Robert A. Xaynlayn - Robert A. Heinlein

Robert A. Xaynlayn
Xaynlayn avtograf imzolaydi Worldcon 1976 yil
Tug'ilgan	Robert Anson Xaynlayn (1907-07-07)1907 yil 7-iyul Butler, Missuri, BIZ.
O'ldi	1988 yil 8-may(1988-05-08) (80 yosh) Karmel-by-the-Sea, Kaliforniya, BIZ.
Qalam nomi	Enson Makdonald Layl Monro Jon Riversayd Xolib Sonders Simon York
Kasb	Romanchi, hikoya muallifi, esseist, ssenariy muallifi, aviatsiya muhandisi, leytenant USN[1]
Olma mater	Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz akademiyasi Kaliforniya universiteti, Los-Anjeles (to'liq bo'lmagan)
Davr	1939–1988
Janr	ilmiy fantastika, xayol
Taniqli ishlar	Begona yurtdagi musofir Oy - qattiq ayol Starship Troopers Sevgi uchun vaqt yetarli
Turmush o'rtog'i	Elinor Kori ​ ​ (m. 1929; div 1930)​ Leslin MakDonald ​ ​ (m. 1932; div 1947)​ Virjiniya Gerstenfeld ​ ​ (m. 1948)​
Imzo

Robert Anson Xaynlayn (/ˈhaɪnlaɪn/;^[2][3][4][5] 1907 yil 7-iyul - 1988-yil 8-may) amerikalik edi ilmiy fantastika muallif, aviatsiya muhandisi va Dengiz ofitseri. Ba'zan "fantastika yozuvchilari dekani" deb nomlanadi,^[6] u o'zining badiiy adabiyotida birinchilardan bo'lib ilmiy aniqlikni ta'kidlagan va shu tariqa subgenrning kashshofi bo'lgan qattiq ilmiy fantastika. Uning badiiy va publitsistik nashr etilgan asarlari vakolatga qoyil qolganini ifoda etadi va tanqidiy fikrlashning ahamiyatini ta'kidlaydi.^[7] Uning faoliyati ilmiy-fantastik janrga va umuman zamonaviy madaniyatga ta'sirini davom ettirmoqda.

Xaynlayn bu kabi asosiy jurnallarga kirishgan birinchi amerikalik ilmiy-fantastik yozuvchilardan biri bo'ldi Shanba kuni kechki xabar 1940-yillarning oxirlarida. U o'nlab yillar davomida eng ko'p sotilgan ilmiy-fantastik roman yozuvchilardan biri edi va u, Ishoq Asimov va Artur C. Klark ko'pincha "Katta Uchlik" deb hisoblanadi Ingliz tili ilmiy fantastika mualliflari.^[8][9][10] Haynlaynning taniqli asarlari kiradi Begona yurtdagi musofir,^[11] Starship Troopers (bu shakllanishiga yordam berdi kosmik dengiz va mecha arxetiplar) va Oy - qattiq ayol.^[12] Uning ishida ba'zida ko'plikli nikoh singari bahsli jihatlar mavjud edi Oy - qattiq ayol, militarizm yilda Starship Troopers va texnologik jihatdan barkamol ayol belgilar, ular dahshatli edi,^[13] hali ko'pincha stereotipik ravishda ayolga o'xshash - kabi Juma.

Shuningdek, ko'plab ilmiy-fantastik yozuvchi qisqa hikoyalar, Geynlayn tahririyati ostida mashhur bo'lgan yozuvchilar guruhidan biri edi (1937-1971) Jon V. Kempbell da Ajablanadigan ilmiy fantastika jurnal, Xaynlayn Kempbell uning yozilishiga har qanday darajada ta'sir qilganini rad etdi.

Xaynlayn o'zining ilmiy fantastikasini provokatsion ijtimoiy va siyosiy g'oyalarni o'rganish, ilm-fan va muhandislikdagi taraqqiyot siyosat, irq, din va jinsiy aloqalarning kelajagini qanday shakllantirishi mumkinligi haqida fikr yuritish uchun foydalangan.^[12] Haynlayn o'zining ilmiy-fantastik hikoyalari doirasida bir necha bor muayyan ijtimoiy mavzularga murojaat qildi: shaxsning ahamiyati ozodlik va o'ziga ishonish, jinsiy munosabatlarning tabiati, shaxslarning o'z jamiyatlari oldidagi majburiyati, ta'siri uyushgan din madaniyat va boshqaruv va jamiyatning repressiya tendentsiyasi to'g'risida nomuvofiq deb o'yladi. Shuningdek, u kosmik sayohatlarning insoniyatning madaniy amaliyotiga ta'siri haqida taxmin qildi.

Birinchisi Xaynlayn deb topildi Ilmiy fantastika mualliflari katta usta 1974 yilda.^[14] Uning to'rtta romani g'olib bo'ldi Hugo mukofotlari. Bundan tashqari, nashr etilganidan ellik yil o'tgach, uning etti asari mukofotlandi "Retro Gyugos "- Gyugo mukofotlari paydo bo'lishidan oldin nashr etilgan asarlar uchun retrospektiv ravishda berilgan mukofotlar.^[15] Xaynlayn o'zining badiiy asarlarida ingliz tilining bir qismiga aylangan atamalarni, shu jumladan grok,valdo va spekulyativ fantastika, "kabi mavjud atamalarni ommalashtirish bilan bir qatorda.TANSTAAFL ", "oldindan to'lash ", va"kosmik dengiz "Shuningdek, u mexanikani kutgan kompyuter yordamida loyihalash "Drafting Dan" bilan va a ning zamonaviy versiyasini tasvirlab berdi suv to'shagi uning romanida Ushbu ufqdan tashqarida.^[16] Romanning birinchi bobida Kosmik kadet Motorola ushbu texnologiyani ixtiro qilishidan 35 yil oldin u uyali telefonni kutgan edi.^[17] Geynlaynning bir nechta asarlari kino va televidenie uchun moslashtirilgan.

Hayot

Midshipman Geynlayn, 1929 yildan AQSh dengiz akademiyasi yilnoma

Tug'ilish, bolalik va erta ta'lim

Geynlin, 1907 yil 7-iyulda Reks Ivar Xaynlayn (buxgalter) va Bam Layl Xaynlaynda tug'ilgan. Butler, Missuri, etti bolaning uchinchisi edi. U oltinchi avlod edi Nemis-amerikalik; oilaviy an'anaga ko'ra, Xaynlayn Amerikaning har bir urushida qatnashgan Mustaqillik urushi.^[18]

U bolaligini o'tgan Missuri, Kanzas-Siti.^[19]Ushbu zamon va makonning dunyoqarashi va qadriyatlari (o'z so'zlari bilan aytganda, "The Injil kamari ") o'zining badiiy adabiyotiga aniq ta'sir ko'rsatdi, ayniqsa keyingi asarlarida, chunki u bolaligidan shu kabi asarlardagi muhit va madaniy muhitni yaratishda juda ko'p foydalangan. Sevgi uchun vaqt yetarli va Quyosh botishi orqasida suzib borish. 1910 yilda Xallining kometasi paydo bo'lishi yosh bolada astronomiyaga bo'lgan qiziqishini ilhomlantirdi.^[20]

1924 yilda Xaynlayn Kanzas-Siti shahridagi Markaziy o'rta maktabni tugatgach, u ofitser lavozimiga intildi. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz kuchlari. Biroq, dastlab unga tashrif buyurishning oldi olindi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz akademiyasi Annapolisda, chunki uning akasi Reks o'sha erda talaba bo'lgan va qoidalar bir nechta oila a'zolarini bir vaqtning o'zida Akademiyaga borishdan voz kechgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} U buning o'rniga Kanzas Siti jamoat kollejida tahsil oldi va Missuri shtatidan senatorga iltijo qilishni boshladi Jeyms A. Rid dengiz akademiyasiga tayinlash uchun. Qisman tufayli Pendergast mashinasi, Dengiz akademiyasi uni 1925 yil iyun oyida qabul qildi.^[12]

Dengiz kuchlari

Heinlein dengiz flotidagi tajribasi uning fe'l-atvori va yozuviga kuchli ta'sir ko'rsatdi. 1929 yilda u dengiz akademiyasini muhandislik bo'yicha bakalavr darajasiga teng darajadagi diplom bilan tugatib, akademik jihatdan o'z sinfida beshinchi o'rinni egalladi, ammo intizomiy kamchiliklari sababli 243 dan 20 gacha bo'lgan mavqei bilan. O'qishni tugatgandan ko'p o'tmay, u AQSh harbiy-dengiz kuchlari tomonidan praporshik lavozimiga tayinlangan. U yangi bortda xizmat qilar ekan, kichik leytenantga ko'tarildi samolyot tashuvchisi USSLeksington 1931 yilda. U ishlagan radioaloqa samolyot samolyoti bilan. O'shanda radioaloqa o'zining dastlabki bosqichlarida bo'lgan. The kapitan ushbu operatorning Ernest J. King sifatida xizmat qilgan Dengiz operatsiyalari boshlig'i va Bosh qo'mondon, AQSh floti davomida Ikkinchi jahon urushi. Keyingi yillarda Heinlein bilan tez-tez intervyu berib turadigan harbiy tarixchilar undan kapitan King va uning AQSh dengiz kuchlarining birinchi zamonaviy aviatashuvchi kemasi qo'mondoni sifatida xizmatlari to'g'risida so'rashgan. Heinlein kemada qurol-yarog 'xodimi sifatida ham xizmat qilgan qiruvchi USSRoper 1933 va 1934 yillarda leytenant unvoniga erishgan.^[21] Uning ukasi Lourens Xaynlayn AQSh armiyasida, AQSh havo kuchlarida va Missuri milliy gvardiyasi darajasiga erishish general-mayor Milliy gvardiyada.^[22]

Nikohlar

1929 yilda Xaynlayn Kanzas-Siti shahridan Elinor Karriga uylandi.^[23] Biroq, ularning nikohlari atigi bir yil davom etdi.^[3] Uning 1932 yilda Leslin Makdonald (1904-1981) bilan ikkinchi nikohi 15 yil davom etdi. Makdonald, Heinlein dengiz flotining do'sti ko'rsatmasiga ko'ra, Kontr-admiral Kal Laning, "hayratlanarli darajada aqlli, ko'p o'qiladigan va juda liberal, garchi ro'yxatdan o'tgan bo'lsa ham Respublika ",^[24] keyinchalik Isaak Asimov Xaynlayn o'sha paytda "alangali edi" deb esladi liberal ".^[25] (Bo'limga qarang: Robert Xaynlayn siyosati.)

