endi qiyomat achieves greatness not by analyzing our 'experience in Vietnam', but by re-creating, in characters and images, something of that experience."[88] Uning sharhida Los Anjeles Tayms, Charlz Champlin wrote: 'as a noble use of the medium and as a tireless expression of national anguish, it towers over everything that has been attempted by an American filmmaker in a very long time.'[80] Other reviews were less positive; Frank Boy uchun yozish Vaqt said: 'While much of the footage is breathtaking, Endi qiyomat is emotionally obtuse and intellectually empty.'[89] Vinsent Kanbi argued: 'Mr. Coppola himself describes it as 'operatic', but...Endi qiyomat is neither a tone poem nor an opera. It's an adventure yarn with delusions of grandeur, a movie that ends — in the all-too-familiar words of the poet Mr. Coppola drags in by the bootstraps — not with a bang, but a whimper.'[90]

Ebert added Coppola's film to his list of Buyuk filmlar, stating: "Endi qiyomat is the best Vietnam film, one of the greatest of all films, because it pushes beyond the others, into the dark places of the soul. It is not about war so much as about how war reveals truths we would be happy never to discover."[91]

Commentators have debated whether Endi qiyomat is an anti-war or pro-war film. Some evidence of the film's anti-war message includes the purposeless brutality of the war, the absence of military leadership, and the imagery of machinery destroying nature.[92] Advocates of a pro-war stance view these same elements as a glorification of war and the assertion of American supremacy. According to Frank Tomasulo, 'the US foisting its culture on Vietnam', including the destruction of a village so that soldiers could surf, affirms the film's pro-war message.[92] Entoni Svoford recounted how his marine platoon watched Endi qiyomat before being sent to Iraq in 1990 to get excited for war.[93] Nidesh Lawtoo illustrates the ambiguity of the film by focusing on the contradictory responses the movie in general – and the "Valkyries safari " scene in particular – triggered in a university classroom.[94] According to Coppola, the film may be considered anti-war, but is even more anti-lie: '... the fact that a culture can lie about what's really going on in warfare, that people are being brutalized, tortured, maimed, and killed, and somehow present this as moral is what horrifies me, and perpetuates the possibility of war'.[95]

In May 2011, a new restored digital print of Endi qiyomat was released in UK cinemas, distributed by Tegmaslik chiqarish. Jami film magazine gave the film a five-star review, stating: 'This is the original cut rather than the 2001 'Redux' (be gone, jarring French plantation interlude!), digitally restored to such heights you can, indeed, get a nose full of the napalm.'[96]

Teatr kassasi

Endi qiyomat performed well at the box office when it opened on August 15, 1979.[77] The film initially opened in three theaters in New York City, Toronto, and Hollywood, grossing $322,489 in the first five days. The film grossed over $78 million domestically with a worldwide total of approximately $150 million.[4]

Meros

May 1, 2010, cover of the Iqtisodchi newspaper, illustrating the 2010 yil Evropa suveren qarz inqirozi with imagery from the movie, attests to the film's pervasive cultural impact.

Today, the movie is regarded by many as a masterpiece of the Yangi Gollivud davr. Roger Ebert considered it to be the finest film on the Vietnam War and included it on his list for the 2002 Sight & Sound poll for the greatest movie of all time.[97][98] Bu Amerika kino instituti "s 100 yil ... 100 ta film list at number 28, but it dropped two to number 30 on their 10th anniversary list. Kilgore's quote, "I love the smell of napalm in the morning", written by Milius, was number 12 on the AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes list and was also voted the greatest movie speech of all time in a 2004 poll.[99] It is listed at number 7 on Imperiya's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time.[100] Imperiya re-ranked the film at #20 in their 2014 list of The 301 Greatest Movies of All Time,[101] and again at #22 on their 2018 list of 100 ta eng zo'r filmlar.[102] The New York Times placed the film on its Eng yaxshi 1000 ta film ro'yxat.[103] Ko'ngilochar haftalik tartiblangan Endi qiyomat as having one of the "10 Best Surfing Scenes" in cinema.[104]

