Kit Karson - Kit Carson

Kit Karson
Karson 1868 yil boshida Vashingtonga tashrif buyurgan
Tug'ilgan	(1809-12-24)1809 yil 24-dekabr Hunting Creek, Shimoliy Karolina
O'ldi	1868 yil 23-may(1868-05-23) (58 yoshda) Fort-Lion, Kolorado hududi
Dam olish joyi	Kit Karson qabristoni, Taos, Nyu-Meksiko
Millati	Amerika
Kasb	Tog'li odam, chegarachi, yo'lboshchi, hind agenti, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining ofitseri
Ma'lum	Amerika G'arbini Evropada kelishuvga ochish Karson Siti, Nevada ismdosh
Turmush o'rtoqlar	Vaanibe Making-Out-Road Xosefa Jaramillo (1843-1868; uning o'limi)
Harbiy martaba
Sadoqat	Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Ittifoq
Xizmat /filial	Ittifoq armiyasi
Rank	Brevet brigada generali
Buyruqlar bajarildi	1-Nyu-Meksiko ko'ngillilar otliq polki
Janglar / urushlar	Meksika-Amerika urushi San-Pasqual jangi Jikarilla urushi Ojo-Kaliente kanyonidagi jang Amerika fuqarolar urushi Valverde jangi Navaxo urushlari Kanyon-de-Chelli jangi Hindiston urushlari Adobe devorlarining birinchi jangi
Imzo

Kristofer Xyuston Karson (1809 yil 24-dekabr - 1868 yil 23-may), ko'proq tanilgan Kit Karson, Amerika chegarachisi edi. U mo'yna ushlagich, cho'l uchun yo'lboshchi edi, Hindiston agenti va AQSh armiyasi ofitser. U o'z hayotida biografiya va yangiliklar maqolalari bilan chegara afsonasiga aylandi va uning ekspluatatsiyasining bo'rttirilgan versiyalari dime romanlarga mavzu bo'ldi. Uning beparvo tabiati uning jasurligi, jangovar mahorati, matonati va Qo'shma Shtatlarning g'arbiy tomon kengayishiga katta ta'sir ko'rsatgani haqidagi tasdiqlangan xabarlarni yolg'on edi. Garchi u hayotining katta qismi bilan mashhur bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, keyingi yillarda tarixchilar Kit Karson hayoti davomida boshdan kechirgan taniqli odamni yoqtirmagan, xohlamagan va hatto uni to'liq anglamagan deb yozishgan.^[1]

Karson qishloqdan uydan chiqib ketdi Missuri 16 yoshida G'arbda tog'li odam va tuzoqchi bo'lish. 1830-yillarda u hamrohlik qildi Ewing Young ga ekspeditsiyada Meksika Kaliforniya va mo'yna tutadigan ekspeditsiyalarga qo'shildi Toshli tog'lar. U orasida yashagan va uylangan Arapaxo va Shayen qabilalar.

1840-yillarda Karson rahbar sifatida yollangan Jon C. Front, ularning ekspeditsiyalari ko'p qismini qamrab oldi Kaliforniya, Oregon, va Buyuk havza maydon. Frémont xaritasini tuzdi va hisobotlar va sharhlar yozdi Oregon-Trail G'arbga qarab kashshoflarga yordam berish va ularni rag'batlantirish, va Karson ushbu hisoblar orqali milliy shon-sharafga erishdi. Frontning buyrug'i bilan Karson Kaliforniyani bosib olish boshida Meksikadan Meksika-Amerika urushi. Keyinchalik urushda, Karson skaut va kuryer bo'lib, qutqaruv missiyasi uchun nishonlangan San-Pasqual jangi va Kaliforniyadan qirg'oqqa sohilga sayohati uchun Vashington, DC, Kaliforniyadagi mojaro haqidagi yangiliklarni hukumatga etkazish. 1850-yillarda u Hindiston agenti uchun Ute hindulari va Jikarilla Apachilar.

Davomida Amerika fuqarolar urushi, Karson asosan Ispaniyalik ko'ngillilar polkini boshqargan Nyu-Meksiko tomonida Ittifoq da Valverde jangi 1862 yilda. Nyu-Meksiko shahrida Konfederatsiya tahdidi bartaraf etilgach, Karson kuchlarni bostirishga undadi Navaxo, Meskalero Apache, Kiova va Komanchi qabilalar o'zlarining oziq-ovqat manbalarini yo'q qilish orqali. U brigada generali deb nomlangan va qo'mondonlikni olgan Fort Garland, Kolorado. U u erda qisqa vaqt ichida edi, chunki sog'lig'i yomonligi tufayli uni harbiy hayotdan nafaqaga chiqishga majbur qildi.

Karson uch marta turmush qurgan va o'nta farzand ko'rgan. U vafot etdi Fort-Lion, Kolorado 1868 yil 23 mayda aorta anevrizmasining kasalligi. U dafn etilgan Taos, Nyu-Meksiko, uning uchinchi xotini Jozefaning yonida.

O'n to'qqizinchi asrning oxirida Kit Karson Amerikaning chegara tajribasining afsonaviy ramziga aylandi, bu yigirmanchi asrda haykallar va yodgorliklarning o'rnatilishi, ommaviy tadbirlar va bayramlar, Gollivud tasvirlari va geografik joylarning nomlanishiga ta'sir ko'rsatdi. So'nggi yillarda Kit Karson ham Amerika millatining tub aholisiga nisbatan yomon muomalasining ramziga aylandi.

Ilk hayot (1809–1829)

Kit Karsonning kunduzgi shapka kiygan dastlabki fotosurati (ehtimol birinchi).

Kristofer Xyuston Karson tug'ilgan Rojdestvo arafasi 1809 yilda Shimoliy Karolina shtatidagi Xant Krikdagi kapitan Kristofer Xyuston uyida. Uning ota-onasi Lindsi Karson va uning ikkinchi rafiqasi Rebekka Robinson edi. Lindsay birinchi rafiqasi Lyusi Bredlidan beshta va Rebekadan yana o'nta farzand ko'rgan. Lindsay Karsonda a Shotland-irland Presviterian fon (bunga dalil yo'q).^[2] U dehqon, idishni quruvchi va faxriy ning Amerika inqilobiy urushi va 1812 yilgi urush.^[3] U hindular bilan Amerika chegarasida jang qilgan va Fox va Sauk hindulari bilan jangda chap qo'lida ikki barmog'ini yo'qotgan.^[2]

Rojdestvo arafasida Kristofer "Kit" Xyuston Karsonning tug'ilgan kuni qiziqarli voqea bo'ldi. Kapitan Kristofer Xyuston va uning oilasi har yili Xyustonvildagi Xant-Krikdagi zamonaviy uyida ziyofat o'tkazib, Rojdestvoni nishonlash odatiga ega edi. O'z oilalaridan tashqari, Xyustonlar har doim do'stlarini va yaqin qo'shnilarini taklif qilishadi. Aynan o'sha kuni Lindsi va Rebekka Karson taklif qilingan edi. Lindsayning rafiqasi Rebekka oltinchi farzandining yaqinda tug'ilishini kutayotgan edi. Kechqurun, styuardessa Sara Xyuston xonim, Rebekka Karsonning qayg'uga botganini va kelajakdagi bolasini bilishini sezdi, u Rebekani yanada qulay sharoitda bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan yuqori qavatga olib chiqdi va u erda yordamchi, afroamerikalik qul bo'lgan ayol. Yaqinda yangi kuchli o'pkaning tovushi Lindsay va Rebekka Karsonda yangi bola tug'ildi degan signalni chiqardi. Yangi tug'ilgan onasi va otasi tezda o'g'liga kapitan Kristofer Xyuston nomi bilan Kristofer Xyuston Karson deb nom berishga qaror qilishdi va kichikligi tufayli unga "Kit" taxallusini berishdi.

Carson oilasi Boone's Lick-ga ko'chib o'tdi, Xovard okrugi, Missuri, Kit taxminan bir yoshda bo'lganida. Oila o'g'illariga tegishli er uchastkasiga joylashdi Daniel Buni, erni ispanlardan sotib olgan. Boone va Karson oilalari yaxshi do'st bo'lishdi va birgalikda ishladilar va muloqot qildilar. Lindsayning to'ng'ich o'g'li Uilyam 1810 yilda Buning nabirasi Millie Bunga turmushga chiqdi. Ularning qizi Adaline Kitning sevimli o'yindoshi bo'ldi.^[4]

Missuri o'shanda Amerikaning g'arbiy ekspansionizm chegarasi edi; kabinalar hindlarning hujumlaridan himoyalanish uchun baland stade to'siqlari bilan "forted" qilingan. Erkaklar dalada ishlayotganda, dehqonlarni himoya qilish uchun qo'riqchilar qurol-aslahalar bilan joylashtirilgan. Karson yozgan Xotiralar, "Biz kelganimizdan keyin ikki-uch yil davomida biz fortsda qolishga majbur bo'ldik va mehnat qilayotganlarni himoya qilish uchun dalalarning chekkalarida erkaklar turishi kerak edi."

1818 yilda Lindsay Karson dalani tozalayotganda uning ustiga daraxt shoxi tushishi bilan darhol vafot etdi. Kit taxminan sakkiz yoshda edi. Onasi pulsiz bo'lishiga qaramay, to'rt yil davomida bolalarini yolg'iz o'zi boqdi. Keyin u bir necha bolali beva ayol Jozef Martinga uylandi.^[5] Kit yosh o'spirin edi va o'gay otasi bilan til topishmadi. Uni egarchi Devid Vorkmanga o'rgatish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilindi Franklin, Missuri. Kit uning ichida yozgan Xotiralar Workman "yaxshi odam edi va men qilgan muomalamni tez-tez eslayman".^[6]

Franklin sharqning oxirida joylashgan edi Santa Fe Trail, bundan ikki yil oldin ochilgan. Egarchilik do'konidagi ko'plab xaridorlar tuzoqchilar va savdogarlar edi, ulardan Karson G'arb haqidagi hayajonli ertaklarni eshitgan. Karson egarzorda o'z didiga qarab ish topdi: u bir vaqtlar "biznes menga yarashmadi, men ketishga qaror qildim" deb aytdi.^[7]

Santa Fe Trail

1826 yil avgustda, onasining xohishiga qarshi, Kit shogirdlikdan qochib ketdi. U mo'yna tutadigan karvon bilan g'arbga borib, ularning chorva mollarini boqdi. Ular Santa Fe yo'lagi bo'ylab sayohat qildilar Santa Fe, poytaxti Santa Fe de Nuevo Meksika, maqsadiga 1826 yil noyabrda etib keldi. U joylashdi Taos.^[8][9]

Karson birga yashagan Metyu Kinkad, 1812 yilgi urush paytida Karsonning akalari bilan birga xizmat qilgan trapper va explorer.^[10] Karsonga tuzoqchining mahoratini o'rganish va savdo uchun zarur bo'lgan tillarni o'rganishda Kinkead ustozlik qilgan. Oxir oqibat u ispan va bir qancha hind tillarini yaxshi biladigan bo'ldi.

