Xitoy numizmatik jozibasi - Chinese numismatic charm

Ushbu maqolada bir nechta muammolar mavjud. Iltimos yordam bering uni yaxshilang yoki ushbu masalalarni muhokama qiling munozara sahifasi. (Ushbu shablon xabarlarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) Ushbu maqolaning ba'zilari sanab o'tilgan manbalar bo'lmasligi mumkin ishonchli. Iltimos, yaxshiroq, ishonchli manbalarni qidirib, ushbu maqolaga yordam bering. Ishonchsiz iqtiboslar shikoyat qilinishi yoki o'chirilishi mumkin. (2020 yil yanvar) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) Bu maqola o'z ichiga olishi mumkin beg'araz, haddan tashqari, yoki ahamiyatsiz misollar. Iltimos maqolani takomillashtirish ko'proq tavsiflovchi matn qo'shish va olib tashlash orqali kamroq o'rinli misollar. Vikipediyani ko'ring yaxshiroq maqolalar yozish uchun qo'llanma keyingi takliflar uchun. (2020 yil yanvar) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Yansheng tangalarining turli xil turlari Hội An, Vetnam.

Yansheng tangalari (an'anaviy xitoy : 厭 勝 錢; soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 厌 胜 钱; pinyin : yàn shèng qián), odatda sifatida tanilgan Xitoy numizmatik jozibasikabi marosimlarda ishlatiladigan maxsus dekorativ tangalar to'plamiga murojaat qiling folbinlik, Xitoy xurofotlari va Feng shui. Ular davrida paydo bo'lgan G'arbiy Xan sulola zamonaviyning bir varianti sifatida Ban Liang va Vu Chju pul tanga. Asrlar davomida ular turli xil shakl va o'lchamlarga ega bo'lgan o'zlarining tovarlariga aylandilar. Davomida ulardan foydalanish qayta tiklandi Xitoy Respublikasi davr. Odatda, bu tangalar xususiy mablag 'bilan ta'minlanadi va o'zlarining marosimlari uchun boy oila tomonidan tashlanadi, garchi bir necha turdagi tangalar asrlar davomida turli hukumatlar yoki diniy buyurtmalar tomonidan chiqarilgan. Xitoy numizmatik jozibasi odatda yashirin ramziy ma'noga ega va ingl. Odatda faqat ikkita yoki to'rttasini o'z ichiga olgan naqd tangalardan farqli o'laroq Xanzi bir tomonidagi belgilar, xitoy numizmatik jozibalarida ko'pincha ko'proq belgilar, ba'zan esa bir tomonning rasmlari mavjud.

Xitoy numizmatik jozibasi qonuniy shakli emasligiga qaramay valyuta, ular xitoyliklar bilan muomalada bo'lishgan bozor muntazam hukumat chiqargan tangalar qatorida. Jozibalar qimmatbaho deb hisoblanardi, chunki ular ko'pincha mis qotishmalaridan yasalgan va xitoy tangalari ularning og'irligi bronza yoki guruch bilan baholangan. Ba'zi hollarda, taqinchoqlar yasalgan qimmatbaho metallar yoki yashma.^[1] Muayyan davrlarda ba'zi jozibalar sifatida ishlatilgan muqobil valyutalar. Masalan, "ma'bad tangalari" tomonidan chiqarilgan Buddist ibodatxonalari davomida Yuan sulolasi mis valyutasi kam bo'lganida yoki mis ishlab chiqarish ataylab cheklangan bo'lganida Mo'g'ul hukumat.

Yansheng tangalari odatda murakkab naqshlar va gravyuralar bilan bezatilgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Ularning ko'plari eskirgan moda aksessuarlari yoki omad taqinchoqlari sifatida. The Tsing-sulolasi davridagi naqd pullar beshta imperatorning yozuvlari bor Shunji, Kanxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong va Jiaxing, bu beshta tangani birlashtirganlarga boylik va omad keltirishi aytilgan.^[2][3]

Xitoy numizmatik talismanslari shunga o'xshash an'analarga ilhom bergan Yaponiya, Koreya va Vetnam va ko'pincha ushbu boshqa mamlakatlarning talismanlari o'xshash ramziy ma'nolari va yozuvlari tufayli xitoylik jozibasi uchun aralashtirilishi mumkin. Xitoy pul tangalarining o'zi Xitoydan tashqarida baxtli joziba sifatida qaralishi mumkin.

Etimologiya

Ushbu tangalarning rasmiy nomi va so'zning talaffuzi Yasheng tanga yoki pul (an'anaviy xitoycha: 押 胜 钱; soddalashtirilgan xitoycha: 压 胜 钱; pinyin: yā shèng qián), ammo zamonaviy zamonaviy foydalanishda Yansheng keng tarqalgan talaffuz va imlo.

Yansheng tangalari "gul tangalari" yoki "naqshli tangalar" (an'anaviy xitoycha: 花錢; soddalashtirilgan xitoycha: 花钱; pinyin: huā qián). Ular muqobil ravishda Xitoyda "o'yin tangalari" (wanqian, 玩 钱) deb nomlanadi. Tarixiy jihatdan "atamasi"Yansheng tangalar "ko'proq mashhur edi, ammo zamonaviy Xitoy va Tayvan "gul tangalari" atamasi keng tarqalgan nomga aylandi.^[4]

Tarix va foydalanish

Yansheng tangalari birinchi marta paydo bo'lgan G'arbiy Xan sulola o'lik bilan aloqa qilish, qulay istaklar uchun ibodat qilish, qo'rqitish uchun xurofot narsalari sifatida arvohlar, yoki sifatida ishlatish omadli pul.

In Ming va Tsing sulolalari, imperator hukumati imperatorning tug'ilgan kuni kabi milliy bayramlar yoki marosimlar uchun tanga chiqargan. Imperatorning oltmish yilligini yozuv bilan joziba berib nishonlash odatiy hol edi Wanshou Tongbao (萬夀 通寶), chunki 60 yil 10ning to'liq tsiklini anglatadi samoviy jarohatlaydi va 12 erdagi filiallar.^[5][6]

Ushbu tangalarga nisbatan, "joziba" bu rasmiy (yoki soxta) pul bo'lmagan tanga shaklidagi buyumlar uchun juda mos tushunchadir.^[7] Biroq, bu numizmatik ob'ektlarning barchasi "sehrli" yoki "omadli" deb hisoblanmagan, chunki bu xitoylik numizmatik jozibalardan ba'zilari "sifatida ishlatilishi mumkin"mnemonik tangalar ".^[7] Ushbu atama qo'shimcha ravishda bir qatorni aniqlash uchun ishlatiladi qimor o'yinlari Xitoy naqd tangalariga asoslangan yoki bunday dizaynlarni o'z ichiga olgan.^[8]

Kelib chiqishi

Sharqiy Xan sulolasi Vu Chju qo'shimcha bezaklari bilan pul tanga

Eng qadimgi Xitoy tangalari davrida ularning kelib chiqish joyini tavsiflovchi yozuvli yozuvlar Urushayotgan davlatlar davri va ba'zan ularning nominal qiymati. Yozuvning boshqa shakllari, masalan, Quyoshni, Oyni aks ettiruvchi yarim oyni va yulduzlarni aks ettiruvchi nuqtalarni, shuningdek, dog'lar va chiziqlarni o'z ichiga olgan. Ushbu ramzlar ba'zan tanga yuzasidan chiqib turardi (xitoycha: phi; pinyin: yáng wén) va ba'zida ular o'yilgan, o'yilgan yoki muhrlangan (xitoycha: phi; pinyin: yén wén). Ushbu ramzlar oxir-oqibat dastlab joziba sifatida ishlatilgan tangalar bilan xitoylik taqinchoqlarga aylanadi.

Nuqtalar qadimgi xitoy tangalarida paydo bo'lgan birinchi va eng keng tarqalgan ramz shakli bo'lgan Ban Liang tangalar va asosan paydo bo'lgan Xan sulolasi. Ushbu ramzlar, odatda, tangalarning old tomonida bo'lgan va qolipning bir qismi sifatida o'yilgan bo'lishi mumkin, ya'ni ular ataylab qo'shilgan. Tangalarning ham old, ham teskari tomonlarida yarim oy ramzlari nuqtalar bilan bir xil davrda qo'shilgan. Shundan so'ng, ikkalasi ham muntazam Xitoy raqamlari va tayoq raqamlarini hisoblash boshida naqd pullarda paydo bo'la boshladi Sharqiy Xan sulolasi. Ushbu dastlabki naqd pullarda xitoycha belgilar paydo bo'la boshladi, bu ularning ma'lum mintaqalarda muomalada bo'lishini anglatishi yoki tangalarni tashlaganlarning ismlarini ko'rsatishi mumkin edi.

Imperator davrida tayyorlangan tangalar Vang Mang ning Sin sulolasi Xan sulolasi davridagi tangalardan ajralib turadigan ko'rinishga ega bo'lib, keyinchalik ko'plab xitoylik tulkilar va taqinchoqlarning asosi sifatida ishlatilgan.^[9][10]

Qadimgi xitoy tilidagi matnlarda Hanzi belgisiga "yulduz" (星) faqat tunda ko'rinadigan yulduzlarga murojaat qilish uchun emas, balki "yoyilish" va "tarqalish" (have, bù). Boshqa eski Xitoy manbalarida "yulduz" belgisi "berish" va "tarqatish" (散, sàn). Ushbu birlashmalar va tangalar va kuch o'rtasidagi aloqalar asosida naqd tangalar yulduzlar bilan to'ldirilgan tungi osmonga o'xshash bo'lishi kerak degan tushuncha shakllandi: muomalada keng tarqalgan, ularning soni ko'p va butun dunyoga tarqalgan.

Xitoy naqd pullarida nega yulduz, oy, bulut va ajdarho ramzlari paydo bo'lganligi haqidagi yana bir gipoteza - bu ularning vakili yin va yang va wu xing - vaqtning asosiy e'tiqodi - va xususan suv (水). "Uchun Xanzi belgisuvli buloq "(泉) qadimgi Xitoyda" tanga "ma'nosini ham anglatgan. Xitoy mifologiyasida oy osmondan yuborilgan elchi yoki xabarchi bo'lib, suv oyda to'plangan yin energiyasining sovuq havosi edi. Oy mas'ul ruh edi. xitoy mifologiyasidagi suv va naqd tangalardagi yarim oy ramzlari ularning aylanib yurishi, oqishi, ko'tarilishi va ko'tarilishi kabi suv kabi aylanishini anglatishi mumkin edi. "bulutlar" yoki "xayrli bulutlar" ramziy ma'nolari bulutlar sabab bo'lishiga ishora qilishi mumkin. yomg'ir; Men Ching Osmonda bulut bulut bo'lib paydo bo'lganligini va yana naqd pullar erkin muomalada bo'lishi kerakligini anglatadi. Xitoy ajdarlarini ifodalovchi tukli chiziqlarning paydo bo'lishi aynan shu vaqtga to'g'ri keldi va bunga asoslanishi ham mumkin edi wu xing suv elementi, ajdarholar shamol va yomg'irni olib keladigan suv hayvonlari deb o'ylaganlar; ajdaholar erkin muomalada bo'lgan valyutaga ega bo'lgan millatni namoyish etdi. Keyinchalik xitoylik taqinchoqlar, tulkiklar va talismanslarda ajdaho ramziga aylandi Xitoy imperatori va Xitoyning markaziy hukumati va uning kuchi.^{[11][12][13][14]}

Keyinchalik rivojlanish

Ley Tingning la'nati sehrlari yilda Delft, Nederlandiya; bu tulkiklar oddiy naqd tangalar singari shakllangan, ammo daosistik simvolizm va obrazlarning namunalarini o'z ichiga oladi.

Xan sulolasining boshidan to oxirigacha ishlab chiqarilgan aksariyat xitoylik numizmatik jozibalar Shimoliy va Janubiy sulolalar (Miloddan avvalgi 206 - milodiy 589) tashqi ko'rinishiga ko'ra muomalada bo'lgan Xitoy naqd pullariga juda o'xshash edi. Xitoy tilsimmanlari o'sha paytda farq qiladigan yagona omil bu tangalarning orqa tomonidagi belgilar edi. Ushbu ramzlarga toshbaqalar, ilonlar, ikki qirrali qilichlar, quyosh, oy, yulduzlar, taniqli insonlarning tasvirlari va o'n ikkita xitoy burjlari kiritilgan. Xitoy numizmatik tilsimonlarining katta rivojlanishi va evolyutsiyasi boshlangan davrda sodir bo'lgan Olti sulola va qadar davom etdi Mo'g'ul Yuan sulolasi. Aynan shu davrda xitoy numizmatik jozibalarida "uzoq umr" va "baxt" tilagan yozuvlardan foydalanila boshlandi va bu jozibalar va tulkilar Xitoy jamiyatida nihoyatda keng tarqalgan. Bu davrda taoist va buddist tulkilar ham paydo bo'la boshladi, shuningdek, nikoh tanga taqinchoqlari "Kama Sutra o'xshash "tasvirlar. Xitoy numizmatik jozibasi temir, qo'rg'oshin, qalay, kumush, oltin, chinni, yashma va qog'oz. Bu jozibalarda, shuningdek, yangi skriptlar va shriftlar mavjud edi muntazam ssenariy, o't stsenariysi, muhr stsenariysi va Fulu (Taocuhaning "sehrli yozuv" ssenariysi). Xitoy belgilarining yangi va sirli shakllarga qo'shilishi yashirin ramziylikni qo'shdi.^[15][16]

Kabi yozuvlari bo'lgan jozibadorlar fú dé cháng shòu (福德 長壽) va qiān qiū wàn suì (千秋 萬歲, 1000 kuz, 10000 yil)^[17] birinchi bo'lib Shimoliy sulolalar davrining oxirida tashlangan va Kidan orqali davom etgan Liao, Jurxen Jin va Mo'g'ul Yuan sulolalari. Davomida Tang va Qo'shiqlar sulolalari, ochiq ish jozibasi xitoy ajdarlari tasvirlarini qo'shishni boshladi, qilinmoqda, gullar va boshqa o'simliklar, baliqlar, kiyiklar, hasharotlar, xitoylik fenikslar, baliqlar va odamlar. Ushbu davrdagi ochiq jozibali kiyimlar aksessuarlar, bezak yoki otlarni bezash uchun ishlatilgan. Juda keng tarqalgan jozibali yozuv cháng mìng fù guì (長命 富貴) Tan va Song sulolalari davrida, ushbu talismanslarning teskari tomonida yin-yang ramzlari, sakkizta trigramma va xitoy zodiaklari kabi daosistik tasvirlarni namoyish etishni boshlaganda kiritilgan. Song sulolasi davrida, ayniqsa, ko'plab xitoylik talismanslar tashlandi ot tangalari qimor jetonlari va stol o'yinlari qismlari sifatida ishlatilgan. Belga taqishga mo'ljallangan baliq taqinchoqlari Kitan Liao davrida paydo bo'lgan. Jurchen Jin sulolasi davrida dasht madaniyati va san'ati ta'sirida boshqa yangi turlar paydo bo'ldi Yurxen xalqi. Djinlar sulolasi Yurxen madaniyatini Xitoy ma'muriyati bilan birlashtirdi va Jin sulolasi jozibasi ma'nosini tavsiflash uchun maxfiy ramziy ma'no, ishora, nazarda tutilgan takliflar va fonetik omonimlardan foydalangan Song sulolasi talismanslariga yangilik kiritdi. Yurxenlar davrida yangi ramzlar paydo bo'ldi: imperatorni ifodalaydigan ajdaho, imperatorni ifodalaydigan feniks, vazirlarni ifodalaydigan yo'lbarslar, umuman hukumatni ifodalaydigan sherlar va uzoq umr ko'rishning ramzi bo'lgan turnalar va qarag'ay daraxtlari. Kabi yashirin sembolizm jujube "ertalab yoki erta" uchun mevalar va tovuqlar "omadli bo'lishni" ramziy ma'noda Yurxenlar davrida ham paydo bo'lgan.

Ostida Ming va manchu Tsing sulolalari, omad tilaydigan va voqealarni nishonlaydigan yozuvlar bilan tulkilar ishlab chiqarish ko'paygan. Ushbu numizmatik talismanlar "uchta ko'p" deb nomlangan narsani tasvirlaydi: baxt, uzoq umr va ko'p naslga ega. Boshqa umumiy istaklarga boylik va imperator imtihon tizimidan yuqori darajaga ega bo'lish istaklari kiradi. Ushbu davrda ko'proq xitoylik numizmatik tilsimlar yashirin va yashirin ma'nolardan foydalanishni boshladilar ingl. Ushbu amaliyot, ayniqsa, Manchu Tsing sulolasi davrida kengaytirildi.^{[18][19][20][21]}

Uslublar

Xitoy tilidagi Yansheng tangasi (chapda) va characters (o'ngda) turli xil yozuvlarda takrorlangan. Tsin sulolasi antiqa

Odatda to'rtta belgidan iborat xitoylik xitoy tangalaridan farqli o'laroq, xitoy numizmatik jozibalarida ko'pincha ko'proq belgilar mavjud va ular turli sahnalar tasvirlarini aks ettirishi mumkin.^[22] Ular bir nechta turli xil uslublarda bo'lishi mumkin:

• o'yilgan yoki o'yilgan (xitoycha: 镂空 品; pinyin: lòukōng pǐn)
  • hayvon bilan
  • odamlar bilan
  • o'simliklar bilan
• so'zlar yoki belgilar tanga ustida (xitoycha: 钱 文 品; pinyin: qián wén pǐn)
• jumlalar yoki istaklar (xitoycha: 吉 语 品; pinyin: jí yǔ pǐn)
• Xitoy burji (Xitoycha: 生肖 品; pinyin: shēngxiào pǐn)
• Daosizm, Bagua (Xitoycha: 八卦 品; pinyin: bāguà pǐn), yoki Buddizm xudolar (xitoycha: 神仙 佛道 品; pinyin: shénxiān fó dào pǐn)
• Otlar yoki harbiy mavzular (xitoycha: 打 马格 品; pinyin: dǎ mǎ gé pǐn)
• Anormal yoki estrodiol uslublar (xitoycha: 异形 品; pinyin: yìxíng pǐn)

Dastlabki xitoylik numizmatik sehrlar, Xitoyda mashinada zarb qilingan tangalar paydo bo'lguncha, ularni tashlashga moyil edi 19-asr.

2000 yildan ortiq vaqt mobaynida ko'plab xitoylik numizmatik jozibalar yaratildi, bu jozibalar o'zgarib bordi madaniyat vaqt o'tishi bilan ularning mavzularida va yozuvlarida aks etadi.^[23] Uning 2020 yilgi ishida Xitoylik tulkilar Inglizlar numizmatist va muallif Devid Xartill 5000 dan ortiq xitoylik numizmatik jozibalarni hujjatlashtirgan.^[23] An'anaviy ravishda bu tulkilar kataloglari shakli, ularning kattaligi, jozibasi ma'nosi, imperator nomi yoki boshqa har qanday umumiy xususiyati kabi turli xil usullarda joylashtirilgan.^[23] Boshqa kataloglar qasddan bunday toifalarga kirishdan saqlanishayotgan bo'lsa-da, yangi boshlovchi (mutaxassis bo'lmagan) uchun xitoylik tulki "deb hisoblanishi darhol aniq emas".Baxtli ", "Diniy ", "Oila ", yoki"Tanga "jozibasi turi.^[23]

Xitoy jozibasi turlari

Funktsiyasi bo'yicha

Omad tilaymiz

Xitoy tilidagi "omad tilaymiz" tangalarida ko'pincha yaxshi natijalarga erishishni xohlaydigan yozuvlar mavjud.

