Gotik fantastika - Gothic fiction

Gotik fantastika, asosan subgenri tomonidan ma'lum bo'lgan Gotik dahshat, badiiy adabiyotni birlashtirgan adabiyot va filmning janri yoki rejimi dahshat, o'lim va ba'zida romantik. Uning kelib chiqishi ingliz muallifiga tegishli Horace Walpole, uning 1764 yil bilan roman Otranto qal'asi, subtitr bilan (ikkinchi nashrida) "Gothic Story". Gotik fantastika ikkalasiga ham ahamiyat berishga intiladi hissiyot va terrorning yoqimli turi Romantik Valpol romani nashr etilgan paytda nisbatan yangi bo'lgan adabiy harakat. Gothic o'quvchilari orasida ushbu "zavq" lar orasida eng keng tarqalgani bu edi ulug'vor - "bizni o'zimizdan ustun qo'yadigan" ta'riflab bo'lmaydigan tuyg'u.^[1]

Adabiy janr 18-asrning ikkinchi yarmida Angliyada paydo bo'lgan, u erda Valpoldan keyin u yanada rivojlangan. Klara Riv, Ann Radcliffe, Uilyam Tomas Bekford va Metyu Lyuis. Bu janr 19-asrda nasrda guvoh bo'lganidek, juda ko'p muvaffaqiyatga erishdi Meri Shelli "s Frankenshteyn va asarlari Edgar Allan Po shu qatorda; shu bilan birga Charlz Dikkens o'zining romanlari bilan, Rojdestvo Kerol va she'riyatda Samuel Teylor Kolidj va Lord Bayron. Ushbu janrdagi yana bir taniqli roman, kechqurun boshlangan Viktoriya davri, bo'ladi Bram Stoker "s Drakula.

Ism Gotik, dastlab Gotlar, keyin "nemis" degan ma'noni anglatadi,^[2] ga ishora qiladi Gotik me'morchilik ning o'rta asrlar davri ushbu hikoyalarning aksariyati sodir bo'lgan Evropa tarixining. Ushbu ekstremal shakl Romantizm butun Evropada, ayniqsa ingliz va nemis tillarida yozuvchi va rassomlar orasida juda mashhur edi.^[3] Ingliz Gotik romani, shuningdek, nemis kabi yangi roman turlariga sabab bo'ldi Shauerroman va frantsuzlar rim noir.^[4]

Otranto qal'asi (1764) birinchi gotik roman sifatida qaraladi. Kitobning estetikasi zamonaviy gotik kitoblar, filmlar, san'at, musiqa va gotlar submulturasini shakllantirdi.^[5]

Erta gotika romantikalari

Horace Walpole

Roman odatda birinchi gotik roman sifatida qabul qilinadi Otranto qal'asi ingliz muallifi tomonidan Horace Walpole birinchi marta 1764 yilda nashr etilgan.^[5] Valpolning e'lon qilgan maqsadi u o'zini juda xayoliy deb bilgan o'rta asr romantikasi elementlarini va u qat'iy realizm bilan cheklangan deb hisoblagan zamonaviy romanni birlashtirish edi.^[6] Asosiy syujet boshqa ko'plab asosiy gotik xususiyatlarni yaratdi, shu jumladan tahdid qiluvchi sirlar va ajdodlarning la'nati, shuningdek yashirin parchalar va tez-tez hushidan ketayotgan qahramonlar kabi ko'plab tuzoqlarni yaratdi.

Walpole uydirma tarjimon tomonidan kashf etilgan va qayta nashr etilgan Italiyadan O'rta asr romantikasi niqobi ostida birinchi nashrni nashr etdi. Walpole ikkinchi nashrida o'z muallifligini tan olganida, adabiy sharhlovchilar tomonidan dastlab ijobiy qabul qilish rad etishga aylandi. Sharhlovchilarning rad etilishi ko'proq madaniy tanqislikni aks ettirdi: romantik odatda o'qimishli odamlar yozma va buzilgan yozuv turi sifatida nafrat bilan qarashgan; janrlari faqat asarlari orqali biroz hurmatga sazovor bo'ldi Samuel Richardson va Genri Filding.^[7] Xurofot unsurlari bilan ishqiy munosabat va bundan tashqari didaktik niyat yo'q, bu muvaffaqiyatsizlik deb qabul qilindi va qabul qilinmaydi. Valpolning qalbakilashtirish tarixi va badiiy uyg'unligi bilan birga, printsiplariga zid bo'lgan Ma'rifat va Gothic romanini soxta hujjatlar bilan bog'lagan.

Klara Riv

Klara Riv, eng yaxshi ishi bilan tanilgan Qadimgi ingliz baroni (1778), Valpol syujetini olishga va fantastik elementlarni 18-asr realizmi bilan muvozanatlashtirib, uni zamon talablariga moslashtirishga kirishdi.^[5] O'zining muqaddimasida Riv shunday deb yozgan edi: «Bu hikoya adabiy avloddir Otranto qal'asi, xuddi shu reja asosida, qadimiy romantika va zamonaviy romanning eng jozibali va qiziqarli holatlarini birlashtirgan dizayni bilan yozilgan. "^[5] Endi Walpole kabi bema'ni bo'lmagan g'ayritabiiy hodisalar oddiy odamlarning fikrlarini ularga ishonishiga olib kelmaydimi degan savol tug'ildi.^[8]

Got fantastikasini rivojlantirishda Rivning hissasi, shuning uchun kamida ikkita jabhada namoyish etilishi mumkin. Birinchisida, Gothik hikoya doirasini kuchaytirish bor, u Valpol kashshof bo'lgan romanni belgilaydigan realizmni yo'qotmasdan g'ayritabiiylikni o'z ichiga olishi uchun xayoliy sohani kengaytirishga qaratilgan.^[9] Ikkinchidan, Riv shuningdek, fantastika ishonchli va izchil bo'lishini ta'minlash uchun tegishli formulani topishga hissa qo'shishga intildi. Natijada u Walpole uslubida o'ziga xos jihatlarni, masalan, juda ko'p hazil yoki kulgili elementlarni singdirish tendentsiyasi, Gotik ertakning qo'rquvni keltirib chiqaradigan qobiliyatini pasaytirishi bilan izohladi. 1777 yilda Riv Valpolning ortiqcha jihatlarini sanab o'tdi:

uni ko'tarish uchun yuz kishini talab qiladigan darajada katta qilich; o'z og'irligi bilan sud hovlisidan kemerli tonozga o'tishga majbur qiladigan, odam o'tishi uchun etarlicha katta bo'lgan dubulg'a; uning ramkasidan chiqib ketadigan rasm; zohid sigiridagi skelet ruhi ...^[10]

Gothic yozuvchilarining ketma-ketligi Rivning hissiy realizmga yo'naltirilganligiga to'liq e'tibor bermagan bo'lsa-da, u gotika fantastikasini ehtimoliy doirada saqlaydigan asos yaratishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Ushbu jihat ushbu janr mualliflari uchun "Old English Baron" nashridan keyin ham muammo bo'lib qolmoqda. O'zining g'ayritabiiy kontekstidan tashqari, g'ayritabiiylik ko'pincha bema'ni tomon burilish xavfini boshdan kechiradi.^[11]

Ann Radcliffe

Ann Radcliffe ning texnikasini ishlab chiqdi g'ayritabiiy tushuntirdi unda g'ayritabiiy tuyulgan har bir tajovuz oxir-oqibat tabiiy sabablarga qarab izlanadi.^[12] Gotika adabiyoti va ayol gotikasiga ta'sir ko'rsatganligi sababli Radcliffe "Buyuk sehrgar" va "Ona Radklif" deb nomlangan.^[13] Radklifning vizual elementlar va ularning effektlaridan foydalanishi dunyoni "lisoniy vizual naqshlar" orqali o'qish va "axloqiy nigoh" ni rivojlantirishning innovatsion strategiyasini tashkil etadi, bu esa o'quvchilarga voqealarni so'zlar orqali tasavvur qilish, vaziyatlarni tushunish va terrorizmni his qilishlariga imkon beradi. belgilar o'zlarini boshdan kechirmoqda.^[14]

Uning muvaffaqiyati ko'plab taqlidchilarni jalb qildi.^[15] Boshqa elementlar qatorida Ann Radcliffe Gotik yomon odamning (Sitsiliya romantikasi (1790 yilda), deb belgilanadigan adabiy qurilma Bayronik qahramoni. Radklifning romanlari, avvalo Udolpho sirlari (1794), eng ko'p sotilgan. Biroq, o'sha paytdagi aksariyat romanlar bilan bir qatorda, ko'plab bilimdon odamlar tomonidan ularga sensatsionistik bema'nilik sifatida qarashgan.