Workman Missuri shtatidagi mahalliy gazetaga reklama joylashtirdi. U bir sent berishini yozgan sovrin bolani Franklinga qaytarib olib kelganlarga. Hech kim mukofotni talab qilmadi. Bu biroz hazil edi, ammo Karson ozod edi.^[9] Reklama Karsonning birinchi bosma tavsifiga ega edi: "Kristofer Karson, 16 yoshga to'lgan, yoshi kichik, ammo qalin to'plami; engil sochlari, Missuri shtatining Xovard okrugidagi Franklin shahrida yashovchi abonentdan qochib ketgan. u egarchilik hunarini o'rganishi shart edi ".^[9]

1827-1829 yillarda Karson janubi-g'arbda oshpaz, tarjimon va vagon haydovchisi bo'lib ishlagan. Shuningdek, u yaqinidagi mis konida ishlagan Gila daryosi, janubi-g'arbiy qismida Nyu-Meksiko.^[11] Keyingi hayotda Karson hech qachon yoshligidan biron bir ayolni eslamagan. Uning yozilishida faqat uchta o'ziga xos ayollar tilga olingan: Jozefa Jaramillo, uning uchinchi va oxirgi xotini; o'rtoqning onasi Vashington, DC; va undan keyin hindular tomonidan o'ldirilgan Ann Uayt xonim Oq qirg'in.^[12]

Tog'li odam (1829–1841)

Tog'li odam Kit Karson va uning sevimli oti Apache Rokki tog'larning nestori Kit Karsonning hayoti va sarguzashtlari De Witt C. Peters tomonidan. Kitob Karsonning birinchi tarjimai holi bo'lib, 1858 yilda bosilgan.

19 yoshida Karson karerasini tog'li odam sifatida boshladi. U mashhur bilan Amerika G'arbining ko'plab joylarini kezib chiqdi tog 'odamlari kabi Jim Bridger va Qari Bill Uilyams. U 1828–1829 yillarning qishini oshpaz sifatida o'tkazdi Ewing Young Taosda.^[13] U 1829 yilgi Youngning tuzoq ekspeditsiyasiga qo'shildi. Youngning etakchiligi va ushbu korxona tajribasi Karsonning tog'larda ilk hayotini shakllantirishda muhim ahamiyatga ega.

1829 yil avgustda partiya ishtirok etdi Apache bo'ylab joylashgan hudud Gila daryosi. Ekspeditsiyaga hujum qilindi, bu Karsonning birinchi jangovar tajribasi edi. Young partiyasi davom etdi Alta Kaliforniya; dan tuzoqqa tushgan va Kaliforniyada savdo qilgan Sakramento shimoldan to Los Anjeles janubda; va 1830 yil aprel oyida Nyu-Meksiko shtatining Taos shahriga qaytib kelib, u qamalib qolgan edi Kolorado daryosi.^[14]

Taosga kirgandan keyin Karson vagonlar poezdini qutqarish partiyasiga qo'shildi va jinoyatchilar vahshiylik joyidan qochib ketishgan bo'lsa-da, Yang Karsonning otliq va jasoratiga guvoh bo'lish imkoniyatiga ega bo'ldi. Karson 1831 yilda Tomas Fitspatrik va Uilyam Levin boshchiligidagi boshqa ekspeditsiyaga qo'shildi. Fitspatrik, Levin va uning tuzoqchilari shimoldan markazga qarab ketishdi. Toshli tog'lar. Karson o'n yil davomida G'arbda ov va tuzoqqa tushgan. U ishonchli odam va yaxshi kurashchi sifatida tanilgan.^[15]

Tog'li odam sifatida Karson uchun hayot oson bo'lmagan. Qovoqlarni tuzoqlardan yig'ib olgandan so'ng, u har yilgacha bir necha oy davomida ularni ushlab turishi kerak edi Rokki tog 'Rendevvusi,^[16] G'arbning Grin daryosi qirg'og'idagi kabi chekka hududlarida bo'lib o'tdi Vayoming. Pelts uchun olingan pul bilan mustaqil hayot uchun zarur narsalar, shu jumladan baliq kancalari, un va tamaki, sotib olindi. U ishlagan turli mintaqalarda tibbiy yordam kam yoki umuman bo'lmaganligi sababli, Karson yaralarini o'zi kiyib, o'zi hamshira qilishi kerak edi.^[17] Ba'zida hindular bilan ziddiyat yuzaga kelgan.^[18] Keyinchalik Karsonning asosiy kiyimi kiyik terilari bo'lib, ular bir muddat ochiq havoda qolib ketganidan keyin qotib qolishgan. Kostyum hindular tomonidan ishlatiladigan qurollardan bir oz himoya qildi.^[19]

Boz ayiqlar tog 'odamining eng katta dushmanlaridan biri edi.^[20] Hayvonlar bilan bog'liq voqea 1834 yilda Karsonga yolg'iz bir elkni ov qilayotganida yuz bergan. Ikki ayiq u bilan yo'llarni kesib o'tib, tezda daraxtni quvib chiqardi. Ayiqlardan biri daraxtni silkitib, uni yiqitmoqchi bo'lgan, ammo muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lgan va oxir-oqibat ketib qolgan. Karson lageriga iloji boricha tezroq qaytdi. U o'zining yozgan Xotiralar: "[Ayiq] nihoyat ketishga qaror qildi, men bundan juda xursand bo'ldim, hayotimda hech qachon qo'rqmagan edim."^[21]

Oxirgi uchrashuv 1840 yilda bo'lib o'tgan.^[22] O'sha paytda mo'yna savdosi pasayishni boshladi. Zamonaviy erkaklar London, Parij va Nyu-York shahri xohlagan ipak bosh kiyimlar, kunduzgi shlyapalar o'rniga. Bundan tashqari, qunduz populyatsiyasi Shimoliy Amerika haddan tashqari ekspluatatsiyadan tezda pasayib ketgan. Karson boshqa ish topish vaqti kelganligini bilar edi. U o'zining yozgan Xotiralar, "Qunduz kam bo'lib qoldi, qo'limizni boshqa narsada sinab ko'rish kerak bo'ldi."

1841 yilda u ishga yollangan Bent qal'asi, yilda Kolorado, Santa Fe yo'lidagi eng katta binoda. U erda yuzlab odamlar ishlagan yoki yashagan. Karson odamlarni boqish uchun buffalo, antilop, kiyik va boshqa hayvonlarni ovlagan. Unga kuniga bir dollar to'lashgan. U qal'aning aholisini yana go'sht bilan ta'minlash uchun hayoti davomida Bent qal'asiga bir necha bor qaytib keldi.^[23]

Hindistonlik qiruvchi

Karson 18 yoshida Eving Yangning Rokki tog'lariga ekspeditsiyasi bilan yo'l olganida 19 yoshda edi. Mo'ynali kiyimlardan va erkin ruhiy, qo'pol tog 'erkaklaridan tashqari, Karson ham harakat va sarguzashtlarga intildi. U o'ldirishda qidirayotgan narsasini topdi va bosh terisi Hindular. Karson, ehtimol, Eving Youngning ekspeditsiyasi paytida 19 yoshida birinchi hindistonlik terining boshini o'ldirgan va olgan.^[24]

Jim Bridger.

Karsonniki Xotiralar memuarist bilan Hindistonning dushmanona uchrashuvlari haqidagi hikoyalar bilan to'ldirilgan. Masalan, 1833 yil yanvar oyida qarg'a qabilasining jangchilari Karson qarorgohidan to'qqizta otni o'g'irlashdi. Karson va yana ikki kishi qarg'a qarorgohiga o'q otib, qarg'aning katta qismini o'ldirdi. Karson yozgan Xotiralar"" Yo'qolgan hayvonlarni izlash paytida biz juda ko'p azob chekdik, ammo otlarimizni tiklab, uning uzoq uyiga qizil terini yuborganimizdan so'ng, azoblarimiz tez orada unutildi. "^[25]

Karson Blekfoot millatini dushman qabilasi sifatida ko'rib, uning hayoti, xavfsizligi va hayoti uchun eng katta xavf tug'diradi deb hisoblagan. U Blackfeetdan nafratlanib, ularni har qanday imkoniyatda o'ldirdi. Tarixchi Devid Roberts shunday deb yozgan edi: "Qora oyoqlar yomon hindular ekanligi tabiiy edi; ularni imkoni boricha otib tashlash tog'li odamning instinkti va vazifasi edi".^[26]

Karson Blackfoot bilan bir necha bor uchrashgan. Uning Blackfoot bilan so'nggi jangi 1838 yil bahorida bo'lib o'tdi. U boshchiligidagi yuzga yaqin tog'li odam bilan sayohat qilgan Jim Bridger. Yilda Montana hududi, guruh ichida uchta hind jasadi bo'lgan teepee topildi. Uch kishi vafot etgan chechak. Bridger davom etmoqchi edi, ammo Karson va boshqa yigitlar Blekfootni o'ldirmoqchi bo'lishdi.^[27] Ular Blekfut qishlog'ini topdilar va o'nta Blekfut jangchisini o'ldirdilar. Blekfoot tosh uyumidan biroz xavfsizlikni topdi, ammo haydab yuborildi. Ushbu hodisada Blekfutning qancha odam o'lgani ma'lum emas. Tarixchi Devid Robertsning yozishicha, "agar Karsonning yigirma to'qqizinchi yilida u qora oyoqning vayron qilingan lagerini ko'rgandek achinish kabi biron narsa unga to'lgan bo'lsa, u buni eslashdan bezovta bo'lmagan". Karson yozgan Xotiralar bu jang "men ko'rgan eng chiroyli jang" edi.^[27]

Karsonning hindular haqidagi tushunchalari yillar o'tishi bilan yumshadi. U o'sib ulg'aygan sayin o'zlarini ularning tarkibida tobora ko'proq topdi va ularga nisbatan munosabati yanada hurmatli va insonparvar bo'lib qoldi. U hukumatni rezervatsiya deb nomlangan erlarni ulardan foydalanish uchun ajratishga chaqirdi. Hindiston agenti sifatida u qo'l ostidagi kishilarga halollik va adolat bilan munosabatda bo'lishlarini, ularga to'g'ri kiyinish va ovqatlanishlarini ta'minlashga harakat qildi. Tarixchi Devid Robertsning aytishicha, uning Singil Grass ismli Arapaxo ayol bilan birinchi turmush qurishi "alpinistlarning ashaddiy va amaliy harakatlarini yumshatgan".^[21]

Front bilan ekspeditsiyalar (1842–1848)

Jon Charlz Front, fotosuratchi va sanasi noma'lum.