Xitoy numizmatik "omad tilaymiz" yoki "xayrli taqinchoqlar" har xil yozilgan Xitoycha belgilar omad va farovonlikni ifodalaydi. Ularning kuchli ta'siriga mashhur e'tiqod bor edi va ular an'anaviy ravishda yovuzlikni qo'rqitish va oilalarni himoya qilish uchun ishlatilgan. Ularga odatda omad, omad, pul, uzoq umr, ko'p farzandlar va yaxshi natijalarga erishishni xohlaydigan to'rt yoki sakkizta belgi kiradi. imperiya ekspertizasi tizimi.^[24] Ushbu jozibalardan ba'zilari obodlik va muvaffaqiyatlar tilab bayonot berish uchun tasvirlar yoki ingl. Ba'zi xususiyatlar anor bu muvaffaqiyatli va malakali erkak bolalarga, oilani mustahkamlashga va nasabini davom ettirishga intilishni ramziy ma'noda anglatadi.^{[25][26][27][28][29]}

Xitoy numizmatik jozibasi bo'yicha yana bir keng tarqalgan mavzu karkidon. Uning tasviri baxt bilan bog'liq, chunki xitoy tilida "karkidon" va "baxt" so'zlari ikkala talaffuz qilinadi xi. Karkidon yo'q bo'lib ketdi Janubiy Xitoy qadimgi davrda va hayvon afsonalarga aylandi, osmondagi yulduzlar karkidon shoxining tomirlari va naqshlarida aks etganligi haqidagi afsonalar bilan. Karkidon shoxi ruhlar bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri aloqa qilish uchun tanadagi suvga kirib boradigan, osmonni aylanib o'tadigan va kanallarni ochadigan bug 'chiqardi deb ishonishgan.^[30][31][32]

Kabi bir qator omad tilaklarida yozuvlar mavjud téng jiāo qǐ fèng (騰蛟 起 鳳, "ajdarho osmonga ko'tariladi va Feniks raqsi"), bu hikoyaga havola Vang Bo ),^[33] lián shēng guì zǐ (連 生 貴子, "Birin-ketin sharafli o'g'il tug'ilishi mumkin"),^[34] va zhī lán yù shù (芝蘭 玉樹, "Iste'dodli va olijanob yigit").^[35]

Xavfsiz sayohatlar

Xavfsiz sayohatlar sayohat paytida shaxsiy xavfsizlik masalasida ishlab chiqarilgan xitoylik numizmatik jozibalarning asosiy toifasi. Bir tomonda, odatda, joziba egasiga xavfsiz sayohat qilishni istagan yozuv, boshqasida Bagua, qurol va yulduzlar kabi umumiy talisman mavzulari bo'lishi kerak edi. Bu ishoniladi Bokschilar Manchu Tsing sulolasiga qarshi qo'zg'olon paytida a'zolik nishoni sifatida xavfsiz sayohatlardan foydalangan.^[36]

Tinchlik jozibasi

Gurjana shaklidagi xitoylik numizmatik tinchlik jozibasi

Tinchlik jozibasi (An'anaviy xitoy: 天下太平 錢; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 天下太平 钱; Pinyin: tiān xià tài píng qián) tinchlik va farovonlik istagan yozuvlarga ega va ularga asoslangan Xitoy tangalari 太平 () belgilaridan foydalanadigantài píng).^[37][38][39] Ushbu tangalar ko'pincha jozibaga o'xshash kuchlarga ega deb hisoblanadi.

1980-yillarga oid arxeologik topilma shuni ko'rsatdiki, ular birinchi marta tashlagan Shu Shohligi Xan sulolasi qulaganidan keyin. Ushbu tangada yozuv bor edi tài píng bǎi qián (太平 百 錢), yuzta xitoy tangasiga teng edi va xattotlik uslubidan ko'proq jozibaga o'xshash xattotlik uslubiga ega edi. zamonaviy tangalar. Davomida Qo'shiqlar sulolasi, Taizong imperatori yozilgan tanga chiqargan tài píng tōng bǎo (太平 通寶), va hukmronligi ostida Chongjen imperatori paydo bo'ldi a Ming sulolasi tangasi yozuv bilan tài píng (太平) teskari tomonda va chóng zhēn tōng bǎo (崇禎 通寶) old tomonida. Davomida Taiping isyoni, Osmon Shohligi Taiping yozilgan tangalar ("muqaddas tangalar") tài píng tiān guó (太平天囯).

Shaxsiy ravishda tinchlikni xohlash istagi bilan chiqarilgan tinchlik sehrlari har kuni Xitoyning notinch va tez-tez zo'ravonlik tarixi davomida ishlatilgan. Ostida Tsing sulolasi Yozuvi bilan xitoylik taqinchoqlar tiān xià tài píng (天下太平) odatiy ko'rinishga aylandi. Ushbu iborani "osmon ostidagi tinchlik", "osmon ostidagi tinchlik va osoyishtalik" yoki "tinchlikdagi imperiya" deb tarjima qilish mumkin edi. Tinchlik jozibasi, shuningdek, o'n ikkita Xitoy burjlarini tasvirlaydigan va ingl.^{[40][41][42][43]}

Tsin sulolasi davrida a tài píng tōng bǎo (太平 通寶)^[a] tanga chetida qo'shimcha belgilar va ramzlarga ega bo'lgan tinchlik jozibasi yaratildi: jozibaning chap va o'ng tomonlarida belgilar 吉 va 祥, bu "omad" deb tarjima qilinishi mumkin, teskari tomonda esa belgilar rú yì (如意, "xohlaganingizcha") jantning yuqori va pastki qismida joylashgan. Ushbu to'rtta belgi birlashtirilganda ular o'qiydilar rú yì jí xiáng bu "sizning xohishingizga ko'ra omad" deb tarjima qilingan, bu Xitoyda mashhur ibora. Ushbu joziba o'zining ikki qavatli janti (重 rare) tufayli juda kamdan-kam uchraydigan dizayn bo'lib, uni keng tashqi jantni o'rab turgan yupqa dumaloq jantga ega deb ta'riflash mumkin. Ushbu o'ziga xos jozibada jantning chuqurlashtirilgan qismida qo'shimcha yozuv mavjud; ushbu xususiyatlarga ega bo'lgan zamonaviy xitoycha tanga namunasi 100 bo'lishi mumkin naqd pul xianfeng zhongbao (咸豐 重 寶) tanga. Manchu Tsing sulolasi davrining jozibasining teskari tomonida juda ko'p ma'nolarga ega yozuvlar mavjud. qū xié qiǎn shà (驅邪 遣 遣, "o'lik yovuz ta'sirlarni quvib chiqaring va zarba bering"), yaxshilikning yovuzlik ustidan ramziy g'alabasini ifodalovchi lenta va qilichlar, xitoycha ko'rshapalak so'zi xitoy tilidagi baxt so'ziga o'xshash bo'lgan ingl. va ning qo'shimcha yozuvi dāng wàn (當 卍, "O'n ming qiymat", taxmin qilingan ramziy nom).^[44][45]

Dafn tangalari

Davomida oltindan yasalgan Xitoy dafn tangalari Jin sulolasi.

Xitoy dafn tangalari (An'anaviy xitoy: 瘞 錢; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 瘗 钱; Pinyin: yì qiána.k.a. quyuq tangalar (An'anaviy xitoy: 冥 錢; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 冥 钱; Pinyin: míng qián)^[46][47] dafn qilinishi kerak bo'lgan odamning qabriga qo'yiladigan valyutaning xitoylik taqlididir. Amaliyot Shang sulolasi qachon kovri chig'anoqlari pullar narigi dunyoda pora sifatida ishlatilishiga ishongan holda ishlatilgan Yan Vang (shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan Yama) yanada qulay ma'naviy manzil uchun. Amaliyot to'xtatish uchun valyutani replika qilishga o'zgartirdi qabr qaroqchilari,^[48][49] va bu tangalar va boshqa taqlid valyutalar deb nomlangan gil pul (泥 錢) yoki sopol buyumlar (陶土 幣). Xitoy qabrlari xitoyliklarning "past valyuta" (下 幣) deb ataydigan loy versiyalari bilan topilgan, masalan, kovri qobig'i, Ban Liang, Vu Chju, Daquan Vuju, Tang sulolasi Kayiyuan Tongbao, Song sulolasi Chong Ni Zhong Bao, Liao sulolasi Tian Chao Van Shun, Bao Ning Tong Bao, Da Kang Tong Bao, Jurchen Jin sulolasi Da Ding Tong Bao va Tsin sulolasi Qian Long Tong Bao naqd pullari. Turli davrlarga oid qabrlar, shuningdek, oltin va kumush taqlid qilingan "yuqori valyuta" (上 幣) kabi topilgan. Chu qirolligi oltin plastinka pullari (泥 ｢郢 稱｣ (楚國 黃金 貨)), yuan jin (爰 金), ipak dafn pullari (絲織品 做 的 冥幣), tilla pirog (陶質 "金 餅") va boshqa pirojnoe - shaklli narsalar (冥器). Zamonaviy foydalanishda, Joss qog'ozi loy nusxalari o'rnini egallaydi va marhum bilan ko'mishdan ko'ra yoqib yuboriladi.^[50][51][52]

"Dam olish uchun qo'ydi" dafn marosimlari

Xitoyning "Dam olish uchun qo'ydi" dafn marosimlari - bu qabrlardan topilgan bronza dafn marosimlari yoki tangalar. Ular diametri 2,4 dan 2,45 santimetrgacha (0,94 dan 0,96 dyuymgacha), qalinligi 1,3 dan 1,4 millimetrgacha (0,051 dan 0,055 gacha) va ularning old qismida yozuv mavjud rù tǔ wéi ān (入土为安) "teskari yotish" degan ma'noni anglatadi, aksincha bo'sh. Ushbu tangalar asosan Qing sulolasining so'nggi davrlariga oid qabrlarda topilgan, ammo Shimoliy Song sulolasi tangalarining tangalar xazinasida topilgan. The wéi soddalashtirilgan xitoycha belgi yordamida yozilgan (为 ) belgining an'anaviy xitoycha versiyasidan ko'ra (為 ). Ushbu tangalar ko'pchilik tufayli ko'pincha Xitoy tangalari yoki talismanslari bo'yicha numizmatik ma'lumotnomalardan chiqarib tashlanadi taqiqlar, chunki ular o'lik odamlarning og'ziga solingan va omadsiz va bezovta qiluvchi hisoblanadi va aksariyat kollektsionerlar tomonidan istalmagan.^{[53][54][55][56]}

Nikoh va jinsiy tarbiya jozibasi

Xitoy jinsiy tarbiyasi tangalari guruhi, ularning har biri to'rt xil jinsiy pozitsiyalarni namoyish etadi.

Xitoylik nikoh jozibasi (An'anaviy xitoy: 夫婦 和合 花錢; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 夫妇 和合 花钱; Pinyin: fū fù hé hé huā qián) - bu sahnalarni tasvirlaydigan xitoylik numizmatik jozibalar yoki tulkiklar jinsiy aloqa yilda turli lavozimlar. Ular boshqa ko'plab ismlar bilan mashhur, shu jumladan maxfiy o'yin pullari (An'anaviy xitoy: 秘 戲 錢; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 秘 戏 钱; Pinyin: mì xì qián),^[57] yashirin kulgili tangalar, olovni (shahvat) yashirish (qochish) (An'anaviy xitoy: 避 火 錢; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 避 火 钱; Pinyin: bì huǒ qián), Xitoy nikoh tangalari, xitoylik sevgi tangalari, xitoy bahor pullari (An'anaviy xitoy: 春 錢; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 春 钱; Pinyin: chūn qián), Xitoylik erotik tangalar va xitoy to'y tangalari. Ular yangi turmush qurgan juftliklar farzand ko'rish uchun o'zlarining majburiyatlari va majburiyatlarini bajarish uchun to'y kechasida qanday ishlashlari kerakligini tasvirlaydilar. Ular tasvirlashlari mumkin sanalar va yerfıstığı ko'payish istagini ramziy ma'noda, lotus urug'lari "doimiy tug'ilish" ning ramzi, kashtan erkak avlodni ramziy ma'noda, anor hosildorlikni, muvaffaqiyatli bo'ladigan o'g'illarni, "ajdaho va feniks" shamlarini, sarv barglarini, qilinlarni, bronza nometall, poyabzal, egar va boshqa an'anaviy narsalar Xitoy to'ylari.

"Bahor pullari" nomi - bu qadimgi xitoylik urf-odatlarga ishora bo'lib, unda qizlar va o'g'il bolalar oqim bo'ylab o'zaro romantik musiqa kuylashar edi. Jinsiy xatti-harakatlar an'anaviy ravishda faqat deyarli tasvirlanmagan Xitoy san'ati ammo Xan sulolasidan jinsiy aloqada bo'lgan toshdan yasalgan o'ymakorliklar topilgan va turli xil jinsiy mavzulardagi bronza nometall keng tarqalgan. Tang sulolasi. Tan sulolasi davrida ham jinsiy aloqa tasvirlangan tangalar ishlab chiqarila boshlandi. Xitoylik muhabbat jozibalarida ko'pincha "shamol, gullar, qor va oy" (風花雪月) yozuvi bor, bu xursand va beozor muhitga ishora qiluvchi qorong'i oyatdir, ammo har bir individual belgi xitoy ma'budasi yoki "Etti peri qiz "(七 仙女). Boshqa Xitoy to'y taqinchoqlarida ko'pincha shunga o'xshash yozuvlar mavjud fēng huā yí rén (風 花 宜人), míng huáng yù yǐng (明 皇 禦 影), va lóng fèng chéng yàng (龍鳳 呈 樣).^{[58][59][60][61][62][63]} Ushbu jozibalardan fohishaxonalarda ham foydalanish mumkin edi, u erda sayohatchilar rasmlarni iltimos qilish uchun foydalanishi mumkin fohisha mahalliy tilni bilmasdan.^[64][65]

Ba'zi xitoylik nikoh jozibalarida taniqli 9-asr she'riga havolalar mavjud Chang hen ge, to'rt xil jinsiy pozitsiyalarda tasvirlangan raqamlar va bahor, shamol, shaftoli va olxo'ri kabi to'rtta xitoycha belgilar.^[66]

Ning dizayni Xitoy, Koreys va Vetnam nikoh tulkiklari juftligini namoyish etadi baliq bir tomonda, boshqa tomonida Eo ssang (魚 双, "Baliq jufti") yozuvi.^[67][68] Turli xil Sharq madaniyatlarida baliq mo'l-ko'l va mo'l-ko'lchilik bilan bog'liq.^[69] Baliqlar ko'payish qobiliyati va suzish paytida bu quvonchli ekanligi va shuning uchun baxtli va uyg'un turmush bilan bog'liqligi bilan ajralib turadi.^[69] Yilda Feng Shui, bir juft baliq konjugal baxt va nikoh ittifoqida bo'lish quvonchlari bilan bog'liq.^[69]

Uy taqinchoqlari

Xitoy uyi jozibasi o'sha joyga omad olib kelish yoki Feng shui bo'yicha uyni muvozanatlash uchun uy ichiga joylashtirilgan xitoylik numizmatik talismanslarga murojaat qiling. Ushbu jozibalar tarixga tegishli Xan sulolasi bino qurilishi paytida ham uylarga joylashtirilgan; ular ibodatxonalarga va boshqa binolarga ham joylashtirilgan. Ko'plab an'anaviy xitoy uylari tasvirlarni namoyish etishga moyildirlar menshen (pol chegarachisi). Ba'zi binolar "asos toshi" (石 石) bilan qurilgan Tai tog'i yilda Shandun, yozuvi bilan tài shān zài cǐ (泰山 在 此, "Tai tog'i bu erda") yoki tài shān shí gǎn dāng (泰山 石 敢當, "Tay tog'ining toshi qarshilik ko'rsatishga jur'at etadi"). Xitoy binolaridagi ridgepollar odatda qizil rangga bo'yalgan va qizil qog'oz, mato bannerlari va Bagua taqinchoqlari bilan bezatilgan. Besh zahar sehrlari ko'pincha istalmagan odamlarni va hayvon zararkunandalarini oldini olish uchun ishlatiladi.^{[muvofiq? – muhokama qilish]} Ko'plab Xitoy uylari - bu uyni yovuz ruhlardan himoya qilish uchun tayinlangan soqolli keksa odamlarning kichik bronza haykallari, Urush Xudosi, Zhong Kui (鍾 馗) va "qutb xudosi". Uy taqinchoqlari, omad kabi uyga boylikni taklif qiladigan yozuvlarga ega cháng mìng fù guì (長命 富貴, "uzoq umr, boylik va sharaf"), fú shòu tóng tiān (福壽 同 天, "o'sha kuni omad va uzoq umr"), zhāo cái jìn bǎo (招財進寶, "boylik va xazina jalb qiladi"), sì jì píng ān (四季 平安, "to'rt fasl uchun tinchlik"), wǔ fú pěng shòu (五福 捧 壽, "beshta boylik uzoq umr ko'rishni o'rab oladi"), shàng tiān yán hǎo shì (上天 言 好事, "osmonga ko'tarilib, yaxshi ishlar haqida gapirish") va huí gōng jiàng jí xiáng (回宮 降 吉祥, "o'z saroyingizga qaytib, omad keltiring").^[70][71][72]

Saroy naqd pullari

Saroy naqd pullari ba'zan Xitoy numizmatik jozibasi toifasiga kiradi.^[73] Ushbu maxsus tangalar Jahon tangalarining standart katalogi tomonidan Krause nashrlari, sovg'alar sifatida taqdim etish uchun maxsus ishlab chiqarilgan Xitoy yangi yili da ishlagan odamlarga Xitoy imperatorlik saroyi imperator kabi soqchilar va xizmatkorlar, kim bu maxsus tangalarni pastga osib qo'yadi lampalar.^[73] Uning kitobida Qing Cashtomonidan nashr etilgan Qirollik numizmatik jamiyati 2003 yilda, Devid Xartill ushbu saroy naqd pullari faqat yangisini tashkil etish davrida ishlab chiqarilganligini ta'kidladi hukmronlik davri unvoni.^[73] Birinchi Xitoy saroyi naqd pullari 1736 yilda hukmronlik davrida ishlab chiqarilgan Qianlong imperatori va diametri 30 millimetrdan 40 millimetrgacha bo'lishga moyil.^[73] Ushbu saroy naqd pullari shu kungacha ishlab chiqarilgan Tsing sulolasining oxiri.^[73]

Ushbu tangalarda Qianlong hukmronlik unvonlari bor, Jiaxing, Daoguang, Sianfeng, Tongji, Guangxu, yoki Syuantun "Tongbao" (通寶) yoki kamdan-kam hollarda "Zhongbao" (重 寶) bilan, ularning old va teskari yozuvlarida "Tianxia Taiping" (天下太平).^[74] Ushbu maxsus pul tangalari to'rtburchaklar mato bo'lagiga o'ralgan va har imperator vafot etganida (yoki "ota-bobolariga ko'tarilgan") tangalar yangi hukmronlik unvonlari bilan almashtirilgan.^[74] Ba'zi Tianxia Taiping naqd pullari tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan Daromad vazirligi boshqalari esa xususiy zarbxonalar tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan.^[74] Saroy nashrlari bir xil yozuvlarga ega muomaladagi naqd pullardan kattaroqdir.^[75]

Shakli va dizayni bo'yicha

Aksariyat xitoylik numizmatik taqinchoqlar birinchi marta charmlar paydo bo'lganida muomalada bo'lgan to'rtburchak teshikli yumaloq tangalarni taqlid qilgan. Jozibalar hukumat tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan tangalardan alohida rivojlanib borgan sari,^[76] belkurak, qulf, baliq, shaftoli va gurjana shaklidagi tangalar paydo bo'ldi.^{[77][78][79][80]} ko'plari zamonaviy xitoy tangalarining ko'rinishini saqlab qolishgan.

Gourd charms

Gourd charms (An'anaviy xitoy: 葫蘆 錢; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 葫芦 钱; Pinyin: hú lu qián) kabi shakllangan kalabalar (butilka oshqovoqlari). Ushbu taqinchoqlar sog'liqni saqlashni istash uchun ishlatiladi, chunki kalaba bilan bog'liq an'anaviy xitoy tibbiyoti, yoki ko'plab o'g'il bolalar uchun, chunki kalabaning uzumlari odam bilan bog'lanib, son-sanoqsiz urug'larni olib yurishadi. Govdagi birinchi belgi sifatida talaffuz qilinadi hu (葫) o'xshash bo'lgan tovushlar hù, xitoycha "himoya" (護) yoki "marhamat" (祜) so'zlarini talaffuz qilish, gurd maftunkorlari yovuz ruhlardan saqlanish uchun ham foydalaniladi. Calabashes bolalarni himoya qilishning sehrli kuchiga ega ekanligiga ishonishgan chechak va qovoq taqinchoqlari bolalarning sog'lig'ini saqlab qolishlariga ishonishgan. Kalabashkalar ham xuddi shunday shaklga ega Arabcha raqam "8", ya'ni a omadli raqam Xitoyda. Qovoq jozibasining bir varianti kalabaga o'xshash ikkita to'plangan pul tanga shaklida, kichikroq tepada joylashgan. Ushbu jozibalarda to'rtta belgi va xayrli xabarlar mavjud.^[81][82][83]

Ko'rshapalak va ikkita Wu Zhu naqd tanga "ko'zlari" yordamida ingl.