Radklif shuningdek, paydo bo'layotgan "gotik feminizm" g'oyasini ilhomlantirdi, u o'zini ayol hokimiyati g'oyasi orqali o'zini go'yoki va sahnalashtirilgan zaiflik orqali ifoda etdi. Ushbu g'oyaning qaror topishi ayol gothikaning "qiyin ... gender tushunchasi" ga aylana boshladi.^[16]

Radcliffe, shuningdek, "She'riyatdagi g'ayritabiiylik to'g'risida" nufuzli maqolasida janr uchun estetikani taqdim etdi,^[17] gotika fantastikasida dahshat va terrorning farqi va o'zaro bog'liqligini o'rganib,^[18] uning modelida terrorning noaniqliklaridan foydalangan holda g'ayritabiiy.^[19] Terrorizm va ajablanish tajribalarini vizual tavsif bilan birlashtirish o'quvchilarni xushnud etgan va Radklifni boshqa gotik yozuvchilardan ajratib turadigan usuldir.^[20]

Kadrlash moslamasi sifatida tarjima

Kamida ikkita gotik mualliflari o'zlarining romanlari uchun ramkalash vositasi sifatida tarjimaning adabiy kontseptsiyasidan foydalanadilar. Ann Radcliffening Gothic romani Italiya uning hikoyachisi, o'quvchi tinglamoqchi bo'lgan voqeani yozgan va cherkovda tan olgan voqeani eshitgan yaqin do'sti tomonidan italiyalik kishiga ishonib topshirilgan qo'lyozmadan tarjima qilingan deb ta'kidlagan og'ir ramkaga ega. Radcliffe o'zining ushbu g'ayrioddiy hikoyasi o'quvchiga qanday etib borganligini tasdiqlash uchun ushbu tarjima ramkasidan foydalanadi.^[21] Gothic romanining xayoliy muqaddimasida Otranto qal'asi, Horace Walpole, uning hikoyasi Italiyada ishlab chiqarilgan, nemis tilida yozilgan, keyin kashf etilgan va ingliz tiliga tarjima qilingan. Valpolning transmilliy tarjima haqidagi hikoyasi uning romaniga gotika janriga juda xos bo'lgan jozibali ekzotizm havosini beradi.^[22]

Evropa qit'asidagi o'zgarishlar

Gothic romanining rivojlanishi bilan bir vaqtda Evropaning qit'asida romantik adabiy harakatlar rivojlandi. The rim noir ("qora roman") Frantsiyada, kabi yozuvchilar tomonidan paydo bo'lgan Fransua Giyom Dyukray-Duminil, Baculard d'Arnaud va Madam de Genlis. Germaniyada Shauerroman ("titroq roman") kabi yozuvchilar bilan qiziqish uyg'otdi Fridrix Shiller kabi romanlar bilan Arvohni ko'ruvchi (1789) va Christian Heinrich Spiess kabi romanlar bilan Das Petermännchen (1791/92). Ushbu asarlar ko'pincha ingliz gotika romaniga qaraganda dahshatli va zo'ravon edi.

Metyu Lyuis

Ingliz yozuvchisi Metyu Lyuis "monastirlik buzuqligi, qora sehr va diabolizm haqidagi bejirim ertak Rohib (1796) Angliyaga kontinental "dahshat" rejimini olib keldi. Lyuis buzuq rohiblar, sadist inkvizitorlar va spektral rohibalar obrazida^[23]- va uning katolik cherkoviga nisbatan g'ayritabiiy qarashlari ba'zi o'quvchilarni dahshatga soldi, ammo Rohib janrning rivojlanishida muhim ahamiyatga ega edi.

Rohib so'nggi romanida Enn Radklifga ham ta'sir ko'rsatdi, Italiya (1797). Ushbu kitobda baxtsiz qahramonlar Schedoni nomli badjahl rohib tomonidan aldov tarmog'iga ilinib, oxir-oqibat Inkvizitsiya Rimda, zamondoshlaridan birini, agar Radkliff ushbu sahnalar dahshatidan o'tishni xohlasa, u jahannamga tashrif buyurishi kerakligini aytdi.^[24]

The Markiz de Sad ba'zi bir fantastik asarlari uchun subgotik ramkadan foydalangan, xususan Fazilatning baxtsizliklari va Evgeniya de Franvalgarchi Markizning o'zi buni hech qachon o'ylamagan bo'lsa ham. Sade o'zining so'zboshisida janrni tanqid qildi Roman haqidagi mulohazalar (1800) Gothic "butun Evropa jaranglagan inqilobiy shokning muqarrar mahsuli" ekanligini ta'kidlagan. Zamonaviy tanqidchilar ushbu janrning o'zaro bog'liqligini ham ta'kidladilar Frantsiya inqilobchisi Terror va Radklif va Lyuis vakili bo'lgan "terrorizm maktabi".^[25] Sade ko'rib chiqildi Rohib Ann Radcliffe ishidan ustun bo'lish.

Nemis gotika fantastikasi

Nemis gotik fantastikasi odatda atama bilan tavsiflanadi Shauerroman ("titroq roman"). Biroq, janrlari Gespensterroman/Geysterroman ("arvoh roman"), Ruberroman ("qaroqchi roman"), va Ritterroman ("ritsarlik romani") shuningdek ingliz "gotik romani" bilan syujet va motivlarni tez-tez baham ko'radi. Uning nomidan ko'rinib turibdiki, Ruberroman ta'sirida noqonuniy hayot va qilmishlariga qaratilgan Fridrix fon Shiller dramaturgiya Qaroqchilar (1781). Geynrix Zschokke "s Abällino, der grosse Bandit (1793) ingliz tiliga tarjima qilingan M.G. Lyuis kabi Venetsiyaning Bravo 1804 yilda Ritterroman ritsarlar va askarlarning hayoti va ishlariga bag'ishlangan, ammo sehrli sehr, maxfiy sudlar va o'rta asrlarning tuzilishi kabi gotik romanida uchraydigan ko'plab elementlarga ega. Benedikte Naubert roman Unna Hermann (1788) ga juda yaqin bo'lgan deb qaraladi Shauerroman janr.^[26]

Muddat esa Shauerroman ba'zan "Gothic roman" atamasi bilan tenglashtiriladi, bu qisman to'g'ri. Ikkala janr ham O'rta asrlarning dahshatli tomoniga asoslangan bo'lib, ikkalasida ham tez-tez bir xil elementlar (qal'alar, arvoh, hayvonlar va boshqalar) mavjud. Biroq, ShauerromanAsosiy elementlar nekromansiya va maxfiy jamiyatlar bo'lib, u inglizlarning gotik romaniga qaraganda ancha pessimistikdir. Ushbu elementlarning barchasi Fridrix fon Shillerning tugallanmagan romaniga asos bo'lib xizmat qiladi Arvohni ko'ruvchi (1786–1789). Yashirin jamiyatlarning motivlari Karl Grossening hayotida ham mavjud Dahshatli sirlar (1791–1794) va Xristian Avgust Vulpius "s Rinaldo Rinaldini, qaroqchi kapitan (1797).^[27]

Boshqa dastlabki mualliflar va asarlar kiritilgan Christian Heinrich Spiess, uning asarlari bilan Das Petermännchen (1793), Der alte Überall und Nirgends (1792), Die Lyvenritter (1794) va Xans Xiling, vierter und letzter Regent der Erd- Luft- Foyer- und Vasser-Gayster (1798); Geynrix fon Kleist qissasi "Das Bettelweib von Locarno" (1797); va Lyudvig Tiek "s Sariq fotosini Ekbert (1797) va Der Runenberg (1804).^[28] Ayollar tomonidan yozilgan gotikaning dastlabki namunalariga quyidagilar kiradi Sophie Albrecht "s Das höfliche Gespenst (1797) va Graumännchen oder die Rabenbühl: eine Geistergeschichte altteutschen Ursprungs (1799).^[29]

Keyingi yigirma yil davomida Germaniyada gotika adabiyotining eng mashhur muallifi polimat edi E. T. A. Hoffmann. Uning romani Iblisning eliksirlari (1815) Lyuis romanidan ta'sirlangan Rohib, va hatto kitob davomida buni eslatib o'tadi. Shuningdek, roman motivini o'rganib chiqadi doppelgänger, boshqa nemis muallifi (va Hoffmanning tarafdori) tomonidan kiritilgan atama, Jan Pol uning hazil romanida Sibenkas (1796–1797). Shuningdek, u opera asosida yozgan Fridrix de la Motte Fouqué Gothic hikoyasi Ovqatlanish, de la Motte Fouening o'zi librettoni yozmoqda.^[30] Hoffmann va de la Motte Fouédan tashqari, davrning yana uchta muhim mualliflari Jozef Freyherr fon Eyxendorf (Marmar haykal, 1819), Lyudvig Achim fon Arnim (Die Majoratsherren, 1819) va Adelbert fon Chamisso (Piter Shlemixl Geshichhtening o'rniga g'olib chiqdi, 1814).^[31]

Ulardan keyin, Wilhelm Meinhold yozgan Amber jodugari (1838) va Sidoniya fon Bork (1847). Shuningdek, nemis tilida yozish, Jeremias Gotthelf yozgan Qora o'rgimchak (1842), gotika mavzularidan foydalangan allegorik asar. Nemis yozuvchisidan so'nggi asar Teodor bo'roni, Oq otda chavandoz (1888), shuningdek Gothic motivlari va mavzularidan foydalanadi.^[32] 20-asrning boshlarida ko'plab nemis mualliflari ta'sirida asarlar yozdilar Shauerroman, shu jumladan Xanns Xaynts Ewers.^[33]

Rus gotika fantastikasi

Rus gotikasi 1990 yillarga qadar rus tanqidchilari tomonidan janr yoki yorliq sifatida qaralmagan. Agar ishlatilgan bo'lsa, "gotika" so'zi (asosan erta) asarlarini tavsiflash uchun ishlatilgan Fyodor Dostoyevskiy. Aksariyat tanqidchilar shunchaki "romantizm" va "teglardan foydalanganlarfantastique ", masalan, 1984 yil ingliz tiliga tarjima qilingan hikoyalar to'plamida 19-asr ruslarining Gotik ertaklari , lekin dastlab nomlangan Fantastickiy mir russkiy romanichkoy povesti, tom ma'noda, "Rossiya romantizmining hayoliy dunyosi Qissalar / Novella".^[34] Biroq, 1980-yillarning o'rtalaridan boshlab rus gotik fantastikasi janr sifatida bu kabi kitoblarda muhokama qilinmoqda XIX asr rus adabiyotidagi gotik-fantastik, Evropa Gotikasi: Ruhlangan almashinuv 1760–1960, Rus Gothic romani va uning ingliz antikalari va Gotikheskiy roman va Rossii (Rossiyadagi gotik roman).