1842 yil aprel oyida Karson qizi Adalinni qarindoshlari qaramog'iga topshirish uchun Missuridagi bolalik uyiga qaytib ketdi.^[23] Qaytish safarida Karson uchrashdi Jon C. Front bug'li qayiqda Missuri daryosi. Frémont a AQSh armiyasi ofitser Topografik muhandislar korpusi G'arbga ekspeditsiyani boshlamoqchi bo'lgan. Qisqa suhbatdan so'ng Frémont Karsonni oyiga 100 AQSh dollari miqdorida rahbar sifatida yolladi. Bu Karson hayotidagi eng ko'p maosh oladigan ish edi.^[28] Fremont shunday deb yozgan edi: "Bu birinchi uchrashuvda men undan va uning nutq uslubidan mamnun edim. U o'rta bo'yli, keng yelkali va ko'kragi chuqur, ravshan barqaror ko'k ko'zli va ochiqchasiga nutqi va manziliga ega odam edi; tinch va oddiy ".^[29]

Birinchi ekspeditsiya, 1842 yil

1842 yilda Karson Fremontni yo'l bo'ylab boshqargan Oregon-Trail ga Vayominning janubiy dovoni. Bu ularning G'arbga birgalikda birinchi ekspeditsiyasi edi. Ushbu ekspeditsiyaning maqsadi Oregon yo'lini Janubiy dovongacha xaritada tasvirlash va tasvirlash edi. G'arbga qarab ko'chib kelganlar va ko'chmanchilar uchun qo'llanma, xaritalar va boshqa narsalar chop etilishi kerak edi. Besh oylik muammosiz topshiriq bajarilgandan so'ng, Front o'z hukumatining hisobotlarini yozdi, bu Karsonning nomini Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari bo'ylab tanitdi va Oregon Trail orqali g'arbiy tomon Oregonga ko'chib kelganlarning ko'chishini ta'minladi.^[30]

Ikkinchi ekspeditsiya, 1843 yil

1843 yilda Karson Frontning ikkinchi ekspeditsiyasiga qo'shilishga rozi bo'ldi. Karson Fremontni Oregon shtatidagi Trailning bir qismi bo'ylab olib bordi Kolumbiya daryosi Oregonda. Ekspeditsiyaning maqsadi Vayominning Janubiy dovonidan Kolumbiya daryosigacha bo'lgan Oregon yo'lini xaritada tasvirlash va tasvirlash edi. Ular ham chetlab o'tishdi Buyuk Tuz ko'li yilda Yuta suvda harakat qilish uchun rezina sal yordamida.^[31] Kaliforniyaga ketayotib, partiyada ob-havo yomon bo'lgan Syerra Nevada tog'lari ammo Karsonning yaxshi mulohazasi va uning yo'lboshchi sifatidagi mahorati tufayli saqlab qolindi va ularni boqadigan amerikalik ko'chmanchilarni topdi. Keyinchalik ekspeditsiya Kaliforniyaga yo'l oldi, bu noqonuniy va xavfli edi, chunki Kaliforniya Meksika hududi edi. Meksika hukumati Frontga ketishni buyurdi. Fremont nihoyat Vashingtonga, DCga qaytib keldi. Uning hisobotlari hukumatga yoqdi, ammo uning Meksikaga noqonuniy sayohatiga e'tibor bermadi. Fremont kapitan etib tayinlandi. Gazetalar unga "Yo'l izlovchi" laqabini berishdi.^[32]

Ekspeditsiya paytida Frémont yurib ketdi Mojave sahrosi. Uning partiyasi meksikalik erkak va bola bilan uchrashdi, u ikkalasi ham Karsonga tub amerikaliklar borligini aytdi pistirmada ularning sayohatchilar partiyasi. Erkak sayohatchilar o'ldirildi; sayohatchilar ayollarni yerga tekkizishdi, jinsiy buzish va o'ldirishdi. Keyin qotillar meksikaliklarning 30 ta otini o'g'irlashgan. Karson va tog 'odamining do'sti, Aleksis Godey, qotillarning orqasidan ketdi. Ularni topish uchun ikki kun vaqt ketdi. Ikkalasi ham o'z lageriga yugurib kirib, qotillarning ikkitasini o'ldirib, boshlarini kesdilar. O'g'irlangan otlar topilib, meksikalik erkak va bolaga qaytarildi. Bu ish Karsonga yanada katta shon-sharaf keltirdi va uni tasdiqladi holat Amerika xalqi nazarida g'arbiy qahramon sifatida.^[33]

Uchinchi ekspeditsiya, 1845 yil

1845 yilda Karson uchinchi ekspeditsiyasida Fremontga rahbarlik qildi (to'rtinchisi bo'ladi, ammo Karsonsiz).^[34] Missuri shtatidagi Westport Landingdan ular Rokki orqali o'tib, Buyuk Tuzli ko'ldan o'tib, Gumboldt daryosidan Kaliforniya va Oregon shtatidagi Sierra Nevada tomon o'tdilar. Front ilmiy rejalar tuzdi, rassom Edvard Kernni o'z korpusiga kiritdi, ammo ekspeditsiya boshidanoq siyosiy xarakterga ega edi. Frémont AQShdan beri maxfiy hukumat buyrug'i bilan ishlagan bo'lishi mumkin Prezident Polk xohlagan Alta Kaliforniya Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari uchun. Kaliforniyada bir marta Fremont amerikalik ko'chmanchilarni vatanparvarlik g'ayratiga chorlay boshladi. Montereydagi meksikalik general Xose Kastro unga ketishni buyurdi. Gavilan tog'ida Frémont shimolga jo'nab ketishdan oldin vaqtincha qal'ani o'rnatdi va Amerika bayrog'ini balandparvoz qildi. Partiya Sastramento daryosi vodiysiga, Shasta tog'idan o'tib, Oregon shtatiga tashrif buyurdi va yo'lda hindular bilan jang qildi,^[35] yaqinida qarorgoh qurdilar Klamat ko'li. Shu erda, Vashingtondan kelgan xabarchi Fremont bilan uchrashib, Polk Kaliforniyani xohlashini aniq ko'rsatdi.^[36][37]

Oregon janubidagi Klamat ko'lida Fremont partiyasi 1846 yil 9-mayga o'tar kechasi 15-20 hindular tomonidan qasos olish hujumiga uchradi. Lagerdagi ikki yoki uch kishi o'ldirildi. Hujumchilar qisqa kurashdan so'ng qochib ketishdi. Karson do'stlarining o'ldirilganidan g'azablandi. U bolta olib, o'lgan hindistonning yuzini yorib, do'stlarining o'limi uchun qasos oldi. Fremont shunday deb yozgan edi: "U boshini bo'laklarga urdi".^[38]

Hujum uchun qasos sifatida, bir necha kundan keyin Front partiyasi Uilyamson daryosi bo'yidagi Klamat qishlog'ini qirg'in qildi. Klamat ko'li qirg'ini.^[39] Butun qishloq vayron qilingan va kamida 14 kishi halok bo'lgan. Ko'rib chiqilayotgan qishloq oldingi hujumga aloqadorligi to'g'risida hech qanday dalil yo'q edi.^[40]

Bear Flag qo'zg'oloni

1846 yil iyun oyida Fremont va Karson Kaliforniyadagi Meksikaga qarshi qo'zg'olonda qatnashdilar Bear Flag qo'zg'oloni.^[34] Meksika barcha amerikaliklarga Kaliforniyani tark etishni buyurdi. Kaliforniyadagi amerikalik ko'chmanchilar Meksika hukumatidan ozod bo'lishni xohlashdi va Kaliforniyani mustaqil deb e'lon qilishdi respublika. Amerikalik isyonchilar Meksikaga qarshi chiqish uchun jasorat topdilar, chunki ularda qasamyod yozgan Front bor edi sadoqat va ularning orqasida uning qo'shinlari. Front va uning odamlari amerikaliklarni bir oz himoya qilishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. U Karsonga keksa meksikalikni qatl qilishni buyurdi, Xose de los Reyes Berreyesa va qirg'oqqa chiqqanlarida qo'lga olingan ikki voyaga etgan jiyani San-Fransisko ko'rfazi ularning qo'zg'olon haqida Meksikaga xabar berishlariga yo'l qo'ymaslik.^[41]

Fremont Kaliforniyani Qo'shma Shtatlar uchun yutib olish uchun juda ko'p ishladi, bir muncha vaqt o'zini harbiy gubernator sifatida ko'rsatib, uning o'rnini General Kerni egallab oldi va u uni ortda qoldirdi.^[42]