1952 yilda Virjiniya va Robert Xaynlayn Mashhur mexanika maqola "Hayotni osonlashtiradigan uy" deb nomlangan. Ikkala muhandis Heinleins ham uyni o'zlari uchun juda ko'p innovatsion xususiyatlar bilan loyihalashtirgan.

Filadelfiyadagi Heinlein kemasozlik zavodida kimyoviy muhandis bilan uchrashdi va u bilan do'stlashdi Virjiniya "Jinni" Gerstenfeld. Urushdan so'ng, uning nishonasi tushib, u ko'chib o'tdi UCLA yilda doktorantura uchun kimyo va yana aloqa o'rnatdi. Ikkinchi xotini kabi alkogolizm asta-sekin nazoratdan chiqib ketdi,^[26] Geynlin ko'chib o'tdi va er-xotin ariza topshirdi ajralish. Geynlinning Virjiniya bilan do'stligi munosabatlarga aylanib, 1948 yil 21 oktyabrda - ko'p o'tmay farmoni nisi orqali kelishdi - ular shaharchada turmush qurishdi Raton, Nyu-Meksiko, Broadmore tumanida uy ishlarini tashkil qilganidan ko'p o'tmay Kolorado-Springs Geynlin va uning rafiqasi (ikkalasi ham muhandis) loyihalashtirgan uyda. Hudud yangi o'zlashtirilganligi sababli, ularga 1776 Mesa prospektidagi uy raqamini tanlashga ruxsat berildi.^[27] Uyning dizayni ko'rsatilgan Mashhur mexanika.^[28]. Ular Geynlin vafotigacha turmush qurdilar. 1965 yilda Virjiniya shtatidagi turli xil surunkali sog'liq muammolari kuzatilgan balandlik kasalligi, ular ko'chib o'tishdi Santa-Kruz, Kaliforniya dengiz sathida joylashgan. Qo'shni joyda yangi turar joy qurishdi qishloq ning Bonni Duni, Kaliforniya.^[29] Robert va Virjiniya Kaliforniyadagi uylarini loyihalashtirishgan va qurishgan Bonni Doon o'zlari; uy dumaloq shaklda.^[30]

Robert va Virjiniya Xaynlayn Taiti, 1980

Jinni, shubhasiz, uning ko'plab aqlli, qat'iy mustaqil ayol belgilariga namuna bo'lib xizmat qilgan.^[31][32] U kimyogar va raketa sinovlari bo'yicha muhandis bo'lgan va Heinleinning o'ziga qaraganda dengiz flotida yuqori darajaga ega edi. U to'rtta maktubga ega bo'lgan kollejning mohir sportchisi edi.^[1] 1953-1954 yillarda Geynlins butun dunyo bo'ylab sayohat qildi (asosan orqali okean kemalari va yuk laynerlari, Ginni uchratgan Ginni uchib ketishidan nafratlangan) Tramp Royale va shuningdek, fantastika romanlari uchun fon materiallarini taqdim etgan, masalan, uzoq safarlarda kosmik kemalarga o'rnatilgan Marsdagi Podkayn, Juma va Ish: Adolat komediyasi, ikkinchisi dastlab kruizda batafsil bayon etilgan Tramp Royale. Jinni o'zining birinchi o'quvchisi sifatida harakat qildi qo'lyozmalar. Ishoq Asimov Geynlin shov-shuv ko'rsatganiga ishongan to'g'ri siyosiy jihatdan bir vaqtning o'zida u Jinni bilan turmush qurgan.

Kaliforniya

1934 yilda Heinlein tufayli dengiz flotidan ozod qilindi o'pka sil kasalligi. Uzoq muddatli kasalxonada yotish paytida va o'z tajribasidan ilhomlanib, u a uchun dizaynni ishlab chiqdi suv to'shagi.^[33]

Ishdan bo'shatilgandan so'ng, Xaynlayn bir necha hafta davomida aspiranturada qatnashdi matematika va fizika da Los-Anjelesdagi Kaliforniya universiteti (UCLA), ammo u tez orada sog'lig'i sababli yoki siyosatga kirish istagi tufayli ishdan bo'shatildi.^[34]

Heinlein bir nechta kasblarda, shu jumladan ko'chmas mulk savdosi va kumush qazib olishda o'zini qo'llab-quvvatladi, ammo bir necha yillar davomida tanqis pul topdi. Geynlin faol edi Upton Sinclair sotsialistik Kaliforniyadagi qashshoqlikni to'xtatish harakati (EPIC) 1930-yillarning boshlarida. U nashriyotning o'rinbosari edi EPIC yangiliklariGeynlin ta'kidlaganidek, "shahar hokimi chaqirib olib, tuman prokurorini haydab yubordi, gubernatorni bizning tanlovimiz bilan almashtirdi".^[35] Sinkler yutuqlarga erishganida Demokratik uchun nomzod Kaliforniya gubernatori 1934 yilda Geynlin kampaniyada faol ishladi. Heinlein o'zi uchun yugurdi Kaliforniya shtati assambleyasi 1938 yilda, ammo muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi.

Muallif

Robert A. Xaynlayn, L. Sprague de lager va Ishoq Asimov, Filadelfiya dengiz kuchlari hovlisi, 1944

Kampaniyadan keyin qashshoq bo'lmaganida-u Harbiy-dengiz flotidan kichik nogironlik nafaqasiga ega edi - Xaynlayn ipotekani to'lash uchun yozishga murojaat qildi. Uning birinchi nashr etilgan hikoyasi "Hayot chizig'i ", 1939 yil avgustda nashr etilgan Ajablanadigan ilmiy fantastika.^[36] Dastlab tanlov uchun yozilgan, u uni sotdi Ajablanarli tanlovning birinchi mukofot pulidan ancha ko'proq. Boshqa Kelajak tarixi hikoyasi, "Misfit", keyin noyabr oyida.^[36] Ba'zilar Xaynlaynning iste'dodi va yulduzligini birinchi hikoyasidan ko'rishdi,^[37] va u tezda yangi harakatning etakchisi sifatida tan olindi "ijtimoiy" ilmiy fantastika. Kaliforniyada u Mañana Adabiy Jamiyati, 1940–41 yillarda yangi mualliflarning norasmiy yig'ilishlari.^[38] U Denvention-ning faxriy mehmoni bo'lgan, 1941 yil Worldcon, Denverda bo'lib o'tdi. Davomida Ikkinchi jahon urushi, Heinlein dengiz kuchlari tomonidan harbiy-dengiz floti aviatsiya materiallari markazida fuqarolik aviatsiyasi muhandisi sifatida ishlagan. Filadelfiya dengiz kemasozligi yilda Pensilvaniya.^[39] Heinlein yollangan Ishoq Asimov va L. Sprague de lager u erda ishlash.^[33] Filadelfiya dengiz kemalari tersanalarida bo'lganlarida, Asimov, Xaynlayn va de Kemp kamikadze hujumlariga noan'anaviy yondashuvlarni, masalan, yaqinlashayotgan samolyotlarni aniqlash uchun ovozdan foydalanishni miyasiga hujum qilishdi.^[40]

1945 yilda urush tugagach, Geynlin o'z faoliyatini qayta baholashni boshladi. The Xirosima va Nagasakining atom bombalari, tarqalishi bilan birga Sovuq urush, uni siyosiy mavzularda badiiy adabiyotlar yozish uchun galvanizatsiya qildi. Bundan tashqari, u yaxshi maosh oladigan bozorlarga kirishni xohladi. U to'rtta nufuzli nashrni nashr etdi qisqa hikoyalar uchun Shanba kuni kechki xabar jurnal, 1947 yil fevral oyida "Yerning Yashil tepaliklari "Bu uni birinchi ilmiy fantast yozuvchiga aylandi".pulpa getto ". 1950 yilda film Mo'ljal oyi - u hikoya va stsenariyni yozgan, ssenariyni birgalikda yozgan va ko'plab effektlarni ixtiro qilgan hujjatli film - g'olib chiqdi Akademiya mukofoti uchun maxsus effektlar. Bundan tashqari, u bir qatorga kirishdi voyaga etmaganlar uchun romanlar uchun Charlz Skribnerning o'g'illari nashriyot kompaniyasi 1947 yildan 1959 yilgacha o'spirinlarga Rojdestvo sovg'alari vaqtida har kuzda bitta kitob hisobidan. U shuningdek yozgan O'g'il bolalar hayoti 1952 yilda.

Heinlein butun hayoti davomida dolzarb materiallardan foydalangan balog'atga etmagan bolalar seriyasi 1947 yildan boshlangan, ammo 1958 yilda u ishni to'xtatdi Bid'atchi (ishchi nomi Begona yurtdagi musofir ) dastlab fuqarolik fazilati g'oyalarini o'rganadigan kitob yozish va nashr etish Starship Soldiers. 1959 yilda uning romani (hozirda nomlangan) Starship Troopers ) Scribner's muharrirlari va egalari tomonidan obro'li yo'nalishlaridan biri uchun juda ziddiyatli deb hisoblangan va u rad etilgan.^[41] Xaynlayn boshqa noshirni topdi (Putnam ), bolalar uchun roman yozish cheklovlaridan xalos bo'lganligini his qildi. U suhbatdoshiga boshqa asarlarda aniqlangan toifalarga qo'shiladigan hikoyalarni qilishni istamasligini aytgan edi. Aksincha u: "Men o'z narsalarimni, o'z yo'llarim bilan qilmoqchiman", deb aytib, o'z ishini qilishni xohladi.^[42] U ilmiy fantastika chegaralarini, shu jumladan chegaralarni o'zgartirgan bir qator qiyin kitoblarni yozishga kirishadi Begona yurtdagi musofir (1961) va Oy - qattiq ayol (1966).

Keyinchalik hayot va o'lim

1970 yildan boshlab Xaynlayn sog'lig'i bilan bog'liq bir qator inqirozlarni boshdan kechirdi, bu uning sevimli mashg'ulotlarida mashg'ulotlarning og'ir davrlari bilan buzildi. toshsozlik: shaxsiy yozishmalarda u buni "kitoblar orasidagi odatiy va sevimli mashg'ulot" deb atagan.^[43] O'n yillik hayot uchun xavfli hujum bilan boshlandi peritonit, shifo topishi ikki yildan ko'proq vaqtni talab qiladi va davolash uchun Geynlenning ko'p marta qon quyilishi talab etiladi noyob qon guruhi, A2 salbiy.^[44] U yana yozish uchun etarlicha bo'lishi bilan, u ishni boshladi Sevgi uchun vaqt yetarli (1973), keyinchalik uning fantastikasida topilgan ko'plab mavzular bilan tanishdi.