Asarlari gotik fantastika deb ta'riflangan birinchi rus muallifi hisoblanadi Nikolay Mixaylovich Karamzin. Uning ko'plab asarlarida gothik elementlar mavjud bo'lsa-da, faqat sof gothic fantastika yorlig'iga tegishli deb hisoblangan birinchi asar Ostrov Borngolm (Bornxolm oroli) 1793 yildan.^[35] Taxminan 10 yil o'tgach, Nikolay Ivanovich Gnedich 1803 yilgi romani bilan ergashdi Don Korrado de Gerrera, hukmronligi davrida Ispaniyada o'rnatilgan Filipp II.^[36]

"Gothic" atamasi ba'zan balladalar ning Vasiliy Andreyevich Jukovskiy, xususan "Lyudmila" (1808) va "Svetlana" (1813). Hozirda quyidagi she'rlar gotik janrga mansub deb hisoblanadi: Meshchevskiyning "Lila", Kateninning "Olga", Pushkin "Kuyov", Pletnev "Gravedigger" va Lermontov "Jin".^[37]

Romantizm davrining boshqa mualliflariga quyidagilar kiradi: Antoniy Pogorelskiy (Aleksey Alekseyevich Perovskiyning taxallusi), Orest Somov, Oleksa Storozhenko,^[38] Aleksandr Pushkin, Nikolay Alekseevich Polevoy, Mixail Lermontov (uning ishi uchun Stuss) va Aleksandr Bestuzhev-Marlinskiy.^[39] Pushkin ayniqsa muhimdir, chunki uning 1833 yilgi qissa "Spades malikasi "juda mashhur edi, u operalarga va keyinchalik rus va xorijiy rassomlarning filmlariga moslashtirildi. Mixail Yurevich Lermontovning ba'zi qismlari"Bizning zamonamizning qahramoni "(1840) gothic janriga mansub deb ham hisoblanmoqda, ammo ularga boshqa rus gotik hikoyalarining g'ayritabiiy elementlari etishmayapti.

Viy, jinoyatchilar dunyosi lordidan xuddi shu nomdagi hikoya Gogol tomonidan

Romantizmdan realizmga o'tishning asosiy muallifi, Nikolay Vasilevich Gogol, shuningdek, romantizmning eng muhim mualliflaridan biri bo'lgan, gotik fantastika deb nomlangan bir qator asarlarni yaratgan. Uning uchta qisqa hikoyalar to'plamining har birida gotika janriga tegishli bo'lgan bir qator hikoyalar, shuningdek gotik elementlarni o'z ichiga olgan ko'plab hikoyalar mavjud. Bunga quyidagilar kiradi: "Seynt Jonning arafasi "va"Dahshatli qasos "dan Dikanka yaqinidagi fermada oqshomlar (1831–1832); "Portret "dan Arabesklar (1835); va "Viy "dan Mirgorod (1835). Hammasi taniqli bo'lsa-da, ikkinchisi, ehtimol, eng sakkizta filmga moslashishga (ikkitasi yo'qolgan deb hisoblanmoqda), bitta animatsion filmga, ikkita hujjatli filmga, shuningdek, videofilmga ilhom bergan eng mashhurdir. Gogolning ijodi g'arbiy Evropaning gotik fantastikasidan farq qiladi, chunki uning madaniy ta'siri Ukraina folklori, Kazak turmush tarzi va juda dindor odam bo'lish, Pravoslav nasroniylik.^[40][41]

Gogol davrining boshqa tegishli mualliflari kiradi Vladimir Fyodorovich Odoevskiy (Tirik murda, 1838 yilda yozilgan, 1844 yilda nashr etilgan; Arvoh; Silfid; shuningdek, qissa), Graf Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy (Vourdalak oilasi, 1839 va Vampir, 1841), Mixail Zagoskin (Kutilmagan mehmonlar), Yozef Skovski /Osip Senkovskiy (Antar) va Yevgeniy Baratinskiy (Uzuk).^[39]

Gogoldan keyin rus adabiyotida realizm avj oldi, ammo ko'plab mualliflar gotik fantastika hududida hikoyalar yozishda davom etishdi. Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev, deb yozgan eng taniqli realistlardan biri Faust (1856), Fantomlar (1864), Zafarli sevgi qo'shig'i (1881) va Klara Milich (1883). Yana bir klassik rus realisti, Fyodor Mixaylovich Dostoyevskiy, uning ko'plab asarlarida gotik elementlarni mujassam etgan, garchi uning bironta romani sof gotika sifatida ko'rilmasa ham.^[42] Grigoriy Petrovich Danilevskiy, tarixiy va erta yozgan ilmiy fantastika romanlar va hikoyalar, yozgan Mertvec-ubiytsa (O'lik qotil) 1879 yilda. Shuningdek, Grigori Aleksandrovich Maxtet "Zaklyatiy kazak" hikoyasini yozgan, endi uni ham gotika deb hisoblash mumkin.^[43]

So'nggi yillarda Rossiya imperiyasi 20-asrning boshlarida ko'plab mualliflar gotik fantastika janrida yozishni davom ettirdilar. Bularga tarixchi va tarixiy fantast yozuvchi kiradi Aleksandr Valentinovich Amfiteatrov; Leonid Nikolayevich Andreev, psixologik xarakteristikani ishlab chiqqan; ramziy ma'noga ega Valeriy Yakovlevich Bryusov; Aleksandr Grin; Anton Pavlovich Chexov;^[44] va Aleksandr Ivanovich Kuprin.^[43] Nobel mukofoti sovrindori Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin yozgan Quruq vodiy Gotik adabiyot ta'sirida deb hisoblangan (1912).^[45] Muireann Maguire o'zining ushbu mavzudagi monografiyasida: "Gothic-fantastikning rus fantastika markazini bo'rttirish deyarli mumkin emas va jahon adabiyoti kontekstida istisno" deb yozadi.^[46]

Romantiklar

Meri Shelli "s Frankenshteyn; yoki zamonaviy Prometey (1818) romantik davrda gotika fantastikasini aniqlashga keldi. Old qism 1831 yilgacha nashr etilgan.

Gotik janrga keyingi hissa qo'shiqlari romantik shoirlar ijodida kuzatilgan. Taniqli misollar qatoriga kiradi Samuel Teylor Kolidj "s Qadimgi dengizchilarning rejimi va Christabel shu qatorda; shu bilan birga Jon Kits ' La Belle Dame Merci-ni himoya qiladi (1819) va Izabella yoki reyhanli idish (1820) bu sirli ayollarning xususiyatlarini namoyish etadi.^[47] So'nggi she'rda qahramonlarning nomlari, tush ko'rgan tushunchalar va makabral fizik tafsilotlar premyeraning gothicist Ann Radcliffe romanlari ta'sirida.^[47] Persi Byishe Shelli Birinchi nashr etilgan asar Gothic romanidir Zastrozzi (1810), otasi va o'gay ukasidan qasos olishga mahkum bo'lgan noqonuniy shaxs haqida. Shelli 1811 yilda ikkinchi gotik romanini nashr etdi, Sankt-Irvine; yoki, Rosicrucian, o'lmaslik sirini berishga intilayotgan alkimyogar haqida.

She'riyati, romantik sarguzashtlari va xarakteri Lord Bayron— uning sevgilisi bilan ajralib turadi Ledi Kerolin Qo'zi "aqldan ozgan, yomon va xavfli" deb bilish - gotika uchun yana bir ilhom bo'lib, arxetipni ta'minladi. Bayronik qahramoni. Bayron Ledi Kerolaynning Gothic romanining bosh qahramoni sifatida ishtirok etadi Glenarvon (1816).

Bayron, shuningdek, o'zi ishtirok etgan taniqli arvohlar hikoyalari tanlovining mezboni edi, Persi Byisshe Shelley, Meri Shelli va Jon Uilyam Polidori sohilidagi Villa Diodati-da Jeneva ko'li 1816 yil yozida. Bu voqea Meri Shelli uchun ham samarali bo'ldi Frankenshteyn (1818) va Polidori Vampir Bayronik ishtirok etgan (1819) Lord Rutven. Vampir madaniy tanqidchi Kristofer Frayling tomonidan yozilgan va g'azabni keltirib chiqargan eng nufuzli badiiy asarlardan biri sifatida qayd etilgan. vampir fantastikasi va bugungi kungacha to'xtamagan teatr (va keyinchalik film).^[48] Meri Shellining romani, garchi gotika an'analari ta'sirida bo'lsa-da, ko'pincha hayvonning animatsiyasi haqidagi ilmiy izohlarning yo'qligiga va aksincha, bunday ijodning axloqiy muammolari va oqibatlariga e'tibor bermasligiga qaramay, birinchi ilmiy fantastik roman hisoblanadi.

An'anaviy gotikaning so'nggi namunasi Melmoth Wanderer (1820) tomonidan Charlz Maturin katolikizmga qarshi mavzular va Bayron qahramoni bilan birlashtirilgan.^[49] Jeyn C. Loudon "s Mumiya! (1827) standart Gothic motiflari, obrazlari va syujetlarini aks ettiradi, ammo bitta muhim burilish bilan: u yigirma ikkinchi asrda o'rnatildi va kelajakda to'rt yuz yil ichida yuz berishi mumkin bo'lgan fantastik ilmiy ishlanmalar haqida fikr yuritadi va shu bilan uni uni bilan birga eng qadimgi misollar Frankenshteyn, ning ilmiy fantastika gotika an'analaridan rivojlanayotgan janr.^[50]

Viktoriya Gotikasi

Muqovasi a Varney Vampir nashr (1845)

Viktoriya davriga kelib, Gothic dominant janr bo'lishni to'xtatdi va ko'pchilik tanqidchilar tomonidan rad etildi. (Haqiqatan ham, shaklning mashhur janr sifatida mashhurligi allaqachon muvaffaqiyatga erisha boshladi tarixiy romantik tomonidan ommalashtirilgan Ser Valter Skott.) Biroq, ko'p jihatdan, endi u o'zining eng ijodiy bosqichiga o'tayotgan edi. 1800-yillarning boshlarida o'quvchilar va tanqidchilar ilgari e'tibordan chetda qolgan bir qator Penny Blood yoki "ni qayta ko'rib chiqishni boshladilartin dahshatli "kabi mualliflarning seriyali uydirmalari Jorj V. M. Reynolds Gothic dahshatli romanlari trilogiyasini yozgan: Faust (1846), Wehr-bo'ri (1847) va Necromancer (1857).^[51] Reynolds ham javobgar edi London sirlari Dikkens va boshqalarning asarlari bilan qiziqarli bog'lanishlarni amalga oshirish mumkin bo'lgan hudud, ayniqsa, Viktoriya davridagi Gotik muhit sifatida shaharni rivojlantirishda muhim o'rin egalladi. Ushbu davrdan qo'rqinchli yana bir tanga tanga noma'lum muallif edi Varney Vampir (1847). Varney ning ertagi vampir Ser Frensis Varni va ularning ko'plarini tanishtirdi troplar mavjud vampir fantastikasi zamonaviy tomoshabinlar uchun taniqli - bu vampir uchun o'tkir tishlarga murojaat qilgan birinchi hikoya edi.^[52] O'rta sinf davriy nashrlarida seriyalashgan, asosan, ishchi sinf tomoshabinlari uchun seriyalashtirilgan ushbu fantastikalar va taxminan zamondosh sensatsion fantastikalar o'rtasidagi rasmiy munosabatlar ham izlanishga arziydi.