1846-1848 yillarda Karson Kaliforniyadan Sharqqa va orqaga uch marta sayohat qilgan kuryer bo'lib xizmat qildi. Fremont shunday deb yozgan edi: "Bu katta ishonch va sharafning xizmati edi ... va bu ham katta xavf edi". 1846 yilda harbiy yozuvlar bilan jo'natildi Urush kotibi Vashingtonda, Karson Gila yo'lidan bordi, lekin uni general Kerni kutib oldi va u o'z jo'natmalarini sharqqa qarab boshqalarga topshirishni va Kaliforniyaga juda kerakli qo'llanma sifatida qaytishni buyurdi. 1847 yil boshida Karsonga Kaliforniyadan yana sharqqa buyruq berildi, u Vashingtonga ko'proq jo'natildi va u iyun oyiga etib keldi. Taosdagi oilasi bilan qisqa tashrif bilan Kaliforniyaga qaytib, u ergashdi Qadimgi Ispaniya izi Los-Anjelesga. U 1848 yil Los-Anjelesdan Eski Ispan izi orqali hukumat kuryeri sifatida uchinchi marta jo'natildi va muhim harbiy xabarlar bilan Vashingtonga yetib keldi, unda Kaliforniyada oltin topilganligi haqidagi rasmiy hisobot mavjud.^[43]

Gazetalarda Karsonning sayohatlari haqida ba'zi mubolag'alar bilan yozilgan, shu jumladan, u 1848 yil iyul oyida tekis hindular tomonidan o'ldirilgan.^[44] Leytenant Jorj Brewerton ushbu sayohatning bir qismida Karsonga hamroh bo'lib, nashr etilgan Harper jurnali (1853) Kitning hozirgi kunda o'sib borayotgan mashhurlik maqomiga qo'shilgan hisob.^[45] 1848 yilda, uning shuhrati oshgani sayin, Baltimor shlyapa ishlab chiqaruvchisi "ushbu jasur kashshof kiygan ichki uslubning o'ziga xos uslubidan keyin" "Kit Carson Cap" ni taklif qildi.^[46] Deb nomlangan yangi paroxod Kit Karson, Missisipi-Ogayo daryosi savdosi uchun "katta tezlik xususiyatlariga ega bo'lgan holda qurilgan.^[47] Sent-Luis xokkey klubida "Kit Karson" deb nomlangan "shamol kabi tez" otga garov tikish mumkin edi.^[48]

Meksika-Amerika urushi (1846–1848)

1846 yildan 1848 yilgacha davom etgan Meksika-Amerika urushi AQSh va Meksika o'rtasidagi qurolli to'qnashuv edi. Urushdan keyin Meksika hududlarini sotishga majbur bo'ldi Alta Kaliforniya va Nyu-Meksiko ostida AQShga Guadalupe Hidalgo shartnomasi.

Karsonning eng taniqli sarguzashtlaridan biri ushbu urush paytida sodir bo'lgan. 1846 yil dekabrda Karsonga general buyrug'i berdi Stiven V. Kearni uni va uning qo'shinlarini olib borish uchun Sokorro, Nyu-Meksiko, ga San-Diego, Kaliforniya. Meksika askarlari Kerni va uning odamlariga qishloq qishlog'i yaqinida hujum qilishdi San-Paskal, Kaliforniya.

Kernining soni ortib ketdi. U g'alaba qozona olmasligini bilar edi va shuning uchun odamlariga kichik bir tepalikka panoh berishni buyurdi. 8-dekabrga o'tar kechasi dengiz leytenanti Karson, Edvard Fitsjerald Beal va hindistonlik skaut Kernidan 25 mil (40 km) uzoqlikdagi San-Diegodan qo'shimcha kuchlarni olib kelish uchun jo'nab ketdi. Karson va leytenant oyoq kiyimlarini echib olishdi, chunki ular juda ko'p shovqin qilishdi va sahroda yalangoyoq yurishdi. Karson yozgan Xotiralar"" Nihoyat o'tib ketdi, lekin baxtsiz hodisalar tufayli poyabzalimizni yo'qotib qo'ydik. Nohut armut va toshlar bilan qoplangan, yalangoyoq mamlakat bo'ylab sayohat qilish kerak edi. "^[49]

10 dekabrga qadar Kearni qo'shimcha kuchlar kelmasligiga ishongan. Ertasi kuni ertalab u Meksika chizig'ini kesib o'tishni rejalashtirgan edi, ammo 200 ta minib olgan amerikalik askarlar o'sha tunda San-Paskalga etib kelishdi. Ular meksikaliklarni haydab chiqaradigan joyni supurib tashlashdi. Kernni 12-dekabr kuni San-Diegoda edi.^[50]

Chorvachilik, oilaviy hayot va qo'ylarni boqish (1848-1853)

Keyin Meksika-Amerika urushi Kaliforniya va Nyu-Meksikoni Qo'shma Shtatlarga ko'chirgan, Karson Taosga qaytib, ishbilarmon va chorvadorlik kasbiga o'tishga harakat qildi. U Taosoning sharqidagi Rayadoda kichik rancho ishlab chiqardi va mol go'shti boqdi. U o'zining qizi Adalinni Missuridan Jozefaga va oilasiga qo'shilish uchun oilaviy hayot chegarani joylashtirgan davrda olib keldi. Jozefa tikishni yaxshi ko'rar edi va u unga birinchi Singer modellaridan biri bo'lgan, ularning oilasini kengaytirishi uchun ixcham vosita bo'lgan erta tikuv mashinasini sotib oldi. U Nyu-Meksiko shtatidagi ispan ayollarining an'analariga binoan uy xo'jaliklarini boshqargan, ammo u qisqa sayohatlarni davom ettirgan.^[51] 1850 yil yozida u harbiy xizmatga otlar podasini sotdi, u Ft. Larami, Vayoming. Keyingi yili u Missuridagi savdo ekspeditsiyasida vagonlarni olib, orqaga qaytdi Santa Fe Trail. 1852 yilda, qadimgi vaqtlar uchun, u va bir nechta faxriy tuzoqchilar Kolorado va Vayoming orqali ilmoq ekspeditsiyasini o'tkazdilar.^[52]

1853 yil o'rtalarida Karson Nyu-Meksiko shahridan 7000 ingichka oyoqli churro qo'ylari bilan jo'nab ketdi Kaliforniya izi Vayoming, Yuta, Nevada shtati orqali Kaliforniyaga. U ularni Kaliforniyaning shimolida va janubiy Oregon shtatidagi ko'chmanchilarga olib borgan. Karson yonida qo'ylarni boqish uchun Rio-Abajoda yashovchilardan tajribali yangi meksikaliklar - oltita "ispaniyalik" bor edi. Sakramentoga kelganida, u yana Kaliforniya fathining qahramoniga ko'tarilganligi to'g'risida bilganidan hayron bo'ldi; butun umri davomida u sharmandali taniqli chegarachi sifatida tan olinishi kerak edi, bu tasvir turli xil aniqlikdagi nashrlar tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan.^[53][54]

Kitoblar va dime romanlari (1847–1859)

Karsonning shuhrati Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarida hukumat hisobotlari, dime romanlari, gazetadagi akkauntlari va og'zaki so'zlari bilan tarqaldi. Kitning ommabop auditoriya uchun e'lon qilingan birinchi hisobotlari Fremontning kashfiyot hisobotlaridan ko'chirma bo'lib, davriy gazetalarda qayta nashr etilgan. Fremontning jurnallari 1840 yillarning boshlarida paydo bo'ldi, Jessi Benton Fremont tomonidan o'zgartirilmagan G'arbning romantik hikoyalari.^[55] AQSh va Angliya bo'ylab nashr etilgan gazetalarda bufalo ovlari yovvoyi ertaklari, ulkan yangi landshaftlar va mahalliy xalqlar haqida parchalar qayta nashr etildi.^[56][57] Kitning qahramonliklari sahifalarni jonlantirdi. 1847 yil iyun oyida Jessi Benton Fremont Kitga Vashingtonda (D.C. Union) intervyu sifatida chop etilgan va butun mamlakat bo'ylab gazetalar tomonidan qayta nashr etilgan qisqacha tarjimai holini tayyorlashda yordam berdi.^[58][59]

Charlz E. Averill (1830-1852), 'yosh roman yozuvchisi', Holdenning Dollar jurnali uchun jurnal maqolasini chop etdi, 1848 yil aprel,^[60] deb reklama qilingan romanga aylantirdi Oltin ovchilar shahzodasi Kit Karson; yoki Sakramentoning sarguzashtlari; Haqiqiy dalillarga asos solingan Yangi Eldorado haqidagi ertak, Kitning yuksalib borayotgan shuhratidan foydalanadigan yanada hayoliy ertak.^[61] U kitob do'konlari javonlariga 1849 yil may oyida, o'z vaqtida keldi Kaliforniya Gold Rush Kaliforniyaga olib boradigan yo'lda hikoyalarga bo'lgan talab (xayoliy yoki yo'q). Averillning kashshoflari Karsonni hayratda qoldirmoqdalar: "Kit Karson! ... Buyuk G'arbning taniqli ovchisi va sarguzashtchisi, izsiz cho'lning mashaqqatli kashfiyotchisi ... orqa daraxtzorlar shahzodasi" ularga rahbarlik qilish uchun keladi. Keyinchalik Kit haqida so'ralganda Kit Karson "[Averill tomonidan] aytilgan har bir so'z yolg'ondir" dedi.^[62]

Xuddi shunday, Emerson Bennet (1822-1905), shov-shuvli romantikalarning serhosil yozuvchisi, xayoliy Kit Karson Kaliforniyadagi vagonlar poyezdiga qo'shilgan quruqlikdagi izlarni yozdi. 1849 yil yanvar oyida kitob do'konlariga kelib, uning Dasht gulasi yoki Uzoq G'arbdagi sarguzashtlar Kit afsonasidan foydalangan va Averill singari, tezda davomini davom ettirgan.^[63] Har bir romanida g'arblik immigrantlar mashhur Kit Karsondan hayratda. Ikkala roman yozuvchisi ham xayoliy to'plamni "hind jangchisi" deb shov-shuvga aylantirdilar, ammo dahshatli axlatli ma'lumotlar "qizil terilar" "changni tishlaydi" (Averill, Gold Hunter). Masalan, bitta qurbon haqida Averill shunday deb yozgan edi: "uning burun teshigidan ko'p miqdorda qon otilib chiqdi"; Bennett "Kit Karson, mujassam jang ruhi singari, mening yonimda kuchli zaryadlovchi qurilmasida momaqaldiroq otdi va o'z egarida oldinga egilib, chaqmoqday tez harakat qilib, mening antagonistimning bosh terisini bir qo'lida ushlab oldi va ikkinchisi boshini tanasidan butunlay uzib oldi, u g'alaba qozondi "(Bennett, Dasht gullari, p. 64). Yozuvchilarning dahshatli, dabdabali va shov-shuvli yungli G'arbdagi ta'riflari o'quvchilarni sahifalarni aylantirib turishi va Karson haqida ko'proq qon paqirlari bilan xayoliy hisobotlarni sotib olishlarini davom ettirishi mumkin edi, ayniqsa kelayotgan dime romanlari davrida.^[64][65]

