Kiyik ovchisi - The Deer Hunter

Kiyik ovchisi
Buyuk Britaniyaning teatrlashtirilgan chiqarilishi
Rejissor	Maykl Cimino
Tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan	Barri Spikings Maykl Dili Maykl Cimino Jon Peverall
Ssenariy muallifi	Derik Washburn
Hikoya	Derik Washburn Maykl Cimino Louis A. Garfinkle Kvinn K. Redeker
Bosh rollarda	Robert De Niro John Cazale Jon Savage Meril Strip Kristofer Uolken
Musiqa muallifi	Stenli Mayers
Kinematografiya	Vilmos Zsigmond
Tahrirlangan	Piter Zinner
Ishlab chiqarish kompaniya	EMI
Tarqatgan	Universal rasmlar (Shimoliy Amerika) EMI filmlari (Xalqaro)
Ishlab chiqarilish sanasi	1978 yil 8-dekabr (1978-12-08) (Los Anjeles ) 1979 yil 23 fevral (1979-02-23) (Qo'shma Shtatlar)
Ish vaqti	184 daqiqa[1]
Mamlakat	Qo'shma Shtatlar
Til	Ingliz tili Ruscha Vetnam Frantsuzcha
Byudjet	15 million dollar[2]
Teatr kassasi	49 million dollar[3]

Kiyik ovchisi 1978 yilgi amerikalik doston urush drama filmi hammualliflikda va rejissyorligida Maykl Cimino urushganidan keyin hayoti abadiy o'zgargan po'lat ishlab chiqaruvchilar uchligi haqida Vetnam urushi. Uchta askar o'ynaydi Robert De Niro, Kristofer Uolken va Jon Savage, bilan John Cazale (uning so'nggi rolida), Meril Strip va Jorj Dzundza yordamchi rollarni o'ynash. Voqea sodir bo'ladi Klerton, Pensilvaniya, a ishchi sinf shaharcha Monongahela daryosi janubida Pitsburg va Vetnamda.

Film qisman ishlab chiqarilmagan ssenariyga asoslangan O'ynashga kelgan odam tomonidan Louis A. Garfinkle va Kvinn K. Redeker, haqida Las-Vegas va Rossiya ruleti. Ishlab chiqaruvchi Maykl Dili, ssenariyni sotib olgan, yozuvchi / rejissyorni yollagan Maykl Cimino kim Derik Washburn bilan, rus ruletka elementini olib, ichiga joylashtirib, ssenariyni qayta yozgan Vetnam urushi. Film byudjetdan va rejadan oshib ketdi va 15 million dollarga tushdi. Rossiya ruletkasini tasvirlaydigan sahnalar film namoyish etilgandan so'ng juda tortishuvlarga sabab bo'ldi. EMI filmlari, filmni ishlab chiqargan, filmni xalqaro miqyosda chiqargan Universal rasmlar uni Shimoliy Amerikada tarqatish bilan shug'ullangan.

Film tanqidchilar va tomoshabinlar olqishiga sazovor bo'ldi, Cimino rejissyori, aktyorlar aktyorlari (xususan De Niro, Uolken va Stripdan) va ssenariysi, realistik mavzulari va ohanglari hamda kinematografiyasini maqtashdi. Shuningdek, u kassalarda muvaffaqiyatli bo'lib, 49 million dollar ishlab oldi. Da 51-chi Oskar mukofotlari, u to'qqizga nomzod bo'lgan Oskar mukofotlari va beshta g'alaba qozondi: Eng yaxshi rasm, Eng yaxshi rejissyor Cimino uchun, Eng yaxshi ikkinchi darajali aktyor Walken uchun, Eng yaxshi ovoz va Eng yaxshi filmni tahrirlash. Film belgilangan Meril Strip "Oskar" mukofotining birinchi nominatsiyasi (uchun Eng yaxshi ikkinchi darajali aktrisa ).

Bu ro'yxatlarda ko'rsatilgan eng yaxshi filmlar, masalan, tomonidan barcha zamonlarning eng buyuk 53-amerika filmi deb nomlanishi Amerika kino instituti 2007 yilda ularning ichida 10 yilligi nashri ning AFIning 100 yilligi ... 100 ta film ro'yxat. U Qo'shma Shtatlarda saqlash uchun tanlangan Milliy filmlar registri tomonidan Kongress kutubxonasi 1996 yilda "madaniy, tarixiy yoki estetik ahamiyatga ega" sifatida.^[4][5]

Uchastka

Pensilvaniya shtatidagi uchta do'st - Mayk Vronskiy, Stiven Pushkov va Nik Chevotarevich - a po'lat fabrikasi va kiyiklarni ovlash. Ular harbiy xizmatga ketishga tayyorlanmoqda Vetnam. Stiven boshqa odam tomonidan yashirincha singdirilgan Anjelaga unashtirilgan. Mayk va Nik ikkalasi ham shafqatsiz va alkogol otasidan qochish uchun Nikning uyiga ko'chib o'tadigan Lindani yaxshi ko'rishadi. Stiven va Anjelaning to'yi paytida Nik Lindaning qo'lini so'raydi va u qabul qiladi. Yangi turmush qurganlar haydab ketayotganlarida Nik Maykdan Vetnamda uni tashlab ketmasligini so'raydi. Mayk va Nik kiyiklarni so'nggi ov qilishadi. Mayk odatiga ko'ra bitta marotaba o'q uzadi, bu esa kiyikni o'ldiradi.

Vetnamda do'stlar boshqa askarlar bilan birga Vietnam Kong, va qiynoqli o'yinda ishtirok etishga majbur Rossiya ruleti Qamoqxonalar garovlar qo'yishadi. Stiven qo'rquv va charchoqqa berilib, shiftga o'q uzmoqda. Qoidalarni buzganlik uchun jazo sifatida Stiven kalamushlar va o'lik jasadlar bilan to'ldirilgan daryoga botirilgan qafasga tashlanadi. Mayk Nikni revolver silindriga uch dona qistirmalarni kiritib qochishga urinishga ishontiradi; o'zlarining azob chekuvchilarini xavfni oshirganiga ishontirgandan so'ng, ular asirlarni o'ldiradilar va qochadilar.

Stiven ozod bo'lganidan so'ng, uchalasi daryo oqimi bo'ylab daraxt tanasida suzib yurishadi. Ular osma ko'prikka etib borgach, ularni amerikalik vertolyot qutqaradi, ammo Stiven kuchsiz va suvga qulaydi. Mayk darhol Stivenni qutqarish uchun sakraydi, Nik esa samolyot ekipajiga tegishli. Kuzda Stivenning oyoqlari singan va Mayk uni qochib ketayotgan askarlar karvoniga duch kelguncha ko'tarib yuradi Saygon. Nik a harbiy kasalxona jismoniy va psixologik shikastlanishlar uchun va u Saygonga ishdan bo'shatilganidan keyin murojaat qiladi. U sarson-sargardonlik paytida qimor uyasidan chiqayotgan o'q ovozlarini eshitadi va ketishga harakat qiladi, avvalgi qiynoqlar tajribasini eslatadi. Biroq, frantsuz biznesmeni Julien Grinda uni ichkariga kirib, u uchun o'ynashga ko'ndiradi. Mayk inda bor va Nikni taniydi, ammo uning e'tiborini jalb qilishda muvaffaqiyatsiz.

Mayk vataniga qaytarildi va u fuqarolik hayotiga qo'shilishda qiynalmoqda. U do'stlari tomonidan uyushtirilgan ziyofatga kela olmaydi. Ertasi kuni ertalab u Linda bilan uchrashadi va Nikning tark etganligini bilib oladi. Keyin Mayk Anjelaga tashrif buyurdi, u hozirda bola onasi, ammo nogiron deb topilgan Stiven qaytib kelganidan keyin katatoniyaga tushib ketdi. Uyda qolgan Maykning atrofidagi odamlar urush haqida hech narsani tushunmayotgandek tuyuladi va keyingi kunlarda uning yo'naltirilganligini yana bir bor isbotlashdi; u ov paytida sayohat paytida kiyikni otib ololmaydi va boshqa safarda u bitta ov sherigi Stanni boshqa bir sherigiga qurol bilan qo'rqitayotganini ko'radi. Stenga imo-ishora og'irligini tushunish uchun Mayk qurolni Stenning qo'lidan qattiq urib yuboradi, silindrda faqat bitta o'qni qoldiradi, miltiqni Stenning peshonasiga yo'naltiradi va bo'sh kameraga tirgakni tortadi.