Vu Chju naqd tangalarining ikki nusxasidan iborat bo'lib, ularning kesishgan joyida belgini yashirish uchun kaltak qo'yilgan, o'ng tomonda tasvirlangan qovoq jozibasi ingl. Xitoycha "ko'rshapalak" so'zi "baxt" so'ziga o'xshaydi, naqd tanga markazidagi to'rtburchak teshik "ko'z" deb nomlanadi (g, yǎn) va xitoycha "tanga" (錢, qián) "oldingi" bilan deyarli bir xil talaffuzga ega (前, qián). Ushbu kombinatsiyani "baxt sizning ko'zingiz oldida" deb talqin qilish mumkin.^[84]

Vault Protector tangalari

Tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan Vault Protector tanga Jamoat ishlari kengashi Yalpiz ichkarida Pekin.

Vault Protector tangalari (An'anaviy xitoy: 鎮 庫 錢; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 镇 库 钱; Pinyin: zhèn kù qián) Xitoy zarbxonalari tomonidan yaratilgan tanga turi edi. Ushbu tangalar oddiy naqd pullarga qaraganda sezilarli darajada kattaroq, og'irroq va qalinroq bo'lib, zarb xazinasida alohida o'rinni egallashga mo'ljallanganligi uchun juda yaxshi tayyorlangan. Xazinada qurbonliklar uchun ruhlar zali mavjud edi xitoy panteonining xudolari Vault Protector tangalari qizil ipak va to'rva bilan osilgan bo'lar edi Xitoyning boylik xudosi. Ushbu tangalar jozibaga o'xshash sehrli kuchlarga ega deb hisoblar edilar, ular xazinani boylik va boylik keltirganda xazinani himoya qiladi.^[85][86]

Vault protektor tangalari mamlakatdan boshlab ming yildan ko'proq vaqt davomida ishlab chiqarilgan Janubiy Tang davomida Besh sulola va o'n qirollik davri va qadar ishlab chiqarilgan Tsing sulolasi.^[87] Vault protektor tangalari odatda quyish uchun yangi pechlarning ochilishini eslash uchun quyilgan pul tanga.^[87]

Ochiq ish jozibasi

Ko'rgazmada ochiq ish jozibasi Etnografiya muzeyi, Shvetsiya.

Ochiq ish pullari (An'anaviy xitoy: 鏤空 錢; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 镂空 钱; Pinyin: lòu kōng qián) "nafis" pul nomi bilan ham tanilgan (An'anaviy xitoy: 玲瓏 錢; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 玲珑 钱; Pinyin: líng lóng qián) bu boshqa dizayn elementlari orasidagi tartibsiz shakldagi teshiklar yoki teshiklar bilan tavsiflangan xitoylik numizmatik jozibalarning turlari. Ko'pchilik ochiq ish zarbining teskari tomonida aks ettirilgan naqshlar mavjud bo'lib, xitoycha belgilar kamdan-kam uchraydi. Ularda tanga o'rtasida bitta katta yumaloq teshik yoki binolarning konstruktsiyalari tasvirlanganlar uchun to'rtburchak teshik bor. Boshqa xitoylik taqinchoqlar bilan taqqoslaganda, ochiq ish zarblari guruchga qaraganda ancha katta va ko'pincha bronzadan yasalgan. Ular birinchi marta paydo bo'lgan Xan sulolasi, garchi ularning aksariyati turli xil idishlardan olingan kichik namunalardir. Ular hukmronlik davrida yanada ommalashgan Qo'shiq, Mo'g'ul yuan va Min sulolalari ammo mankunlar davrida mashhurligini yo'qotdi Tsing sulolasi.^{[88][89][90][91][92][93]}

Ochiq ish jozibalari toifalari:

Turkum	Rasm
O'lmas va odamlar bilan ochiq ish jozibasi
Ajdaho ochiq ish jozibasi
Feniks ochiq ish jozibasi
Tovus qushqo'nmas ishi
Qilin ochiq ish jozibasi
Yarasa ochiq ish zargarlik buyumlari
Lotusning ochiq ish zarbalari
"Gullar va uzumzorlar" ochiq ish zarblari
Binolar va ibodatxonalar bilan ochiq ish jozibasi[b]
Baliqning ochiq-oydin ishqibozlari
Kiyiklarning ochiq ishi
Arslon ochiq-oydin jozibasi
Yo'lbarsning ochiq ish zarbasi
Rabbit ochiq ish zarblari
Qushlarning ochiq jozibasi
Ochiq ishlaydigan kranlar
Otning ochiq ishi uchun jozibasi

24 belgi jozibasi

Ko'rgazmada 24 ta belgi jozibasi Etnografiya muzeyi, Shvetsiya.

24 ta belgi "Yaxshi Baxt" jozibasi (An'anaviy xitoy: 二十 四 福 字 錢; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 二十 四 福 字 钱; Pinyin: er shí sì fú zì qián) va uzoq umr ko'rish uchun 24 ta belgi (An'anaviy xitoy: 二十 四 壽字 錢; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 二十 四 寿字 钱; Pinyin: èr shí sì shòu zì qián) bir tomonida yigirma to'rtta belgi bo'lgan xanzi belgilarining o'zgarishini o'z ichiga olgan xitoy numizmatik jozibalariga murojaat qiling. fu (福, omad tilaymiz) yoki shòu (壽, uzoq umr), xitoylik jozibalarda paydo bo'lgan ikkita eng keng tarqalgan xanzi belgilar.^{[94][95][96][97][98]} Qadimgi xitoyliklar joziba qanchalik ko'p belgilarga ega bo'lsa, shuncha ko'p omadga ega bo'lishiga ishonishadi, garchi bu jozibalar uchun nima uchun 24 ta belgi ishlatilganligi noma'lum. Takliflardan biri 24 ning sakkizinchi raqamning ko'paytmasi bo'lgani uchun tanlanganligini ta'kidlaydi, bu qadimiy xitoyliklar uchun "omad" so'ziga o'xshash talaffuzi tufayli qulay bo'lgan. Shuningdek, u o'n ikki xitoylik burjlar va o'n ikki erdagi filiallarning yig'indisini anglatishi mumkin. Boshqa imkoniyatlarga Xitoy feng shui kompasining (罗盘) 24 yo'nalishi kiradi, bu Xitoy yillari 12 oy va 12 ga bo'linadi. shichen, Xitoy mavsumi ko'rsatkichlari 24 ga bo'lingan quyosh terminlari yoki 24 ta misol farzandlik taqvosi dan Konfutsiylik.^{[99][100][101]}

Xitoy Spade jozibasi

Ko'rgazmada Xitoy belkurak jozibasi Etnografiya muzeyi, Shvetsiya.

Spade jozibasi asoslangan joziba belkurak pul, Xitoy tanganing dastlabki shakli. Spade jozibasi Spade puliga asoslangan Chjou sulolasi davrida muomalada bo'lgan ular tomonidan bekor qilinmaguncha Tsin sulolasi.^[102][103] Spade pul qisqacha tomonidan qayta tiklandi Vang Mang davomida Sin sulolasi va xitoycha belkurak jozibasi odatda ushbu tanga asosida yaratilgan.^{[104][105][106]}

Xitoy qulfining jozibasi

Ko'rgazmada kumush xitoycha qulf jozibasi Etnografiya muzeyi, Shvetsiya.

Xitoy qulf taqinchoqlari (An'anaviy xitoy: 家 鎖; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 家 锁; Pinyin: jiā suǒ) ga asoslangan qulflar, and symbolize protection from evil spirits of both the holder and their property. They were also thought to bring good fortune, longevity, and high results in the imperial exams, and were often tied around the necks of children by Buddhist or Taoist priests. Chinese lock charms are flat and without moving parts, with a form that resembles the Hanzi character "凹 ", which can translate to "concave". All Chinese lock charms have Chinese characters on them. An example of a Chinese lock charm is the "hundred family lock" (Traditional Chinese: 百家鎖), traditionally funded by a poor family asking a hundred other families to each gift a cash coin as a gesture of goodwill for their newborn child, vesting an interest in the child's security. Many Chinese lock charms are used to wish for stability. Other designs of lock charms include religious mountains, the Bagua, and Yin Yang symbol.^{[107][108][109][110][111][112]}

Nine-Fold Seal Script charms

A Nine-Fold Seal Script charms with the inscription Benming Yuanshen (本命元神).

Nine-Fold Seal Script charms (An'anaviy xitoy: 九疊文錢; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 九叠文钱; Pinyin: jiǔ dié wén qián) are Chinese numismatic charms with inscriptions in nine-fold seal script, a style of muhr stsenariysi that was in use from the Song dynasty until the Qing dynasty. Examples from the Song dynasty are rare. Around the end of the Ming dynasty there were Nine-Fold Seal Script charms cast with the inscription fú shòu kāng níng (福壽康寧, "happiness, longevity, health and composure"), and bǎi fú bǎi shòu (百福百壽, "one hundred happinesses and one hundred longevities") on the reverse side.^[113]

Fish charms

Fish charms (An'anaviy xitoy: 魚形飾仵; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 鱼形饰仵; Pinyin: yú xíng shì wǔ) are shaped like fish. The Chinese character for "fish" (魚, yu) is pronounced the same as that for "surplus" (余, yu),^{[114][115][116][117]} so the symbol for fish has traditionally been associated with good luck, fortune, longevity, fertility, and other auspicious things. As the Chinese character for "profit" (利, lì) is pronounced similar to "carp" (鯉, lǐ),^{[118][119][120][121][122]} carps are most commonly used for the motif of fish charms. Fish charms were often used in the belief that they would protect the health of children, and featured inscriptions wishing for the children who carry them to stay alive and safe.^{[123][124][125]}

Chinese peach charms

A Chinese peach charm for "good luck" (福) and "longevity" (壽).

Chinese peach charms (An'anaviy xitoy: 桃形掛牌; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 桃形挂牌; Pinyin: táo xíng guà pái) bor shaftoli -shaped charms used to wish for longevity. The ancient Chinese believed the peach tree to possess vitality as its blossoms appeared before leaves sprouted.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Chinese Emperors would write the character for longevity (壽 ) to those of the lowest social class if they had reached high ages,^[126][127] which was seen to be among the greatest gifts. This character often appears on peach charms and other Chinese numismatic charms. Peach charms also often depict the G'arbiy qirolicha onasi or carry inscriptions such as "long life" (長命, cháng mìng). Peach charms were also used to wish for wealth depicting the character "富 " or higher Mandarin ranks using the character "貴 ".^{[128][129][130]}

Little shoe charms

Little shoe charms are based on the association of shoes with fertility and the Chinese feminine ideal of small feet, which in Confucianism is associated with a narrow vagina, something the ancient Chinese saw as a sexually desirable trait to allow for birth of more male offspring. Intervention to create small feet was usually accomplished by oyoq bog'lash yoshligidan. Girls would hang little shoe charms over their beds in the belief that it would help them find love. Chinese little shoe charms tend to be around one inch (25 mm) long. Shoes are also associated with wealth because their shape is similar to that of a sycee.^[131]

Chinese pendant charms

Chinese pendant charms (An'anaviy xitoy: 掛牌; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 挂牌; Pinyin: guà pái) are Chinese numismatic charms that are used as decorative marjonlarni. From the beginning of the Han dynasty, Chinese people began wearing these charms around their necks or waists as pendants, or attached these charms to the rafters of their houses, pagodas, temples or other buildings, as well as on chiroqlar.^{[132][133][134][135]} It is believed that open-work charms may have been the first Chinese charms that were used in this fashion. Fish, lock, spade, and peach charms were worn on a daily basis, with fish and lock charms worn mainly by young children and infants. Other charms were exclusively used for specific rituals or holidays. Some Han dynasty era charms contained inscriptions such as ri ru qian jin (日入千金, "may you earn a 1,000 gold everyday"), chu xiong qu yang (除凶去央, "do away with evil and dispel calamity"), bi bing mo dang (辟兵莫當, "avoid hostilities and ward off sickness"), or chang wu xiang wang (長毋相忘, "do not forget your friends"). Others resembled contemporary cash coins with added dots and stars. Some pendant charms had a single loop while most others also had either a square or round hole in the centre. Some Chinese pendant charms contain the Hanzi character gua (挂, "to hang"), though their form makes their purpose obvious. Although most pendant charms contain pictorial illustrations, the association of Chinese characters into new and mystical symbolic forms reached an even greater extreme when Taoists introduced "Taoist magic writing" (符文).^[15][16]

Chinese palindrome charms

Chinese palindrome charms are very rare Chinese numismatic charms that depict what in China is known as "palindromic poetry" (回文詩), a form which has to make sense when reading in either direction but may not be a true palindrom.^[136][137] Because of their rarity, Chinese palindrome charms are usually excluded from reference books on Chinese numismatic charms. A known example of a presumably Qing dynasty period Chinese palindrome charm reads "我笑他說我看他打我容他罵" ("I, laugh, he/she, talks, I, look, he/she, hits, I, am being tolerant, he/she, scolds") in this case the meaning of the words can be altered depending on how this inscription is read, as definitions may vary depending on the preceding pronoun. This charm could be read both clockwise and counter-clockwise, and tells of two sides of a combative relationship which could be read as representing either party:

The reverse side of this coin features images of thunder and clouds.^{[138][qo'shimcha tushuntirish kerak ]}

Chinese charms with coin inscriptions

Chinese charms of various sizes with both actual and fantasy cash coin inscriptions.

Chinese charms with coin inscriptions (An'anaviy xitoy: 錢文錢; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 钱文钱; Pinyin: qián wén qián) used the contemporary inscriptions of circulating cash coins. These types of numismatic charms use the official inscriptions of government cast coinage due to the mythical association of Hanzi characters and magical powers as well as the cultural respect for the authority of the government and its decrees. For this reason even regular cash coins had been attributed supernatural qualities in various cultural phenomenon such as folk tales and feng shui. Some official coin inscriptions already had auspicious meanings, and these were selected to be used on Chinese numismatic talismans. During times of crisis and disunity, such as under the reign of Vang Mang, the number of charms with coin inscriptions seem to have increased enormously.^{[139][140][141]} Meanwhile, other Chinese cash coin inscriptions were selected due to a perceived force in the metal used in the casting of these contemporary cash coins; an example would be the Later Zhou dynasty davr zhōu yuán tōng bǎo (周元通寶) charm based on cash coins with the same inscription. Even after the fall of the Sin sulolasi, charms were made with inscriptions from Wang Mang era coinage kabi Northern Zhou era wǔ xíng dà bù (五行大布) because it could be translated as "5 elements coin". Similarly with the Later Zhou dynasty "s zhōu yuán tōng bǎo (周元通寶), the Qo'shiqlar sulolasi davr tài píng tōng bǎo (太平通寶), the Kidan Liao sulolasi davr qiān qiū wàn suì (千秋萬歲, "thousand autumns and ten thousand years"), as well as the Yurxen Jin sulolasi davr tài hé zhòng bǎo (泰和重寶). Northern Song dynasty era charms may have been based on the same mother coins that were used to produce the official government cash coins, and given different reverses to distinguish them as charms.^[142][143]

Davomida Min sulolasi there were Chinese charms based on the hóng wǔ tōng bǎo (洪武通寶) with an image of a boy (or possibly the Emperor) riding either an ox or water buffalo. This charm became very popular as the first Ming Emperor was born as a peasant, which inspired low-born people that they could also do great things. There were a large number of Chinese numismatic charms cast with the reign title Zheng De (正德通寶), despite the government having deprecated cash coins for paper money vaqtida; these charms were often given to children as gifts.^[144] Davomida Manchu Tsing sulolasi a charm was cast with the inscription qián lóng tōng bǎo (乾隆通寶), but was fairly large and had the tōng bǎo (通寶) part of the cash coin written in a different style, with Manchu characters on its reverse to indicate its kelib chiqish joyi rotated 90 degrees. Some charms were also made to resemble the briefly cast qí xiáng zhòng bǎo (祺祥重寶) cash coins. Later charms were made to resemble the guāng xù tōng bǎo (光緒通寶) cast under the Guangxu imperatori but had dīng cái guì shòu (丁財貴壽, "May you acquire wealth, honor [high rank] and longevity") written on the reverse side of the coin.^{[145][146][147][148][149][150][151]}

During the 36th year of the Qianlong davri (yoki Gregorian year 1771), a number of fantasy cash coins with the inscription Qianlong Zhongbao (乾隆重寳) were cast in celebration of the Emperor's 60th birthday.^[152] Because the feast held on his 60th birthday was called Wanshoujie (萬壽節, "the party of ten thousand longevities") these numismatic charms are often referred to as wanshou qian (萬壽錢, "Currencies of the Ten Thousand Longevities").^[152]

Ming dynasty cloisonné charms

A Chinese numismatic charm that looks like a cloisonné version of a cash coin.

Ming dynasty cloisonné charms (An'anaviy xitoy: 明代景泰藍花錢; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 明代景泰蓝花钱; Pinyin: míng dài jǐng tài lán huā qián) are extremely scarce Chinese numismatic charms made from kloonne dan ko'ra guruch or bronze. A known cloisonné charm from the Ming dynasty has the inscription nā mó ē mí tuó fó (南無阿彌陀佛, "I put my trust in Amitābha Buddha"), with various coloured lotus blossoms between the Hanzi characters. Each colour represents something different while the white lotus symbolises the earth's womb from which everything is born and was the symbol of the Ming dynasty. Another known Ming dynasty era cloisonné charm has the inscription wàn lì nián zhì (萬歷年制, "Made during the [reign] of Van Li ") and the eight Buddhist treasure symbols impressed between the Hanzi characters. These treasure symbols are the soyabon, qobiq qobig'i, the flaming wheel, the endless knot, a pair of fish, the treasure vase,^[c] The lotus, and the Victory Banner.^{[153][154][155][156]}

Cloisonné charms produced after the Ming dynasty (particularly those from the Qing dynasty) often have flower patterns.^[157]

Xitoy pul daraxtlari

A Chinese money tree from the Han dynasty in the Gonkong Heritage Cultural Museum.

Xitoy pul daraxtlari (An'anaviy xitoy: 搖錢樹; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 摇钱树; Pinyin: yáo qián shù), yoki shengxianshu, ("o'lmas yuksalish daraxtlari"),^[158][159] yaproqlar naqd pullarning numizmatik jozibasi nusxalaridan qilingan, daraxtga o'xshash taqinchoqlar majmuasi. Ushbu pul daraxtlari bilan birga bo'lmasligi kerak tanga daraxtlari ning yon mahsuloti bo'lgan pul tangalarini ishlab chiqarish, ammo o'xshashliklari tufayli ba'zi mutaxassislar ular bilan bog'liq bo'lishi mumkin deb o'ylashadi. Xitoyga tegishli turli xil afsonalar Uch qirollik davri agar daraxt silkitilsa, uning shoxlaridan tanga tushishiga olib keladigan daraxtni eslang. Jozibasi sifatida pul daraxtlari topilgan Janubi-g'arbiy xitoyliklar Xan sulolasidan bo'lgan qabrlar va o'liklarni narigi dunyoga yo'naltirish va ularni pul bilan ta'minlashda yordam berish uchun u erda joylashtirilgan deb ishonishadi. Bir afsonaga ko'ra, dehqon pul daraxtining urug'ini ter bilan sug'ordi va uning ko'chatlarini qoni bilan sug'ordi, shundan keyin etuk daraxt abadiy boylikni ta'minladi; bu faqat o'z mehnati bilan boyib ketishi mumkin bo'lgan axloqiylikni anglatadi. Adabiy manbalar pul daraxtining kelib chiqishi xitoycha so'zidan kelib chiqqan deb da'vo qilmoqda.mis "(銅, tóng) so'ziga o'xshash talaffuz qilingan "the Paulovniya daraxt "(桐, tóng). Paulownia barglari kuzda sarg'ayib, oltin yoki bronza pul tanga ko'rinishini oladi. Chen Shou (陳壽) da eslatib o'tilgan Uch qirollikning yozuvlari Bing Yuan (邴 原) ismli odam sayr qilayotganda naqd tangalar ustidan yurib, egasini topolmay, uni yaqin atrofdagi daraxtga osib qo'yganligi; boshqa yo'lovchilar bu ipni payqashdi va bu daraxtni muqaddas daraxt deb faraz qilib, boylik va omad tilab, tangalarni osib qo'yishdi. Ammo eng qadimgi pul daraxtlari hozirgi kunda Xan sulolasiga tegishli Sichuan va daosistik diniy buyruq Besh pek guruchning yo'li. Arxeologistlar 1.98 metr (6 fut 6 dyuym) uzunlikdagi pul daraxtlarini topdilar, ular ko'plab tanga iplari, bronza itlar, ko'rshapalaklar, xitoy xudolari, fillar, kiyiklar, fenikslar va ajdarlar bilan bezatilgan, bronza ramka va poydevor bilan sopol idishlar. Xitoy pul daraxtlarida topilgan bitiklar va xattotlik yozuvlari xitoylik pullarning zamonaviy tangalari bilan mos keladi, bu erda odatda Xu sulolasi davrida Vu Chju (五 銖) tangalarining nusxalari aks etgan, uch qirollik davrida esa "Liang Zhu" (兩 銖).^{[160][161][162][163][164]}

Mavzuga ko'ra

Chinese astronomy coins

Chinese astronomy coins (An'anaviy xitoy: 天象錢; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 天象钱; Pinyin: tiān xiàng qián) are charms that depict star constellations, individual stars, and other astronomical objects from ancient Xitoy astronomiyasi. They may also contain texts from the She'riyat klassikasi, the Four Divine Creatures and the Twenty-Eight Mansions, or illustrations from the story the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl. Astronomy coins usually contain guideposts to differentiate the stars and constellations, divided into four asosiy yo'nalishlar.^{[165][166][167]}

Zodiac charms

A charm depicting the 12 Chinese zodiacs displeyda Östasiatiska Museet.