1970-yillarning o'rtalarida Geynlin ushbu maqola uchun ikkita maqola yozdi Britannica Kompton yilnomasi.^[45] U va Ginni mamlakatni kesib o'tib, qayta tashkil etishga yordam berdilar qon topshirish AQShda uning hayotini saqlab qolgan tizimga yordam berish maqsadida.^[44] Ilmiy fantastika anjumanlarida uning avtografini olish uchun muxlislardan Heinlein bilan birga chiroyli tarzda bezatilgan garov varag'ida imzo chekishlari so'raladi, chunki oluvchi qon topshirishga rozi ekanligi to'g'risida. U 1976 yilda uchinchi marta Worldcon-ning faxriy mehmoni bo'lgan MidAmeriCon yilda Missuri, Kanzas-Siti. O'sha Worldconda Heinlein qon topshirish va donorlarni qabul qilish marosimida hayotni saqlab qolishda yordam berganlarga minnatdorchilik bildirdi.

1977 yildan boshlab va 1978 yil boshida Taitida ta'tilda bo'lgan epizodni o'z ichiga olgan holda, u qayta tiklanadigan nevrologik disfunktsiyaning epizodlarini boshdan kechirdi. vaqtinchalik ishemik hujumlar.^[46] Keyingi bir necha oy ichida u tobora charchagan va sog'lig'i yana yomonlasha boshladi. Muammo to'silgan karotis arteriya ekanligi aniqlandi va uni tuzatish uchun u eng qadimgi karotisni aylanib o'tish operatsiyalaridan birini o'tkazdi. Xaynlayn va Virjiniya chekuvchilar edi,^[47] va uning uydirmasida o'zini o'zi yoqadigan uydirma sigaretalar kabi chekish ko'pincha uning fantastikasida paydo bo'ladi.^[48]

1980 yilda Robert Xaynlayn Milliy kosmik siyosat bo'yicha fuqarolar maslahat kengashining a'zosi edi Jerri Pournelle SF yozuvchisi uyida uchrashgan Larri Niven kelganlar uchun kosmik siyosat hujjatlarini yozish Reygan Ma'muriyat. A'zolar tarkibiga sobiq kosmonavt kabi aerokosmik sanoat rahbarlari kiritilgan Buzz Aldrin, General Daniel O. Grem, aviatsiya muhandisi Maks Hunter va Shimoliy Amerika Rokvell "Space Shuttle" ni rivojlantirish bo'yicha mutaxassis Jorj Merrik. Kengashning siyosiy tavsiyalarida ballistik raketalarga qarshi mudofaa tushunchalari mavjud bo'lib, ular keyinchalik "deb nomlangan narsaga" aylantirildi Strategik mudofaa tashabbusi, yoki senator tomonidan istehzo qilingan "Yulduzli urushlar" Ted Kennedi. Heinlein Kengashning 1983 yil bahoridagi Reyganning "Yulduzli urushlar" nutqiga qo'shgan hissasiga yordam berdi.

A oldida paydo bo'lishi so'raldi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressining qo'shma qo'mitasi o'sha yili u bunga ishonganligi to'g'risida guvohlik berdi ajratish dan kosmik texnologiyalar nogironlar va qariyalarga foyda keltirar edilar. Xaynlaynning jarrohlik muolajasi uni qayta quvvatlantirdi va u 1980 yildan to uxlab yotganida vafot etguniga qadar beshta roman yozdi amfizem va 1988 yil 8 mayda yurak etishmovchiligi.

O'sha paytda u dastlabki yozuvlarni boshqasiga to'plagan edi Dunyo afsona sifatida roman. Uning boshqa bir qancha asarlari vafotidan keyin nashr etilgan. 1955 yilda Geynlin tomonidan yaratilgan kontur va eslatmalar asosida O'rgimchak Robinzon romanini yozgan O'zgaruvchan yulduz. Xaynlaynning vafotidan keyin nashr etilgan publitsistikasi 1989 yilda nashr etilgan kariyerasini biroz avtobiografik tekshiruvida tahrirlangan yozishmalar va eslatmalar to'plamini o'z ichiga oladi. Qabrdan noliydi uning rafiqasi Virjiniya tomonidan; uning 1946 yilda yozilgan amaliy siyosat haqidagi kitobi nashr etilgan Hukumatingizni qaytarib oling; va ularning 1954 yilda dunyo bo'ylab birinchi safari sayohatnomasi, Tramp Royale. Romanlar Marsdagi Podkayn va Qizil sayyora Dastlabki versiyasida uning xohishiga qarshi tahrirlangan, qayta tiklangan nashrlarda qayta nashr etilgan. Musofir begona yurtda dastlab qisqaroq shaklda nashr etilgan, ammo uzun va qisqa versiyalari endi bir vaqtning o'zida bosma nashrda mavjud.

Geynlinning arxivi Maxsus kollektsiyalar bo'limi tomonidan saqlanadi McHenry kutubxonasi da Santa-Kruzdagi Kaliforniya universiteti. To'plamga qo'lyozma qoralamalari, yozishmalar, fotosuratlar va asarlar kiritilgan. Arxivning katta qismi raqamlashtirilgan bo'lib, u Robert A. va Virjiniya Xaynlayn arxivlari orqali onlayn ravishda mavjud.^[49]

Ishlaydi

Geynlayn hayoti davomida 32 ta roman, 59 ta qissa va 16 ta to'plam nashr ettirgan. To'rtta film, ikkita teleserial, radiokanallarning bir nechta epizodlari va stol usti o'yini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri uning ijodidan olingan. U filmlardan biriga ssenariy yozgan. Geynlin boshqa yozuvchilarning SF hikoyalari antologiyasini tahrir qildi.

Uchta badiiy kitob va ikkita she'r vafotidan keyin nashr etildi. Biz uchun tiriklar: bojxona komediyasi 2003 yilda vafotidan keyin nashr etilgan; O'zgaruvchan yulduzO'rgimchak Robinson tomonidan Xaynlenning keng ko'lamli rejasi asosida yozilgan, 2006 yil sentyabr oyida nashr etilgan. To'rt to'plam o'limidan keyin nashr etildi.^[36]

Seriya

Faoliyati davomida Xaynlayn uchta bir-birini qoplagan holda yozgan seriyali:

• Kelajak tarixi turkumi
• Lazarus Long seriyasi
• The Geynlayn voyaga etmaganlar

Dastlabki ish, 1939–1958 yy

Geynlin o'z karerasini hikoyalar yozuvchisi sifatida boshladi Ajablanadigan ilmiy fantastika Jon Kempbell tomonidan tahrir qilingan jurnal. Ilmiy fantast yozuvchi Frederik Pol Xaynlaynni "Kempbell davridagi yozuvchilarning eng ulug'i" deb ta'riflagan.^[50] Ishoq Asimov o'zining birinchi hikoyasidan boshlab, ilmiy fantastika dunyosi Geynlaynni mavjud bo'lgan eng yaxshi fantastika yozuvchisi deb qabul qilganini aytdi va bu nomni u hayoti davomida egallab turishini aytdi.^[51]

Aleksey va Kori Panshinning ta'kidlashicha, Xaynlaynning ta'siri darhol sezilgan. 1940 yilda, Kempbellga "Hayot chizig'i" ni sotganidan so'ng, u uchta qisqa roman, to'rtta roman va ettita hikoyani yozdi. Ular "Bob hech kariyerasining dastlabki bir necha yilidayoq ilmiy fantastika sohasida hech kim hech qachon hukmronlik qilmagan", deb aytishdi.^[52] Aleksey Xaynlaynning o'quvchilariga biz yashayotgan dunyodan tubdan farq qiladigan, shunga qaramay juda ko'p o'xshashliklarga ega dunyoni namoyish etish qobiliyatidan hayratda. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, "biz o'zimizni nafaqat o'z dunyomizdan boshqa dunyoda topamiz, balki uning doirasida ish olib boradigan va uning shartlariga muvofiq fikr yuritadigan va harakat qiladigan jonli, nafas oluvchi shaxsni aniqlaymiz".^[53]

Geynlaynning 1942 yildagi romani Ushbu ufqdan tashqarida qayta nashr etildi Ikkita to'liq ilmiy-sarguzasht kitoblari 1952 yilda, "Anson McDonald" liniyasi ostida paydo bo'ldi, garchi bu kitob to'rt yil oldin Xaynlaynning nomi bilan nashr etilgan bo'lsa ham.

Ning ochilish qismi Qo'g'irchoq ustalari ning 1951 yil sentyabrdagi sonining muqovasini oldi Galaxy Ilmiy Fantastika.

Geynlayn yozgan birinchi roman, Biz uchun tiriklar: bojxona komediyasi (1939), hayoti davomida bosma nashrni ko'rmagan, ammo Robert Jeyms qo'lyozmani izlagan va 2003 yilda nashr etilgan. Ba'zilar buni roman sifatida muvaffaqiyatsiz deb bilishadi,^[19] buni Geynlindagi niqoblangan ma'ruzadan boshqa narsa deb bilmaslik ijtimoiy nazariyalar, ba'zi o'quvchilar umuman boshqacha fikrda edilar. Uni ko'rib chiqishda, Jon Klyut yozgan:

Agar Xaynlayn [bunday asarlarni] sahifalarida ochiq nashr eta olgan bo'lsa edi, deb aytmoqchi emasman Ajablanarli 1939 yilda SF kelajak huquqini qo'lga kiritgan bo'lar edi; Ammo, men Xaynlayn va uning hamkasblari kattalar SF-ni nashr etishlari mumkin edi Ajablanarli va uning boshqa jurnallari, keyin SF 2004 yil boshida bu erda yashovchi odamning lazzatidan biron bir narsani oldindan tuzishda juda yomon ish qilmagan bo'lishi mumkin.^[54]

Biz uchun, tiriklar kabi Xaynlaynning inson haqidagi radikal g'oyalarini rivojlantirish uchun oyna sifatida qiziq edi ijtimoiy hayvon shu jumladan, uning qiziqishi ozod sevgi. Uning keyingi hikoyalarida topilgan ko'plab mavzularning ildizi ushbu kitobda mavjud. Bundan tashqari, uning boshqa romanlari uchun fon deb hisoblanishi mumkin bo'lgan juda ko'p materiallar mavjud edi. Bunga taqiq qo'yilmaslik uchun qahramonning davolanishining batafsil tavsifi kiritilgan Koventri (Heinlein mifosidagi qonunsiz mamlakat, tavba qilmagan qonun buzuvchilar surgun qilinadi).^[55]

Geynlayn tasvirlanganidek Ajoyib hikoyalar 1953 yilda

Ko'rinib turibdiki, Heinlein hech bo'lmaganda 30-yillarda ham ushbu ideallarga mos ravishda yashashga harakat qilgan va ochiq munosabatlar ikkinchi xotini Leslin bilan turmush qurganida. U ham edi yalang'och;^[3] yalang'ochlik va tana taqiqlar uning ishida tez-tez muhokama qilinadi. Balandligida Sovuq urush, u qurdi bomba saqlanadigan joy uning uyi ostida, xuddi uyidagi kabi Farnhamning ozodligi.^[3]

Keyin Biz uchun, tiriklar, Heinlein (jurnallarga) birinchi hikoyalarini, keyin romanlarini sotishni boshladi Kelajak tarixi, muhim siyosiy, madaniy va texnologik o'zgarishlarning vaqt chizig'i bilan yakunlandi. Kelajak tarixining jadvali 1941 yil may oyida nashr etilgan Ajablanarli. Vaqt o'tishi bilan Xaynlayn ba'zi bir yo'nalishlarda izchillikni saqlab, ba'zi bir jihatlar bo'yicha kelajak tarixidan erkin ravishda chiqib ketgan ko'plab roman va qissa yozdi. Oxir oqibat kelajak voqealari haqiqiy voqealar bilan ta'minlandi. Ushbu kelishmovchiliklar, keyinchalik uning "Dunyo afsonasi" hikoyalarida tushuntirilgan.