Mayk Stivenni faxriylar muassasasiga tashrif buyurdi; Stivenning ikkala oyog'i kesilgan va u qo'lini ishlatishni yo'qotgan. Stiven Anjelaning xiyonati haqida bilib, uyga kelishni istamaydi. U Maykga Vetnamdan muntazam ravishda katta miqdordagi pul olib kelganligini aytadi. Mayk Nikning ushbu to'lovlarning manbai ekanligini sezadi va Stivenni Anjelaga qaytishiga ishontirgandan so'ng, Nikni qidirib Vetnamga qaytadi. Saygon atrofida aylanib yurib, endi betartiblik holatida, Mayk Julienni topib, uni qimor o'ynash joyiga olib borishga ishontiradi. Mayk o'zini Makabre o'yinida professionalga aylangan va Maykni taniy olmagan Nik bilan to'qnash kelmoqda. Mayk Nikni aql-idrokka qaytarishga urindi, ammo endi geroin giyohvandiga aylangan Nik befarq. Rossiyalik ruletka o'yinida Mayk ularning ov safarlari haqida xotiralarni uyg'otdi. Nik Maykning "bitta o'q" usulini eslaydi va tirnoqni tortib, Maykning ko'z yoshlari bilan guvohi bo'lib o'zini o'ldirishdan oldin jilmayadi.

Mayk va uning do'stlari Nikning dafn marosimida qatnashmoqdalar va ularning mahalliy barida atmosfera xira va jim. Homiylar hissiyotdan ta'sirlanib, qo'shiq aytishadi "Xudo Amerikani barokat qilsin "Nik sharafiga.

Cast

• Robert De Niro SSG Maykl "Mayk" Vronskiy sifatida. Prodyuser Deeli De Nironi ta'qib qildi Kiyik ovchisi chunki u "dahshatli ovozli hikoya va deyarli taniqli bo'lmagan rejissyor" bilan filmni sotish uchun De Nironing yulduz kuchiga muhtojligini his qildi.^[6] "Menga ssenariy yoqdi va [Cimino] juda ko'p tayyorgarlik ko'rgan edi", deydi De Niro. "Men juda ta'sirlandim."^[7] De Niro po'lat ishlab chiqaruvchilar bilan mahalliy barlarda suhbatlashish va ularning uylariga tashrif buyurish orqali tayyorlandi. Cimino De Nironi uning agenti Garri Ufland sifatida tanishtirdi. Uni hech kim tanimadi.^[8] De Niro bu uning jismonan charchagan filmi ekanligini ta'kidlamoqda. U Maykning kasalxonada birinchi marta Stivenga tashrif buyurgan sahnasi u bilan bog'liq bo'lgan eng hayajonli sahna ekanligini tushuntirdi.^[9] Film uchun u o'zining birinchi million dollarlik gonorarini oldi.^[10] De Niro uning o'rniga so'nggi daqiqada o'rinbosar bo'ldi Roy Sxayder, "ijodiy farqlar" tufayli filmni suratga olish boshlanishidan ikki hafta oldin ishlab chiqarishni tashlab ketgan; Umumjahon Shayderni majburan majburlab, uchta rasmli shartnomasida saqlab qolishga muvaffaq bo'ldi Jag'lar 2 (1978).^[11]
• Kristofer Uolken Cpl sifatida. Nikonor "Nik" Chevotarevich. Uning ishlashi an Akademiya mukofoti, eng yaxshi ikkinchi darajali aktyor uchun.
• Jon Savage Cpl sifatida. Stiven Pushkov.
• John Cazale Sten ("Stosh") sifatida. Terminalga ega bo'lgan Cazale bilan bog'liq barcha sahnalar saraton, avval suratga olingan. Kasalligi sababli, dastlab studiya uni ishdan bo'shatmoqchi edi, lekin u bilan aloqada bo'lgan Strip va Cimino agar shunday qilsalar, ketishim bilan qo'rqitdilar.^[12][13] U shuningdek sug'urtalanmagan edi va Stripning so'zlariga ko'ra De Niro o'zining sug'urtasi uchun pul to'lagan, chunki u filmda Cazale-ni xohlagan. Bu Cazale-ning so'nggi filmi edi, chunki u filmni o'ralganidan ko'p o'tmay vafot etdi. Cazale hech qachon tayyor filmni ko'rmagan.^[12][14]
• Meril Strip Linda singari. Gacha Kiyik ovchisi, Strip Fred Zinnemannnikida qisqacha ko'rindi Yuliya (1977) va sakkiz soatlik mini-seriyalar Holokost (1978).^[15] Ssenariyda Stripning roli ahamiyatsiz edi. Cimino Streepga sozlamani tushuntirib berdi va unga o'z satrlarini yozishni taklif qildi.^[16]
• Jorj Dzundza Jon Uels kabi
• Per Segui Julien Grinda singari
• Sherli Stoler Stivenning onasi sifatida
• Chak Aspegren Piter "Aksel" Akselrod rolida. Aspegren aktyor bo'lmagan; u De Niro va Cimino tomonidan ishlab chiqarish boshida tashrif buyurgan Sharqiy Chikagodagi po'lat zavodida usta edi. Ular u bilan shunchalik taassurot qildilarki, unga rolni taklif qilishdi. U De Nirodan keyin filmda suratga olingan ikkinchi shaxs edi.^[8]
• Rutanya Alda Angela Ludhjduravic-Pushkov singari
• Emi Rayt sovchi sifatida
• Djo Grifasi Bandleader sifatida

Prodyuser Deley qayta ishlangan ssenariydan mamnun bo'lsa-da, u hali ham filmni sotish imkoniyatidan xavotirda edi. "Biz hali ham yirik studiyadan millionlarni olishimiz kerak edi, - deb yozadi Deeley, - shuningdek butun dunyodagi bozorlarimizni uni qurib bitkazmasdan sotib olishlari kerakligiga ishontirish. kerak Robert De Niro kalibrli kimdir ".^[17] De Niro o'sha paytda paydo bo'lgan eng katta yulduzlardan biri edi O'rtacha ko'chalar (1973), Cho'qintirgan ota II qism (1974) va Taksi haydovchisi (1976). Xaridorlarni jalb qilishdan tashqari, Deeli De Nironi "munosib yoshda, aftidan, jahannam kabi qattiq va nihoyatda iste'dodli" deb his qildi.^[6]

De Nironi yollash kasting to'ntarishiga aylandi, chunki u Nyu-Yorkda juda ko'p aktyorlarni bilar edi. De Niro Meril Stripni Cimino va Dili e'tiboriga havola etdi. Strip bilan birga John Cazale ham bor edi.^[15] De Niro, shuningdek, Ciminoni temir po'lat ishlab chiqarish ketma-ketligi uchun skautlar joylashgan joylarga kuzatib bordi, shuningdek, aktyorlar bilan ustaxonalarni yopishtirish jarayoni sifatida ishlatishni mashq qildi.^[18]

Oltita asosiy erkak belgilarning har biri orqa cho'ntagida bolaligida birgalikda tasvirlangan fotosurat olib, ular orasida o'rtoqlik tuyg'usini kuchaytirdi. Bundan tashqari, rejissyor Cimino ko'rsatmalar berdi rekvizitlar bo'limi ularning har biri uchun to'liq Pensilvaniya guvohnomalarini, shu jumladan haydovchilik guvohnomalari, tibbiy kartalar va boshqa turli xil buyumlarni yaratish buyumlar, ga oshirish har bir aktyorning fe'l-atvorini his qilishi.^[19]

Oldindan ishlab chiqarish

Qanday qilib juda ko'p tortishuvlar, tortishuvlar va qarama-qarshi hikoyalar mavjud Kiyik ovchisi dastlab ishlab chiqilgan va yozilgan.^[7] Rejissyor va hammuallif Maykl Cimino, yozuvchi Derik Uashbern va prodyuserlar Barri Spikings va Maykl Dili barchasida film qanday paydo bo'lganligi haqida turli xil versiyalar mavjud.