Chinese zodiac charms are based on either the twelve animals or the twelve earthly branches of Xitoy astrologiyasi, based on the orbit of Yupiter, and some zodiac charms feature stellar constellations. Vaqtiga kelib Bahor va kuz davri, the twelve earthly branches associated with the months and the twelve animals became linked; davomida Xan sulolasi these also became linked to a person's year of birth.^{[168][169][170][171][172]} Some zodiac charms featured all twelve animals and others might also include the twelve earthly branches. They often feature the character gua (挂), which indicates that the charm should be worn on a necklace or from the waist.^[173] Zamonaviy feng shui charms often incorporate the same zodiac-based features.^[174]

Eight Treasures charms

An Eight Treasures charm with the inscription 長命富貴金玉滿堂 which could be translated as "longevity, wealth and honor", "may gold and jade fill your house (halls)" on display at the Etnografiya muzeyi, Shvetsiya.

Chinese Eight Treasures charms (An'anaviy xitoy: 八寶錢; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 八宝钱; Pinyin: bā bǎo qián) depict the Sakkiz xazina, also known as the "Eight Precious Things" and the "Eight Auspicious Treasures",^{[175][176][177]} and refer to a subset of a large group of items from antiquity known as the "Hundred Antiques" (百古) which consists of objects utilised in the writing of Xitoy xattotligi such as painting brushes, ink, writing paper and ink slabs, as well as other antiques such as Chinese chess, paintings, musiqiy asboblar and various others. Those most commonly depicted on older charms are the tantanali ruyi (sceptre), mercan, pastil, rhinoceros horns, sycees, stone chimes, and flaming pearl. Eight Treasures charms can alternatively display the eight precious organs of the Buddha's body, the eight auspicious signs, various emblems of the eight Immortals from Daosizm, or eight normal Chinese character. They often have thematic inscriptions.^[178][179]

Liu Haichan and the Three-Legged Toad charms

These charms depict Taoist transcendent Liu Haichan, one of the most popular figures on Chinese charms, and the Jin Chan (money frog). The symbolism of these charms has regional differences, as in some xitoy navlari the character "chan" has a pronunciation very similar to that of "coin" (錢 qián). The mythical Jin Chan lives on the moon, and these charms symbolize wishing for that which is "unattainable". This can be interpreted as attracting good fortune to the charm's holder, or that the attainment of money can lure a person to their downfall.^{[180][181][182][183]}

The Book of Changes and Bagua charms (Eight Trigram charms)

A Chinese amulet with the 8 trigrams.

Chinese charms depicting illustrations and subjects from the Men Ching (a.k.a. The Book of Changes) are used to wish for the cosmic principles associated with divination in ancient China, such as simplicity, variability, and persistence. Bagua charms may also depict the Bagua (the Eight Trigrams of Taoist cosmology). Bagua charms commonly feature depictions of trigrams, the Yin Yang symbol, Neolitik jade cong's (琮), the Ruyi sceptre, bats, and cash coins.^{[184][185][186][187][188][189][190]}

Book of Changes and Bagua charms are alternatively known as Yinyang charms (An'anaviy xitoy: 陰陽錢) because of the fact that the taijitu is often found with the eight trigrams.^[191][192] This is also a popular theme for Vetnam numizmatik jozibasi and many Vietnamese versions contain the same designs and inscriptions.^[193]

Five poisons talismans

A coin amulet that depicts a snake, a spider, a centipede, a toad, and a tiger.

Five poisons talismans (五毒錢) are Chinese charms decorated with inscriptions and images related to the fifth day of the fifth month of the Xitoy taqvimi (天中节), the most inauspicious day according to tradition. This day marked the start of summer which was accompanied with dangerous animals, the spread of pathogens through infection and the alleged appearance of evil spirits. These animals included those known as the five poisons (五毒): snakes, scorpions, centipedes, toads, and spiders. These are often depicted on five poisons talismans, or possibly with lizards, the three-legged toad or tiger. The ancient Chinese believed that poison could only be thwarted with poison, and that the amulet would counter the hazardous effects of the animals displayed. An example of a five poisons charm bears the legend "五日午时" ("noon of the 5th day"), and the amulets were commonly worn on that day.^{[194][195][196][197][198]}

Eight Decalitres of Talent charms

The Eight Decalitres of Talent charm is a Qing dynasty era handmade charm with four characters. The rim is painted blue, the left and right characters are painted green, and the top and bottom characters are painted orange. Yozuv bā dòu zhī cái (八鬥之才), which could be translated as "eight decalitres of talent", is a reference to a story in which Cao Zhi struggled with his brother Cao Pi, under the belief that he was oppressed out of envy for his talents. The inscription was devised by the Sharqiy Jin dynasty poet Xie Lingyun, referring to a saying that talent was divided into ten pieces and Cao Zhi received eight of the ten.^[199]

Tiger Hour charms

Tiger Hour charms are modeled after the Northern Zhou dynasty wǔ xíng dà bù (五行大布, "Large Coin of the Five Elements") cash coins,^[d] but tend to have a round hole rather than a square hole. The reverse of these charms feature the inscription yín shí (寅時), which is a reference to the shichen of the tiger (the "tiger hour"),^{[qo'shimcha tushuntirish kerak ]} and have an image of a tiger and a lucky cloud.^[200]

"Cassia and Orchid" charms

"Cassia and Orchid" charms are extremely rare Chinese numismatic charms dating to the Manchu Qing dynasty with the inscription guì zi lán sūn (桂子蘭孫, "cassia seeds and orchid grandsons"). These charms use the Mandarin Chinese word for Cinnamomum cassia (桂, guì) as a pun, because it sounds similar to the Mandarin Chinese word for "honourable" (貴, guì) while the word for "seed" is also a omonim for "son". The Mandarin Chinese word for orkide (蘭, lán) ga tegishli zhī lán (芝蘭 , "of noble character") which in this context means "noble grandsons". The inscription on the reverse side of this charm reads róng huá fù guì (榮華富貴, "high position and great wealth") describing the wish to produce sons and grandsons who would pass the imperial examination and attain a great rank as a mandarin.^[201][202]

Men Plow, Women Weave charms

A Men Plow, Women Weave charm with the inscription "田蚕万倍".

Men Plow, Women Weave charms (An'anaviy xitoy: 男耕女織錢; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 男耕女织钱; Pinyin: nán gēng nǚ zhī qián) are Chinese numismatic charms depicting scenes related to the production of guruch va pillachilik. The charms can feature inscriptions such as tián cán wàn bèi (田蠶萬倍, "may your [rice] fields and silkworms increase 10,000 times") on their obverse and may have images of a dog 'kiyik on their reverse.^{[203][204][205]}

The strict division of the sexes, apparent in the policy that "men plow, women weave" (Xitoy : 男耕女织), partitioned male and female histories as early as the Chjou sulolasi, bilan Chjou marosimlari even stipulating that women be educated specifically in "women's rites " (Xitoy : 陰禮; pinyin : yīnlǐ).^[206]

Chinese Boy charms

A Chinese boy charm on display at Museon, Gaaga.

Chinese Boy charms (An'anaviy xitoy: 童子連錢; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 童子连钱; Pinyin: tóng zǐ lián qián) are Chinese numismatic charms that depict images of boys in the hope that these charms would cause more boys to be born in the family of the holder. They usually have an eyelet to be carried, hung, or worn, and are more commonly found in Janubiy Xitoy. The traditional ideal for a Chinese family was to have five sons and two daughters, and boys were the preferred sex for farzandlik taqvosi, carrying on the family lineage, and qualifying for the imperial examination. The boys depicted on these charms are often in a position of reverence. Some boy charms contain inscriptions like tóng zǐ lián qián (童子連錢) which connect male offspring to monetary wealth. Boy statuettes belonging to boy charms can also be found on top of open-work charms. Some boy charms contain images of lotus seeds because the Chinese word for lotus sounds similar to "continuous", and wishes for continuity through the male line.^{[207][208][209][210]}

Charms with musicians, dancers, and acrobats

Chinese charms with "barbarian" musicians, dancers, and acrobats (An'anaviy xitoy: 胡人樂舞雜伎錢; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 胡人乐舞杂伎钱; Pinyin: hú rén yuè wǔ zá jì qián) appeared during either the Khitan Liao yoki xitoyliklar Qo'shiqlar sulolasi. Ushbu jozibalarda odatda to'rtta shaxs tasvirlangan, ulardan biri akrobatik stunt bilan shug'ullanadi (masalan, a dastak ) boshqalar esa turli xil musiqa asboblarini chalishayotganda: a bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan to'rt torli cholg'u ruan, a nay va a yog'och baliq. Garchi aksariyat numizmatik kataloglar ushbu jozibalarga "barbarlar" yoki shoshiling (胡人, so'zma-so'z "soqolli odamlar") bu jozibalarda tasvirlangan belgilar soqolga ega emas. Ushbu jozibalarning teskari tomonida to'rtta bola yoki chaqaloq o'ynab, zavqlanayotgani tasvirlangan, bu Liao sulolasi jozibasi uchun odatiy xususiyatdir; bu chaqaloqlar ustida go'dakka o'xshagan, nimadir ustiga minadiganga o'xshagan odam.^{[211][212][213][214]}

Xitoy xazina kosasi taqinchoqlari

Xitoy xazina kosasi taqinchoqlari afsonaviy "xazina kosasi" (聚寶盆) ga ishora qiluvchi xitoylik numizmatik jozibalar bo'lib, ular odatda uni ushlab turuvchilarga bitmas-tuganmas boylik beradi, ammo katta qayg'u uchun javobgar bo'lishi mumkin. Ushbu taqinchoqlar - bu turli xil narsalar bilan to'ldirilgan xazina kosasi tasvirlangan marjonlarni sakkiz xazina bir tomonda va yozuv píng ān jí qìng (平 安吉慶, "Tinchlik va baxt") teskari tomonda. Jozibaning halqasi ajdarning shakli; Ip ajdarning oyoqlari va dumlari orasiga joylashtirilgan bo'lar edi, ajdarning boshi esa joziba ostidan yuqoriga qarab turadi.^[215][216]

Xitoyning "xazina kosasi" jozibasining yana bir turi - old tomonida Zhaocai Jinbao (招財進寳) yozuvi bor, bu jozibalarda ajdar shaklidagi burilish mavjud.^[217]

Konfutsiylik sehrlari

Konfutsiylik jozibasi - bu urf-odatlar, marosimlar va axloq kodekslarini aks ettiruvchi xitoy numizmatik jozibasi Konfutsiylik, kabi farzandlik taqvosi va "adolat".^{[218][219][220][221]} Konfutsiylik jozibasi misollari tasvirlangan jozibani o'z ichiga oladi Shenzi yelkada ustunga o'tin olib yurish, "Filial taqvodorlikning yigirma to'rt misoli" (二十四孝) hikoyalari tasvirlangan ochiq ish jozibasi,^{[222][223][224]} "beshta munosabatlar" (五 倫), bambuk yonida tiz cho'kkan Men Zong, Dong Yong (Xan sulolasi davridagi odam) ketmonda ishlayapti, Vang Sian baliq tutqichi bilan. Konfutsiy yozuvlari fù cí zǐ xiào (父慈子孝, "ota mehribon, o'g'il farzand") soat yo'nalishi bo'yicha o'qing, yí chū fèi fǔ (義 出 肺腑, "adolat qalbdan chiqadi"), zhōng jūn xiào qīn (忠君 孝 親, "suverenga sodiq bo'ling va ota-onangizni hurmat qiling"), huā è shuāng huī (花萼 雙 輝, "barglar va sepals ikkalasi ham porlaydi") va jìng xiōng ài dì (敬 兄 愛 第 第, "katta akalarni hurmat qiling va kichik birodarlarni seving").^{[225][226][227][228]}

Taosistlar jozibasi

Daoistlarning "sehrli yozuvlari" ni o'zida mujassam etgan daosizm jozibasi Etnografiya muzeyi, Shvetsiya.

Taosistlar jozibasi (An'anaviy xitoy: 道教 ​​品 壓 生 錢; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 道教 ​​品 压 生 钱; Pinyin: dào jiào pǐn yā shēng qián) bilan bog'liq yozuvlar va tasvirlarni o'z ichiga olgan xitoy numizmatik jozibasi Daosizm. Qadim zamonlardan beri xitoyliklar sehrli kuch va ta'sirni Xansi belgilariga bog'lashgan. Ular ba'zi belgilar ruhlarga ta'sir qilishi mumkin deb ishonishgan, ular esa o'z navbatida yaxshilik va yomon omad uchun javobgardir. The Xuaynansi ruhlarni dahshatli va tulki va jozibasi uchun ishlatiladigan Xansi belgilarining sehrli kuchlari bilan boshqarishda dahshatli deb ta'riflaydi. Ko'plab dastlabki Xan sulolalari talismanlari daosizm dinida ilohiylashtirilgan odamlardan himoya qilishlarini so'rab, yozuvlari bor marjonlarni sifatida kiyib yurishgan. Ba'zi taosistlar jozibalarida daosizmning "sehrli yozuvi" ga asoslangan yozuvlar mavjud (Xitoy Taomiy sehrli skript belgilar, Taosistlarning sehrli shakllari, Taosistlarning sehrli formulalari, Taosistlarning yashirin talismanik yozuvlari va Talismanik belgilar) deb ham tanilgan, bu sir sifatida yashirin yozuv uslubi hisoblanadi. Fulu. Uning texnikasi daoist ruhoniylardan o'z o'quvchilariga o'tib boradi va daosistik mazhablar o'rtasida farq qiladi, bu ko'pchilik ruhlarning irodasini boshqarishda ko'proq ta'sir o'tkazadi degan fikrga olib kelgan.

Ushbu jozibalarning aksariyati so'raganidek Leygong (momaqaldiroqning daoist xudosi) ga yovuz ruhlarni yoki botirlarni o'ldiring, bu numizmatik jozibalar ko'pincha "Ley Ting" jozibasi (雷霆 錢) yoki "Ley Tingning la'nati" jozibasi deb nomlanadi. Imperiya farmonlari mutlaq hokimiyatga ega bo'lganligi sababli, bu Xansi belgilarining qandaydir sehrli ekanligi haqidagi mashhur afsonani kuchaytirdi va xitoylik talismanlarni imperatorlik farmonlari shakllarini olishga ilhomlantirdi. Ko'plab taosistlar, xuddi yovuz ruhlarga va sehrgarlarga buyruq berayotgan yuqori lavozimli amaldor kabi o'qiydilar "buyruq Lyu Ling kabi tez bajarilsin", kabi yozuvlar bilan.^[e] "tez, tez, bu buyurtma" va "ushbu buyruqni hurmat qiling".^[229] Taocu talismanslarda to'rtburchaklar yoki yumaloq teshiklar bo'lishi mumkin. Taosistlarning ko'plab tulkiklari va taqinchoqlarida tasvirlar mavjud Lyu Xayxan, Zhenvu, Bagua, yin-yang ramzlari, burjlar, Laozi, qilichlar, ko'rshapalaklar va o'lmaslar.^{[230][231][232][233][234][235]}

Song sulolasi davrida "uzoq umr izlash" tasvirlangan bir qancha taosistlar jozibasi namoyish etildi. Bularning ichida old qismida o'lmas, tutatqi tutatqi, kran va toshbaqaning tasvirlari, orqa tomonida daosistlarning "sehrli yozuvlari" mavjud. Bomiylikni izlayotgan taosistlar jozibasi keng tarqalgan motifdir va bu jozibaning reproduktsiyalari odatda Song davridan keyin yaratilgan.^[236] Tsin sulolasining ba'zi taosistik jozibalarida tasvirlar mavjud Lü Dongbin yozuv bilan fú yòu dà dì (Zh佑ng th, "Ishonchli himoyaning buyuk imperatori"). Ushbu jozibada, ayniqsa, dumaloq teshik mavjud.^[237][238]

Ikkisidan hamosik jozibasi Jin yoki Yuan sulolasi hech qanday yozma matnsiz odatda "qarag'ay daraxti ostidagi bola" (松下 童子) yoki "o'lmasga sig'inadigan bola" (童子 拜 仙人) deb ishonilgan narsalarni ko'rsatadi, ammo alternativ gipoteza shundaki, bu jozibadorlik o'rtasidagi uchrashuvni tasvirlaydi Laozi va Chjan Daoling. Bu Chjan Daolingni ifodalovchi figurali tayoq ko'tarib yurganiga asoslanadi Mandarin xitoyi a gomofon "Zhang" uchun. Jozibaning orqa tomonida o'n ikkita xitoycha burjlar joylashgan bo'lib, ularning har biri aylana bo'ylab "xayrli bulutlar" deb nomlangan bo'lib, ularning soni sakkizta.^[239]

Buddist taqinchoqlar va ma'bad tangalari

Yozuvi bilan Buddist numizmatik jozibasi mí tuó fó (阿彌陀佛) Amitabha Buddani nazarda tutgan holda Delft, Nederlandiya.

Buddist tilsimatlar (An'anaviy xitoy: 佛教 品 壓 勝 錢; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 佛教 品 压 胜 钱; Pinyin: fó jiào pǐn yā shēng qián) ko'rsatadigan xitoy numizmatik jozibasi Buddist asosan ramzlari Mahayana buddizmi. Ushbu jozibalarda ikkalasida ham yozuvlar bo'lishi mumkin Xitoy va Sanskritcha (Sanskrit yozuvlari bo'lganlar esa qadar paydo bo'lmagan Min sulolasi ),^[240][241] bu jozibalarda odatda Amitabba Budda yozilgan tangalar kabi mí tuó fó (阿彌陀佛).

Ma'bad tangalarida ko'pincha rahmdillikka chaqiruvchi va Buddaning tanga egasini himoya qilishini so'ragan yozuvlar bo'lgan. Ma'baddagi tangalarning aksariyati kichik. Ulardan ba'zilari mantrani o'z ichiga oladi Yurak Sūtra. Ba'zi buddistlar jozibasi bag'ishlangan marjonlarni Bodhisattva Guanyin. Umumiy belgilar lotus Budda bilan bog'liq bo'lgan va banan bu Vanavasa bilan bog'liq. Bundan tashqari, ba'zi buddistlar jozibalarida hamosistik simvolizm, shu jumladan daosizm "sehrli yozuv" yozuvlari mavjud. Ming sulolasi davriga asoslangan buddistlik jozibasi mavjud hóng wǔ tōng bǎo (洪武 通寶), lekin kattaroq.

Xitoyda Yapon buddistlik jozibasi

Yaponiya buddist rohiblari ko'p sonli narsalarni olib kelishdi Yapon numizmatik jozibasi Xitoyga. Buddist tez-tez uchraydi qiě kōng cáng qì Davomida (176-1740 yillarda Yaponiyada quyilgan) Tokugawa shogunate, va bag'ishlangan Śkāśagarbha Bodhisattva ning eng sevimli mantralaridan biriga asoslangan Kokay. Śkāśagarbha - bu odamlarni tsikldan ozod qilishga urinayotgan sakkizta o'lmas kishilardan biri reenkarnatsiya rahm-shafqat bilan Xitoyda tez-tez uchraydigan yana bir yapon buddizm jozibasi yozuvga ega nā mó ē mí tuó fó (S南ng y無, "Amitābha Buddasiga ishonaman").^{[242][243][244]}

Qilich sembolizmi bilan Xitoy talismanslari

Xitoy tangasi qilich shaklidagi talisman Qing sulolasi davridagi naqd pullar displeyda Etnografiya muzeyi, Shvetsiya.