Geynlaynning kitob sifatida nashr etilgan birinchi romani, Raketa kemasi Galiley, dastlab rad etilgan, chunki Oyga borish juda uzoq bo'lgan deb hisoblangan, ammo tez orada u noshirni topdi, Skribnerniki, bu Geynlinni nashr etishni boshladi voyaga etmagan Rojdestvo mavsumi uchun yiliga bir marta.^[56] Ushbu kitoblarning sakkiztasi tasvirlangan Klifford Giri oq-qora rangga xos skretchboard uslubi.^[57] Ushbu turdagi ba'zi vakili romanlari Kosmos kostyumi bor - sayohat qiladi, Osmondagi dehqon va Starman Jons. Ularning ko'plari birinchi navbatda boshqa nomlar ostida seriya shaklida nashr etilgan, masalan. Osmondagi dehqon sifatida nashr etildi Sun'iy yo'ldosh skauti ichida Boy skaut jurnal O'g'il bolalar hayoti. Xaynlaynning shaxsiy hayotiga qattiq berilib ketishi, hech bo'lmaganda qisman uning noan'anaviy shaxsiy hayoti o'rtasidagi ziddiyat tufayli bo'lgan degan taxminlar mavjud.^{[tushuntirish kerak ]} va uning bolalar uchun kitoblar muallifi bo'lgan faoliyati. Biroq, Biz uchun, tiriklar Xaynlaynning shaxsiy hayotga bo'lgan siyosiy ahamiyatini printsipial masalada aniq muhokama qiladi.^[58]

Geynlayn yosh tomoshabinlar uchun yozgan romanlar odatda "Geynlayn balog'atga etmagan bolalar" deb nomlanadi va ularda o'spirin va kattalar mavzulari aralashgan. U ushbu kitoblarda ko'rib chiqadigan ko'plab masalalar o'spirinlar duch keladigan muammolar bilan bog'liq. Uning qahramonlari odatda aqlli o'spirinlar bo'lib, ular atrofda ko'rgan kattalar jamiyatida yo'l olishlari kerak. Tashqi tomondan, ular oddiy sarguzasht, yutuqlar va ahmoq o'qituvchilar va rashkchi tengdoshlar bilan ishlash. Geynlin balog'at yoshiga etmagan o'quvchilar ancha murakkab va ko'pchilik tushunganidan ko'ra murakkabroq yoki qiyinroq mavzularni uddalashga qodir degan tushunchaning ashaddiy tarafdori edi. Voyaga etmaganlarning hikoyalari ko'pincha ular uchun etuk bo'lib, ularni kattalar uchun o'qiydi. Qizil sayyora Masalan, ba'zi bir buzg'unchi mavzular, shu jumladan yosh talabalar ishtirok etadigan inqilob tasvirlangan; uning muharriri ushbu kitobda bolalar tomonidan qurol ishlatilishi va marslik xarakterining noto'g'ri aniqlangan jinsi kabi mavzularda jiddiy o'zgarishlarni talab qildi. Heinlein har doim o'z romanlari va hikoyalari muharrirlari tomonidan qo'yilgan tahririyat cheklovlaridan xabardor edi va u ushbu cheklovlarni yuzasida kuzatib turganda, ko'pincha boshqa mualliflarning voyaga etmagan SF-da tez-tez uchramaydigan g'oyalarni muvaffaqiyatli amalga oshirdi.

1957 yilda, Jeyms Blish Geynlayn muvaffaqiyatining bir sababi "har doimgidek, uning hikoyasini hikoya qilishga o'tadigan yuqori darajadagi texnikadir. Xaynlayn boshidanoq, boshqa yozuvchilar o'rganishi kerak bo'lgan badiiy adabiyot haqidagi texnik saboqlarni beixtiyor bilganga o'xshaydi. qiyin yo'l (yoki ko'pincha etarli, hech qachon o'rganmang). U har doim ham texnikani eng yaxshi tomonga ishlatmaydi, lekin u har doim bundan xabardor bo'lib tuyuladi. "^[59]

1959–1960

Geynlin o'zining voyaga etmagan romanlarini qat'iyan tugatdi Starship Troopers (1959), munozarali asar va uning chap tomonlarga Prezidentni chaqirgan shaxsiy yozuvi Duayt D. Eyzenxauer 1958 yilda yadroviy sinovlarni to'xtatish uchun. "Patrik Genri" reklamasi ularni hayratda qoldirdi ", deb yozgan edi u ko'p yillar o'tib. "Starship Troopers g'azablanganlar. "^[60] Starship Troopers burch, fuqarolik va armiyaning jamiyatdagi o'rni haqida yoshga to'lgan voqea.^[61] Kitobda qaysi jamiyat tasvirlangan saylov huquqi hech bo'lmaganda qisqa muddat va ko'pincha og'ir sharoitlarda davlat xizmatida jamiyat manfaatlarini o'z manfaatlaridan ustun qo'yishga tayyorligi namoyon bo'ladi; qahramonga nisbatan bu harbiy xizmat edi.

Keyinchalik, yilda Kengaygan koinot, Xaynlaynning so'zlariga ko'ra, ushbu xizmatda o'qituvchilar, politsiyachilar va boshqa davlat lavozimlari kabi qat'iy harbiy funktsiyalardan tashqari lavozimlarni o'z ichiga olishi mumkin. Bu romanda topilmagan saylov huquqi hukumatining barbod bo'lishining o'sishi va juda muvaffaqiyatli kelishuv sifatida keltirilgan. Bundan tashqari, franchayzing tayinlangan xizmatni tark etgandan keyingina berildi; Shunday qilib, muddatli harbiy xizmatda yoki boshqa xizmatda bo'lganlar har qanday franchayzingdan chetlashtirildi. Ishga qabul qilinadigan harbiylar nafaqaga chiqqunga qadar to'liq huquqsiz edilar.

Ism Starship Troopers aloqasi bo'lmagan litsenziyaga ega edi, B filmi skript chaqirildi To'qqizta zo'riqishdagi xato ovi, keyinchalik kitob ishonchliligidan foydalanish uchun qayta nomlangan.^[62] Natijada olingan film Starship Troopers (1997) tomonidan yozilgan Ed Neumeier va rejissyor Pol Verxoven, belgi nomlarini kiritish, tasvirlashdan tashqari, kitob bilan ozgina aloqasi bor edi kosmik dengiz piyodalari va tushunchasi saylov huquqi harbiy xizmat orqali kasb qilingan. Geynlayn muxlislari Geynlayn falsafasiga xiyonat deb hisoblagan filmni tanqid qilib, voqea sodir bo'layotgan jamiyatni shunday namoyish etishdi. fashist.^[63]

Xuddi shunday, qurolli zirh nafaqat kitobda markaziy bo'lgan, balki keyinchalik ilmiy fantastika standart subgenriga aylangan texnologiya filmlarda umuman yo'q, u erda belgilar foydalanadi. Ikkinchi jahon urushi -texnologiya qurollari va unga nisbatan ancha rivojlangan engil jangovar uskunalar.^[64] Verxovenning shu nomdagi filmida jangovar zirh yo'q. Verxoven ushbu kitobni huquqlarini sotib olganidan so'ng uni mavjud filmiga qo'shish uchun o'qishga harakat qilganini izohladi. Ammo u faqat dastlabki ikki bobni o'qidi, davom ettirish juda zerikarli deb topdi. U bu yomon kitob deb o'ylardi va Ed Numayerdan hikoyani aytib berishni iltimos qildi, chunki uni o'qiy olmadi.^[65]

O'rta davr ishi, 1961-1973 yillar

Geynlaynning romani Marsdagi Podkayn ichida seriyalashtirilgan Agar, tomonidan qopqoq bilan Virjil Finlay.

Taxminan 1961 yildan (Begona yurtdagi musofir ) 1973 yilgacha (Sevgi uchun vaqt yetarli), Heinlein o'zining ba'zi muhim mavzularini o'rganib chiqdi, masalan individualizm, libertarizm va jismoniy va hissiy muhabbatni erkin ifodalash. Ushbu davrdan uchta roman, Begona yurtdagi musofir, Oy - qattiq ayol va Sevgi uchun vaqt yetarli, g'olib bo'ldi Libertarian Futuristlar Jamiyati "s Prometey shon-sharaf zali, klassik libertarian fantastika sharafiga mo'ljallangan.^[66] Jeff Riggenbax tasvirlangan Oy - qattiq ayol "shubhasiz, o'tgan asrning eng nufuzli uch-to'rtta romanidan biri" sifatida.^[67]

Heinlein nashr qilmadi Begona yurtdagi musofir yozilganidan bir muncha vaqt o'tgach va erkin sevgi va radikal mavzular individualizm uning uzoq vaqtdan beri nashr etilmagan birinchi romanida ko'zga ko'ringan, Biz uchun tiriklar: bojxona komediyasi.

Oy - qattiq ayol Oy qamoqxonalari tomonidan olib borilgan mustaqillik urushi haqida, asosiy belgi, professor La Pazning hukumat tomonidan shaxs erkinligiga tahdidi to'g'risida muhim mulohazalari bilan.