Edgar Allan Po gotika fantastikasining muhim qayta tarjimoni edi.

Ushbu davrda gotikaning muhim va innovatsion tarjimoni bo'ldi Edgar Allan Po. Po tez-tez aqldan ozganligi sababli, gotik hikoyalarning an'anaviy elementlariga va o'z belgilarining psixologiyasiga ko'proq e'tibor qaratdi. Poning tanqidchilari uning "nemis" ertaklaridan shikoyat qilishdi, u "terror Germaniyadan emas, balki ruhdan" deb javob berdi. Po, tanqidchining o'zi, terrorni qonuniy adabiy mavzu deb hisoblar edi. Uning hikoyasi "Usher uyining qulashi "(1839) aristokratik parchalanish, o'lim va jinnilikning klassik gotik troplarini qayta ko'rib chiqish paytida ushbu" qalb dahshatlarini "o'rganadi.^[53] Afsonaviy yovuzlik Ispaniya inkvizitsiyasi, ilgari gotikistlar Radkliff, Lyuis va Maturinlar tomonidan o'rganilgan, tirik qolgan odam haqidagi haqiqiy ma'lumotga asoslanadi "Chuqur va mayatnik "(1842). Ta'siri Ann Radcliffe Po-da ham aniqlanadi "Oval portret "(1842), shu jumladan hikoya matnida uning ismining faxriy zikri.

Poda yaqqol namoyon bo'lgan Bayronik romantizmning ta'siri singillar Brontening ishlarida ham yaqqol sezilib turadi. Emili Bronte "s Wuthering balandliklari (1847) gotikani taqiqlangan Yorkshir mavrlariga ko'chiradi va ruhiy Xetklifning ruhida hayoliy tasavvurlar va Bayronik qahramoniga ega. Brontes fantastikasi ba'zi feministik tanqidchilar tomonidan ko'riladi^{[iqtibos kerak ]} ayollarning ichki makonda tuzoqqa tushishini va patriarxal hokimiyatga bo'ysunishini va bunday cheklovni buzish va undan qochish uchun transgressiv va xavfli urinishlarni o'rganadigan ayol gotikaning eng yaxshi namunalari. Emili Keti va Sharlotta Bronte Jeyn Eyr ikkalasi ham bunday rolda ayol qahramonlarga misoldir.^[54] Louisa May Alkott Gothic potboiler, Uzoq halokatli muhabbatni ta'qib qilish (1866 yilda yozilgan, ammo 1995 yilda nashr etilgan) ham ushbu kichik janrning qiziqarli namunasidir.

Elizabeth Gaskell "Griffitlarning qiyomi" (1858) "Lois Jodugar" va "Kulrang ayol" ertaklari gotika fantastikasining eng keng tarqalgan mavzularidan biri, kelajak avlodlarni la'natlash uchun ajdodlar gunohining kuchi yoki qo'rquvdan foydalanadi. ular buni qilishadi.

Janr, shuningdek, aksariyat asosiy yozuvchilarga og'ir ta'sir ko'rsatdi, masalan Charlz Dikkens o'spirinligidayoq gotik romanlarni o'qigan va ularning g'amgin muhiti va melodramasini o'z asarlarida mujassam etgan, ularni yanada zamonaviy davrga va shahar sharoitiga, shu jumladan Oliver Tvist (1837–8), Bleak House (1854) (Mighall 2003) va Ajoyib kutishlar (1860-61). Ular o'sha metropolda kambag'allarning tartibsizligi va vahshiyligi yonida boy, tartibli va boy tsivilizatsiyaning yonma-yon joylashishiga ishora qildilar. Bleak House-ning taqdimotini ko'rganligi uchun alohida e'tiborga sazovor shahar tuman shahar Gotik adabiyoti va filmining tez-tez xarakteristikasiga aylanadigan romanga (Mighall 2007). Uning eng aniq Gothic asari - so'nggi romani, Edvin Droodning siri, u oxirigacha yashamagan va 1870 yilda vafot etgandan so'ng tugallanmagan holda nashr etilgan. Gothic romanining kayfiyati va mavzulari Viktorianlar uchun motam marosimlariga berilib, o'ziga xos qiziqish uyg'otdi. yodgorliklar va umuman o'lim.

Robert Lui Stivenson "s Doktor Jekil va janob Xaydning g'alati ishi (1886) 1880-yillarning ko'plab gotik asarlari bo'lib, ko'plab sahna moslashuvlarini ko'rgan.

1880-yillarda gotikaning tiklanishi ittifoqdosh bo'lgan kuchli adabiy shakl sifatida ko'rildi fin de siecle, axloqiy degeneratsiya singari zamonaviy qo'rquvni uydirgan va vaqtning ijtimoiy tuzilmalarini shubha ostiga qo'ygan. Buning klassik asarlari Shahar gotikasi o'z ichiga oladi Robert Lui Stivenson "s Doktor Jekil va janob Xaydning g'alati ishi (1886), Oskar Uayld "s Dorian Greyning surati (1891), Jorj du Maurier "s Trilbi (1894), Richard Marsh "s Qo'ng'iz (1897), Genri Jeyms ' Vintning burilishi (1898) va hikoyalari Artur Machen. Kanadalik yozuvchining ba'zi asarlari Gilbert Parker shuningdek, janrga kiradi, jumladan hikoyalar Hech qanday burilish bo'lmagan yo'l (1900).^[55]

Hozirgacha eng mashhur gotik jinoyatchi, Graf Drakula, tomonidan yaratilgan Bram Stoker uning romanida Drakula (1897). Stokerning kitobi ham o'rnatildi Transilvaniya va Sharqiy Evropa locus classicus gotika.^[56] Gaston Leroux seriallangan roman Opera fantastikasi (1909-1910) - 20-asr boshlaridagi gotik fantastikaning yana bir taniqli namunasi.

Amerikada, Gothic an'analariga ko'ra, 19-asr oxiridagi ikki taniqli yozuvchi bo'lgan Ambrose Bierce va Robert V. Chambers. Bierening qisqa hikoyalari Poning dahshatli va pessimistik an'analarida edi. Palatalar, Uayld va Machenning tanazzulga uchragan uslubiga, hatto "Uayld" nomli obrazni uning tarkibiga qo'shganiga qadar Sariq rangdagi qirol.

Bram Stoker, muallifi Drakula

Irlandiyalik gotika

Irlandiyada gotika fantastikasi bu asarni saqlab qolish tendentsiyasiga ega edi Angliya-Irlandiya Protestant ko'tarilishi. Adabiyotshunosning fikriga ko'ra Terri Eagleton, Charlz Maturin, Sheridan Le Fanu va Bram Stoker irlandiyalik gotik sub-janrning asosini bepusht landshaftda qurilgan qal'alar va protestant astsendansiyasiga duchor bo'lgan mustamlakachi Irlandiyaning siyosiy ahvolini allegorik shaklda ifodalaydigan atavistik dehqonlarga ustun bo'lgan uzoq aristokratlar tarkibi aks etgan hikoyalar tashkil etadi.^[57] Le Fanu g'amgin yovuz odamdan foydalanish, mansionni taqiqlash va quvg'in qilingan qahramonni Silas amaki (1864) Valpolning ham bevosita ta'sirini ko'rsatadi Otranto va Radklifning Udolpho. Le Fanuning hikoyalar to'plami Qorong'i oynada (1872) ajoyib vampir ertakini o'z ichiga oladi Karmilla Gothicning ushbu yo'nalishi uchun yangi qon bilan ta'minlangan va ta'sirlangan Bram Stoker "s vampir roman Drakula (1897).

19-asrda ayol-ingliz-irland mualliflari ham gotik fantastika yozgan, shu jumladan Sidney Ouenson, eng mashhur Yovvoyi Irlandiyalik qiz va Regina Mariya Roche, kimning romani Klermon tomonidan satirik edi Jeyn Ostin yilda Northanger Abbey.

Irland katoliklari 19-asrda gotika fantastikasini ham yozishgan, shuning uchun ingliz-irland hukmronlik qilgan va sub-janrni aniqlagan bo'lsa ham, ular unga egalik qilmagan. Irland katolik gotik yozuvchilari kiritilgan Jerald Griffin, Jeyms Klarens Mangan va Jon va Maykl Banim. Uilyam Karleton taniqli gotik yozuvchi edi, lekin u hayoti davomida katoliklikdan anglikanizmga o'tdi va bu uning bu ikkilamchilikdagi mavqeini murakkablashtirdi.^[58]

Prekursorlar

Gothic adabiyotining konventsiyalari XVIII asrda Horace Walpole tomonidan ixtiro qilinmagan. Oxir-oqibat gotika adabiyotiga qo'shilib ketadigan tarkibiy qismlar Valpol o'rta asrlarning xayoliy qo'lyozmasini taqdim etgan paytgacha boy tarixga ega edi. Otranto qal'asi 1764 yilda.