Qilichlar Xitoy numizmatik jozibalarida keng tarqalgan mavzu bo'lib, tangalar ko'pincha qilich shaklidagi talismanslarga yig'ilardi. Qilichlarni aks ettiradigan aksariyat xitoylik numizmatik jozibalarda ko'pincha bitta qilich ko'rsatilgan. Xitoy afsonalariga ko'ra, Xitoyda birinchi qilichlar afsonaviy hukmronlik davrida paydo bo'lgan Sariq imperator. Davomida Bahor va kuz davri, shamshirlar yovuz ruhlar va jinlarga qarshi ishlatilishi mumkin degan tushuncha paydo bo'ldi. Ostida Lyu Song sulolasi qilichlar diniy marosimlarda, xususan daosizm marosimlarida keng tarqalgan vosita bo'ldi; ga ko'ra Sirli kaverna va nurli xazina Daosining marosimlari (洞玄 靈寶 道 學科 學科 儀) daosizm talabalari uchun shaytoniy mavjudotlarni yo'q qilish qobiliyatiga ega bo'lgan qilichlarni to'qish zarur edi. Ushbu davrda shakllangan ko'plab taosistik sektalar qilichlar jinlarni yengib chiqishi mumkin, shuningdek, tibbiy xususiyatlarga ega edi. Ostida Suy va Tang sulolalari shaftoli daraxtidan qurilgan marosim qilichlari paydo bo'la boshladi. Taxminan shu vaqt ichida qilich mavzusidagi xitoylik tulkiklar ishlab chiqarila boshlandi; ko'pincha bu tulkiklar xitoy naqd pullariga o'xshar edi, lekin ustiga lenta yoki filetka bilan bezatilgan qilichlar kesib o'tgan edi, chunki qadimgi xitoyliklar bu buyumlar ular bog'lab qo'yilgan narsaning kuchini kuchaytiradi deb hisoblashgan. Odatda Xitoy qilichlari tasvirlangan tasvirlar bilan o'yilgan edi Big Dipper, bu cheksiz sehrli kuchga ega deb hisoblangan va bu ham qilichlar tasvirlangan jozibalar uchun odatiy holga aylangan.^{[245][246][247]}

Xitoy tulkilaridagi ikkita qilich tasviri daosistlar etakchisi bo'lgan afsonadan kelib chiqadi Chjan Daoling ko'rdim Laozi unga hozirgi kunda tog'da ko'rinadi Sichuan unga ikkita qilich berdi. Shu bilan bir qatorda, ikkita qilich Lei Huan (雷 煥) ismli odam ikkita qilichni qabul qilib, birini daryoda yo'qotib qo'ygan o'g'li Ley Xua (雷 華) ga bergan afsonadagi ikkita ajdahoni aks ettirishi mumkin; uni qaytarib olish uchun topshirilgan xizmatkor ikkita o'ralgan va bir-biriga bog'langan xitoy ajdarlari guvohi bo'ldi.^{[248][249][250][251]}

Xitoy numizmatik talismanslariga qilichlarni birlashtirishning yana bir mashhur usuli - bu haqiqiy yoki nusxadagi naqd tangalarni qilich shaklida to'qish.^[252][253] Feng shui-da, bu tanga qilichlar ko'pincha jinlar va yovuz ruhlarni qo'rqitish uchun osib qo'yilgan.^[252] Qilichbozlarning xitoylik talismanlari odatda daosistlarning o'lmaslaridan biri Zhong Kui yoki tasvirlangan Lu Dongbin. Qilichbozlar, shuningdek, zodiak taqinchoqlarida, Bagua taqinchoqlarida, fil shaxmat donalarida, qulf taqinchoqlarida va boshqa xitoylik numizmatik taqinchoqlarda paydo bo'ladi. Xitoy tulkiklarida paydo bo'ladigan yana bir kishi Zhenvu, mukammal jangchi sifatida qaraladi.^{[254][255][256][257][258]}

Xitoy qilich taqinchoqlaridagi keng tarqalgan yozuv qū xié jiàng fú (驅邪 降福, "Yomonlikni quvib chiqaring va omadni yuboring [baxt]"), lekin ko'pincha bu jozibalarda yozuvlar yoki "imperatorlik buyruqlari" / "farmonlar" (敕令, chì líng) jinlarni va yovuz ruhlarni quvib chiqarishni buyurish. Ba'zan a tasviri kalamus ishlatiladi, chunki bu o'simlikning barglari qilichga o'xshaydi.^{[259][260][261][262][263]}

Boshqa maqsad bilan

Ot tanga

Xitoy ot tangalarining ikkita misoli

Ot tanga (An'anaviy xitoy: 馬 錢; Pinyin: mǎ qián) dan kelib chiqqan xitoylik jozibadorlikning bir turi edi Qo'shiqlar sulolasi. Aksariyat ot tangalari yumaloq, diametri uch santimetr, aylana yoki to'rtburchak teshikka ega. Ushbu tangalarda tasvirlangan otlar turli pozitsiyalarda tasvirlangan. Ularning tarixiy ishlatilishi noma'lum, garchi ular o'yin taxtasi yoki qimor taymerlari sifatida ishlatilgan deb taxmin qilinsa ham. Ot tangalari ko'pincha mis yoki bronzadan ishlab chiqarilgan, ammo hayvon shoxi yoki fil suyagidan yasalgan bir nechta hujjatlar mavjud. Song sulolasi davrida ishlab chiqarilgan ot tangalari eng yaxshi sifat va mahoratga ega deb hisoblanadi va undan keyingi metallarga qaraganda yaxshiroq metalldan yasalgan.^[264]

Ot tangalarida ko'pincha mashhur otlar tasvirlangan Xitoy tarixi, esdalik ot tangalarida chavandozlar ham bor edi. Bunga misol sifatida "Umumiy Yue Yi ning Yan shtati "Yan shahrini zabt etishga urinishlarini yodga oladi Jimo.^[265]

Syanqi qismlar

Ko'rgazmada qadimgi xitoylik metal xiangqi buyumlari Etnografiya muzeyi, Shvetsiya.

O'yin xiangqi (xitoycha shaxmat) dastlab metall yoki chinni buyumlar bilan o'ynagan va ularni ko'pincha xitoy tangalariga qiziqadiganlar yig'ib o'rgangan;^[266][267] taqinchoqlar va ot tangalari. Ushbu tangalar Xitoy jozibasi turi sifatida qaraladi va quyidagi toifalarga bo'linadi:^{[268][269][270][271]}

• Fillar (象)
• Askarlar (卒)
• Generallar (将)
• Otlar (马)
• Aravalar (車)
• Soqchilar (士)
• Kanonlar (炮)
• Saroylar (宫)
• Daryolar (河)

Sianqining eng qadimgi asarlari Chongning davriga (1102-1106) to'g'ri keladi Qo'shiqlar sulolasi viloyatida topilgan Tszansi 1984 yilda. Sianqi qismlari ham topilgan Ipak yo'li kabi viloyatlarda Shinjon va tomonidan ishlatilgan Tangutlar ning G'arbiy Sya sulolasi.^{[272][273][274]}

Xitoy futboli jozibasi

Song sulolasi davrida Xitoy sporti bilan shug'ullanadigan odamlarning tasvirini aks ettiruvchi numizmatik jozibalar yaratildi cuju, shakli futbol. Ushbu jozibalarda tanga o'rtasidagi to'rtburchak teshik atrofida turli pozitsiyalardagi to'rtta futbolchi tasvirlari namoyish etilgan. Tanganing teskari tomonida ajdar va feniks tasvirlangan bo'lib, ular erkaklar va ayollarni ifodalovchi an'anaviy ramzlar bo'lib, ehtimol bu sportning uniseks xarakterini anglatadi.^{[275][276][qo'shimcha tushuntirish kerak ]}

Xitoyning "Yorqinlik dunyosi" tangalari

Kech Tsing sulolasi davrida quyma tanga asta-sekin almashtirildi mashinada zarb qilingan tanga. Shu bilan birga, yozuv bilan mashinadagi zarbalar guāng míng shì jiè (光明 世界, "Yorqinlik olami") paydo bo'ldi, bu zamonaviy frezalashga juda o'xshash edi guāng xù tōng bǎo (光緒 通寶) naqd tangalar. "Yorqinlik dunyosi" tanganing uchta varianti mavjud: eng keng tarqalgani manjur belgilarining teskari qismida zamonaviy bilan bir xil. guāng xù tōng bǎo pullar, bu tanga Guanchjou zarbxonasi tomonidan ishlab chiqarilganligini bildiradi. Boshqa bir variantda xuddi shu yozuv tanganing teskari tomonida yozilgan, uchinchi variantda esa tanga orqa tomonida to'qqizta yulduz bor. Zamonaviy numizmatistlar ushbu jozibalarning ma'nosi, maqsadi yoki kelib chiqishini aniqlamadilar. Gipotezalardan birida ushbu tangalar bir shakli bo'lganligi taxmin qilinadi jahannam puli chunki bu nuqtai nazardan "Yorqinlik dunyosi" "zulmat dunyosi" uchun evfemizm bo'ladi, deb o'ylaydi, xitoyliklar o'limni nazarda tutadi. Boshqa bir gipoteza bu tangalar ekanligini taxmin qilmoqda qimor o'yinlari. Uchinchisi, ushbu tangalarni Osmon va Yer jamiyati Xanzi xarakteri tufayli míng (明) - bu yozuvni anglatadigan Ming sulolasi (a) nomining tarkibiy qismi guāng míng (光明) ni "Minning ulug'vorligi" deb o'qish mumkin edi.^[277]

Xitoy numizmatik jozibalarida tasvirlangan Paizi dizaynlari

2018 yil noyabr oyida Dr. Xelen Vang ning Britaniya muzeyi veb-saytiga maqola joylashtirdi Xitoy pullari muhim u erda Britaniya muzeyi xitoylik talismanslar qo'lida ekanligiga asoslanib, ular asosida dizaynlashtirilganligini ta'kidladi paizi (牌子). Vangning so'zlariga ko'ra, xitoylik muallif Dr. Aleks Chengyu Fang [zh ] ushbu jozibalarni 2008 yilgi kitobida "osilgan plakatlar va g'ayrioddiy shakllarning taqinchoqlari" (掛牌 與 異形 錢) deb eslatib o'tadi. Xitoy jozibasi: san'at, din va xalq e'tiqodi (中國 花錢 與 傳統 文化), shuningdek, ushbu qismlarning ba'zilari tasvirlanganligini ta'kidlaydi lingpa (令牌). Vang amerikalik deb ham eslatib o'tadi Gari Ashkenazi "pendant charms" (挂牌) ning namunalari ushbu naqshlar bilan qayd etilgan Primaltrek veb-sayt. Keyinchalik qilingan sharhlarga asoslanib Endryu G'arb (@BabelStone) Tangut belgilar da ishlab chiqarilgan paizida paydo bo'ldi G'arbiy Xia va Fang tomonidan qilingan sharhlar Twitter Vangning ta'kidlashicha, paizi tomonidan ilhomlangan naqshlar nafaqat to'rtburchaklar talismanslarda, balki paizi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri kvadrat markaz teshigi ustida joylashgan pul tanga shaklidagi taqinchoqlarda ham uchraydi va ko'pincha o'z naqshlarida xitoy zodiaklarini aks ettiradi. Britaniya muzeyi, shuningdek, Tamba kollektsiyasidan sotib olgan ushbu naqshlar bilan xitoylik talismanslarga ega (dastlab u qo'lida bo'lgan) Kutsuki Masatsuna, 1750–1802).^[278][279]

Jozibasi xususiyatlariga ega bo'lgan Xitoy pul tangalari

Hech qanday qo'shimcha jozibaga o'xshash xususiyatlarga ega bo'lmagan hukumat tomonidan chiqarilgan ko'plab pul tangalari va Spade va Knife pullari kabi boshqa valyutalar "jozibaga o'xshash fazilatlarga" ega deb hisoblangan va ba'zi odamlar ularni joziba sifatida qabul qilgan.^{[280][281][282]} Vang Mang davri pichoq tanga, 5000 naqd tanga nominal qiymati bilan, odamlar ko'pincha jozibasi sifatida qaraldi, chunki bu belgi 千 (1000 uchun) belgiga juda o'xshash 子 bu "o'g'il" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Pichoq tanga yozuvini "besh o'g'ilga arziydi" deb o'qish mumkin edi. Dan tanga Shu Xan 100 Wu Zhu naqd tangalarida nominal qiymati bilan yozuvning orqa tomonida Xitoy madaniyatida "mo'l-ko'llik" va "qat'iyatlilik" ramzi bo'lgan baliq tasvirlangan. Shu Xan davridagi yana bir tanga bu yozuvni o'z ichiga olgan tai ping bai qian tinchlik belgisi sifatida qabul qilingan va bu tanga ko'pincha tinchlik jozibasi deb hisoblanadi. Davomida Jin sulolasi yozilgan tanga chiqarildi fēng huò (豐 貨) ni "(mo'l-ko'l) tanga" deb tarjima qilish mumkin; unga egalik qilish iqtisodiy jihatdan foydali deb hisoblangan va u xalq orasida "boylik naqd pullari" nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan.^[283][284]

Davomida Tang sulolasi davrda bulutlar, yarim oylar va yulduzlar tasvirlari ko'pincha tangalarga qo'shilgan bo'lib, xitoyliklar keyingi sulolalarda ulardan foydalanishda davom etishgan. Davomida Yurxen Jin sulolasi tangalar teskari yozuvlar bilan tashlangan bo'lib, ular o'n ikkita erdagi shoxlar va o'nta osmondagi novdalar tasvirlangan. Davomida Min sulolasi ba’zi rasmiy hukumat tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan naqd pullarda yulduzlar ba’zan dekorativ ishlatilgan. Ostida Manchu Tsing sulolasi yōng zhèng tōng bǎo (雍正 通寶) tomonidan chiqarilgan naqd tangalar Lanchjou Yalpiz yovuz ruhlarga va jinlarga qarshi turishga qodir sehr yoki tulkilar deb hisoblanar edi, chunki manjurcha "gung" so'zi xuddi shunga o'xshash ko'rinishga ega edi. keng so'z xitoyliklar tomonidan ishlatilgan urush xudosi, Imperator Guan.^[285][286]

Xotira kāng xī tōng bǎo (康熙 通寶) uchun Kansi imperatori 1713 yilda 60 yoshga to'lganligi, muomalaga kirgandan so'ng darhol "jozibali kuchlarga" ega ekanligiga ishonishgan. Unda Xanzi belgisining biroz boshqacha versiyasi mavjud "熙 "belgining chap qismida umumiy vertikal chiziq bo'lmagan naqd pulning pastki qismida; ushbu belgining odatda" deb yozilgan qismi "臣 "o'rta qismi" deb yozilgan口 "o'rniga. Xususan, belgining yuqori chap qismi"通 "bu davrda ishlatilgan odatdagi ikkita nuqtadan farqli o'laroq bitta nuqta mavjud.^{[muvofiq? – muhokama qilish]} Keyingi uch yuz yil ichida ushbu tanga uchun bir nechta afsonalar keltirildi; bu afsonalardan biri tanga 18-ning shogirdlarining oltin haykallaridan quyilgani edi Budda Ushbu tanga "Lohan tanga" va "Arhat pullari" laqablarini olgan. Sifatida bolalarga berildi yā suì qián Paytida (壓歲錢) Xitoy yangi yili, ba'zi ayollar buni kiyinishgan nishon uzuk va qishloqda Shanxi yigitlar shunday kiyishgan oltin tishlar. Tangalar mis qotishmasidan tayyorlangan, ammo odamlar tangani oshirishlari odatiy hol emas edi oltin barg.^{[287][288][289]}

Xitoy yulduzlari jozibasi

Xitoy yulduzlari jozibasi Song sulolasi davrini nazarda tutadi dà guān tōng bǎo (大觀 通寶) tanganing teskari tomonida yulduz turkumlarini aks ettiruvchi tangalar. Ushbu tangalar ko'pincha "ingichka oltin" yozuvi (瘦 金 書) tufayli Xitoyning eng chiroyli naqd tangalari qatoriga kiradi. Imperator Huizong. Ushbu tanga yulduzlar taqinchoqlarini yasashda ishlatilgan, chunki bu so'z guan yulduzlarga qarash degan ma'noni anglatadi va qo'shma so'zdir astronomiya va astrologiya.^[290]

Xitoy she'riy tangalari

Xitoy she'riy tangalari (An'anaviy xitoy: 詩 錢; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 诗 钱; Pinyin: shī qián, muqobil ravishda 二十 錢 局 局 名) - ostida quyilgan xitoy pul tangalari Kansi imperatori,^[291][292] asarni yozgan she'riyat bilan tanilgan Manchu imperatori Shudgorlash va to'quvchilik rasmlari (耕 織 圖) 1696 yilda. Kansi imperatori davrida ishlab chiqarilgan tangalarda hammasi old tomonida yozilgan Kāng Xī Tōng Bǎo (康熙 通寶) va edi Manchu xarakteri ᠪᠣᠣ (Boo, bino) kvadrat teshikning chap tomonida va o'ng tomonda yalpiz nomi. Kangxi nomi "sog'liq" (康 ) va "obod" (熙 )^{[293][294][295][296]} The Kāng Xī Tōng Bǎo naqd tangalar qulay xususiyatlarga ega deb qaraldi. Naqd tangalar yigirma uchta zarbxonada ishlab chiqarilganligi sababli, ba'zi odamlar ushbu tangalarni bir-biriga joylashtirib, qoidalarga rioya qilgan holda she'rlar yaratdilar. Klassik xitoy she'riyati. Ushbu tangalar har doim bir-biriga qo'yilib, quyidagi she'rlarni yaratgan:^[297]

Yigirma tangadan iborat "jozibasi", shuningdek "o'rnatilgan tangalar" (套子 錢) deb nomlanuvchi, olib yurish noqulay edi. Shu tariqa tanganing har ikki tomonida yigirma yalpiz belgisidan o'ntasi bo'lgan jozibalar ishlab chiqarildi. Ushbu jozibalar, shuningdek, dumaloq teshiklari bilan haqiqiy pul tangalaridan ajralib turardi. Ularni ba'zan omadli rang sifatida qizil rangga bo'yashgan va ba'zida quyidagi kabi omad tilagan yozuvlar bor edi:

Kāng Xī Tōng Bǎo da ishlab chiqarilgan pul tanga Daromad vazirligi va Jamoat ishlari vazirligi ning poytaxtida Pekin bu she’rlardan chiqarib tashlangan.^{[298][299][300]}

Xitoy numizmatik jozibasi muzeyi

2015 yil 1-fevral kuni Xitoy numizmatik jozibasi muzeyi (An'anaviy xitoy: 中國 古代 民俗 錢幣 博物館; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 中国 古代 民俗 钱币 博物馆; Pinyin: zhōng guó gǔ dài mín sú qián bì bó wù guǎn) da ochilgan Haynan shahar Xaykuo. Ushbu muzey Szechuan Kanting fuqarolik tijorat bankining nusxasi bo'lgan binoda joylashgan Xaykou shahri, va 530 kvadrat metr (5,700 kvadrat fut) atrofida ko'rgazma maydonlariga ega. Muzey kollektsiyasida Xitoy tangalari va qog'oz pullari mavjud bo'lib, ularning tarixiga oid ikki mingdan ziyod xitoylik numizmatik taqinchoqlar mavjud Xan sulolasi uchun Xitoy Respublikasi.^[301][302]

Etnik ozchiliklarning jozibasi

Liao sulolasi jozibasi

A Liao sulolasi davr jozibasi bilan Kidan yozuvi^{[ajratish kerak ]} displeyda Shanxay muzeyi.