Rivojlanish

1968 yilda "EMI" yozuvlar kompaniyasi "EMI Films" deb nomlangan yangi kompaniyani tashkil etdi, unga rahbarlik qilganlar - Barri Spikings va Maykl Deili.^[7] Deeli a-ning birinchi qoralamasini sotib oldi spec skript deb nomlangan O'ynashga kelgan odam, tomonidan yozilgan Louis A. Garfinkle va Kvinn K. Redeker, $ 19,000 uchun.^[20] Spetsifikatsiya stsenariysi Las-Vegasga o'ynash uchun boradigan odamlar haqida edi Rossiya ruleti.^[7] "Ssenariy meni ajoyib darajada hayratga solgan edi, - deb yozdi Deeley, - lekin u to'liq emas edi. Hiyla juda aqlli yozuvni amaliy, amalga oshiriladigan filmga aylantirish yo'lini qidirishda bo'ladi".^[21] 1970-yillarning o'rtalarida film rejalashtirilayotgan paytda, Vetnam hali hammasi tabu mavzu edi Gollivudning yirik studiyalari.^[20] Prodyuserning so'zlariga ko'ra Maykl Dili, standart javob "hech bir amerikalik Vetnam haqidagi rasmni ko'rishni xohlamaydi".^[20]

Gollivudning turli agentlari bilan maslahatlashgandan so'ng, Deeli yozuvchi-rejissyor topdi Maykl Cimino, Sten Kamen tomonidan namoyish etilgan Uilyam Morris agentligi.^[21] Deli Ciminoning televizion reklama ishlari va jinoyatchilik haqidagi filmidan hayratda qoldi Thunderbolt va Lightfoot (1974).^[21][22] Cimino asosiy belgilarni yanada rivojlantirishi mumkinligiga ishongan O'ynashga kelgan odam asl mohiyatini yo'qotmasdan. Cimino ishga qabul qilingandan so'ng, u Garfinkle va Redeker bilan EMI ofisida uchrashuvga chaqirildi. Deleyning so'zlariga ko'ra, Cimino ssenariyning ruscha rulet elementiga ehtiyoj borligini shubha ostiga qo'ygan va Redeker buning uchun shunday ehtirosli ishni qilganki, u tom ma'noda tiz cho'kkan. Keyingi uchrashuvlar davomida Cimino va Deeli ssenariyning oldingi qismida zarur bo'lgan ishlarni muhokama qildilar va Cimino filmning dastlabki 20 daqiqasida asosiy qahramonlarning hikoyalarini rivojlantirishi mumkinligiga ishondi.^[22]

Ssenariy

Cimino olti hafta davomida ishladi Derik Washburn stsenariyda.^[8] Cimino va Washburn ilgari hamkorlik qilgan Stiven Bochko uchun ssenariyda Tovushsiz yugurish (1972). Prodyuser Spikingsning so'zlariga ko'ra, Cimino Uashbern bilan yana ishlashni xohlashini aytgan.^[7] Prodyuser Deleyning so'zlariga ko'ra, u faqat Vashbernga Cimino tomonidan ssenariy ustida ishlash uchun shartnoma tuzilganligi haqida mish-mishlardan eshitgan. "Cimino Washburnni o'zining subpudratchisi sifatida yollaganmi yoki hammuallif sifatida doimiy ravishda xiralashgan, - deb yozadi Deeli, - keyinchalik ular orasida bir necha qattiq so'zlar bo'lgan yoki menga aytilgan."^[22]

Ciminoning da'vosi

Ciminoning so'zlariga ko'ra, u yo'lda sayr qilayotganda Uashbernga qo'ng'iroq qilib, unga suhbat va hikoya haqida eslatmalar berib turardi. Vashbernning loyihasini ko'rib chiqqach, Cimino shunday dedi: "Men qaytib kelib o'qidim va o'qiganlarimga ishonmadim. Bu xuddi aqli buzilgan birov tomonidan yozilganga o'xshaydi". Cimino "Los-Anjelesdagi Sunset Marquis" da "Washburn" bilan to'qnash keldi va "Washburn" bosim o'tkazolmadim va uyga ketishga majbur bo'ldim deb aytdi. Keyin Cimino Washburnni ishdan bo'shatdi. Keyinchalik Cimino butun ssenariyni o'zi yozgan deb da'vo qildi.^[8] Uimbern Ciminoning izohlariga shunday javob berdi: "Bularning hammasi bema'nilik. Bu yolg'on. Men ssenariy ustida ishlagan vaqtimda bitta ichimlik ichmaganman".^[7]

Washburnning da'vosi

Washburnning so'zlariga ko'ra, u Cimino bilan uch kun davomida Los-Anjelesda Sunset Marquisda fitna uyushtirgan. Ssenariy oxir-oqibat bir nechta qoralamalardan o'tib, uchta alohida akt bilan hikoyaga aylandi. Washburn yozish uchun biron bir faxriydan intervyu olmadi Kiyik ovchisi na izlanish. "Menda bir oy bor edi, shu bilan bo'ldi", deb tushuntiradi u. "Soat tezlashmoqda edi. Sikish ssenariysini yozing! Ammo televizorni tomosha qilishim kifoya edi. Vetnamdagi jangovar operatorlar u erda yigitlar bilan birga dalada edilar. Aytmoqchimanki, ular siz ko'rishni orzu qilmaydigan narsalar bor edi. Iroq haqida. " Washburn tugagandan so'ng, u Cimino va Joann Carelli, sheriklik prodyuseri Kiyik ovchisi keyinchalik Ciminoning yana ikkita filmini suratga olishga kirishgan va uni arzon restoranda kechki ovqatga olib borgan Quyosh botishi sohili. U shunday eslaydi: "Tugatdik, Joann stolning narigi tomonida menga qarab tursa, u:" Xo'sh, Derik, vaqt juda yoqdi ", deydi. Meni ishdan bo'shatishdi, bu mumtoz ish edi: siz qo'g'irchoqni olasiz, uni xudoga tegadigan narsani yozishiga majbur qiling, unga o'zini o'zi sikishini ayting, narsaga ismingizni qo'ying va u ketadi. Men juda charchadim, men Menga bir oy davomida kuniga 20 soat ishlaganman, ertasiga samolyotga o'tirdim va Manxettenga qaytib, duradgorlik ishimga qaytdim. "^[7]

Deilining qayta ishlangan ssenariyga munosabati

Deeli endi nomlangan qayta ishlangan ssenariyni his qildi Kiyik ovchisi, loyiha uchun yangi zamin yaratdi. Redeker / Garfinkle stsenariysidagi bosh qahramon Merle og'ir jarohat olgan shaxs edi faol xizmat va uning zo'ravonlik tajribalari tufayli psixologik zarar ko'rgan, ammo shunga qaramay kuchli asab va jasoratga ega bo'lgan qattiq xarakter edi. Cimino va Washburnning qayta ko'rib chiqilgan stsenariysi Merle shaxsiyatining uchta tomonini distillashtirdi va ularni uchta alohida belgiga ajratdi. Ular bir xil kichik sanoat shaharchasida o'sgan va bir xil po'lat zavodida ishlagan va o'z vaqtida Vetnamga chaqirilgan uchta eski do'st bo'lishdi.^[23] Asl ssenariyda Merle (keyinchalik Mayk deb o'zgartirildi) va Nikning rollari filmning so'nggi yarmida o'zgartirildi. Nik Linda uyiga qaytadi, Mayk esa Vetnamda qoladi, Stivenga yordam berish uchun uyiga pul yuboradi va uning fojiali taqdirini Rossiya rulet stolida kutib oladi.^[24]

A Yozuvchilar uyushmasi arbitraj jarayoni Washburn "Screenplay by" krediti bilan taqdirlandi.^[7] Garfinkl va Redekerga Cimino va Washburn bilan birgalikda "Story by" krediti berildi. Dili Garfinkl va Redeker uchun hikoyalar "ularni adolatdan kam bajarganini" his qildi.^[22] Cimino hakamlik sudi natijalariga qarshi chiqdi. "O'zlarining fashistlarning donoliklari bilan, - deb qo'shib qo'ydi Cimino, - ular menga kredit berishmadi, chunki men prodyuser, rejissyor va yozuvchi bo'laman".^[25] Cimino, Washburn, Garfinkle va Redekerlarning to'rtala yozuvchisi ham Oskar nomzodini olishdi Eng yaxshi original ssenariy film uchun.^[26]

Suratga olish

Kiyik ovchisi 1977 yil 20 iyunda asosiy fotosuratni boshladi.^[7] Bu tasvirlangan birinchi badiiy film edi Vetnam urushi joyida tasvirga olinishi kerak Tailand. Barcha sahnalar edi joyida otilgan (yo'q tovush bosqichlari ). "Filmni orqada suratga olish to'g'risida munozaralar bo'lib o'tdi, ammo material ko'proq reallikni talab qildi", deydi Spikings.^[7] Aktyorlar guruhi va ekipaj a'zolari haqiqiyligini ta'minlash uchun urushdan olingan katta miqdordagi yangiliklarni tomosha qildilar. Olti oy davomida film suratga olingan. Klerton sahnalari to'rtta shtatdagi G'arbiy Virjiniya, Pensilvaniya, Vashington va Ogayo shtatlaridagi sakkizta turli shaharlarda suratga olingan kadrlarni o'z ichiga oladi.^[7] Filmning dastlabki byudjeti 8,5 million dollarni tashkil etdi.^[18]