Hindistonlik asir xonim Ann Uayt

Kit Karsonning ushbu birinchi romanlarda tasvirlanishiga bo'lgan munosabati, Ann Uayt xonimning taqdiri atrofida sodir bo'lgan voqealar haqida fikr yuritadi. 1849 yilda u Taos va Rayadoda fuqarolik hayotiga o'tayotganda, Karsondan askarlarni Enn Uayt, uning qizi va "negr xizmatkor" tomonidan qo'lga olingan yo'lda olib borishni so'rashdi. Jicarilla Apaches va Utes.^[66] Qo'mondon, Kapitan Uilyam Grier 1-otliq polki, Karsonning jikarillalarni g'ofil tutib olgandan keyin darhol qutqarish urinishi haqidagi maslahatiga e'tibor bermadi, ammo o'q otilgandan so'ng, hujumga buyruq berildi va jikarillalar qochishga kirishdilar. Karson o'zining avtobiografiyasida shunday ta'riflaganidek: "Taxminan 200 yard atrofida hindularni ta'qib qilishda, missis Uaytning jasadi topilgan, juda iliq, besh daqiqadan ko'proq vaqt davomida o'ldirilmagan - o'q bilan yurakdan otilgan .... Ishonchim komilki, hindular zudlik bilan biz kelganimizda ayblansa, u qutqarilgan bo'lar edi. "^[67] 1850 yilgi hisobotga ko'ra, uning bolasi va xizmatkori qochib ketgan Jikarillalar tomonidan olib ketilgan va hujumdan ko'p o'tmay o'ldirilgan. Jeyms S. Kalxun, Nyu-Meksiko shtatidagi Hindiston ishlari bo'yicha boshlig'i.^[68]

Qutqaruv partiyasidagi bir askar shunday deb yozgan edi: "Uayt xonim zaif, nozik va juda chiroyli ayol edi, lekin u bunday foydalanishni boshdan kechirdi, chunki u halokatga uchradi, ammo u tom ma'noda zarba va chizish bilan qoplandi. Uning yuzi keyin ham o'lim umidsiz jonzotni ko'rsatdi, biz uning jasadi ustidan biz uni ta'qib qiluvchilardan qasam ichdik ".

Karson Apache lagerida o'zi haqida xayoliy kitobni, ehtimol Averill tomonidan topilgan. U "Xotira kitoblarida" shunday yozgan edi: "Lagerda men ko'rgan birinchi kitob topildi, u erda meni buyuk qahramon qildi, hindularni yuzlab odamlarni o'ldirdi va men Uayt xonim o'qiydi deb tez-tez o'ylardim. Xuddi shu narsa va mening yaqin yashaganimni bilib, u mening tashqi ko'rinishim uchun va u najot topishi uchun ibodat qiladi. "^[69] Haqiqiy Kit Karson xayoliy Kit Karson bilan uchrashdi va Uayt xonimni qutqara olmaganidan xafa bo'ldi, o'sib borayotgan afsonani bajara olmadi. U Uayt xonimni qutqarmaganligi uchun butun umri uchun afsuslandi; dime-roman to'plami uni qutqargan bo'lar edi.^[70]

Xotiralar

1854 yilda leytenant Brewerton Kit Karsonni unga hayotining eskizini yuborishga undadi va uni kitobga nashr etishni taklif qildi.^[71] Karson keyingi bir necha yil ichida taxminan 33000 so'zdan iborat "memuar" ni yozib oldi, ammo boshqa hamkorga o'tdi. 1858 yilda Taosda Kit bilan uchrashgan AQSh armiyasining jarrohi doktor Devit Klinton Piters (1829-1876) qo'lyozmani sotib oldi va Charlz Xetch Smit (1829-1882) bilan Bruklindagi advokat musiqa o'qituvchisi bo'lib ishladi, va'zgo'y va muallif^[72](uning kitoblaridan bir tanqidchi shunday deb yozgan edi: "hech qanday tarzda ikkinchi Bulver emas yoki Takerey "^[73]) uni nashr qilish uchun qayta yozgan. Biografiya sarlavhasi berilgan Kit Karson, Rokki tog'larning Nestori, o'zi tomonidan rivoyat qilingan faktlardan.^[74] Kitobni Karsonga o'qiyotganda, u: "Piters uni juda qalin leylet ustiga yotqizdi" dedi.^[75] Dastlab Smitning noshiri, Nyu-York shahridagi W. R. C. Clark & ​​Co tomonidan obuna tomonidan taklif qilingan, u tezda nasr uchun emas, balki mavzusi uchun juda yaxshi tanqidlarga sazovor bo'ldi.^[76] Birinchi yugurish, 2,50 dollarlik zarif nashr yoki 4 dollarlik antiqa nusxada, Karson tomonidan imzolangan (balki) hikoyani tasdiqlovchi va doktor Pitersga ushbu asar uchun berilgan ruxsat berilgan.^[77] Piters (Smitning yordami bilan) biografiyasi ingichka Xotiralarni besh barobarga (534 betgacha) kengaytirdi, juda ko'p to'ldiruvchi, axloqiy va kulgili tahrirlangan. Arzonroq nashr 1859 yilda nashr etilgan, so'ngra bozorni o'g'irlagan ikkita taqlid. 1860 yilda Charlz Burdett "hech qanday farq qilmaydigan yozuvchi" sifatida doktor Pitersning asari asosida tarjimai holini yozdi. Buyuk G'arb ovchisi Kit Karsonning hayoti. Arzon romanlar va shubhali badiiy adabiyotlarning ajoyib uyi, Beadle Dime kutubxonasi, 1861 yilda chiqarilgan Kit Karsonning hayoti va davri, Rokki tog 'skauti va gid firma tomonidan ishlatiladigan yozuvchilarning turg'unlaridan biri bo'lgan Edvard S. Ellis tomonidan. Ommabop, qisqaroq asar, shuningdek, doktor Pitersning biografiyasidan foydalangan, u Pitersning o'zi 1874 yilda Karsonning 1868 yilda vafot etishiga qadar tarjima qilgan. Karson o'z xotiralari asosida ushbu nashrlarning birortasidan foyda ko'rganmi yoki yo'qmi noma'lum.^[78]

1905 yilda doktor Piterning o'g'li Parijdagi mulk orasida Kit Karsonning asl xotirasi joylashgan edi. Bu 1926 yilda ozgina sharh bilan nashr etilgan,^[69] followed by a revised or "polished" version in 1935, and, finally, in 1968, a solidly annotated edition edited by Harvey Lewis Carter, who had cleared up much of the background about the manuscript.^[79] Kit Carson's memoir is the most important source about his life, to 1858, but as Carter notes, Kit was too brief, had lapses in memory, and his chronology was fallible. One frustrated author wrote of the Carson memoir that it "is as skinny as a hairless Chihuahua dog and as bald of details as a white egg."^[80]

Dime romanlari

An 1874 dime novel with Carson's picture on the cover.

During the last half of the nineteenth century inexpensive novels and pseudo-nonfiction met the need of readers looking for entertainment. Among the major publishing firms was the house of Beadle, opened 1860. One study, "Kit Carson and Dime Novels, the Making of a Legend" by Darlis Miller, notes some 70 dime novels about Kit were either published, re-published with new titles, or incorporated into new works over the period 1860-1901.^[81] The usual blood-and-thunder tales exploited Kit Carson's name to sell copies. When competition threatened the house of Beadle, a word-smith said they "just kill more Indians" per page to increase sales. Skewed images of the personalities and place are exemplified by the Beadle title: Kiowa Charley, The White Mustanger; or, Rocky Mountain Kit's Last Scalp Hunt (1879) in which an older Kit is said to have "ridden into Sioux camps unattended and alone, had ridden out again, but with the scalps of their greatest warriors at his belt."^[82][83] Edward Ellis, biographer of Kit, wrote under the pseudonym of J. F. C. Adams The Fighting Trapper or Kit Carson to the Rescue (1879), another lurid work without any hint of reality.^[84]

By the 1880s, the shoot-em-up gunslinger was replacing the frontiersman tales, but of those in the new generation, one critic notes, "where Kit Carson had been represented as slaying hundreds of Indians, the [new] dime roman hero slew his thousands, with one hand tied behind him."^[85] The dime novel's impact was the blurring of the real Kit Carson by creating a mythic character. In fiction, according to historian of literature Richard Etulain, "the small, wiry Kit Carson becomes a ring-tailed roarer, a gigantic Samson…a strong-armed demigods [who] could be victorious and thus pave the way for western settlement."^[86]

Indian Agent (1854-1861)

Between January 1854 and May 1861, Kit Carson served as one of the first Federal Indian Agents in the Far West. He sold his interest in the Rayado ranch and opened an office in a room of his Taos home, gratis—the office would be perpetually underfunded. He was responsible for the Maoche Odamlar, Jicarilla Apache va Taos Pueblo in a vast expanse of northern New Mexico Territory (which then included southwest Colorado).^[87] His duties were broad and insurmountable: "prevent conflict as far as possible, to persuade the Indians to submit to the government's will, and to solve problems arising from contact between Indians and whites."^[88]

The seven years as agent is probably the best documented of his life because of the correspondence, weekly and annual reports, and special filings required by the position (he had a private secretary because he could not write; some believe the secretary took the dictation also for his memoir). He summarized meetings with tribes, almost a daily occurrence when home, disputes over who stole whose cow, and the day to day effort to help with food, clothes and presents for tribes. He negotiated a halt of Plains tribes killing Taos Pueblo Indians desiring the traditional hunt of buffalo near Raton. Carson had the advantage of knowing at least fourteen Indian dialects as well as was a master of sign language.^[89]

One complex issue was captives. For example, captives stolen from Navajo by Ute were sold in the New Mexico settlements, or of a white child from central Texas settlements taken captive by Plains tribes then sold in New Mexico. As agent, Carson intervened.^[90][91]

Much of Carson's work as agent has been overlooked because of the focus on his mountain man explorer or blood and thunder image. This was a significant period for him as well as the region, which experienced a large folk migration of Hispanos into Indian lands, as well as the Kolorado shtatidagi oltin shoshilish and its impact on the tribes.^[92] Carson's view of the best future for the nomadic Indian evolved. By the late 1850s, he recommended, to make way for the increasing number of white settlers, they should give up hunting and become herders and farmers, be provided with missionaries to Christianize them, and move onto reserves in their homeland but distant from settlements with their bad influence of ardent spirits, disease, and unscrupulous Hispanos and Anglos. Carson predicted, "If permitted to remain as they are, before many years they will be utterly extinct."^[93]

Military career (1861–1868)

1861 yil aprelda Amerika fuqarolar urushi chiqib ketdi. With the capture of southern New Mexico by Confederate troops, Carson resigned his Indian Agent post to enlist in the Union cause as Lt. Colonel of the New Mexico Volunteers. He led the 1st New Mexico Volunteer Infantry and trained the new men. In October 1861, he was made a polkovnik. The Volunteers fought the Konfederatsiya kuchlari Valverde jangi in New Mexico in February 1862. The Confederates won the battle but were later defeated in June and retreated to Texas.