2002 yilda, Ko'z va tovush magazine invited several critics to name the best film of the last 25 years and Endi qiyomat was named number one. It was also listed as the second best war film by viewers on 4-kanal "s 100 Greatest War Films and was the second rated war movie of all time based on the Movifone list (after Shindler ro'yxati ) and the IMDb War movie list (after Eng uzun kun ). It is ranked number 1 on Channel 4's 50 Films to See Before You Die. In a 2004 poll of UK film fans, Blokbaster listed Kilgore's eulogy to napalm as the best movie speech.[105] The helicopter attack scene with the Valkyries safari soundtrack was chosen as the most memorable film scene ever by Imperiya magazine (this same piece of music was also used in 1915 to similar effect to accompany Xalqning tug'ilishi ). This scene is recalled in one of the last acts of the 2012 video game Far Cry 3 as the song is played while the character shoots from a helicopter.[106] It was likewise adapted for the Mushukning ko'zi anime episode "From Runan Island with Love" and the Battle of Italica scene in Gate: Jieitai Kano Chi nite, Kaku Tatakaeri.

2009 yilda, London kinoshunoslari davri ovoz berdi Endi qiyomat the best film of the last 30 years.[107]

In 2011, actor Charlie Sheen, son of the film's leading actor Martin, started playing clips from the film on his live tour and played the film in its entirety during post-show parties. One of Sheen's films, the 1993 comedy Issiq zarbalar! Qism Deux, includes a brief scene in which Charlie is riding a boat up a river in Iraq while on a rescue mission and passes Martin, as Captain Willard, going the other way. As they pass, each man shouts to the other "I loved you in Uoll-strit!", referring to the 1987 film that had featured both of them. Additionally, the promotional material for Issiq zarbalar! Qism Deux kiritilgan a maketli efirga uzatildi HBO sarlavhali Hearts of Hot Shots! Part Deux—A Filmmaker's Apology, in parody of the 1991 documentary Zulmat qalblari: Kinorejissyorning apokalipsisisi, about the making of Endi qiyomat.[108]

The film is credited with having created the Philippines surfing culture based around the town of Baler where the helicopter attack and surfing sequences were filmed.[109]

On January 25, 2017, Coppola announced that he was seeking funding through Kickstarter for a horror role-playing video game based on Endi qiyomat.[110] The game has since been canceled by Montgomery Markland (the game's director), as revealed on the game's official Tumblr page.[111]

Mukofotlar va sharaflar

Awards and Nominations received by Apocalypse Now
MukofotTurkumNomzodNatija
52-chi Oskar mukofotlari[112]Eng yaxshi rasmFrensis Ford Koppola, Fred Roos, Gray Frederickson, and Tom SternbergNomzod
Eng yaxshi rejissyorFrensis Ford KoppolaNomzod
Ikkinchi darajadagi eng yaxshi aktyorRobert DuvallNomzod
Best Writing – Screenplay Based on Material from Another MediumJon Milius and Francis Ford CoppolaNomzod
Eng yaxshi ovozUolter Murx, Mark Berger, Richard Beggs va Nat BokschiYutuq
Eng yaxshi badiiy yo'nalishSan'at yo'nalishi: Dekan Tavoularis va Angelo P. Grem; Dekoratsiya: Jorj R. NelsonNomzod
Eng yaxshi operatorlikVittorio StoraroYutuq
Eng yaxshi filmni tahrirlashRichard Marks, Walter Murch, Jerald B. Grinberg va Lisa FruchtmanNomzod
1979 yil Kann kinofestivali[113]Palma d'OrEndi qiyomatYutuq
33-chi Britaniya akademiyasining kino mukofotlari[114]Eng yaxshi filmEndi qiyomatNomzod
Eng yaxshi aktyorMartin ShinNomzod
Eng yaxshi ikkinchi darajali aktyorRobert DuvallYutuq
Eng yaxshi yo'nalishFrensis Ford KoppolaYutuq
Best Original Film MusicKarmin Koppola and Francis Ford CoppolaNomzod
Eng yaxshi operatorlikVittorio StoraroNomzod
Eng yaxshi tahrirRichard Marks, Walter Murch, Gerald B. Greenberg, and Lisa FruchtmanNomzod
Eng yaxshi ishlab chiqarish dizayniDekan TavoularisNomzod
Eng yaxshi soundtrackNathan Boxer, Richard Cirincione, Walter MurchNomzod
5th César Awards[115]Best Foreign Film (Meilleur film étranger)Frensis Ford KoppolaNomzod
Devid di Donatello Mukofotlar[116]Best Foreign Director (Migliore Regista Straniero)Frensis Ford KoppolaYutuq
32-chi Amerika direktorlari gildiyasi mukofotlari[117]Suratlardagi ajoyib rejissyorlik yutug'iFrensis Ford KoppolaNomzod
37-Oltin Globus mukofotlari[118]Eng yaxshi kinofilm - DramaFrancis Ford Coppola, Fred Roos, Gray Frederickson, and Tom SternbergNomzod
Eng yaxshi rejissyorFrensis Ford KoppolaYutuq
Eng yaxshi ikkinchi darajali aktyorRobert DuvallYutuq[c]
Eng yaxshi original ballCarmine Coppola and Francis Ford CoppolaYutuq
22-yillik Grammy mukofotlari[119]Kinofilm uchun yozilgan eng yaxshi asl nusxaCarmine Coppola and Francis Ford CoppolaNomzod
1979 National Society of Film Critics AwardsEng yaxshi ikkinchi darajali aktyorFrederik ForrestYutuq
32-Amerika Yozuvchilar uyushmasi mukofotlari[120]Best Drama Written Directly for the ScreenJohn Milius and Francis Ford CoppolaNomzod
Amerika kino instituti ro'yxatlar