Sirli tasavvur

Gothic adabiyoti ko'pincha "hayrat" va "terror" kabi so'zlar bilan tavsiflanadi.^[59] Gothika uchun juda muhim bo'lgan kufrni to'xtatib turadigan hayrat va dahshat hissi, bu parodiya qilingan holatlar bundan mustasno, hatto vaqti-vaqti bilan olib boriladigan melodramalar uchun ham, o'z-o'zini jiddiy tarzda to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ijro etiladi - tasavvurni talab qiladi "darhol oldimizda turgan narsadan tashqarida" narsa bo'lishi mumkin degan fikrni qabul qilishga tayyor bo'lgan o'quvchi. Gothic adabiyoti har qanday tortishish uchun zarur bo'lgan sirli xayol gotika paydo bo'lishidan oldin bir muncha vaqt o'sib borgan. Buning zarurati ma'lum bo'lgan dunyo dunyoning o'ziga xos geografik sirlarini kamaytirib, ko'proq o'rganila boshlaganda paydo bo'ldi. Xaritaning chekkalari to'ldirilgan edi, hech kim ajdarlarni topolmadi. Inson aqli uning o'rnini bosishni talab qildi.^[60] Klayv Bloom nazarida kollektiv tasavvurdagi bu bo'shliq gotika an'analarining yuksalishi uchun madaniy imkoniyatni rivojlantirishda muhim ahamiyatga ega edi.^[61]

O'rta asrlar

Gothicning dastlabki asarlari O'rta asrlarga tegishli edi, ammo bu Valpoldan ancha oldin keng tarqalgan mavzu edi. Ayniqsa Britaniyada umumiy o'tmishni qaytarish istagi bor edi. Ushbu obsesyon tez-tez ekstravagant me'moriy namoyishlarga olib keldi va ba'zida soxta musobaqalar o'tkazildi. O'rta asrlarning tiklanishi nafaqat adabiyotda o'zini his qildi va bu ham 1764 yilda qabul qilingan o'rta asrlik asarini qabul qilishga tayyor bo'lgan madaniyatga hissa qo'shdi.^[60]

Macabre va kasal

Gothic ko'pincha o'z ta'siriga erishish uchun parchalanish, o'lim va kasallanish manzaralarini qo'llaydi (ayniqsa Italiyaning Gothic Horror maktabida). Biroq, Gothic adabiyoti bu an'ananing kelib chiqishi emas edi; chindan ham bu juda qadimgi edi. Odatda gotikaning dastlabki davrlari bilan bog'liq bo'lgan jasadlar, skeletlar va cherkovlar mashhur bo'lgan Qabriston shoirlari kabi romanlarda ham mavjud edi Daniel Defoningniki Vabo yilining jurnali, vabo aravalari va vabo murdalari uyumlarining kulgili manzaralarini o'z ichiga olgan. Hatto ilgari ham shoirlar yoqadi Edmund Spenser kabi she'rlarida g'amgin va g'amgin kayfiyatni uyg'otdi Epitalamion.^[60]

Hissiy estetik

Yuqorida aytib o'tilgan Gothicgacha bo'lgan adabiyotning barcha jihatlari ma'lum darajada gotikada uchraydi, lekin hattoki birgalikda olingan bo'lsa ham, ular baribir haqiqiy gotikadan kam bo'lib qoladilar.^[60] Elementlarni bir-biriga bog'lashga xizmat qiladigan estetik narsa etishmayotgan edi. Bloomning ta'kidlashicha, bu estetik nazariy yoki falsafiy yadro shaklini olishi kerak, bu "eng yaxshi ertaklarni shunchaki latifaga yoki nomuvofiq sensatsionalizmga aylanib qolish" uchun zarurdir.^[62] Bunday holda, estetik hissiy bo'lishi kerak edi, bu nihoyat tomonidan ta'minlandi Edmund Burknikidir 1757 ish, Bizning yuksak va go'zal g'oyalarimizning kelib chiqishi to'g'risida falsafiy so'rov, bu "nihoyat gotik hissiy tajribani kodlaydi."^[63] Xususan, Burkning Yuksaklik, Terror va Xiralashuv haqidagi fikrlari eng mos edi. Ushbu bo'limlarni quyidagicha umumlashtirish mumkin: Sublime - bu "ong his qila oladigan eng kuchli tuyg'u"; Sublime ko'pincha terror tomonidan chaqiriladi; va Terrorni vujudga keltirish uchun bizga biron bir noaniqlik kerak - biz terrorni vujudga keltirayotgan narsa haqida hamma narsani bila olmaymiz - aks holda "katta qo'rquv yo'qoladi"; Noma'lum terrorni boshdan kechirish uchun noaniqlik zarur.^[60] Bloomning ta'kidlashicha, Burkning tavsiflovchi lug'ati oxir-oqibat gotikani xabardor qilgan romantik asarlar uchun muhim bo'lgan.

Siyosiy ta'sirlar

Gotikaning tug'ilishiga siyosiy g'alayon boshlanishi ta'sir qilgan deb o'ylardi. Tadqiqotchilar uning tug'ilishini Angliya fuqarolar urushi bilan bog'lab, a Yakobit birinchi Gothic romaniga (1764) yaqinda qo'zg'olon (1745). Kollektiv siyosiy xotira va u bilan bog'liq har qanday chuqur madaniy qo'rquv, ehtimol gotikaning yovuz belgilariga mag'lub bo'lganlarning adabiy vakillari sifatida yordam bergan Tori baronlar yoki Royalistlar XVIII asr oxirlarida Angliyaning burjua o'quvchisini vahimaga solish uchun ilk gotika sahifalarida o'zlarining siyosiy qabrlaridan "ko'tarilish".^{[64][65][66][67]}

Parodiya

An'anaviy gotikaning haddan tashqari ko'pligi, stereotiplari va tez-tez bema'niliklari uni satira uchun boy hududga aylantirdi.^[68] Gothicning eng mashhur parodi Jeyn Ostin roman Northanger Abbey (1818), unda sodda qahramon juda ko'p gotika fantastikasini o'qiganidan so'ng, o'zini Radliklif romantikasining qahramoni deb biladi va har tomondan qotillik va yovuzlikni tasavvur qiladi, garchi haqiqat juda prozaik bo'lib chiqsa. Jeyn Ostinning romani qadimgi Gotika asarlari ro'yxatini o'z ichiga olganligi bilan qadrlidir Northanger Horrid romanlari. Ushbu kitoblar, noma'lum nomlari bilan, bir vaqtlar Jeyn Ostinning xayoliy ijodi deb o'ylashgan edi, ammo keyinchalik tadqiqotlar olib borgan Maykl Sadleyr va Montague Summers ular haqiqatan ham mavjudligini tasdiqladilar va gotikaga bo'lgan qiziqishni kuchaytirdilar. Hozirda ularning barchasi qayta nashr etilmoqda.^[69]

Shunga o'xshash venada Gothic parodiyasining yana bir misoli Qahramon tomonidan Eaton Stannard Barrett (1813). Cherry Wilkinson, roman o'qish tarixiga ega bo'lgan semiz ayol qahramon o'zini gotika romantikasining qahramoni sifatida tasavvur qiladi. U haqiqatni Gothic romanining stereotiplari va tipik syujet tuzilmalari bo'yicha qabul qiladi va modellashtiradi, natijada falokat bilan yakunlangan bema'ni voqealar ketma-ketligiga olib keladi. Uning yiqilishidan so'ng, uning ta'sirlari va haddan tashqari xayollari oxir-oqibat aql-idrok ovozi bilan Stuart, ya'ni otalik figurasi ostida bo'ysunadi, uning rahbarligi ostida qahramon yaxshi ta'lim oladi va uning noto'g'ri ta'mini tuzatadi.^[70]

Zamonaviy gotika

Gotik fantastika zamonaviy mualliflar tomonidan keng qo'llanilmoqda. 21-asrning eng ko'p sotilgan kitoblaridan biri, Alacakaranlık tomonidan Stephenie Meyer, endi 2001 yil bilan bir qatorda gotik roman sifatida tobora ko'proq aniqlanmoqda Karlos Ruis Zafon roman Shamol soyasi.^[71] Ko'plab zamonaviy dahshatli yozuvchilar (yoki haqiqatan ham boshqa fantastika turlari) gotikaning sezgirligini namoyish etadilar - misollarga quyidagilar kiradi: Anne Rays, Stella Kulson, Syuzan Xill, Ko'knor Z. Brite va Nil Geyman, shuningdek ba'zi bir asarlari Stiven King.^[72][73] Tomas M. Disch roman Ruhoniy (1994) subtitr bilan nashr etilganGotik romantikva qisman Metyu Lyuisning namunasi bo'lgan Rohib.^[74]

Gothicning romantik yo'nalishi qabul qilindi Dafne du Maurier "s Rebekka (1938), bu ba'zi tomonidan ta'sirlangan deb hisoblaydi Sharlotta Bronte "s Jeyn Eyr.^[75] Du Maurierning boshqa kitoblari, masalan Yamayka mehmonxonasi (1936), shuningdek Gothic tendentsiyalarini namoyish etadi. Du Maurier's work inspired a substantial body of "female Gothics", concerning heroines alternately swooning over or being terrified by scowling Byronic men in possession of acres of prime real estate and the appertaining droit du seigneur.

Contemporary American writers in this tradition include Joys Kerol Oates, in such novels as Bellefleur va Qonga botgan ishq and short story collections such as Night-Side (Skarda 1986b) and Raymond Kennedy uning romanida Lulu Incognito. The Janubiy Ontario gotikasi applies a similar sensibility to a Canadian cultural context. Robertson Devies, Elis Munro, Barbara Govdi, Timoti Findli va Margaret Atvud have all produced works that are notable exemplars of this form. Another writer in this tradition was Genri Farrell, whose best-known work was the 1960 Hollywood horror novel What Ever Happened To Baby Jane? Farrell's novels spawned a subgenre of "Grande Dame Guignol" in the cinema, represented by such films as the 1962 film based on Farrell's novel, qaysi yulduzcha Bette Devis ga qarshi Joan Krouford; this subgenre of films was dubbed the "psycho-biddy " genre.

A number of Gothic traditions have also developed in countries of the former British Empire, including New Zealand Gothic (or Maori Gothic)^[76] and Australian Gothic, often addressing the fears and trauma of their countries experiences with colonial imperialism,^[77] as well as the vastness of the Australian continent.^[78] Novels in the Australian tradition include Keyt Grenvill "s Yashirin daryo va ishi Kim Skott.^[79] An even smaller genre is Tasmaniya gotikasi, by and about the island of Tasmaniya, prominent in Gouldning baliqlar kitobi tomonidan Richard Flanagan va Kuchli partiya tomonidan Roxan Uilson.