Campaign against Apaches

General James Henry Carleton

Once the Confederates had been driven from New Mexico, Carson's commander, Major General James Henry Carleton, turned his attention to the Native Americans. The author and historian Edvin L. Sabin writes that the officer had a "psychopathic hatred of the Apaches."^[94] Carleton led his forces deep into the Meskalero Apache territory. The Mescaleros were tired of fighting and put themselves under Carson's protection. Carleton put the Apaches on a remote and lonely reservation on the Pekos daryosi.^[95]

Carson disliked the Apaches as well. He wrote in a report that the Jicarilla Apaches "were truly the most degraded and troublesome Indians we have in our department... we daily witness them in a state of intoxication in our plaza."^[96] Carson half-heartedly supported Carleton's plans. He was tired and had suffered an injury two years before that gave him great trouble. He resigned from the army in February 1863. Carleton refused to accept the resignation because he wanted Carson to lead a campaign against the Navajo.^[96]

Campaign against Navajo

Carleton had chosen a bleak site on the Pecos River for his reservation, which was called Bosque Redondo (Round Grove). He chose the site for the Apaches and Navajos because it was far from white settlements. He also wanted the Apaches and Navajo to act as a buffer for any aggressive acts committed upon the white settlements from Kiowas and Comanches to the east of Bosque Redondo. He thought also that the remoteness and desolation of the reservation would discourage white settlement.^[97]

The Navajo at Fort Sumner, the end of The Long Walk.

The Mescalero Apaches walked 130 miles (210 km) to the reservation. By March 1863, 400 Apaches had settled around nearby Fort Sumner. Others had fled west to join fugitive bands of Apaches. By mid-summer, many of the people were planting crops and doing other farm work.

On July 7, Carson, with little heart for the Navajo roundup, started the campaign against the tribe. His orders were almost the same as those for the Apache roundup: he was to shoot all males on sight and to take the women and children captives. No peace treaties were to be made until all Navajo were on the reservation.^[98]

Carson searched far and wide for the Navajo. He found their homes, fields, animals, and orchards, but the Navajo were experts at disappearing quickly and hiding in their vast lands. The roundup proved frustrating for Carson. He was in his fifties and tired and ill. By autumn 1863, Carson started to burn the Navajo homes and fields and remove their animals from the area. The Navajo would starve if the destruction continued, and 188 surrendered and were sent to Bosque Redondo. Life at the Bosque had turned grim, and murders took place. The Apaches and Navajos fought. The water in the Pecos contained minerals that gave people cramps and stomach aches. Residents had to walk 12 miles (19 km) to find firewood.^[99]

Kanyon-de-Chelli jangi

Carson wanted to take a winter break from the campaign. Major General Carleton refused and ordered him to invade the Kanyon de Chelli, where many Navajos had taken refuge. The historian David Roberts writes, "Carson's sweep through the Canyon de Chelly in the winter of 1863–1864 would prove to be the decisive action in the Campaign."^[100]

The Canyon de Chelly was a sacred place for the Navajo. They believed that it would now be their strongest sanctuary, and 300 Navajo took refuge on the canyon rim, called Fortress Rock. They resisted Carson's invasion by building rope ladders and bridges, lowering water pots into a stream, and keeping quiet and out of sight. The 300 Navajo survived the invasion. In January 1864, Carson swept through the 35-mile (56 km) Canyon with his forces, including Captain Albert Pfeiffer.^[101] The thousands of peach trees in the canyon were cut down. Few Navajo were killed or captured. Carson's invasion, however, proved to the Navajo that the Qo'shma Shtatlar could invade their territory at any time. Many Navajo surrendered at Fort-Defans, Arizona.^[102]

By March 1864, there were 3,000 refugees at Fort Canby. An additional 5,000 arrived in the camp. They were suffering from the intense cold and hunger. Carson asked for supplies to feed and clothe them and forced the thousands of Navajo to walk to Bosque Redondo. Many died along the way. Stragglers in the rear were shot and killed. In Navajo history, the horrific trek is known as Navajoning uzoq yurishi. By 1866, reports indicated that Bosque Redondo was a complete failure, Major General Carleton was fired, and Congress started investigations. In 1868, a treaty was signed, and the Navajo were allowed to return to their homeland. Bosque Redondo was closed.^[103]

Adobe devorlarining birinchi jangi

On November 25, 1864, Carson led his forces against the southwestern tribes at the Adobe devorlarining birinchi jangi ichida Texas Panhandl. Adobe Walls was an abandoned trading post that had been blown up by its inhabitants to prevent a takeover by hostile Indians. Combatants at the First Battle were the US Army and Indian scouts against Kiowas, Comanches, and Plains Apaches. It was one of the largest engagements fought on the Buyuk tekisliklar.

The battle was the result of General Carleton's belief that Indians were responsible for the continuing attacks on settlers along the Santa Fe Trail. He wanted to punish them and brought in Carson to do the job. With most of the army engaged elsewhere during the American Civil War, the protection that the settlers sought was almost nonexistent. Carson led 260 cavalry, 75 infantry, and 72 Ute and Jicarilla Apache Army scouts. In addition, he had two mountain howitzers.^[104]

On the morning of November 25, Carson discovered and attacked a Kiowa village of 176 lodges. After destroying the village, he moved forward to Adobe Walls. Carson found other Comanche villages in the area and realized he would face a very large force of Native Americans. A Captain Pettis estimated that 1,200 to 1,400 Comanche and Kiowa began to assemble. That number would swell, according to some accounts, to an implausible 3,000.^[106] Four to five hours of battle ensued. When Carson ran low on ammunition and howitzer shells, he ordered his men to retreat to a nearby Kiowa village, where they burned the village and many fine buffalo robes. His Indian scouts killed and mutilated four elderly and weak Kiowas.^[104]

First Adobe Walls, northeast of Stinnett yilda Xattinson okrugi, Texas, was Carson'ss last military engagement and ended in victory for the Comanche-Kiowa alliance, which allowed them to dominate the Llano Estakado for another eight years. The encounter could have resulted in a massacre worse than Kusterning so'nggi turishi yilda Montana hududi 12 yil o'tgach. Three of Carson's men died, and twenty-one were wounded. More than 100 warriors lost their lives, and 200 were wounded.^[107]

The retreat to New Mexico then began with few deaths among Carson's men. General Carleton wrote to Carson: "This brilliant affair adds another green leaf to the laurel wreath which you have so nobly won in the service of your country."^[104]

Shaxsiy hayot

In 1847, the future General Uilyam Tekumseh Sherman met Carson in Monterey, Kaliforniya. Sherman wrote: "His fame was then at its height,... and I was very anxious to see a man who had achieved such feats of daring among the wild animals of the Rocky Mountains, and still wilder Indians of the plains.... I cannot express my surprise at beholding such a small, stoop-shouldered man, with reddish hair, freckled face, soft blue eyes, and nothing to indicate extraordinary courage or daring. He spoke but little and answered questions in monosyllables."

Polkovnik Edvard V. Uynkoop wrote: "Kit Carson was five feet five and one half-inches tall, weighed about 140 pounds, of nervy, iron temperament, squarely built, slightly bow-legged, and those members apparently too short for his body. But, his head and face made up for all the imperfections of the rest of his person. His head was large and well-shaped with yellow straight hair, worn long, falling on his shoulders. His face was fair and smooth as a woman's with high cheekbones, straight nose, a mouth with a firm, but somewhat sad expression, a keen, deep-set but beautiful, mild blue eye, which could become terrible under some circumstances, and like the warning of the rattlesnake, gave notice of attack. Though quick-sighted, he was slow and soft of speech, and posed great natural modesty."

Lieutenant George Douglas Brewerton made one coast-to-coast dispatch-carrying trip to Washington, DC, with Carson. Brewerton wrote: "The Kit Carson of my tasavvur was over six feet high — a sort of modern Hercules in his build — with an enormous beard, and a voice like a roused lion.... The real Kit Carson I found to be a plain, simple... man; rather below the medium height, with brown, curling hair, little or no beard, and a voice as soft and gentle as a woman's. In fact, the hero of a hundred desperate encounters, whose life had been mostly spent amid wilderness, where the white man is almost unknown, was one of Dame Nature's gentleman...."^[108]

Masonluk

Carson joined Freemasonry in the Santa Fe Territory of New Mexico, petitioning in Montezuma Lodge No. 101. He was initiated an Entered Apprentice on April 22, 1854, passed to the degree of Fellowcraft June 17, 1854, and raised to the sublime degree of Master Mason December 26, 1854,^[109] just two days after his 42 birthday. Carson, together with several other Freemasons in Taos, petitioned to charter Bent Lodge No. 204 (now Bent Lodge # 42) from the Grand Lodge of Missouri AF&AM, a request that was granted on June 1, 1860, with Kit elected Junior Warden of the lodge.^[110]

The Masonic fraternity continued to serve him and his family well after his death. In 1908, the Grand Lodge of New Mexico erected a wrought iron fence around his family burial plot.^[111] The following year, the Grand Lodge challenged Bent Lodge to purchase and preserve Kit's home.^[112] More than a century later, the Kit Carson Home and Museum is still managed by the lodge.^[113]

Nikohlar

Carson was married three times. His first two wives were Native American. His third wife was born of an old Hispanic family in Taos, New Mexico, then part of the Republic of Mexico. Carson was the father of ten children. He never wrote about his first two marriages in his Xotiralar. He may have thought he would be known as a "squaw man," which was not welcomed by polite society.^[114]

In 1836, Carson met an Arapaho woman, Waanibe (Singing Grass, or Grass Singing), at a mountain man rendezvous held along the Green River in Vayoming. Singing Grass was a lovely young woman, and many mountain men were in love with her.^[115] Carson was forced to fight a duel with a French trapper, Chouinard, for Waanibe's hand in marriage. Carson won but had a very narrow escape. The French trapper's bullet singed his hair. The duel was one of the best known stories about Carson in the 19th century.^[116]

Carson married Singing Grass. She tended to his needs and went with him on his trapping trips. They had a daughter, Adaline (or Adeline). Singing Grass died after she had given birth to Carson's second daughter in around 1841. His second child did not live long. In 1843, in Taos, Nyu-Meksiko, she fell into a boiling kettle of soap and subsequently died.^[117]

Josefa Carson, Carson's third and last wife, holds Carson's son.