Meril Strip filmni suratga olish muddatiga qadar qolish uchun "noaniq, birodar qiz do'sti" rolini qabul qildi. John Cazale, o'pka saratoni tashxisi qo'yilgan.^[27] De Niro o'zining sahnaviy asarida Stripni ko'rgan Gilos bog'i va unga qiz do'sti Linda bilan o'ynashni taklif qilgan edi.^[28] Asosiy fotosuratlar boshlanishidan oldin Deeli filmning tayinlanganlari bilan uchrashuv o'tkazdi liniya ishlab chiqaruvchisi Robert Reliya. Deeli Reliya bilan suratga olish maydonchasida uchrashgandan so'ng uni yolladi Bullitt (1968) va uning tajribasi bilan taassurot qoldirdi. Biroq, Relyea bu ishni rad etdi va nima uchun sababini oshkor qilishni istamadi.^[18] Deeli Relyea rejissyor Ciminodan ishlab chiqarishni qiyinlashtiradigan narsalarni sezgan deb gumon qildi. Natijada, Cimino prodyuserning kundalik nazoratisiz harakat qildi.^[29]

Deeley ishlab chiqarishni nazorat qilish bilan band edi Sem Pekkinpa "s Konvoy (1978), u Ciminoning otishni o'rganish uchun Jon Peverallni yollagan. Peverallning byudjetni rejalashtirish va rejalashtirish bo'yicha tajribasi uni Relyea-ning tabiiy vorisiga aylantirdi va Peverall rasmni prodyuser maqomiga ko'tarish haqida etarli ma'lumotga ega edi. "Jon - bu to'g'ridan-to'g'ri kornişman, u ishlab chiqarish nazoratchisi bo'lish yo'lida ishlagan, - deb yozadi Deeli, - va biz uni EMIning qorovuli sifatida ba'zi rasmlarda ishladik."^[29]

To'y manzaralari

Sankt-Teodosius rus pravoslav sobori yilda Klivlend, Ogayo shtati. To'y sahnasi sayti.

To'y sahnalari tarixiy qismida suratga olingan Sankt-Teodosius rus pravoslav sobori ichida Tremont mahalla Klivlend, Ogayo.^[7] To'yni suratga olish uchun besh kun kerak bo'ldi. Aziz Teodosiyning otasi Stiven Kopestonskiy to'yda ruhoniy sifatida tanlangan.^[19] Qabul qilish joyi yaqin atrofda suratga olingan Lemko Zal. Olomon to'y-raqslari ketma-ketligi uchun saf tortgan havaskor qo'shimchalar haqiqiy likyor va pivoni ichishdi.^[30] Sahnalar yozda suratga olingan, ammo kuzga tushgan.^[19] Yiqilish ko'rinishini bajarish uchun alohida barglar olib tashlandi bargli daraxtlar.^[31][32] Shuningdek, Zsigmond tashqi suratlarning ranglarini qisman kamerada va laboratoriya jarayonida qayta to'kib tashlashi kerak edi.^[32][33]

Ishlab chiqarish menejeri rossiyalik immigrantlarning har bir qo'shimchasidan joyiga to'y sovg'alari uchun ikki baravar ko'paytirish uchun sovg'a bilan o'ralgan qutini olib kelishni so'radi. Menejer agar qo'shimchalar buni amalga oshirsa, ishlab chiqarish nafaqat vaqt va pulni tejashga yordam beradi, balki sovg'alar ham haqiqiyroq ko'rinishga ega bo'ladi. Birlik ochilib, qo'shimchalar g'oyib bo'lgandan so'ng, ekipaj o'yin-kulgi bilan qutilar bo'sh emasligini, chinnidan kumush buyumlarga qadar haqiqiy sovg'alar bilan to'ldirilganligini aniqladi. "Bu ajoyib takliflarni kim saqlashi kerak edi, - deb yozadi Deeley, - men hech qachon chuqur o'ylamagan sir."^[30]

Dastlab Cimino to'y sahnasi ekranning 21 daqiqasini oladi, deb da'vo qilgan. Oxir-oqibat, bu 51 daqiqa davom etdi. Deeli, Cimino har doim ushbu prologni bir soat davom ettirishni rejalashtirgan deb hisoblaydi va "reja to'g'ridan-to'g'ri muomala qilishdan ko'ra yashirin usul bilan amalga oshirilishi kerak edi".^[34]

Ushbu bosqichda, asosiy fotosuratlarning deyarli yarmida, Cimino allaqachon byudjetdan oshib ketgan edi va prodyuser Spikings ssenariydan kengaytirilgan sahnani suratga olish loyihani cho'ktirishi mumkinligini anglab etdi.^[7]

Bar va po'lat fabrikasi

Bar, ichkaridagi bo'sh do'kon oldida maxsus qurilgan Mingo birikmasi, Ogayo shtati 25000 dollar evaziga; keyinchalik u mahalliy po'lat fabrikasi ishchilari uchun haqiqiy salonga aylandi.^[19] AQSh po'lati Klivlenddagi tegirmon ichida filmlarni suratga olishga, shu jumladan aktyorlarni pechka atrofida joylashtirishga ruxsat berdi, faqat 5 million dollarlik sug'urta polisini olganidan keyin.^[16][19] Boshqa suratga olish ishlari bo'lib o'tdi Pitsburg.^[35]

Kiyikni ovlash

Birinchi o'qqa tutilgan kiyik "dahshatli yaqindan tasvirlangan", garchi u tinchlantiruvchi dart bilan urilgan bo'lsa ham.^[30][34] The qoqmoq Mayklning qochib ketishiga yo'l qo'ygan narsa keyinchalik "Connecticut Life Insurance Company" ning reklama roliklarida ishlatilgan.^[30]

Vetnam va Rossiya ruletka sahnalari

The Vietnam Kong Rossiya ruletka sahnalari real bilan suratga olingan kalamushlar va chivinlar, uchta direktor (De Niro, Uolken va Savaj) bog'lab qo'yilganidek bambuk bo'ylab o'rnatilgan qafaslar Kvay daryosi. Qo'shimchalarni kiritish vazifasi berilgan ayol Tailand o'yinni boshqaradigan ashaddiy ko'rinishdagi shaxsni o'ynash uchun mahalliy odamni topishda juda qiynaldi. Birinchi yollangan aktyor De Nironing yuziga shapaloq tushirishga qodir emas ekan. Keyin kasting agenti mahalliy amerikaliklarni yoqtirmaydigan Tailand fuqarosi Somsak Sengvilayni topdi va shu sababli uni tashladi. De Niro Uolkenni soqchilardan biri hech qanday ogohlantirishsiz tarsaki tashlashni taklif qildi. Walkenning yuzidagi reaktsiya haqiqiy edi. Prodyuser Deeli, Cimino filmning boshqa qismlariga qaraganda shafqatsiz Vietkong rus rulet sahnalarini ajoyib va ​​samaraliroq suratga olganini aytdi.^[30][36]

De Niro va Savaj kuzda daryoga tushishlarida o'zlarining kaskadyorliklarini bajarishdi, ikki kun ichida o'n besh marotaba o'ttiz metrga tushganini tasvirga olishdi. Vertolyotda dublyaj paytida vertolyot ko'tarilayotganda arqonlar ko'prigiga tushib qolishdi, bu De Niro va Savajga jiddiy shikast etkazish bilan tahdid qildi. Aktyorlar imo-ishora qildilar va vertolyotda ekipajga ularni ogohlantirish uchun baqirishdi. Ushbu kadrlar filmga kiritilgan.^[37]

Ciminoning so'zlariga ko'ra, De Niro vaziyatni yanada kuchaytirishi uchun Jon Kazale xarakterini rus ruletining tezkor o'yiniga bo'ysundiradigan sahna uchun revolverda jonli patron so'ragan. Cazale noroziliksiz rozi bo'ldi,^[8] ammo har bir otishdan oldin qurolni obsesif ravishda qayta tekshirib ko'rdi, jonli o'q kamerada emasligiga ishonch hosil qilish uchun.^[19]

Keyinchalik filmda paydo bo'lganida, Tailandga etib kelganida olingan birinchi sahnalar Walken va harbiy shifokor o'rtasidagi kasalxonalar ketma-ketligi edi. Deeli bu sahna "unga Oskar mukofotiga sazovor bo'ladigan turtki" deb ishongan.^{[38][a 1]}

Mayk va Nik o'rtasidagi qimor o'ynash maydonchasidagi so'nggi sahnada Cimino Uolken va De Nironi bir marotaba improvizatsiya qilishgan. Uning aktyorlarga ko'rsatmasi: "Siz qurolni boshingizga qo'ydingiz, Kris, siz o'q uzasiz, yiqilib yiqilasiz va Bobbi boshingizni beshikka soladi".^[32]