Boshqa versiyalar

Apocalypse Now Redux

Asosiy maqola: Apocalypse Now Redux

In 2001, Coppola released Apocalypse Now Redux in cinemas and subsequently on DVD. This is an extended version that restores 49 minutes of scenes cut from the original film. Coppola has continued to circulate the original version as well: the two versions are packaged together in the Complete Dossier DVD, released on August 15, 2006, and in the Blu-ray edition released on October 19, 2010.

The longest section of added footage in the Redux version is the "French Plantation" sequence, a chapter involving the de Marais family's rubber plantation, a holdover from the colonization of Frantsuz Hind-Xitoy, featuring Coppola's two sons Jan-Karlo va Rim as children of the family. Around the dinner table, a young French child recites a poem by Charlz Bodler huquqiga ega L'albatros. The French family patriarch is not satisfied with the child's recitation. The child is sent away. These scenes were removed from the 1979 cut, which premiered at Kann. In behind-the-scenes footage in Zulmat qalblari, Coppola expresses his anger, on the set, at the technical limitations of the scenes, the result of shortage of money. Vaqtida Redux version, it was possible to digitally enhance the footage to accomplish Coppola's vision. In the scenes, the French family patriarchs argue about the positive side of colonialism in Indochina and denounce the betrayal of the military men in the Birinchi Hindiston urushi. Hubert de Marais argues that French politicians sacrificed entire battalions at Điện Biên Phủ, and tells Willard that the US created the Viet Cong (as the Vetnam ) to fend off Japanese invaders.

Other added material includes extra combat footage before Willard meets Kilgore, a scene in which Willard's team steals Kilgore's surfboard (which sheds some light on the hunt for the mangoes), a follow-up scene to the dance of the Playboy Playmates, in which Willard's team finds the Playmates stranded after their helicopter has run out of fuel (trading two barrels of fuel for two hours with the Bunnies), and a scene of Kurtz reading from a Vaqt magazine article about the war, surrounded by Cambodian children.

A deleted scene titled "Monkey Sampan" shows Willard and the PBR crew suspiciously eyeing an approaching sampan juxtaposed to Montagnard villagers joyfully singing "Olovimni yoqing "tomonidan Eshiklar. As the sampan gets closer, Willard realizes there are monkeys on it and no helmsman. Finally, just as the two boats pass, the wind turns the sail and exposes a naked dead Vietnam Kong (VC) nailed to the sail boom. His body is mutilated and looks as though the man had been qamchilandi va kastrlangan. The singing stops. As they pass on by, Chief notes out loud, "That's comin' from where we goin', Captain." The boat then slowly passes the giant tail of a shot down B-52 bombardimonchi as the noise of engines high in the sky is heard. Coppola said that he made up for cutting this scene by having the PBR pass under an aircraft tail in the final cut.