Many of these writers, such as Poppy Z. Brite, Stephen King and particularly Clive Barker have focused on the surface of the body and the visuality of blood.^[80]

Pulpa

Pulpa jurnallari kabi G'alati ertaklar reprinted and popularized Gothic horror from the prior century.

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Notable English 20th-century writers in the Gothic tradition include Algernon Blekvud, Uilyam Hope Xojson, M. R. Jeyms, Xyu Valpol va Marjorie Bowen. Amerikada pulpa jurnallari kabi G'alati ertaklar reprinted classic Gothic horror tales from the previous century, by such authors as Poe, Artur Konan Doyl, and Edward Bulwer-Lytton and printed new stories by modern authors featuring both traditional and new horrors.^[81] Ularning eng ahamiyatlisi edi H. P. Lovecraft who also wrote a conspectus of the Gothic and supernatural horror tradition in his Adabiyotda g'ayritabiiy dahshat (1936) as well as developing a Mythos that would influence Gothic and contemporary horror well into the 21st century. Lovecraft's protégé, Robert Bloch, o'z hissasini qo'shdi G'alati ertaklar va qalamga olingan Psixologiya (1959), which drew on the classic interests of the genre. From these, the Gothic genre o'z-o'zidan gave way to modern dahshatli fantastika, regarded by some literary critics as a branch of the Gothic^[82] although others use the term to cover the entire genre.

Modernist Gothic

In the 20th century, Gothic fiction and Modernizm influenced each other. This is often most evident in detective fiction, horror fiction, and science fiction, but the influence of the Gothic can also be seen in the high literary modernism of the 20th-century, as well. Oskar Uayld "s Dorian Greyning surati, published in 1890, initiates the re-working of older literary forms and myths that becomes common in the work of W. B. Yeats, T. S. Eliot va Jeyms Joys, Boshqalar orasida.^[83]

In Joyce's Uliss, the living are transformed into ghosts, which points to an Ireland in stasis at the time, but also a history of cycles of trauma from the Katta ochlik in the 1840s through to the current moment of the text.^[84] Yo'l Uliss uses tropes of the Gothic such as ghosts and hauntings while removing the literally supernatural elements of 19th-century Gothic fiction is indicative of the general form of modernist gothic writing in the first half of the 20th-century.

Janubiy gotika

The genre also influenced American writing yaratish Janubiy gotika genre, which combines some Gothic sensibilities (such as the grotesk ) with the setting and style of the Southern United States. Bunga misollar kiradi Erskin Kolduell, Uilyam Folkner, Karson Makkuller, Jon Kennedi Tul, Meni Ueyd Uellman, Eudora Uelti, Rhodi Hawk, Tennessi Uilyams, Truman Kapote, Flannery O'Connor, Devis Grubb, Anne Rays, Harper Li va Kormak Makkarti.^[85]

New Gothic romances

Gothic romances of this description became popular during the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, with authors such as Filis A. Uitni, Joan Ayken, Doroti Eden, Viktoriya Xolt, Barbara Mayklz, Meri Styuart, and Jill Tattersall. Many featured covers depicting a terror-stricken woman in diaphanous attire in front of a gloomy qal'a, often with a single lit window. Many were published under the Qog'ozli kutubxona Gothic imprint and were marketed to a female audience. Though the authors were mostly women, some men wrote Gothic romances under female pseudonyms. For instance the prolific Clarissa Ross and Marilyn Ross were pseudonyms for the male Dan Ross va Frank Belknap Long published Gothics under his wife's name, Lyda Belknap Long. Another example is British writer Piter O'Donnel, who wrote under the pseudonym Madeleine Brent. Outside of imprints like Love Spell, who discontinued publishing in 2010, very few books seem to be published using the term today.^[86]

Ta'limda

Educators in literary, cultural, and architectural studies appreciate the Gothic as an area that facilitates the investigation of the beginnings of scientific certainty. Sifatida Kerol Senf has stated, "the Gothic was (...) a counterbalance produced by writers and thinkers who felt limited by such a confident worldview and recognized that the power of the past, the irrational, and the violent continue to hold sway in the world."^[87] As such, the Gothic helps students better understand their own doubts about the self-assurance of today's scientists. Scotland is the location of what was probably the world's first postgraduate program to exclusively consider the genre: the MLitt in the Gothic Imagination at the Stirling universiteti, which first recruited in 1996.^[88]

Boshqa ommaviy axborot vositalari

The themes of the literary Gothic have been translated into other media. The early 1970s saw a Gothic Romance comic book mini-trend with such titles as DC komikslari ' The Dark Mansion of Forbidden Love va The Sinister House of Secret Love, Charlton komikslari ' Peru muhabbat, Kurtis jurnallari ' Gothic Tales of Loveva Atlas / Seaboard komikslari ' bir martalik jurnal Gothic Romances.

There was a notable revival in 20th-century Gothic horror films such the classic Umumjahon hayvonlar films of the 1930s, Hammer dahshati filmlar va Rojer Korman "s Poe cycle.^[89] Yilda Hind kinosi, the Gothic tradition was combined with aspects of Hind madaniyati, particularly reincarnation, to give rise to an "Indian Gothic" genre, beginning with the films Mahal (1949) va Madhumati (1958).^[90] Modern Gothic horror films include Uyqusiz bo'shliq, Vampir bilan intervyu, Dunyo olami, Bo'ri odam, Jahannamdan, Dorian Grey, To'g'ri kirishga ruxsat bering, Qora kiyimdagi ayol va Crimson Peak.

The Oscar-winning Korean-language film Parazit has been described as "Gothic" as well – specifically, "Revolutionary Gothic".^[91]

The 1960s Gothic television series Dark Shadows borrowed liberally from the Gothic tradition and featured elements such as haunted mansions, vampires, witches, doomed romances, werewolves, obsession, and madness.

The Showtime TV series Penny Dreadful brings many classic gothic characters together in a psychological thriller that takes place in the dark corners of Victorian London (2014 debut).

Recently, the Netflix original, Tepalik uyining ta'qib qilinishi va uning vorisi Bly Manorning bezovtalanishi, integrate classic gothic conventions in the form of modern psychological horror.

20th-century rock music also had its Gothic side. Qora shanba 's 1970 debyut albom created a dark sound different from other bands at the time and has been called the first ever "Goth-rock" record.^[92] Themes from Gothic writers such as H. P. Lovecraft were also used among Gotik tosh va og'ir metall guruhlar, ayniqsa qora metall, trash metall (Metallika "s Ktuluning chaqiruvi), o'lim metall va gotik metall. For example, heavy metal musician King Diamond delights in telling stories full of horror, theatricality, Satanizm va katoliklikka qarshi kurash uning kompozitsiyalarida.^[93]

Turli xil video O'yinlar feature Gothic horror themes and plots. Masalan, Castlevania series typically involves a hero of the Belmont lineage exploring a dark, old castle, fighting vampires, werewolves, Frankenstein's monster, and other Gothic monster staples, culminating in a battle against Dracula himself. Boshqalar, masalan Ghosts'n Goblinlar feature a campier parody of Gothic fiction.

Yilda rol o'ynash o'yinlari (RPG), the pioneering 1983 Dungeons & Dragons sarguzasht Ravenloft instructs the players to defeat the vampire Strahd fon Zarovich, who pines for his dead lover. It has been acclaimed as one of the best role-playing adventures of all time, and even inspired an entire fictional world of the same name. "Zulmat olami " is another RPG set in the real world, with the added element of the existence of a multitude of supernatural creatures such as the Kurt-bo'ri, Vampir va boshqalar. It contains sub-games, allowing you to play as a human, or as one of the inhuman creatures in the setting. My Life with Master, meanwhile, uses Gothic horror conventions as a metaphor for haqoratli munosabatlar, placing the players in the shoes of the minions of a tyrannical, larger-than-life Master.^[94]

Elements of Gothic fiction

• Virginal maiden – young, beautiful, pure, innocent, kind, virtuous and sensitive. Usually starts out with a mysterious past and it is later revealed that she is the daughter of an aristocratic or noble family.
  • Matilda Otranto qal'asi – She is determined to give up Theodore, the love of her life, for her cousin's sake. Matilda always puts others first before herself, and always believes the best in others.
  • Adeline in O'rmon romantikasi – "Her wicked Marquis, having secretly immured Number One (his first wife), has now a new and beautiful wife, whose character, alas! Does not bear inspection."^[95] As this review states, the virginal maiden character is above inspection because her personality is flawless. Hers is a virtuous character whose piety and unflinching optimism cause all to fall in love with her.
• Older, foolish woman
  • Hippolita in Otranto qal'asi – Hippolita is depicted as the obedient wife of her tyrant husband, who "would not only acquiesce with patience to divorce, but would obey, if it was his pleasure, in endeavouring to persuade Isabelle to give him her hand".^[96] This shows how weak women are portrayed as they are completely submissive, and in Hippolita's case, even support polygamy at the expense of her own marriage.^[97]
  • Madame LaMotte in O'rmon romantikasi – naively assumes that her husband is having an affair with Adeline. Instead of addressing the situation directly, she foolishly lets her ignorance turn into pettiness and mistreatment of Adeline.
• Qahramon
  • Teodor Otranto qal'asi – he is witty, and successfully challenges the tyrant, saves the virginal maid without expectations
  • Teodor O'rmon romantikasi – saves Adeline multiple times, is virtuous, courageous and brave, self-sacrificial
• Tyrant/villain/Predatory male
  • Manfred in Otranto qal'asi – unjustly accuses Theodore of murdering Conrad. Tries to put his blame onto others. Lies about his motives for attempting to divorce his wife and marry his late son's fiancé.
  • The Marquis in O'rmon romantikasi – attempts to seduce Adeline even though he is already married, attempts to rape Adeline, blackmails Monsieur LaMotte.
  • Vathek – Ninth Caliph of the Abassides, who ascended to the throne at an early age. His figure was pleasing and majestic, but when angry, his eyes became so terrible that "the wretch on whom it was fixed instantly fell backwards and sometimes expired". He was addicted to women and pleasures of the flesh, so he ordered five palaces to be built: the five palaces of the senses. Although he was an eccentric man, learned in the ways of science, physics, and astrology, he loved his people. His main greed, however, was thirst for knowledge. He wanted to know everything. This is what led him on the road to damnation."^[98]
• Bandits/ruffians

They appear in several Gothic novels, including O'rmon romantikasi, in which they kidnap Adeline from her father.