Filmlarni suratga olish joylari

Tailand

• Patpong, Bangkok, vakili uchun ishlatiladigan maydon Saygon qizil chiroqli tuman.^[40]
• Sai Yok, Kanchanaburi viloyati^[41]
• Kvay daryosi, Prison lager va dastlabki rus ruletka sahnasi.^[42]

BIZ

Lemko zali

• Sankt-Teodosius rus pravoslav sobori, ichida Tremont mahalla Klivlend, Ogayo shtati. Ism lavhasi bitta sahnada aniq ko'rinadi.^[43]
• Lemko zali, Klivlend, Ogayo shtati. Shuningdek, Tremontda joylashgan to'y ziyofati bu erda suratga olingan. Ism bitta sahnada aniq ko'rinadi.^[44]
• AQSh po'lati Markaziy pechlar Klivlend, Ogayo shtati. Po'lat fabrikasining sahnalarini ochish.^[43]
• Baker-Snoqualmie milliy o'rmoni tog'i va Nooksack sharsharasi ichida Shimoliy kaskadlar oralig'i Vashington, kiyik ovining manzaralari.^[45][46]
  Shuningdek Shimoliy Kaskadlar shosse (SR 20), Diablo ko'li
• Steubenville, Ogayo shtati, tegirmon va mahalla kadrlari uchun.^[47]
• Struthers, Ogayo shtati, tashqi uy va uzoq masofali yo'l zarbalari uchun. Shuningdek, shaharning bouling zali - Ogladoning Struthers shtati, 56 shtat ko'chasida joylashgan Bowladrome Lanes.^[48][49]
• Weirton, G'arbiy Virjiniya, tegirmon va treyler kadrlari uchun.^[50]

Post-ishlab chiqarish

Shu paytgacha Kiyik ovchisi 13 million dollarga tushgan va film hali ham mashaqqatli postprodyuskadan o'tishi kerak edi.^[33] Film muharriri Piter Zinner 600.000 fut (110 milya; 180 km) bosilgan plyonkani tahrir qilish uchun berilgan, bu o'sha davrdagi ulkan vazifa.^[51] Spikings va Deeley prodyuserlari uch yarim soat davom etgan birinchi kesishdan mamnun edilar. "Biz ko'rgan narsalarimizdan hayajonlandik, - deb yozdi Deeli, - va biz uch yarim soat ichida tomosha qiluvchi film borligini bildik."^[52]

Ijrochilar Umumjahon, shu jumladan Lyov Vasserman va Sid Sheynberg, juda g'ayratli emas edilar.^[7][52] "Menimcha, ular hayratda qolishdi", deb esladi Spikings. "Ularni xafa qilgan narsa"Xudo Amerikani barokat qilsin '. Sheynberg buni Amerikaga qarshi deb o'ylagan. U qattiq edi. U shunday dedi: "Siz Amerikaning ko'ziga tayoq tashlayapsiz". Ular haqiqatan ham filmni yoqtirishmagan. Va, albatta, bu ularga uch soatu ikki daqiqada yoqmadi. "^[7] Universal javobidan Deli ajablanmadi: "Kiyik ovchisi edi a Birlashgan rassomlar rasmning navi, aksincha Konvoy ko'proq Universal uslubida edi. Men aralashdim va har bir studiyaga noto'g'ri rasmni sotdim. "^[52] Deeley Universalning fikriga ko'ra, film nafaqat pacing tezligi tufayli, balki tijorat muvaffaqiyatini ta'minlash uchun ham qisqaroq bo'lishi kerak.^[53] "Ikki yarim soatdan kam bo'lgan rasm kuniga uchta namoyishni qirib tashlashi mumkin, - deb yozadi Deeley, - lekin uch soat ichida siz tomoshalaringizning uchdan bir qismini va kinoteatrlar, distribyutorlar va foyda ishtirokchilari uchun daromadingizning uchdan bir qismini yo'qotdingiz. "^[53]

Thom Mount "Universal" ning o'sha paytdagi prezidenti "Bu shunchaki ... Maykl rasmni tugatgan kundan boshlab biz uni chiqargan kungacha davom etadigan dahshatli tush edi. Buning sababi shunchaki u otgan hamma narsasiga uylanganligi uchun edi. Film cheksiz edi . Bo'lgandi Kiyik ovchi va ovchi va ovchi. To'y ketma-ketligi o'z-o'zidan kinematik voqea bo'ldi. "^[7] Tog'ning aytishicha, u burilgan Verna maydonlari, Universalning post-prodaktsiyaning o'sha paytdagi rahbari. "Men Ciminoda Vernani kasal qildim", deydi Mount. "Verna sustkashlik qilmadi. U Mayklni qizdira boshladi, u esa qichqiriq va qichqiriqni boshladi."^[7]

Oxir oqibat Zinner filmni 18000 fut (3,4 mil; 5,5 km) ga qisqartirdi.^[51] Keyinchalik Cimino Zinner to'y sahnalarini tahrir qilayotganini bilib, Zinnerni ishdan bo'shatdi.^[31][54] Oxir oqibat Zinner "Eng yaxshi tahrir" Oskariga sazovor bo'ldi Kiyik ovchisi. U bilan Cimino o'rtasidagi to'qnashuvlar to'g'risida Zinner shunday dedi: "Maykl Cimino bilan biz oxir-oqibat o'zaro kelishmovchiliklarga duch keldik, lekin ikkalamiz ham" Oskar "mukofotiga sazovor bo'lganimizda u meni o'pdi".^[51] Keyinchalik Cimino izoh berdi Nyu-York kuzatuvchisi, "[Zinner] buzuq edi ... Men kesdim Kiyik ovchi o'zim. "^[25]

Ovoz dizayni

Kiyik ovchisi Ciminoning Dolby shovqinlarni kamaytirish tizimidan foydalangan birinchi filmi bo'ldi. "Dolbi nima qiladi, - deb javob qildi Cimino, - bu sizga a yaratish qobiliyatini berishdir detal zichligi ovoz - boylik, shuning uchun tomoshabinni filmdan ajratib turadigan devorni buzishingiz mumkin. Siz ekranni buzishga yaqinlashishingiz mumkin. "Soundtrackni aralashtirish uchun besh oy vaqt ketdi. Bitta qisqa jangovar ketma-ketlik - 200 metrlik film - dublyaj qilish uchun besh kun davom etdi. Boshqa ketma-ketlik 1975 yilda Amerikaning Saygon shahridagi evakuatsiyasini qayta yaratdi; Cimino ketma-ketligi suratga olinayotganda avtoulov, tank va jip shoxlarini tinglash uchun film bastakori Stenli Mayersni joyiga olib chiqdi, natijada Ciminoning so'zlariga ko'ra: Myers ushbu sahna uchun musiqani xuddi shu kalitda yaratgan karnay tovushlari, shuning uchun musiqa va ovoz effektlari tasvirlar bilan birlashib, bir xil va xarob tajribani yaratadi.^[55]

Oldindan ko'rib chiqish

O'rta va G'arbiy tomoshabinlar uchun uzoq va qisqa versiyalar oldindan ko'rib chiqildi, ammo Cimino, Deeley va Spikings o'rtasida oldindan ko'rib chiqish qanday o'chirilganligi to'g'risida turli xil ma'lumotlar mavjud.^[7] Rejissor Cimino proektsionistga plyonkani qisqartirilgan versiyasini to'xtatish uchun pora berganini, uzoqroq versiyasini yaxshiroq ko'rib chiqish uchun olishini aytdi.^[8] Spikings prodyuserining so'zlariga ko'ra, Vasserman EMI bosh direktoriga ruxsat bergan Bernard Delfont ikkalasi o'rtasida qaror qabul qilib, Ciminoning uzoqroq yo'lini tanladi.^[7] Deeleyning ta'kidlashicha, sinovdan o'tgan ikki yarim soatlik versiya yaxshi javob bergan.^[56]

Soundtrack

Ga soundtrack Kiyik ovchisi 1990 yil 25 oktyabrda audio CD-da chiqarilgan.^[57]