Garchi Xaynlayn ilgari bir nechta qisqa hikoyalar yozgan bo'lsa ham xayol janr, bu davrda u o'zining birinchi fantastik romanini yozdi, Shon-sharaf yo'li. Yilda Begona yurtdagi musofir va Men yomonlikdan qo'rqmayman, u qattiq ilmni fantaziya, tasavvuf va uyushgan din satirasi bilan aralashtira boshladi. Tanqidchilar Uilyam X.Patterson, kichik va Endryu Tornton bu shunchaki Xaynlaynning uzoq yillik falsafiy qarama-qarshiligining ifodasidir, deb hisoblashadi. pozitivizm.^{[68][tekshirish kerak ]} Geynlayn unga ta'sir qilganligini ta'kidladi Jeyms Branch Cabell ushbu yangi adabiy yo'nalishni egallashda. Ushbu davrning so'nggi romani, Men yomonlikdan qo'rqmayman, tanqidchi Jeyms Giffordning so'zlariga ko'ra "deyarli hamma adabiy muvaffaqiyatsizlik sifatida qabul qilingan"^[69] va u o'zining kamchiliklarini Geynlaynning o'limi bilan bog'liq deb biladi peritonit.

Keyinchalik ish, 1980-1987

Sog'lig'i yomonlashgan etti yillik tanaffusdan so'ng, Geynlin 1980 yildan beri beshta yangi roman yaratdi (Hayvonning soni ) 1987 yilgacha (Quyosh botishi orqasida suzib borish ). Ushbu kitoblarda umumiy belgilar va vaqt va makon bor. Ular Geynlaynning falsafalari va e'tiqodlari to'g'risida juda ko'p aniq ma'lumot berishdi, va hukumat, jinsiy aloqa va din bilan bog'liq bo'lgan dialog va ekspozitsiyaning ko'plab uzoq, didaktik parchalari. Ushbu romanlar uning o'quvchilari va bitta tanqidchisi o'rtasida munozarali, Devid Langford, ular haqida juda salbiy yozgan.^[70] Geynlaynning to'rtta Gyugo mukofoti - bu davrgacha yozilgan kitoblar uchun.

Ushbu davrdagi romanlarning aksariyati tanqidchilar tomonidan "Kelajak tarixi" seriyasidan kelib chiqadigan deb tan olingan va "Jahon" atamasi bilan "Mif" deb nomlangan.^[71]

Mualliflik o'z-o'ziga murojaat qilish tendentsiyasi boshlandi Begona yurtdagi musofir va Sevgi uchun vaqt yetarli kabi romanlarda yanada yaqqolroq namoyon bo'ladi Devorlardan o'tadigan mushuk, uning birinchi shaxs qahramoni yozuvchiga aylangan nogiron harbiy faxriysi va ayol xarakteriga muhabbat topadi.^[72]

1982 yilgi roman Juma, odatiy sarguzasht hikoyasi (oldingi qisqa hikoyadan xarakter va voqeani qarz olish Fors ko'rfazi, shuningdek, ulanish takliflarini o'z ichiga oladi Qo'g'irchoq ustalari ) Heinlein mavzusini davom ettirib, Yerdagi jamiyatning parchalanishini davom ettirishini kutmoqda, shu bilan unvon qahramoni sayyoradan tashqarida yangi hayot izlashga undaydi. An'anaviy Xaynlayn notasi bilan yakunlanadi Oy - qattiq ayol yoki Sevgi uchun vaqt yetarli, bu erkinlikni chegaralarda topish mumkin.

1984 yilgi roman Ish: Adolat komediyasi uyushgan dinning keskin satirasi. Geynlaynning o'zi agnostik edi.^[73][74]

Vafotidan keyingi nashrlar

Uning o'limidan keyin Xaynlaynning bir nechta asarlari nashr etilgan, shu jumladan yuqorida aytib o'tilganlar Biz uchun, tiriklar shuningdek, 1989-yillarda Qabrdan noliydi, Xaynlayn va uning muharriri va agenti o'rtasidagi maktublar to'plami; 1992 yil Tramp Royale, 1950-yillarda Geynlaynlar olib borgan janubiy yarim shar sayohati sayohatnomasi; Hukumatingizni qaytarib oling, 1946 yilda yozilgan ishtirok etuvchi demokratiya to'g'risida qanday yozilgan kitob; va o'lpon hajmi deb nomlangan Rekviyem: Buyuk ustaga yig'ilgan asarlar va hurmatlar, ilgari kitob shaklida nashr etilmagan ba'zi bir qo'shimcha qisqa asarlarni o'z ichiga olgan. Asosiy ketma-ketlikda 2005 yilda nashr etilgan bo'lib, u ilgari hech bir Heinlein kitobida to'planmagan uchta hikoyani o'z ichiga oladi (Heinlein ularni "stinkeroos" deb atagan).

O'rgimchak Robinzon, Xaynlaynning hamkasbi, do'sti va muxlisi,^[75] yozgan O'zgaruvchan yulduz, 1955 yilda Geynlin tayyorlagan balog'atga etmagan bolalar romanining eskizlari va eslatmalariga asoslanib, roman 2006 yilda hamkorlikda nashr etilgan, muqovasida Geynlinning ismi Robinzonning ustki qismida joylashgan.

Geynlaynning nashr etilgan asarining to'liq to'plami nashr etildi^[76] Heinlein Prize Trust tomonidan "Virjiniya nashri" sifatida, xotinidan keyin. To'liq Ishlar bo'limiga qarang Robert A. Xaynlayn bibliografiyasi tafsilotlar uchun.

2019 yil 1 fevralda Feniks Pik Heinlein Prize Trust bilan hamkorlikda nashr etilmagan Heinlein romanining to'liq matni qayta tiklanganligini e'lon qildi. U 2020 yil mart oyida nashr etilgan. "Qayta tiklangan roman" nomli Pankerani ta'qib qilish: Parallel Universitetlar haqida parallel roman,^[77] ning muqobil versiyasidir Hayvonning soni, birinchi uchdan bir qismi bilan Pankerani ta'qib qilish asosan birinchi uchdan biriga o'xshash Hayvonning soni ammo qolgan qismi Pankerani ta'qib qilish butunlay chetga chiqib Hayvonning soni, butunlay boshqacha hikoya chizig'i bilan. Yangi rekonstruksiya qilingan roman hurmatga sazovor Edgar Rays Burrouz va E. E. "Doc" Smit. Bu tahrir qilingan Patrik Lobrutto. Ba'zi sharhlovchilar yangi rekonstruksiya qilingan romanni "Hayvonning soni" dan ko'ra an'anaviy Geynlayn romani uslubiga ko'proq mos kelishini tasvirlaydilar.^[78] Pankerani ta'qib qilish ba'zi sharhlovchilar tomonidan "Hayvon soni" ning asl nusxasidan ustun deb hisoblangan.^[79] Ikkalasi ham Pankerani ta'qib qilish va ning yangi nashri Hayvonning soni^[80] 2020 yil mart oyida nashr etilgan. Ikkinchisining yangi nashri subtitr bilan baham ko'rilgan Pankerani ta'qib qilish, shuning uchun huquqli Hayvonning soni: Parallel Universitetlar haqidagi parallel roman^[81][82]

Ta'sir

Geynlaynning yozish uslubiga asosiy ta'sir ko'rsatgan bo'lishi mumkin Rudyard Kipling. Kipling - bu ma'lum bo'lgan birinchi zamonaviy namunadir "bilvosita ekspozitsiya ", keyinchalik Heinlein mashhur bo'lgan yozuv texnikasi.^[83] Uning mashhur matnida "Spekulyativ fantastika yozish to'g'risida ", Xaynlayn Kiplingning so'zlarini keltiradi:

To'qqiz oltmish yo'l bor
Qabilaviy yotoqlarni qurish
Va ularning har biri to'g'ri

Begona yurtdagi musofir Kiplingning zamonaviylashtirilgan versiyasi sifatida paydo bo'lgan O'rmon kitobi, uning rafiqasi bolani bo'rilar o'rniga marsliklar tarbiyalashni taklif qilmoqda. Xuddi shunday, Galaktikaning fuqarosi Kipling romanining qayta boshlanishi sifatida qaralishi mumkin Kim.^[84]

The Starship Troopers ovoz berish uchun harbiy xizmatda bo'lish zarurligi haqidagi g'oyani Kipling tomonidan topish mumkin "Tushdagi armiya ":

Ammo biz biron bir tafsilot sifatida hech qachon eslatib o'tmaymiz, agar biz biron bir korpusda yoki boshqa biron bir tashkilotda ko'ngilli bo'lmasak - agar biz yaroqli bo'lsa, jangovar sifatida, agar yo'q bo'lsak - o'ttiz besh yoshgacha - biz buni qilmaymiz. ovoz beramiz, biz kambag'al bo'lmaymiz va ayollar bizni sevmaydi.

Poul Anderson bir paytlar Kiplingning ilmiy-fantastik hikoyasi haqida aytgan edi "A.B.C kabi oson "," ajoyib ilmiy-fantastik ip, keyinchalik Robert Xaynlaynning ishini ajratib turadigan tafsilotlar uchun xuddi shu ko'zni ko'rsatmoqda ".

Heinlein o'zini ham ta'sir qilgan deb ta'riflagan Jorj Bernard Shou, uning aksariyat o'yinlarini o'qigan.^[85] Shou oldingi muallifning misoli vakolatli odam, sevimli Heinlein arxetipi.^[86] Ammo u to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ta'sirini rad etdi Metuselaxga qaytish kuni Metuselahning bolalari.