First Assembly

A 289-minute First Assembly circulates as a video bootleg, containing extra material not included in either the original theatrical release or the "redux" version.[121]

Apocalypse Now Final Cut

In April 2019, Coppola showed Apocalypse Now Final Cut for the 40th anniversary screening at the Tribeca kinofestivali.[122] This new version is Coppola's preferred version of the film and has a runtime of three hours and three minutes, with Coppola having cut 20 minutes of the added material from Redux; the scenes deleted include the second encounter with the Playmates, parts of the plantation sequence, and Kurtz's reading of Vaqt jurnal.[123] It is also the first time the film has been restored from the original camera negative at 4K; previous transfers were made from an interpozitiv.[124] It was released in autumn 2019, along with an extended cut of Paxta klubi.[125] It also had a release in select IMAX theaters on August 15 and 18, 2019.[126]

Uy ommaviy axborot vositalari

The first home video releases of Endi qiyomat edi skanerlash versions of the original 35 mm Technovision anamorfik 2.39:1 print, and the closing credits, white on black background, were presented in compressed 1.33:1 full-frame format to allow all credit information to be seen on standard televisions. Birinchi xat qutisi appearance, on Lazerdisk on December 29, 1991, cropped the film to a 2:1 aspect ratio (conforming to the Univisium spec created by cinematographer Vittorio Storaro), and included a small degree of pan-and-scan processing at the insistence of Coppola and Storaro. The end credits, from a videotape source rather than a film print, were still crushed for 1.33:1 and zoomed to fit the anamorphic video frame. All DVD releases have maintained this aspect ratio in anamorphic widescreen, but present the film without the end credits, which were treated as a separate feature. The Blu-ray releases of Endi qiyomat restore the film to a 2.39:1 aspect ratio, making it the first home video release to display the film in its original theatrical aspect ratio.

As a DVD extra, the footage of the explosion of the Kurtz compound was featured without text credits but included commentary by Coppola, explaining the various endings based on how the film was screened.

On the cover of the Redux DVD, Willard is erroneously listed as "Lieutenant Willard".

Lionsgate released a 6-disc 40th anniversary edition on August 27, 2019. It includes two 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray discs and four standard Blu-ray discs, containing the theatrical version, Redux, va Yakuniy kesish featuring 4K restorations from the original camera negative. Previous extras (including the Zulmat qalblari documentary) have been re-used for this release, along with brand new content including a Tribeca Film Festival Q&A with Francis Ford Coppola and Steven Soderbergh and never-before-seen B-roll footage.[127]

Hujjatli filmlar

Zulmat qalblari: Kinorejissyorning apokalipsisisi (American Zoetrope/Cineplex Odeon Films) (1991) Directed by Eleanor Coppola, Jorj Xikenlooper, and Fax Bahr

Apocalypse Now – The Complete Dossier DVD (Paramount Home Entertainment ) (2006). Disc 2 extras include:

  • The Post Production of Endi qiyomat: Documentary (four featurettes covering the editing, music, and sound of the film through Coppola and his team)
    • "A Million Feet of Film: The Editing of Endi qiyomat" (18 minutes). Written and directed by Kim Aubry.
    • "The Music of Endi qiyomat" (15 minutes)
    • "Heard Any Good Movies Lately? The Sound Design of Endi qiyomat" (15 minutes)
    • "The Final Mix" (3 minutes)

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

  1. ^ A few days before Willard received this dispatch, Chief had told him that about six months prior to Willard's mission, he (Chief) had taken another man north of the Do Long Bridge. Chief had heard this man shot himself in the head.
  2. ^ However, filmmaker Kerol Ballard da'vo qilmoqda Endi qiyomat was his idea in 1967 before Milius had written his screenplay. Ballard had a deal with producer Joel Landon and they tried to get the rights to Conrad's book but were unsuccessful. Lucas acquired the rights but failed to tell Ballard and Landon.[28]
  3. ^ Bilan bog'langan Melvin Duglas uchun U erda bo'lish.