Tanlangan treklar

• Stenli Mayers "Kavatina "(" U go'zal edi "nomi bilan ham tanilgan), klassik gitarachi tomonidan ijro etilgan Jon Uilyams, odatda "Kiyik ovchisidan mavzu" deb nomlanadi. Prodyuser Deleyning so'zlariga ko'ra, u asar dastlab ushbu film uchun yozilganligini aniqlagan Yurish uchun tayoq (1970) va natijada dastlabki xaridorga oshkor etilmagan summani to'lashi kerak edi.^[58]
• "Ko'zlarimni sendan ocha olmayapman ", 1967 yildagi xit qo'shiq, tomonidan kuylangan Frenki Valli.^{[a 2]} Jonning barida barcha do'stlar qo'shiq paytida va to'y marosimida qo'shiq aytganda ijro etiladi. Ciminoning so'zlariga ko'ra, aktyorlar qo'shiqni yozib olish bilan birga qo'shiq kuylashdi, chunki u trekka qo'shiq qilish o'rniga ijro etildi, bu odatiy film yaratish amaliyoti. Cimino bu qo'shiqni yanada haqiqiy ko'rinishga olib kelishini his qildi.^[19]
• To'y marosimlari va bazm paytida Sharqiy pravoslav cherkovi "Slava" kabi qo'shiqlar va "kabi rus xalq qo'shiqlariKorobushka "va"Katyusha ", o'ynaladi.
• Nikning dafn marosimi paytida rus pravoslav dafn musiqasi ham ishlaydi "Vechnaya Pamyat ", bu" abadiy xotira "degan ma'noni anglatadi.^[59]

Chiqarish

Kiyik ovchisi har biri bitta teatrda debyut qildi Nyu York va Los Anjeles 1978 yil 8 dekabrda bir hafta davomida.^[7][60] Filmni chiqarish strategiyasi filmni Oskar mukofotiga loyiq ko'rishi va qiziqishni kuchaytirish uchun bir haftadan so'ng yopilishi kerak edi.^[61] Oskar mukofotiga nomzodlar qo'yilgandan keyin Universal tarqatishni kengaytirib, yirik shaharlarni o'z ichiga oldi va Oskardan so'ng 1979 yil 23 fevralda keng ko'lamli chiqishga qadar davom etdi.^[61] Ushbu film faqat yil oxirida "Oskar" mukofotiga sazovor bo'lish uchun namoyish etiladigan obro'li rasmlarning naqshlarini chiqarishda yordam berish uchun muhim edi.^[62] Oxir oqibat film AQSh kassalaridan 48,9 million dollar ishlab oldi.^[3]

CBS filmning uch seriyasi uchun 3,5 million dollar to'lagan. Keyinchalik tarmoq AQShning translyatsiyasi uchun haddan ziyod zo'ravonlikni o'z ichiga olgan filmni shartnoma asosida ruxsat etilgan asoslarga ko'ra sotib olishni bekor qildi.^[63]

Tahlil

Rossiya ruletkasi bo'yicha tortishuv

Robert De Niro Viet Kong qamoqxonasida bo'lib o'tadigan rus ruletka o'yinida tetikni tortadi.

Filmdagi eng ko'p muhokama qilingan ketma-ketliklardan biri Vietnam Kong foydalanish Rossiya ruleti bilan Asirlar, ruscha ruletka bo'yicha hujjatlashtirilgan holatlar bo'lmaganligi sababli, uydirma va real bo'lmagan deb tanqid qilindi Vetnam urushi.^[7][64][65] Associated Press muxbir Piter Arnett, kim yutdi a Pulitser mukofoti urushni yoritgani uchun, deb yozgan Los Anjeles Tayms, "O'zining 20 yillik urushida bironta ham rus ruletkasi qayd etilmagan ... Filmning markaziy metaforasi shunchaki qonli yolg'ondir."^[7] Rejissor Cimino barcha shimoliy vetnamliklarni sadist irqchilar va qotillar sifatida bir tomonlama tasvirlagani uchun tanqid qilindi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Cimino uning filmi siyosiy, polemik, so'zma-so'z to'g'ri yoki aniq bir nuqtai nazar uchun posturaga ega emasligiga qarshi chiqdi.^[64] O'zining pozitsiyasini qo'shimcha ravishda, uning yangiliklari borligini aytib himoya qildi Singapur urush paytida rus ruletidan foydalanilganligini tasdiqlovchi (qaysi maqola aniqlanmasdan).^[8]

Davomida 29-Berlin xalqaro kinofestivali 1979 yilda Sovet delegatsiyasi, ularning fikriga ko'ra, Vetnam xalqini ko'plab sahnalarda haqorat qilgan filmdan g'azablanishini bildirdi. Boshqa kommunistik davlatlar ham "qahramon Vetnam xalqi" bilan birdamliklarini bildirdilar. Ular filmning namoyish qilinishiga qarshi chiqishdi va festival nizomini buzishini ta'kidladilar, chunki bu "dunyo xalqlari o'rtasidagi o'zaro tushunishni yaxshilashga" hech qanday hissa qo'shmadi. Keyingi domino effekti kubaliklar, sharqiy nemislar, vengerlar, bolgarlar, polyaklar va chexoslovakiyaliklarning chiqib ketishiga olib keldi va hakamlar hay'atining ikki a'zosi hamdardlik bilan iste'foga chiqdilar.^[66]

Tanqidchilarning javobi

Rojer Ebert o'z sharhida rus ruletining badiiy litsenziyasini himoya qildi va "bu filmning uyushtiruvchi ramzi: O'yin haqida, uning qasddan tasodifiy zo'ravonligi haqida, o'ynashga majbur bo'lgan odamlarning aql-idrokiga qanday ta'sir qilishi haqida ishonishingiz mumkin. Bu urushga umuman taalluqli bo'ladi, chunki bu yorqin ramzdir, chunki bu voqea doirasida u urush haqidagi har qanday mafkuraviy bayonotni ortiqcha qiladi. "^[67]

Film tanqidchisi va biograf Devid Tomson ham filmning tortishuvlarga qaramay ishlashiga rozi: "Shimoliy Vetnamliklarda rus ruletini ishlatmaganligi haqida shikoyatlar bo'lgan. Saygondagi manzaralar hayoliy yoki hayolli ekani aytilgan. Shuningdek, De Niro ham taklif qilingan , Kristofer Uolken va Jon Savaj Vetnamga yozilish uchun juda katta edilar (uch kishining eng kichigi Savage o'ttiz yoshda edi). Oradan o'n yil o'tib [2008 yilda yozilgan], "xayol" bu tashvishlarni tinchlantirganga o'xshaydi ... va Kiyik ovchisi Amerikaning eng zo'r filmlaridan biridir. "^[68]

Polin Kael o'zining sharhida "Vetkong Ikkinchi Jahon urushi filmlarida yaponlarning standart tushunarsiz-yovuz sharqona uslubida muomala qilinadi ... Tomoshabinda shunday taassurot paydo bo'ladi, agar biz u erda yomon ishlar qilgan bo'lsak, biz ularni shafqatsizlarcha qilgan edik. lekin shaxsga binoan; Vetkong shafqatsiz va sadist edi. "^[7]

Uning ichida Vanity Fair "Vetnam Oskarlari" maqolasida Piter Biskind siyosiy kun tartibi deb yozgan Kiyik ovchisi bu sirli narsa edi: "Ehtimol u Gollivud miyopiyasining yon mahsuloti, urush filmi janrining talablari, bog'dagi xilma-xillik Amerika paroxializmi va oddiy johilligi oldindan o'ylangan o'ng qanotli yo'l xaritasidan ko'ra bo'lishi mumkin. bu ko'pchilikka tuyulardi. "^[7]

Kasting va ekipajning javobi

Kristofer Uolkenning so'zlariga ko'ra, tarixiy kontekst birinchi o'rinda turmagan: "Uni yaratishda hech kim Vetnamni eslaganini eslamayman!" De Niro bu fikrga qo'shimcha qildi: "[filmning urush haqidagi tasavvurlari] aslida ro'y berganmi yoki yo'qmi, buni siz juda osonlikcha tasavvur qilishingiz mumkin bo'lgan narsa. Ehtimol, shunday bo'lgan. Bilmadim. Sevgi va urushda hamma adolatli". Prodyuser Spikings, film bilan faxrlansa-da, Vetnamliklar tasvirlanganidan afsuslanadi. "Menimcha, hech birimiz buni ekspluatatsiya qilishni nazarda tutmaganmiz", dedi Spikings. "Ammo biz ... johil edik deb o'ylayman. Buning uchun yaxshiroq so'z topa olmayman. Vetnam xalqiga o'zimizni qanchalik yomon tutganimizni anglamadim ..."^[7]