Ko'rishlar

RAH v. 1953 yil

Geynlinning kitoblarida jinsiy, irqiy, siyosat va harbiy kabi bir qator mavzular bo'yicha bir qator fikrlar mavjud. Ko'pchilik o'zlarini ijtimoiy tanqid qilishda radikal yoki o'z vaqtidan oldinroq bo'lgan. Uning kitoblari Geynlaynning o'ziga xos qarashlari va evolyutsiyasi to'g'risida juda ko'p bahs-munozaralarga ilhom bergan va unga ham maqtovga, ham tanqid darajasiga erishgan. U, shuningdek, turli xil falsafiy savollar bo'yicha qarama-qarshilikda ayblangan.^[87]

Brayan Doxerti Ueyn Ueyn Pattersonning so'zlariga ko'ra, Geynlayn to'g'risida tushunchaga ega bo'lishning eng yaxshi usuli - bu "to'liq xizmat ko'rsatuvchi ikonoklast", bu narsalar bo'lishi shart emas deb qaror qilgan noyob shaxs ", deb davom etadi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, bu vizyon "Heinlein, ilmiy fantastika, libertarizm va Amerikaning markazida. Xaynlayn inson dunyosidagi barcha narsalar, bizning jinsiy axloqimiz, dinimiz, avtoulovlarimiz, hukumatimiz, madaniy omon qolish rejalarimiz va qudratimizni tasavvur qildi. nuqsonli bo'ling, hatto o'limga olib keladigan tarzda. "^[88]

Tanqidchi Elizabeth Anne Hull, o'z navbatida, Xaynlaynni asosiy hayotiy savollarni, ayniqsa "siyosiy hokimiyat - bir-birimiz oldidagi javobgarligimiz" va "shaxsiy erkinlik, xususan jinsiy erkinlik" haqidagi savollarni o'rganishga qiziqishi uchun maqtadi.^[89]

Edvard R. Murrow haqida ketma-ket uyushtirdi CBS radiosi deb nomlangan Men ishonaman, Heinlein-dan yozuvni iltimos qilgan, ehtimol bu nomning eng bardoshli va mashhur: Bizning olijanob, muhim odob-axloqimiz. In it, Heinlein broke with the normal trends, stating that he believed in his neighbors (some of whom he named and described), community, and towns across America that share the same sense of good will and intentions as his own, going on to apply this same philosophy to the US, and humanity in general.

Men o'z vatandoshlarimga ishonaman. Bizning sarlavhalarimiz jinoyatchilik bilan to'lib toshgan. Shunga qaramay, har bir jinoyatchi uchun o'n ming halol, odobli, mehribon erkak bor. Agar bunday bo'lmaganida, hech bir bola katta bo'lib yashamas edi. Biznes kundan kunga davom eta olmadi. Odob-axloq yangilik emas. U o'lganlarga ko'milgan, ammo bu jinoyatchilikdan kuchliroq kuch.

Siyosat

Heinlein's political positions shifted throughout his life. Heinlein's early political leanings were liberal.^[90] In 1934, he worked actively for the Demokratik kampaniyasi Upton Sinclair uchun Kaliforniya gubernatori. After Sinclair lost, Heinlein became an anti-Communist Democratic activist. U uchun muvaffaqiyatsiz taklif qildi Kaliforniya shtati assambleyasi seat in 1938.^[90] Heinlein's first novel, Biz uchun, tiriklar (written 1939), consists largely of speeches advocating the Ijtimoiy kredit system, and the early story "Qoniqtirmaslik " (1939) deals with an organization—"The Cosmic Construction Corps"—that seems to be Franklin D. Ruzvelt "s Fuqarolarni muhofaza qilish korpusi translated into outer space.^[91]

Of this time in his life, Heinlein later said:

At the time I wrote Methuselah's Children I was still politically quite naive and still had hopes that various libertarian notions could be put over by political processes ... It [now] seems to me that every time we manage to establish one freedom, they take another one away. Maybe two. And that seems to me characteristic of a society as it gets older, and more crowded, and higher taxes, and more laws.^[85]

Heinlein's fiction of the 1940s and 1950s, however, began to espouse konservativ qarashlar. After 1945, he came to believe that a strong dunyo hukumati was the only way to avoid mutual nuclear annihilation.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Uning 1949 yilgi romani Kosmik kadet describes a future scenario where a military-controlled global government enforces world peace. Heinlein ceased considering himself a Democrat in 1954.^[90]

The Heinleins formed the Patrik Genri ligasi in 1958, and they worked in the 1964 Barri Goldwater Prezidentlik kampaniyasi.^[25]

When Robert A. Heinlein opened his Kolorado-Springs newspaper on April 5, 1958, he read a full-page ad demanding that the Eisenhower Administration stop testing nuclear weapons. The science fiction author was flabbergasted. He called for the formation of the Patrick Henry League and spent the next several weeks writing and publishing his own polemic that lambasted "Communist-line goals concealed in idealistic-sounding nonsense" and urged Americans not to become "soft-headed".^[60]

That ad was entitled Patrik Anri vorislari kimlar?. It started with the famous Henry quotation: "Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!!". It then went on to admit that there was some risk to nuclear testing (albeit less than the "willfully distorted" claims of the test ban advocates), and risk of nuclear war, but that "The alternative is surrender. We accept the risks." Heinlein was among those who in 1968 signed a pro-Vetnam urushi reklama Galaxy Ilmiy Fantastika.^[92]

Heinlein always considered himself a libertarian; in a letter to Judith Merril in 1967 (never sent) he said, "As for libertarian, I've been one all my life, a radical one. You might use the term 'falsafiy anarxist "yoki"autarchist ' about me, but 'libertarian' is easier to define and fits well enough."^[93]

Begona yurtdagi musofir was embraced by the hippi qarshi madaniyat, and libertarians have found inspiration in Oy - qattiq ayol. Both groups found resonance with his themes of personal freedom in both thought and action.^[67]

Musobaqa

Heinlein grew up in the era of racial segregation in the United States and wrote some of his most influential fiction at the height of the Fuqarolik huquqlari harakati. He explicitly made the case for using his fiction not only to predict the future but also to educate his readers about the value of racial equality and the importance of racial tolerance.^[94] His early novels were very much ahead of their time both in their explicit rejection of racism and in their inclusion of protagonists of color. In the context of science fiction before the 1960s, the mere existence of characters of color was a remarkable novelty, with green occurring more often than brown.^[95] For example, his 1948 novel Kosmik kadet explicitly uses aliens as a metaphor for minorities. Uning romanida Yulduzli hayvon, amalda foreign minister of the Terran government is an undersecretary, a Mr. Kiku, who is from Africa.^[96] Heinlein explicitly states his skin is "ebony black" and that Kiku is in an uylangan that is happy.^[97]

In a number of his stories, Heinlein challenges his readers' possible racial preconceptions by introducing a strong, sympathetic character, only to reveal much later that he or she is of African or other ancestry. In several cases, the covers of the books show characters as being light-skinned when the text states or at least implies that they are dark-skinned or of African ancestry.^[100] Heinlein repeatedly denounced racism in his nonfiction works, including numerous examples in Kengaygan koinot.

Heinlein reveals in Starship Troopers that the novel's protagonist and narrator, Jonni Riko, the formerly disaffected scion of a wealthy family, is Filippin, actually named "Juan Rico" and speaks Tagalogcha ingliz tilidan tashqari.

Race was a central theme in some of Heinlein's fiction. The most prominent and controversial example is Farnhamning ozodligi, which casts a oq family into a future in which white people are the slaves of cannibalistic black rulers. In the 1941 novel Oltinchi ustun (shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan Ertadan keyin), a white resistance movement in the United States defends itself against an invasion by an Asian fascist state (the "Pan-Asians") using a "super-science" technology that allows ray weapons to be tuned to specific races. The book is sprinkled with racist slurs against Asian people, and black and Hispanic people are not mentioned at all. The idea for the story was pushed on Heinlein by editor Jon V. Kempbell, and Heinlein wrote later that he had "had to re-slant it to remove racist aspects of the original story line" and that he did not "consider it to be an artistic success".^[101][102] However, the novel prompted a heated debate in the scientific community regarding the plausibility of developing ethnic bioweapons.^[103]

Individualism and self-determination

In keeping with his belief in individualizm, his work for adults—and sometimes even his work for juveniles—often portrays both the oppressors and the oppressed with considerable ambiguity. Heinlein believed that individualism was incompatible with ignorance. He believed that an appropriate level of adult competence was achieved through a wide-ranging education, whether this occurred in a classroom or not. In his juvenile novels, more than once a character looks with disdain at a student's choice of classwork, saying, "Why didn't you study something useful?"^[104] Yilda Sevgi uchun vaqt yetarli, Lazarus Long gives a long list of capabilities that anyone should have, concluding, "Specialization is for insects." The ability of the individual to create himself is explored in stories such as Men yomonlikdan qo'rqmayman, "'- Hammangiz zombi ...'", va"By His Bootstraps ".

Heinlein claimed to have written Starship Troopers in response to "calls for the unilateral ending of nuclear testing by the United States".^[105] Heinlein suggests in the book that the Bugs are a good example of Communism being something that humans cannot successfully adhere to, since humans are strongly defined individuals, whereas the Bugs, being a collective, can all contribute to the whole without consideration of individual desire.^[106]

Jinsiy muammolar

For Heinlein, personal liberation included sexual liberation va ozod sevgi was a major subject of his writing starting in 1939, with Biz uchun, tiriklar. During his early period, Heinlein's writing for younger readers needed to take account of both editorial perceptions of sexuality in his novels, and potential perceptions among the buying public; as critic William H. Patterson has put it, his dilemma was "to sort out what was really objectionable from what was only excessive over-sensitivity to imaginary librarians".^[107]

By his middle period, sexual freedom and the elimination of sexual jealousy became a major theme; masalan, in Begona yurtdagi musofir (1961), the progressively minded but sexually conservative reporter, Ben Caxton, acts as a dramatik folga for the less parochial characters, Jubal Xarshaw and Valentine Michael Smith (Mike). Another of the main characters, Jill, is homophobic, and says that "nine times out of ten, if a girl gets raped it's partly her own fault."^[108]

According to Gary Westfahl,

Heinlein is a problematic case for feminists; on the one hand, his works often feature strong female characters and vigorous statements that women are equal to or even superior to men; but these characters and statements often reflect hopelessly stereotypical attitudes about typical female attributes. It is disconcerting, for example, that in Kengaygan koinot Heinlein calls for a society where all lawyers and politicians are women, essentially on the grounds that they possess a mysterious feminine practicality that men cannot duplicate.^[109]

In books written as early as 1956, Heinlein dealt with incest and the sexual nature of children. Many of his books including Yulduzlar vaqti, Shon-sharaf yo'li, Sevgi uchun vaqt yetarli va Hayvonning soni dealt explicitly or implicitly with incest, sexual feelings and relations between adults, children, or both.^[110] The treatment of these themes include the romantic relationship and eventual marriage, once the girl becomes an adult via time-travel, of a 30-year-old engineer and an 11-year-old girl in Yozda eshik or the more overt intra-familial incest in Quyosh botishi orqasida suzib borish va Farnhamning ozodligi. Heinlein often posed situations where the nominal purpose of sexual taboos was irrelevant to a particular situation, due to future advances in technology. Masalan, ichida Sevgi uchun vaqt yetarli Heinlein describes a brother and sister (Joe and Llita) who were mirror twins, being complementary diploids with entirely disjoint genomes, and thus not at increased risk for unfavorable gene duplication due to qarindoshlik. In this instance, Llita and Joe were props used to explore the concept of incest, where the usual objection to incest—heightened risk of genetic defect in their children—was not a consideration.^[111] Peers such as L. Sprague de lager va Deymon ritsar have commented critically on Heinlein's portrayal of incest and pedophilia in a lighthearted and even approving manner.^[110] However, Heinlein's intent seems more to provoke the reader and to question sexual mores than to promote any particular sexual agenda.^[112]

Falsafa

Yilda Quyosh botishi orqasida suzib borish, Heinlein has the main character, Mureen, state that the purpose of metafizika is to ask questions: "Why are we here?" "Where are we going after we die?" (and so on); and that you are not allowed to answer the questions. Asking the questions is the point of metaphysics, but javob berish them is not, because once you answer this kind of question, you cross the line into religion. Maureen does not state a reason for this; she simply remarks that such questions are "beautiful" but lack answers. Maureen's son/lover Lazarus Long makes a related remark in Sevgi uchun vaqt yetarli. In order for us to answer the "big questions" about the universe, Lazarus states at one point, it would be necessary to stand tashqarida koinot.