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m n o p q r s t siz v w x Pollock, Dale (May 23, 1979). "An Archival Detailing Of UA's 'Apocalypse Now' Since 1967 Start". Turli xillik. p. 5.
  2. ^ "APOCALYPSE NOW". Britaniya filmlarini tasniflash kengashi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2015 yil 2 aprelda. Olingan 20 dekabr, 2014. Retrieved December 3, 2017
  3. ^ Appelo, Tim (August 30, 2014). "Telluride: Francis Ford Coppola Spills 'Apocalypse Now' Secrets on 35th Anniversary". Hollywood Reporter. Arxivlandi from the original on September 2, 2014. Olingan 5 avgust, 2019.
  4. ^ a b v d Cowie 1990, p. 132.
  5. ^ "The Best War Movies". Imperiya. 2020 yil 4-iyun. Arxivlandi from the original on November 2, 2020. Olingan 4-noyabr, 2020.
  6. ^ Piri, Jerald. "Francis Ford Coppola, Interview with Gerald Peary". Gerald Peary. Arxivlandi from the original on December 17, 2006. Olingan 14 mart, 2007.
  7. ^ McNary, Dave (January 4, 2019). "Richard Marks, 'Apocalypse Now,' 'Terms of Endearment' Editor, Dies at 75". Turli xillik. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2019 yil 9 fevralda. Olingan 7 fevral, 2019.
  8. ^ "Critics' top 100". bfi.org.uk. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2013 yil 26 oktyabrda. Olingan 10 mart, 2016.
  9. ^ "Directors' top 100". bfi.org.uk. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2019 yil 24 aprelda. Olingan 1 iyun, 2019.
  10. ^ "THE GREATEST FILMS OF ALL TIME". Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2019 yil 18 iyunda. Olingan 17 iyun, 2019.
  11. ^ "Milliy filmlar ro'yxatining to'liq ro'yxati". Kongress kutubxonasi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2016 yil 31 oktyabrda. Olingan 19 iyul, 2018.
  12. ^ "Librarian of Congress Names 25 More Films to National Film Registry". Kongress kutubxonasi, Vashington, DC 20540 AQSh. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2019 yil 3 aprelda. Olingan 15 sentyabr, 2020.
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  15. ^ DeadBySense, Joe Estevez shares an incredible story., arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2016 yil 7 martda, olingan 10 oktyabr, 2019
  16. ^ Cowie 2001, p. 19.
  17. ^ Murfin, Ross C (ed.) (1989): Joseph Conrad: Heart of Darkness. A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism. Boston: St. Martin's Press, pp. 3–16.
  18. ^ "Heart of Darkness & Apocalypse Now: A comparative analysis of novella and film". Cyberpat.com. Arxivlandi from the original on January 3, 2010. Olingan 6 mart, 2010.
  19. ^ Leary, William L. "Death of a Legend". Air America Archive. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
  20. ^ Warner, Roger. Shooting at the Moon.
  21. ^ Ehrlich, Richard S. (July 8, 2003). "CIA operative stood out in 'secret war' in Laos". Bangkok Post. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2009 yil 6-avgustda. Olingan 10 iyun, 2007.
  22. ^ Isaacs, Matt (November 17, 1999). "Agent Provocative". SF haftalik. Arxivlandi from the original on June 12, 2009. Olingan 2 may, 2009.
  23. ^ Smith, Terence (August 14, 1969). "Details of Green Beret Case Are Reported in Saigon" (PDF). The New York Times. 1-2 bet. Olingan 30-noyabr, 2015. His status as a double agent was reportedly confirmed by the Central Intelligence Agency, which, according to the sources, suggested that he either be isolated or 'terminated with extreme prejudice.' This term is said to be an intelligence euphemism for execution.
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  25. ^ Davidson, Harriet. "Improper desire: reading Chiqindilarni er" in Anthony David Moody (ed.). The Cambridge companion to T. S. Eliot. Cambridge University Press, 1995, p. 121 2.
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  27. ^ Ken Plume, "Interview with John Milius", IGN, 7 May 2003 Arxivlandi February 16, 2013, at Arxiv.bugun. Retrieved January 5, 2012
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  29. ^ DeadBySense, Apocalypse Now – Interview with John Milius, arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2019 yil 29 mayda, olingan 9 dekabr, 2018
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  31. ^ *Medavoy, Mike with Josh Young, You're Only as Good as Your Next One, Astria, 2002 p 8
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  33. ^ Charles Higham (May 15, 1977). "Coppola's Vietnam Movie Is a Battle Royal: Francis Ford Coppola's Battle Royal". Nyu-York Tayms. p. 77.
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  35. ^ "Welcome to MarkFreemanFilms.com" (PDF). www-rohan.sdsu.edu. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2020 yil 14 noyabrda. Olingan 4 oktyabr, 2017.
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  39. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m n o p q Endi qiyomat da Amerika kino instituti katalogi
  40. ^ a b v Lucas, George (2004). A Legacy of Filmmakers: The Early Years of American Zoetrope (DVD). Warner Bros. Home Video.
  41. ^ Markus Xirn (2005). Jorj Lukasning kinoteatri. Nyu-York shahri: Garri N. Abrams, Inc. 79-80 betlar. ISBN  0-8109-4968-7.
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  43. ^ a b v d e Cowie 1990, p. 121 2.
  44. ^ a b Cowie 2001, p. 6.
  45. ^ Cowie 2001, p. 12.
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