Carson's life as a mountain man was too hard for a little girl and so he took Adaline to live with his sister Mary Ann Carson Rubey in Sent-Luis, Missuri. Adaline was taught in a school for girls. Carson brought her West when she was a teenager. She married and divorced a George Stilts of St. Louis, Missouri. In 1858, she went to the California goldfields. Adaline died in 1860^[118] or after 1862, probably in Mono okrugi, Kaliforniya.^[119]

In 1841, Carson married a Cheyenne woman, Making-Out-Road. They were together only a short time. Making-Out-Road divorced him in the way of her people by putting Adaline and all of Carson's property outside their tent. Making-Out-Road left Carson to travel with her people through the West.

About 1842, Carson met Josefa Jaramillo, the daughter of a prominent Mexican couple living in Taos. To marry her, Carson left the Presviterian cherkovi uchun Katolik cherkovi. He married the 14-year-old Josefa on February 6, 1843. They had eight children.

Savodsizlik

Despite being fluent in multiple European and Indian languages, Carson was illiterate. He was embarrassed by that and tried to hide it.^[120] In 1856, he dictated his Xotiralar to another and stated:"I was a young boy in the school house when the cry came, Injuns! I jumped to my rifle and threw down my spelling book, and thar it lies."^[121]

Carson enjoyed having other people read to him and preferred the poetry of Jorj Gordon, Lord Bayron. Carson thought that Sir Valter Skott uzoq she'r, Ko'l xonimi was "the finest expression of outdoor life."^[122] Carson eventually learned to write "C. Carson," but it was very difficult for him. He made his mark on official papers, and it was then witnessed by a xizmatchi or other official.^[123]

Oxirgi kunlar

The last known photograph of Carson was taken around March 20, 1868, during Carson's visit to Boston with Ouray and Ute chiefs two months before his death, by the photographer James Wallace Black and was signed by Carson. It is the largest extant photograph of him.

When the Civil War ended, and the Indian Wars campaigns were in a lull, Carson was appointed breket brigadier general (dated March 13, 1865) and appointed commandant of Ft. Garland, Kolorado, qalbida Ute hudud. Carson had many Ute friends in the area and assisted in government relations.^[124]

Bo'lgandan keyin yig'ildi out of the army, Carson took up ranching, settling at Boggsvill yilda Bent County. In 1868, at the urging of Washington and the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Carson journeyed to Washington, DC, where he escorted several Ute Chiefs to meet with the US President to plead for assistance to their tribe.^[125]

Soon after his return, his wife, Josefa, died from complications after she gave birth to their eighth child. Her death was a crushing blow to Carson. He died a month later, age 58, on May 23, 1868, in the presence of Dr. Tilton and his friend Thomas Boggs in the surgeon's quarters at Fort-Lion, Kolorado. His last words were "Goodbye, friends. Adios, compadres." The cause of his death was qorin aorta anevrizmasi. His resting place is Taos, New Mexico.^[126]

Kit Carson as Symbol and Myth, 1900-1960

In 1950, professor Genri Nash Smit published his classic Virgin Land, the American West as Symbol and Myth. A new type of study, one that looked at literature to understand the general public's view of the frontier, and its creation myth and symbols. To Smith, Kit Carson represented the symbolic mountain man image created first in the novels of Jeyms Fenimor Kuper Ning Teridan tikilgan ertaklar, the pathfinder who went into the wilderness as advance pioneer for civilization. Smith details the creation of mythic Kit as a national hero, as well as "Indian fighter, the daredevil horseman, the slayer of grizzly bears, the ancestor of the hundreds of two-gun men who came later decades to people the Beadle dime novels."^[127] Other writers defined two distinct Kits portrayed in nineteenth century literature, of myth vs. reality.^[128] During the first half of the twentieth century, the general public put those beliefs in the mythic Kit Carson into popular actions by erecting monuments and statues, holding public celebrations, and supporting early movies and television.

Yodgorliklar va haykallar

The first Kit Carson monument, that erected in Santa Fe in 1885 at the Federal courthouse, was a simple stone obelisk with inscriptions including the words "pathfinder, pioneer, soldier," and "He Led the Way." Union Civil War veterans, the Respublikaning katta armiyasi, led the fund raising and dedicated it "to remember the brave deeds of a pioneer and patriot who fought for his country."^[129]

The first statues were erected in Colorado. In 1911, the granddaughter of Kit Carson unveiled an equestrian statue at the community park near the state capitol, Denver. It "honored the great explorer" and was inscribed as well with "He Led the Way."^[130] In Trinidad, Colorado, the Amerika inqilobining qizlari and Boy Scouts of America led fund raising for the bronze statue of Kit Carson in the city's new Kit Carson Park, placed in 1913.^[131]

Californians followed with a statue of Kit Carson on Olvera ko'chasi in Los Angeles, and a bronze representation of a tree trunk with "Carson 1844" inscribed on it, placed at Karson dovoni Syerra Nevadada.^[132][133] Both represented him as the explorer. Other statues or monuments followed, in California, Washington, D.C. by Isidore Konti, Nevada, and elsewhere.

Early Movies and Television

Grand popular culture imagery of Carson, expressed through Hollywood cinema, began with the 1928 silent film Kit Karson from Paramount, a purported real-like story of Kit Carson, the famous scout and guide, and the conquest of California. It was followed with a talking movie series begun in 1933, with 12 chapters, titled Kit Karson bilan kurash gips bilan, shu jumladan Johnny Mack Brown (as Kit), Nuh Beeri Sr. and Jr with "plenty of stunts and action." Paramount's crew converted the series into a feature length film, Fighting with Kit Carson, in 1946. These popular matinee Westerns strove for entertainment, not for accuracy, and exploit the Kit Carson name and myth.

The Kit Carson character played minor roles in other 1930s Westerns like the 1936 Sutterning oltini, loosely about the California gold discovery, and the 1939 Mutiny on the Black Hawk, an odd Western with a mutiny on a slave ship that lands in California with Kit Carson and others ready to save the day. The 1940 western titled Kit Karson yulduzlar Jon Xoll (as Kit), Dana Endryus (as Fremont), and others. Kit joins Captain John Fremont to guide a wagon train just as Mexican General Castro orders all Americans from California, then the conquest of California begins, a tale enlivened with gratuitous Indian attacks. Filmed in Kayenta, Arizona and nearby Monument Valley, Navajo were hired as part of the crew.^[134]

From 1951 to 1955, the television show The Adventures of Kit Carson ran for 105 episodes. He was a buckskin-clad heroic character who fights robbers, villains, the bad guys. Bill Uilyams (aktyor), who played Kit, complained that the show lacked the drama of the real Kit because of censors, NAFBRAT, wanting to eliminate violence from children's show. "Its all in the history books," Williams told the press, "the real Kit should be tough," fighting bears and mountain lions. He was a "famous Indian fighter." To him, TV Kit was "a sissy on horseback."^[135] Television appearances of mythic Kit Carson include episodes of Death Valley Days. In 1966, the actor Phillip Pine played Carson with Michael Pate as fellow Fremont scout Frenchy Godey in the episode "Samaritans, Mountain Style" of the syndicated series, O'lim vodiysi kunlari, hosted by Robert Taylor. In the story line, Carson and Godey stop to help a settler in dire straits. Carson continued to be a popular subject for Disney Productions and PBS documentaries.

"Kit Carson Days" Celebrations

The celebration of a community's past was a popular event by early in the twentieth century. A mountain man or "Kit Carson" themed history celebration was one of many that began to appear. They were not events to retell the accurate life of Kit Carson, but the mythic Kit. Alamosa, Kolorado, Taos, Nyu-Meksiko, Jekson, Kaliforniya and elsewhere all had begun hosting "Kit Carson Days" celebrations by the 1930s. The event would have a mountain man camp, part of a living history spectacle, and include muzzle loading musket firing.^{[136][137][138]}

1960 yillarga kelib, Eskondido, Kaliforniya ’s "Kit Carson Days" celebration included a reenactment of the "Battle of San Pasqual" and Indian dances at Kit Carson Park.^[139] Some advertised an emphasis on family fun, with children at the end of a parade—the "Kiddie Carson" parade—and young women competing to be "Kittie Carson."^[140] Some events closed by the 1970s because of problems with security, especially in small towns that had to fend with weekend visitors that arrived not for the history fun, but to deal drugs, biker gang disruption, and the broad based accusations of "hippie" take over. Because of Covid-19, none were scheduled for 2020.^[141][142]

Historic Preservation

In 1907, the Daughters of the American Revolution began placing monuments along the Santa Fe Trail and other sites that Kit Carson had known. For example, the DAR guides noted the monument to Kit Carson at Santa Fe and his and Josefa's home in Taos and the nearby cemetery, where his grave had been marked by the Respublikaning katta armiyasi (G. A. R.). Though structures that Carson would have known had been preserved pre-1950, full scale historic preservation projects of sites specifically significant for their association with Kit Carson did not begin until 1950s.