During the 1930s and 1940s, Heinlein was deeply interested in Alfred Korzybski "s umumiy semantik and attended a number of seminars on the subject. Uning qarashlari epistemologiya seem to have flowed from that interest, and his fictional characters continue to express Korzybskian views to the very end of his writing career. Many of his stories, such as Fors ko'rfazi, Agar bu davom etsa - va Begona yurtdagi musofir, depend strongly on the premise, related to the well-known Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, that by using a correctly designed language, one can change or improve oneself mentally, or even realize untapped potential (as in the case of Joe in Fors ko'rfazi – whose last name may be Greene, Gilead or Briggs).^[113]

Qachon Ayn Rand roman Fountainhead was published, Heinlein was very favorably impressed, as quoted in "Grumbles ..." and mentioned John Galt—the hero in Rand's Atlas yelkasini qisdi —as a heroic archetype in Oy - qattiq ayol. He was also strongly affected by the religious philosopher P. D. Ouspenskiy.^[19] Freudianism va psixoanaliz were at the height of their influence during the peak of Heinlein's career, and stories such as Yulduzlar vaqti indulged in psychological theorizing.

However, he was skeptical about Freudianism, especially after a struggle with an editor who insisted on reading Freudian sexual symbolism into his juvenile novels. Heinlein was fascinated by the ijtimoiy kredit movement in the 1930s. This is shown in Ushbu ufqdan tashqarida and in his 1938 novel For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs, which was finally published in 2003, long after his death.

Oldindan to'lang

Iboraoldindan to'lash ", though it was already in occasional use as a quotation, was popularized by Robert A. Heinlein in his book Sayyoralar orasida,^[114] published in 1951:

Bankir xalatining burmalariga kirib, bitta kredit varaqasini olib chiqdi. "Ammo birinchi navbatda ovqatlaning - qorin to'la qarorni qabul qiladi. Menga buni yangi kelganga xush kelibsiz deb qabul qilish sharafini bering."

Uning mag'rurligi "yo'q" dedi; uning qornini XA dedi! Don uni olib: "Uh, rahmat! Siz juda dahshatli odamsiz. Men uni qaytarib beraman, birinchi imkoniyat" dedi.

"Instead, pay it forward to some other brother who needs it."

He referred to this in a number of other stories, although sometimes just saying to pay a debt back by helping others, as in one of his last works, Job, a Comedy of Justice.

Heinlein was a mentor to Rey Bredberi, unga yordam berib, ehtimol Geynlaynga unga minnatdorchilik bildirgan maktubini e'lon qilish bilan mashhur bo'lgan kontseptsiyani davom ettirdi.^[115] Bredberining romanida Dandelion sharob, 1957 yilda nashr etilgan, unda asosiy qahramon Duglas Spulding janob Jonas tomonidan saqlanib qolingan hayotini aks ettirganida:

Janob Yonasga qanday qilib minnatdorchilik bildiraman? Unga qanday minnatdorchilik bildiraman, uni qanday qaytaraman? Iloji yo'q, umuman iloji yo'q. Siz shunchaki to'lay olmaysiz. Unda nima bo'ladi? Nima? Qandaydir tarzda topshiring, deb o'yladi u, boshqasiga etkazing. Zanjirni harakatga keltiring. Atrofga qarang, kimnidir toping va uni uzatib qo'ying. That was the only way ...

Bredberi, shuningdek, boshqa yozuvchilarga yordam berib, unga minnatdorchilik bildirishda yordam bergan yozuvchilarga maslahat berdi.^[116]

Heinlein both preached and practiced this philosophy; hozir Geynlayn jamiyati, a humanitarian organization founded in his name, does so, attributing the philosophy to its various efforts, including Heinlein for Heroes, the Heinlein Society Scholarship Program, and Heinlein Society blood drives.^[117] Author Spider Robinson made repeated reference to the doctrine, attributing it to his spiritual mentor Heinlein.^[118]

Ta'sir va meros

Faxriy yorliqlar

Heinlein is usually identified, along with Ishoq Asimov va Artur C. Klark, as one of the three masters of science fiction to arise in the so-called Golden Age of science fiction, bilan bog'liq Jon V. Kempbell and his magazine Ajablanarli.^[119]In the 1950s he was a leader in bringing science fiction out of the low-paying and less prestigious "pulpa ghetto". Most of his works, including short stories, have been continuously in print in many languages since their initial appearance and are still available as new paperbacks decades after his death.

Heinlein crater kuni Mars

He was at the top of his form during, and himself helped to initiate, the trend toward ijtimoiy fantastika, which went along with a general maturing of the genre away from kosmik opera to a more literary approach touching on such adult issues as politics and insonning shahvoniyligi. In reaction to this trend, qattiq ilmiy fantastika began to be distinguished as a separate subgenre, but paradoxically Heinlein is also considered a seminal figure in hard science fiction, due to his extensive knowledge of engineering and the careful scientific research demonstrated in his stories. Heinlein himself stated—with obvious pride—that in the days before pocket calculators, he and his wife Virginia once worked for several days on a mathematical equation describing an Earth-Mars rocket orbit, which was then subsumed in a single sentence of the novel Kosmik kadet.

Yozish uslubi

Heinlein is often credited with bringing serious writing techniques to the genre of science fiction.

For example, when writing about fictional worlds, previous authors were often limited by the reader's existing knowledge of a typical "space opera" setting, leading to a relatively low creativity level: The same starships, death rays, and horrifying rubbery aliens becoming ubiquitous. This was necessary unless the author was willing to go into long ekspozitsiyalar about the setting of the story, at a time when the word count was at a premium in SF.

But Heinlein utilized a technique called "indirect exposition ", perhaps first introduced by Rudyard Kipling in his own science fiction venture, the Havo nazorati kengashi hikoyalar. Kipling had picked this up during his time in Hindiston, using it to avoid bogging down his stories set in India with explanations for his English readers.^[120] This technique—mentioning details in a way that lets the reader infer more about the universe than is actually spelled out^[121] became a trademark rhetorical technique of both Heinlein and generation of writers influenced by him. Heinlein was significantly influenced by Kipling beyond this, for example quoting him in On the Writing of Speculative Fiction.^[122]

Likewise, Heinlein's name is often associated with the competent hero, a character archetype who, though he or she may have flaws and limitations, is a strong, accomplished person able to overcome any soluble problem set in their path. They tend to feel confident overall, have a broad life experience and set of skills, and not give up when the going gets tough. This style influenced not only the writing style of a generation of authors, but even their personal character. Xarlan Ellison once said, "Very early in life when I read Robert Heinlein I got the thread that runs through his stories—the notion of the competent man ... I've always held that as my ideal. I've tried to be a very competent man."^[123]

Rules of writing

When fellow writers, or fans, wrote Heinlein asking for writing advice, he famously gave out his own list of rules for becoming a successful writer:

1. You must write.
2. Finish what you start.
3. You must refrain from rewriting, except to editorial order.
4. You must put your story on the market.
5. You must keep it on the market until it has sold.

About which he said:

The above five rules really have more to do with how to write speculative fiction than anything said above them. But they are amazingly hard to follow – which is why there are so few professional writers and so many aspirants, and which is why I am not afraid to give away the racket!^[124]

Heinlein later published an entire article, "On the Writing of Speculative Fiction ", which included his rules, and from which the above quote is taken. When he says "anything said above them", he refers to his other guidelines. For example, he describes most stories as fitting into one of a handful of basic categories:

• The gadget story
• The human interest story
• Boy meets girl
• Kichkina tikuvchi
• The man-who-learned-better

In the article, Heinlein proposes that most stories fit into the either the gadget story or the human interest story, which is itself subdivided into the three latter categories. Shuningdek, u kreditlar L. Ron Xabard as having identified "The Man-Who-Learned-Better".

Influence among writers

Heinlein has had a pervasive influence on other science fiction writers. In a 1953 poll of leading science fiction authors, he was cited more frequently as an influence than any other modern writer.^[125] Critic James Gifford writes that

Although many other writers have exceeded Heinlein's output, few can claim to match his broad and seminal influence. Scores of science fiction writers from the prewar Golden Age through the present day loudly and enthusiastically credit Heinlein for blazing the trails of their own careers, and shaping their styles and stories.^[126]

Heinlein gave Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle extensive advice on a draft manuscript of Xudoning ko'zidagi mot.^[127] He contributed a cover blurb "Possibly the finest science fiction novel I have ever read." Yozuvchi Devid Gerrold, responsible for creating the tribbles in Yulduzli trek, also credited Heinlein as the inspiration for his Dingilliad qator romanlar. Gregori Benford refers to his novel Yupiter loyihasi as a Heinlein tribute. Xuddi shunday, Charlz Stross says his Hugo Award-nominated novel Saturn bolalari is "a space opera and late-period Robert A. Heinlein tribute",^[128] referring to Heinlein's Juma.^[129] The theme and plot of Kameron Hurley's novel, Yorug'lik brigadasi clearly echo those of Heinlein's Starship Troopers.^[130]

Words and phrases coined

Even outside the science fiction community, several words and phrases coined or adopted by Heinlein have passed into common English usage:

• Valdo, protagonist in the eponymous short story "Valdo ", whose name came to mean mechanical or robot arms in the real world that are akin to the ones used by the character in the story.
• Moonbat^[131] ichida ishlatilgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari siyosati as a pejorative political epitet referring to progressives or chapchilar, was originally the name of a space ship in his story "Space Jockey ".
• Grok, a "Martian" word for understanding a thing so fully as to become one with it, from Begona yurtdagi musofir.
• Space marine, an existing term popularized by Heinlein in short stories, the concept then being made famous by Starship Troopers, though the term "space marine" is not used in that novel.
• Spekulyativ fantastika, a term Heinlein used for the separation of serious, consistent science fiction writing, from the pop "sci fi" of the day, which generally took great artistic license with human knowledge, amounting to being more like space fantasy than fan fantastika.