• Ruhoniylar – always weak, usually evil
  • Father Jerome in Otranto qal'asi – Jerome, though not evil, is certainly weak, as he gives up his son when he is born and leaves his lover.
  • Ambrosio in Rohib – Evil and weak, this character stoops to the lowest levels of corruption, including rape and incest.
  • Mother Superior in O'rmon romantikasi – Adeline fled from this convent because the sisters were not allowed to see sunlight. Highly oppressive environment.
• Sozlama

The plot is usually set in a castle, an abbey, a monastery, or some other, usually religious edifice, and it is acknowledged that this building has secrets of its own. This gloomy and frightening scenery sets the scene for what the audience has already come to expect. The importance of setting is noted in a London review of Otranto qal'asi, "He describes the country towards Otranto as desolate and bare, extensive downs covered with thyme, with occasionally the dwarf holly, the rosa marina, and lavender, stretch around like wild moorlands (...) Mr. Williams describes the celebrated Castle of Otranto as 'an imposing object of considerable size (...) has a dignified and chivalric air' (...) A fitter scene for his romance he probably could not have chosen." Similarly, De Vore states, "The setting is greatly influential in Gothic novels. It not only evokes the atmosphere of horror and dread, but also portrays the deterioration of its world. The decaying, ruined scenery implies that at one time there was a thriving world. At one time the abbey, castle, or landscape was something treasured and appreciated. Now, all that lasts is the decaying shell of a once thriving dwelling."^[99] Thus, without the decrepit backdrop to initiate the events, the Gothic novel would not exist.

Elements found especially in American Gothic fiction include:

• Night journeys are a common element seen throughout Gothic literature. They can occur in almost any setting, but in Amerika adabiyoti are more commonly seen in the wilderness, forest or any other area that is devoid of people.
• Yomon belgilar are also seen in Gothic literature and especially American Gothic. Depending on either the setting or the period from which the work came, the evil characters could be Mahalliy amerikaliklar, tuzoqchilar, oltin qazib oluvchilar, va boshqalar.
• American Gothic novels also tend to deal with a "jinnilik " in one or more of the characters and carry that theme throughout the novel. In his novel Edgar Huntly or Memoirs of a Sleepwalker, Charles Brockden Brown writes about two characters who slowly become more and more deranged as the novel progresses.
• Miraculous survivals are elements within American Gothic literature in which a character or characters will somehow manage to survive some feat that should have led to their demise.
• In American Gothic novels it is also typical that one or more of the characters will have some sort of g'ayritabiiy kuchlar. Brownda Edgar Huntly or Memoirs of a Sleepwalker, the main character, Huntly, is able to face and kill not one, but two panterlar.
• An element of qo'rquv is another characteristic of American Gothic literature. This is typically connected to the unknown and is generally seen throughout the course of the entire novel. This can also be connected to the feeling of despair that characters within the novel are overcome by. This element can lead characters to commit heinous crimes. In the case of Brown's character Edgar Huntly, he experiences this element when he contemplates eating himself, eats an uncooked panther, and drinks his own terlash. The element of fear in a female Gothic is commonly portrayed through terror and supernatural fears, while the male Gothic uses horror and physical fear and gore to create feelings of fear in the reader.
• Psychological overlay is an element that is connected to how characters within an American Gothic novel are affected by things like the night and their surroundings. An example of this would be if a character was in a labirint -like area and a connection was made to the maze that their minds represented.

Role of architecture and setting in the Gothic novel

Qulupnay tepaligi, an English villa in the "Gotik tiklanish " style, built by Gothic writer Horace Walpole

Gothic literature is intimately associated with the Gothic Revival arxitekturasi o'sha davrning. In a way similar to the Gothic revivalists' rejection of the clarity and rationalism of the neoklassik uslubi Ma'rifatli Establishment, the literary Gothic embodies an appreciation of the joys of extreme emotion, the thrills of fearfulness and awe inherent in the ulug'vor, and a quest for atmosphere.

The ruins of Gothic buildings gave rise to multiple linked emotions by representing the inevitable decay and collapse of human creations—thus the urge to add fake ruins as eyecatchers in English landscape parks. English Gothic writers often associated medieval buildings with what they saw as a dark and terrifying period, characterized by harsh laws enforced by torture, and with mysterious, fantastic, and superstitious rituals. In literature such katoliklikka qarshi kurash had a European dimension featuring Rim katolik institutions such as the Inquisition (in southern European countries such as Italy and Spain).

Just as elements of Gothic architecture were borrowed during the Gothic Revival period in architecture, ideas about the Gothic period and Gothic period architecture were often used by Gothic novelists. Architecture itself played a role in the naming of Gothic novels, with many titles referring to castles or other common Gothic buildings. This naming was followed up with many Gothic novels often set in Gothic buildings, with the action taking place in castles, abbeys, convents and monasteries, many of them in ruins, evoking "feelings of fear, surprise, confinement". This setting of the novel, a castle or religious building, often one fallen into disrepair, was an essential element of the Gothic novel. Placing a story in a Gothic building served several purposes. It drew on feelings of awe, it implied the story was set in the past, it gave an impression of isolation or being cut off from the rest of the world and it drew on the religious associations of the Gothic style. This trend of using Gothic architecture began with Otranto qal'asi and was to become a major element of the genre from that point forward.^[12]

Besides using Gothic architecture as a setting, with the aim of eliciting certain associations from the reader, there was an equally close association between the use of setting and the storylines of Gothic novels, with the architecture often serving as a mirror for the characters and the plot lines of the story.^[100] The buildings in Otranto qal'asi, for example, are riddled with tunnels, which the characters use to move back and forth in secret. This secret movement mirrors one of the plots of the story, specifically the secrets surrounding Manfred's possession of the castle and how it came into his family.^[101] The setting of the novel in a Gothic castle was meant to imply not only a story set in the past, but one shrouded in darkness.

Yilda Uilyam Tomas Bekford "s The History of the Caliph Vathek, architecture was used to both illustrate certain elements of Vathek's character and also warn about the dangers of over-reaching. Vathek's hedonism and devotion to the pursuit of pleasure are reflected in the pleasure wings he adds on to his castle, each with the express purpose of satisfying a different sense. He also builds a tall tower in order to further his quest for knowledge. This tower represents Vathek's pride and his desire for a power that is beyond the reach of humans. He is later warned that he must destroy the tower and return to Islam, or else risk dire consequences. Vathek's pride wins out and, in the end, his quest for power and knowledge ends with him confined to Hell.^[102]

Yilda The Castle of Wolfenbach the castle that Matilda seeks refuge at while on the run is believed to be haunted. Matilda discovers it is not ghosts, but the Countess of Wolfenbach who lives on the upper floors and who has been forced into hiding by her husband, the Count. Matilda's discovery of the Countess and her subsequent informing others of the Countess's presence destroys the Count's secret. Shortly after Matilda meets the Countess, the Castle of Wolfenbach itself is destroyed in a fire, mirroring the destruction of the Count's attempts to keep his wife a secret and how his plots throughout the story eventually lead to his own destruction.^[103]

The picturesque and evocative ruin is a common theme in Gothic literature. This image shows the ruins of Kenilvort qasri.

The major part of the action in O'rmon romantikasi is set in an abandoned and ruined abbey and the building itself served as a moral lesson, as well as a major setting for and mirror of the action in the novel. The setting of the action in a ruined abbey, drawing on Burke's aesthetic theory of the sublime and the beautiful established the location as a place of terror and of safety. Burke argued the sublime was a source of awe or fear brought about by strong emotions, such as terror or mental pain. On the other end of the spectrum was the beautiful, which were those things that brought pleasure and safety. Burke argued that the sublime was the more preferred to the two. Related to the concepts of the sublime and the beautiful is the idea of the manzarali, introduced by William Gilpin, which was thought to exist between the two other extremes. The picturesque was that which continued elements of both the sublime and the beautiful and can be thought of as a natural or uncultivated beauty, such as a beautiful ruin or a partially overgrown building. Yilda O'rmon romantikasi Adeline and the La Mottes live in constant fear of discovery by either the police or Adeline's father and, at times, certain characters believe the castle to be haunted. On the other hand, the abbey also serves as a comfort, as it provides shelter and safety to the characters. Finally, it is picturesque, in that it was a ruin and serves as a combination of both the natural and the human. By setting the story in the ruined abbey, Radcliffe was able to use architecture to draw on the aesthetic theories of the time and set the tone of the story in the minds of the reader. As with many of the buildings in Gothic novels, the abbey also has a series of tunnels. These tunnels serve as both a hiding place for the characters and as a place of secrets. This was mirrored later in the novel with Adeline hiding from the Marquis de Montalt and the secrets of the Marquis, which would eventually lead to his downfall and Adeline's salvation.^[104]

Architecture served as an additional character in many Gothic novels, bringing with it associations to the past and to secrets and, in many cases, moving the action along and foretelling future events in the story.

The female Gothic and The Supernatural Explained

Characterized by its castles, dungeons, gloomy forests and hidden passages, from the Gothic novel genre emerged the female Gothic. Guided by the works of authors such as Ann Radcliffe, Meri Shelli va Sharlotta Bronte, the female Gothic permitted the introduction of feminine societal and sexual desires into Gothic texts.

The female Gothic differs from the male Gothic through differences in narrative technique, plot, assumptions of the supernatural, and the use of terror and horror. Female Gothic narratives focus on topics of the persecuted heroine in flight from a villainous father and in search of an absent mother, while male writers tended towards a plot of masculine transgression of social taboos. The emergence of the ghost story gave female writers something to write about besides the common marriage plot, allowing them to offer a more radical critique of male power, violence and predatory sexuality.^[16]

It has been said that medieval society, on which some Gothic texts are based, granted women writers the opportunity to attribute "features of the mode [of Gothicism] as the result of the suppression of female sexuality, or else as a challenge to the gender hierarchy and values of a male-dominated culture".^[105]

Significantly, with the development of the female Gothic came the literary technique of explaining the supernatural. The Supernatural Explained – as this technique was aptly named – is a recurring plot device in Radcliffe's O'rmon romantikasi. The novel, published in 1791, is among Radcliffe's earlier works. The novel sets up suspense for horrific events, which all have natural explanations. However, the omission of any possible explanation based in reality is what instills a feeling of anxiety and terror in both character and reader.