Liao sulolasi taqinchoqlari - bu Xitoy numizmatik jozibasi Kidan Liao sulolasi ichida yozilgan Kidan yozuvi^{[ajratish kerak ]} va farqli o'laroq Liao sulolasining tangalari, soat sohasi farqli o'laroq o'qildi. Kidan yozuvi to'liq ochilmaganligi sababli, ushbu noyob jozibalarni zamonaviy mutaxassislar to'liq anglamaydilar.^{[303][304][305]} Liao sulolasi davridagi ba'zi bir jozibalarda umuman yozuvlar bo'lmagan va ular unchalik tushunilmagan, chunki Kidan xalqi ba'zi ramzlarni xitoylardan farqli ravishda talqin qilgan bo'lishi mumkin. Liao sulolasining eng mashhur jozibalaridan biri bu "To'qqiz o'g'il onasi" jozibasi bo'lib, unda hech qanday yozuv yo'q. Unda uch kishidan iborat uch guruh tasvirlangan, ular ayolning o'g'illari, boshqa tomonda ajdarho minib yurgan deb taxmin qilinadi; uchta guruh imperatorlik imtihon tizimining uchta darajasini ramziy ma'noda ishonishadi. So'nggi gipoteza, ajdarni minib yurgan odam bu Sariq imperator osmonga qaytish va odamlar buni anglatadi To'qqiz viloyat (九州).^{[306][307][308][309]}

Sui xalqining jozibasi

2004 yilda, a Suy 1008 yildan 1016 yilgacha Shimoliy Song sulolasiga tegishli tanga topilgan bo'lib, unga yozuv yozilgan dà zhōng xiáng fú (大中 祥符) bir tomonda va "boylik" so'zi yozilgan Sui yozuvi boshqa tomondan. Bu Sui xalqi tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan va ularning numizmatik an'analarini o'rnatgan yagona tanga Xan xitoylari. Suy xalqiga bir nechta numizmatik jozibasi berilgan Sandu Shui avtonom okrugi, masalan, erkak va ayol tasvirlangan joziba ajdaho teskari tomonida Sui yozuvida yozilgan o'n ikkita Xitoy burjlari va o'n ikkita er shoxlari bilan (baliqlardan aylantirilgan holda). Xitoy jozibasidan farqli o'laroq, Sui jozibasi namoyishni ajratib turadi erkak jinsiy a'zolar qo'shni etnik guruhlarning numizmatik jozibasi bo'yicha erkaklar ajdarlari uchun odatiy xususiyatga ega bo'lgan erkak ajdahoda.^{[310][311][312]}

Yashirin va yashirin ma'nolar

Xitoy numizmatik talismanslarining yashirin va yashirin ma'nolari (An'anaviy xitoy: 諧音 寓意; Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili: 谐音 寓意; Pinyin: xié yīn yù yì) ularga biriktirilgan aniq bo'lmagan ma'nolarni anglatadi. Ular o'zlarining yozuvlarida yashirin ramziy ma'noga ega bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan turli shakllarga ega bo'lishi mumkin ingl.^[313]

Naqd tangalar va numizmatik taqinchoqlar o'rtasidagi asosiy farq shundaki, naqd tangalarning aksariyat qismida to'rtta belgi yozilgan bo'lib, ular odatda hukmronlik davri nomlari bilan yozilgan bo'lib, ular ishlab chiqarish davri va ularning nominal qiymatini ko'rsatadi. Ko'pgina xitoylik numizmatik taqinchoqlarda to'rtta belgi bitilgan bo'lsa-da, ular identifikatsiya qilish uchun xizmat qilmaydi, balki omad tilaymiz va istaklarni o'z ichiga oladi, masalan, omad yoki sog'liq tashuvchiga etib borishini yoki ular ish dunyosida muvaffaqiyat qozonishini yoki umid qiladilar imperator imtihonida.^[314] Boshqa yozuvlarda esa yovuzlik va qorong'u ruhlar yoki arvohlar ketishini yoki baxtsizliklarning oldini olishni xohlashadi. Naqd tangalardan farqli o'laroq, Xitoy numizmatik jozibasi jozibasi ramziyligini oshirishga qaratilgan juda ko'p rasmlarni aks ettiradi. Jozibalar tarkibida vizual va og'zaki so'zlar ham bo'lishi mumkin, ikkinchisiga tabiati yordam beradi Xitoy tillari unda ko'plab yozilgan hanzi belgilar bir xil talaffuzga ega.^[f] Hukmronligi davrida ishlab chiqarilgan xitoylik talismanlar Ming va Manchu Tsing sulolalari tez-tez ishlatiladigan ingl. Ushbu yashirin yoki yashirin ma'nolar Mandarin xitoy tilida shunday ataladi jí xiáng tú àn (吉祥 圖案, "omadli rasmlar" yoki a rebus ). Xitoy tilsimonlari hayvonlar, o'simliklar va boshqa narsalarni o'zaro o'xshashligi sababli ularning o'rnini bosuvchi sifatida tasvirlashlari odatiy hol emas, ammo ular o'rtasida boshqa aloqalar mavjud emasligi yoki tasvir bilan ifodalangan narsalarga qaramay.^{[315][316][317][318][319][320]}

Xitoy numizmatik jozibalarida paydo bo'ladigan belgilar ro'yxati va ularning shama ma'nolari