Inspiring culture and technology

1962 yilda, Oberon Zell-Ravenheart (then still using his birth name, Tim Zell) founded the Church of All Worlds, a Neopagan religious organization modeled in many ways (including its name) after the treatment of religion in the novel Begona yurtdagi musofir. This spiritual path included several ideas from the book, including non-mainstream family structures, social libertarianism, water-sharing rituals, an acceptance of all religious paths by a single tradition, and the use of several terms such as "grok", "Thou art God", and "Never Thirst". Though Heinlein was neither a member nor a promoter of the Church, there was a frequent exchange of correspondence between Zell and Heinlein, and he was a paid subscriber to their magazine, Yashil tuxum. This Church still exists as a 501 (C) (3) religious organization incorporated in California, with membership worldwide, and it remains an active part of the neopagan community today.^[132] Zell-Ravenheart's wife, Tong shon-sharafi atamani o'ylab topdi polyamory 1990 yilda,^[133] another movement that includes Heinlein concepts among its roots.

Heinlein was influential in making kosmik tadqiqotlar seem to the public more like a practical possibility. His stories in publications such as Shanba kuni kechki xabar took a matter-of-fact approach to their outer-space setting, rather than the "gee whiz" tone that had previously been common. The documentary-like film Mo'ljal oyi himoyalangan a Kosmik poyga with an unspecified foreign power almost a decade before such an idea became commonplace, and was promoted by an unprecedented publicity campaign in print publications. Many of the astronauts and others working in the U.S. space program grew up on a diet of the Heinlein voyaga etmaganlar,^{[asl tadqiqotmi? ]} best evidenced by the naming of a crater on Mars after him, and a tribute interspersed by the Apollon 15 astronauts into their radio conversations while on the moon.^[134]

Heinlein was also a guest commentator (along with fellow sci-fi author Artur C. Klark ) uchun Valter Kronkayt ning qamrovi Apollon 11 Oyga qo'nish.^[135] He remarked to Cronkite during the landing that, "This is the greatest event in human history, up to this time. This is—today is New Year's Day of the Year One."^[136] Ishbilarmon va tadbirkor Elon Musk says that Heinlein's books have helped inspire his career.^[137]

Geynlayn jamiyati

The Heinlein Society was founded by Virjiniya Xaynlayn on behalf of her husband, to "pay forward " the legacy of the writer to future generations of "Heinlein's Children". The foundation has programs to:

• "Promote Heinlein blood drives."
• "Provide educational materials to educators."
• "Promote scholarly research and overall discussion of the works and ideas of Robert Anson Heinlein."

The Heinlein society also established the Robert A. Xaynlayn mukofoti in 2003 "for outstanding published works in science fiction and technical writings to inspire the human exploration of space".^[138][139]

Ommaviy madaniyatda

Bu maqola o'z ichiga olgan ko'rinadi ahamiyatsiz, mayda yoki o'zaro bog'liq bo'lmagan havolalar ommaviy madaniyat. Iltimos, mavzuni ommaviy madaniyatga ta'sirini tushuntirish uchun ushbu tarkibni qayta tashkil eting, iqtiboslarni taqdim etish ga ishonchli, ikkilamchi manbalar, shunchaki ko'rinishlarni ro'yxatlash o'rniga. Ma'lumot manbasi bo'lmagan materialga qarshi chiqish va olib tashlash mumkin. (2019 yil yanvar)

• 1967 yilda Yulduzli trek televizion epizod "Tribbles bilan bog'liq muammo ", the title creatures in the episode resembled the Martian flat cats in Heinlein's 1952 novel Rolling Stones. Ssenariy muallifi Devid Gerrold was concerned that he had inadvertently plagiarized the novel which he had read fifteen years before.^[140] These concerns were brought up by a research team, who suggested that the rights to the novel should be purchased from Heinlein. One of the producers phoned Heinlein, who only asked for a signed copy of the script and later sent a note to Gerrold after it aired to thank him for the script.^[141]
• In the 2001 novel The Counterfeit Heinlein by Laurence M. Janifer, Heinlein appears indirectly as the purported author of an ancient manuscript, supposedly one of his unpublished stories, "The Stone Pillow".^{[142][uchinchi tomon manbai kerak ]}
• Muallif Jon Varli, also a Heinlein fan, coined the term Heinleiner in his novels Chelik plyaj va Oltin globus. The term is now considered slang for rugged individualists.^[143][144]
• Musiqa
  • 1971 yilda, progressiv tosh guruh Ha released a three-part song called "Starship Trooper " on their album Ha albomi. Sarlavha olingan roman. Lirik muallif Jon Anderson said he got the idea of a "Starship Trooper being another guardian angel and Mother Earth".
  • 1974 yilda, Jimmi Uebb used the author's title Oy - qattiq ayol uchun his song of the same name.^[145]
  • The U2 song "Stranger in a Strange Land" was named for the novel.^[146]
  • Many people have collected the various parts of the Heinlein "song" Yerning Yashil tepaliklari – Heinlein used this trope in various stories, the characters occasionally mentioning the song and even quoting lines from it – and put them to music.^{[147][148][149]}

Hurmat

Orbital path of Robert Heinlein's ismli asteroid

In his lifetime, Heinlein received four Hugo mukofotlari, uchun Ikki yulduz, Starship Troopers, Begona yurtdagi musofirva Oy - qattiq ayol, and was nominated for four Tumanlik mukofotlari, uchun Begona yurtdagi musofir, Juma, Sevgi uchun vaqt yetarliva Ish: Adolat komediyasi.^[150] He was also given seven Retro-Hugos: two for best novel: "Beyond This Horizon" and "Farmer in the Sky"; Three for best novella: :"If This Goes On ...", "Waldo", and "Oyni sotgan odam "; one for best novelette: "The Roads Must Roll"; and one for best dramatic presentation: "Destination Moon".^{[151][152][153]}

Heinlein was also nominated for six Hugo Awards: Have Space Suit - Will Travel, Glory Road, Time Enough for Love, Friday, Job: A Comedy of Justice, Grumbles from the Grave; and six Retro Hugo Awards: Magic, Inc., "Requiem", "Coventry", "Blowups Happen", "Goldfish Bowl", "The Unpleasant Profession of Jonathan Hoag".

Heinlein was nominated for four Nebula Awards: The Moon is a Harsh Mistress, Time Enough for Love, Friday, Job: A Comedy of Justice

The Amerikaning ilmiy fantastika yozuvchilari named Heinlein its first Katta usta in 1974, presented 1975. Officers and past presidents of the Association select a living writer for lifetime achievement (now annually and including xayol adabiyot).^[14][15]

Asosiy kamar asteroid 6312 Robheinlein (1990 RH4), discovered on September 14, 1990 by H. E. Xolt, at Palomar was named after him.^[154]

There is no lunar feature named explicitly for Heinlein, but in 1994 the Xalqaro Astronomiya Ittifoqi nomlangan Heinlein crater on Mars in his honor.^[155][156]

The Shon-sharaf ilmiy fantastika va fantaziya zali inducted Heinlein in 1998, its third class of two deceased and two living writers and editors.^[157]

In 2001 the United States Naval Academy created the Robert A. Heinlein Chair In Aerospace Engineering.^[158]

In 2016, after an intensive online campaign to win a vote for the opening, Heinlein was inducted into the Mashhur Missuriyaliklar zali.^[159] His bronze bust, created by Kansas City sculptor E. Spencer Schubert, is on permanent display in the Missuri shtati Kapitoliy yilda Jefferson Siti.^[160]

The Libertarian Futurist Society has honored five of Heinlein's novels and two short stories with their shon-sharaflar zali mukofot.^[161] The first two were given during his lifetime for Oy - qattiq ayol va Begona yurtdagi musofir. Five more were awarded posthumously for Qizil sayyora, Metuselahning bolalari, Sevgi uchun vaqt yetarliva qisqa hikoyalar Rekviyem va Koventri.

Shuningdek qarang

• Robert A. Xaynlayn bibliografiyasi
• Geynlayn jamiyati
  • Robert A. Xaynlayn mukofoti
  • Kosmosni tijoratlashtirishdagi yutuqlari uchun Geynlin mukofoti
• Heinlein Centennial Convention
• Robert A. Heinlein belgilar ro'yxati
• "Uilyam Proksmirning qaytishi "

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar

Boshqa manbalar

Tashqi havolalar

• Geynlayn jamiyati
• sayt: RAH
• Heinlein arxivi
• Robert va Virjiniya Xaynlayn mukofoti
• Kanzas-Siti shahrida yuz yillik bayram, 2007 yil 7-iyul.
• Heinlein Nexus, Centennial harakatining jamoat davomi.
• 1952 Mashhur mexanika Heinlein-ning Kolorado uyiga ekskursiya. 2005 yil 3-iyun kuni kirish huquqiga ega
• Heinleinia.com, Heinlein hayoti va asarlarini interaktiv ravishda o'rganish
• Robert Anson Xaynlayn da Qabrni toping
• Xaynlayn Hurmatli mehmonga nutq so'zlamoqda da 34-chi Butunjahon ilmiy fantastika konvensiyasi, kuni YouTube

Biografiya va tanqid

• "Robert A. Xaynlaynning tarjimai holi". Shon-sharaf ilmiy fantastika va fantaziya zali.
• Frederik Pol kuni Robert A. Xaynlayn bilan ishlash
• Geynlayn haqidagi obzor va biografik insho Li Sandlin tomonidan, Wall Street Journal, 27 iyun, 2014 yil. "Xaynlayn barcha zamonlarning eng yaxshi ilmiy-fantast yozuvchisi edi, keyin esa u eng yomonga aylandi".

Bibliografiya va asarlar

• Robert A. Xaynlayn da Internet-spekulyativ fantastika ma'lumotlar bazasi
• Robert A. Xaynlayn Internetdagi kitoblar ro'yxatida
• Robert A. Xaynlen tomonidan yaratilgan da Kutubxonani oching
• Robert A. Xaynlayn tomonidan yoki u haqida da Internet arxivi
• Robert A. Xaynlayn kuni IMDb
• Uchun yordam qidirish Robert A. va Virjiniya G. Xaynlayn hujjatlari