An 18th-century response to the novel from the Oylik sharh reads: "We must hear no more of enchanted forests and castles, giants, dragons, walls of fire and other 'monstrous and prodigious things;'—yet still forests and castles remain, and it is still within the province of fiction, without overstepping the limits of nature, to make use of them for the purpose of creating surprise."^[106]

Radcliffe's use of The Supernatural Explained is characteristic of the Gothic author. The female protagonists pursued in these texts are often caught in an unfamiliar and terrifying landscape, delivering higher degrees of terror. The end result, however, is the explained supernatural, rather than terrors familiar to women such as rape or incest, or the expected ghosts or haunted castles. The female Gothic also discusses women's dissatisfactions with patriarchal society, addressing the problematic and dissatisfying maternal position and role within that society.^[16] Women's fears of entrapment within such elements as the domestic, the female body, marriage, childbirth, and domestic abuse are commonly portrayed through the female Gothic. The female Gothic formula is said to be "a plot that resists an unhappy or ambiguous closure and explains the supernatural".^[16]

In Radcliffe's O'rmon romantikasi, one may follow the female protagonist, Adeline, through the forest, hidden passages and abbey dungeons, "without exclaiming, 'How these antique towers and vacant courts/ chill the suspended soul, till expectation wears the cast of fear!"^[106]

The decision of female Gothic writers to supplement true supernatural horrors with explained cause and effect transforms romantic plots and Gothic tales into common life and writing. Rather than establish the romantic plot in impossible events, Radcliffe strays away from writing "merely fables, which no stretch of fancy could realize."^[107]

English scholar Chloe Chard's published introduction to O'rmon romantikasi refers to the "promised effect of terror". The outcome, however, "may prove less horrific than the novel has originally suggested". Radcliffe sets up suspense throughout the course of the novel, insinuating a supernatural or superstitious cause to the mysterious and horrific occurrences of the plot. However, the suspense is relieved with The Supernatural Explained.

For example, Adeline is reading the illegible manuscripts she found in her bedchamber's secret passage in the abbey, when she hears a chilling noise from beyond her doorway. She goes to sleep unsettled, only to awake and learn that what she assumed to be haunting spirits were actually the domestic voices of the servant, Peter. La Motte, her caretaker in the abbey, recognizes the heights to which her imagination reached after reading the autobiographical manuscripts of a past murdered man in the abbey.

"Men hayron bo'lmaymanki, siz hayolingizni hayratda qoldirish uchun dahshatlarga duchor bo'lganingizdan so'ng, siz tomoshabinlarni ko'rganingiz va hayratlanarli shovqinlarni eshitgansiz." La Motte dedi.

'Sog 'bo'ling! Maamselle, - dedi Piter.

- Kechasi sizni qo'rqitganim uchun kechirasiz.

- Meni qo'rqitdi, - dedi Adeline; "bundan qanday tashvishlandingiz?"

Keyin u unga Monsyur va Madam La Motte uxlab yotgan deb o'ylaganida, uning eshigi oldiga o'g'irlab ketganini (...) jur'at etgani bilan bir necha bor baland ovoz bilan qo'ng'iroq qilganini, ammo hech qanday javob ololmagani, uning ishonganiga ishondi. uxlab yotgan (...) Bu eshitgan ovozning qayd etilishi Adelinning ko'nglini bo'shatdi; u buni bilmaganiga hatto hayron bo'ldi, bundan oldin bir muncha vaqt o'z xayolidagi bezovtalikni eslab, bu ajablanib yo'qoldi. "^[108]

Adelin o'ziga xos Gothic xonasida yolg'iz bo'lsa-da, u g'ayritabiiy yoki sirli muhitni aniqlaydi. Biroq, "u eshitadigan haqiqiy tovushlar sodiq xizmatkorning u bilan muloqot qilish uchun qilgan sa'y-harakatlari bilan hisobga olinadi, uning tushida g'ayritabiiy alomatlar hanuzgacha mavjud bo'lib, u xuddi shu joyda ekanligidan ko'rinib turibdi. otasining o'ldirilishi va uning ko'milmagan skeleti uning yonidagi xonada yashiringanligi to'g'risida ".^[109]

Bu erda g'ayritabiiy narsa abadiy tushuntiriladi, ammo "inson ongida aniq va ko'rinadigan narsalarga erishishga intilish tendentsiyasi; va bu noaniq va yarim aniq hissiyot kayfiyatini tasvirlashda missis Radkliffe ustun turadi".^[109]

Gotik romanni 18-asrning hayoliy ayollari uchun tushunarli ertakga aylantirish, o'sha davrdagi ayol gotika yozuvchilari uchun foydali bo'lgan. Romanlar hayajonli ekskursiya uchun imkoniyati bo'lmagan bu ayollar uchun tajriba bo'ldi. Jinsiy uchrashuvlar va xurofotli xayollar tasavvurning bo'sh elementlari edi. Ammo ayol Gothic va The Supernatural Explained-dan foydalanish "formulaning [Gothic roman] hozirgi o'quvchilarining qiziqishlari va ehtiyojlariga mos ravishda qanday o'zgarishini yaxshi misoldir".

Ko'p jihatdan, romanning o'sha paytdagi "hozirgi o'quvchisi" bu ayol, xuddi shunday romanlardan zavqlansa ham, "ta'sirlangan befarqlik yoki bir lahzali uyat bilan o'z kitobini" yotqizish "kerakligini o'ylaydigan ayol edi.^[110] ga binoan Jeyn Ostin, muallifi Northanger Abbey. Gothic romanida ayol o'quvchilarga "o'zlarining aralash his-tuyg'ularini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun gotik romantikalarga murojaat qilishlari" uchun uning shakli shakllangan.^[111]

Xarakterli gotikaga ergashish Bildungsroman - syujet ketma-ketligidan farqli o'laroq, ayol gotika o'z o'quvchilariga "o'smirlikdan etuklikka",^[112] g'ayritabiiylikning amalga oshirilgan imkonsizliklari oldida. Adeline singari romanlarda ayol qahramonlar sifatida O'rmon romantikasi ularning xurofotlari va dahshatlari tabiiy sabab va oqilona shubha bilan almashtirilganligini bilib oling, o'quvchi romandagi qahramonning haqiqiy pozitsiyasini tushunishi mumkin:

"Qahramon g'alati narsalarni boshqalar ko'rmaydigan joyda sezadigan ishqiy temperamentga ega. Shuning uchun uning sezgirligi uning asl ahvoli uning ahvoli, ayol bo'lish qobiliyati yo'qligini bilishga xalaqit beradi."^[112]

Gothic romanining qahramoni "G'ayritabiiy tushuntirishlar" ga duch keladigan yana bir matn Volfenbax qal'asi (1793) Gotik muallif Eliza Parsons tomonidan. Parsons tomonidan yozilgan ushbu ayol gotika matni Ostinning Ketrin Morlandning gotik matnlaridan biri sifatida keltirilgan. Northanger Abbey. Qahramon Volfenbax qal'asi, Matilda, Veymar tog'asi uni zo'rlash rejalari haqida gapirgan suhbatni eshitib, boshpana izlaydi. Matilda Volfenbax qasridan boshpana topadi: eski qavatdagi qarovchilar yashaydigan qasr, ular ikkinchi qavatni peri deb da'vo qiladilar. Matilda, jasur qahramon bo'lib, Qal'aning sirli qanotini o'rganishga qaror qildi.

Befa, Jozefning rafiqasi (qal'a tarbiyachilari) Matilda "boshqa qanot" dan: "Endi yaxshilik uchun, aziz xonim, uzoqroq yurmang, chunki siz tirikligingiz kabi, bu erda arvohlar yashaydi, chunki Jozef tez-tez chiroqlarni ko'rishini va g'alati narsalarni eshitishini aytadi ".^[113]

Biroq, Matilda qal'adan o'tayotganda, qanotni arvohlar va jingalak zanjirlar ta'qib qilmasligini, aksincha, Volfenbax grafinya. G'ayritabiiy narsa, bu holda romanda 10 sahifa tushuntiriladi va xurofotli shovqinlarning tabiiy sababi qayg'uli grafinya hisoblanadi. Ayol gotikasining o'ziga xos xususiyati, terrorning tabiiy sababi g'ayritabiiy emas, aksincha, ayollarning nogironligi va ijtimoiy dahshatlari: zo'rlash, qarindoshlararo nikoh va erkak antagonistining tahdid ostidagi nazorati.

Gotik subgenralar: "ecoGothic"

Gothic subgenrlari juda ko'p, jumladan yangi ishlab chiqarilgan "atrof-muhit gotikasi" yoki "ekoGothic".^{[114][115][116]}EcoGothic - bu "qorong'u tabiat" va "ekofobiya" bilan aloqador bo'lgan ekologik jihatdan xabardor gotika.^[117]EkoGothic yozuvchilari va tanqidchilari, gotika ob-havoning o'zgarishi va sayyoramizning ekologik kelajagi haqida tashvish bildirish uchun noyob mavqega ega deb ta'kidlaydilar.^[118]

Shuningdek qarang

• Frantsiya inqilobi va ingliz gotik romani
• Gotik film
• Gothic fantastika asarlari ro'yxati
• G'alati fantastika

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar

• Britaniya kutubxonasidagi gotik fantastika
• Gotik fantastikadagi asosiy motivlar - Britaniya kutubxonasi filmi
• Gutenberg loyihasidagi Gothic Fiction Bookshelf
• Irlandiyalik Gothic and Horror Studies jurnali
• Gotik muallifning tarjimai holi
• Gotik tasavvur
• "Gotika", Bizning vaqtimizda, BBC Radio 4 munozarasi Kris Baldik, A.N. Uilson va Emma Kleriya (2001 yil 4-yanvar)