In 1952, the Masonic Lodge of Taos, which had inherited the Carson home, restored and opened his classic adobe house as the Kit Carson Home and Museum, one representative of the early 19th century architecture and Hispano family setting but significant because of Carson.^[143] In 1952, too, the state of New Mexico acquired the grave site and established Kit Carson State Park and Memorial Cemetery. The museum emphasized the early career, from around 1843, when the Carsons bought the home, into the 1850s. Nearby, the former site of his Rayado home, acquired by the Boy Scouts of America, was reconstructed in spirit if not accuracy (no original architectural documents are extant) during the 1950s, too.^[144]

Media tasvirlari

Garri Keri played Carson in the 1936 film Sutterning oltini.

Jon Xoll played Carson in the 1940 G'arbiy film Kit Karson.

Bill Uilyams played Carson in the TV mini-series 1951–1955 The Adventures of Kit Carson.

Yirtilgan yirtilgan played Carson in the 1986 kichkintoylar Dream West.

Carson was the inspiration for a same-named character in the popular Italian comic book series Tex Willer.

Carson is a supporting character in Willa Cather roman, O'lim arxiyepiskopga keladi.

Carson is a vital supporting character in Flashman and the Redskins, an installment of the Flashman series, by Jorj MakDonald Freyzer.

Obro'-e'tibor

The 1970 publication of Dee Brown's best-selling Yarador tizzaga yuragimni ko'mib qo'ying, opened the eyes of the reading public to the tragic history of Native Americans, and, in Brown's inaccurate portrayal, the role of Kit Carson in the Navajo wars did not look good. Over the last fifty years, echoing Brown, other writers, fiction and nonfiction, have split the mythic tale from Henry Nash Smith's Kit Carson as symbol of America's heroic narrative of opening the West to create that of Kit Carson as symbol for how the Nation mistreated its indigenous peoples.

In 1973, during the annual Taos Fiesta, protesters declared that Kit Carson should be stripped of historical honors, his grave at Taos threatened with exhumation, and the renaming the Kit Carson State Park demanded.^[145] Taos led in reconsideration, in a public forum, as to whether Carson was the hero of old or a "blood thirsty imperialist." To one group represented, the American Indian Movement, Kit Carson was responsible for the murder, or genocide of Native Americans. A subsequent history symposium, in 1993 in Taos, tried to enlighten and explain the frontiersman, to air various views. Invited, the Navajo refused to attend. Voicing one extreme view, an anthropologist remarked, "It's like trying to rehabilitate Adolf Hitler."^[146][147]

Respected New Mexico historian Marc Simmons published the best of the pieces presented at the 1993 conference. He started with the history of vandalizing of Carson related sites, the painting of a black swastika on his grave and the scratching of the word "killer" on a nearby marker, of the defacing of the Kit Carson monument in Santa Fe. He related how a young professor at Colorado College was successful in demanding that a period photograph of Carson be removed from the ROTC office; how a tourist told a journalist at the Carson home in Taos, "I will not go into the home of that racist, genocidal killer"; and, at a Navajo at a trading post said, "No one here will talk about Kit Carson. He was a butcher." Other examples were presented, then Simmons followed with a brief explanation of Carson and his times, a theme expanded by Tom Dunlay in, what Simmons calls a magisterial, balanced treatment of the world of Kit Carson & the Indians (2000).^[148][149]

In the early twenty-first century, best-selling writers Hampton Sides and David Roberts have reappraised the Carson reputation in their works, have explained the complex image of Kit Carson. While a heroic image or reputation of Carson is expressed in the earlier, 1968, biography by Harvey Carter, the older narrative has been revised by both Sides and Roberts: In 1968, Carter stated: “In respect to his actual exploits and his actual character, however, Carson was not overrated. If history has to single out one person from among the Mountain Men to receive the admiration of later generations, Carson is the best choice. He had far more of the good qualities and fewer of the bad qualities than anyone else in that varied lot of individuals.”;^[150] In 2000, David Roberts wrote, "Carson's trajectory, over three and a half decades, from thoughtless killer of Apaches and Blackfeet to defender and champion of the Utes, marks him out as one of the few frontiersmen whose change of heart toward the Indians, born not of missionary theory but of first hand experience, can serve as an exemplar for the more enlightened policies that sporadically gained the day in the twentieth century.";^[151] 2006 yilda, Xempton tomonlari said that Carson believed the Native Americans needed reservations as a way of physically separating and shielding them from white hostility and white culture. He is said to have viewed the raids on white settlements as driven by desperation, "committed from absolute necessity when in a starving condition." Indian hunting grounds were disappearing as waves of white settlers filled the region.^[152]

A final statement from biographer Roberts, 2000: "the fate in recent years of Kit Carson's reputation makes for a more perverse lesson in the vicissitudes of fame."^[153]

Meros

Kit Carson bronze statue by Frederik Uilyam MakMonnies, 1906.

Carson's home in Taos, New Mexico, is the Kit Carson Home and Museum. His tourist attraction grave is nearby in the former Kit Carson State Park, now managed as a city park. A Kit Carson monument obelisk (1885) stands at the Santa Fe, New Mexico federal building park. The Kit Carson marker of bronze, dedicated to his 1844 trip, is in Carson Pass, California. A 1913 statue of Kit Carson stands at Trinidad, Kolorado ’s Kit Carson Park. In Denver, a statue of a mounted Kit Carson once atop the Mac Monnies Pioneer Monument was removed and stored in 2020.

Karson milliy o'rmoni in New Mexico was named for him, as well as okrug va shaharcha Koloradoda. A river and valley in Nevada are named for Carson as well as the state's capital, Karson Siti. The Carson Plain in southwest Arizona was named for him.

Kit Carson Peak, Colorado in the Sangre de Cristo range, Kit Carson Mesa in Colfax County, New Mexico, Kit Carson Pass in Alpine county, California, and Carson Peak in Mono County, California were named for him.

Fort-Karson, Colorado, an army post near Colorado Springs, was named after him during Ikkinchi jahon urushi by the popular vote of the men training there.^[154] Kit Carson Park in Eskondido, Kaliforniya va Taos, Nyu-Meksiko uning uchun nomlangan. Innumerable streets, businesses, and lesser geographical features were given his name.

In 2014 there was a petition to rename Kit Carson Park in Taos, NM Red Willow Park. Qo'llab-quvvatlashiga qaramay Taos Pueblo and the residents of Taos vodiysi the park was not renamed and still bears the Kit Carson moniker.^[155] A review in 2020 by a Taos columnist chronicled the attempts in Taos to rename Kit Carson park which failed, in part, because of the large Hispanic population that disagreed with the attack on its one-time community member, that the Taos Pueblo peoples that survived years of attack by Navajo did not see the story of the Navajo wars in the same light as the Carson detractors, and a community of historians who argue that Kit Carson was hardly a "genocidal killer of Indians."^[156]

Shuningdek qarang

• Kit Carson Scouts
• Kit Karson Mesa

Izohlar

Bibliografiya

• Karter, Harvi Lyuis (1990). Aziz qadimgi to'plam: Tarixiy Kristofer Karson. Norman: Oklaxoma universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0-8061-2253-3.
• Kleland, Robert Shisha (1950). Ushbu beparvo erkaklar zoti: Janubi-g'arbiy tuzoqchilar va mo'yna savdogarlari. Nyu-York shahri: Knopf.
• Gildiya, Thelma S.; Karter, Harvi L. (1988). Kit Karson: Qahramonlar uchun namuna. Nebraska universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0-8032-7027-5.
• Xopkins, Virjiniya (1988). Eski G'arbning kashshoflari. Nyu-York, NY: Crown Publishers, Inc. ISBN  0-517-64930-6.
• Reidhead, S.J. "Kit Karson: Afsonaviy Chegarachi Amerika Qahramoni bo'lib qoladi" HistoryNet.com 2006 yil 12-iyun
• Roberts, Devid (2001). Yangi dunyo: Kit Karson, Jon C. Fremont va Amerika g'arbining da'vosi. Nyu-York: Touchstone. ISBN  978-0-7432-2576-2.
• Sides, Hampton (2006). Qon va momaqaldiroq. Ikki kun. ISBN  9780307387677.
• Roberts, S. A., Roberts, C. A., & Chilton, K. (2004). Nyu-Meksiko tarixi. Albukerke: Nyu-Meksiko universiteti matbuoti.
• Sabine, Edvin L. (1914). Kit Karson kunlari (1809-1868). Chikago: A. C. McClurg va boshqalar.

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Abbott, John S. C. (1876). Kristofer Karson, tanish Kit Karson sifatida tanilgan. Nyu-York: Dodd, Mead.
• Kodi, Uilyam Frederik {aka Buffalo Bill) (1888). Yovvoyi G'arb va lagerdagi yong'in suhbatlari hikoyasi, "Taniqli kashshof kvarteti, Buni, Krokett, Karson va Bufalo Billining to'liq va to'liq tarixi". HS Smit, Standard Publishing Co., Filadelfiya, Pensilvaniya.
• McIntyre, Jon Tomas (1913). Kit Karson bilan birga bo'lgan toshlarda. Filadelfiya, Penn Publishing Co.
• Tomlinson, Everett T. (1916). Kit Carson bilan skaut qilish. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, sahifa va kompaniya.

Tashqi havolalar

• Kit Carson Papers uchun qo'llanma da Bankroft kutubxonasi
• Kit Carson hujjatlari - Missuri tarixi muzeyi
• Toshli tog'larga ekspeditsiya haqida hikoya Jon Charlz Fremont tomonidan. 1845 yilda nashr etilgan.
• Kit Karson va Fremontning dadil sarguzashtlari, buffalo, Grizzlies. Jon Charlz Fremont tomonidan. 1888 yilda nashr etilgan.
• Birinchi va ozgina ma'lum bo'lgan, 1847 yil Kit Karsonning tarjimai holi
• Rokki tog'larning nestori Kit Karsonning hayoti va sarguzashtlari, o'zi rivoyat qilgan faktlardan (1858) tomonidan De Witt C. Peters, da Gutenberg loyihasi va da Internet arxivi.
• Kit Carson hujjatlari, Vault MSS 513 da L. Tom Perrining maxsus to'plamlari, Garold B. Li kutubxonasi, Brigham Young universiteti
• Kit Karsonning hayoti Edvard S. Ellis tomonidan jamoat domenidagi audiokitob LibriVox
• "Qon va momaqaldiroq g'arbiy g'olib bo'ldi'" Milliy radio (2006).