Prodyuser Dili esa Ciminoning filmning mohiyati va motivlari haqidagi fikrlarini tezda himoya qildi: "Kiyik ovchisi aslida Vetnam haqida emas edi. Bu juda boshqacha edi. Gap giyohvand moddalar yoki askarlarning ruhiy tushkunligi haqida emas edi. It was about how individuals respond to pressure: different men reacting quite differently. The film was about three steel workers in extraordinary circumstances. Endi qiyomat is surreal. Kiyik ovchisi is a parable ... Men who fight and lose an unworthy war face some obvious and unpalatable choices. They can blame their leaders.. or they can blame themselves. Self-blame has been a great burden for many war veterans. So how does a soldier come to terms with his defeat and yet still retain his self-respect? One way is to present the conquering enemy as so inhuman, and the battle between the good guys (us) and the bad guys (them) so uneven, as to render defeat irrelevant. Inhumanity was the theme of The Deer Hunter's portrayal of the North Vietnamese prison guards forcing American POWs to play Russian roulette. The audience's sympathy with prisoners who (quite understandably) cracked thus completes the chain. Accordingly, some veterans who suffered in that war found the Russian roulette a valid allegory."^[69]

Director Cimino's autobiographical intent

Cimino frequently referred to Kiyik ovchisi as a "personal" and "autobiographical" film, although later investigation by journalists like Tom Buckley of Harperniki revealed inaccuracies in Cimino's accounts and reported background.^[70]

Homosocial bonding

In 1986, critic Robin Vud examined what he viewed as the film's homosexual subtext. In the film's central "male love affair" Mike supposedly represents the powers of control and repression, whereas Nick stands for release and liberation. According to Wood, "Nick both is and knows himself to be in love with Mike and Mike reciprocates that love but can't admit it, even to himself". In the end, Wood argues that Nick shoots himself because "he has recognized that Mike offers nothing but a return to repression".^[71]

Coda of "God Bless America"

The final scene in which all the main characters gather and sing "God Bless America" became a subject of heated debate among critics when the film was released. It raised the question of whether this conclusion was meant ironically or not – "as a critique of patriotism or a paean to it".^[7]

Qabul qilish

Chiqarilgandan so'ng, Kiyik ovchisi received acclaim from critics, who considered it as the best American epic since Frensis Ford Koppola "s Cho'qintirgan ota.^[39][70][72] The film was praised for its depiction of realistic working class settings and environment; Cimino's direction; the performances of De Niro, Walken, Streep, Savage, Dzundza and Cazale; the symphonic shifts of tone and pacing in moving from America to Viet Nam; the tension during the Russian roulette scenes; and the themes of American disillusionment.^[73] The film holds a 94% fresh rating on Rotten Pomidor based on 69 reviews, with a o'rtacha vazn of 8.64/10. The consensus reads: "Its greatness is blunted by its length and one-sided point of view, but the film's weaknesses are overpowered by Maykl Cimino 's sympathetic direction and a series of heartbreaking performances from Robert De Niro, Meryl Streep, and Christopher Walken".^[74]

Rojer Ebert ning Chikago Sun-Times gave the film four out of four stars and called it "one of the most emotionally shattering films ever made."^[67] Gen Siskel dan Chicago Tribune praised the film, saying, "This is a big film, dealing with big issues, made on a grand scale. Much of it, including some casting decisions, suggest inspiration by Cho'qintirgan ota."^[75] Leonard Maltin also gave the film four stars, calling it a "sensitive, painful, evocative work".^[76] Vinsent Kanbi ning The New York Times deb nomlangan Kiyik ovchisi "a big, awkward, crazily ambitious motion picture that comes as close to being a popular epic as any movie about this country since Cho'qintirgan ota. Its vision is that of an original, major new filmmaker."^[72] Devid Denbi ning Nyu York called it "an epic" with "qualities that we almost never see any more—range and power and breadth of experience."^[77][78] Jek Kroll Vaqt asserted it put director Cimino "right at the center of film culture."^[78] Stephen Farber pronounced the film in Yangi G'arb magazine as "the greatest anti-war movie since La Grande Illusion."^[78]

Biroq, Kiyik ovchisi was not without critical backlash. Pauline Kael ning Nyu-Yorker wrote a positive review with some reservations: "[It is] a small minded film with greatness in it ... with an enraptured view of common life ... [but] enraging, because, despite its ambitiousness and scale, it has no more moral intelligence than the Istvud action pictures."^[78] Endryu Sarris wrote that the film was "massively vague, tediously elliptical, and mysteriously hysterical ... It is perhaps significant that the actors remain more interesting than the characters they play."^[7] Jonathan Rozenbaum disparaged Kiyik ovchisi as an "Oscar-laden weepie about macho buddies" and "a disgusting account of what the evil Vietnamese did to poor, innocent Americans".^[79] Jon Simon ning Nyu York wrote: "For all its pretensions to something newer and better, this film is only an extension of the old Hollywood war-movie lie. The enemy is still bestial and stupid, and no match for our purity and heroism; only we no longer wipe up the floor with him—rather, we litter it with his guts."^[80] Sharhida Kiyik ovchisi uchun Chikago jurnal, Terkel wrote that he was "appalled by its shameless dishonesty," and that "not since Xalqning tug'ilishi has a non-Caucasian people been portrayed in so barbaric a fashion." Cimino's dishonesty "was to project a sadistic psyche not only onto 'Charlie' but to all the Vietnamese portrayed."^[81]

Muallif Karina Longvort notes that Streep "made a case for female empowerment by playing a woman to whom empowerment was a foreign concept—a normal lady from an average American small town, for whom subservience was the only thing she knew".^[82] U buni ta'kidlaydi Kiyik ovchisi "evokes a version of dominant masculinity in which male friendship is a powerful force". It has a "credibly humanist message", and that the "slow study of the men in blissfully ignorant homeland machismo is crucial to it".^[28]

Top-o'n ro'yxatlar

• 3rd—Rojer Ebert, Chikago Sun-Times.^[83] Ebert also placed Kiyik ovchi on his list of the best films of the 1970s.^[84]
• 3rd—Gen Siskel, Chicago Tribune^[85]

Academy Award-winning film director Milosh Forman va Academy Award-nominated actor Mikki Rurk o'ylab ko'ring Kiyik ovchisi to be one of the greatest films of all time.^[86][87]

Revisionism following Osmon darvozasi

Cimino's next film, Osmon darvozasi (1980), debuted to lacerating reviews and took in only $3 million in ticket sales, effectively leaving Birlashgan rassomlar bankrupt. Muvaffaqiyatsiz Osmon darvozasi led several critics to revise their positions on Kiyik ovchisi. Canby said in his famous review of Osmon darvozasi, "[The film] fails so completely that you might suspect Mr. Cimino sold his soul to the Devil to obtain the success of Kiyik ovchisi, and the Devil has just come around to collect."^[88] Andrew Sarris wrote in his review of Osmon darvozasi, "I'm a little surprised that many of the same critics who lionized Cimino for Kiyik ovchisi have now thrown him to the wolves with equal enthusiasm."^[89] Sarris added, "I was never taken in ... Hence, the stupidity and incoherence in Osmon darvozasi came as no surprise since very much the same stupidity and incoherence had been amply evident in Kiyik ovchisi."^[89]

Uning kitobida Final Cut: Dreams and Disaster in the Making of Heaven's Gate, Stiven Bax wrote, "critics seemed to feel obliged to go on the record about Kiyik ovchisi, to demonstrate that their critical credentials were un-besmirched by having been, as Sarris put it, 'taken in.'"^[89]

More recently, film critic Mark Kermode challenged the film's status, describing it as "a genuinely terrible film"^[90] and "a testament to the fact that, if allowed to do whatever they want, filmmakers will take their cameras and crawl up their own backsides."^[91]

However, many critics, including David Thomson^[73] and A. O. Scott.,^[92] buni saqlang Kiyik ovchisi is still a great film, the power of which has not diminished.