Belgilar	An'anaviy xitoy	Soddalashtirilgan xitoy tili	Pinyin	Yashirin yoki yashirin ma'no	Uyushmaning kelib chiqishi	Namunaviy rasm (lar)
olma	蘋果	苹果	píng guǒ	Tinchlikni anglatadi	Mandarin xitoycha "olma" so'zi (蘋果, píng guǒ) "tinchlik" (sounds, píng ān).[321]
O'rik daraxtzor, O'rik maydoni	杏	杏	xìng	Imperiya imtihonida muvaffaqiyatli natijalar	Imperiya imtihon tizimida muvaffaqiyat qozonganlar go'yoki o'rikzorda o'tkazilgan birinchi bayram.
Balta	斧	斧	fǔ	Baxt, kuch va jazolash harakatlari	Mandarin xitoycha "bolta" (斧, fǔ) "baxt" (福, fu). Bolta boshi biri deb hisoblanadi O'n ikkita bezak imperatorlik Xitoy.[322][323] Buddizmda bolta yovuzlikni yo'q qilishni ramziy ma'noda anglatadi.[324] Balta - duradgorlar Xudosining ramzi, Lu Ban (鲁班).[325]
Bambuk	竹	竹	zhu	Tik turish, chidamlilik, kuch, yumshoqlik, nafislik, nafislik.	Bu Konfutsiy olimlarining ideallari. Bambuk, shuningdek, daosistik ideallarni ifodalaydi, chunki bambuk ko'pincha buzilmasdan egilib qoladi.[326][327]
				Istaklar yoki tabriklar	Mandarin tilidagi xitoycha "bambuk" (竹, zhu) "tabriklash" yoki "tilash" so'zlarining gomofoni (祝, zhù).
				Kamtarlik	Chunki bambuklarda "ichi bo'sh markazlar" mavjud (空虚, kōng xū) ular "kamtarlik" bilan bog'liq (謙虛, qiān xū) chunki ikkala so'zning Mandarin xitoy tilidagi ikkinchi belgisi gomofonlardir.
Halol[328][329]	蝠	蝠	fu	Yaxshi omad. Ko'rshapalaklar teskari qo'yilganda, bu baxt kelganligini anglatadi. Besh omad: uzoq umr, boylik, sog'liq va xotirjamlik, fazilat va qarilikda tabiiy o'lim bilan o'lish istagi.[330]	Mandarin xitoycha so'zida "bat" (蝠, fu) "baxt" (sounds, fu).[331][332] Xitoy tilidagi Mandarin so'zi "teskari" (倒, dǎo) "kelish kerak" (到, dào), qiyosan osmondan tushayotgan ko'rshapalak (蝠 蝠 天 来, fú zi tiān lái) bu ibora "omad osmondan tushadi" ga o'xshash tovushlarga o'xshaydi (zh子ng h子ng y, fú zi tiān lái).
Ayiq[g]	熊	熊	xióng	Qahramonlik (burgut bilan birlashganda)	Xitoy tilidagi "Qahramon" so'zi (英雄, yīng xióng) "qirg'iy" yoki "burgut" (鷹, yīng) va "ayiq" (熊, xióng).
Kepak	麩子	麸子	fū zi	Fertillik	Mandarinning xitoycha so'zi "bug'doy kepagi" (g, fū zi) "badavlat o'g'il" atamasining gomofoni (富 子, fù zi).
Kelebek[333]	蝴蝶	蝴蝶	hú dié	Uzoq umr	Mandarin tilidagi xitoycha "kapalak" so'zidagi ikkinchi xansi belgisi (蝴蝶, hú dié) xitoy tilidagi "70-80 yoshga to'lgan kishi" so'zi bilan bir xil tovushlar (g, die).[334][335][336]
Calamus[337][338][339]	菖蒲	菖蒲	chāng pú	Yomon omaddan, yovuz ruhlardan va patogenlardan himoya qilish	Calamus o'simlikining barglari qilichga o'xshaydi.
Saza	鯉	鲤	lǐ	Kuch, kuch, foyda va unumdorlik	Mandarin xitoycha so'zi "karp" (g, lǐ) "kuch" uchun shunday tovushlar (力, lì) va shuningdek, "foyda" so'zi (利, lì). Saza ko'plab tuxum qo'yganligi sababli unumdorlik bilan bog'liq.[340][341]
				Qat'iylik	Qadimgi Xitoy afsonalariga ko'ra lǐ yú tiào lóng mén (鯉魚跳龍門) ajdar darvozasidan sakrab o'tadigan karplar xitoy ajdariga aylanadi.[342][343][344]
Naqd tangalar	錢	钱	qián	Boylik va farovonlik, "oldin" so'zi, to'liqlik	Naqd pullar dumaloq bo'lib, o'rtasi to'rtburchaklar teshik bo'lib, qadimgi xitoyliklarning er to'rtburchak, osmon esa aylana yoki yumaloq ekanligiga ishonishgan.[345][346][347][348] Mandarin xitoycha "tanga" so'zi (錢, qián) "oldin" kabi tovushlar (前, qián). Qadimgi Mandarin xitoycha tangalar atamasi (泉, quán) "to'liq" so'ziga o'xshaydi (全, quán).
Kassiya	桂	桂	guì	Imperatorlik imtihonlarida muvaffaqiyat qozonish orqali yuqori darajalar	Mandarin xitoycha "kassiya" (桂, guì) "yuqori daraja" so'zi bilan bir xil tovushlar (貴, guì).[349]
Mushuk	貓	猫	Mao	Uzoq umr ko'rish, himoya qilish ipak qurtlari	Mandarin xitoycha "mushuk" so'zi (貓, mao) "oktogenerian" (g, mào).[350][351] Mushuklar ipak qurtining tabiiy yirtqichlari bo'lgan kalamush va sichqonlarni ovlaydilar.[352][353][354]
kashtan[h]	栗子	栗子	Li zi	Ayolda serhosillik, yaxshi xulq-atvor	Kashtan ko'pincha xitoylik to'y sovg'asi sifatida beriladi.[355][356][muvofiq? – muhokama qilish] Mandarin xitoycha so'zi "kashtan" (栗子, lí zi) "bolalar ishlab chiqarish" iborasining gomofonidir (zhāng, lí zi). Mandarin xitoycha so'zida "kashtan" ma'nosini anglatuvchi birinchi xansi belgisi (g, lì) "odob-axloq qoidalari" so'zining gomofoni (禮, lǐ) va ayollarda ushbu sifat bilan bog'liq.
Chopsticks	筷子	筷子	Kuài zi	Yangi turmush qurgan er-xotin zudlik bilan erkak zurriyotlarini ishlab chiqarishni boshlash istagi.	Mandarin tilidagi xitoycha so'z "tayoqchalar" (筷子, kuài zi) gomofonik bo'lib, "tezkor o'g'illar" iborasi bilan (gh th, kuài zi).[357][358][359]
Chime toshlari (shamol chimes)	磬	磬	Qìng	Boy va boy bo'lish	Mandarin xitoycha so'zi "chime stone" (g, qìng) xitoy tilidagi "tabriklash" so'ziga o'xshash tovushlar (慶, qìng). Qadimgi xitoy chime toshlari nefritdan qilingan va qimmat bo'lgan.[360] Chime tosh biri hisoblanadi Sakkiz xazina.
Xrizantema	菊	菊	Ju	Noqulay sharoitlarda fazilatni saqlab qolish, zodagonlik va nafislik, uzoq umr ko'rish[361][362]	Xrizantema xitoylardan biridir To'rt janoblar.[iqtibos kerak ] Yilning oxirida u sharoitlar unchalik maqbul bo'lmagan paytda gullaydi. "Xrizantema" uchun Hanzi belgisi "abadiy" (永久, yǒng jiǔ).[men]
Tsikada	蟬	蝉	Chan	O'lmaslik va qayta tug'ilish.[363][364]	Cicadas osmonga ko'tarilishidan oldin uchib ketguncha er ostida omon qoladi.
Buddaning qo'li (Tsitrus medika var. sarkodaktilis)[j]	佛手	佛手	Fó shǒu	Baxt va uzoq umr[365][366]	Mandarcha xitoycha so'z "Buddaning qo'li" (y, fó shǒu) xitoy tilidagi "baxt" so'zlariga o'xshash tovushlar (福, fu) va uzoq umr "(壽, shòu).
Bulutlar[k]	雲	云	yun	Jannat, omad tilaymiz	Mandarin xitoycha "bulut" so'zi (雲, yun) "omad" (運, yùn).[367][368][369]
Marjon	珊瑚	珊瑚	shan hú	Uzoq umr ko'rish, martabaga ko'tarilish	Tarixda mercan suv osti "temir daraxti" (g, tiě shù) bu asrda bir marta gullab-yashnagan. Qizil mercan uning rangi uchun qulay ekanligiga ishonishadi. Hukumat amaldorlarining shlyapalarida marjon tugmalari taqilgan. Marjon kiyik shoxiga o'xshaydi va kiyik uzoq umr ko'rish bilan bog'liq.[370][371] Marjon Sakkizta xazinadan biri hisoblanadi.
Dengiz qisqichbaqasi	蟹	蟹	xiè	Tinchlik va totuvlik, yuqori daraja	Mandarin tilidagi xitoycha "Qisqichbaqa" (蟹, xiè) "uyg'unlik" so'ziga o'xshash tovushlar (协, xié). Mandarin tilidagi xitoycha "Qisqichbaqa qobig'i" ((, jiǎ), shuningdek, imperatorlik imtihon tizimida eng yuqori ball to'plagan kishida bo'lgani kabi, "birinchi" degan ma'noni anglatadi.[372][373]
Vinç	鶴	鹤	hè	Uzoq umr, imperatorlik imtihonidagi muvaffaqiyat va yuqori daraja, uyg'un nikoh	Tarixda kranlar o'limidan oldin yuqori asrlarga yetadi, deb ishonishgan. Kranlarning tasvirlari yuqori martabali davlat amaldorlarining kiyimlariga naqshlangan. Mandarin xitoycha "kran" so'zi (g, hè) Mandarin xitoycha "uyg'unlik" so'ziga o'xshash tovushlar (合, salom).[374][375][376] Shuningdek qarang: Xitoy mifologiyasida kran.
Sarv	柏	柏	bǎi	Katta miqdor	Mandarin tilidagi xitoycha "sarv" (柏, bǎi) Mandarin xitoycha "yuz" so'ziga o'xshash tovushlar (百, bǎi).[377][378]
Xurmo mevalari	棗	枣	Zǎo	Yaqinda sodir bo'lgan voqealar, bolalar kontseptsiyasi	Mandarin tilidagi xitoycha so'z "xitoylik jujube" yoki "xurmo" (棗, zǎo) "yaqinda" va "erta" so'zlariga o'xshaydi (早, zǎo).
Kiyik[l]	鹿	鹿	Lù	Hukumatning yuqori maoshi, farovonligi, uzoq umri	Mandarin xitoycha so'zi "kiyik" (鹿, lù) hukumat amaldorining ish haqi uchun mandarin xitoycha so'ziga o'xshaydi (祿, lù).[379] Mandarin tilidagi xitoycha "kiyik" so'zi Xitoyning farovonlik Xudosining ismiga o'xshaydi. An'anaga ko'ra, xitoyliklar kiyiklar boqiylikning sehrli lingji qo'ziqorini topishi mumkin deb o'ylashgan.
It	犬	犬	Quǎn	Xitoy burji "it ".	Itlar - o'n ikki xitoylik burjlardan biri.[380][muvofiq? – muhokama qilish]
Eshikning vasiylari (Shentu va Yuli )	門神	门神	menshén	Yomon omad va yovuz ruhlardan himoya	Eshik xudolari yovuzlikka qarshi kurashgan jangchilar edi.[381][muvofiq? – muhokama qilish]
Ajdaho	龍	龙	Lóng	Uzoq umr ko'rish, hayotning yangilanishi, serhosillik, farovonlik va xayrixohlik;[iqtibos kerak ] yaxshi hosil; imperator;[m][382] The sharq va bahor; odam erkak.[n][383]	Ejderlar yomg'ir yog'ishiga ishonishgan va yaxshi hosil bilan bog'liq bo'lgan. The Chinese dragon is associated with yang (the orient, springtime, and "male energy").
Dragonfly	蜻蜓	蜻蜓	Qīng tíng	Pureness of character	The first character in the Mandarin Chinese word for "dragonfly" (蜻, qīng) sounds like the Mandarin Chinese word for "pure" (清, qīng).
O'rdak	鴛鴦 / 鸂	鸳鸯 / 鸂	Yuān yāng / Xī	Peace and prosperity in marriage, conjugal affection and fidelity.[384]	The ancient Chinese people believed that Mandarin ducks mated for life. Shuningdek qarang: Wedding ducks.
Köfte	餃子	饺子	Jiǎo zi	Abundance, money, wealth, fertility and large families	Dumplings are often shaped like crescents which symbolise the desire to have "a year of abundance" or like silver sycees which symbolise wealth. The Mandarin Chinese name for "dumplings" (餃子, jiǎo zi) sounds similar to that of the jiaozi banknotes (交子, jiāozǐ). It was customary to place cash coins in dumplings with the wish that the person who found them would be granted prosperity. The characters that compose the Mandarin Chinese characters for "dumplings" sound like "to have jinsiy aloqa " (交, jiāo) and "child" (子, zǐ).[385]
Burgut (yokiqirg'iy )	鷹	鹰	Yīng	Qahramonlik	See: Bear
Egret (Heron )	鷺	鹭	Lù	Pathways, wealth, longevity, purity, and good fortune	The Mandarin Chinese word for a "Heron" or an "Egret" (鷺, lù) sounds similar to the Mandarin Chinese term for "path", "road", or "way" (路, lù). The word also has a similar pronunciation to the term for "an official's salary" (祿, lù).[386]
Sakkiz (the number)	八	八	Bā	Yaxshi omad	The number eight is pronounced in Chinese languages (particularly in the Southern variants) similarly to the words for "wealth" or "to prosper" (發財, fā cái).[387]
Eight immortals	八仙	八仙	Bā xiān	Varies depending on the member(s) depicted	The eight immortals refers to eight individuals who practiced Daosizm and were believed to have attained o'lmaslik.[388]
Sakkiz xazina (Xitoycha)[o]	八寶	八宝	Bā bǎo	1. The wish-granting pearl (寳珠, bǎozhū) yoki flaming pearl 2. The double lozenges (方勝, "fāngshèng"). 3. The stone chime (磬, "qìng"). 4. The pair of rhinoceros horns (犀角, xījiǎo). 5. The double coins (雙錢, shuāngqián). 6. The gold or silver ingot (錠, dìng). 7. Coral (珊瑚, shānhú). 8. The wish-granting scepter (如意, rúyì ).[389]	These are the traditional Eight Treasures from China, but they can also be considered to be a subset of the Hundred Treasures.
Sakkiz xazina (Buddhist)[p]	佛門八寶	佛门八宝	Fó mén bā bǎo	1. The lotus gullari symbolises purity and enlightenment. 2. The Wheel of the Dharma symbolises knowledge. 3. The treasure vase symbolises wealth. 4. The conch shell holds the Buddha's thoughts. 5. The victory banner represents that the Buddha's teachings conquer all. 6. The endless knot symbolises harmony. 7. The parasol symbolises protection. 8. A fish pair symbolise happiness in marriage.[390]	The eight treasures in Buddhism are the precious organs of the Buddha's body.
Fil	象	象	Xiang	Good fortune; peace and good luck (when depicted with a vase on its back)[391]	The Mandarin Chinese word for "elephant" (象, xiàng) sounds similar to the Mandarin Chinese word for "lucky" or "auspicious" (祥, xiáng). The Mandarin Chinese word for "vase" (瓶, píng) has the same pronunciation as the first component for the Mandarin Chinese word for "peace" (平安, píng ān).[392]
Fengxuan (Chinese phoenix)	鳳凰	凤凰	Fènghuáng	Joy and peace, happy marriage (when shown with a dragon), the Janubiy va yoz, Xitoy imperatori[393]	Fenghuang were believed to only appear in peaceful and prosperous times. The fenghuang (Chinese phoenix) represents yin (female) while the dragon represents yang (male).
Baliq	魚	鱼	Yu	Abundance, "more" (of whatever is represented by a symbol paired with it), fertility, happiness in marriage (paired fish).	The Mandarin Chinese word for "fish" (魚, yu) sounds like the Mandarin Chinese word for "surplus" or "abundance" (余, yu).[394] Because fish lay many eggs at the same time they are associated with fertility, and thus happy marriage. Shuningdek qarang: Fish in Chinese mythology va Saza on this list.
Five blessings[q]	五福	五福	Wǔ fú	1. Longevity (壽); 2. Wealth (富); 3. Health and composure (康寧); 4. Virtue (修好德); 5. The desire to die a natural death in old age (考終命).[395][396]	These are the Chinese five blessings described in the Hujjatlar kitobi.
				1. Good fortune (福); 2. The salary of a government official (祿); 3. Longevity (壽); 4. Joy or happiness (喜); 5. (Earthly) valuables or property (財).	These are a popular "alternative five blessings" in China.[397]
Beshta zahar[r]	五毒	五毒	Wǔ dú	The ability to counteract the pernicious influences of toxins.[398]	The ancient Chinese believed that one could combat poison with poison.
Fly-whisk	拂塵	拂尘	Fú chén	Ma'rifat	These fly-swatting tools symbolically represent the sweeping away of ignorance.[iqtibos kerak ]
Four Blessings	四福	四福	Sì fú	1. Happiness (喜). 2. The salary of a high government official (祿). 3. Longevity (壽). 4. Good luck or good fortune (福).[399][400]
Four Divine Creatures[lar]	四象	四象	Sì Xiàng	The Vermillion Bird (朱雀, zhū què) which represents the south and symbolizes the summer. The Oq yo'lbars (白虎, bái hǔ) represents the west and symbolizes the autumn. The Azure Dragon (青龍, qīng lóng) represents the east and symbolizes the spring. The black tortoise (or black warrior) coiled around by a snake (玄武, xuán wǔ) represents the north and symbolizes the winter.	Each animal symbolizes a direction and has a season associated with that direction.[401]
To'rt janoblar[t]	四君子	四君子	Sì jūn zǐ	1. Orchid (springtime) 2. Bamboo (summer) 3. Chrysanthemum (autumn) 4. Plum (winter)[u]	Each member of the Four Gentlemen represents a season.[402]
Four Happiness Boys	四蝠男子	四蝠男子	Sì fú nán zǐ	Good luck, many male offspring	The "Four Happiness Boys" depicts two boys in a way that looks as if there are four. This illusion creates the hope for frequent male progeny.[403]
Four Happinesses	四蝠	四蝠	Sì fú	1. "Sweet rain after a long drought" (久旱逢甘雨, jiǔ hàn féng gān yǔ) 2. "Meeting an old friend in a faraway place" (他鄉遇故知, tā xiāng yù gù zhī) 3. "The wedding night" (洞房花燭夜, dòng fáng huā zhú yè) 4. "Having one's name on the list of successful candidates of the imperial examination" (金榜題名時, jīn bǎng tí míng shí)	"The four happinesses" come from a Song dynasty era poem composed by Hong Mai (洪邁).[404][muvofiq? – muhokama qilish]
Qurbaqa	蛙	蛙	Wā	Fertillik	The Mandarin Chinese word for "frog" (蛙, wā) has a similar pronunciation as the Mandarin Chinese word for "baby" (娃, wá).[405]
Fu Lu Shou	福祿壽	福禄寿	Fú Lù Shòu	Happiness, prosperity, and longevity	Fu Lu Shou refers to the three gods who embody these concepts.[muvofiq? – muhokama qilish]
Fungus of immortality[v]	靈芝	灵芝	Líng zhī	Uzoq umr	The lingzhi mushroom doesn't decay in the same manner as other fungi, instead becoming woody and surviving for an extended period of time. It is also believed to grow on the "Three Islands of the Immortals".[406][muvofiq? – muhokama qilish]
Echki	羊	羊	Yang	Blessings and protection from famine	A reference to a story in which five goat-riding immortals came down from the heavens and fed a city during a famine; the goats remained and turned to stone.[w][407][408]
God of Examinations[x]	魁星	魁星	Kuí xīng	Success in the imperial exams	The God of Examinations is often thought to help candidates pass the difficult and rigorous Chinese civil exams of the imperial examination system.[409][muvofiq? – muhokama qilish]
Baxt Xudosi[y]	福 / 福神 / 福星	福 / 福神 / 福星	Fú / Fú shén / Fú xīng	Good luck and good fortune[410][411]	The God of Happiness is a continuation of one of Taoism's three original gods or heavenly officials, namely the "Heavenly Official who grants fortune" (天官賜福).[muvofiq? – muhokama qilish]
God of Longevity[z]	壽	寿	Shòu	Longevity, wisdom[412]	In Confucianism it is believed that wisdom comes with (old) age.[muvofiq? – muhokama qilish]
God of Prosperity[aa]	祿	禄	Lù	Prosperity, wishes fulfilled, high rank and salary	The God of Prosperity is associated with the saying "may office and salary be bestowed upon you" (加官進祿).[413][414][muvofiq? – muhokama qilish]
Leigong (god of thunder)	雷神 / 雷公	雷神 / 雷公	Léi shén / Léi gōng	Punishment of criminals and evil spirits	Leigong is usually featured on Taoist numismatic charms in the form of the inscription "O Thunder God, destroy devils, subdue bogies, and drive away evil influences. Receive this command of Tai Shang Lao Qun (Lao Zi) and execute it as fast as Lü Ling [a famous runner of the Chjou sulolasi {{]}}" (An'anaviy xitoy: 雷霆八部，誅鬼降精，斬妖辟邪，永保神清，奉太上老君，急急如律令，敕。; Xanyu Pinyin: Léi Tíng bā bù, zhū guǐ jiàng jīng, zhǎn yāo pì xié, yǒng bǎo shén qīng, fèng tài Shàng Lǎo Jūn, jí jí rú Lǜ Lìng, chì.).[415][416][muvofiq? – muhokama qilish]
urush xudosi	關帝 關公	关帝 关公	Guān Dì Guān Gōng	Warding off evil	Guan Yu is an immortalized Chinese general who is often depicted wielding a huge broadsword used to fight evil.[417][muvofiq? – muhokama qilish]
Boylikning Xudosi	財神	财神	Cái shén	Wealth and success[418]	Caishen is usually depicted either carrying or being surrounded by cash coins, sycees, coral and other symbols the ancient Chinese associated with wealth.[muvofiq? – muhokama qilish]
Gods of Peace and Harmony[ab]	和合二仙	和合二仙	Hé hé èr xiān	Peace and harmony[419]	Han Shan (寒山) is usually depicted holding a round container, the Ruyi sceptre, a calabash, cash coins, a persimmon, etc. While the other twin Shi De (拾得) usually is depicted holding a lotus flower.[muvofiq? – muhokama qilish]
Oltin baliq	金魚	金鱼	Jīn yú	Abundance of wealth	The first character in the Mandarin Chinese name for "goldfish" means "gold" (金, jīn), while second character means "fish" which has a similar pronunciation as the Mandarin Chinese words for "jade" (玉, yù) and for "abundance" or "surplus" (余, yu).[420][421]
Qovoq	葫蘆	葫芦	Hú lu	Protection, blessings, success at imperial exams, fertility, having male progeny	The first Hanzi symbol in the Mandarin Chinese term for "gourd" (葫蘆, hú lu) is homonymous to the Mandarin Chinese term for "to protect" or "to guard" (護, hù). It also sounds like the Mandarin Chinese term for "blessing" (祜, hù).[422] In some varieties of the Chinese languages, the word for "gourd" (葫蘆) sounds like the terms for "happiness and rank" (福祿). Trailing vines of calabashes are named in Mandarin Chinese with the Hanzi character "蔓", which can also be a homonym to the Mandarin Chinese word for "ten thousand" (萬, wàn), and due to the fact that the calabash contains many seeds, they are associated with fertility.
Chigirtka (Tettigoniidae )[423][424]	螽斯	螽斯	Zhōng sī	Fertility and procreation	Grasshoppers are associated with fertility because they gather together and reproduce in large numbers. One charm has the inscription "may your children be as numerous as grasshoppers" (螽斯衍慶, zhōng sī yǎn qìng).[iqtibos kerak ]
Dji (halberd)	戟	戟	Jǐ	Good luck, success in exams	The Mandarin Chinese word for "halberd" (戟, jǐ) sounds like the Mandarin Chinese term for "lucky" or "auspicious" (吉, jí), and also sounds like the term for "rank" or "grade" (級, jí), which in this context refers to the rank of a government official.[425][426]
Ot	馬	马	Mǎ	Strength, stamina, perseverance, speed, Mo'g'ullar	Horses are associated with the Mongol people who ruled the Yuan dynasty. Horses are also represented on the Chinese zodiac.[427] Shuningdek qarang: Horse in Chinese mythology.
Horse saddle	鞍	鞍	.N	Tinchlik	The Mandarin Chinese word for "saddle" (鞍, ān) sounds like the Mandarin Chinese word for "peace" (安, ān).[428]
Oshxona Xudosi[429][430][431]	灶君	灶君	Zào Jūn	Protection of the hearth and family	The Kitchen God is the most important of a plethora of domestic gods in Xitoy xalq dini, mifologiya va Daosizm.
Arslon	獅	狮	Shī	Majesty, strength, high rank, wealth, Gautama Budda	The Mandarin Chinese word for "lion" (獅, shī) sounds like the word for "teacher", "master", "tutor", or "preceptor" (師, shī) which could be associated with archaic governmental titles such as "Senior Grand Tutor" (太師, tài shī) and "Junior Preceptor" (少師, shào shī). An ancient legend states that great fortune will be bestowed on a household if a lion enters its gates.[432] Lions are depicted as the guardians of Buddhism and a symbol of Buddhist kings.[433][434] Gautama Buddha is believed to have been reincarnated ten times as a lion. Shuningdek qarang: Arslonlarning madaniy tasvirlari.
Liu Haichan va Jin Chan	劉海戲蟾	刘海戏蟾	Liú hǎi xì chán	Wealth and prosperity	Qarang Chinese numismatic charm § Liu Haichan and the Three-Legged Toad charms yuqorida.
Longevity stone	長壽石	长寿石	Cháng shòu shí	Uzoq umr	Longevity stones are odd-shaped rocks associated with longevity because they are old. They are usually depicted next to images of linzhi mushrooms.[muvofiq? – muhokama qilish]
Lotus	蓮花 / 荷花	莲花 / 荷花	Lián huā / Hé huā	Purity, detachment from earthly concerns, continuous harmony, harmony in sex and marriage, continuous childbirth (for seeds)[435]	Gautama Buddha is often shown sitting on a lotus.[436] One of the Mandarin Chinese words for "lotus" is lián huā (蓮花) which has a primary Hanzi character that is pronounced similar to the Mandarin Chinese word for "continuous" (連, lián), while the first Hanzi character in another term for "lotus" is pronounced as salom (荷) which sounds similar to the Mandarin Chinese word for "harmony" (和, salom). When a lotus pod is depicted on the same charm as a lotus stem, this symbolises harmonious marriage and sexual intercourse. The Mandarin Chinese word for "lotus seeds" (蓮籽, lián zǐ) sounds like the Mandarin Chinese phrase "continuously giving birth to children" (連子, lián zi).
Lozenge	方勝	方胜	Fāng shèng	Good luck, a musical instrument (with two interlocked lozenges), people in cooperation, victory	The lozenge is one of the Eight Treasures,[437] though it is unclear why lozenges are associated with good luck. Interlocked lozenges symbolise an ancient Chinese musical instrument due to their diamond shape. This can also sybolise two hearts working together with a single mindset.
Magpie	喜鵲	喜鹊	Xǐ què	Happiness,[ak] marriage (in pairs)	The first character in the Mandarin Chinese word for "magpie" (喜鵲, xǐ què) is synonymous to the Mandarin Chinese word for "happiness" (喜).[438] The association with marriage comes from an old Chinese tale of two celestial lovers who could only meet once a year on a bridge made of magpies.[439]