Mukofotlar

Lead-up to awards season

Film producer and "old-fashioned mogul" Allan Karr used his networking abilities to promote Kiyik ovchisi. "Exactly how Allan Carr came into Kiyik ovchisi's orbit I can no longer remember," recalled producer Deeley, "but the picture became a crusade to him. He nagged, charmed, threw parties, he created word-of-mouth – everything that could be done in Hollywood to promote a project. Because he had no apparent motive for this promotion, it had an added power and legitimacy and it finally did start to penetrate the minds of the Universal's sales people that they actually had in their hands something a bit more significant than the usual."^[58] Deeley added that Carr's promotion of the film was influential in positioning Kiyik ovchisi for Oscar nominations.^[61]

Ustida Ko'zdan kechirishni oldindan ko'rish special "Oscar Preview for 1978", Rojer Ebert correctly predicted that Kiyik ovchisi would win for Best Picture while Gen Siskel buni bashorat qildi Uyga qaytish g'alaba qozonadi. However, Ebert incorrectly guessed that Robert De Niro would win for Best Actor for Kiyik ovchi va Jil Kleyburg would win for Best Actress for Uylanmagan ayol while Siskel called the wins for Jon Voyt as Best Actor and Jeyn Fonda as Best Actress, both for Uyga qaytish. Both Ebert and Siskel called the win for Kristofer Uolken receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actor.^[39]

According to producer Deeley, orchestrated lobbying against Kiyik ovchisi tomonidan boshqarilgan Uorren Bitti, whose own picture Osmon kutishi mumkin had multiple nominations.^[93] Beatty also used ex-girlfriends in his campaign: Julie Kristi, serving on the jury at the Berlin Film Festival where Kiyik ovchi was screened, joined the walkout of the film by the Russian jury members. Jeyn Fonda also criticized Kiyik ovchisi omma oldida. Deeley suggested that her criticisms partly stemmed from the competition between her film Uyga qaytish vying with Kiyik ovchisi Eng yaxshi film uchun. According to Deeley, he planted a friend of his in the Oscar press area behind the stage to ask Fonda if she had seen Kiyik ovchisi.^[54] Fonda replied she had not seen the film, and to this day she still has not.^[7][54]

As the Oscars drew near, the backlash against Kiyik ovchisi gathered strength. When the limos pulled up to the Doroti Chandler pavilyoni on April 9, 1979, they were met by demonstrators, mostly from the Los Angeles chapter of Urushga qarshi Vetnam faxriylari. The demonstrators waved placards covered with slogans that read "No Oscars for racism" and "Kiyik ovchisi a bloody lie" and thrust pamphlets berating Kiyik ovchi into long lines of limousine windows.^[7][54] Washburn, nominated for Best Original Screenplay, claims his limousine was pelted with stones. Ga binoan Turli xillik, "Police and Kiyik ovchisi protesters clashed in a brief but bloody battle that resulted in 13 arrests."^[7]

De Niro was so anxious that he did not attend the Oscars ceremony. He asked the Academy to sit out the show backstage, but when the Academy refused, De Niro stayed home in New York.^[94] Producer Deeley made a deal with fellow producer Devid Puttnam, whose film Midnight Express was nominated, that each would take $500 to the ceremony so if one of them won, the winner would give the loser the $500 to "drown his sorrows in style."^[93]

Complete list of awards

Meros

Kiyik ovchisi was among the early, and most controversial, major theatrical films to be critical of the American involvement in Viet Nam following 1975 when the war officially ended. While the film opened the same year as Hal Ashbi "s Uyga qaytish, Sidney Furi "s C kompaniyasidagi bolalar va Ted Post "s Spartaliklarga ayting, it was the first film about Viet Nam to reach a wide audience and critical acclaim, culminating in the winning of the Oscar for Best Picture. Other films released later that illustrated the 'hellish', futile conditions of bloody Viet Nam War combat included:^[64]

• Frensis Ford Koppola "s Endi qiyomat (1979)
• Oliver Stoun "s Vzvod (1986)
• Stenli Kubrik "s To'liq metall ko'ylagi (1987)
• Jon Irvin "s Gamburger tepaligi (1987)
• Oliver Stounniki To'rtinchi iyulda tug'ilgan (1989)

Devid Tomson wrote in an article titled "Kiyik ovchisi: Story of a scene" that the film changed the way war-time battles were portrayed on film: "The terror and the blast of firepower changed the war film, even if it only used a revolver. More or less before the late 1970s, the movies had lived by a Second World War code in which battle scenes might be fierce but always rigorously controlled. Kiyik ovchisi unleashed a new, raw dynamic in combat and action, paving the way for Vzvod, Xizmatkor Rayanni qutqarish va Klint Istvud 's Iwo Jima films."^[95]

In a 2011 interview with Rotten Tomatoes, actor Uilyam Fixner retrospectively stated that he and his partner were silenced after seeing the film, stating that "the human experience was just so pointed; their journeys were so difficult, as life is sometimes. I remember after seeing it, walking down the street — I actually went with a girl on a date and saw Kiyik ovchisi, and we left the theater and walked for like an hour and nobody said anything; we were just kind of stunned about that."^[96]

The deaths of approximately 25 people who died playing Russian roulette were reported as having been influenced by scenes in the movie.^[97]

Hurmat va e'tirof

1996 yilda, Kiyik ovchisi Qo'shma Shtatlarda saqlash uchun tanlangan Milliy filmlar registri tomonidan Kongress kutubxonasi "madaniy, tarixiy yoki estetik ahamiyatga ega" sifatida.^[98]

Amerika kino instituti included the film as #79 in AFIning 100 yilligi ... 100 ta film,^[99] #30 in AFIning 100 yilligi ... 100 ta hayajon,^[100] and #53 in AFIning 100 yilligi ... 100 ta film (10-yillik nashr).^[101]

The film ranks 467th in the Imperiya magazine's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time,^[102] noting:

Cimino's bold, powerful 'Nam epic goes from blue-collar macho rituals to a fiery, South East Asian hell and back to a ragged singalong of Amerika go'zal [sic]. De Niro holds it together, but Kristofer Uolken, Meril Strip va Jon Savage are unforgettable.^[102]

The New York Times filmni unga joylashtirdi Eng yaxshi 1000 ta film ro'yxat.^[103]

Yan Scruggs, a Viet Nam veteran who became a counselor with the AQSh Mehnat vazirligi, thought of the idea of building a National Memorial for Viet Nam Veterans after seeing a screening of the film in March 1979, and he established and operated the memorial fund which paid for it.^[104] Director Cimino was invited to the memorial's opening.^[8]

Uy ommaviy axborot vositalari

Kiyik ovchisi has twice been released on DVD Amerikada. The first 1998 issue was by Universal, with no extra features and a non-anamorfik transfer, and has since been discontinued.^[105] A second version, part of the "Legacy Series", was released as a two-disc set on September 6, 2005, with an anamorphic transfer of the film. The set features a cinematographer's commentary by Vilmos Zsigmond, deleted and extended scenes, and production notes.^[106]

The 2-mintaqa versiyasi Kiyik ovchisi, released in the UK and Japan, features a sharhlar uchun trek from director Michael Cimino.^[107]

Film ozod etildi HD DVD on December 26, 2006.^[108]

StudioCanal released the film on the Blu ray format in countries other than the United States on March 11, 2009.^[109] It was released on Blu-ray in the U.S. on March 6, 2012.^[110]

On May 26, 2020, Baqir! Zavod filmni chiqdi Ultra HD Blu-ray featuring a new Dolby Vision transfer.^[111]

Shuningdek qarang

• Kiyik ovchisi (roman) (1978)
• Oxirgi ovchi (1980), an Italian film originally made as an unofficial sequel

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Bax, Stiven (September 1, 1999). Final Cut: Art, Money, and Ego in the Making of Heaven's Gate, the Film That Sank United Artists (Updated 1999 ed.). New York, NY: Newmarket Press. ISBN  1-55704-374-4.
• Deeley, Michael (April 7, 2009). Blade Runners, Deer Hunters, & Blowing the Bloody Doors Off: My Life in Cult Movies (Qattiq qopqoqli tahrir). Nyu-York, NY: Pegasus kitoblari. ISBN  978-1-60598-038-6.
• Kachmar, Diane C. (2002). Roy Sxayder: filmning tarjimai holi. McFarland. ISBN  0-7864-1201-1.
• Longworth, Karina (2013). Meryl Streep: Anatomy of an Actor. Phaidon Press. ISBN  978-0-7148-6669-7.
• Parker, John (2009). Robert De Niro: Portrait of a Legend. London, England: John Blake Publishing ISBN  978-1-84454-639-8.
• McKee, Bruce (1997). Hikoya (Qattiq qopqoqli tahrir). Nyu-York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers. pp. 126, 296-7, 308. ISBN  0-06-039168-5.
• Mitchell, Robert (writer); Magill, Frank N. (editor) (1980). "Kiyik ovchisi". Magill's Survey of Cinema: A-Eas. 1. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Salem Press pp. 427–431. ISBN  0-89356-226-2.

Tashqi havolalar

• Kiyik ovchisi kuni IMDb
• Kiyik ovchisi da TCM filmlar uchun ma'lumotlar bazasi
• Kiyik ovchisi da AllMovie
• Kiyik ovchisi da Box Office Mojo
• Kiyik ovchisi da Rotten Pomidor
• Kiyik ovchisi da Metakritik
• Kiyik ovchisi Daniel Eaganning Amerikaning "Film merosi: Milliy filmlar ro'yxatidagi muhim filmlar uchun avtoritar qo'llanma" da yozgan inshosi, A&C Black, 2010 ISBN  0826429777, pages 750-752 [1]