Oyna	銅鏡	铜镜	Tóng jìng	Good luck, protection from demons and evil spirits, harmonious marriage (when depicted with shoes)	The (bronze) mirror is one of the Eight Treasures. The ancient Chinese believed that a demon or evil spirit would be scared of their reflection in a mirror and flee. The Mandarin Chinese words for "bronze mirror" (銅鏡, tóng jìng) and "shoes" (鞋, xié) sound like "together and in harmony" (同諧, tóng xié).
Pul daraxti	搖錢樹	摇钱树	Yáo qián shù	Wealth, riches, and treasures.[440]	Qarang Chinese numismatic charm § Chinese money trees
Maymun	猴	猴	Hou	The maymun is one of the 12 animals of the Chinese zodiac. Maymunlar qiroli	The Monkey King or "Sun Wukong" (孫悟空) Is a character from the Ming dynasty era novel G'arbga sayohat.[441] Qarang: Monkeys in Chinese culture.
Monkey riding a horse[reklama]	馬上風猴	马上风猴	Mǎ shàng fēng hóu	A wish to be immediately promoted to high rank[442]	The first Hanzi characters of the Mandarin Chinese phrase mǎ shàng fēng hóu (馬上風猴) could mean both "on the horse" as well as "at once". The word for "wind" or "breeze" is pronounced similar as the word for "to grant a title" (封, fēng). The final Hanzi character means "monkey" and is pronounced like the word for "marquis" (侯, huu) which is associated with a high rank.
Oy (yarim oy )	月	月	Yuè	[qo'shimcha tushuntirish kerak ]	Yilda Xitoy mifologiyasi the moon is the residence of Jin Chan. In Taoist mythology the "Jade Rabbit " (a.k.a. the "Moon Hare") lives on the moon, and is known for making the elixir of immortality.[443] The moon is often a location for various figures from Chinese mythology.
tog	山	山	Shān	Limitlessness	In Chinese mythology, mountains are the places closest to the Gods.
Mugwort (Artemisiya leaf)	艾	艾	Ài	Longevity, protection from harm[444]	The mugworth is associated with longevity because of its usage in an'anaviy xitoy tibbiyoti and as one of the Eight Treasures. People used to hang mugwort on their doors in the belief that the scent would repel insects and that the tiger-claw shape would offer protection.
Narsis	水仙	水仙	Shuǐ xiān	O'lmas	The Mandarin Chinese word for "narcissus" (水仙, shuǐ xiān) means "water immortal".[445]
To'qqiz (raqam)	九	九	Jiǔ	Abadiy	The Mandarin Chinese word for the number "nine" (九, jiǔ) is homonymous with the Mandarin Chinese word for "forever" or "long lasting" (久, jiǔ).[446][447]
Nine similitudes	九如	九如	Jiǔ rú	The nine similitudes are associated with the congratulatory greeting: "May you be as the mountains and the hills, as the greater (taller) and the lesser (shorter) heights, as the river streams which flow in all directions, having the constancy of the moon in the sky, like the rising sun which brings us the day, with the longevity of the southern mountain and the green luxuriance of the fir and the cypress." which wishes for the greeted person to be blessed with luxury, wealth, and (of course) longevity.[qo'shimcha tushuntirish kerak ]	The nine similitudes are from the She'riyat klassikasi which is a book that incorporates music, poetry, and hymns from the Bahor va kuz davri va Chjou sulolasi.[448]
Piyoz	蔥	葱	Cōng	Intelligence, wit	The Mandarin Chinese word for "onion" (蔥, cōng) sounds like the word for "clever" or "intelligent" (聰明, cōng míng).[449]
apelsin daraxt	桔	桔	Ju	Good luck, good fortune	The Hanzi character for orange is "桔", which contains the Hanzi characters "木" ("tree") and "吉" ("lucky" or "auspicious").[450]
Orkide	蘭	兰	Lán	Humility, modesty, beauty and refinement; female beauty.[451][452][453][454]	The orchid is a member of the Four Gentlemen.
Osmanthus (Xitoy doljin )	桂	桂	Guì	Preciousness, honour, longevity	The Mandarin Chinese word for an "osmanthus blossom" (桂, guì) sounds similar to the term for "something that is precious" or "something that is of value" (貴, guì). The scent of the Osmanthus fragranslari is associated with fragrance (or an "honourable life").[455][456][457]
Ho‘kiz (suvsar )	牛	牛	Niu	Harvest, fertility, springtime; a simple and idyllic life; great fortune from humble beginnings (with a boy riding)	The ho'kiz is one of the twelve animals represented on the Chinese zodiac. Oxen were important to agricultural development and are associated with harvests, fertility, and the springtime. A boy or young man riding an ox may represent Chju Yuanjang, who went from humble beginnings to found the Min sulolasi.[458]
Shaftoli	桃	桃	Táo	Marriage, springtime, longevity, justice, Taoist immortality, weaponry, protection from demons	Peaches are associated with longevity because of the peaches of immortality.[459] Peach wood was used to make weapons (and amulets). The Mandarin Chinese word for "peach" (桃, táo) sounds like the Mandarin Chinese term for "to flee", "to retreat", or "to run away" (逃, táo). The ancient Chinese people believed that the timber of peach trees could keep demons away because the Mandarin Chinese word for "peach" sounds like the Mandarin Chinese word for "to eliminate" (淘, táo).[460] The peach is a member of the Chinese "three plenties".
Tovus	孔雀	孔雀	Kǒng què	Desire for prosperity and peace; dignity paired with beauty; high rank	The Queen Mother of the West is sometimes depicted riding a peacock. The ancient Chinese people believed that a single glance of a peacock would instantly make a woman pregnant. During Ming and Qing dynasties, the seniority of an official could be deduced by the number of peacock feathers they wore on their hats.[461][462]
Yeryong'oq	花生	花生	Huā shēng	Fertillik	The second Hanzi character in the Mandarin Chinese word for "peanut" is "生", which is synonymous with the term "to give birth".[463]
dur	寳珠	宝珠	Bǎozhū	Endless transformation; perfection and enlightenment (when chased by a dragon);[ae] wealth, treasure, pure intentions, and genius in obscurity	Chinese dragons are often depicted as chasing a pearl-like jewel object.[464][465] The pearl also resembles the moon, and as a dragon devours or disgorges the moon it appears to wane or wax. The flaming pearl is one of the Eight Treasures.
Pion	牡丹 富貴花	牡丹 富贵花	Mǔ dān Fù guì huā	Longevity, happiness, eternal beauty,[466] and loyalty. Economic prosperity and wealth.[467]	The double manner in which peonies grow resembles strings of Chinese cash coins, which is why they're associated with richness. This is also the origin of the alternative Mandarin Chinese name for the peony "fù guì huā" (富貴花).
Peony in a vase	牡丹花瓶	牡丹花瓶	Mǔ dān huā píng	Wealth and prosperity in peace	The Mandarin Chinese word for "peony" (牡丹, mǔ dān) can be translated as "the flower of wealth and honour", while the Mandarin Chinese word for "vase" (瓶, píng) is a homophonic pun with "peace" (平安, píng ān).
Xurmo	柿	柿	Shì	Good luck; official matters; a gentleman or official; safe concerns (when paired with an apple)	The persimmon is considered to be an auspicious symbol due to its orange colour and round shape. The Mandarin Chinese word for "persimmon" (柿, shì) sounds like the word for "matters, affairs or events" (事, shì). It also sounds like the word for "official" or "gentleman" (仕, shì). The Mandarin Chinese word for "apple" (蘋果, píng guǒ) sounds like the Mandarin Chinese word for "safety" (平安, píng ān) forming a visual pun that symbolises the saying "may your matters be safe" (事平安, shì píng ān).[468][469][470][471]
Cho'chqa, boar or hog	豬	猪	Zhū	Economic prosperity, good luck, protection from evil spirits	The cho'chqa is a sign of the Chinese zodiac.[472] Pigs are associated with protection from evil due to an ancient Chinese tradition where parents had their sons wear pig-themed shoes and hats to supposedly fool evil spirits into thinking that the boy was a pig, and thus leave him alone.[473][474][475]
Qarag'ay daraxti	松	松	Qo'shiq	Longevity, solitude, protection of the dead	The pine tree is one of the Chinese Qishning uchta do'sti. Because they can endure very rough winter weather, pine trees are associated with longevity. Ancient Chinese people believed that a creature named Vang Sian (罔象) devoured the brains of dead people but was afraid of pine trees, so pines were often planted near qabristonlar.[476][477]
Olxo'ri	梅	梅	Méi	Hopefulness and courageousness; the Chinese five blessings (plum blossom petals)[478]	The plum is one of the Chinese Three Friends of Winter.[479] The ancient Chinese associated plums with courage due to the fact that plums blossom first while the winter still poses a threat to its fruits, which is considered to be brave.
Anor	石榴	石榴	Shí liu	Fertillik[480]	The association with fertility has two major reasons: pomegranates have many seeds, and the first Hanzi character of "pomegranate" (石榴, shí liu) sounds like the Mandarin Chinese term for "generations" (世, shì) as in "generations of descendants". The pomegranate is a member of the Chinese "three plenties".
Qisqichbaqa[af]	蝦	虾	Xiā	Happiness and laughter	The Chinese character for "prawn" (蝦) is pronounced as xiā in Mandarin Chinese and haa yilda Yuè Chinese (Kanton ) which are both very similar to the sound people make when they laugh (ha ha ha).[481][482][483]
Qovoq	南瓜	南瓜	Nán guā	A desire to produce male offspring	The first Hanzi character of the word for "pumpkin" (南, nán ; meaning south) sounds like the Mandarin Chinese word for "boy" or "male" (男, nán).
Qilin ("Chinese unicorn")	麒麟	麒麟	Qílín	Benevolence, goodwill, good fortune, and prosperity; The g'arb va kuz.	The Qilin was believed by the ancient Chinese people to appear every time a new sage was born. Qilin are often depicted delivering babies on Chinese numismatic charms.[484][485][486][487][488]
Bedana	鵪鶉	鹌鹑	Ān chún	Courage, peace	The quail is associated with courage due to its combative attitude. The first Hanzi character in the Mandarin Chinese word for "quail" (鵪鶉, ān chún) can be used in a homophonic pun for "peace" (安, ān).[489]
Quyon	兔子	兔子	Tù zi	Uzoq umr	In Taoist mythology, the elixir of immortality is prepared by the "moon hare ", who resides on the moon.[490][491][492][493] The quyon (or hare) is one of the twelve Chinese zodiac animals.
Kalamush[494]	老鼠 大鼠	老鼠 大鼠	Lǎo shǔ Dà shǔ	Abundance, fertility, wealth	The rat is associated with fertility due to its strong reproductive capabilities. The kalamush is one of the twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac.
Qamish trubkasi	笙	笙	Shēng	Giving birth, promotion	The Mandarin Chinese word for "reed pipe" (笙, shēng) sounds similar to the word meaning "to give birth" (生, shēng).[495] It also sounds similar to the Mandarin Chinese word which could be translated as "to rise" (升, shēng).[496]
Rhinoceros horns	犀角	犀角	Xī jiǎo	Baxt	Rhinoceros horns are one of the Eight Treasures.[497][498] The first Hanzi character in the Mandarin Chinese word for "rhinoceros horn" (犀角, xī jiǎo) sounds like the Mandarin Chinese word for "happiness" (喜, xǐ).
Lentalar va fillets	帶	带	Dai	Greatness and vastness; descendants who enjoy longevity	Ribbons were believed to enhance the characteristics and importance of the object they were bound to. The Mandarin Chinese word for "ribbon" or "fillet" (帶, dài) sounds like the Mandarin Chinese word for "generations" (代, dài) va rasmiy muhrga biriktirilgan fileto uchun xitoycha Mandarin so'zi (綬帶, shòu dài), ushbu atamaning birinchi xansi xarakterini uzoq umr bilan bog'lash mumkin, chunki u "uzoq umr" (壽, shòu). Birgalikda bu kelajak avlodlar uzoq umr ko'rishlarini anglatadi. Ushbu lentalarning qizil rangi quvonch va baxt bilan bog'liq.[499] Xitoy tilidagi "qizil" so'zi (arin, hng) "bepoyon" so'zlariga o'xshaydi (洪, hng) va "buyuk" (宏, hng).
Marosim tayoqchasi	笏	笏	Hù	Yuqori daraja	X shaklidagi ramz sifatida tasvirlangan ushbu tayoqchalar, ma'lum bo'lgan tor tabletkalarga asoslangan deb o'ylashadi hù (笏), ularni Xitoy rasmiylari avtorizatsiya pasporti sifatida olib yurishgan.[500][501][502] Yog'ochdan qarsaklar ham sakkizinchi o'lmas odam bilan bog'liq edi, Cao Guojiu (曹國舅).
Xo'roz	公雞	公鸡	Gōng jī	Omad; yuqori daraja; aql va shuhrat; beshta fazilat (五 德)	Mandarin tilidagi xitoycha "xo'roz" so'zidagi ikkinchi xansi belgisi (公雞, gōng jī) Mandarin xitoycha "xayrli" yoki "omadli" so'ziga o'xshaydi (吉, jí). Xo'rozlar yuqori darajani anglatadi, chunki ularning taroqlari Mandarin shlyapasiga o'xshaydi.[503] Mandarin tilidagi xitoycha "qarg'a xo'roz" (公 公, gōng míng) "aql va shon-sharaf" (功名, gōng míng). Xo'rozlar beshta fazilatni ramziy ma'noga ega, chunki uning taragi uni Mandarin (fuqarolik) ga o'xshatadi; uning shporlari (jangovar); jang paytida xo'roz o'zini qanday tutadi (jasorat); xo'rozlar tovuqlarini himoya qiladi (xayrixohlik) va xo'rozlar tongni xushxabarda juda aniq aytadilar.[504] The xo'roz Xitoy burjining o'n ikki hayvonidan biridir.
Ruyi tayoqchasi	如意	如意	Rúyì	Kuch va hokimiyat; yaxshi tilaklar va farovonlik	Buddizm va xitoy mifologiyasida Ruyi tayog'i istaklarni bajara oladi.[505][506] Ruyi tayog'i Sakkizta xazinadan biridir.
Sanxing	三星 / 福祿壽	三星 / 福禄寿	Sān xīng / Fú Lù Shòu	Obod turmush, yuqori daraja va uzoq umr	"Uch yulduz" - bu Xudolar Obodlik (Fu ), Holat (Lu) va Uzoq umr (Shou ) ichida Xitoy dini.[507][508]
Qo'y[ag]	羊	羊	Yang	Yang energiya, quyosh, farzandlik taqvosi	Mandarin tilidagi xitoycha so'z "qo'y", "qo'chqor" va "echki" (g, yáng) so'zlari "Yang energy" (陽, yáng) "quyosh" ma'nosini ham anglatishi mumkin. Qo'zilar onalaridan sut olganda tiz cho'kishadi, bu esa Konfutsiychilikda itoatkorlik sifatida qabul qilinadi.[509]
Poyafzal	鞋	鞋	Xié	Boylik; bilan uyg'unlikda (boshqa belgi bilan bog'langanda); tug'ish va nasl tug'dirish istagi (uchun lotus poyafzallari )	Poyafzal boylik bilan bog'liq, chunki ular o'xshash shaklga ega shpritslar. Mandarin xitoycha "poyabzal" so'zi (鞋, xié) "birgalikda" so'zlariga o'xshaydi (諧, xié) va "uyg'unlikda" (諧, xié). Xitoy tilidagi Mandarin so'zi "lotus gulasi" (g, lian) "doimiy" so'ziga o'xshash tovushlar (連, lian).
Olti (6)	六 / 陸	六 / 陆	Liù	Ishlarning muammosiz o'tishini istash; omad, omad va farovonlik	Xitoy tilidagi Mandarin so'zi "olti" (六, liù) "oqish" so'ziga o'xshaydi (流, liu).[510][511] "Hammasi oltiga to'g'ri keladi" degan so'z ((六 顺, liù liù dà shùn) bunga asoslanadi.[512][513] Xitoy tilidagi "olti" so'zi "farovonlik" so'ziga o'xshaydi (g, lù).
Ilon	蛇	蛇	Shé	[qo'shimcha tushuntirish kerak ]	The ilon Xitoy burjlari sifatida tasvirlangan o'n ikki hayvondan biridir.[514] Ilon, shuningdek, Besh zaharning a'zosi.[515] Shuningdek qarang: Xitoy mifologiyasidagi ilonlar va Xitoy numizmatik jozibasi § "Besh zahar" talismanslari.
O'rgimchak	蜘蛛 / 蟲 喜子	蜘蛛 / 虫 喜子	Zhī zhū / Chóng xǐ zǐ	Baxt yoki baxtli o'g'illar; osmondan tushayotgan baxt (agar tushgan tasvirlangan bo'lsa)	Mandarin xitoycha "o'rgimchak" (喜子, xǐ zǐ) "baxt" degan ma'noni anglatadi, ikkinchi xanzi belgisi "o'g'il" degan ma'noni ham anglatishi mumkin.[516][517]
Yulduz (nuqta)	星	星	Xīng	Noma'lum	Noma'lum
Laylak	鸛	鹳	Guan	Uzoq umr, ko'tarilish va yuqori daraja	Qadimgi xitoyliklar laylaklar ming yil yashagan deb hisoblashgan; Leyklar ko'pincha uzoq umr ko'rishning yana bir ramzi bo'lgan qarag'ay daraxtlari yonida tasvirlangan. Xitoy xalq dinida G'arbning Qirolicha onasi va uzoq umr xudosi Shouxing transport uchun laylaklarga minishadi. Mandarin xitoycha "laylak" so'zi (鸛, guan) - "hukumat amaldori" (官, guan), "birinchi o'rin" (冠, guan) va "shapka" (冠, guan) va shu tariqa hukumatdagi lavozimini ko'tarish va yuqori lavozim bilan bog'liq.
Qaldirg'och[518][519]	燕	燕	Yan	Yaxshi omad, bahor va farovon o'zgarishlarni olib keling	Qaldirg'ochlar "yangi" ni "eski" ga olib kelishgan deb qarashgan, chunki ular munozarali ravishda devorlar va qabrlarning yoriqlariga loy uyalarini qurish orqali "obodonlashtirish" qilishadi.
Xastalik	卐 卍	卐 卍	Von	"Son-sanoqsiz narsalar" yoki "hamma narsa"	Xasti belgisi svastika sifatida talaffuz qilinadi von (卐 / 卍) bu mandarin xitoycha "o'n ming" so'ziga o'xshaydi (萬, va).[520][521]
Qilich	刀	刀	Dao	Yomonlik ustidan g'alaba (agar ramz sifatida ishlatilsa Lu Dongbin ), yovuz ruhlar va sehrgarlardan himoya qilish (agar Zhong Kui uchun ramz sifatida ishlatilsa)	Qarang Xitoy numizmatik jozibasi § qilich ramziyligi bilan Xitoy talismanslari.
Sycee[ah]	細絲 / 元寶	细丝 / 元宝	Xì sī / Yuán bǎo	Boylik, yuqori daraja, yorqinlik va poklik	Kumush davrida boylikning rasmiy o'lchoviga aylandi Mo'g'ul Yuan sulolasi va shpallar boylik bilan chambarchas bog'liq edi. Mandarin tilidagi xitoycha "yuanbao" (元寶, yuanbǎo) shuningdek, "birinchi" degan ma'noni anglatadi, uni "imperatorlik imtihonlarida birinchi o'rin" deb talqin qilish va shu bilan yuqori darajaga erishish. Sycees sakkizta xazinaning a'zosi.
Titsitu (yin va yang belgi)[ai]	太極 圖	太极 图	Taitu	Yorug'lik va qorong'ulik, kuchli va kuchsizlar, erkaklar va ayollar va boshqalar.	Taijitu - bu olamning asosiy qutblanishlarini ramziy qiluvchi daosistik belgi.[522][523][muvofiq? – muhokama qilish]
Choynak (yoki qozon)	壺	壶	Hú	Himoya, baraka	Mandarin tilidagi xitoycha "choynak" yoki oddiygina "qozon" so'zi (g, hu) "marhamat" so'zlariga o'xshaydi (祜, hù) va "himoya qilish" (護, hù).
Uzoq umr ko'rishning o'nta belgisi[aj]	十 壽	十 寿	Shí shòu	1. Qarag'ay daraxti (松); 2. Quyosh (kun); 3. Kran (鹤); 4. Suv (水); 5. Tog'lar (山); 6. Bulutlar (雲); 7. kiyik (鹿); 8. toshbaqa (龜); 9. Lingji qo'ziqorini (;); 10. Bambuk (竹).[524][525][526]	Uzoq umr ko'rishning o'nta ramzi qadimgi xitoyliklarning uzoq umr ko'rish bilan bog'liq bo'lgan ramzlari, shuningdek, koreys san'atida, shu jumladan Koreya numizmatik jozibasi.
Uch mo'llik[ak]	三多	三多	Sān duō	1. Shaftoli (bu uzoq umr ko'rishni anglatadi); 2. anor (nasl yoki naslni ifodalaydi); 3. Buddaning qo'li (uzoq umr va baxtni anglatuvchi).	Uchta mo'llik qadimgi Xitoy xalqi xayrli deb bilgan uchta belgidir.[527][528]
Qishning uchta do'sti	歲寒 三 友	岁寒 三 友	Suìhán sānyǒu	Qat'iylik, qat'iyatlilik va qat'iyatlilik; Konfutsiychilikda olim-janobning idealidir	Qishning uchta do'sti: bambuk, qarag'ay daraxti va olxo'ri daraxti. Ushbu o'simliklar og'ir sharoitlarga qaramay qishda o'sadi.[529][530][531]
Uchta	福壽 三多	福寿 三多	Fú shòu sān duō	Uchtasi quyidagilarni xohlaydi: 1. baxt; 2. uzoq umr ko'rish; 3. Avlodlar.	Uchala narsa qadimgi Xitoy xalqi sotib olishni kerakli va qulay deb bilgan uchta narsa.[532]
Uch tur	三 圓	三 圆	Sān yuán	"Uch tur" uchta yumaloq buyumlarning har qanday guruhlanishi sifatida tasvirlanishi mumkin edi. Bularni birlashtirganda, ular "yuqori daraja" degan ma'noni anglatadi.	Mandarin xitoycha "dumaloq" so'zi (圓, yuan) "birinchi" so'zi bilan gomofonik so'z ((, yuan), bu kontekstda imperatorlik xitoylik imtihon tizimida eng yuqori ball olishni anglatadi. Ushbu kontekstdagi uchinchi raqam imtihonlarning barcha uch bosqichlarida birinchi bo'lib kelishini anglatishi mumkin.
Yo'lbars[al]	虎	虎	Hǔ	Yovuz ruhlardan va baxtsizliklardan, qahramonlikdan, uzoq umrdan himoya qilish	Mandarin xitoycha so'z "yo'lbars" (y, hǔ) "himoya qilish" (護, hù). Yo'lbarslar, shuningdek, qishloq xo'jaligining qo'riqchi ruhidir va qadimgi xitoyliklar yo'lbars "qurg'oqchilik jinini" yutib yuborishi mumkinligiga ishongan va qahramonlik qilgan. Qadimgi xitoyliklar yo'lbarsning sochlari besh asrdan keyin oqarganiga va ular ming yilgacha yashashi mumkinligiga ishonishgan.[533][534] Caishen ba'zan yo'l harakati uchun yo'lbarsdan foydalangan holda tasvirlangan. The yo'lbars Xitoy burjlari a'zosi. Shuningdek qarang: Xitoy madaniyatidagi yo'lbars.
Qurbaqa	蟾蜍 蟾	蟾蜍 蟾	Chán chú Chan	Tangalar, boylik	Ba'zi xitoy tillarida "qurbaqa" (蟾) so'zi ularning "tanga" yoki "pul" (錢) so'zlariga o'xshaydi.
Toshbaqa	龜	龟	Guī	Uzoq umr; magnit shimoliy, qish; chidamlilik va jismoniy kuch; ilohiy va ilohiylik.	Toshbaqalar juda uzoq umr ko'rishadi. Qadimgi xitoyliklar koinot dumaloq va er ekanligiga ishonishgan yassi, toshbaqaning pastki tanasi singari; shuning uchun toshbaqalar ilohiy bilan bog'liq edi.
Xazina kosasi[am]	聚寶盆	聚宝盆	Jù bǎo pén	Boylik	Ushbu afsonaviy ob'ekt uning ichida joylashgan ob'ektni cheksiz ravishda ko'paytirib, bitta xazinani ko'p narsaga aylantirishi mumkin.[iqtibos kerak ]
O'n ikkita bezak[an]	十二 章	十二 章	Shí'èr zhāng	1. Ma'rifatni anglatuvchi quyosh (kun) 2. Yinning passiv printsipini anglatuvchi oy (月) 3. Imperatorning rahm-shafqatini anglatuvchi Uch Yulduzli yulduz turkumi (星辰) 4. Imperatorning barqarorligi va ramzi bo'lgan tog '(山) er 5. Imperatorning hokimiyatini ramziy ma'noda (besh tirnoqli) ajdaho (龍) 6. Qirqovul (華 The), adabiy noziklikni ramziy ma'noda 7. Farzandlik taqvodorligini, imperator sadoqatini va metall 8. Poklik, Imperatorning etakchiligini va suv 9. Guruch donasi (粉 米), farovonlik, serhosillik va yog'och 10. Aqlni ifodalovchi olov (Fire), yoz kunlari va olov 11. Imperatorning qat'iyatliligini anglatuvchi bolta boshi (-) 12. Hamkorlik va Imperatorning qudrati va idrokini anglatuvchi Fu belgisi (Fu)[535]	Chjou sulolasi davriga ko'ra Marosimlar kitobi, o'n ikki raqam ham Osmonning sonidir, chunki imperator "osmonning o'g'li" deb hisoblangan, chunki uning hokimiyatini namoyish etish uchun o'n ikkita belgi tanlangan. Taniqli yozuvchilar Lu Xun, Qian Daosun va Xu Shoushang dan Ta'lim vazirligi yaratgan O'n ikki ramz milliy gerb ushbu ramzlar asosida va ushbu milliy gerb Xitoy Respublikasidan dastlabki tangalarda paydo bo'lgan.
Vazo (yokishisha )	瓶	瓶	Píng	Yil davomida tinchlik va xavfsizlik, tinchlik (agar har bir fasl gullari bilan tasvirlangan bo'lsa)	Mandarin xitoycha "vaza" so'zi (瓶, píng) "tinchlik" yoki "xavfsizlik" so'zlariga o'xshaydi ((, píng ān).[536][537][538]
Willow	柳	柳	Liǔ	Shoirlar va olimlar; jinni chiqarish va davomida "qabrlarni supurish" Qingming festivali;[539] ajralish va qayg'u	Willow daraxtlari ular orasida yurish paytida ilhomlangan shoirlar va olimlar bilan bog'liq. Willow novdalari qadimgi Xitoy xalqi tomonidan "sehrli" deb hisoblangan va jinlarni chiqarish bilan bog'liq bo'lgan. Xitoy tilidagi Mandarin so'zi "tol" (柳, liǔ) Mandarin xitoycha "bo'linmoq" so'ziga o'xshaydi (離, lí); tol shoxlari uzoq joylarga jo'nab ketadigan do'stlari va tanishlari uchun berildi.[540]
Yozish cho'tkasi va sycee	筆 錠	笔 锭	Bǐ dìng	Hamma narsa siz xohlaganingizdek o'tishiga umid	Xitoy tilidagi Mandarin so'zlari "yozuv cho'tkasi" (筆, bǐ) va "ingot" (錠, díng) "albatta" (like, bì dìng).
Zhenvu	真 武	真 武	Zhēnwǔ	Shifolash va himoya qilish.	Zhenwu - bu davolovchi va himoya bilan bog'liq bo'lgan xudo[541][muvofiq? – muhokama qilish]
Zit[423][542]	齊 特 琴	齐 特 琴	Qí tè qín	Tug'ilish va turmushning uyg'unligi	Ushbu kontekstdagi zitrlar nazarda tutilgan guqin va se musiqiy asboblar. Zitra mavzusini aks ettiruvchi xitoylik numizmatik joziba yoki tulkiga misol sifatida "qin va se unga do'stona munosabatda" yoki "qin va se zitlari uning qalbini isitadi" (琴瑟友 之, qín sè yǒu zhī).[qo'shimcha tushuntirish kerak ]

Shuningdek qarang

• Xitoy belgisi (muqobil valyuta)
• Bambukdan foydalanish

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar