1960-yillarning qarshi madaniyati xronologiyasi - Timeline of 1960s counterculture

Quyidagi xronologik kapsula tarixi 1960-yillarning qarshi madaniyati. 1960-yillardan o'nlab yillar oldin boshlangan nufuzli voqealar va muhim voqealar 1960-yillarning boshlari va 1970-yillarning o'rtalaridagi mavzu davri bilan bog'liq bo'lgan kontekstga kiritilgan.

1950-yillar

1951

1952

  • Avgust: Telba 1955 yilda jurnalning standart formatiga o'tishdan oldin jurnal birinchi marta chiziq roman sifatida chiqdi, satirik ham Amerika madaniyati, ham keyinroq qarshi madaniyat.[3][4]
  • Ko'rinmas odam: Ralf Ellison 20-asrda afroamerikaliklar hayotining yuksak e'tirof etilgan romani nashr etildi.[5]
  • Boring: Jon Kellon Xolms "romani nashr etildi va keyinchalik Beat Generation tasvirlangan birinchi kitob hisoblanadi.[6]

1953

1954

  • 17 may: Brown va Ta'lim kengashi: AQSh Oliy sudi bir ovozdan umumta'lim maktablarida irqiy segregatsiya konstitutsiyaga zid deb qaror qiladi. "DoktrinasiAlohida, lekin teng "ajratish uchun axloqiy yoki qonuniy bahona sifatida endi hukumatlar tomonidan amalga oshirilmaydi va haqiqatdir irqiy integratsiya AQSh janubidagi maktablardan boshlanadi.[11][12]

1955

  • Fevral: SEATO: Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo Shartnomasi Tashkiloti rasmiy ravishda faollashdi va AQShni mintaqada harbiy to'qnashuv yuz berganda jamoaviy harakatlar doirasida aralashishni nominal ravishda majbur qiladi. Shunga qaramay, SEATO majburiyati faqat kelajakdagi Prezident tomonidan Vetnamga qo'shilish uchun asos sifatida chaqiriladi Lindon Beyns Jonson (LBJ) keyinchalik jangovar harakatlarning kuchayganidan keyin u erda mashhur emas.[13]
  • 9-iyul: "Soat atrofida tosh ": Bill Xeyli Keystone qo'shig'ining versiyasi sakkiz haftalik yugurishni 1-raqamda boshlaydi Billboard grafikalar. Chuqur ildizlar bilan qora jazz, blyuz va R&B, shuningdek, xushxabar va mamlakat musiqasi, rock & roll davr boshlanadi.[14][15]
  • 28 avgust: Emmett qotillikgacha: Missisipida qora tanli o'spirin go'yoki oq tanli ayol bilan noz-karashma qilganidan keyin shafqatsizlarcha o'ldirilmoqda. Hodisa o'sishda muhim voqea bo'ladi fuqarolik huquqlari harakati Tillning onasi bolaning buzilgan jasadini ko'rishga ruxsat berganidan keyin va ikkita oq tanli erkak (ular keyinchalik qotillikni tan oladilar) oq tanli va erkaklar sudyalari tomonidan oqlanganidan keyin. 2017 yilda Tillning ayol ayolni ayblovi qasamyod ostida bergan asosiy guvohliklaridan voz kechdi.[16][17]
  • 30 sentyabr: Jeyms Din: Yulduzi Sababsiz isyon ko'taring va norozi avlodning dastlabki ikonasi a sport avtohalokati 24 yoshida Kaliforniyaning Cholame shahrida.[18][19][20]
  • 7 oktyabr: Oltita galereyani o'qish: Shoirni ur Allen Ginsberg birinchi bo'lib o'zining yaqinda bo'lib o'tadigan janjalini ijro etadi Uvillash.[21][22]
  • 26 oktyabr: Qishloq ovozi: Eng qadimgi va bardoshli biri muqobil gazetalar Ed Fancher, Dan Wolf, tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan Jon Uilkok va Norman Mailer Nyu-York shahrida. Hujjat hali ham o'zining ulkan va noyob arxivini raqamlashtirishga umid qilib, 2018 yilda nashr etishni to'xtatdi.[23][24]
  • 1 dekabr: Faol Rosa bog'lari Alabama shtatidagi Montgomeri shahridagi oq tanli yo'lovchiga jamoat avtobusidagi joyini berishni rad etadi va hibsga olinadi. Doktor boshchiligidagi mahalliy qora tanlilar tomonidan avtobusni muvaffaqiyatli boykot qilish. Martin Lyuter King kichik OChL Parks sud ishini olib boradi va g'alaba qozonadi. Bir yildan ortiq qora boykotdan so'ng, AQSh Oliy sudi buyurtmalar Montgomery avtobus tizimining degregatsiyasi.[25]

1956

  • 21 aprel: "Heartbreak mehmonxonasi ": Elvis Presli Birinchi raqam birinchi o'rinni egallagan sakkiz hafta davomida jadvallar orasida birinchi o'rinni egallab turibdi, chunki Presli AQSh va keyinchalik butun g'arbiy dunyodagi uy xo'jaliklarida o'spirin pandemoniumini yaratmoqda.[26]
  • Avgust: Federal Qidiruv Byurosi COINTELPRO ichki qarshi razvedka dastur boshlanadi. Kuzatuv harakati dastlab shtatdagi kommunistik faoliyatga qarshi qaratilgan, ammo fuqarolik huquqlari va urushga qarshi faollar, xususan qora tanli faollarga qaratilgan shaxsiy hayotning noqonuniy bosqinlarini o'z ichiga oladi.[27][28]

1957

1958

1959

1960-yillar

1960

  • The Sanoat demokratiyasi uchun talabalar ligasi nomini o'zgartiradi Demokratik jamiyat uchun talabalar (SDS) va birinchi bo'lib uchrashadi Ann Arbor, Michigan. SDS o'zini ajratadi QOPQOQ 1965 yilda va qarshi madaniyat davridagi eng taniqli talabalar siyosiy tashkilotiga aylandi.[61][62]
  • Buyuk Britaniyaning Kornuoll shahridagi beatniklar hamjamiyati sochlarini yelkasidan pastroq kiyganligi va shu jumladan yoshligini ta'kidladi Wizz Jones bilan suhbatlashdi Alan Uiker BBC TV uchun.[63]
  • Garvard o'qituvchisi Timoti Leary va dotsent Richard Alpert Kembrijda (MA) gallyutsinogenlar bilan tajriba qilishni boshlang. Juda munozarali Leary tez orada LSD-dan foydalanish davrida eng taniqli himoyachiga aylanadi.[64][65]
  • 1 fevral: Birinchisi Greensborodagi o'tirishlar Woolworth va boshqa Janubiy Amerika bo'ylab chakana savdo do'konlari tushlik punktlarida segregatsiyaga qarshi shunga o'xshash noroziliklar to'lqini paydo bo'ldi.[66]
  • 26 mart: Hokim Buford Ellington Tennessi shtatidan Nashvildagi o'tirishni suratga olish uchun CBS yangiliklar guruhini tekshirishni buyuradi.[67]
  • Aprel: The Talabalarning zo'ravonliksiz muvofiqlashtiruvchi qo'mitasi (SNCC) tomonidan tashkil etilgan Ella Beyker da Shou universiteti.[68]
  • 1 may: U-2 hodisasi Sovet yadroviy inshootlarini qidirayotgan AQSh josus samolyoti SSSR ichida chuqur urib tushirildi. AQSh tomonidan o'lik deb taxmin qilingan Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi uchuvchisi Oq uy NASAni samolyot ob-havo parvozi paytida bedarak yo'qolgan degan da'vo bilan tezda va fosh bo'lgan NASA-ga qo'shilgandan so'ng, tirik holda qo'lga olingan va rus matbuotida paradda qatnashgan.[69][70]
  • 9-may: Hap: AQSh Oziq-ovqat va dori-darmonlarni boshqarish tug'ilishni nazorat qilishning birinchi ishonchli shaklidan foydalanishni tasdiqlaydi: 99% samarali tabletka. Jinsiy inqilob birinchi navbatda er-xotinlarning yotoqxonalarida boshlanadi.[71][72]
  • 13 may: Qora juma: 400 ta militsiya o't o'chirish shlanglaridan foydalangan holda talaba "to'dasini" a HUAC San-Frantsiskodagi shahar zalida uchrashuv. Davom etayotgan fuqarolik huquqlari kurashidan tashqarida talabalarning siyosiy noroziligining qarshi madaniyat davri boshlanadi.[73][74][75]
  • 19-may: SANE Nyu-Yorkdagi (Nyu-York) Madison Square Garden-da qurollanishga qarshi miting o'tkazmoqda. 20,000 ishtirok etadi.[76]
  • 11-iyul: Mockingbirdni o'ldirish uchun: Harper Lining Pulitser mukofotiga sazovor bo'lgan irqiy tengsizlikning hikoyasi nashr etildi va Amerika adabiyotining klassikasiga aylandi. Hikoya 1962 yilda kinoteatrlarga keladi.[77]
  • 8-noyabr: Jon F. Kennedi AQShning 35-prezidenti etib saylandi 1916 yildan beri eng yaqin va intellektual jihatdan eng zo'r AQSh Prezidenti saylovlari o'tkaziladigan vitse-prezident Richard M. Niksonni mag'lub etdi.[78][79][80] 70 millionga yaqin saylov byulleteni berilgan, ammo g'alaba marjasi taxminan 100 000 ovoz.[81]

1961

  • Yanvar: Jurnalni ko'ring jurnalist Jorj Leonard "Oltmishinchi yillar: portlovchi avlod" haqida yozadi va 1950 yillardagi "tinch avlod" "g'uvillashmoqda va portlashi" ni bashorat qilmoqda.[82][83]
  • 17 yanvar: AQSh prezidenti (va nafaqaga chiqqan) 5 yulduzli armiya generali ) Eyzenxauer millat bilan xayrlashish nutqini aytadi va ko'p vaqtini "haddan tashqari ta'siridan ogohlantirish uchun ishlatadi"Harbiy sanoat majmuasi ".[84]
  • 20 yanvar: AQShning yangi prezidenti Kennedi o'zining inauguratsiya nutqida fuqarolarni "mamlakatingiz siz uchun nima qila olishini so'ramang - o'z mamlakatingiz uchun nima qilishingiz mumkinligini so'rang" deb chaqiradi.[85][86]
  • 1 mart: JFK ushbu buyruqni imzolaydi Tinchlik korpusi.[87]
  • 28 mart: Garchi u 1960 yilgi kampaniya davomida dasturni qo'llab-quvvatlagan bo'lsa-da, JFK ko'pincha qayta tiklangan USAFning to'liq ishlab chiqarilishini bekor qilishni buyurdi. B-70 bombardimonchi yadroviy qurollanish poygasining muhim orqaga qaytishidagi dastur.[88]
  • 30 mart: BMT Giyohvand moddalarga qarshi yagona konventsiya Nyu-York shahrida imzolangan bo'lib, afyunlarning xalqaro savdosi ustidan nazoratni kuchaytirmoqda.[89]
  • 12 aprel: Vostok: kosmosdagi odam: Sovuq urush dushmani SSSR Sputnik g'alabasiga ergashganida g'arbiy dunyo yana hayratda kosmosdagi birinchi odam.[90]
  • 17 aprel: Cho'chqalar ko'rfazi: Kommunistik diktator Fidel Kastroni ag'darishga qaratilgan Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi tomonidan olib borilgan maxfiy bosqinchi kuch Kubaning olis plyajiga tushdi. Kastroga qarshi kubalik muhojirlar va Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasining yollanma xizmatchilari quvib o'tib, Kuba kuchlari tomonidan asirga olingan. JFK yo'qotishlarni kamaytirishga harakat qilmoqda va operatsiyani bajarish uchun AQShning qo'shimcha havo yordamini rad etadi.[91][92]
  • 4 may: Ozodlik chavandozlari: Fuqarolik huquqlari faollari jamoat avtobuslari va poezdlarida Amerika janubi bo'ylab sayohat qilish va shaxsni ajratishga qarshi turish.[93]
  • 4 iyun: JFK Sovet Ittifoqining Bosh vaziri Xrushchev bilan uchrashdi Vena va bo'linib ketgan Germaniya bilan bog'liq masalalar bo'yicha hech qanday siljish yo'qligi haqida xabar beradi. Boshqa Berlin inqirozi boshlanadi.[94][95]
  • Iyul: Xalqaro Amnistiya Britaniyalik advokatdan keyin Londonda tuzilgan Piter Benenson Portugaliyada ozodlik uchun tost ko'targan ikki talabaning hibsga olinishidan g'azablanmoqda. Inson huquqlarini himoya qilish tashkiloti g'olib chiqadi Tinchlik bo'yicha Nobel mukofoti 1977 yilda.[96][97]
  • 13 avgust: Berlin devori: Kommunistik sharqdan demokratik g'arbga ko'chishning katta oqimini to'xtatish uchun (faqat 1960 yilda 200 ming kishi Sharqiy Germaniyadan qochib qutulishgan) Sovet Ittifoqi rahbarligida Berlin shahrini ajratuvchi devor qurilishi boshlanadi.[98]
  • 25 oktyabr: AQSh va Sovet tanklari yuzma-yuz turibdi Charli nazorat punkti Berlinda.[99][100]
  • 1-noyabr: Ayollar tinchlik uchun kurashmoqda: AQShning 60 shahrida 50,000 ayollari yadro quroliga qarshi namoyishga chiqishdi.[101][102]
  • 30-noyabr: Kuba loyihasi: Fidel Kastroning Kubadagi inqilobiy boshqaruviga qarshi agressiv maxfiy operatsiyalar JFK tomonidan tasdiqlangan va tez orada Bosh prokuror Robert F. Kennedi rahbarligida amalga oshirilmoqda. Rejani amalga oshirish g'ayritabiiydir, chunki buyruq nazorati yangi bosh prokurorga beriladi, martabali harbiylar yoki razvedka xodimlari emas.[103][104][105]
  • 14-dekabr: JFK tashkil etuvchi buyruqni imzoladi Xotin-qizlar holati bo'yicha Prezident komissiyasi.[106][107]

1962

  • Yanvar: Qora chiroyli: Afrikalik Jazz-Art Jamiyati Fuqarolik Huquqlari Harakati madaniyati uchun muhim bo'ladigan iborani ommalashtirgan "Tabiiyki '62" moda namoyishini Harlemda namoyish etadi.[108]
  • 12-yanvar: Chopper operatsiyasi: AQSh kuchlari birinchi marta Vetnamdagi yirik janglarda qatnashmoqdalar.[109]
  • 18-yanvar: Ranch Hand operatsiyasi: AQSh harbiylari Vetnamda o'ta zaharli va kanserogen defoliantlardan foydalanishni boshlaydi. Dan foydalanish dioksin - tarkibida Agent to'q sariq 1965 yilda boshlanadi.[110]
  • 4-fevral: Eskalatsiya: Mojaroning chuqurlashib borayotgan birinchi havo harakatlarida AQSh vertolyotlari Janubiy Vetnam armiyasiga Hung My-ni qo'lga olishda yordam berishadi.[111]
  • 26 fevral: Sovet tashqi ishlar vazirining o'rinbosari Valerian Zorin BMTni amerikaliklar "ular uchun juda noxush oqibatlarga olib keladigan juda zararli va siyosiy jihatdan asossiz urushga (Vetnamda) botib ketishayotgani" to'g'risida ogohlantiradi.[112]
  • 16 mart: AQSh Mudofaa vaziri Robert Maknamara AQShning Vetnamdagi qo'shinlari quruqlik bilan kurash olib borganligini aniqlaydi.
  • 19 mart: Bob Dilanniki o'z nomini olgan birinchi albom ozod qilindi. U Buyuk Britaniyada # 13 ga etadi, ammo jadvalda ko'rsatilmagan Billboard AQShda 200 ta. Dylanning ikkinchi albomi, Freewheelin Bob Dilan, 1963 yilda AQSh xalq va pop musiqasi sahnalariga juda katta ta'sir ko'rsatmoqda.[113]
  • 31 mart: Sezar Chaves Kaliforniyada mehnat muhojirlari ishchilarini tashkil qilishni boshlaydi.[114]
  • 15 iyun: SDS tugaydi Port Huron bayonoti.[115]
  • Iyul-avgust: The Albani harakati Ayrilishga qarshi fuqarolik huquqlarining noroziligi Albani, GA shtatida faol.
  • 5-avgust: Kino yulduzi Merilin Monro vafot etdi barbiturat Los-Anjelesda shubhali holatlarda dozani oshirib yuborish. Monroning o'limi, giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilishning qonunga xilof ravishda ishlatilishi allaqachon pasayib ketgan bo'lsa-da, giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilish bilan bog'liq bo'lgan retseptsiya (va haddan tashqari dozada minglab o'ldirilgan tabletkalar).[116][117]
  • 12 sentyabr: Jon F. Kennedi nutq so'zlamoqda Guruch: "... biz bu o'n yil ichida Oyga borishni va boshqa narsalarni qilishni osonligi uchun emas, balki qiyinligi uchun qilishni tanlaymiz ..."[118]
  • 27 sentyabr: Silent bahor: Zararli oqibatlari haqida hisobotlarning tobora ko'payib borayotganidan keyin DDT foydalanish ustida ekotizim, Reychel Karsonniki expose 'nashr etiladi va zamonaviy ekologik harakat boshlanadi.[119][120]
  • 1 oktyabr: quyidagilar g'alayon 30 sentyabrda 2 kishi halok bo'lgan va 300 dan ortiq kishi yaralangan, Jeyms Meredit kirgan birinchi afroamerikalik talaba "Ole Miss".[121][122]
  • 5 oktyabr: "Meni sev ": Bitlz' birinchi singl Buyuk Britaniyada chiqdi. Ushbu kamtarin boshidan boshlab guruh oxir-oqibat dunyo bo'ylab 600 milliondan ortiq yozuvlarni sotishga kirishdi va barcha davrlarning eng yaxshi sotilgan musiqiy guruhi bo'lib qolmoqda. Yil boshida, Decca Records va boshqalar guruhga imzo qo'ymaslikni tanladilar.[123][124][125]
  • 16-28 oktyabr: The Kuba raketa inqirozi SSSR Kubada yadroviy kallakli raketalarni joylashtirmoqchi bo'lganidan so'ng, dunyoni yadro urushi yoqasiga olib keladi va shu bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri uzoq yillar davomida kurash olib boradi Monro doktrinasi va AQShga tahdid qilish. 22-oktabr kuni Prezident Kennedi xalqqa "eng yuqori milliy dolzarblik" masalasida ochiqchasiga murojaat qiladi va global yadroviy urush ehtimoli, millat va dunyoni dahshatga soladi. JFK generallari unga Kubani bosib olishni maslahat berishadi, ammo Kennedi buning o'rniga dengiz blokadasini buyuradi. Sovetlar orqaga chekinib, raketalarni olib tashlashmoqda.[126][127][128]
  • Dekabr: USAF Skybolt havoga uchadigan ballistik raketa dasturi Prezident Kennedi tomonidan bekor qilingan.[129]
  • Aldous Xaksli tomonidan ilhomlangan Inson potentsial harakati, Maykl Merfi va Dik Narx topdi Esalen instituti Big Surda, Kaliforniya.[130]
  • Jinsiy aloqa va yolg'iz qiz: Xelen Gurli Braunningniki tabletkadan keyingi martaba va tanishish bo'yicha qo'llanma eng ko'p sotiladigan kitobga aylanadi. Braunning kitobni marketing maqsadida "taqiqlangan" qilishga urinishi muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi, ammo erta sotuvlar ikki million nusxada. Braun nufuzli tahrirga kirishadi Cosmopolitan jurnali 30 yildan ortiq.[131]
  • Boshqa Amerika: Maykl Xarringtonniki AQShda kambag'allarning qiynalib bo'lmaydigan ahvolini majburiy o'rganish nashr etilgan. Keyinchalik bu kitob LBJning "Qashshoqlikka qarshi urush" asarida ilhomlantiruvchi sifatida tan olingan.[132]
  • Ken Kesiningniki Kuku uyasi ustida bitta uchish nashr etilgan. Roman qisman MKULTRA ko'ngillisi bo'lgan Kesining tajribalaridan olingan. 1975 yilda Oskar mukofotiga sazovor bo'lgan moslashuv teatrlarga chiqdi.[133][134]
  • May oyida etti kun, folga tasvirlangan roman harbiy to'ntarish AQShda nashr etilgan. 1964 yilda film butun yulduzlar aktyorlari ishtirokida sodir bo'ladi.[135]

1963

1964

  • Yanvar: The Holy Modal Rounders "Ikkilanish blyuz" versiyasi ushbu atamaga birinchi murojaatni anglatadi ruhiy jihatdan mashhur musiqada.[157]
  • 8 yanvar: Ittifoqning LBJ shtatidagi manzilida "Qashshoqlikka qarshi urush ".[158][159]
  • 13-yanvar: The Times ular A-Changin ': Bob Dilanning 3-albomi chiqdi va titul treki tez orada eng bashoratli va dolzarb amerikalik deb hisoblanadi norozilik qo'shig'i davrning. Dilan qo'shiqni "tuyg'u" deb aytishga rozi emas.[160][161]
  • 23 yanvar: 24-o'zgartirish ratifikatsiya qilingan: AQSh Kongressi va shtatlariga federal saylovlarda ovoz berish huquqini yoki so'rovning boshqa shakllarini to'lash sharti bilan taqiqlash taqiqlanadi.[162]
  • 1 fevral: Men sizning qo'lingizni ushlamoqchiman: Bitlz guruhi birinchi xitiga # 1 ga erishdi Billboard ustiga 7 haftalik yugurish bilan. Bitlmaniya AQShga va monumentalga tarqaldi Britaniya bosqini butun dunyo bo'ylab Buyuk Britaniya musiqasi davom etmoqda.[163][164]
  • 3-fevral: Nyu-York shtatidagi ajratilganlikdan norozilik sifatida yarim millionga yaqin davlat o'quvchilari boykot darslarida qatnashmoqdalar.[165][166]
  • 7–22 fevral kunlari: Bitlz guruhi AQShga birinchi tashrifini amalga oshirdi va uch marta namoyish etiladi Ed Sallivan shousi. 9 fevraldagi teletranslyatsiyani 73 milliondan ortiq kishi ko'rmoqda, bu AQShda shu kungacha eng katta teletomoshabin.[167][168]
  • 25-26 fevral: Boston va Chikagodagi o'n minglab maktab o'quvchilari ajratishga qarshi norozilik sifatida darslarni qoldirishdi.
  • 4 aprel: Bitlz singllari Billboard Hot 100-ning eng yaxshi 5 ta uyasini egallab olishdi. Bu misli ko'rilmagan va hech qachon takrorlanmagan jadvaldagi yutuq.[169][170]
  • 13 aprel: Sidney Portier Santa Monika, Kaliforniya shtatining eng yaxshi aktyor nominatsiyasi uchun Oskar mukofotini qo'lga kiritgan afrikalik kelib chiqishi bo'yicha birinchi odamga aylandi.[171][172]
  • 20 aprel: Klivlenddagi qora tanli talabalarning 85 foizga yaqini ajratish uchun norozilik bildirish uchun boykot darslarida qatnashishmoqda.[173]
  • May: Robert Jasper Grootveld syurreal voqealar yilda boshlang Spui kvadrat Amsterdam o'zining oldindan aytib bo'lmaydigan chiqishlari va "Klas keladi!" va "Uche, Uche, Uche". Keyinchalik u "xalqaro inqilob ruhining e'lonchisi" deb ta'riflanib, u quyidagilarga ega bo'ldi Nozemlar (Gollandiyalik rokchilar) va boshlanishiga ilhom berdi Provo (provokatsiya) Gollandiyada ham, Kaliforniyada ham harakat, ijtimoiy norozilikka o'ynoqi elementni kiritish.[174][175]
  • May: ning ko'rinishi Faire Free Press (keyinchalik Los-Anjelesdagi bepul matbuot ), aksariyat madaniyat davridagi AQShning ko'plab "yashirin" gazetalari.
  • May: San-Frantsisko Sheraton Palace mehmonxonasi Berkli shahridagi Kaliforniya universiteti talabalarining hibsga olinishi, irqiy kamsituvchi Bay sohasini yollash amaliyotiga norozilik bildirmoqda.[176]
  • 7-may: Prezident Jonson avval " Buyuk jamiyat "nutqida Ogayo universiteti, Afina, OH.
  • 12-may: birinchi jamoatchilik kartani yoqish Nyu-York shahrida xabar berilgan.[177]
  • 14 iyun: Quvnoq prikollar: Muallif boshchiligida Ken Kesey, sarguzasht izlovchilarning yig'ilishi Kaliforniyani yo'naltirilgan maktab avtobusida jo'nab ketdi Keyinchalik yo'lga 1964 yilgi Butunjahon ko'rgazmasi Nyu-York shtatining Kvins shahrida.[178]
  • 22 iyun: Men buni ko'rganimda bilaman: AQSh Oliy sudi Ogayo shtatidagi teatr operatorining odobsiz hukmini bekor qildi. Garchi mahalliy odobsizlik janglari hozirgi kungacha davom etayotgan bo'lsa-da, qaror tijorat ko'rgazmasiga yo'l ochib beradi jinsiy jihatdan aniq AQShda film materiallari.[179][180]
  • 2 iyul: The Fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi qonun Prezident Jonson tomonidan imzolangan. Irqiy ajratish jamoat joylarida va irqqa asoslangan ish bilan kamsitish endi federal qonunlarga muvofiq taqiqlangan.[181]
  • 2 avgust: E'lon qilinmagan urush - soxta Tonkin ko'rfazidagi voqealar Vetnam qirg'og'idan deyarli bir ovozdan o'tishga olib keladi Tonkin ko'rfazi 7 avgust kuni AQSh Kongressi tomonidan prezidentga misli ko'rilmagan keng vakolat berib, Janubiy-Sharqiy Osiyoda rasmiy ravishda "eskirgan" harbiy eskalatsiyani amalga oshirish. urush e'lon qilish.[182]
  • 28 avgust: Bitlz guruhi birinchi marotaba marixuana ishlatganligi, Bob Dilan, Nyu-York shahrining maqtovlari.[183][184]
  • Sentyabr: Ikki Milliy fermerlar tashkiloti a'zolari ular va 500 ga yaqin odamlar yuk mashinasini mollarni bozorga olib ketishni to'xtatishga uringanlarida o'ldirilgan.[185]
  • 1 oktyabr: The Erkin so'zlashuv harakati Berkli shahridagi Kaliforniya Universitetida talabalar o'tirishidan boshlanadi.[186][187][188]
  • 14 oktyabr: Doktor Martin Lyuter King kichik g'olib bo'ldi Tinchlik bo'yicha Nobel mukofoti.[189]
  • 25 oktyabr: Rolling Stones Ed Sallivanda paydo bo'ladi va shu qadar ko'p tomoshabinlarning shov-shuvlarini keltirib chiqaradi, shuning uchun Sallivan "axloqsiz" guruhni o'z shoularidan taqiqlaydi. Biroq, Stones kelgusi yillarda qaytib keldi.[190]
  • 3-noyabr: o'tirgan prezident Lindon B. Jonson Respublikachilar Arizona shtatidagi senatorni mag'lubiyatga uchratib, o'z-o'zidan AQSh prezidenti etib saylandi Barri Goldwater ko'chkida.[191]
  • 4-noyabr: Komediyachi Lenni Bryus Nyu-York shahrida Eleanor Ruzveltning "ko'kraklari" va boshqa "haqoratli" mavzular bo'yicha muntazam ish olib borganidan keyin odobsizlik ayblovi bilan sudlangan. Tez orada Bryus ishchi uyiga hukm qilinadi.[192]
  • 2-dekabr: Vujudingizni Gears ustiga qo'ying: Berkli shahridagi o'tirish paytida mashhur bo'lgan nutqida, talaba Mario Savio so'z erkinligi harakati tarafdorlariga kollej ma'muriyatining "mashinasi" ga qarshi norozilik bildirishini aytadi.[193][194]

1965

  • 8 fevral: AQSh tomonidan Shimoliy Vetnamni havodan bombardimon qilish boshlandi.
  • 9–15 fevral: AQShning Shimoliy Vetnamga qarshi hujumlariga qarshi minglab odamlar AQShning Moskva, Budapesht, Jakarta va Sofiyadagi elchixonalarida namoyish qildilar.
  • 21 fevral: Malkolm X Nyu-York shahrida o'ldirildi.[195]
  • Mart: Berkli shahridagi "iflos nutq mitingi".[196][197]
  • 6 mart: AQShning muntazam qo'shinlari birinchi marta Vetnamda jangga kirishmoqda.
  • 7–25 mart: SCLC suv havzasini bosqichga o'tkazadi Selma - Montgomeri yurishlari, dastlab Jeyms Bevel tomonidan uyushtirilgan.
  • 16 mart: Alice Herz, 82 yoshda, Vetnamning eskalatsiyasiga norozilik sifatida, MI shtatidagi Detroyt shahrida o'zini o'zi yoqib yuboradi. Herz 10 kundan keyin vafot etadi.[198]
  • 24–25 mart: birinchi yirik "O'qitish "SDS tomonidan Ann Arborda o'tkaziladi. 3000 ta ishtirok etish.
  • 25 mart: Sevgingiz uchun: Gitara afsonasi, blyuz purist Erik Klapton ishdan chiqadi Yardbirdlar proto-psixedel zarbasi chiqarilgandan so'ng. Klapton tavsiya qiladi Jimmi Peyj uning o'rnini to'ldirish uchun. Sahifa o'tadi, lekin taklif qiladi Jeff Bek, kim qabul qiladi. 1966 yilda Peyj guruhga qo'shiladi.[199][200]
  • Bahor: 30 yoshdan oshganlarga ishonmang: Berkli sinfining talabasi va "Erkin so'z" faoli Jek Vaynbergning so'zlari parafrazada keltirilgan bo'lib, u avlodning tasodifiy iborasini yaratgan.[201]
  • Bahor: So'nggi paytdagi folklor musiqachilari davri Jon Fillips, Mishel Fillips, Kass Elliot va Denni Doxerti kommunal plyaj chodirida rustikatsiya Avliyo Tomas bayram qilish va musiqa yaratish. Fillipsning American Express kartasida moliyalashtiriladigan ish ta'tili, bu shakllanishiga olib keladi Mamas va Papa, va foydali yozuvlar shartnomasi. Voqealar guruhning 1967 yildagi xit qo'shig'ida qo'shiq bilan aytilgan "Creeque xiyoboni ".[202]
  • Aprel: Bitlz Jon Lennon va Jorj Xarrison Garrisonning stomatologi tomonidan uyushtirilgan Buyuk Britaniyada kechki ovqatda LSD-ni birinchi marta boshdan kechirish.[8]:98[203]
  • Aprel: AQShning Vetnamdagi jangovar qo'shinlari jami 25,000.
  • 16 aprel: O'lim ignasi: Shotlandiya folklor musiqachisining debyut albomi Bert Yansh geroinning xavfli xavfidan ogohlantiruvchi qo'shiqni taqdim etadi.[204][205]
  • 17 aprel: AQShda Vetnam urushiga qarshi birinchi yirik miting AQShning Vashington shahrida SDS tomonidan uyushtirildi. 20,000 ishtirok etadi. Joan Baez, Dudi Kollinz va Fil Oxlar chiqish qilishadi.[206]
  • May: Ousli Stenli ko'ngilochar dori sifatida sotish uchun LSD ning birinchi yirik partiyasi bilan Bay Area-ga qaytadi.[207][208]
  • 5 may: Karta kartalarini yoqish Berkli shahrida bo'lib o'tadi. Berkli shahridagi bir necha yuz talabalar Berkeley Draft Board (BDB) tomon yurishadi va xodimlarga qora tobut sovg'a qilishadi.[209]
  • May: Jerri Rubin, Stiven Smeyl, Pol Montauk, Abbie Xofman va boshqalar shakllantiradi Vetnam kuni qo'mitasi.[209]
  • 17 may: Ovchi S. Tompson "Mototsikl to'dalari: begona er osti portreti" maqolasi paydo bo'ldi Millat. A kitob tez orada keladi.[210]
  • 20–22 may kunlari: Vetnam kuni qo'mitasi eng yirik Vetnamni tashkil qiladi o'rgatish hozirgi kungacha. Berklidagi 36 soatlik tadbirga 30 ming kishi, jumladan Benjamin Spok, Norman Tomas, Norman Mailer, Mario Savio, Pol Krassner, Dik Gregori va Fil Oxlar. Yuzlab odamlar chaqiruv kengashiga borishadi, u erda Lindon Jonson osoyishta osilgan va ko'pchilik chaqiruv kartalarini yoqib yuborgan.[209][211][212]
  • May: Drop City: Eng qadimgi hippi kommunalar AQShning Kolorado shtatida tashkil etilgan. Droppers qurishadi geodeziya gumbazlari axlat qutilari va tomlaridan, xususan, ular bilan hamkorlik qilishni o'z ichiga oladi Stiv Baer va Bakminster Fuller ilhomlangan Zomes.[213][214]
  • Iyun-avgust: Red Dog tajribasi to'liq gulga kiradi Virjiniya Siti, Nevada Red Dog Salon - to'liq huquqli "hippi" identifikatsiyasi shakllanadi.
  • 7 iyun: Grisvold va Konnektikut: AQSh Oliy sudi konstitutsiyaviy maxfiylik Konnektikut shtati tomonidan nikohlangan juftliklar tomonidan kontratseptiv vositalardan foydalanishni taqiqlash kafolatini beradi. "Birlashgan davr "boshqa shtatlarda ham qonunlar amal qiladi. 1972 yilda sudning himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qarorlari turmush qurmagan juftliklarga ham tegishli.[215][216][217]
  • 11 iyun: Xalqaro she'riyat mujassamlanishi: Allen Ginsberg, shu jumladan taniqli shaxslar, Lourens Ferlinghetti, Maykl Horovitz va Uilyam S. Burrouz Londonning Albert Xoll (Buyuk Britaniya) metrosi uchun ochilish marosimida ishtirok eting.[8]:98[218]
  • 11 iyun: Bitlz Britaniya Britaniya imperiyasining eng zo'r ordeni a'zosi etib tayinlandi (MBE ) Britaniya san'ati va tijoratiga qo'shgan hissasi uchun qirolicha tomonidan. Oktyabr oyidagi investitsiya marosimidan so'ng guruh saroy hammomida marixuana chekgani haqidagi afsonani keyinchalik Jorj Xarrison rad etdi.[219]
  • 25-iyul: Bob Dilan "elektrga o'tadi" va ba'zi odamlar Newport Folk Festivalida biqinlaydilar.[220]
  • 30 iyul: Medicare qariyalarga sog'liqni saqlash xavfsizligini ta'minlovchi AQShda qonun bilan imzolangan.
  • Avgust: Fil Ochs kinoya bilan chiqdi "Dodger Rag loyihasi "albomda Men boshqa marshrut qilmayman. Keyinchalik u ushbu qo'shiqni CBS News Special-da ijro etadi Loyihadan qochish. Pit Seegerning versiyasi 1966 yilda paydo bo'lgan.[221]
  • 6 avgust: The Ovoz berish huquqi to'g'risidagi qonun AQShda qonun bilan imzolangan; "Savodxonlik testlari ", so'rovnoma soliqlari va qora tanlilar tomonidan ovoz berishni oldini olish bo'yicha boshqa mahalliy sxemalar federal qonunlarga muvofiq yangi yoki qo'shimcha ravishda taqiqlangan.
  • 11 avgust: Vatt: Los-Anjelesda olti kunlik ommaviy poyga tartibsizliklari boshlandi: 34 kishi halok bo'ldi, 1000 kishi jarohatlandi, yuzlab binolar talon-taroj qilindi yoki vayron qilindi va minglab hibslar. Ayni paytda Chikagoda kichikroq tartibsizliklar yuz beradi.[222]
  • 24 avgust: U aytdi U aytdi: Kontsertga tashrif buyurganlarning rekordini o'rnatganidan ko'p o'tmay Shea stadioni, Kvins, Nyu-York, "Bitlz" qisqa vaqt ichida dam oladi Benedikt Kanyoni, ularning mashaqqatli tugashiga yaqin Amerika safari. Doimiy Beatlemania guruhning ijaraga olingan uyini tark etishiga to'sqinlik qilmoqda, ular mahalliy kompaniyani, shu jumladan a'zolarni taklif qilishadi Qushlar, Piter Fonda, Joan Baez va Peggi Lipton. Lennon qo'shiq yozadi, u paydo bo'ladi Revolver 1966 yilda. Davr o'sishi bilan yaqin Laurel Canyon ko'plab taniqli kontradaniyat musiqachilarining uyiga aylanadi.[223][224][225][226]
  • 30 avgust: Bob Dilanniki 61-avtomagistral qayta ko'rib chiqildi olti daqiqalik singl ishtirokida chiqdi "Rolling Stone kabi ".[227]
  • 31 avgust: ga taqiq qoralama kartalarni yoqish AQShda qonun bilan imzolangan.[228]
  • 5 sentyabr: so'z hippi San-Frantsisko yozuvchisi Maykl Fallon tomonidan bosma nashrda ishlatilib, bu atamani ommaviy axborot vositalarida ommalashtirishga yordam beradi, garchi bu yorliq avvalroq boshqa joyda, xususan, sindikatlangan jurnalistda pishiriq pishiriqlari haqidagi izohda ko'rilgan bo'lsa ham Doroti Kilgallenniki 1963 yil 11-iyun ustuni.[229][230]
  • 8 sentyabr: aktrisa Doroti Dandrij "Eng yaxshi aktrisa" nomzodiga nomzod bo'lgan birinchi afroamerikalik Los-Anjelesda tasodifiy retsept bo'yicha aniqlangan dorining haddan tashqari dozasida vafot etdi, ammo keyinchalik o'tkazilgan tahlillarga ko'ra, noyob emboliya sabab bo'lgan bo'lishi mumkin.[231][232]
  • 15 sentyabr: I-josus: Komediyachi Bill Cosby dramatik Amerika teleserialida suratga tushgan birinchi afroamerikalikka aylanadi. (Amanda Randolf komediyada rol ijro etgan edi Laytonlar 1940 yillarning oxirlarida qisqa muddatli DuMont tarmog'ida.)[233]
  • 25 sentyabr: Bitlz Shanba kuni ertalab multfilmlar seriyasining AQSh telekanallarida chiqishlari.[234]
  • 25 sentyabr: Halokat arafasi: Barri McGuire's versiyasi P.F. Sloanniki ish ko'plab tanqidlarga uchragan va ko'plab stantsiyalar tomonidan taqiqlangan holda, jadvalda birinchi o'rinni egallagan birinchi norozilik qo'shig'iga aylandi.[235][236]
  • Oktyabr: Jeff Bek ishtirokidagi Yardbirds singlni chiqardi "Ishlarning shakllari " bilan B tomoni "Hali ham g'amginman". Psychedelic rock birinchi navbatda jadvallarni tuzadi.[237]
  • 1 oktyabr: Sharqiy qishloq Nyu-York shahrida nashr etila boshlaydi.[238]
  • 15-16 oktyabr: Vetnam urushi noroziliklari AQSh bo'ylab shaharlarda 100000 kishi qatnashadi.
  • 16 oktyabr: Doktor Strangega hurmat: Dan Xiks Longshoreman zalida ommaviy ravishda 1000 ta San-Frantsiskodagi "hippilar" ziyofatini uyushtiradigan Family Dog tadbirini tashkil etishga yordam beradi. Hali ham qonuniy, Owsley-ning "Oq chaqmoq" kislotasi hamma uchun mavjud.[239][240]
  • Noyabr: Malkolm Xning tarjimai holi tomonidan vafotidan keyin nashr etiladi Grove Press. Yozuvchining o'ldirilgan faolning intervyularidan olingan Aleks Xeyli, u 20-asrning eng nufuzli asarlaridan biri hisoblanadi. Ikki karra bestseller uchun dastlabki shartnomasining bekor qilinishi keyinchalik tarixni nashr etishdagi eng katta xato deb ataladi.[241][242][243]
  • 2-noyabr: Quaker rahbari Norman Morrison urushga norozilik bildirish uchun Pentagonda o'zini yoqib yuboradi. Mudofaa vaziri McNamara o'zining binosidagi ofisidagi dahshatning guvohi.[244][245]
  • 5-noyabr: Mening avlodim: JSST yangi yoshlarga gapiring. "Bu mening avlodim!" va "Qarishimdan oldin o'laman deb umid qilaman" ko'tarilayotgan kontr-madaniyatning mantralariga aylanadi.[246][247]
  • 9-noyabr: katolik faoli Rojer Allen LaPorte Nyu-York shahridagi BMT binosida o'zini yoqib yuboradi.[248]
  • 19-noyabr: Beshinchi mulk: Uzoq davom etgan birinchi son avtoritar gazetasi Detroytda nashr etiladi.[249]
  • 20 Noyabr: 8000 urushga qarshi namoyishchilar Berkli shahridan Oklendga qadar Kaliforniyada yurish qilishdi.
  • 27-noyabr: Ken Keseyning quvnoq prankistlari birinchi "Kislota sinovi "Soquelda, Kaliforniya.[250]
  • 27-noyabr: Urushga qarshi 35 minggacha namoyishchilar oq uy.
  • 30-noyabr: Har qanday tezlikda xavfli: Faollarning advokati Ralf Nader avtoulovlarning xavfsizligi to'g'risida ogohlantirish e'lon qilindi va zamonaviyni yoqib yuboradi Iste'molchilar harakati. Naderning doimiy ishi AQShning o'tishiga yordam beradi "Yo'l harakati va avtomobil xavfsizligi to'g'risida" gi milliy qonun Faqatgina 1972 yilda, har yili AQSh avtomagistralda o'lim AQShning Vetnamdagi 10 yillik jangovar ishtiroki davomida halok bo'lganlarning umumiy soniga yaqinlashib, 54.589-ga ko'tarildi.[251][252][253]
  • Dekabr: Kaliforniya Dreamin ': Mamas va Papa tomonidan g'arbiy yo'nalishdagi chaqiruv.[254]
  • Dekabr: The Chiroyli narsalar ozod qilish Rasmni olasizmi?. Albom nomli qo'shiqni o'z ichiga oladi £ .SD.[255]
  • 3 dekabr: Bitlz Kauchuk qalb muqovada guruhning vizual ravishda buzilgan tasviri bilan Buyuk Britaniyada chiqarilgan.[256] Albomda "Norvegiya daraxti ", bu" buyuk sitar portlash "pop musiqasida.[257]
  • 23 dekabr: Timothy Leary shunday hibsga olingan Meksika chegarasida giyohvand moddalarni saqlash uchun.[258]

1966

1967

1968

  • Tom Vulfga tegishli Elektr kool-kislota sinovi nashr etilgan.[400]
  • January: Owsley-inspired pioneer Og'ir metall guruh Blue Cheer ozod qilish Vincebus Eruptum, as early metal ground-breakers Temir kapalak release their debut Og'ir.[401][402]
  • 22 yanvar: Kulish: The sketch comedy "phenomenon that both reflected and mocked the era's counterculture", and brought it into "mainstream living rooms", debuts on US TV.[403][404]
  • January 31: The Tet Offensive is launched by the NVA and Vietcong. Western forces are victorious on the battlefield, but not in the press.[405][406]
  • February 1: Following the free-form programming experimentations at KFRC-FM San-Frantsiskoda, WABX-FM in Detroit and other stations nationwide begin to officially change format. FM playlists and other content are now chosen by local DJs, not corporate executives or record companies. The Progressive rock format takes hold.[407]
  • February 4: Beat figure and Merry Prankster Nil Kassadi dies in Mexico of unknown causes at age 41.[408]
  • 8-fevral: Orangeburg qirg'ini: Police fire on and kill three protesting segregation at a South Carolina bowling alley.[409]
  • 15 fevral: Hindistondagi Bitlz: All four Beatles, along with fellow devotees such as Mike Love, Donovan and Mia Farrow, journey to Rishikesh in India to study Transandantal meditatsiya ostida Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. Jon Lennon va Jorj Xarrison are the last of the celebrities to leave; they depart amid unsubstantiated rumors of the Maharishi's sexual impropriety toward some of the female students[410] and the band members' suspicions that he was using their fame for self-promotion.[411]
  • February 27: 1950s teen vocal star Frenki Limon dies of a heroin overdose in New York City at age 25.[412]
  • February 29: Kerner Report: The Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders is released after seven months of investigation into US urban rioting, and states that "our nation is moving towards two societies, one black, one white – separate and unequal."[413][414]
  • 16 mart: Mening Lay qirg'inim Vetnamda. Apparent wanton rape and murder of innocents by US GIs creates enormous new anti-war outcry when news leaks in 1969.[415][416][417]
  • March 17: London police stop 10,000 anti-war marchers from violently storming the US Embassy. 200 are arrested. The protest serves as partial inspiration for the Rolling Stones' most notable political foray, "Street Fighting Man ".[418][419][420]
  • 18 mart: RFK In: NY Senator Robert F. Kennedy, a long-time supporter of US policy in Vietnam, speaks out against the war for the first time, and announces his candidacy for President.[421]
  • March 22: 3,000 Yippies take over Grand Central Station in New York City, staging a "Yip-In" that ultimately results in an "extraordinary display of unprovoked police brutality" and 61 arrests.[422][423][424]
  • March 31: LBJ Out: Embattled President Lyndon Johnson addresses the US public about Vietnam on TV, and shocks the nation with his closing remark that he will focus on the war effort and not seek a second elected term as President.[425]
  • Bahor: Reggae: "Nanny Goat" by Larri Marshal va Reggay qiling tomonidan Toots va maytallar mark the arrival of a new musical genre.[426][427] Johnny Nash ("Hold Me Tight"), and Paul McCartney ("Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da ") are inspired by the Jamaican sound.[428]
  • Mart-may: Kolumbiya universiteti norozilik namoyishi, Nyu-York shahri. "Devorga qarshi" becomes a protest slogan at this time, as well as the name of a radical activist group.[429]
  • April: The US Department of Defense begins calling-up reservists for duty in Vietnam. The US Supreme Court turns down a challenge to the mobilization in October.[430]
  • 4 aprel: MLK Assassinated: The Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated in Memphis, TN. Drifter Jeyms Erl Rey is soon arrested for the murder. The King family later expresses complete doubt as to Ray's guilt.[431] Violence erupts in cities across the US, with thousands of Federal guardsman dispatched. Memphis, TN, Chicago, IL, Baltimore, MD, Kansas City, MO, and Washington, DC are hotspots.[432]
  • April 5: A Yippie plot to disrupt the upcoming August Democratic Convention in Chicago is published in Vaqt.[433]
  • April 6: Oakland Shootout: Black Panther Bobbi Xatton o'ldirilgan va Eldridge Cleaver is wounded in a gun battle with police. Cleaver later claims that Hutton was murdered while in police custody.[434]
  • April 8: The US Narkotiklar byurosi (from Treasury) and Giyohvand moddalarni suiste'mol qilishni nazorat qilish byurosi (from the Food and Drug Administration) merge into the Narkotik moddalar va xavfli giyohvand moddalar byurosi, substantially ramping-up anti-drug efforts.[435]
  • April 14: The Easter Sunday "Love-In" is held in Malibu Canyon, CA.[436]
  • April 27: Anti-war protesters march in several US cities, including 87,000 in Central Park, NYC.
  • May: Ajoyib Furry Freak Birodarlar birinchi paydo bo'ladi Latt, an Austin TX underground paper.[437][438]
  • 2 may: MAI 68: Massive student protests erupt in France which escalate and spread, leading to a general strike and widespread civil unrest during May and June, bringing the country to a virtual standstill.[439]
  • May 10: The Parijdagi tinchlik muzokaralari commence in France. The war in Southeast Asia is the subject of the negotiations.[440][441][442]
  • May 12: Dr. King's Kambag'al odamlarning tashviqoti establishes "Resurrection City", a shanty town on the Milliy savdo markazi in Washington D.C., with around 5,000 protesters.
  • 17 may: Catonsville to'qqiz: Catholic priests opposed to the war including Daniel Berrigan destroy draft records in a Maryland draft office.[443][444][445]
  • May 24–27: Louisville Riots: After a claim of police brutality, police and thousands of National Guard confront rioting protesters and looters. Two black teens die before order is restored.[446]
  • June 3: Artist Endi Uorxol is shot and wounded by a "radical feminist" writer.[447][448][449]
  • 5 iyun: RFK Assassinated: Senator Robert Francis Kennedy, winner of the California primary earlier that day, and the new presumptive Democratic presidential front-runner, is mortally wounded in Los Angeles. RFK dies June 6.[450]
  • June 19: "Solidarity Day" protest at Resurrection City draws 55,000 participants.
  • June 24: Remnants of "Resurrection City", with only about 300 protesters still remaining, razed by riot police.
  • July 17: The Beatles' post-psychedelic, pop-art animatsion film Sariq suv osti kemasi is released in the UK (November 13 in the US).[451][452]
  • July 28–30: University of California, Berkeley campus shut down by protests.
  • 21 avgust: Praga bahori: Communist tanks roll in Czechoslovakia and crush the popular anti-Soviet uprising which began in January.[453]
  • August 25–29: Demokratik milliy konventsiya Chikagoda. The proceedings are overshadowed by massive norozilik namoyishlari staged by thousands of demonstrators of every stripe.[454] Mayor Daley's desire to enforce order in the city results in egregious police brutality, televised on national airwaves. On the third night, police indiscriminately attack protesters and bystanders, including journalists Mayk Uolles, Dan aksincha va Xyu Xefner. The spectacle is a turning point for both supporters and critics of the larger movement.
  • 26 avgust: Revolution?: Lennon's B-side to McCartney's smash "Hey Yahudo " is released. Its eschewing of violent protest is seen as a betrayal by some on the left. A version recorded earlier is released in Noyabr and suggests indecision as to Lennon's stance on violence.[455]
  • August 31: First Vayt oroli festivali featuring Jefferson Airplane, Artur Braun, Ko'chirish, T-reks va Chiroyli narsalar.
  • 7 sentyabr: Miss America Protest: Feministlar demonstrate against what they call "The Degrading Mindless-Boob-Girlie Symbol," filling a "freedom trash can" with items including mops, pots and pans, Cosmopolitan va Playboy magazines, false eyelashes, high-heeled shoes, curlers, hairspray, makeup, girdles, corsets, and bras. The widely reported "burning of bras" is, however, a myth.[456][457]
  • 24 sentyabr: Mod guruhi: "One Black, One White, One Blonde" is the tagline for the hip, troubled-kids-turned-cops TV police drama which debuts on ABC.[458]
  • September 28: 10,000 in Chicago protest on one-month anniversary of the convention violence.
  • Fall: Stewart Brand begins publication of Butun Yer katalogi.[459][460]
  • 2 oktyabr: Tlatelolco qirg'ini: Students and police violently clash in Mexico City.[461]
  • 16 oktyabr: Meksika '68: Medal-winning American sprinters Tommie Smith and John Carlos raise their gloved hands on the Olympic award podium to protest global human rights shortcomings. Their demonstration is met with both international praise and death threats alike.[462][463]
  • October 18: John Lennon and Yoko Ono are arrested for drug possession in London. Lennon is only fined for his first offence, and more serious obstruction charges against the pair are dropped, but the arrest will later serve as the pretext for the politically motivated attempted deportation of Lennon from the US in the 1970s.[464]
  • 25 oktyabr: Emile de Antonio's highly controversial and Oscar nominated anti-war documentary Cho'chqa yilida (per the Chinese "Year of the Pig") is released. Although it is otherwise reported, and de Antonio aspires to the leftist badge of honor, de Antonio technically never appears on President Niksonning dushmanlari ro'yxati.[465][466][467]
  • October 27: 25,000 march in London against the Vietnam war.[468]
  • October 31: President Johnson orders a halt to the aerial bombing of North Vietnam.[469][470]
  • November 5: Former Vice President Richard M. Nixon defeats sitting VP Xubert Xamfri, va George Wallace/Curtis Lemay ticket in a close race. Nixon in January becomes the 37th President of the US, ending eight years of Democratic Party control of the White House.[471][472]
  • 6-noyabr: Bosh: The Monkees delve into psychedelia in an ambitious but unpromoted and little seen film co-written and co-produced by Jek Nikolson.[473][474]
  • November 6: Students demanding minority studies courses begin a strike at San-Fransisko shtat kolleji, where demonstrations and clashes occur into March 1969, making it the longest student strike in US history.[475][476][477]
  • 11-noyabr: Ikki bokira qiz: John Lennon and Yoko Ono's experimental album is released. Beatles distributors EMI (for Parlophone/Gramophone labels) and Capitol (for Apple label) refuse distribution, as the cover features the couple in shocking full frontal nudity. Lennon later describes the cover as a depiction of two slightly overweight ex-junkies.[478][479][480]
  • November 22: The Beatles' o'z-o'zidan nomlangan qo'shaloq albom, also known as the "White Album", is released. The band's hair is very long, and the musical content is not psychedelic.[481]
  • 24 dekabr: Yerning ko'tarilishi: A striking photograph of the Earth taken from lunar orbit is called "the most influential environmental photograph ever taken."[482]

1969

  • January 8–18: Students at Brandeis universiteti take over Ford and Sydeman Halls, demanding creation of an Afro-American Dept., which is approved by the University on April 24.[483]
  • 28-yanvar: Santa Barbara Oil Spill: The environmental movement moves into high gear after an offshore oil well blows out and dumps 100,000 barrels of crude oil onto the California coast, killing wildlife and fouling beaches for years to come.[484]
  • 29-yanvar: Ser Jorj Uilyams kompyuter tartibsizligi: the largest student campus occupation in Canadian history results in millions in damage in Montreal.[485]
  • 30-yanvar: Tinch qo'y, hamma narsa o'z holidagiday qo'sin; shunday bo'lsin: The Beatles plus Billy Preston perform in public as a group for the oxirgi marta on the roof atop their offices in London. Footage of the performance appears on the film documenting the sessions for the album.[486]
  • January 30 – February 15: Administration building of Chikago universiteti taken over by around 400 student protesters in a "sit-in".
  • Fevral: Esquire jurnali Muqova hikoyasida: "Oldindan Chicks! Troublemakerlar qizlarni politsiyani yiqitish uchun qanday foydalanadilar" va radikal chap tomonning boshqa taktikalari.[487]
  • 13 fevral: Milliy gvardiya ko'zdan yosh oqizuvchi gaz va g'alayon tayoqchalari bilan namoyishlarni bostirmoqda Viskonsin universiteti, Madison.[488]
  • 16 fevral: uch kunlik politsiya va Dyuk universiteti talabalar, maktab qora tadqiqotlar dasturini tuzishga rozi.
  • 24-fevral: Tinker va Des Moines: AQSh Oliy sudi davlat maktablari o'quvchilarining urushga qarshi birinchi tahrirdagi huquqlarini tasdiqladi.[489]
  • 1 mart: Mening xo'rozimni ko'rishni xohlaysizmi?: "Doors" guruhining sardori Jim Morrison o'zini hibsga olgani va Mayami (FL) da bo'lib o'tgan kontsertda masturbatsiya va tushkunlikni simulyatsiya qilgani uchun hibsga olish to'g'risida order berildi. 2010 yilda Morrison o'limidan keyin Florida afv etish kengashi tomonidan afv etiladi.[490][491]
  • 12 mart: Jorj Xarrison va Patti Boyd Londonda qozon saqlashgani uchun hibsga olingan.[492]
  • 22 mart: Prezident Nikson talabalar shaharchasini olib ketish va zo'ravonlik tendentsiyasini qoraladi.
  • 25-31 mart: Gibraltarda to'y marosimidan so'ng Jon Lennon va Yoko Ono "Yotoq xonasi "Amsterdamdagi tinchlik tadbiri.[493]
  • Aprel: AQShning Vetnamdagi kuchlari eng yuqori cho'qqisi - 543,000.[494][495]
  • 3-4 aprel: Milliy gvardiya Chikagoni chaqirdi va Memfis doktor Kingning o'ldirilishi yilligiga komendantlik soati qo'ydi.
  • 4 aprel: Reytinglarning pasayishi va juda ziddiyatli tarkibga nisbatan doimiy bosimdan so'ng, CBS bekor qiladi Smothers aka-uka komediya soati. Yozuvchilar, shu jumladan Meyson Uilyams, Karl Gotlib, Bob Eynshteyn, Rob Reyner, Stiv Martin va Pat Paulsen boshqa loyihalarga o'ting.[496][497]
  • 9 aprel: ofislarda 300 talaba "o'tirdi" Garvard ROTCga norozilik bildirmoqda. 400-sonli politsiya 10-aprel kuni tartibni tikladi. Kollej ROTC-ni maktabdan tashqari 19-aprel kuni tashkil etadi.
  • 19 aprel: qurollangan qora tanli talabalar o'zlarini egallab olishadi Willard to'g'ri zali da Kornell. Ertasi kuni universitet afro-amerikalik tadqiqotlar dasturini va'da qilib, ularning talablariga javob beradi.
  • 25–28-aprel kunlari: Faol talabalar Merrill House-ni egallab olishdi Colgate universiteti afro-amerikalik o'quv dasturlarini talab qiladi.
  • 7 may: Talabalar Xovard universiteti sakkizta binoni egallaydi. Ular 9-may kuni AQSh Marshallari tomonidan tozalandi.
  • 8 may: Nyu-York shahridagi shahar kolleji ozchilikni o'rganish talab qilinadigan talabalarni 14 kunlik egallab olishidan so'ng yopiladi; talabalar o'rtasida tartibsizliklar CCNY qayta ochishga harakat qilganda boshlanadi.
  • 9–11-may kunlari: Zap to Zap: Bir necha ming kollej talabalari Shimoliy Dakotaning qishloqlarida, keyinchalik "Milliy gvardiya" tomonidan tarqatib yuborilgan "g'alayon" ga aylanib ketadigan ziyofatga tashrif buyurishadi.[498]
  • 15 may: Qonli payshanba: Alameda okrugi sheriflari va gubernator tomonidan vakolat berilgan milliy gvardiya xodimi Ronald Reygan noqonuniy namoyishchilarni chiqarib tashlashga o'tish Xalq parki Berkli shahrida. Ular o'q bilan o'q uzgan miltiqlardan o'q uzishmoqda, talaba Jeyms Rektorni o'ldirish, duradgor Alan Blanchardni doimiy ravishda ko'r qilish va boshqalarga ozroq jarohatlar etkazish.[499]
  • 21-25 may: 1969 yil Greensboro qo'zg'oloni: namoyishchilar talabalari shaharchasida besh kun davomida politsiya bilan jang qilishdi Shimoliy Karolina qishloq xo'jaligi va texnik davlat universiteti; bir talaba 22-mayni o'ldirdi. Milliy gvardiya talabalar shaharchasiga ko'zdan yosh oqizuvchi gaz yordamida hujum qildi, hatto uni vertolyot bilan tashlab yubordi.
  • 23 may: Tommi: Kim Rok Opera bu zarba.[500]
  • 26 may - 2 iyun: Tinchlik uchun imkoniyat bering: Jon va Yoko ikkinchi marotaba o'tkazganlarida mashhurlar yig'ilishadi Yotoq xonasi Monrealda, bu erda urushga qarshi madhiya jonli ravishda yozib olingan.[501]
  • Iyun: Siz har doim jinsiy aloqa haqida bilishni xohlagan narsangiz * (* lekin so'rashdan qo'rqardim) nashr etiladi va bestsellerga aylanadi.[502]
  • 18 iyun: SDS Chikagoda yig'iladi; ular Progressiv leyboristlar partiyasi o'zining raqib qurultoyini tashkil qiladigan fraksiya 28 iyun.
  • 22 iyun: Judi Garland, sahna, ekran, televizor va qo'shiqning super yulduzi va LGBT jamoati uchun dastlabki belgi, tasodifan barbiturat dozasini oshirib yuborish natijasida vafot etdi, London, Chelsi.[503][504]
  • 28 iyun: The Stounewall tartibsizliklari Nyu-York shahrida AQShdagi gey huquqlarini himoya qilish bo'yicha birinchi yirik qo'zg'olonlar.[505]
  • 3-iyul: Brayan Jons, Rolling Stones asoschisi, 27 yoshida sirli sharoitda Buyuk Britaniyaning Sharqiy Sasseksdagi suzish havzasida "tasodifan" vafot etdi.[506]
  • 5-iyul: Parkdagi toshlar: Sobiq do'sti Brayan Jonsning haddan tashqari dozada o'limidan shokka tushgan, qayg'uli "Rolling Stounz" Londonning Hyde Parkdagi katta olomon oldida kutgan bepul konsertini davom ettirmoqda.[507][508]
  • 14-iyul: Easy Rider: Kam byudjetli, kokain bilan shug'ullanadigan velosiped yo'llari filmi namoyish etildi va amalda madaniy ahamiyatga ega bo'ldi. Filmning muvaffaqiyati 1970-yillarning mustaqil kinoijodkorlari uchun eshiklarni ochishda yordam beradi. Soundtrack tarkibiga kiradi Steppenwolfniki velosipedchilarga seminal ma'no "Yovvoyi bo'lish uchun tug'ilgan, "va giyohvandlikka qarshi dastlabki kurash"Pusher." [509][510][511]
  • 15-iyul: Muqova hikoyasi QARA: "Hippi bolalarini qanday tarbiyalaydi"[512]
  • 18-iyul: Muqova hikoyasi Hayot: "Yoshlar Kommunalari - AQShning yangi hayot tarzi"[513]
  • 20-iyul: Apollon 11 "s Apollon Oy moduli erlar. Odamlar Oyda yurishadi. Blyashka Oy yuzasida "Biz butun insoniyat uchun tinchlikka erishdik" degan yozuv qoldirilgan.[514]
  • 21 iyul: Endi Uorxolniki Moviy film premyeralari Endi Andy Warhol Garrick teatri. Film - bu seminal film Pornoning oltin davri va "ning ochilishiga yordam beradi.porno chic "[515][516] zamonaviy Amerika madaniyatida, keyinchalik esa dunyoning boshqa ko'plab mamlakatlaridagi hodisa.[517][518]
  • 25 iyul: Vetnamlashtirish: RMN Nikson doktrinasi Osiyo mintaqaviy ittifoqchilarini shartnoma bo'yicha ilgari kafolatlangan himoyani yadroviy bo'lmagan mojarolarda himoya qilishga chaqiradi.
  • 9–10 avgust: Helter Skelter: Aktrisa Sharon Teyt, Teytning tug'ilmagan chaqalog'i va yana besh kishi knopepointda psixopat rahbarligida harakat qilayotgan kult a'zolari tomonidan vahshiyona o'ldirilgan. Charlz Menson Kaliforniyadagi ikki kunlik qotillik paytida. Voqealar xalqni larzaga keltiradi. Ko'pchilik uchun jinoyatlar va Mensonning "oilasi" qarshi madaniyatning mahsuli sifatida qaralmoqda.[519][520][521][522]
  • 15–18 avgust: Woodstock: Taxminan 300,000-500,000 odamlar Nyu-York shtatidagi "Tinchlik va musiqaning 3 kunligi" uchun madaniyatsizlik tarixidagi suv havzasida yig'ilishmoqda.[523][524]
  • 19-avgust: Darhol Woodstock, Devid Krosbi, Stiven Stills, Joni Mitchell va Jefferson Airplane paydo bo'ladi Dik Kavett shousi. "Samolyot" lirikasi "Devorga qarshi, onaxon!" ijrosida "Biz birga bo'lishimiz mumkin "tsenzuradan o'tib ketadi va milliy televidenieda namoyish etiladi.[525]
  • 30-31 avgust: Ikkinchi Vayt oroli festivali Bob Dilan va boshqa aktlarni ko'rish uchun 150,000 kishini jalb qiladi Guruh, JSST, Ozod, Djo Koker va Moody Blues.
  • Sentyabr: Penthouse: AQShning birinchi soni Robert Guccione oylik aniq gazeta do'konlarini bosadi va keyinchalik "libidinal bilinçaltı chuqurroq yo'lga kirib borgan va, shubhasiz, puritan Amerikani eng chuqur jinsiy tabulardan ozod qilish uchun avvalgi va undan keyingi har qanday jurnalga qaraganda ko'proq harakat qilgan kattalar jurnali" deb nomlanadi.[526]
  • 1-2 sentyabr kunlari: Xartford, KT va Kamden, NJ.
  • 2 sentyabr: Xoshimin, Kommunistik Shimoliy Vetnam prezidenti, tajovuzkor va Vetnam urushining bosh harakatlantiruvchisi vafot etdi. Xoning o'limi ortidan uning urushi davom etmoqda.[527]
  • 6 sentyabr: H.R. Pufnstuf: AQSh televideniyesida shanba kuni ertalab bolalar uchun juda yangi, syurreal shou debyutlari.[528]
  • 24 sentyabr: Chikagodagi sakkizta sud jarayoni boshlandi. Tom Xeyden, Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin va boshqalarga, 1968 yilgi Demokratik partiyaning Milliy Kongressi paytida tartibsizliklarni qo'zg'ash uchun fitna, shu jumladan ayblovlar qo'yilmoqda. Ular Chikago yetti Sudlanuvchidan keyin 5 noyabr Bobbi Seal bog'lab qo'yilgan, bog'lab qo'yilgan va sud jarayonidan uzilgan.
  • 29 sentyabr: "Muski shahridan Okie ": Mamlakat afsonasi Merle Xaggardning qo'shig'i giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilishga va kontr-madaniyatning norozilik harakatlariga qarshi bo'lganlar orasida katta xit.[529][530]
  • 4 oktyabr: TV yulduzi Art Linkletter's qizim Diane, 20, 6-qavatli kvartirasidan o'limiga sakrab chiqadi. Katta Linkletter Timothy Leary va LSD mas'ul deb da'vo qilmoqda.[531]
  • 8–11 oktyabr: G'azab kunlari: SDS elementlari va Weather Underground fraktsiyasi Chikagoda "urushni uyga olib kelish" uchun radikal harakatlarni davom ettiradi va Chikago politsiyasi bilan shafqatsiz munosabatlarni almashadi.[532]
  • 15 oktyabr: Vetnamda urushni tugatish uchun moratoriy: AQSh va butun dunyo bo'ylab urushga qarshi ommaviy namoyishlar.
  • 21 oktyabr: Jek Keruak asoratlaridan vafot etadi alkogolizm Florida shtatida 47 yoshida.[533]
  • 29 oktyabr: "tizimga kirish ": ARPANET-dagi birinchi xabar - Internet va WWW-ning kashfiyotchisi UCLA talabasi dasturchi Charley Kline tomonidan yuboriladi.[534]
  • 13-noyabr: vitse-prezident Spiro T. Agnew uchta asosiy televidenie tarmog'ini qulay qamrovi yo'qligi uchun tanqid qiladi.
  • 15-noyabr: Moratorium redux: Vashingtonda, DCda 500,000 dan ortiq marsh. Bu AQSh tarixidagi eng yirik urushga qarshi namoyish.[535]
  • 20-noyabr: tub amerikalik namoyishchilar Alkatrazning ishg'oli, bu 19 oy davom etadi.[536]
  • Dekabr: AQShning Vetnamdagi umumiy qurbonlari (o'lganlar va og'ir yaradorlar) jami 100,000.
  • 1 dekabr: Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan beri AQShda birinchi loyiha lotereyasi Nyu-York shahrida bo'lib o'tdi va CBS orqali jonli efirda namoyish etildi. Keyinchalik statistik tahlil lotereya usulini (qo'lda aylantirilgan barabandan tortib olingan kapsuladagi tug'ilgan kunlar) noto'g'ri ekanligini ko'rsatib, ba'zi tug'ilgan kunlarni boshqalarnikiga qaraganda chizish ehtimoli ko'proq.[537][538]
  • 4 dekabr: Qora Pantera Fred Xempton Federal, Illinoys shtati va Chikagodagi huquqni muhofaza qilish organlarining birlashgan elementlari tomonidan o'ldirilgan, ba'zi hollarda siyosiy suiqasdni taxmin qilmoqda.[539]
  • 6 dekabr: Altamont: Rolling Stones 300.000 ishtirok etgan bepul kontsertni tashkil qilishda va sarlavhada yordam beradi. "Woodstock G'arb" deb nomlangan tadbir Tracy va Livermore (Kaliforniya, Kaliforniya) o'rtasidagi tezlikda xaos va zo'ravon o'limga aylanadi.[540][541]
  • 27-31 dekabr: Flint urush kengashi, Michigan. SDS bekor qilindi, ob-havoning buzilishi va eng muhimlaridan biri g'azablangan AQShda fuqarolar urushi paydo bo'lganidan beri qo'zg'olonlar.[542]
  • To'lqinli sos Cho'chqa fermasi Xippi kommuna Llano, NM yaqinida tashkil etilgan.
  • Erning do'stlari AQShda tashkil etilgan. U 1971 yilda xalqaro tarmoqqa aylanadi.
  • Qarama-qarshi madaniyatni yaratish: Teodor Roszakniki Texnokratik jamiyat haqidagi mulohazalar nashr etilgan. Keyinchalik Roszak "kontr-madaniyat" atamasini bosma nashrga qo'shgan.[543]

1970-yillar

1970

  • Prezident Nikson AQShni tashkil qiladi Atrof muhitni muhofaza qilish agentligi (EPA). Agentlik 1970 yil dekabrda faollashtirilgan.
  • 1 yanvar: Britaniyada ovoz berish yoshi 21 yoshdan 18 yoshgacha pasaytirildi.
  • 10-yanvar: Musiqachi, hippi va xayriya margarin merosxo'ri Maykl J. Brodi o'zining boyligini 25-50 million dollarga etkazishini e'lon qildi.[544][545][546]
  • 31 yanvar: Bowling piniga o'xshab o'rnating: Nyu-Orleanda giyohvand moddalar uchun 19 kishi, jumladan, Minnatdor O'lganlar va Oussli Stenli a'zolari. Epizod muqovasini yaratadi Rolling Stone mart oyida va keyinchalik "Dead" qo'shig'ida eslatib o'tilgan "Truckin ' ".[547][548]
  • Fevral: AQShning NY, CA, WA, MD va MI shtatlaridagi ob-havo osti bombardimonlari va o't qo'yishlar.
  • 18-fevral: Chikago 7 sud hukmi chiqarildi: ikkitasi oqlandi, beshtasi tez orada "tartibsizlikni qo'zg'ash maqsadida davlat chegaralarini kesib o'tganligi" uchun hukm qilindi, ammo keyinchalik barcha sudlanganlik va hukmlar bekor qilindi.
  • 23–26 fevral: Kaliforniya-Santa-Barbara universitetida talabalar g'alayon qilishdi.
  • 25-28 fevral: Talabalar tartibsizliklar uyushtirishdi, talabalar shaharchasi binolarini egallab olishdi va hokazo SUNY Buffalo, Nyu-York.
  • 6 mart: Grinvich qishlog'idagi shaharcha portlashi: Nyu-York shahrida metropolitenning uch a'zosi bomba yig'ish paytida halok bo'ldi.[549]
  • 26 mart: Hujjatli film Woodstock ozod qilindi.
  • Mart oxiri: Flitvud Mac asoschisi Piter Grin va guruhdoshi Denni Kirvan Myunxendagi Highfisch-Kommune kult / kommunasida g'alati bir partiyada qatnashish. Xabarlarga ko'ra, LSDni qabul qilganlaridan so'ng, Grin ham, Kirvan ham umrbod ruhiy kasallikka chalingan.[550][551]
  • 1 aprel: Jerri Rubin mehmoni ko'rinadi Fil Donaxu shousi va Donahue lambastalarini o'zining konservativ ko'rinishi uchun.
  • 7 aprel: Kaliforniya gubernatori Ronald Reyganning kollej talabalar shaharchasidagi tartibsizliklari haqida so'zlari keltirilgan: "Agar u qonga cho'milsa, uni tugataylik".[552]
  • 7 aprel: X-baholangan Yarim tunda kovboy uchtasini yutadi Oskar Gollivuddagi eng yaxshi film.[553][554]
  • 10 aprel: Pol Makkartni, targ'ibot paytida uning birinchi shaxsiy albomi, Bitlz guruhi tarqatib yuborilganligini e'lon qiladi.
  • 15 aprel: 100,000 Vyetnam urushiga norozilik bildirish uchun Boston Commonda yig'ilishadi; 500 ga yaqin radikallar uchrashuvni to'xtatib, mikrofonni olishga harakat qilmoqda.
  • 22 aprel: Yer kuni: Yer sayyorasining xavfli ekologik holatini tan oladigan birinchi tadbir bo'lib o'tdi.[555][556]
  • 30 aprel: Prezident Nikson AQShning maxfiy harbiy operatsiyalarini oshkor qildi Kambodja.
  • 1-3 may kunlari: 13000 kishi tinch namoyishlarda qatnashmoqda Yel universiteti da ayblanuvchilarni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun New Haven Black Panther sinovlari.
  • 2 may: da talabalar o'rtasida radikallar Kent davlat universiteti urushning Kambodjaga tarqalishiga qarshi norozilik ROTC erga qurish. Ogayo gubernatori Jim Rods Kent meri iltimosiga binoan Milliy gvardiyani chaqiradi.[557]
  • 4-may: AQShning urushga qarshi norozilik harakatining eng katta fojiasi bo'lgan Ogayo shtatining milliy gvardiyasining yomon tayyorgarlik ko'rgan askarlari qurolsiz talabalar bilan to'qnashuvga kirishdilar va ularga qarata o't ochishdi. Kent davlat universiteti ketish to'rtta o'lik to'qqiz nafar yarador, shu jumladan shol bo'lgan Din Kahler.[558]
  • 4-may: Birgalikda o'tkazish: Timothy Leary uchun foyda Nyu-Yorkdagi Village Gate-da bo'lib o'tdi. Jimi Xendrix va Johnny Winter ijro etish.[559][560]
  • 5 may: The Yadro qurolini tarqatmaslik to'g'risidagi xalqaro shartnoma kuchga kiradi.
  • 6 may: 1970 yilgi talabalar ish tashlashi: AQSh bo'ylab ko'plab kollejlar urushga va Kent shtatidagi voqealarga norozilik sifatida yopildi.
  • 8 may: Hard Hat Riot: Qurilish ishchilari urushga qarshi namoyishchilar bilan to'qnashmoqda, Nyu-York shahridagi Uoll-St. Ular yana 11-mayda yurishadi. 20-may kuni Nyu-York meriyasida 100 ming qurilish ishchilari va uzoq muddatli shogirdlar ma'muriyatning urush siyosatini qo'llab-quvvatlaydilar.[561]
  • 8-may: otasini Arvil Garland hippi kommunasi deb hisoblagan narsadan "qutqarishga" urinib, Detroytda uxlayotgan qizi Sandra va yana uch kishini o'ldirdi. Voqealar hippi-bosh filmida tasvirlangan voqealarga juda o'xshash Jou, qotillikdan oldin suratga olingan, ammo keyin chiqarilgan.[562][563]
  • 9-may: Vashingtondagi urushga qarshi 100000 miting. Ertalab soat 4: 15da Prezident Nikson Maxfiy xizmat xavfsizligini buzadi va Oq uydan chiqib, hayratda qolgan namoyishchilar bilan uchrashib suhbat quradi. Linkoln yodgorligi.[564][565][566]
  • 14 may: Jekson shtatidagi qotillik: Talabalarning zo'ravonlik namoyishlarida politsiya ikki kishini o'ldirgan va 11 kishini jarohatlagan Jekson shtat kolleji, XONIM. Bu olti afroamerikalik erkak Augusta tomonidan komendantlik soatini buzgani uchun orqasidan o'ldirilganidan ikki kun o'tgach Jorjiya milliy gvardiyasi.
  • 19 may: Talabalar tartibsizligi Fresno davlat universiteti.
  • 21-may: Milliy gvardiyaning 5000 ta askari ishg'ol qiladi Ogayo shtati universiteti zo'ravonlikdan keyin.
  • 11 iyun: Daniel Berrigan odam o'g'irlash / bombalashtirish fitnasi uchun Federal qidiruv byurosi tomonidan hibsga olingan.
  • 12 iyun: Beysbolda Oliy Ligadagi krujka Dok Ellis LSD-ni noto'g'ri ish kuni deb hisoblagan narsaga olib boradi va hech qanday zarba bermaydi. Keyinchalik Ellis giyohvand moddalarni tashlaydi, sog'ayish bo'yicha maslahatchi bo'ladi va futbolchilik faoliyati davomida giyohvand moddalarni suiiste'mol qilganidan afsusda.[567][568]
  • 13 iyun: Prezident Nikson tayinlaydi Talabalar shaharchasidagi tartibsizliklar bo'yicha Prezident komissiyasi. Sentabr oyida e'lon qilingan hisobot tartibsizliklar va AQShning Hindistonda harbiy ishtiroki darajasi o'rtasidagi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri bog'liqlikni topdi.
  • 15 iyun: AQSh Oliy sudi vijdonan harbiy xizmatdan voz kechishni axloqiy sabablarga ko'ra tasdiqlaydi.
  • 22 iyun: AQSh ovoz berish yoshi 18 ga tushirildi. Tez orada Oliy sudda shikoyat qilinadi va bekor qilinadi va tezda qabul qilinishiga olib keladi 26-tuzatish 1971 yil 1-iyunda 18-da saylov huquqini kafolatlaydi.
  • 27-28 iyun: Vanna va progressiv musiqa festivali, Shepton Mallet, Somerset, Buyuk Britaniya, namoyish Issiq orkinos, Fleetwood Mac, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd va boshqalar.
  • Iyul: Xuston rejasi: Urushga qarshi shaxslarni noqonuniy ravishda uy sharoitida kuzatib borish bo'yicha idoralararo keng sxemani Oq Uy xodimi tuzgan va qabul qilgan, ammo tezda Prezident Nikson tomonidan bekor qilingan. Biroq, reja elementlari har qanday holatda ham amalga oshirilgani taxmin qilinmoqda.[569][570][571]
  • 6 avgust: tartibsizlik politsiyasi evakuatsiya qilindi Disneylend Anaxaymda (Kaliforniya) bir necha yuz Yippilar norozilik namoyishidan so'ng.
  • 17 avgust: Kommunistik faol Anjela Devis uning nomiga sotib olingan o'qotar qurol sudya ishtirokidagi qotillik rejasiga aloqador bo'lganidan keyin Federal qidiruv byurosining "Eng ko'p qidirilayotgan o'nlik" ro'yxatida paydo bo'ldi.[572]
  • 24 avgust: The Sterling zalni portlatish da Viskonsin universiteti urushga qarshi faollar tomonidan Medisonda fizika tadqiqotchisini o'ldirdi Robert Fassnaxt. Yana to'rt kishi og'ir jarohat olgan va millionlab dollar zarar etkazilgan.[573]
  • 26 avgust: Tenglik uchun ayollarning ish tashlashi: AQSh ayollarining saylov huquqidan 50 yil o'tgach, Nyu-York shahrida 20000 kishi nishonlaydilar va yurishadi, Amerika hayotida ayollar uchun teng huquqlilikni talab qilishadi.[574]
  • 26-31 avgust: 600,000+ ishtirok etadi Uchinchi Vayt oroli festivali. Ellikdan ortiq aktlar, shu jumladan JSST, Gendrix, Maylz Devis, Eshiklar, O'n yildan keyin, ELP, Joni Mitchell va Jetro Tull.
  • 29-30 avgust: Qo'zg'olon va zo'ravonlik boshlanadi Chikano moratoriyasi Los-Anjelesdagi urushga qarshi miting; muxbir Ruben Salazar ko'zdan yosh oqizuvchi gaz qobig'i bilan o'ldiriladi.
  • Sentyabr: Iso Masihning yulduzi, Christian Rock Opera, albom sifatida birinchi marta chiqadi. Keyinchalik bu zararli narsaga aylanadi Broadway va boshqalar film.[575]
  • Sentyabr: Alan "Blind Owl" Wilson, taniqli musiqachi va asoschilaridan biri Konservalangan issiqlik, 27 yoshida, Kaliforniya shtatidagi Topanga Kanyonida barbiturat dozasini oshirib yuborganligi sababli vafot etdi.[576]
  • 12 sentyabr: Timothy Leary Weather Underground yordamida qamoqdan qochadi va unga qo'shiladi Eldridge Cleaver yilda Jazoir.
  • 16 sentyabr: London: Siyosiy emas qattiq tosh Led Zeppelin Bitlzning 8 yillik faoliyatini yakunlang Melodiya yaratuvchisi "s yil # 1 dunyo.
  • 18 sentyabr: nufuzli musiqachi Jimi Xendrix Londonda 27 yoshida dozani oshirib yuborishi mumkin bo'lgan asoratlari tufayli vafot etadi.
  • 19 sentyabr: Pilton Pop, Blues & Folk Festival, birinchi Glastonberi festivali, Xususiyatlari T-reks va 1500 kishi ishtirok etadi.
  • Oktyabr: Ayol evnuchi: Germeyn Greer feministik pro-bestseller nashr etildi.[577]
  • Oktyabr: Keyt Stroup topilmalar NORML, marixuana taqiqini bekor qilish bo'yicha ish olib borayotgan guruh, Vashington, DC.
  • 4 oktyabr: Janis Joplin, rokning birinchi yakkaxon ayol yulduzi, 27 yoshida Los-Anjelesda tasodifiy geroin dozasini oshirib yuborishi natijasida vafot etdi.
  • 13 oktyabr: Siyosiy faol Anjela Devis odam o'g'irlash, qotillik va fitna ayblovlari bilan hibsga olingan.
  • 26 oktyabr: Doonsbury sindikatlangan chiziq chizig'i sifatida debyut qiladi, kontr-madaniyatni tan oladi va 21-asrdagi voqealarni yozishda davom etadi.[578]
  • 29 oktyabr: San-Xose, Kaliforniya shtatida nutq so'zlaganidan so'ng, Prezident Niksonni 2000 yildagi do'stona bo'lmagan olomon tomonidan tuxum otishmoqda.
  • 7-noyabr: Jerri Rubin jonli efirda ko'rinadi Devid Frost shousi va muzokaralar ko'rgazmasiga qo'shilishga harakat qiladi mezbon, tomoshabinlardagi Yippilar uchun sahnani shoshiltirish va norozilik bildirish uchun signal.
  • 6 dekabr: The Birodarlar Meyls Altamontning hujjatli filmini chiqaring: Gimme boshpanasi.
  • 21 dekabr: Elvis Presli da e'lon qilinmasdan keladi oq uy. Qirol Prezident Nikson bilan uchrashadi va suratga tushadi. Ular vatanparvarlik, hippi va giyohvandlikka qarshi kurashni muhokama qiladilar.[579][580][581]
  • 25-dekabr: Laguna sohilidagi Rojdestvo bayrami: minglab odamlar hippi bayramining kengaytirilgan festivaliga yig'ilishmoqda, unda yuzlab Rojdestvo kartochkalari namoyish etilmoqda, ularning har biri "Orange Sunshine" LSD dozasini o'z ichiga olgan. Abadiy sevgining birodarligi, yoki "psixidel inqilobi" ga moyil bo'lgan kislota ishlab chiqaruvchi va hashar kontrabandasi tashkiloti bo'lgan "Hippi Mafiyasi".[582][583]
  • Dekabr: Pol Makkartni "Bitlz" guruhini tarqatib yuborish to'g'risida sudga da'vo qilmoqda.
  • Zo'ravon Qora ozodlik armiyasi AQShda shakllangan. 1980 yillarning boshlarida guruh ko'zdan g'oyib bo'lguncha qator portlashlar, qotilliklar, qaroqchiliklar, qamoqxonalarni buzish va aviakompaniyani olib qochish.[584]

1971

  • 2 yanvar: The taqiqlash AQSh televideniesi va radiosidagi sigareta reklamalari kuchga kiradi.[585]
  • 12-yanvar: Buyuk Britaniyadagi teleko'rsatuvlardan so'ng uslub O'limgacha biz buni qilamiz, AQShning uzoq yillik zarbasi Hammasi oilada debyut bilan Rob Reyner kabi Maykl Stivich, kontr-madaniyatning kollejda o'qigan ishchi sinfiga bergan javobi Archi Bunker.[586][587]
  • 31-yanvar: Politsiya Los-Anjelesdagi tinchlik marshida o'q uzib, bittasini o'ldirdi.
  • 4 fevral: Kaliforniya shtatidagi Oklenddagi harbiy induksiya markazi bombardimon qilindi.
  • 4–8-fevral: Uilmington shahridagi qo'zg'olon, 2 kishining o'limiga sabab bo'ldi.
  • 13 fevral: Atlantadagi (GA) induksion markaz bombardimon qilindi.
  • 21 fevral: BMT Psixotrop moddalar to'g'risidagi konventsiya amfetaminlar, barbituratlar, benzodiazepinlar va psixidelika kabi psixoaktiv dorilarni xalqaro darajada nazorat qilish maqsadida Venada imzolangan.[89]
  • 1 mart: AQSh Kapitoliy binosi urush namoyishchilari tomonidan bombardimon qilingan; jarohatlar yo'q, ammo katta zararga olib keladi.
  • 5 mart: The FCC giyohvand moddalarni noqonuniy iste'mol qilishni ulug'laydigan yoki targ'ib qiluvchi musiqa ijro etgani uchun radiostansiyalarni jazolashi mumkin.
  • 8 mart: The Asr jangi: Vijdonli voz kechuvchi va madaniyatga qarshi kurash bo'yicha qahramon Muhammad Ali urush tarafdorlari huquqining ramzini sukut bo'yicha yo'qotadi Djo Frazier Nyu-York shtatidagi Madison Square Garden-da boks tarixidagi eng og'ir og'ir vazn toifasidagi jang bo'lib hisoblanadi.[588][589][590]
  • 11 mart: qarama-qarshilik Puerto-Riko universiteti 3 o'lik qoldiradi.
  • 23 aprel: Vetnam faxriylari Vashingtondagi AQSh kapitoliyidagi urushga qarshi norozilik bildirmoqda, medallarini zinapoyalarga uloqtirmoqda va AQShda sodir etilgan harbiy jinoyatlar to'g'risida guvohlik berishmoqda.
  • 24 aprel: 500 ming namoyishchilar AQSh Kapitoliyda urushni to'xtatish to'g'risida iltimosnoma uchun yig'ilishdi; San-Frantsiskodagi urushga qarshi 200,000 miting.
  • 3-may: Uchinchi kuni 12000 dan ortiq urushga qarshi namoyishchilar hibsga olingan 1971 yil 1 may kuni norozilik namoyishlari Vashingtonda, DC
  • 10 may: Bosh prokuror Jon N. Mitchell urushga qarshi namoyishchilarni fashistlar bilan taqqoslaydi va 13 may kuni ularni kommunistlar deb ataydi.
  • 12 may: Mik Jagger va Nikaragua go'zalligining to'yi Byanka Peres-Mora Masias hippilar va reaktiv samolyotlar tomonidan nishonlanadi, ammo media tsirk tomonidan mushtlar bilan Sankt-Tropez Frantsiya Rivierasida. Er-xotin 1977 yilda bo'linadi.[591][592][593]
  • 17 may: spektakl Godspell Nyu-Yorkda ochiladi, unda Iso va uning shogirdlari zamonaviy, madaniy muhitda tasvirlangan.
  • 21 may: Marvin Gaye ijtimoiy ongli albomni chiqaradi Nima gaplar.[594][595]
  • 31 may: Londondagi AQSh harbiy xizmatchilari AQSh elchixonasida Vetnam urushiga qarshi murojaatnoma.
  • 13 iyun: Pentagon hujjatlari: The Nyu-York Tayms 1945 yildan beri AQShning Hindistonga aralashuvi tafsilotlarini aks ettiruvchi noqonuniy ravishda oshkor qilingan AQSh maxfiy hujjatlaridan birinchi parchani e'lon qildi. Federal sudning 15 iyundagi buyrug'i nashrlarni vaqtincha to'xtatdi.[596]
  • 18 iyun: The Vashington Post dan parchalarni nashr etadi Pentagon hujjatlari, ertasi kuni sud qarori bilan to'xtatildi.
  • 20-24 iyun: 'Glastonbury Fayre', ikkinchisi Glastonberi festivali, Xususiyatlari Devid Boui, Yo'l harakati, Fairport konvensiyasi, va "Piramida bosqichi" ning birinchi mujassamlanishi.
  • 22 iyun: The Boston Globe nashr etadi Pentagon hujjatlari parchalar; bu 23-sonli buyruq bilan to'xtatiladi va gazetalar hibsga olinadi.
  • 28 iyun: Muhammad Alining sudlanganligi qoralama qarshilik Vashington shahridagi AQSh Oliy sudi tomonidan bir ovozdan bekor qilindi.
  • 28 iyun: Prezident Nikson 47 jildning barchasini chiqardi Pentagon hujjatlari Kongressga.
  • 30 iyun: Oliy sud 6–3-sonli qarorlarga ko'ra, gazetalar nashr etish huquqiga ega Pentagon hujjatlari. The Times va Xabar ertasi kuni nashrni davom ettiring.
  • 3-iyul: Jim Morrison, ta'sischi a'zosi Eshiklar, 27 yoshida Parijda haddan tashqari dozada iste'mol qilingan geroindan vafot etdi.[597]
  • 7-iyul: Ikki qatorli qora yo'l: Klassik klassik rollarda Dennis Uilson va Jeyms Teylor premyeralar.[598]
  • 1 avgust: Bangladesh uchun konsert: Jorj Xarrison va Ravi Shankar va Ringo Starr, Erik Klapton, Leon Rassel, Billi Preston va Bob Dilan singari do'stlar Nyu-Yorkda muhim xayriya tadbirlarini o'tkazmoqdalar. Ommabop albomlar va filmlar tomosha qilmoqda va namoyishlar kabi katta rok foyda uchun namuna bo'ladi Jonli yordam.[599]
  • 18 avgust: Bosh prokuror Mitchell 1970 yil Kent shtatidagi otishmalar bo'yicha Federal tergov o'tkazilmasligini e'lon qildi.
  • Avgust: Cheech & Chong ismli birinchi albom ozod qilindi.[600]
  • 3 sentyabr: Oq uy rasmiylari rahbarligida faoliyat yuritayotgan o'g'rilar Daniel Ellsburgning psixiatrining ofisiga kirib, ularni obro'sizlantirish uchun fayllarni topishga urinishdi. Pentagon hujjatlari qochqin.[601]
  • 9 sentyabr: Attika: Mahbuslar nazoratni o'z zimmalariga olishadi, garovga olishadi va huquqlar va yashash sharoitlari bo'yicha tartibsizliklar Attika davlat qamoqxonasi, Nyu-York. Mahbuslarning aksariyat talablari bajarilishidan va tartibni tiklashdan oldin 39 kishi vafot etgan (shu jumladan 10 ta tuzatish ishlari bo'yicha xodim)[602]
  • 15 sentyabr: Greenpeace miloddan avvalgi Vankuverda tashkil etilgan va tez orada eng taniqli va eng munozarali xalqaro faol atrof-muhit tashkilotiga aylandi.[603][604]
  • Oktyabr: est, o'z-o'zini rivojlantirish bo'yicha bahsli o'quv dasturi San-Frantsiskoda o'zining birinchi konferentsiyasini o'tkazmoqda.[605]
  • 8-oktabr: FBIning uchta ma'lumotchisi PBS-da urushga qarshi guruhlarga kirib borish va ularni zo'ravonlik harakatlariga undash uchun haq to'langanligini aniqladilar.
  • 19-23 oktyabr: Memfisdagi qo'zg'olon bir kishining o'limiga sabab bo'ldi.
  • 29 oktyabr: Gitara hodisasi Dueyn Allman ning Allman Brothers Band Makonda (GA) 24 yoshida mototsikl halokatida halok bo'lgan. Allman basisti Berri Oakli mototsikl halokatida vafot etadi, keyingi yil faqat to'siq qo'yadi.[606]
  • 10-noyabr: Berkli, Kaliforniya shahar kengashi barcha harbiy qochqinlarni muqaddas joy bilan ta'minlash uchun ovoz berdi.
  • 10-noyabr: Ringo Starr va Keyt Oy Frank Zappa va ixtiro onalari bilan birgalikda Zappaning "syurrealistik hujjatli filmida" suratga tushgan 200 motel.[607]
  • 16-noyabr: Ijtimoiy, erta supermodel va Endi Uorxol "Superstar" Edi Sedgvik haddan tashqari alkogol va barbituratlardan so'ng 28 yoshida vafot etadi, Santa-Barbara, Kaliforniya.[608]
  • Noyabr: Las-Vegasdagi qo'rquv va nafrat, Ovchi S. Tompson 1960-yillarga qarshi giyohvand moddalarga botirilgan ayblov xulosasi, 1960-yilgi qarshi madaniyat Rolling Stone 2 qismdan iborat.
  • 4 dekabr: Suv ustida tutun: Rokchilar Binafsha binafsha rang yozib olish jarayonida buziladi Mashina boshi yozish uchun foydalanmoqchi bo'lgan zalni Frank Zappa kontserti paytida muxlis yoqib yuborganida, Shveytsariya, Montreux.[609][610][611]
  • 10 dekabr: John Sinclair ozodlik mitingi: Jon Lennon va boshqa taniqli shaxslar, shu jumladan Stivi Uonder va Bob Seger Bobbi Silar, Jerri Rubin, Allen Ginsberg, Renni Devis, Ed Sanders va boshqalar gapirishadi Crisler Arena Ann Arborda davolanishga norozilik bildirish uchun Sinkler, yashirin politsiyaga ikkita qozon bo'g'imini bergan va 10 yilga ozodlikdan mahrum qilingan.[612][613]
  • 26–28 dekabr: 15 nafar Vetnam faxriylari Ozodlik haykali urushga qarshi chiqish.
  • 28 dekabr: Urushga qarshi faxriylar egallab olishga urinmoqdalar Linkoln yodgorligi Vashingtonda 80-yil hibsga olingan.
  • 29 dekabr: Qumdagi bolalar, muhim voqea[614] Amerika gey pornografik boshida taqdim etilgan film Pornoning oltin davri, premeralari 55th Street Playhouse, NYC. Qumdagi bolalar tomonidan ko'rib chiqilgan birinchi shunday film bo'ldi Varete jurnali,[615] va 1969-yillardan keyin eng qadimgi porno filmlardan biri Moviy film[616][617][618][619] Andy Warhol tomonidan asosiy kuchga ega bo'lish uchun.
  • Dekabr: Feminizm yoshga to'lgan: Gloriya Shtaynemniki Xonim. jurnal birinchi bo'lib qo'shimchalar sifatida nashr etiladi Nyu York jurnal. Birinchi mustaqil muammo keyingi oyga keladi.
  • Stiven Gaskin o'rnatadi "Ferma "Tennesi shtatidagi hippi kommunasi.[620]
  • Shoul Alinskiy "s Radikallar uchun qoidalar nashr etilgan.[621]
  • Abbie Xofmannikidir Ushbu kitobni o'g'irlang nashr etilgan.
  • The Anarxistlar oshpazligi nashr etilgan.
  • Bizning tanamiz, o'zimiz nashr etilgan.[622]
  • Kamalak ko'prigi, Chak Vaynnikidir Mauidagi qarshi madaniyatni aks ettiruvchi va Jimi Xendrixning ikkinchi va so'nggi jonli ijrosi aks etgan film namoyish etildi.[623]

1972

  • 1 fevral: Igna va zarar: Nil Yang davrda halokatli giyohvandlikdan mahrum bo'lgan do'stlarining ta'sirchan musiqiy guvohnomasini chiqaradi. Geroin iste'molining o'sishi 1970-yillarda tekislanib kelmoqda, ammo bu preparat "kestirib" hisoblanadi va 1990-yillarda va undan keyingi yillarda o'qitilmagan avlodlar ichida yana portlaydi.[624][625][626]
  • Mart: Nikson ma'muriyati Jon Lennonni Londonda 1968 yilgi hashar ayblovi bahonasida deportatsiya jarayonini boshlaydi.[627][628]
  • 22 mart: The Marixuana va giyohvandlik bo'yicha milliy komissiya, Prezident Nikson tomonidan tayinlangan, nasha tarkibida "ozgina xavf" topadi va saqlash uchun barcha jinoiy jazolarni bekor qilishni tavsiya qiladi.
  • 1 aprel: birinchi Xash Bash Michigan universiteti kampusida, Ann Arborda bo'lib o'tadi.[629]
  • 16 aprel: Katta er yo'qotishlariga duch kelgan AQSh kuchlari Shimoliy Vetnamni bombardimon qilishni davom ettirmoqdalar.
  • 17–18 aprel: Talabalar soat Merilend universiteti politsiya va Milliy gvardiya bilan bombardimon jangiga norozilik yuborildi.
  • 22 aprel: Nyu-York, San-Frantsisko va Los-Anjelesda urushga qarshi yirik yurishlar.
  • 2 may: AQSh Federal qidiruv byurosi direktori J. Edgar Guvver qariyb 50 yil davomida asosiy federal huquqni muhofaza qilish idorasi ustidan deyarli beg'araz nazorat ostida bo'lganidan keyin 77 yoshida vafot etdi.[630]
  • 15 may: Wallace Shot: Alabama shtatining gubernatori Jorj Uolles tan olinmagan segregatist va MD-ning Laurel shahrida bo'lib o'tgan prezidentlik saylovlarida qatnashgan.[631]
  • 19-may: Pentagondagi ob-havo osti bombasi zarar etkazmoqda, ammo jarohatlar yo'q.
  • 21–22 may kunlari: 15000 kishi Vashingtonda urushga qarshi namoyish o'tkazmoqda.
  • 4 iyun: Anjela Devis qurollar bo'yicha sud jarayonida barcha ayblovlar bo'yicha oqlandi.
  • 12 iyun: Jon Lennonniki Plastik Ono tasmasi siyosiy ayblangan ikki albomni chiqaradi Nyu-York shahrida biroz vaqt.
  • 17 iyun: The Votergeyt o'g'rilar Vashingtonda, DCda hibsga olingan.
  • 23 iyun: AQSh davlat maktablari endi qizlardan ko'ylak kiyishni talab qila olmaydi va ularga shim kiyishga ruxsat berishi kerak 1972 yilgi ta'limga oid o'zgartirishlar.
  • 28 iyul: aktrisa Jeyn Fonda Shimoliy Vetnamga tashrif buyuradi. Fondaning qaytishi fotosurat paytida g'azabni qo'zg'atadi[632] uning dushmanning zenit quroliga o'tirganligi e'lon qilindi va u buni ta'kidlamoqda Asirlar asirga olingan kommunistlar tomonidan qiynoqqa solinmagan yoki miyasi yuvilmagan. Fonda epizod jihatlari uchun uzr so'rashda davom etmoqda.[633][634]
  • Iyul: birinchi Qabilalarning kamalak yig'ilishi AQShning Kolorado shtatida 4 kun davomida o'tkaziladi.
  • 26 oktyabr: Oktyabr syurprizi?: AQSh milliy xavfsizlik bo'yicha maslahatchisi Genri Kissincer Oq uyning matbuot anjumanida "biz tinchlik yaqin ekanligiga ishonamiz" dedi.[635]
  • 2-8 noyabr kunlari: 500 dan ortiq namoyishchilar Amerika hindular harakati egallab olish Hindiston ishlari byurosi Vashingtonda.
  • 7-noyabr: Respublikachi Richard Nikson progressiv demokrat senator ustidan g'oliblik bilan qayta saylandi Jorj MakGovern.
  • 16-noyabr: Politsiya talabalar shaharchasida tartibsizliklar paytida 2 talabani o'ldirdi Janubiy universiteti Baton-Rujda (Luiziana).
  • 21-noyabr: Federal Apellyatsiya sudi "Chikago 7" a'zolariga nisbatan chiqarilgan hukmni bekor qildi.
  • 18–29 dekabr: AQSh Linebacker II operatsiyasi urushning eng intensiv bombardimon kampaniyasiga aylanadi.
  • Jinsiy aloqa quvonchi: O'n yil oldin aqlga sig'maydigan, ozod qilingan 1970-yillarga mo'ljallangan keng qo'llaniladigan jinsiy aloqa qo'llanmasi nashr etildi va asosiy kitob do'konlarida ochiq namoyish etildi.
  • Maykl X, 1960 yillarda Londonda o'zini qora tanli inqilobchi va fuqarolik huquqlari faoli, qotillik uchun sudlangan. U 1975 yilda Ispaniya porti, Trinidad va Tobagoda osib o'ldirilgan.[636]

1973

  • 1 yanvar: Bangladeshliklar Shimoliy Vetnamning bombardimon qilinishiga norozilik sifatida AQShning Dakka xizmatini yoqib yuborishdi.
  • 2 yanvar: 36 soatlik Yangi yil sulhidan so'ng Shimoliy Vetnamni havodan bombardimon qilish davom etmoqda.
  • 4 yanvar: BMTning qirq betaraf davlatlari AQShning bombardimon kampaniyasiga norozilik bildirmoqda.
  • 5 yanvar: Kanada parlamenti bir ovozdan AQShning bombardimon qilish harakatlarini qoralash va ularni to'xtatishga chaqirish uchun ovoz beradi.
  • 10 yanvar: Urushga qarshi namoyishchilar Frantsiyaning Lion shahridagi konsulligiga hujum qilishdi va G'arbiy Germaniyaning Frankfurt shahridagi America House kutubxonasini yoqib yuborishdi.
  • 15 yanvar: Urushga qarshi namoyishchilar Amsterdamdagi AQSh konsulligini egallab olishdi.
  • 15 yanvar: Prezident Nikson Xanoy bilan tinchlik muzokaralarida erishilgan yutuqlarga asoslanib, portlashni to'xtatmoqda. G'arbiy Germaniya kansleri Villi Brandt Niksonni AQShning G'arbiy Evropa bilan aloqalari xavf ostida ekanligidan ogohlantiradi.[637]
  • 22 yanvar: AQShning sobiq prezidenti Lindon B. Jonson 64 yoshida Texas shtatidagi yurak xurujidan so'ng vafot etdi.[638]
  • 22 yanvar: AQSh Oliy sudi qaror qabul qildi Roe Vadega qarshi, abortni samarali ravishda qonuniylashtirish.[639][640]
  • 28 yanvar: AQShning Vetnamdagi jangovar harbiy ishtiroki o't ochishni to'xtatish va shartnoma asosida chaqirilgandan so'ng chiqib ketishni boshlash bilan tugaydi Parij tinchlik shartnomalari.[641]
  • 27 fevral - 8 may: Yarador tiz bilan bog'liq voqea: Mahalliy amerikalik faollar SD, Uounded Kne shaharchasini egallab olishadi; Ikki namoyishchi va 1 AQSh marshali uzoq to'qnashuv paytida o'ldirildi.[642]
  • Mart: birinchi harbiy chaqiriluvchilar emas keyinchalik xizmatga chaqirilganlar, Vetnam davrini tantanali ravishda tugatganlar AQShda muddatli harbiy xizmat.
  • 8 mart: Ron "Pigpen" MakKernan, Minnatdor O'lganlarning asoschisi, Korte Madera, Kaliforniya shtatida 27 yoshida oshqozon-ichak qon ketishidan vafot etadi.[643]
  • 29 mart: Urush tugaydi: Prezident Nikson AQShning so'nggi jangovar qo'shinlari Vetnamdan AQSh sifatida chiqib ketganligini e'lon qildi Asirlar ozod qilindi.[644]
  • 17 may: The Senatning Uotergeyt qo'mitasi Prezidentning hokimiyatni qo'pol ravishda suiiste'mol qilishiga aloqador bo'lgan tobora ko'payib borayotgan Votergeyt mojarosi bo'yicha televizion eshituvlarni boshlaydi.
  • 1 iyul: The Giyohvandlikka qarshi kurash boshqarmasi o'rnini bosadi BNDD.[645]
  • 10-iyul: Jon Pol Getti III, 16 yoshli, baxtsiz neft milliarderining nabirasi va dunyodagi eng boy odam Jan Pol Getti, Rimda to'lov uchun o'g'irlangan. Uch million dollarlik kelishilgan to'lov faqat kichik Gettining qulog'i aksizlangandan so'ng va gazetaga pochta orqali yuborilgandan keyingina amalga oshiriladi. Yoshlar omon qoladi, ammo giyohvand va qon tomirlari qurboniga aylanadi va 2011 yilda 54 yoshida vafot etadi.[646]
  • 28 iyul: Uotkins Glenda yozgi murabbo, Nyu-York shtati "Minnatdor Dead", "Band" va "Allman Brothers" ni ko'rish uchun 600 ming kishi jalb qiladi - bu Woodstock-dan beri AQShdagi eng yirik yig'ilish.[647]
  • 15-avgust: AQShning Hind-Xitoy mojarosidagi barcha harbiy ishtiroki rasmiy ravishda tugaydi Keys-cherkovga o'zgartirishlar kiritish.
  • 19 sentyabr: davrning eng g'alati seriyalaridan birida taniqli sayohatchi kantri-rok musiqachisi Gram Parsons tashrif buyurganidan keyin morfinning haddan tashqari dozasidan vafot etadi Joshua daraxtining milliy yodgorligi; uning tanasi "o'g'irlangan "yaxshi niyatli do'stlar tomonidan Parsonning dafn marosimlarini amalga oshirishga va Joshua daraxtiga o't qo'yishga harakat qilmoqda. film qaydnomasi 2003 yilda nashr etilgan.[648]
  • 20 sentyabr: Xalq qo'shiqchilari va qo'shiq mualliflari Jim Kros va Maury Myhleisen Luiziana shtatida parvoz qilgan samolyot halokatga uchraganidan keyin yana 5 kishi bilan birga halok bo'lishdi.[649]
  • 20 sentyabr: Jinslar jangi: Erkaklar va ayollar o'rtasidagi tennis jangi sifatida targ'ib qilingan kuchli shov-shuvli tennis musobaqalarida Billi Jan King va Bobbi Riggz Astrodomda raqobatlashing. King Riggzni uchta ketma-ket setda mag'lub etadi.[650][651]
  • 10 oktyabr: Vitse-prezident Spiro Agnew iste'foga chiqadi. Prezident Nikson Kongress a'zosini nomlaydi Jerald R. Ford Michigan shtatining Agnew o'rniga 12 oktyabrda.[652]
  • 23 oktyabr: Kongress Niksonga qarshi impichment moddalarini ko'rib chiqishni boshlaydi.
  • 14 noyabr: Gretsiya: Talabalar Afina politexnika harbiy xuntaga qarshi zarba berish. Tanklar 17-chi rolni o'ynaydi va kamida 24 kishi o'ladi.[653]
  • 17-noyabr: 400 kishilik sessiyada AP tahrirlovchilar, deydi Prezident Nikson, "Odamlar o'zlarining prezidentlari firibgar yoki yo'qligini bilishlari kerak edi. Xo'sh, men firibgar emasman. Men bor narsamni topdim".[654]

1974

  • Xabarlarga ko'ra, o'n yil davomida giyohvand moddalar bilan bog'liq huquqiy muammolar tufayli Timoti Liri Federal qidiruv byurosi uchun axborot beruvchiga aylangan.[655]
  • 3 yanvar: Federal sudya 1969 yil oktyabrdagi "G'azab kunlari" da qatnashgan ob-havoning 12 a'zosiga qo'yilgan ayblovlarni bekor qildi.
  • 5 fevral: Patti Xerst ekstremistik guruh tomonidan o'g'irlab ketilgan Simbiyon ozodlik armiyasi (SLA) va ularga qo'shilish, ehtimol qurbon bo'lgandan keyin Stokgolm sindromi.
  • Mart-aprel: "qisqa muddatli moda"chiziqlar "AQShda eng yuqori nuqtada.[656][657]
  • 20 aprel: Disko musiqasi, muvaffaqiyatidan keyin "Sevgi poezdi "bir yil oldin yana Billboard chartlarida birinchi o'rinni egalladi"TSOP "," oltmishinchi yillardan keyin qarshi madaniyat "davri yaqinlashayotganining aniq belgisidir pank-rock submulturasi shunga o'xshash guruhlar bilan ham o'z genezisini shu davrga to'g'ri keladi Ramones va Televizor o'ynash CBGB Nyu-Yorkdagi klub.
  • 17-may: Los-Anjelesdagi to'qnashuv paytida besh nafar SLA a'zosi, shu jumladan ularning etakchisi politsiya bilan o'ldirildi.[658]
  • Yoz: birinchi soni High Times nashr etilgan.
  • 29 iyul: "Mama" qo'shiq yulduzi Kass Elliot, 32, London kvartirasida yurak xurujidan so'ng vafot etdi Garri Nilsson. Kim barabanchi Keyt Moon, shuningdek 32 yoshda, 1978 yilda o'sha uyda alkogolizmga qarshi preparatning haddan tashqari dozasidan vafot etdi.[659][660]
  • 8 avgust: Yaqinlashib kelayotgan impichmentga duch kelgan Richard Nikson Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti lavozimidan ketishini e'lon qildi. Vitse-prezident Jerald Ford 9-avgust kuni prezident sifatida qasamyod qabul qildi va "bizning uzoq milliy tushimiz tugadi" deb e'lon qildi.
  • Sentyabr-dekabr: Boston litseylarida degregatsiya bo'lganligi sababli politsiya tartibsizlikni bir necha bor bostirmoqda.
  • 8 sentyabr: Prezident Ford sobiq prezident Niksonni to'liq kechiradi.
  • 16 sentyabr: Prezident Ford AQShga qayta kirish uchun yo'l yaratib, Vetnam davridagi harbiy xizmatdan qochgan va qochganlarga shartli ravishda amnistiya taklif qiladi.[661]
  • 13 dekabr: Prezident Ford Jorj Xarrisonni Oq Uyda tushlik qilishga taklif qildi.[662] Piter Frampton 1976 yilda tashrif buyurgan.
  • 21 dekabr: The Nyu-York Tayms Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi Nikson prezidentligi davrida urushga qarshi 10 ming dissidentni noqonuniy ravishda josuslik qilgani haqida xabar beradi.[663][664]

1975

  • 1 yanvar: Jon Mitchell va yana uchta Watergate fitnachilari aybdor deb topilib, 21-fevral kuni qamoq jazosiga hukm qilindi.
  • 27 yanvar: Cherkov qo'mitasi: AQSh Senati AQSh razvedka faoliyati, shu jumladan mahalliy radikallarga qarshi noqonuniy josuslik bo'yicha misli ko'rilmagan tergovni boshlash uchun ovoz beradi.[665]
  • 29-yanvar: Ob-havo AQSh Davlat departamentidagi bomba, hech kim jabrlanmagan.
  • 30 aprel: Tez-tez shamol operatsiyasi AQShning so'nggi qolgan harbiy va razvedka xizmatchilari Saygondan qochib ketishdi, chunki Janubiy Vetnam kommunistik kuchlar tomonidan bosib olinib, qo'shib olinmoqda. "Tinchlik" shartnomalari.[666]
  • 5 & ​​22 sentyabr: AQSh prezidenti Ford ikki ayolning suiqasd harakatlaridan omon qoldi, shu qatorda Menson "oila" a'zosining muvaffaqiyatsiz urinishi. Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, bir oy ichida.[667][668]
  • 18 sentyabr: Patti Xerst Federal qidiruv byurosi tomonidan hibsga olingan.[669]
  • 7 oktyabr: Nyu-York shtati Oliy sudi sudyasi Jon Lennonga nisbatan deportatsiya to'g'risidagi qarorni bekor qildi va Lennonning AQShda qonuniy qolishiga imkon berdi.[670]
  • 11 oktyabr: Saturday Night Live: Qarshi madaniyat yoshga to'lgan, chunki Jorj Karlin asosiy televizion revuening birinchi qismini olib boradi. Uzoq vaqtdan beri davom etayotgan seriyada tez orada ko'plab taniqli Amerika telekanallari, shu jumladan komediya eskizlarida marixuanadan foydalanish ochiq tasvirlangan.[671][672][673]

1977

  • 21 yanvar: AQShning yangi inauguratsiya qilingan prezidenti Jimmi Karter Vetnamdagi minglab qochqinlarni so'zsiz kechiradi va ularga AQShga, asosan Kanadadan qaytadan kirishga imkon beradi.[674]
  • 16-avgust: rok davrining eng muhim ajdodi, qarshi madaniyatni tanqid qiluvchi va barcha zamonlarning eng yirik sotuvchisi bo'lgan Elvis Presli 42 yoshida retseptsiz giyohvandlik asoratlari tufayli vafot etdi. Memfis, Tennesi.[675][676]

1980-yillar

1980

  • 8 dekabr: Jon Lennon, 40 yoshda Bitlz va qarshi madaniyatning avlodini ko'taruvchisi o'ldirilgan Nyu-Yorkda butun dunyo bo'ylab qayg'uga sabab bo'ldi.[677]

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

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  63. ^ Whicker, Alan; Jones, Wizz; va boshq. (1960). "(Nominal) BBC Interview". youtube.com. BBC. Olingan 22 sentyabr, 2014. The original broadcast air date of the report has not been verified.
  64. ^ Thompson, Nathan (June 8, 2014). "True secrets of psychedelics: Are they everything they're cracked up to be?". salon.com. Salon Media Group. Olingan 1 iyul, 2014.
  65. ^ Sigel, Efrem (December 12, 1962). "Psilocybin Expert Raps Leary, Alpert on Drugs". thecrimson.com. Garvard Crimson, Inc. Olingan 1 iyul, 2014. Original article was updated on 2014-01-27
  66. ^ "Freedom Struggle – Sitting for Justice: Woolworth's Lunch Counter". A collective effort of the staff of the National Museum of American History, Behring Center via Smithsonian Institution. Olingan 22 sentyabr, 2014. On February 1, 1960, four African American college students sat down at a lunch counter at Woolworth's in Greensboro, North Carolina, and politely asked for service. Their request was refused. When asked to leave, they remained in their seats. Their passive resistance and peaceful sit-down demand helped ignite a youth-led movement to challenge racial inequality throughout the South. (text and photos)
  67. ^ "Investigation is Ordered in Sit-In Demonstration" (PDF). March 26, 1960. Archived from asl nusxasi (PDF) 2015 yil 3 aprelda. Governor Buford Ellington ordered today a full investigation into the activities of a television network camera crew...
  68. ^ "SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)". northcarolinahistory.org. North Carolina History Project via John Locke Foundation. Olingan 22 sentyabr, 2014. SNCC evolved out of that Easter weekend at Shaw University. Students in the SCLC had wished, for some time, for a student-led organization. (There were student chapters within the SCLC, but Martin Luther King Jr. had not been pushing for an official student organization). Students wanted leadership opportunities and had different strategies than the SCLC leadership, which they believed moved toward progress at a glacial speed. At the 1960 Shaw meeting, students also expressed a fear that a strong centralized organization (even if student-led) would be a foe of democracy. Therefore, Baker and others established SNCC as a decentralized organization, with the national headquarters providing support and literature, including a newspaper, but not the strategy and leadership.
  69. ^ "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958–1960, Volume X, Part 1, Eastern Europe Region, Soviet Union, Cyprus May–July 1960: The U–2 Airplane Incident". history.state.gov. AQSh Davlat departamenti. Olingan 23 iyun, 2014.
  70. ^ Dono, Dovud; Ross, Thomas (1962). The U-2 Affair (Bantam, 1962-11 ed.). New York: Random House / Bantam. Here, told for the first time, is the remarkable story behind the most explosive espionage case of the 20th century...
  71. ^ "FDA Approves the Pill". Tarix kanali.
  72. ^ Fink, Brenda (September 29, 2011). "The pill and the marriage revolution". gender.stanford.edu. Clayman Institute / Stanford University. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2017-12-12 kunlari. Olingan 26-noyabr, 2014. The birth control pill arrived on the market in 1960. Within two years, 1.2 million American women were "on the pill." By 1964, it was the most popular contraceptive in the country. Looking back, Americans credit – or blame – the pill with unleashing the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s. The pill is widely believed to have loosened sexual mores, including the double standard that sanctioned premarital sex for men but not for women. But, according to historian Elaine Tyler May, this idea is largely a myth. As May explained to a Stanford audience, the pill's impact on the sexual revolution is unclear. What is clear is that the drug had a far greater impact within marriage itself.
  73. ^ "Oltmishinchi yillar: Amerikaning Vakillar uyi bo'yicha faoliyat qo'mitasi" PBS.org saytida
  74. ^ Karl Nolte (2010 yil 13-may). "'Black Friday,' birth of U.S. protest movement". San-Fransisko xronikasi.
  75. ^ Stack, Barbara. "HUAC Black Friday Police Riot – May 13, 1960 (Archival Material: Free Speech Movement)". btstack.com. Barbara Toby Stack. Olingan 12 iyun, 2014.
  76. ^ "Xronologiya". Peace Action.
  77. ^ Mejia, Paula (2016-02-19). "Harper Lee, Author of 'To Kill a Mockingbird,' Dies at 89". newsweek.com. Newsweek. Olingan 2016-02-20. Lee became a literary phenomenon upon the publication of Mockingbird on July 11, 1960. It was a best-seller and earned the author the Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 1961 – an astonishing feat for a debut novel. "No book in years has commanded the kind of volunteer claque which is now pushing an unassuming first novel toward the best-seller list's summit," wrote Newsweek in its profile of Lee that same year. The following year the Mockingbird film adaptation, starring Gregory Peck as the white lawyer Atticus Finch who defends a black man wrongfully accused of rape, was released. The film was also hailed an instant classic.
  78. ^ Vuli, Jon; Piters, Gerxard. "Election of 1960". prezidentlik.ucsb.edu. Gerhard Peters – The American Presidency Project via University of California-Santa Barbara. Olingan 12 iyun, 2014.
  79. ^ "Key Counties May Indicate Closest Election Since 1916". AP via The Milwaukee Journal (Google capture). 1960 yil 20 oktyabr. Olingan 12 iyun, 2014.
  80. ^ Shribman, David (October 24, 2010). "Nixon v. Kennedy: 50 years ago America chose between two men who were dramatically different – and eerily similar". post-gazette.com. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette/PG Publishing Co. Olingan 12 iyun, 2014.
  81. ^ White, Theodore H. (1961). Prezidentning tuzilishi 1960 yil (Birinchi nashr). New York: Atheneum House. p. 386. ISBN  9780689708039.
  82. ^ Jones, Carolyn (January 7, 2010). "Human potential pioneer George Leonard dies". sfgate.com. San Francisco Chronicle/Hearst. Olingan 20 may, 2014.
  83. ^ Martin, Douglas (January 18, 2010). "George Leonard, Voice of '60s Counterculture, Dies at 86". nytimes.com. The New York Times Co. Olingan 20 may, 2014.
  84. ^ "President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Farewell Address (1961): On January 17, 1961, in this farewell address, President Dwight Eisenhower warned against the establishment of a "military-industrial complex."". ourdocuments.gov. The National Archives and Records Administration, et al (US). Olingan 4 iyun, 2014.
  85. ^ "President John F. Kennedy's Inaugural Address (1961)". ourdocuments.gov. The National Archives and Records Administration, et al (US). Olingan 4 iyun, 2014.
  86. ^ Kennedi, Jon. "John F. Kennedy Inaugural Address". Transcription as posted by Kaliforniya universiteti, Santa-Barbara.
  87. ^ "Executive Order 10924: Establishment of the Peace Corps. (1961)". Ourdocuments.gov. Olingan 16 oktyabr, 2011.
  88. ^ Gunston, Bill (1973). Bombers of the West. Nyu-York: Skribner. p.254. ISBN  978-0684136233.
  89. ^ a b "International Drug Control Conventions". unodc.org. Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Giyohvand moddalar va jinoyatchilik bo'yicha boshqarmasi. Olingan 4 iyun, 2014.
  90. ^ Glines, Jr., Carroll V (1963). The Compact History of the United States Air Force (New & Revised, May 1973 ed.). Nyu-York: Hawthorn kitoblari. pp.319–320. ISBN  0-405-12169-5.
  91. ^ "The Bay of Pigs". jfklibrary.org. Jon F. Kennedi nomidagi Prezident kutubxonasi va muzeyi. Olingan 22 sentyabr, 2014. Before his inauguration, John F. Kennedy was briefed on a plan by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) developed during the Eisenhower administration to train Cuban exiles for an invasion of their homeland. The plan anticipated that the Cuban people and elements of the Cuban military would support the invasion. The ultimate goal was the overthrow of Castro and the establishment of a non-communist government friendly to the United States.
  92. ^ Cia History Office Staff; Jack B. Pfeiffer (September 2011). CIA Official History of the Bay of Pigs Invasion, Volume IV: The Taylor Committee Investigation of the Bay of Pigs. Harbiy kitob do'koni. ISBN  978-1-78039-476-3.
  93. ^ "The Freedom Rides: CORE Volunteers Put Their Lives on the Road". core-online.org. Irqiy tenglik kongressi. Olingan 22 sentyabr, 2014. In 1961 CORE undertook a new tactic aimed at desegregating public transportation throughout the south. These tactics became known as the "Freedom Rides". The first Freedom Ride took place on May 4, 1961 when seven blacks and six whites left Washington, D.C., on two public buses bound for the Deep South. They intended to test the Supreme Court's ruling in Boynton v. Virginia (1960), which declared segregation in interstate bus and rail stations unconstitutional. In the first few days, the riders encountered only minor hostility, but in the second week the riders were severely beaten. Outside Anniston, Alabama, one of their buses was burned, and in Birmingham several dozen whites attacked the riders only two blocks from the sheriff's office. With the intervention of the U.S. Justice Department, most of CORE's Freedom Riders were evacuated from Birmingham, Alabama to New Orleans. John Lewis, a former seminary student who would later lead SNCC and become a US congressman, stayed in Birmingham. CORE Leaders decided that letting violence end the trip would send the wrong signal to the country. They reinforced the pair of remaining riders with volunteers, and the trip continued. The group traveled from Birmingham to Montgomery without incident, but on their arrival in Montgomery they were savagely attacked by a mob of more than 1000 whites. The extreme violence and the indifference of local police prompted a national outcry of support for the riders, putting pressure on President Kennedy to end the violence. The riders continued to Mississippi, where they endured further brutality and jail terms but generated more publicity and inspired dozens more Freedom Rides. By the end of the summer, the protests had spread to train stations and airports across the South, and in November, the Interstate Commerce Commission issued rules prohibiting segregated transportation facilities.
  94. ^ "Berlin Crises". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2014 yil 3-dekabrda. Olingan 22 sentyabr, 2014. At the Vienna Summit in June 1961, Khrushchev reiterated his threat to sign a separate peace treaty with East Germany if the West did not come to terms over Berlin by the end of the year. Rather than submit to such pressure, President John F. Kennedy replied that it would be a "cold winter." When he returned to the United States, Kennedy faced instead a summer of decision. On July 25 he announced plans to meet the Soviet challenge in Berlin, including a dramatic buildup of American conventional forces and drawing the line on interference with Allied access to West Berlin. This warning, in fact, contained the basis for resolving the crisis. On August 13 the East German Government, supported by Khrushchev, finally closed the border between East and West Berlin by erecting what eventually became the most concrete symbol of the Cold War: the Berlin Wall. Although the citizens of Berlin reacted to the wall with outrage, many in the West – certainly within the Kennedy administration – reacted with relief. The wall interfered with the personal lives of the people but not with the political position of the Allies in Berlin. The result was a "satisfactory" stalemate – the Soviets did not challenge the legality of Allied rights, and the Allies did not challenge the reality of Soviet power.
  95. ^ Kennedi, Jon F. "Report on the Berlin Crisis (July 25, 1961) by John F. Kennedy". millercenter.org. Miller Center / University of Virginia. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2015 yil 15 martda. Olingan 22 sentyabr, 2014. So long as the Communists insist that they are preparing to end by themselves unilaterally our rights in West Berlin and our commitments to its people, we must be prepared to defend those rights and those commitments. We will at all times be ready to talk, if talk will help. But we must also be ready to resist with force, if force is used upon us. Either alone would fail. Ular birgalikda erkinlik va tinchlik uchun xizmat qilishi mumkin.
  96. ^ "Xalqaro Amnistiya: Hammasi qaerda boshlangan". amnesty.org. Xalqaro Amnistiya. Olingan 2016-04-29. 1961 yilda ingliz advokati Piter Benenson ikki portugaliyalik talaba ozodlik uchun tost ko'targani uchun qamoqqa tashlanganida g'azablandi. U Observer gazetasida maqola yozdi va aql bovar qilmaydigan javobga sabab bo'lgan kampaniyani boshladi. Dunyo bo'ylab gazetalarda qayta nashr etilib, uning harakatga da'vati hamma joyda odamlar adolat va erkinlik uchun birdamlikda birlashishi mumkin degan g'oyani qo'zg'atdi. Ushbu ilhomlantiruvchi moment nafaqat g'ayrioddiy harakatni tug'dirdi, balki g'ayrioddiy ijtimoiy o'zgarishlarning boshlanishi edi.
  97. ^ "Tinchlik bo'yicha Nobel mukofoti 1977 Xalqaro Amnistiya". nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB. Olingan 2016-04-30. Amnesty International 1961 yilda Britaniyalik advokat Piter Benenson tomonidan tashkil etilgan. Dastlab uning maqsadi butun dunyodagi vijdon mahbuslari uchun amnistiya olish maqsadida Britaniyada apellyatsiya boshlash edi. Buning uchun ish olib boradigan qo'mita tez orada ushbu toifadagi mahbuslarning batafsil hujjatlari zarurligini aniqladi. Asta-sekin ular ishni doimiy ravishda olib borish kerakligini angladilar; vijdon mahbuslarining soni juda ko'p edi va ularni dunyoning har bir qismida topish mumkin edi.
  98. ^ "Berlin devori qurilishi". berlion.de. Berlinni boshqaruvchi meri - Senatning kantslerlari. Olingan 2017-01-12. 1949-1961 yillarda taxminan 2,7 million kishi GDR va Sharqiy Berlinni tark etib, Sharqiy Germaniya kommunistik partiyasi SED rahbariyatiga tobora qiyinlashuvlarni keltirib chiqardi. Ushbu doimiy qochqinlar oqimining yarmiga yaqini 25 yoshgacha bo'lgan yoshlar edi. Taxminan yarim million kishi har kuni ikki tomonning Berlindagi sektor chegaralarini kesib o'tdilar, bu ularga har ikki tomonning yashash sharoitlarini taqqoslashga imkon berdi. Faqat 1960 yilda 200 mingga yaqin kishi G'arbga doimiy ko'chib o'tdi. GDR ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy tanazzul yoqasida edi.
  99. ^ Brayan J. Kollinz (2011 yil yanvar). NATO: masalalar bo'yicha qo'llanma. ABC-CLIO. 73– betlar. ISBN  978-0-313-35491-5.
  100. ^ File: EUCOM Checkpoint Charlie Standoff 1961.jpg
  101. ^ "Ayollar tinchlik uchun kurashmoqda". jwa.org. Yahudiy ayollari arxivi. Olingan 22 sentyabr, 2014. 1961 yil 1-noyabrda Ayollar Tinchlik Uchun (WSP) ochilish marosimi bo'lib o'tdi 60 ta shaharda taxminan 50,000 ayollarning bir kunlik ish tashlashi, ularning barchasi yadroviy qurolsizlanishni talab qilmoqda. Tashkilot asosan yadro tarqalishining bolalarining qisqa va uzoq muddatli sog'lig'iga ta'siridan qo'rqqan onalardan iborat edi. Ular, ayniqsa, sutdagi nurlanish darajasi va yadro sinovlarining ko'payishi bilan bog'liq edi. WSP-da "Qurollar poygasini tugatish - inson irqi emas", shuningdek "Zahar emas, sof sut" shiori bor edi. Bella Abzug guruhga o'zining dastlabki tashkiliy bosqichida Nyu-York kontingentining faol ishtirokchisi va WSP qonunchilik qo'mitasining yaratuvchisi va raisi sifatida qo'shildi. Tashkilotni qonunchilik lobbisini o'z harakatlariga qo'shishga undash orqali u samarali siyosiy kuchga aylanishiga yordam berdi. 1964 yilga kelib, Tinchlik uchun Ayollar urishi ayollarning ta'kidlashicha, qurolsizlanish kabi Vetnam urushiga ham e'tibor qaratib, loyiha va urushning vetnamlik bolalarga ta'siriga qarshi chiqishdi. Abzug 1970 yilda Kongressga saylangunga qadar WSP da faol bo'lib qoldi.
  102. ^ Marder, Doroti. "Doroti Marderning fotosuratlari - ayollar tinchlik uchun kurashmoqda, 1961-1975". dilshod_abdullaev. Swarthmore kolleji (Swarthmore kolleji tinchlik to'plami) orqali Elizabeth Matlock va Wendy Chmielewski. Olingan 22 sentyabr, 2014. Ayollar tinchligi uchun ish tashlash (WSP) 1961 yilda mamlakat bo'ylab 50 mingdan ortiq ayol tinchlik uchun va yer usti yadro qurollarini sinovdan o'tkazishga qarshi yurishdan keyin tashkil topgan. 1960-yillarning o'rtalariga kelib tashkilotning asosiy yo'nalishi Vetnam urushiga qarshi ishlashga o'tdi. Doroti Marder Sharqiy sohilda o'tkazilgan ko'plab WSP namoyishlarida suratga tushgan va uning tasvirlari WSP nashrlarida paydo bo'lgan. Uning fotosuratlarida o'z oilalarini yadro sinovlaridan va erkaklar hukmronlik qiladigan militarizmdan himoya qilmoqchi bo'lgan WSP ortidagi ayollar aks etgan. Tashkilot etakchilari Dagmar Uilson, Bella Abzug, Emi Sverdlov, Kora Vayss va boshqa ko'plab insonlar Doroti Marderning fotosuratlarida aks ettirilgan.
  103. ^ "Bosh inspektorning Kubadagi operatsiya va unga tegishli hujjatlar to'g'risida so'rovi" (PDF). 1962 yil 16 fevral. Olingan 26-noyabr, 2014.
  104. ^ Lansdeyl (1962 yil 20 fevral). "[Ichki eslatma] Kuba loyihasi". p. 1. Olingan 26-noyabr, 2014.
  105. ^ Vayner, Tim (1997-11-23). "Ahmoqona nayranglar; suiqasdlar bilan bog'liq muammolar". Nyu-York Tayms. Olingan 2015-11-30. Tahririyatning eslatmasi: 1998 yil 30 oktyabr, juma 29 sentabrda chop etilgan maqolada Prezident Jon F. Kennedining o'ldirilishiga oid 60 ming maxfiy hujjatning oshkor etilishi muhokama qilingan. Ularning deklaratsiyasi bir necha vaqt ichida sodir bo'ldi va olti yil oldin Kongress tomonidan haqiqat yashirilganligi haqidagi uzoq vaqt davomida mavjud bo'lgan shubhalarni yo'q qilish uchun tuzilgan fuqarolar komissiyasining yakuniy hisoboti e'lon qilindi. O'sha paytdagi suiqasdni tekshirgan Uorren komissiyasining tanqidlarini muhokama qilar ekan, maqolada bir a'zosi, Markaziy razvedkaning sobiq direktori Allen V. Dulles o'z a'zolariga aytolmagani aytilgan. Kennedi C.I.A.ga buyruq bergan. Kastroni o'ldirish. Maqolada Prezident haqida tasdiqlash uchun dalillar yoki vakolatlar keltirilmagan. Avvalgi maqolalar, 1997 yil 20-iyul va 1997-yil 23-noyabr kunlari ham Kennedi Fidel Kastroni o'ldirishga buyruq berganligi haqida hech qanday malakasiz e'lon qilingan. O'sha davrdagi razvedka masalalarini yaxshi biladigan bir qator taniqli tarixchilar va amaldorlar o'z intervyularida Prezident Kennedining bunday buyruq berganligini ta'kidlashdi. Ammo prezidentga yaqin bo'lgan boshqalar ham ularning hisobiga e'tiroz bildirishadi. "Times" ning amaliyoti shundan iboratki, u o'z qo'li bilan xabar bera olmaydigan ma'lumotni berish yoki malakalash. Ushbu holatlarda buni qilish kerak edi.
  106. ^ "Betti Fridan va Prezidentning ayollarning holati bo'yicha komissiyasi". Radcliffe Advanced Study Instituti / Garvard Universiteti. 2013 yil 20-noyabr. Olingan 26-noyabr, 2014. Matn va video
  107. ^ "Amerikalik ayollar: Prezidentning ayollarning holati bo'yicha komissiyasining hisoboti. 1963 yil" (PDF). Michigan hukumati orqali AQSh hukumati Hathitrust.org orqali. 1963 yil. Olingan 26-noyabr, 2014. Google U-M kutubxonasidan raqamli pdf
  108. ^ Laneri, Rakel (2018-02-05). "Harlem moda namoyishi" Qora Go'zal "harakatini qanday boshladi". Nyu-York Post. Olingan 2018-02-06. Sharqiy 125-chi ko'chadagi mashhur tungi klub - Harlem Purple Manor yerto'lasida bo'lib o'tgan tadbir "Tabiiyki '62" deb nomlangan va Afrika madaniyati va modasini targ'ib qilishga qaratilgan. Namoyishni inqilobga aylantirgan narsa bu modellar edi: terisi bejirim qorong'i va tabiiy, ishlov berilmagan, jingalak sochlari bo'lgan professional bo'lmaganlar guruhi. Ular yangi tashkil etilgan Grandassa modellarining bir qismi edi va ular ilgari ko'rgan har qanday moda plitalariga o'xshamas edilar. "Bu kashshof tushuncha edi, tabiiy ravishda sochlarini kiyib sahnaga chiqadigan ayollar", dedi AJASS sobiq a'zosi Robert Gumbs The Post gazetasiga. "Jamiyat qanday javob berishini bilmas edik. Menimcha, bir qator odamlar kulish uchun kelgan." Kechqurun ham tomoshabinlar modellarni xursand qilishdi. Ko'rgazmaning shiori - "Qora chiroyli" - varaqalarda va tadbirni e'lon qilgan plakatlarda bosilgan - bu tabiiy sochlar, qorong'u terilar va Afrika merosini nishonlaydigan miting va harakatga aylanadi.
  109. ^ "Jang maydoni: Xronologiya". PBS. Olingan 2016-02-11. Chopper operatsiyasida AQSh armiyasi uchuvchilari tomonidan uchib o'tgan vertolyotlar Saygon yaqinidagi NLF qal'asini supurish uchun Janubiy Vetnamning 1000 nafar askarini olib ketmoqda. Bu Amerikaning Vietkongga qarshi birinchi jangovar vazifalarini belgilaydi.
  110. ^ Bukingem, kichik, Uilyam (1983). "Ranch Hand operatsiyasi: Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyodagi gerbitsidlar". Air University Review (Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari nashri). Air University Review. 34 (5): 42–53. PMID  12879499. Olingan 17 iyun, 2014.
  111. ^ Essoyan, Roy (1962-02-05). "Vetnamda AQSh samolyoti urib tushirildi". The Chicago Tribune (CXXI jild - № 31). Olingan 2015-12-24.
  112. ^ "BMT sessiyasi AQShga yordam sifatida ko'rildi, qizil kosmik aloqalar". news.google.com/newspapers. Schenectady Gazette orqali AP. 1962 yil 27 fevral. Olingan 3 iyun, 2014.
  113. ^ "Bob Dilan". Billboard. Olingan 2016-02-09.
  114. ^ "Amerikaning birlashgan fermer xo'jaliklari ishchilarining rasmiy veb-sahifasi". UFW. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2013 yil 6 sentyabrda. Olingan 31 avgust, 2013.
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  116. ^ Lopez-Munoz, Fransisko; Ucha-Udabe, Ronaldu; Alamo, Sesilio (2005 yil dekabr). "Barbituratlar tarixi ularning klinik qo'llanilishidan bir asr o'tgach". Nöropsikiyatrik kasallik va davolash. Dove Press AQSh Milliy Sog'liqni Saqlash Institutlari orqali. 1 (4): 329–343. PMC  2424120. PMID  18568113. Dozani oshirib yuborish bilan tez-tez o'lish holatlariga nisbatan, ushbu moddalarning terapevtik chekkasini hisobga olgan holda, bu o'z joniga qasd qilishda odatiy usul bo'lganligini ta'kidlash kerak. Shu nuqtai nazardan, Merilin Monroning o'lim haqidagi guvohnomasida "barbituratlarning haddan tashqari dozasi bilan o'tkir zaharlanish" aniq ko'rsatilgan holatini eslash kifoya (7-rasm). Ushbu birikmalarning o'limga olib keladigan ta'siri shu ediki, barbituratlarning boshqa moddalar bilan aralashmasi hatto AQShning ba'zi shtatlarida o'limga mahkum qilingan mahbuslarni qatl etish uchun ishlatilgan. Bundan tashqari, "avtomatizm fenomeni" tufayli o'limga olib keladigan dozani oshirib yuborish haqida klassik xabarlar mavjud, bunda bemor o'z dozasini oladi, faqat preparatning amnezik ta'sirini hisobga olgan holda u allaqachon qabul qilganligini unutadi va qabul qiladi. yana, bu jarayon bir necha marta takrorlangan (Richards 1934). 8-rasmda 1905-1960 yillar davomida Angliya va Uelsda barbiturat dozasini oshirib yuborish natijasida o'limlar soni (tasodifiy yoki o'z joniga qasd qilish) evolyutsiyasi ko'rsatilgan. Shu nuqtai nazardan va faqat Nyu-York shahrida 1957-1963 yillarda barbiturat dozasini oshirib yuborish 8469 holatlar bo'lgan, 1165 o'lim (Sharpless 1970), Buyuk Britaniyada esa 1965-1970 yillar orasida 12 ta 354 o'limi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri barbituratlar bilan bog'liq (Barraclough 1974). Ushbu ma'lumotlar bizni ajablantirmasligi kerak, chunki atigi bir yil ichida (1968), Buyuk Britaniyada barbituratlar uchun 24,7 million retsept chiqarilgan (1981 yil o'simlik). Ushbu ma'lumotlarni hisobga olgan holda Britaniyadagi maslahat kengashi kampaniyasi ushbu dorilarning retseptini cheklovchi choralarni ko'rdi. Shu bilan birga, uzoq muddatli sedativ barbituratlarning retsepti fuqarolarning CURB (Barbituratlardan foydalanish va cheklashlar bo'yicha kampaniya) kabi aktsiyalari orqali qat'iyan qarshi chiqildi, ayniqsa 1970-yillar davomida faol.
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  174. ^ G'olib, Devid (2009 yil 19-may). "Robert Jasper Grootveld: 1960-yillarda Gollandiyalik provoslarni topishda yordam bergan rassom va faol". www.independent.co.uk. Mustaqil. Olingan 3 dekabr 2016. Biz "Oltmishinchi yillar" deb ataydigan dunyo miqyosidagi madaniy hodisani hech kim yaratgan deb aytish mumkin emas. Ammo gollandiyaliklar chekishga qarshi "sehrgar" va vudu shoumeni Robert Jasper Grootveldning da'vosi ko'pchilikka qaraganda yaxshiroqdir. Oltmishinchi yillarning boshlarida, uning Amsterdamdagi syurreal, dadaistik "voqealari" shaharning zerikkan yoshlarini elektrlashtirdi va o'ynoqi Provo harakatining yaratilishiga olib keldi ("provokatsiya" qisqartmasi). Vakil sifatida xarizmatik, yorqin transvestit Grootveld bilan Provo madaniy inqilob uchun katalizator bo'lgan. Guruh bepul velosipedlar bilan ta'minladi, qirollik to'yini buzdi va qattiq bo'yinli Gollandiyalik muassasa va Amsterdam politsiyasini sharmanda qildi, shu sababli ikkala guruh ham - mamlakat ham deyarli shaxs o'zgarishiga duch keldi. Provo faqat 1965 yildan 1967 yilgacha davom etdi, ammo Grootveld "Xalqaro Sehrli Markaz Amsterdam" deb atagan ruh eski Gollandiyani buzdi, San-Frantsiskodagi hippilarga va Londonda musiqachilar va rassomlarga ilhom berdi va boshqa narsalar qatori sevgi yoziga yo'l ochdi, Gollandiyalik total futbol va yashil harakatlar.
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  192. ^ Moylan, Brayan (2014 yil 22-dekabr). "'Hujum "bu yangi" odobsizlik'". time.com. Time, Inc.. Olingan 1 mart, 2015. 1964 yil 21-dekabrda Bryus Nyu-Yorkdagi kulgili klubida Eleonor Ruzveltning "chiroyli ko'kraklari" haqida bir oz o'z ichiga olgan to'plami uchun to'rt oylik ishxonada ozodlikdan mahrum qilindi.
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  194. ^ Jekman, Maykl (2014 yil 1-dekabr). "Mario Savioning jasadlari - bu 50 yil o'tgach". metrotimes.com. Detroyt Metro Times. Olingan 1 mart, 2015. Bu qisqa, ammo dadil va bo'ysunmaydigan so'zlashuv, erkin odamlarni hech kim, ya'ni qonunchilar va politsiyadan tortib, liberallar va mehnat liderlariga qadar itarishmaydi deb aytadi. 4000 kishilik olomon oldida turgan Savio universitet prezidentini korporatsiya prezidenti bilan taqqoslagan universitet rasmiylari bilan uchrashuvini tasvirlab berdi.
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  196. ^ W.J.Rorabaugh Vashington Tarix Universitetining professori (1989 yil 4-may). Berkli urushda: 1960-yillar: 1960-yillar. Oksford universiteti matbuoti. 134– betlar. ISBN  978-0-19-802252-7.
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  203. ^ Herbert, Yan (2006-09-08). "Oshkor bo'ldi: Beatlesni LSD bilan tanishtirgan stomatolog". Mustaqil. Olingan 2016-01-07.
  204. ^ Kromelin, Richard (2011-10-06). "Bert Yansh 67 yoshida vafot etdi; Shotlandiyalik qo'shiqchi-gitara chaluvchisi rok, xalq buyuklari". latimes.com. Los Anjeles Tayms. Olingan 2018-06-06.
  205. ^ Martin Charlz Strong (2002). Buyuk Shotlandiya musiqaografiyasi: Shotlandiyaning musiqiy ijodkorlari uchun to'liq qo'llanma. Birlinn, cheklangan. ISBN  978-1-84183-041-4.
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  207. ^ Grinfild, Robert (2011 yil 14 mart). "Ouussli Stenli: LSD qiroli". Rolling Stone. Olingan 6 fevral, 2015. 1965 yil may oyiga kelib u yana 3600 kapsuladan iborat LSD ko'rfazida bo'lib, kostyumlar bilan shug'ullanadigan folklor gitarist do'sti tomonidan "Owsley" deb nomlangan. "Men hech qachon ko'pchilik da'vo qilganidek" dunyoni yoqish "uchun niyat qilmaganman", deydi Oussli.
  208. ^ McGee, Rozi (1969). "Owsley Stenli, chapda, 1969 yilda e'lon qilingan fotosuratda minnatdor o'lik Jerri Garsiya bilan". nytimes.com. Reuters Nyu-York Tayms orqali. Olingan 6 fevral, 2015.
  209. ^ a b v "Pacifica Radio / UC Berkeley ijtimoiy faolligi ovoz yozish loyihasi: San-Frantsisko ko'rfazidagi va undan tashqaridagi Vetnam urushiga qarshi namoyishlar". Kaliforniya universiteti Berkli kutubxonasi. Olingan 8 dekabr 2016.
  210. ^ Tompson, ovchi (2005-03-02). "Mototsikl to'dalari: begona odamning portreti". Millat. Nation Company, MChJ. Olingan 2018-07-06. Ushbu maqola birinchi bo'lib 1965 yil 17-may sonida paydo bo'ldi.
  211. ^ "Unutilmas o'zgarish: 1960-yillar: 1960-yillar Vetnamda va Berkli shahrida (Matn va audio tarkib)". museumca.org. Kaliforniyaning Oklend muzeyi. Olingan 20 iyun, 2014.
  212. ^ Enfild, Robert. "Fotosuratlar: Vetnam kuni, bahor, 1965". cdlib.org. Kaliforniya universiteti. Olingan 7 may, 2014.
  213. ^ Knopper, Stiv (2015-09-01). "Koloradoning taniqli tarixiy rassomi kommuna". 5280.com. 5280 Denver jurnali. Olingan 2015-12-30. O'sha paytda, kommuna - yosh rassomlar o'z asarlari savdosi bilan yashaydigan va oziq-ovqat va materiallar sotib olish uchun bank hisob raqamini baham ko'radigan joy - g'oyasi yangi va hayajonli edi. Ushbu kontseptsiya gullab-yashnayotgan 60-yillarning qarshi madaniyati bilan tanishganlarni jalb qildi. Harakatning taniqli namoyandalari, shu jumladan, LSD gurusi Timoti Liriy va eshiklar Jim Morrison kabi Woodstock Nation a'zolari Trinidaddagi ushbu er uchastkasiga borishga harakat qilishdi. Bu erga kelganlarida, 1960-yillarda Amerikaning zeitgeistidan tug'ilgan utopiya - bu Koloradodagi boshqa joylardan farqli joy.
  214. ^ "Amerika va utopik orzu - utopik jamoalar". brbl-arxiv.kutubxona.yale.edu.
  215. ^ Uilyam E. Gadson (2007 yil 28-dekabr). Ozodlik illyusi: mafkura, davlat siyosati va umumiy manfaatlarga hujum. SAGE nashrlari. 191– betlar. ISBN  978-1-4833-0122-8.
  216. ^ "Margaret Sanger (1879-1966)". ocp.hul.harvard.edu. Garvard universiteti kutubxonasi. Olingan 13 avgust, 2014. 1965 yilda Grisvoldga qarshi Konnektikutdagi Oliy sud qarori bilan turmush qurgan juftliklar uchun kontratseptsiya qonuniylashtirildi.
  217. ^ CNN (2014 yil 7-avgust). "The Times ular Changin'". Oltmishinchi yillar (Hujjatli filmlar seriyasi). CNN.
  218. ^ Xojkinson, Villi (2005 yil 13 iyun). "Surat: Allen Ginsberg Albert Hallda". theguardian.com. Guardian News va Media Limited. Olingan 19 iyun, 2014.
  219. ^ Gari Graf; Daniel Durchholz (2012 yil 12-iyun). Rok-N-Rol afsonalari: eng mashxur afsonalar ortidagi haqiqiy voqealar. Voyageur Press. 118– betlar. ISBN  978-0-7603-4230-5.
  220. ^ Righthand, Jess (2010-07-23). "1965 yil 25-iyul: Dylan" Newport Folk Festival "da elektrga boradi". smithsonian.com. Olingan 2015-02-14. Aynan o'sha kontsert paytida, 45 yil oldin, bugungi kunda Bob Dilan o'zining elektro gitarasini ulab qo'ygan edi, bu harakat Amerika avlodlarining mashhur musiqasi manzarasini kelajak avlodlarga o'zgartirishi mumkin edi. O'sha kuni, "keksa Dilan" uchun shov-shuvlar, hayqiriqlar va hayqiriqlar musiqadan baland ko'tarilgach, Dilan akustik ildizlaridan ajralib, rok-n-rol sohasiga kirib ketdi, bu janr odatda Dylanning bohem tomonidan tijorat va asosiy oqim deb nomlangan. 1960 yilgi Amerika xalq musiqasi qayta tiklanishining tengdoshlari. In doing this, the artist forged the way for the folk-rock genre, merging his lyrical songwriting style with the hard-driving sounds of rock.
  221. ^ "I Ain't Marching Anymore by Phil Ochs".
  222. ^ "Watts Riots". crdl.usg.edu. Civil Rights Digital Library/Digital Library of Georgia. Olingan 2018-04-28. The Watts Riot, which raged for six days and resulted in more than forty million dollars worth of property damage, was both the largest and costliest urban rebellion of the Civil Rights era. The riot spurred from an incident on August 11, 1965 when Marquette Frye, a young African American motorist, was pulled over and arrested by Lee W. Minikus, a white California Highway Patrolman, for suspicion of driving while intoxicated. As a crowd on onlookers gathered at the scene of Frye's arrest, strained tensions between police officers and the crowd erupted in a violent exchange. The outbreak of violence that followed Frye's arrest immediately touched off a large-scale riot centered in the commercial section of Watts, a deeply impoverished African American neighborhood in South Central Los Angeles. For several days, rioters overturned and burned automobiles and looted and damaged grocery stores, liquor stores, department stores, and pawnshops. Over the course of the six-day riot, over 14,000 California National Guard troops were mobilized in South Los Angeles and a curfew zone encompassing over forty-five miles was established in an attempt to restore public order. All told, the rioting claimed the lives of thirty-four people, resulted in more than one thousand reported injuries, and almost four thousand arrests before order was restored on August 17. Throughout the crisis, public officials advanced the argument that the riot was the work outside agitators; however, an official investigation, prompted by Governor Pat Brown, found that the riot was a result of the Watts community's longstanding grievances and growing discontentment with high unemployment rates, substandard housing, and inadequate schools. Despite the reported findings of the gubernatorial commission, following the riot, city leaders and state officials failed to implement measures to improve the social and economic conditions of African Americans living in the Watts neighborhood.
  223. ^ Maylz, Barri (1998). Bitlz: kundalik. Omnibus Press. ISBN  978-0-7119-9196-5.
  224. ^ Montagne, Renee (2012-12-12). "Music and Mayhem in 'Laurel Canyon'". Milliy radio. Olingan 2015-11-25.
  225. ^ Robinson, Lisa (2015-02-28). "An Oral History of Laurel Canyon, the 60s and 70s Music Mecca". Vanity Fair/Conde Nast. Olingan 2015-11-25.
  226. ^ Reed, Ryan (2015-09-15). "Paul on Drums, George on Bass: 10 Great Beatles Instrument Swaps". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Olingan 2018-05-19. McCartney's melodic bass work is a signature of the Beatles' oeuvre, but Harrison did a great job approximating it on the psychedelic Revolver meditation "She Said She Said" – one of the band's only tracks not to feature Sir Paul. "I think we'd had a barney or something, and I said, 'Oh, fuck you!' and they said, 'Well, we'll do it,'" McCartney told Barry Miles in the 1998 biography Many Years From Now. The song was inspired by Lennon's 1965 LSD trip with Byrds members Roger McGuinn and David Crosby, during which actor Peter Fonda told a frightened Harrison that he knew "what it's like to be dead." And the result plays like both a celebration and a mockery of the acid movement, driven by Harrison's stoned guitar shrapnel and dextrous, Macca-styled bass runs.
  227. ^ Cornish, Audie (2015-08-28). "A New Ride Down Dylan's 'Highway': What Do Millennials Think Of The Album?". npr.org. AQSh Milliy jamoat radiosi. Olingan 2017-01-12.
  228. ^ Rothman, Lily (2015-10-15). "This Photo Shows the Vietnam Draft-Card Burning That Started a Movement". time.com. Time Inc. Olingan 2018-04-28. David Miller was not the first person to destroy a draft card. As protests against the Vietnam War increased in the 1960s, the destruction of Selective Service registration certificates became common enough that in August of 1965 President Johnson signed a law making it a federal crime to destroy or mutilate the cards. But after Miller publicly burned his draft card on Oct. 15, 1965 – exactly 50 years ago – he became the first person to be prosecuted under that law and a symbol of the growing movement against the war.
  229. ^ Howard Smead (November 1, 2000). Don't Trust Anyone Over Thirty: The First Four Decades of the Baby Boom. iUniverse. 155– betlar. ISBN  978-0-595-12393-3.
  230. ^ Kilgallen, Dorothy (June 11, 1963). "Dorothy Kilgallen's Voice of Broadway". Syndicated column via The Montreal Gazette. Olingan 10-iyul, 2014. New York hippies have a new kick – baking marijuana in cookies...
  231. ^ "Dandridge death caused by drugs". UPI via Baltimore Afro-American. 1965-11-20. Olingan 2016-06-19.
  232. ^ "Starring Dorothy Dandridge". tcm.com. Tyorner klassik filmlari. Olingan 2016-06-19. She was beautiful, she could dance, she could sing, and she could act. Most importantly, she had that indefinable magnetism that attracts an audience and holds their attention. In short, she had everything it took to be a major star in the 1950s. Everything, that is, except white skin.
  233. ^ Kathleen Fearn-Banks (November 15, 2005). Afrika-Amerika televizionining tarixiy lug'ati. Qo'rqinchli matbuot. 90– betlar. ISBN  978-0-8108-6522-8.
  234. ^ Fleming, Colin (2015-09-25). "Revisiting Beatles' Wonderfully Wacky Cartoon Series, 50 Years Later". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Olingan 2018-04-28. Even Beatles completists sometimes have a blind spot when it comes to the band's eponymous cartoon, which ran on ABC for four years – starting exactly 50 years ago, on September 25th, 1965. If you like your Beatles animated, chances are your thing is for the 1968 film Yellow Submarine, the rare cinematic venture that works just as well for the kiddies as the adults.
  235. ^ Xodimlar haqida hisobot. "Hot 100 55th Anniversary: Every No. 1 Song (1958–2013)". billboard.com. Billboard. Olingan 2015-12-07. Eve Of Destruction, Barry McGuire, 9/25/1965
  236. ^ Chawkins, Steve (2015-11-17). "P.F. Sloan dies at 70; wrote '60s protest song 'Eve of Destruction'". Los-Anjeles Tayms. Olingan 2015-12-07.
  237. ^ Unterberger, Richi. "The Yardbirds – Biography". AllMusic. Rovi Corp. Olingan 2015-12-07.
  238. ^ Rozenkranz, Patrik. "The East Village Other: The Rise of Underground Comix and the Alternative Press". eastvillageother.org. The Local East Village, NYU Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute, Fales Library and Special Collections, et al. Olingan 2015-12-30.
  239. ^ Wiegand, David (2016-02-06). "Dan Hicks, a true original of S.F. music scene, dies at 74". San Francisco Chronicle via sfgate.com. Olingan 2016-07-04. Today the band is little recalled by those who weren't there, but the Charlatans were the first important new rock band in San Francisco when LSD first rolled through town and things started getting weird. When the five-man band of Edwardian dandies in immaculate vintage wear returned from playing all summer 1965 at the Red Dog Saloon in Virginia City, the Charlatans were the headline attraction at A Tribute to Dr. Strange, the Longshoreman's Hall dance/concert that was ground zero for the '60s San Francisco rock scene. ...Farther down the program that evening was another new band just starting out at a former pizza parlor in the Marina with the peculiar name of Jefferson Airplane.
  240. ^ Jones, Kevin (2016-02-06). "Dan Xiks, San-Frantsisko Xalq Jazz Pioneri, 74 yoshida vafot etgan". kqed.org. KQED. Olingan 2017-03-03. In 1965, Hicks would become the drummer for The Charlatans, who, along with groups such as the Jefferson Airplane and the Grateful Dead, would help define the city's psychedelic sound. Later, rock historians would cite the group's extended residency at the Red Dog Saloon in Nevada in the summer of '65 as being the precursor to San Francisco's LSD-focused rock shows of the later '60s because of the trippy rock posters used to advertise the residency, and the fact that the band would ingest psychedelic drugs while playing.
  241. ^ Gray, Madison (August 11, 2011). "All-TIME 100 Nonfiction Books: #13, Malkolm Xning tarjimai holi". entertainment.time.com. Time, Inc.. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2014. Malcolm X predicted that he would not live to see its publication, a prophecy fulfilled as friction between himself and the Nation of Islam, and a subsequent falling-out culminated in his 1965 assassination. But the pages chronicling the years leading up to it reveal the world of a man who had gone from being a hustler to being one of history's most controversial civil rights icons.
  242. ^ Manning, Marable; Goodman, Amy (May 21, 2007). "Manning Marable on "Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention" (transcribed from radio program)". democracynow.org. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2014. But what we do know that is true is that when Malcolm is assassinated on February 21, 1965, within two-and-a-half weeks the original publisher, Doubleday, exes the deal on the book. And in early March '65, they cancel the contract. That's why the book is published at the end of the year by Grove, not Doubleday. It was the most disastrous decision in corporate publishing history. They lost millions of dollars on this.
  243. ^ "The Autobiography of Malcolm X: Epilogue By Alex Haley – Minister Malcolm X – The Honorable Elijah Muhammad". www.alex-haley.com.
  244. ^ Mitchell, Greg (2010-11-13). "When Antiwar Protest Turned Fatal: The Ballad of Norman Morrison". Millat.
  245. ^ Ruane, Michael (2015-11-01). "Vietnam critic's end was the start of family's pain". Washington Post. Olingan 2016-04-07. Morrison had set himself ablaze 40 feet from the Pentagon office window of then-Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara, one of the chief organizers of the U.S. involvement in the war. Years later, a contrite McNamara wrote that Morrison's death was a tragedy "for me and the country."
  246. ^ Donna E. Alvermann (2002). Adolescents and Literacies in a Digital World. Piter Lang. 68– betlar. ISBN  978-0-8204-5573-0.
  247. ^ "The Who and the New Generation". historyengine.richmond.edu. University of Richmond (Digital Scholarship Lab). Olingan 26 iyul, 2014. "Things they do look awful c-cold," Daltry continued stuttering, "Hope I die before I get old." Daltry then screamed, drilling the purpose of the song into everyone's heads, "This is my generation!" And this truly was the youths' generation. All the years of old men from bygone eras had to pave way to Roger Daltry's generation, for the young men and women of the Western world were finally speaking up and letting their voices be heard. "It's my generation, baby," Daltry repeated his mantra.
  248. ^ Reinholz, Mary (2015-11-26). "Sixties draft-card burners recall inflammatory time at Maryhouse panel talk". The Villager/NYC Community Media. Olingan 2015-12-30.
  249. ^ "We Look Back at Detroit's Alternative Paper 'The Fifth Estate', Founded 50 years Ago". wdet.org. WDET 101.9 and Wayne State University. 2015-09-04. Olingan 2016-01-31. Text and Link to Audio Program
  250. ^ Jarnow, Jesse (2015-11-30). "Acid Tests Turn 50: Wavy Gravy, Merry Prankster Ken Babbs Look Back". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Olingan 2018-04-28. This week in Santa Cruz, California, a concert, reading and site dedication will commemorate the 50th anniversary of Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters' first LSD-fueled Acid Test, held in the small neighborhood of Soquel on November 27th, 1965.
  251. ^ Xayd, Jastin. "June 24: Ralph Nader wins Senate passage of Highway Safety Act on this date in 1966". autos.yahoo.com. Yahoo News / Motoramic. Olingan 25 iyun, 2014. Article includes video of Nader reflecting on auto safety legislation.
  252. ^ Nader, Ralph (1965). Har qanday tezlikda xavfli. Nyu-York: Grossman nashriyotlari. ISBN  978-1561290505.
  253. ^ US NHTSA. "Highway Safety Act of 1966, 23 USC Chapter 4, As Amended by SAFETEA-LU Technical Corrections Act of 2008, Revision June 2008". nhtsa.gov. US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Olingan 25 iyun, 2014.
  254. ^ "The Mamas and the Papas, 'California Dreamin". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone jurnali. 2011-04-07. Olingan 11 iyul, 2014. #89 of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time
  255. ^ Alan Clayson (2002). The Yardbirds: The Band that Launched Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, Jimmy Page. Orqaga o'tish kitoblari. 107- bet. ISBN  978-0-87930-724-0.
  256. ^ Myers, Marc (2015-12-02). "Beatles" ning "Rubber Soul" 50 yoshga to'ldi ". The New York Times. Olingan 2016-02-07. For most American teens, the arrival of the Beatles' "Rubber Soul" 50 years ago was unsettling. Instead of cheerleading for love, the album's songs held cryptic messages about thinking for yourself, the hypnotic power of women, something called "getting high" and bedding down with the opposite sex. Clearly, growing up wasn't going to be easy.
  257. ^ Lavezzoli, Piter (2006). G'arbda hind musiqasining shafaqi. Nyu-York, NY: Continuum. 171-72 betlar. ISBN  0-8264-2819-3.
  258. ^ "Leary Arrested On Drug Charge". thecrimson.com. The Harvard Crimson, Inc. 1966-01-03. Olingan 2018-04-28. Timothy Leary, former lecturer in Clinical Psychology, was arrested at the Mexican border Dec. 23 and charged by U.S. customs officials with the illegal possession of marijuana. The agents seized five ounces of the drug. Leary, his two children, and two associates posted $2500 bond in Laredo, Tex., and were released pending action on the charge. In a telephone interview last night from his home in Millbrook, N.Y., Leary said he was unsure whether he would be indicted before a Texas grand jury and was awaiting word from his lawyer. Leary was dismissed from his Harvard lectureship in 1962 for absenting himself from classes without University permission. He and Richard Alpert, assistant professor of Clinical Psychology, who was dismissed at the same time, had been conducting experiments with psychedelic drugs. Alpert was fired because he violated an agreement with the University and administered drugs to an undergraduate.
  259. ^ William S. McConnell (May 14, 2004). 1960-yillardagi qarshi madaniyat harakati. Greenhaven Press. ISBN  978-0-7377-1819-5.
  260. ^ "Archived: Grateful Dead Live at Fillmore Auditorium on 1966-01-08". archive.org. 1967. Olingan 19 iyun, 2014.
  261. ^ Tom Wolfe (August 19, 2008). Elektr kool-kislota sinovi. Farrar, Straus va Jirou. 353– betlar. ISBN  978-1-4299-6114-1.
  262. ^ William McKeen (2000). Rock and Roll is Here to Stay: An Anthology. Norton. pp.173 –. ISBN  978-0-393-04700-4.
  263. ^ R. Serge Denisoff (January 1, 1975). Qattiq oltin: Ommabop yozuvlar sohasi. Tranzaksiya noshirlari. 339– betlar. ISBN  978-1-4128-3479-7.
  264. ^ Getlen, Larry (2016-11-19). "This guy made the best LSD of the '60s". Nyu-York Post. Olingan 2016-11-19. For many, the psychedelic Sixties began at an event called the Trips Festival that took place in San Francisco the third weekend of January 1966. At the three-day blowout, between 3,000 and 5,000 people tripping on LSD – more than had ever experienced the drug together – let loose. Grateful Dead guitarist Jerry Garcia called it "total, wall-to-wall gonzo lunacy", noting there were "people jumping off balconies onto blankets and then bouncing up and down". Hell's Angels fought with other biker gangs while a member of the Merry Pranksters, the experimental LSD crew of author Ken Kesey – who attended the event in a "silver space suit with a helmet" – tried to pull Janis Joplin and her band off stage after just one song.
  265. ^ Symonds, Alexandria (2016-02-09). "'Valley of the Dolls,' by the Numbers". The New York Times. Olingan 2016-06-18. When the actress Jacqueline Susann was diagnosed with breast cancer in 1962, she made a deal with God: She would settle for 10 more years of life. . . if she could become the world's most popular writer. In the 12 years that followed, she became just that: the first novelist to achieve three consecutive New York Times No. 1 best sellers, and one of the richest self-made women in America. Uning birinchi romani, Qo'g'irchoqlar vodiysi, remains a pop-culture touchstone: a gleefully salacious story of friendship, sex, backstabbing and pills (or qo'g'irchoqlar) that won famous fans and detractors alike. (Susann, who died in 1974, made hundreds of appearances to support the novel and is credited with inventing the modern book tour.) Now celebrating its 50th anniversary, the tawdry tale of Anne Welles, Jennifer North and Neely O'Hara hasn't lost its punch. Here, a look at the vital stats behind one of the most talked-about books of all time.
  266. ^ Meltzer, Marisa (2016-03-12). "'Valley of the Dolls,' Pitched to a New Generation". The New York Times. Olingan 2016-06-18.
  267. ^ a b Barry Miles (March 1, 2010). London qo'ng'irog'i: Londonning 1945 yildan beri madaniyatsiz tarixi. Atlantika kitoblari, cheklangan. 142– betlar. ISBN  978-1-84887-554-8.
  268. ^ Weil, Andrew (1966-03-14). "Leary Plans Drug Conviction Appeal, Urges Test Case of Marijuana Laws". thecrimson.com. Garvard Crimson. Olingan 2016-02-25. Timothy F. Leary, convicted Friday on marijuana charges, told the Boston CRIMSON yesterday that a "battery of lawyers" would appeal his sentence of 30 years imprisonment and a $30,000 fine. The former Harvard lecturer on Psychology said he would also try to make his case a legal test of current laws on marijuana.
  269. ^ "Song Stories: Eight Miles High". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Olingan 19 iyun, 2014.
  270. ^ Richie Unterberger (2003). Sakkiz mil balandlikda: Folk-rokning Xayt-Eshberidan Vudstuktgacha parvozi. Orqaga o'tish kitoblari. p.42. ISBN  978-0-87930-743-1.
  271. ^ Fong-Torres, Ben (1970-07-23). "David Crosby: The Rolling Stone Interview". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone jurnali. Olingan 2015-11-08.
  272. ^ Shirleene Robinson; Julie Ustinoff (17 January 2012). The 1960s in Australia: People, Power and Politics. Kembrij olimlari nashriyoti. 207– betlar. ISBN  978-1-4438-3676-0.
  273. ^ "Australian women protest conscription during Vietnam War [Save Our Sons (SOS)], 1965–1972". nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu. Swarthmore College, etal. Olingan 2016-03-01.
  274. ^ Devid Lyursen; Michael Larson (28 February 2017). Klassik rok ensiklopediyasi. ABC-CLIO. 305– betlar. ISBN  978-1-4408-3514-8.
  275. ^ McCormack, Ed (2014-01-13). "A Last Waltz on the Wild Side". Vanity Fair. Olingan 2017-03-16. The doctor turned out to be the notorious society and show-business croaker Robert Freymann, supposedly the original "Dr. Feelgood." His past patients were rumored to range from J.F.K. to the Beatles, and a veritable Who's Who of prominent speed freaks still gathered in his office at an ungodly hour for his magic vitamins. ("Day or night he'll be there, any time at all," the Beatles sang in their musical tribute "Doctor Robert," which Paul McCartney admitted was inspired by the doctor "who kept New York high.")
  276. ^ Erika Dyck (1 October 2010). Psychedelic Psychiatry: LSD from Clinic to Campus. JHU Press. 131– betlar. ISBN  978-1-4214-0075-4.
  277. ^ John Bassett Mccleary (22 May 2013). Hippi lug'ati: 1960-70-yillarning madaniy entsiklopediyasi. Potter / TenSpeed ​​/ Harmony. 315– betlar. ISBN  978-0-307-81433-3.
  278. ^ "Timothy Leary: An Inventory of His Collection at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center". lib.utexas.edu. Ostindagi Texas universiteti. Olingan 2016-02-25. From as early as 1962 until 1970, Leary had been arrested and incarcerated on drug-related charges in Mexico, British West Indies, Texas, New York, Michigan, and California. In April 1966, the Millbrook estate was raided by local police, led by G. Gordon Liddy then of the Dutchess County Sheriff's Department, and four people, including Leary, were arrested for possession of drugs. Following his arrest, Leary, to avoid constant harassment, founded the League for Spiritual Discovery which was a religious movement that sought constitutional protection for the right to take LSD as a sacramental substance.
  279. ^ Simmons, Bob (2012-02-19). "Bob Simmons on Timothy Leary and the Raid on Millbrook". nytimes.com. East Village Other via New York Times. Olingan 2016-02-25. Images of original EVO pages included.
  280. ^ "Neal Cassady at Timothy Leary's Millbrook Estate". corbisimages.com. Korbis. Neal Cassady at Millbrook
  281. ^ Christopher Partridge (20 June 2006). The Re-Enchantment of the West, Vol 2: Alternative Spiritualities, Sacralization, Popular Culture and Occulture. A & C qora. 99- betlar. ISBN  978-0-567-04123-4.
  282. ^ Jim DeRogatis (1 January 2003). Fikringizni yoqing: Buyuk Pshedelic Rokning to'rt yilligi. Hal Leonard korporatsiyasi. 53– betlar. ISBN  978-0-634-05548-5.
  283. ^ "Students Keep Up Anti-Draft Sit-in at U.C." The Chicago Tribune. 1966-05-16. Olingan 2016-04-07.
  284. ^ Charles L. Granata; Tony Asher (1 October 2016). Chiroyli bo'lmasmidi: Brayan Uilson va plyajdagi bolalarning uy hayvonlari uchun tovushlar. Chicago Review Press. ISBN  978-1-61373-840-5.
  285. ^ Guriel, Jason (2016-05-16). "Qanday qilib chorva tovushlari zamonaviy pop-albomni ixtiro qildi". theatlantic.com. Atlantika oylik guruhi. Olingan 2018-06-03. It was a record of a great artist's mind, popular music's first long-form investigation into the psyche of an auteur.
  286. ^ Shapiro, Fred (2006). Yelning kotirovkalar kitobi. Yel universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0-300-10798-2.
  287. ^ Bronson, p. 201
  288. ^ E .F. Schumacher: His Life and Thought Barbara Vud tomonidan. Harper va Row, 1984. ISBN  0-06-015356-3, (p. 348–349).
  289. ^ "Resurgence • Magazine issues 1966–1969". www.resurgence.org.
  290. ^ Howard Friel (21 September 2013). Xomskiy va Dershovits: Cheksiz urush va fuqarolik erkinliklarining tugashi to'g'risida. Interlink Publishing Group, Birlashtirilgan. 23–23 betlar. ISBN  978-1-62371-035-4.
  291. ^ Peter Hitchens (6 December 2012). Biz hech qachon kurashmagan urush: Britaniya muassasa giyohvand moddalarga taslim bo'lishi. A & C qora. 103- betlar. ISBN  978-1-4411-7206-8.
  292. ^ Simon Wells (19 January 2012). The Great Rolling Stones Drugs Bust. Musiqa savdo guruhi. 94– betlar. ISBN  978-0-85712-711-2.
  293. ^ "Miranda v. Arizona; et al, Facts and Case Summary". uscourts.gov. Administrative Office of the US Courts. Olingan 23 may, 2014.
  294. ^ Deyv Marsh; Jeyms Bernard (1994 yil 1-noyabr). Rok ro'yxatlarining yangi kitobi. Simon va Shuster. pp.398 –. ISBN  978-0-671-78700-4.
  295. ^ Kris Vudstra; Jon Bush; Stiven Tomas Erlevin (2007). Barcha musiqiy qo'llanma talab qilinadigan tinglash: Klassik rok. Orqaga o'tish kitoblari. 251– betlar. ISBN  978-0-87930-917-6.
  296. ^ Anna L. Harvey (13 July 1998). Votes Without Leverage: Women in American Electoral Politics, 1920–1970. Kembrij universiteti matbuoti. 228– betlar. ISBN  978-0-521-59743-2.
  297. ^ Turner, Steve (2016). Bitlz '66: inqilobiy yil. Nyu-York, Nyu-York: HarperLux. p. 353. ISBN  978-0-06-249713-0.
  298. ^ Styuart Shea; Robert Rodriguez (2007). To'rtta savol: "Bitlz" haqida bilishingiz kerak bo'lgan hamma narsalar - va boshqalar!. Hal Leonard. 75- betlar. ISBN  978-1-4234-2138-2.
  299. ^ Wolcott, James (2016-02-05). "Why the Cinema of Swinging London Matters, 50 Years Later". Vanity Fair. Conde Nast. Olingan 2016-02-25. A heavy whiff of fascism attended the rise to cultural power of teenyboppers and twentysomethings and the emergence of the pop messiah. "We're more popular than Jesus now," John Lennon infamously told London's Evening Standard in 1966, a comment that caused little stir in England but set off a fury here in the States, especially in the Bible Belt, where Beatles records and souvenirs were fed to bonfires, much as disco albums would be a decade later.
  300. ^ Richie Unterberger (2002). Qayt! Qayt! Turn!: The '60s Folk-rock Revolution. Orqaga o'tish kitoblari. 234– betlar. ISBN  978-0-87930-703-5.
  301. ^ "Beatles to avoid Philippines" (64th Year–No. 221). AP via Saskatoon Star-Phoenix. 1966-07-08. Olingan 2015-12-29.
  302. ^ Skirboll, Aaron. "How a Psychedelic Concert Poster Rocked the World". Smithsonian jurnali. Olingan 2020-02-09.
  303. ^ Thomson, Elizabeth (2014-02-14). "Five myths about Bob Dylan". Vashington Post. Olingan 2015-11-07.
  304. ^ "Lenny Bruce, Uninhibited Comic, Found Dead in Hollywood Home". nytimes.com. AP via New York Times Co. August 3, 1966. Olingan 11 iyun, 2014.
  305. ^ Larkin, Kolin (2006). Ommabop musiqa ensiklopediyasi. 1. Muze. p. 489. ISBN  0-19-531373-9.
  306. ^ Lavezzoli, Piter (2006). G'arbda hind musiqasining shafaqi. Nyu-York, NY: Continuum. p. 175. ISBN  0-8264-2819-3.
  307. ^ Devid Skott Kastan (2006). Oksford ingliz adabiyoti entsiklopediyasi. Oksford universiteti matbuoti. 139– betlar. ISBN  978-0-19-516921-8.
  308. ^ Ghosh, Palash (August 29, 2012). "Beatles Last Concert At Candlestick Park: The Dream Is Over (Analysis)". ibtimes.com. International Business Times/IBT Media. Olingan 11 iyun, 2014.
  309. ^ "The Monkees – 1967". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. 2012-05-11. Olingan 2016-02-07. In 1967 the Monkees sold more records than the Beatles and Rolling Stones combined...
  310. ^ J. Xarold Ellens; Thomas B. Roberts Ph.D. (2015 yil 18-avgust). The Psychedelic Policy Quagmire: Health, Law, Freedom, and Society: Health, Law, Freedom, and Society. ABC-CLIO. 52- betlar. ISBN  978-1-4408-3971-9.
  311. ^ "Love Pageant". pbs.org. American Experience / PBS. Olingan 11 iyun, 2014.
  312. ^ Unknown (1966). "Love Pageant Rally". centerforhomemovies.org. Olingan 2016-03-24. About the Film On October 6, 1966, the day LSD was made illegal in California a group of hippies, said to fall somewhere around 1,000 in number, gathered on San Francisco's Panhandle for the Love Pageant Rally. The organizers, Allen Cohen and Michael Bowen, were key figures with the San Francisco Oracle (12 issues between September 1966 and February 1968), an underground publication credited for shaping Haight-Ashbury's burgeoning counterculture. Cohen and Bowen framed the event not as a protest, but as a celebration of "transcendental consciousness" and the "beauty of being." While less known than events that followed, this gathering marked a seminal moment in the counterculture revolution of the 1960s. This short document of the Love Pageant Rally features several notable figures from the Haight-Ashbury scene at the time. Striking in the film is how clearly the movement is on the cusp of both of breaking through and falling, if not apart, at least away from its idyllic core. There are two primary focuses in its three minutes: Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters and a performance by Big Brother and the Holding Company featuring Janis Joplin. Some groovy dancing does receive significant screen time, but for the sake of this brief essay, lets imagine they're grooving to Big Brother. The differences between where each stood in regards to their participation in hippie culture presents an interesting glimpse at the seismic shift the countercultural revolution rested at the edge of.
  313. ^ Domenic Priore; Brian Wilson; Van Dyke Parks (2005-03-07). Tabassum: Brayan Uilsonning "Yo'qotilgan asar" hikoyasi. Music Sales Limited. 115–11 betlar. ISBN  978-1-78323-198-0.
  314. ^ Caswell, Tasha (September 14, 2014). ""Free Bobby, Free Ericka": The New Haven Black Panther Trials". wnpr.org. WNPR / Connecticut Public Broadcasting. Olingan 6 oktyabr, 2014. The Black Panther Party, formed in 1966 in Oakland, California by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, was a revolutionary socialist organization that strove to end the oppression of black people in the United States. It adopted a ten-point plan that called for autonomy, employment, free healthcare, decent housing, financial reparations for slavery, the end of police brutality against black people, the release of black prisoners from jails, fair trials, and black nationalism. In practice, the Panthers focused much of their attention on policing the police, often resorting to violence. The FBI had taken notice. J. Edgar Hoover said in 1968 that the Black Panther Party was "the greatest threat to the internal security of the country." By 1969, the Black Panther Party was well known nationally and had spread across the country.
  315. ^ Qo'shma Shtatlar. Kongress. Uy. Committee on Internal Security (1970). The Black Panther Party, its origin and development as reflected in its official weekly newspaper, the Black panther: black community news service; staff study, Ninety-first Congress, second session. AQSh hukumatining bosmaxonasi.
  316. ^ "The Black Panther". Britaniya kutubxonasi kengashi. Olingan 2016-02-06. The Black Panther: The Black Panther Party was a radical, revolutionary political group formed in October 1966 by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. The Black Panther symbol had been used previously by the Lowndes County Freedom Organization which fought for black voting rights in Alabama.
  317. ^ "On this day in 1966: John meets Yoko". pbs.org/newshour. MacNeil / Lehrer Productions. 2013-11-09. Olingan 5 may, 2014.
  318. ^ Rasmussen, Cecilia (August 5, 2007). "Closing of club ignited the 'Sunset Strip riots'". latimes.com. Los-Anjeles Tayms. Olingan 6 oktyabr, 2014. Young rock fans take to the streets after the shuttering of Pandora's Box in 1966. The unrest inspired Stephen Stills' landmark anthem.
  319. ^ John Einarson (January 1, 2004). For What It's Worth: The Story of Buffalo Springfield. Cooper Square Press. 125- betlar. ISBN  978-0-8154-1281-6.
  320. ^ Lopez, Steve (2016-11-16). "50 years ago, the Sunset Strip riots made L.A. the 'magical' epicenter of a revolution". Los Anjeles Tayms. Olingan 2016-11-16. Los Angeles was the epicenter of rupture in the '60s – a civil rights uprising, a growing antiwar movement and a cultural revolution that was built in large part around the rock, folk and psychedelic music scene on Sunset Boulevard, which had quickly evolved from Frank Sinatra to Frank Zappa. For several years, the Strip was the international center of a movement that John Densmore, the Doors drummer, refers to as magical. "So we're the house band at the Whiskey a Go Go, and I'm sitting upstairs looking out the window," Densmore said. "It's like a Tuesday night, and it's complete gridlock and thousands of hippies on the street and I said, 'Wow, we're taking over.'" But the nightly throngs rattled the nerves of homeowners and some merchants. Local officials ordered a curfew and a crackdown. Pandora's Box, a popular club at Sunset and Crescent Heights Boulevard, had been scheduled for demolition, and rebels rallied Nov. 12, 1966, in an effort to save it. The Times reported that Sonny and Cher, Jack Nicholson and Peter Fonda were among the demonstrators, and that Fonda was carted away in handcuffs.
  321. ^ "Film Censorship: Noteworthy Moments in History". aclu.org. Amerika fuqarolik erkinliklari ittifoqi. Olingan 11 avgust, 2014. Rather than cut nude scenes from Blow-Up, Michelangelo Antonioni chooses to release it without an MPAA seal.
  322. ^ Mikulecky, Don (8 June 2015). "Does anyone remember the Diggers?". Kundalik kos. Olingan 30 noyabr 2016. On December 17, 1966, the Diggers held a happening called "The Death of Money" in which they dressed in animal masks and carried a large coffin full of fake money down Haight Street, singing "Get out my life, why don't you babe?" to the tune of Chopin's "Death March."
  323. ^ "Gene Anthony Gallery of Digger Photographs". Digger arxivi. Olingan 30 noyabr 2016.
  324. ^ "Comprehensive information about Richard Brautigan, his life, and writings – 1960s Chronology". BRAUTIGAN.net. John F. Barber, Curator and Archivist. Olingan 30 noyabr 2016.
  325. ^ "IT – International Times Archive". www.internationaltimes.it.
  326. ^ Mayllar, Barri (2002). Oltmishinchi yillarda. Jonathon Cape. ISBN  9780224062404. Olingan 23 dekabr 2016.
  327. ^ David Marc (January 1, 2011). Demografik vistalar: Amerika madaniyatidagi televidenie. Pensilvaniya universiteti matbuoti. 78– betlar. ISBN  978-0-8122-0271-7.
  328. ^ Sanking, Aaron (September 11, 2012). "Human Be-In Planned In Golden Gate Park This Weekend (PHOTOS)". huffingtonpost.com. TheHuffingtonPost.com, Inc. Olingan 11 iyun, 2014.
  329. ^ Mark Brend (2012 yil 6-dekabr). Ertangi kunning ovozi: qanday qilib elektron musiqa asosiy oqimga o'tkazildi. Bloomsbury nashriyoti. 6–6 betlar. ISBN  978-1-62356-529-9.
  330. ^ Haripada Adhikary (2012). Unifying Force of Hinduism: The Harekrsna Movement. Muallif uyi. 213– betlar. ISBN  978-1-4685-0393-7.
  331. ^ File:1967 Mantra-Rock Dance Avalon poster.jpg
  332. ^ "Paul Kantner: Leader of Jefferson Airplane whose psychedelic harmonies became the soundtrack to the counter-culture". Telegraf. 2016 yil 29-yanvar. Olingan 2 fevral 2016.
  333. ^ Chomsky, Noam (February 23, 1967). "A Special Supplement: The Responsibility of Intellectuals". Nyu-York kitoblarining sharhi. NYREV, Inc. Olingan 11 iyun, 2014.
  334. ^ Bodroghkozy, Aniko. "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour". museum.tv. Teleradiokommunikatsiya muzeyi. Olingan 17 may, 2014.
  335. ^ Robinzon, irodasi. "Watch the never-before-seen Beatles video for 'A Day in the Life'". ew.com. Entertainment Weekly, Inc. Olingan 2015-12-27.
  336. ^ Jeff Land (1999). Active Radio: Pacifica's Brash Experiment. Minnesota universiteti matbuoti. 118– betlar. ISBN  978-1-4529-0372-9.
  337. ^ Skott, A.O. (2012 yil 18 sentyabr). "Rekindling the Spirit of the '60s, Even for Those Who Can't Remember". nytimes.com. The New York Times. Olingan 26 iyul, 2014. On the night of Feb. 11, 1967, hundreds – maybe thousands – of people congregated in the international terminal of Kennedy Airport, not to embark on flights to far-flung places but rather, well, it isn't entirely clear or relevant. The gathering was an impromptu party, a nonpolitical demonstration, a happening named, in the spirit of the times, a fly-in. Now we might be inclined to see it as a prehistoric flash mob, an example of the power of communication technology to create instantaneous, ephemeral but nonetheless meaningful communities.
  338. ^ Sheila Whiteley (September 2, 2003). Eslatmalar orasidagi bo'shliq: tosh va qarshi madaniyat. Yo'nalish. 66– betlar. ISBN  978-1-134-91662-7.
  339. ^ Yashil, Jonathon (1988). Days In The Life: Voices from the English Underground 1961–1971. Geynemann. ISBN  978-1-448-10444-4. eslayman Kristofer Xills, who ran the Centre House, calling down one day, 'Can you please not smoke marijuana – we can smell it on the third floor.' After that we put in a guest book which said, 'I am not in possession of any kind of drugs,' and everyone signed it including Yoko Ono
  340. ^ Ratliff, Ben (January 11, 2012). "Present at the Counterculture's Creation". nytimes.com. The New York Times Co. Olingan 6 may, 2014.
  341. ^ Horwitz, Jane (September 5, 2006). "Backstage: She Hopes 'MacBird' Flies in a New Era". washingtonpost.com. Washington Post. Olingan 17 may, 2014.
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  345. ^ "The MOBE: "What are we waiting for?"". pbs.org. PBS / Independent Television Service (ITVS). Olingan 11 avgust, 2014. After the elections, the committee became the Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, which organized major anti-war demonstrations that took place in April 1967. In New York City, 400,000 protesters marched from Central Park to the United Nations, with speakers including Martin Luther King Jr., and Stokely Carmichael. 75,000 gathered for a similar rally in San Francisco.
  346. ^ Hlavaty, Craig (April 28, 2014). "47 years ago today, Muhammad Ali refused the draft in Houston". chron.com. Xyuston xronikasi. Olingan 5 oktyabr, 2014. (Report with photos) Forty-seven years ago today, Muhammad Ali made headlines for refusing to be drafted into the U.S. Army on the grounds of being a conscientious objector, and it all happened here in Houston. It would set off a chain of events that wouldn't cease until a 1971 Supreme Court decision reversed his conviction.
  347. ^ "Pink Floyd – John Lennon & The 14 Hour Technicolour Dream". youtube.com. Olingan 2018-08-08. Footage from the 14 Hour Technicolor dream
  348. ^ Uolt Krouli (1995). O'tish marosimlari: Sietldagi oltmishinchi yillar xotirasi. Vashington universiteti matbuoti. 83–13 betlar. ISBN  978-0-295-97492-7.
  349. ^ Winkler, Adam (July 24, 2011). "The Secret History of Guns". theatlantic.com. Atlantika oylik guruhi. Olingan 10 oktyabr, 2014. Bu 1967 yil 2-may edi va "Qora Panterlar" ning Kaliforniya shtatidagi uyga bostirib kirishi zamonaviy qurolga qarshi harakatni boshladi.
  350. ^ "Yarrowstalks arxivi". kutubxona.temple.edu. Temple universiteti. 1977 yil. Olingan 14 oktyabr, 2014. O'n ikki soni Yarrowstalks 1967 yildan 1975 yilgacha Filadelfiyada nashr etilgan. Faoliyatning aksariyati davr boshida, er osti matbuot faoliyatining gullagan davrida to'plangan. 1967 yilda "sevgi yozi" butun mamlakat bo'ylab 100 ga yaqin er osti nashrlari tug'ildi va Yarrowstalks birinchilardan biri bo'ldi. Bu rang va badiiy asarlardan ijodiy foydalanishda birinchi to'lqinning eng jozibadorligi edi. Filadelfiyaning boshqa hujjatlaridan farqli o'laroq, Yarrowstalks siyosatdan uzoqlashdi. Nyu-Yorkdagi East Village Other and the kabi San-Fransisko Oracle, Yarrowstalks sovuq usulda ofset bosib chiqarishning grafik imkoniyatlarini o'rgangan birinchi er osti qog'ozlaridan biri edi. Ranglar eskizlar va matnlar bilan sahifalarga sepildi. The Oracle, xususan, gazeta grafigini badiiy shaklga aylantirish uchun mas'ul bo'lgan va u 1960-yillarning eng chiroyli va trendga asoslangan psixodellik san'atini nashr etgan. Yarrowstalks Filadelfiyaniki edi Oracleva bu er osti "komiks" ning etakchi rassomiga aylangan sobiq Hallmark Illustrator Robert Crumbning karikaturalarini nashr etish metroning birinchisi edi. O'zining xarakterida, janob Tabiat, u harakat tuyg'usini ushlab oldi. Janob Tabiat inoyat qildi Yarrowstalks o'sha yoz va keyinchalik mamlakatdagi muqobil nashrlarning aksariyat qismida paydo bo'ldi.
  351. ^ Piter Xitchens (2013 yil 3-yanvar). Biz hech qachon kurashmagan urush: Britaniya muassasa giyohvand moddalarga taslim bo'lishi. A & C qora. 107- bet. ISBN  978-1-4411-7331-7.
  352. ^ Bryson, Uilyam (1967 yil 22-may). "Texas janubiy universiteti: Sinda tug'ilgan, kollej nihoyat Xyustonni tinglaydi". thecrimson.com. Garvard Crimson, Inc. Olingan 15 oktyabr, 2014. Ushbu maqola yozilganidan beri Texas janubidagi vaziyat yanada yomonlashdi. O'tgan hafta tartibsizliklarda politsiyachi o'ldirilgan va 488 kishi hibsga olingan.
  353. ^ Kran, Ralf (1967 yil aprel). "1967: muhim yil rasmlari". life.time.com. Time, Inc.. Olingan 14 yanvar, 2015.
  354. ^ "VVAW / FAQ / Urushga qarshi Vetnam faxriylarini kim asos solgan?". vvaw.org. Urushga qarshi Vetnam faxriylari. Olingan 15 oktyabr, 2014. 1967 yil 1 iyunda Vetnamning olti nafar faxriysi Barrining kvartirasida VVAW tashkil etish uchun yig'ilishdi. VVAWning dastlabki kunlari bilan bog'liq yana bir veterinariya - bu Karl Rojers. Rojers Vetnamdagi xizmatidan qaytgach, ruhoniyning yordamchisi sifatida urushga qarshi ekanligini e'lon qilgan holda matbuot anjumani o'tkazdi. Barri uni yolladi va bir muncha vaqt VVAWning "vitse-prezidenti" bo'ldi. Eslatib o'tilgan boshqa dastlabki nufuzli a'zolar Devid Braum, Jon Talbot va Art Blank. Yan Barri, shuningdek, Stiv Grin va Frenk (Rokki) toshlarini sanab o'tdi
  355. ^ Uolter S Ruker; Jeyms N. Upton (2007). Amerika poyga tartibsizliklar ensiklopediyasi. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN  978-0-313-33302-6.
  356. ^ Light, Alan (2007-07-12). "Sevgi yozi: London - Qattiq trikotaj, dekadent va portlovchi darajada ijodiy, bu sahna davom etish uchun juda yaxshi edi". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Olingan 2016-02-08.
  357. ^ "Barcha zamonlarning eng zo'r 500 albomi: # 1-" Bitlz ", 'serjant Pepperning Lonely Hearts Club guruhi'". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. 2012-05-31. Olingan 18 oktyabr, 2014. Shu bilan birga, serjant. Qalampir rasman unutilmas umid, g'alayon va yutuqlar mavsumini boshlab berdi: 1960 yillarning oxiri va, xususan, 1967 yilgi Sevgi yozi. Iridescent instrumentation, lirik fantaziyalar va ko'zni qamashtiradigan qadoqlashda Sgt. Qalampir psixodeliyaning ulkan inqilobiy optimizmini aniqladi va butun dunyoga sevgi, kislota, Sharq ma'naviyati va elektr gitara xushxabarini bir zumda tarqatdi. O'sha davrda yoki undan keyin boshqa hech qanday pop yozuvlari bunday titanik ta'sirga ega bo'lmagan. Ushbu musiqa dunyodagi eng katta rok-guruhni nufuzi va ambitsiyasining eng yuqori darajasida hujjatlashtiradi.
  358. ^ Oksford ingliz adabiyoti entsiklopediyasi. Oksford universiteti matbuoti. 2006. 139- betlar. ISBN  978-0-19-516921-8.
  359. ^ Pol Xegarti; Martin Xelliuell (2011 yil 23-iyun). Beyond and Before: 1960-yillardan beri Progressive Rock. Bloomsbury nashriyoti. 30- betlar. ISBN  978-1-4411-1480-8.
  360. ^ Nyuman, Jeyson (2014-06-14). "Birinchi AQSh rok-festivalining aytilmagan va chuqur toshbo'ron qilingan hikoyasi: qanday qilib eshiklar, birds va boshqa 30 ga yaqin guruhlar, do'zax farishtalari to'plami va ko'plab giyohvand moddalar Fantasy Fair & Magic Mountain-da tarix yaratdi". Rolling Stone. Olingan 2018-03-20. 1967 yil 10 va 11 iyun kunlari - Monterey pop festivalidan bir hafta oldin va Vudstokdan ikki yil oldin - Kaliforniyaning Marin okrugidagi Tamalpais tog'idagi Sidney B. Kushing yodgorlik amfiteatrida o'n minglab Bay Area musiqa ixlosmandlari birlashdilar. AQSh rok festivali. KFRC 610 AM radiostansiyasi targ'iboti sifatida ishlab chiqilgan Fantasy Fair va Magic Mountain Music Festival-da 30 dan ortiq aktlar namoyish etildi, ular orasida eshiklar, Jefferson samolyoti, Byrds and Captain Beefheart & Magic Band, shuningdek, bir guruh do'zaxlar bor edi. Yomon sayohatlarni yumshatish uchun farishtalar va "kislota shifokori". Aytish mumkinki, festival Sevgi yozining haqiqiy boshlanishi edi va bu uning ilgari aytilmagan hikoyasidir.
  361. ^ Coleman, Arica (2016-06-10). "Sevgi haqida Virjiniyaga qarshi nima bilmasligingiz".. Vaqt. Olingan 2016-08-10. Fuqarolik huquqlari bo'yicha Oliy sud ishi - bu irqlararo nikohni taqiqlashni noqonuniy qilgan - oq va qora tanlilarga tegishli edi
  362. ^ "Pol Makkartni LSD olganini tan oldi". 94.7 WCSX-Katta ommaviy axborot vositalari. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016-10-09 kunlari. Olingan 2016-10-06. Makkartni bilan intervyu videosi
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  364. ^ Barney Xoskins (2010 yil 9-dekabr). Kaliforniya mehmonxonasi: Crosby, Stills, Nash, Young, Mitchell, Taylor, Browne, Ronstadt, Geffen, Eagles va ularning ko'plab do'stlarining hayotiy sarguzashtlari. John Wiley & Sons. 17–17 betlar. ISBN  978-1-118-04050-8.
  365. ^ "Monterey pop festivali o'zining eng yuqori cho'qqisiga chiqdi". history.com. A&E televizion tarmog'i. Olingan 2018-05-29. Monterey pop festivaliga uch kunlik jadvalda 200 mingga yaqin kishi tashrif buyurdi, ularning aksariyati G'arbiy qirg'oqqa, xuddi shu ruhdan ilhomlanib, Skott Makkenzi tomonidan ijro etilgan "San-Frantsisko (Sochlaringizga Gullar kiyishga ishonch hosil qiling)" qo'shig'ida yozilgan. festival tashkilotchisi Mamalar va Papalar Jon Fillips tomonidan festivalning reklama ohanglari sifatida aniq yozilgan. Montereydan keyingi sevgi yozi tinchlik va muhabbatning uzoq davrini boshlab bera olmagan bo'lishi mumkin, ammo festival aynan shu joy va vaqtni belgilaydigan musiqalarning aksariyatini taqdim etdi.
  366. ^ Rojer Bibi; Jeyson Middlton (2007 yil 5 sentyabr). O'rta salqin: Soundies-dan uyali telefonlarga musiqiy videolar. Dyuk universiteti matbuoti. 256– betlar. ISBN  978-0-8223-9020-6.
  367. ^ Jorj Martin (1994 yil 15 oktyabr). Sizga kerak bo'lgan yagona narsa - bu "Bitlz" ni yaratgan dahoning shaxsiy shaxsiy hikoyasi. Sent-Martin matbuoti. 193– betlar. ISBN  978-0-312-11482-4.
  368. ^ "Xippilar: submulturaning falsafasi". Time jurnali. 1967-07-07. Olingan 2015-11-16. Maqolaning qisqacha mazmuni: Bitta sotsiolog ularni "Freyd proletariati" deb ataydi. Boshqa bir kuzatuvchi ularni "bizning sohilimizda, lekin bizning jamiyatimizdan tashqarida yashaydigan chet elliklar" deb biladi. Tarixchi Arnold Taynbi ularni "Amerika hayot tarzi uchun qizil ogohlantiruvchi chiroq" deb ta'riflaydi. Kaliforniyadagi episkop Jeyms Payk uchun ular dastlabki masihiylarni uyg'otishdi: "Bu odamlarning mo''tadilligi va sifati bilan bog'liq bir narsa bor, yumshoqlik, jimjitlik, qiziqish - yaxshi narsa". Mamlakat bo'ylab chuqur xavotirga tushgan ota-onalari uchun ular xavfli yo'ldan ozgan o'quvchilarga o'xshaydilar, juda qattiq urish uchun nomzodlar va fuqarolik kurslarida - agar ular qaytishsa ...
  369. ^ Preston, Jon (2010-03-07). "Barri Maylning London qo'ng'irog'i: sharh - luch, ichkilikboz, kulgili avangard ... Londonning Barri Maylzga qo'ng'iroq qilishi poytaxt kontr-madaniyati bilan qiziqarli sayohatni taklif qiladi". Telegraf. Olingan 2016-06-17. Demak, Emmett Groganning hikoyasiga borish uchun deyarli har qanday tafsilotlarni ko'rib chiqishga arziydi, u 1967 yilda "Chalk Farm" dumaloq uyida "Liberation Liberation of Liberation Congress" nomli ma'ruzachilaridan biri bo'lgan. Grogan yig'ilgan hippilar tomonidan qabul qilingan "haqiqiy ichki o'zgarishni amalga oshirish" haqida 10 daqiqalik nutq so'zladi. Qarsaklar to'xtagandan so'ng, Grogan tomoshabinlarga saxiyligi uchun minnatdorchilik bildirdi, lekin u aslida bu nutqni birinchi bo'lib qilgan odam emasligini ta'kidladi: dastlab Adolf Gitler tomonidan Reyxstagda 1937 yilda aytilgan edi. shov-shuvli tomoshabinlar darhol linch-mobga aylandi.
  370. ^ Simons, Terri (2015-06-26). "Kontr-madaniyatning qisqacha tarixi". counterpunch.org. CounterPunch. Olingan 2016-06-17.
  371. ^ Kullen, Tom A. (1967 yil 14 sentyabr). "Amerikaliklar Londonda - Angliya - bu Hippi jannatidir". news.google.com/newspapers. Olingan 18 oktyabr, 2014.
  372. ^ "Fotosuratlar: Londondagi Hyde Parkdagi Pot Rally (1967 yil 16-iyul)". herbmuseum.ca. O'simliklar muzeyi. Olingan 18 oktyabr, 2014. "1967 yil iyul: Londonning Xayd-parkida" Potni qonuniylashtirish "mitingi bo'lib o'tdi;" The Times "gazetasida SOMA, giyohvand moddalarni tadqiq qilish tashkiloti homiyligida reklama qilingan:" Marixuanaga qarshi qonun printsipial jihatdan axloqsiz va amalda ishlamaydi ". Imzo chekuvchilar orasida Bitlz, RD Laing va Grem Grin bor. " - 100 yil o'zgargan davlatlardan, Guardian gazetasi (2002 yil 21 iyul)
  373. ^ "Fotosuratlar va Detroyt yangiliklari sahifasida rasmlar". detroitnews.mycapture.com. Detroyt yangiliklari. 1967 yil iyul. Olingan 27 may, 2014.
  374. ^ "Bitlz" menejeri Epshteyn vafot etdi ". bbc.co.uk. BBC. 1967 yil 27 avgust. Olingan 11 iyun, 2014.
  375. ^ Fayl: The_Daily_Mirror, _Brian_Epstein_death.jpg
  376. ^ Greil Markus (2013 yil 9 aprel). Eshiklar: Besh o'rtacha yillik hayotni tinglash. Jamoat ishlari. 87– betlar. ISBN  978-1-61039-236-5.
  377. ^ Toni Kurri (2001). Radio Times hikoyasi. Kelli. pp.118 –. ISBN  978-1-903053-09-6.
  378. ^ Debora Kartmell (2012 yil 3-avgust). Adabiyot, kino va moslashishga sherik. John Wiley & Sons. 448– betlar. ISBN  978-1-118-31204-9.
  379. ^ Xartlaub, Piter (2013-07-25). "Minnatdor o'liklar va 710 yilgi Ashberi-Sentdagi giyohvandlik byusti".. sfgate.com. Xerst. Olingan 2016-02-27. SF Chronicle-dan parchalar va fotosuratlar. "
  380. ^ Bourne, Richard (1967 yil 10 oktyabr). "Che Gevara, inqilobning marksistik me'mori". Guardian.com. Guardian News va Media. Olingan 18 oktyabr, 2014. Kastro bilan kelishmovchiliklar haqida mish-mishlar ko'payib ketdi. Bir necha oylik sirlardan so'ng Kastro Lotin Amerikasining butun quruqligini ozod qilishni istagan garibaldi orzusi bilan tanilgan Gevara Kuba fuqaroligidan iste'foga chiqqanligini va "imperializmga qarshi kurashda yangi jang maydoniga" jo'nab ketganini e'lon qildi. [veb-hikoya - asl maqolani qayta nashr etish]
  381. ^ W.J.Rorabaugh Vashington Tarix Universitetining professori (1989 yil 4-may). Berkli urushda: 1960-yillar: 1960-yillar. Oksford universiteti matbuoti. 118– betlar. ISBN  978-0-19-802252-7.
  382. ^ Richards, Xarvi; Richards, Pol (2013-02-18). "Loyihani to'xtatish, 1967 yil dekabr - kartochkalarni yoqish, o'tirish, loyihani to'xtatish haftasi". hrmediaarchive.estuarypress.com. Harvi Richardsning media arxivi / Pol Richards. Olingan 18 oktyabr, 2014. Fotosuratlar va matnlar: 1967 yil dekabr oyida Kaliforniya shtatining Oklend shahridagi Kley-stritdagi Oklend armiyasining induksiya markazida tashkil etilgan loyiha haftaligi. Ikki oy oldin, 1967 yil oktyabr oyida sodir bo'lgan aksariyat harakatlar sodir bo'lgan. Fuqarolik itoatsizligi mavjud edi. Namoyishchilar Markaz eshigini to'sib qo'yishdi va hibsga olishdi. Bu safar namoyishchilar ham eskizlar bilan to'ldirilgan avtobuslar oldida o'tirishdi. Loyihaga yaroqli bo'lgan namoyishchilar loyihaga va chaqiruv kartangizni yoqishni noqonuniy qilgan qonunlarga qarshi ochiq namoyish qilib, o'zlarining kartalarini yoqib yuborishdi. Ushbu fotosuratlarda militsiya tomonidan berilgan javobning me'yorliligi farq qiladi. Ko'chalar namoyishchilardan tozalanmagan. Politsiya billi klublar bilan birga tayyor turmadi. Oxir-oqibat, harbiy xizmatga chaqirilganlar markazga o'tdilar va urush mashinasi davom etdi.
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  393. ^ Jeyms E. Perone (2012 yil 17 oktyabr). Albom: Pop musiqasining eng provokatsion, ta'sirchan va muhim asarlari uchun qo'llanma. ABC-CLIO. 2–2 betlar. ISBN  978-0-313-37907-9.
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  459. ^ "Butun Yer tarixi: 1968 yildan 1988 yilgacha". wholeearth.com. "New Whole Earth" MChJ. Olingan 12 iyul, 2014. 1968 yil: Styuart Brend Butun Yer katalogini "past texnik xizmat, yuqori rentabellik, o'z-o'zini ta'minlash, muhim axborot xizmati" deb nomladi. O'z-o'zidan nashr etilgan, reklamasiz, har biri 5 dollardan 1000 nusxada sotilgan.
  460. ^ Stern, Jeyn; Stern, Maykl (2007 yil 9-dekabr). "Asboblardan foydalanish (Kitobni ko'rib chiqish: Counterculture Green)". nytimes.com. The New York Times. Olingan 8 mart, 2015. Kirkning kitobida Butun Erning genezisi va evolyutsiyasi sifatida 1960-yillarda kontr-madaniyatda paydo bo'lgan atrof-muhit va dizayndagi dengizdagi o'zgarishlarni o'rganish imkoniyati sifatida foydalanilgan, ammo u ta'kidlaganidek, oxir-oqibat uni ortda qoldirdi.
  461. ^ Richman, Djo; Diaz-Kortes, Anayansi (2008 yil 1-dekabr). "Meksikadagi 1968 yilgi qirg'in: Haqiqatan nima bo'lgan? (Matn, audio va fotogalereya)". npr.org. Radio kundaliklari / ko'rib chiqilgan barcha narsalar / AQSh Milliy jamoat radiosi. Olingan 8 mart, 2015. Hukumat manbalari dastlab to'rt kishi halok bo'lganligi va 20 kishi yaralangani haqida xabar bergan bo'lsa, guvohlar yuk mashinalarida olib ketilayotgan yuzlab yoshlarning jasadlarini tasvirlab berishgan. Minglab talabalar kaltaklandi va qamoqqa tashlandi, ko'plari g'oyib bo'ldi. Qirq yil o'tgach, qurbonlarning yakuniy soni sir bo'lib qolmoqda, ammo yaqinda AQSh va Meksika hukumatlari tomonidan e'lon qilingan hujjatlar qirg'inni qo'zg'atishi mumkin bo'lgan narsalar haqida yaxshiroq tasavvur beradi.
  462. ^ Cosgrove, Ben; Dominis, Jon (2013 yil 14 oktyabr). "1968 yilgi Olimpiadani larzaga keltirgan qora kuch salomi". life.time.com. Time, Inc.. Olingan 1 yanvar, 2015. Olimpiya sprintchilari Tommi Smit va Jon Karloslar 1968 yil Mexiko shahrida bo'lib o'tgan yozgi o'yinlarda medallar shohsupasining tepasida turishganda, milliy madhiyasini ijro etish paytida boshlarini egib, qora qo'lqopli mushtlarini ko'tarishganda, millionlab ularning hamyurtlari Amerikadan g'azablanishdi. Ammo dunyo bo'ylab ko'plab millionlab odamlar dunyo oldida qo'rqmasdan, tez-tez yiqilib tushayotgan va hali ham yiqilib tushayotgan xalqdan ko'ngli qolganini bildirgan ikki odamni ko'rib hayajonlandilar.
  463. ^ Maraniss, Devid (2015). Bir marta Buyuk shaharda: Detroyt voqeasi (Birinchi nashr). Simon va Shuster. pp.247–272. ISBN  978-1-4767-4838-2.
  464. ^ "1968 yil 18-oktabr: Jon Lennon va Yoko Ono giyohvand moddalarni saqlash uchun hibsga olingan". history.com. A&E televizion tarmoqlari. Olingan 10 iyun, 2014.
  465. ^ Robert Nemi (2006). Ommaviy axborot vositalarida tarix: kino va televidenie. ABC-CLIO. 155– betlar. ISBN  978-1-57607-952-2.
  466. ^ Randolf Lyuis (2000 yil 1-noyabr). Emil de Antonio: Sovuq urush Amerikasidagi radikal kinorejissyor. Wisconsin Press universiteti. 151– betlar. ISBN  978-0-299-16913-8.
  467. ^ "Sovuq urush yilnomalari: Emil de Antonio filmlari". harvard.edu. Garvard filmlari arxivi. Olingan 5 may, 2014.
  468. ^ "Shu kuni: 27 oktyabr". news.bbc.co.uk. BBC. 2008 yil. Olingan 8 mart, 2015. Yurish uchun qatnashuvchilar 25000 atrofida bo'lib, politsiya va tashkilotchilar tomonidan taxmin qilingan sonning yarmi. Ammo, saylovchilarning kam ishtirok etishidan hafsalasi pir bo'lgan Ali janoblari shunday dedi; "Bu oxirigacha emas. Bu kampaniyaning boshlanishi."
  469. ^ "1968 yil 31 oktyabr: Prezident Jonson bombardimon to'xtatilganligini e'lon qildi". A&E televizion tarmoqlari. Olingan 10-iyul, 2014.
  470. ^ "LBJ kutubxonasidagi 1968 yil 31-oktabrdagi bombardimonga tegishli material" (PDF). lbjlibrary.net. Lyndon Bains Jonson kutubxonasi va muzeyi. Olingan 10-iyul, 2014. Ushbu ro'yxatda 1968 yil 31 oktyabrda bomba portlashi to'xtatilganligi to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga olgan bir nechta asosiy fayllar ko'rsatilgan.
  471. ^ "Nikson qizg'in jangda g'alaba qozondi". 1968 yil 6-noyabr. Olingan 10-iyul, 2014. 25 yil oldin ...
  472. ^ "Siyosiy davra: Xamfri, Nikson, Uolles". news.google.com. Washington Observer-Reporter orqali AP. 1968 yil 19 oktyabr. Olingan 10-iyul, 2014.
  473. ^ Linski, Dorian (2011 yil 28 aprel). "Monklarning boshi:" Muxlislarimiz buni ko'ra olishmadi'". Guardian. Olingan 2 fevral 2016. Bu urushni, Amerikani, Gollivudni, televidenieni, musiqa biznesi va Monklarning o'zlarini masxara qiladigan to'rtinchi devorni buzadigan, ongli oqimdagi qora komediya. Bugungi kunda u eng g'alati va eng yaxshi rok-filmlardan biri va Yangi Gollivud deb nomlangan xabarchi sifatida yaxshi esda qolmoqda. Kventin Tarantino va Edgar Raytlar ikkalasi ham muxlis. DJ Shadow va Saint Etienne uning suhbatidan namuna oldi. Rejissyor Bob Rafelsonning so'zlariga ko'ra, "Bitlz" va "Rolling Stounz" ikkalasi ham shaxsiy namoyishni talab qilishgan, Tomas Pynchon esa sanitariya-tesisat niqobi ostida o'tkazilgan tomoshada qatnashgan. Ammo Monkeesning nomlarini chiqargan muxlislarga, bu hech qachon bo'lmagan bo'lishi mumkin. "Film qorong'i yulduz to'pi singari tushib ketdi", deydi basist Piter Tork. "Suvdagi toshga taqlid qilish juda yumshoq, bu film qanchalik yomon ish qilganiga."
  474. ^ Yoram Allon; Del Kallen; Xanna Patterson (2002). Zamonaviy Shimoliy Amerika rejissyorlari: Wallflower tanqidiy qo'llanmasi. Wallflower Press. pp.435 –. ISBN  978-1-903364-52-9.
  475. ^ Springer, Denize (2008 yil 22-sentyabr). "Talabalar shaharchasi 1968 yil talabalar boshchiligidagi ish tashlashni eslaydi". sfsu.edu. SF shtat yangiliklari (Universitet aloqalari). Olingan 11 iyul, 2014. Besh oy davom etgan tadbir universitetning tenglik va ijtimoiy adolatning asosiy qadriyatlarini belgilab berdi, Etnik tadqiqotlar kollejini tashkil etish uchun zamin yaratdi ...
  476. ^ Schevitz, Tanya (2008 yil 26 oktyabr). "S.F. shtat ish tashlashning 40 yilligini nishonlaydi". sfgate.com. San-Fransisko xronikasi / Xerst. Olingan 11 iyul, 2014. Etnik tadqiqotlar bo'yicha kashshof: 1969 yil boshlarida universitet talabalarning ko'pgina talablariga, shu jumladan millatning birinchi va yagona etnik tadqiqotlar kollejini tashkil etishga rozi bo'ldi. Ish tashlash 20 mart kuni yakuniga etdi.
  477. ^ "Arxiv videolari". diva.sfsu.edu. San-Frantsisko ko'rfazidagi televizion arxiv. Olingan 30 dekabr, 2014.
  478. ^ Linda Martin; Kerri Segrave (1993). Anti-rok: Rok-n-rolga qarshi chiqish. Perseus Books guruhi. 187-188 betlar. ISBN  978-0-306-80502-8.
  479. ^ Jon Lennon (2013 yil 1 oktyabr). Og'zaki so'zlar bilan skript yozish. HarperCollins. 18–18 betlar. ISBN  978-0-06-231986-9.
  480. ^ Fayl: TwoVCover.jpg
  481. ^ "Bitlz (Oq albom): relizlar". allmusic.com. AllMusic. Olingan 11 iyul, 2014. Chiqish sanasi: 1968 yil 22-noyabr
  482. ^ "Yer ko'tarilgan fotosurat". Abc.net.au. 1968 yil 24-dekabr. Olingan 31 avgust, 2013.
  483. ^ "Ford va Sydeman zallarini eslash - Ford Hallning talabalar ishg'oli, 1969 yil yanvar". lts.brandeis.edu. Brandeis universiteti arxivlari va maxsus to'plamlari. Olingan 31 dekabr, 2014. 1969 yil 8-yanvarda taxminan etmish afro-amerikalik talaba Ford va Sydeman Xolllarni nazorat ostiga olishdi. Talabalar tezda ma'muriyatga talabalar shaharchasida ozchilikni tashkil etishini ta'minlash bo'yicha o'nta talablar ro'yxatini taqdim etishdi. Garchi ma'muriyat o'nta talab bo'yicha ham bir qarorga kelmagan bo'lsa-da, talabalar 18-yanvar kuni ishg'ol boshlanganidan o'n bir kun o'tgach, Ford va Sydeman zallarini tark etishdi. Ma'muriyat talabalarning aksariyati amnistiya to'g'risida qaror qabul qildi va Prezident Morris Abram har qanday qonuniy talab vijdonan bajarilishini aytdi.
  484. ^ Shnayder, Keyt; Barboza, Toni (2018-01-04). "Kaliforniyadagi dengiz burg'ulash ishlari 1984 yildan beri birinchi marta federal lizing taklifiga ko'ra kengaytirilishi mumkin". LA Times. Olingan 2018-01-07. 1969 yilda Santa-Barbarada yuz bergan 100 ming barrellik halokatli to'kilish minglab dengiz qushlarini o'ldirdi va AQShning atrof-muhit to'g'risidagi qonunining asosi bo'lgan Milliy Atrof-muhit siyosati to'g'risidagi qonunni qabul qilinishiga va atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish federal agentligining yaratilishiga olib keldi. 1989 yilda Alyaskaning shahzodasi Uilyam Soundda 260 ming barrellik Exxon Valdez to'kilishi ushbu shtatning minglab aholisini to'kilgan neftning plyajdagi iflos oqibatlariga duchor qildi. 4,9 million barrellik Deepwater Horizon ofati, AQSh tarixidagi eng dahshatli neft to'kilishi, offshor rivojlanishiga qarshi yangi va keng qarshiliklarni keltirib chiqardi.
  485. ^ Lindeman, Treysi (2014 yil 15 fevral). "Monrealning poyga bilan bog'liq 1969 yilgi kompyuter qo'zg'oloniga nazar tashlang". cbc.ca. Kanada teleradioeshittirish korporatsiyasi. Olingan 31 dekabr, 2014. Qirq besh yil muqaddam ushbu haftada zo'ravon namoyishlar va Ser Jorj Uilyams universitetida irqchilikka qarshi 14 kunlik o'tirish portlab, maktabga 2 million dollar zarar etkazdi.
  486. ^ Runtagh, Iordaniya (2016-01-29). "Beatles-ning mashhur tomidagi kontsert: Siz bilmagan 15 narsa". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Olingan 2016-10-16. Jorjning gulchambar boltasi, külotlu çorapla o'ralgan mikrofonlar va Orson Uellesning taxmin qilingan o'g'li - Fab Four-ning so'nggi namoyishi haqidagi yovvoyi haqiqat
  487. ^ "Tomoshabinlar uchun yangi muammo yaratuvchilarga ko'rsatma". Qishloq ovozi. 1969-01-16. Olingan 2015-11-27. 1969 yil fevral oyida "Qishloq ovozi" da chop etilgan Esquire nashrining e'lonlari
  488. ^ Makkormik, Denis; Archival Reports (1969). "Peaceful protests lead to turmoil on Madison's campus". Viskonsin shtati jurnali. Olingan 2016-04-14.
  489. ^ "ACLU History". ACLU.org. Amerika fuqarolik erkinliklari ittifoqi. Olingan 25 aprel, 2014.
  490. ^ Burks, John (2010-12-10). "Jim Morrison's Indecency Arrest: Rolling Stone's Original Coverage". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Olingan 2016-03-02. Jim Morrison, the Doors' cataclysmic, electroplastic lead singer, finally let it all hang out at a March 2nd concert in Miami, Florida, and in the outraged aftermath became the object of six arrest warrants, including one for a felony charge of "Lewd and lascivious behavior in public by exposing his private parts and by simulating masturbation and oral copulation." [Original article with discussion by author].
  491. ^ Johnston, Maura (2010-12-09). "Jim Morrison Pardoned By Florida Clemency Board: Doors lead singer's indecent exposure conviction stems from 1969 incident". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Olingan 2016-10-05. On Thursday, Florida's Clemency Board pardoned the late Doors frontman Jim Morrison for two misdemeanor convictions stemming from a 1969 incident in which he allegedly exposed himself. The pardon was requested by outgoing Florida Gov. Charlie Crist and the state Clemency Board unanimously granted it. In March 1969, a bearded, drunken Morrison was performing at the Dinner Key Auditorium in Miami when, during the performance, he allegedly asked the audience, "Do you wanna see my cock?" After the audience of more than 10,000 fans responded, he pulled down his pants and briefly simulated masturbation.
  492. ^ Graeme Thomson (11 October 2013). George Harrison: Behind The Locked Door. Musiqa savdo guruhi. 215– betlar. ISBN  978-0-85712-858-4.
  493. ^ Faset, Entoni (1976). "THE PEACE POLITICIAN – THE BED-INS-AMSTERDAM AND MONTREAL". imaginepeace.com. Grove Press via Imagine Peace. Olingan 16 iyul, 2014. From the (Anthony Fawcett) book Bir vaqtning o'zida bir kun
  494. ^ Marc Jason Gilbert (2001). Kampusdagi Vetnam urushi: Boshqa ovozlar, uzoqroq davullar. Greenwood Publishing Group. 121–21 betlar. ISBN  978-0-275-96909-7.
  495. ^ "This Day in History. Vietnam War:Westmoreland requests more troops". history.com. A&E televizion tarmoqlari. Olingan 13 avgust, 2014. Gen. William Westmoreland, senior U.S. military commander in Vietnam, sends a new troop request to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Westmoreland stated that he needed 542,588 troops for the war in Vietnam in 1967 – an increase of 111,588 men to the number already serving there. In the end, President Johnson acceded to Westmoreland's wishes and dispatched the additional troops to South Vietnam, but the increases were done in an incremental fashion. The highest number of U.S. troops in South Vietnam was 543,500, which was reached in 1969.
  496. ^ Gross, Terry (2010-10-15). "'The Uncensored Story' Of The Smothers Brothers". npr.og. Milliy jamoat radiosi (AQSh). Olingan 2016-04-14. Undeniably, CBS wanted Tom and Dick Smothers off the air because of the ideas they were espousing on their show, but eventually removed them by claiming that the brothers had violated the terms of their contract by not delivering a copy of that week's show in time. It was like the feds busting Al Capone: the crime for which he was convicted was a mere technicality, but it got Capone off the streets. In the case of CBS and the Smothers Brothers, they got them off the air. Fired, not canceled, as Tom Smothers invariably corrected people in an effort to set the record straight.
  497. ^ "TV Ratings 1968–69". classictvhits.com. Olingan 2016-08-13.
  498. ^ Donovan, Lauren (2008-05-09). "40th anniversary of infamous Zip to Zap party nears". Bismark Tribuna. Olingan 2016-10-05. Between 1,000 and 2,000 mostly college students converged on Zap, a coal mine hamlet in Mercer County. The press was there and worldwide headlines resulted when the Guard moved in and rousted the by-then sleepy kids out of town, causing thousands of other Zap-bound students to turn around.
  499. ^ Rosen, Rebecca (2014-02-14). "Video: Ronald Reagan's Press Conference After 'Bloody Thursday': An angry governor shows no patience for his critics following a confrontation between Berkeley students and the National Guard". Atlantika. Olingan 2016-04-14. May of 1969 was a terrifying and unsettling time for students at the University of California, Berkeley. Activist efforts to turn an unused plot of university land into a park, "People's Park," were met with, at first, mild bureaucratic resistance, but tensions soon escalated, and, ultimately, Governor Ronald Reagan decided to break up a rally by sending in California's National Guard.
  500. ^ Elizabeth L. Wollman (November 6, 2006). Teatr Uill Rok: Rok musiqasining tarixi, sochlardan Xedviggacha. Michigan universiteti matbuoti. 77– betlar. ISBN  0-472-11576-6.
  501. ^ Lennon, Jon; Lennon, Yoko Ono (May 1969). "Yotoqda tinchlik". imaginepeace.com. Bag Productions / Yoko Ono Lennon. Olingan 14 yanvar, 2015. In 1969, John and I were so naïve to think that doing the Bed-In would help change the world. Well, it might have. But at the time, we didn't know. It was good that we filmed it, though. The film is powerful now. What we said then could have been said now...-Yoko Ono Lennon, 2014.(Film hosted on Youtube.)
  502. ^ Len Sperry (31 December 2015). Mental Health and Mental Disorders: An Encyclopedia of Conditions, Treatments, and Well-Being. ABC-CLIO. pp. 416–. ISBN  978-1-4408-0383-3.
  503. ^ "Stars, Drugs and Death: Judy Garland". cbsnews.com. CBS. Olingan 2016-06-19. Judy Garland was found dead in London on June 22, 1969, at the age of 47. The coroner stated that the cause of death was "an incautious self-overdosage" of barbiturates. Her death certificate stated that her death had been accidental.
  504. ^ Rimalower, Ben (2016-06-14). "Rufus Wainwright On What Makes Judy Garland a Gay Icon". Playbill. Olingan 2016-06-19.
  505. ^ Quijano, Elaine; Kennedy, KIm (2015-06-28). "Remembering the Stonewall riot and the start of a movement". CBS News. Olingan 2016-04-14. Mafia-owned and illegal, the Stonewall was a speakeasy-style bar with a jukebox and a dance floor. "To get in, you had to know the secret codes which is to say 'you're a friend of Dorothy's,'" said Bockman. But in the predawn hours of June 28, 1969, the Stonewall, full to the rafters, was raided by police. But unlike previous raids, this time the crowd pushed back. A six-day riot between gays and police began.
  506. ^ "Brian Jones: Sympathy for the Devil". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. 1969 yil 9-avgust. Olingan 11 iyun, 2014.
  507. ^ Helmut Staubmann (June 3, 2013). The Rolling Stones: Sociological Perspectives. Leksington kitoblari. 123- betlar. ISBN  978-0-7391-7672-6.
  508. ^ "Rolling Stones to return to Hyde Park". bbc.com. BBC. 2003 yil 3 aprel. Olingan 22 oktyabr, 2014. The Rolling Stones are to perform in London's Hyde Park for the first time since a legendary free concert for an estimated 250,000 people in 1969. The outdoor gig will take place on 6 July, a week after the group's first appearance at the Glastonbury festival. The rock legends famously played in the park just two days after death of guitarist Brian Jones in July 1969.
  509. ^ Bernstein, Adam (2010-05-30). "Dennis Hopper dies; actor, director's 'Easy Rider' became a generational marker". Washington Post. Olingan 2015-12-07. Dennis Hopper, 74, an actor and director whose low-budget biker movie Easy Rider made an unexpected fortune by exploring the late 1960s counterculture and who changed Hollywood by helping open doors to younger directors including Steven Spielberg and George Lucas, died May 29 at his home in Venice, Calif.
  510. ^ Mathew J. Bartkowiak; Yuya Kiuchi (15 June 2015). Qarshi madaniyat madaniyatidagi musiqa: 1960-70-yillardagi musiqiy musiqiy asarlarni tanqidiy o'rganish. McFarland. 71– betlar. ISBN  978-0-7864-7542-1.
  511. ^ Mastropolo, Frank. "The Story of the Groundbreaking 'Easy Rider' Soundtrack". utlimateclassicrock.com. Loudwire/Townsquare Media. Olingan 2018-06-17. The Easy Rider soundtrack was a powerhouse collection of songs that included "The Pusher" by Steppenwolf, the acid rocker "If 6 Was 9" by the Jimi Hendrix Experience and the Band's enigmatic "The Weight," which was included in the movie but covered by the group Smith on the album due to contractual issues.
  512. ^ "Pat with Look Magazine article How Hippies Raise Their Children 170519-102031 C4V". Flickr. 2017-05-19.
  513. ^ "HAYOT". Time Inc. 18 July 1969.
  514. ^ Wilford, John Noble (1969). We Reach the Moon. New York: New York Times / Bantam. p. XV. ISBN  9780552082051. The Story of Man's Greatest Adventure
  515. ^ Blumenthal, Ralf (1973 yil 21 yanvar). "Porno chic;" Hard-core "zamonaviy va juda foydali bo'lib o'smoqda". The New York Times jurnali. Olingan 30 mart, 2018.
  516. ^ Corliss, Richard (2005 yil 29 mart). "O'sha eski tuyg'u: Porno chiroyli bo'lganida". Vaqt. Olingan 30 mart, 2018.
  517. ^ Paasonen, Susanna; Saarenmaa, Laura (July 19, 2007). The Golden Age of Porn: Nostalgia and History in Cinema (PDF). WordPress. Olingan 30 mart, 2018.
  518. ^ Delamater, John; Plante, Rebecca F. (June 19, 2015). DeLamater, John; Plante, Rebecca F. (eds.). Jinsiy aloqalar sotsiologiyasining qo'llanmasi. Springer Publishing. p. 416. ISBN  9783319173412. Olingan 30 mart, 2018.
  519. ^ "Charles Manson Biography: Charles Manson is an American cult leader whose followers carried out several notorious murders in the late 1960s and inspired the book Helter Skelter". biografiya.com. A&E Television Networks, MChJ. 2014 yil. Olingan 5 iyun, 2014.
  520. ^ Woods, William Crawford (August 8, 2013). "From the Stacks (January 4, 1975): "Demon in the Counterculture"". Yangi respublika. Olingan 5 iyun, 2014.
  521. ^ DeCurtis, Anthony (August 1, 2009). "Peace, Love and Charlie Manson: The Anti-Woodstock?". nytimes.com. The New York Times Co. Olingan 5 iyun, 2014.
  522. ^ Sheffield, Rob (2013-11-21). "Heart of Darkness: A Charles Manson Timeline The helter-skelter life of America's most infamous criminal". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Olingan 2016-05-01.
  523. ^ Christopher Gair (2007). Amerika qarshi madaniyati. Edinburg universiteti matbuoti. 205– betlar. ISBN  978-0-7486-1989-4.
  524. ^ "Ko'ngillilar". 1969. Olingan 30 dekabr, 2014.
  525. ^ "The Dick Cavett Show". 1969 yil 19-avgust. Olingan 30 dekabr, 2014.
  526. ^ Kolapinto, Jon (2010-10-21). "Bob Guccionening alacakaranlığı". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Olingan 2015-11-27.
  527. ^ "Ho Chi Minh (1890–1969)". www.bbc.co.uk. BBC. Olingan 4-may, 2014.
  528. ^ Elber, Lynn (2015-10-13). "H.R. Pufnstuf, surreal 1960s icon, returns to TV". AP via San Jose Mercury News. Olingan 2015-12-24.
  529. ^ Graham, David (2016-04-06). "Remembering Merle Haggard, Outlaw and Poet". Atlantika oylik guruhi. Atlantika. Olingan 2016-05-25. The song was released in 1969 and quickly became a counter-countercultural anthem – capturing backlash against hippies who were protesting the Vietnam War. The song made Haggard a darling of conservatives, and was one of several such songs hailed as anthems of the Silent Majority.
  530. ^ Steve Millward (28 September 2014). Turli treklar: 1970 yildagi musiqa va siyosat. Troubador Publishing Ltd. pp. 191–. ISBN  978-1-78306-476-2.
  531. ^ "Linkletter blames LSD for death of daughter". Associated Press. Olingan 23 may, 2014.
  532. ^ "Photos: Days of Rage". chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune. 1969 yil. Olingan 13 iyun, 2014.
  533. ^ Lelyveld, Joseph (1969-10-22). "Jack Kerouac, Novelist, Dead; Father of the Beat Generation". nytimes.com. The New York Times. Olingan 2016-05-25. Author of 'On the Road' was Hero to Youth – Rejected Middle-Class Values Jack Kerouac, the novelist who named the Beat Generation and exuberantly celebrated its rejection of middle-class American conventions, died early yesterday of massive abdominal hemorrhaging in a St. Petersburg, Fla., hospital. U 47 yoshda edi.
  534. ^ Savio, Jessica (April 1, 2011). "Browsing history: A heritage site is being set up in Boelter Hall 3420, the room the first Internet message originated in". dailybruin.com. Daily Bruin. Olingan 1 may, 2014.
  535. ^ Skarda, Erin (June 28, 2011). "Moratorium Against the Vietnam War, Nov. 15, 1969". content.time.com. Time, Inc.. Olingan 16 iyul, 2014. In the frigid fall of 1969, more than 500,000 people marched on Washington to protest U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. It remains the largest political rally in the nation's history.
  536. ^ O'Rourke, Tim (2016-06-12). "Chronicle Covers: The end of the Indian occupation of Alcatraz". San-Fransisko xronikasi. Olingan 2016-06-19. The occupation lasted 19 months, but its legacy lives on. The Chronicle's front page from June 12, 1971, covers the federal removal of the last of the American Indians who had seized Alcatraz Island in 1969.
  537. ^ Starr, Norton (1997). "Nonrandom Risk: The 1970 Draft Lottery". Statistika ta'limi jurnali. v.5, n.2. Abstract: The 1970 draft lottery for birthdates is reviewed as an example of a government effort at randomization whose inadequacy can be exhibited by a wide variety of statistical approaches. Several methods of analyzing these data – which were of life-and-death importance to those concerned – are given explicitly and numerous others are cited. In addition, the corresponding data for 1971 and for 1972 are included, as are the alphabetic lottery data, which were used to select draftees by the first letters of their names. Questions for class discussion are provided. The article ends with a survey of primary and secondary sources in print.
  538. ^ "CBS News Special Report". youtube.com. CBS. 1969 yil. Olingan 2016-02-05. Correspondent Roger Mudd reporting.
  539. ^ Bobby Rush; Team Ebony (2017-12-04). "Rep. Bobby Rush on the Deaths of Fred Hampton and Mark Clark "They arrested seven Panthers, wounded two and killed Mark Clark and Fred Hampton."". Qara. Ebony Media Operations, LLC. Olingan 2018-04-11. At 4 a.m., they knocked on the door. Mark Clark was on patrol at the time. He said, "who is it?" They said, "Tommy." He asked, "Tommy who?" They said, "Tommy Gun." That's when they started shooting and the bullet shot him in the heart. At that time it was a signal for police to come in shooting from the back. Deborah Johnson was pregnant with Hampton's son, she screamed "stop shooting!" They dragged Deborah out. Hampton was on his bed. He had been shot, one of the police put a sheet over his head and said he was "as good as dead" now. They arrested seven Panthers, wounded two and killed Mark Clark and Fred Hampton.
  540. ^ Ian Inglis; Norma Coates (2006). "6-bob". Ijro va mashhur musiqa: tarix, joy va vaqt. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd 58- bet. ISBN  978-0-7546-4057-8.
  541. ^ Buckley, Jr., William F. (December 10, 1970). "Altamont was Funeral for the Woodstock Nation". news.google.com. Miluoki jurnali. Olingan 3 iyul, 2014. Re: release of 'Gimme Shelter'
  542. ^ Adams, Dominic (2017-02-22). "The Weather Underground, Flint and a campaign of violence". MLIVE. MLive Media Group. Olingan 2018-04-11. 'Flint, Michigan War Council': Around 300 people packed into a boarded up hall called the Giant Ballroom at 1800 N. Saginaw St. from Dec. 27–31 in 1969, according to MLive-The Flint Journal archives. FBI says otherwise about Flint meetings: FBI documents previously labeled "top secret" and released to the Vault said the War Council meetings in Flint was the last open meeting held by the Weatherman Group. "It was at this meeting that the decision was made to go underground and to engage in guerrilla warfare against the U.S. government," a page read with the heading "WUD 'Flint, Michigan War Council.'"That 'quiet' Weatherman Council in Flint exploded. Weather Underground leader Mark Rudd said in Flint during the group's "War Council" that people should expect violence that will make "the '60s look like a Sunday school picnic," according to a July 24, 1970 Flint Journal article. A federal grand jury in Detroit charged Rudd and 12 others who conspired during the 4-day meeting in Flint in 1969 to commit assassinations and bombings in four U.S. cities, according to the article in MLive-The Flint Journal's archives. The indictments claimed the group met at the Giant Ballroom on Saginaw Street to set up a coordinating agency that would guide bombings in Chicago, Detroit, New York City and Berkeley, Calif. The indictments followed a dozen previous charges unveiled in connection to "Days of Wrath" riots in Chicago. Weatherman members went "underground" following the Chicago indictments, thus the group was then known as Weather Underground. Investigators and law enforcement officials said the meetings were a "failure" at the time and that they were social in nature more than anything.
  543. ^ Martin, Douglas (July 12, 2011). "Theodore Roszak, '60s Expert, Dies at 77". nytimes.com. The New York Times. Olingan 10 fevral, 2015. Theodore Roszak, who three weeks after the Woodstock Festival in 1969 not only published a pivotal book about a young generation's drug-fueled revolt against authority but also gave it a name – "counterculture" – died on July 5 at his home in Berkeley, Calif. He was 77.
  544. ^ "Michael Brody Interview". nbcuniversalarchives.com. NBC Universal Media. 1970-01-15. Olingan 2016-01-24. Michael James Brody, Jr., heir to the oleomargarine fortune and self-proclaimed savior holds a press conference at Kennedy Airport in New York. After disembarking from a plane with his wife, Michael Brody holds a press conference in the arrivals building of the airport. He says he wants to become well known to the public, because he plans to give away $50 million within the next year.
  545. ^ "Recipes: Jelke Good Luck Margarine". Dyuk universiteti. Olingan 2016-01-24.
  546. ^ New York Media, LLC (14 January 1991). "Nyu York". Newyorkmetro.com. New York Media, LLC: 23–. ISSN  0028-7369.
  547. ^ Fensterstock, Alison (2014-02-07). "Set up, like a bowling pin: A look back at the Grateful Dead's 1970 New Orleans bust, 44 years later". nola.com. New Orleans Times-Picayune/NOLA Media Group. Olingan 2016-03-01. Text reprint and tearsheet images from original story with analysis by the author.
  548. ^ Rolling Stone Editors (1970-03-07). "New Orleans Cops & the Dead Bust: Police in the Big Easy giving bands a hard time". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Olingan 2016-03-01. In New Orleans to open up a new ballroom, locally known as "the Warehouse," most of the Dead and their road crew were nailed in a dope raid in the same French Quarters hotel where members of the Jefferson Airplane were busted just weeks before. State and federal narcs rounded up 19 people in the Dead raid, and were none too polite about it, either."
  549. ^ Cathy Wilkerson (4 January 2011). Quyoshga yaqin uchish: Mening hayotim va vaqtlarim meteorolog sifatida. Etti hikoyalar. ISBN  978-1-60980-070-3.
  550. ^ Graham, Steve (2009-05-08). "Peter Green: Man of the World". bbc.co.uk. BBC Four/BBC. Olingan 2018-06-10. Legendary blues guitarist BB King named Peter Green as one of the greatest exponents of the blues, and the 'only guitar player to make me sweat'. If Green had only written Black Magic Woman, his name would still have a place in blues rock history forever. His three short years leading Peter Green's Fleetwood Mac saw the band established as one of the biggest-selling groups of the 1960s. Yet at the height of their fame Green left the group, with his life spiralling into turmoil as drug-induced mental health issues took control. Rumours of his demise began to spread, and sightings of him became notorious. After years battling his mental illness, Green is writing and recording again. Featuring archive performances and interviews with Carlos Santana, Noel Gallagher, founding members of Fleetwood Mac and Green himself, this film tells the story of one of blues rock's living legends.
  551. ^ "Peter Green – The Munich LSD Party Incident". youtube.com. Route via Youtube. 2012-08-12. Olingan 2018-06-10. Clip from BBC Documentary. Peter Green and members of Fleetwood Mac give their accounts of the infamous LSD party at the Highfisch-Kommune in Munich. Band manager Clifford Davis claims that this was the night that Peter Green and Danny Kirwan became 'seriously mentally ill'. Peter Green says, 'I had a good play there, it was great.' This incident is the genesis for Ada Wilson's novel Red Army Faction Blues, which fully explores the situation the Peter Green walked into that night.
  552. ^ Kiron K. Skinner; Annelise Anderson; Ronald Reagan (6 October 2004). Reygan: Maktublardagi hayot. Simon va Shuster. 191– betlar. ISBN  978-0-7432-1967-9.
  553. ^ "Yarim tunda kovboy". tcm.com. Tyorner klassik filmlari. Olingan 27 iyul, 2014. 1969 was an interesting turning point in American cinema and no film better reflects that than Midnight Cowboy. Not only was it the first X-rated film to win the Best Picture Oscar but it presented a view of New York City that was the most bleak and depressing portrait since Ray Milland hit every seedy Manhattan bar in The Lost Weekend (1945).[doimiy o'lik havola ]
  554. ^ Keith M. Booker (March 17, 2011). Amerika kinosi tarixiy lug'ati. Qo'rqinchli matbuot. 25- betlar. ISBN  978-0-8108-7459-6.
  555. ^ Berman, Eliza (2015-04-22). "Meet the Organizers of the Very First Earth Day". Time, Inc.. Olingan 2016-03-26. How a troupe of twenty-somethings mobilized millions of Americans to speak out on the environment
  556. ^ Gibbens, Sarah (2018-04-21). "How the Environment Has Changed Since the First Earth Day". natonalgeographic.com. Milliy Geografiya Jamiyati. Olingan 2018-04-28. When Earth Day was first created in 1970, it rode the coattails of a decade filled with social activism. Voting rights were strengthened, civil rights were outlined, and women were demanding equal treatment. But there was no Environmental Protection Agency, no Clean Air Act, or Clean Water Act. Fast forward 48 years and what started as a grassroots movement has exploded into an international day of attention and activism dedicated to preserving the environment. Officially, the United Nations recognizes this upcoming April 22 as International Mother Earth Day. Across the globe, millions of people take part in Earth Day. According to the Earth Day Network, one of the largest activist bodies organizing Earth Day events, people celebrate by holding marches, planting trees, meeting with local representatives, and cleaning up their local environments.
  557. ^ "May 4 Sequence of Events". kentwired.com. kentwired. 2010 yil 4-may. Olingan 30 aprel, 2014.
  558. ^ Bhatia, Kabir (May 3, 2013). "Dean Kahler: visitors' Center helps him move past May 4, 1970". wksu.org. WKSU Public Radio. Olingan 10 iyun, 2014.
  559. ^ Clara Bingham (May 2016). Witness to the Revolution: Radicals, Resisters, Vets, Hippies, and the Year America Lost Its Mind and Found Its Soul. Tasodifiy uy nashriyoti guruhi. 449– betlar. ISBN  978-0-8129-9318-9.
  560. ^ Mary Lou Sullivan; Johnny Winter (2010). Mayiz Qobil: Jonni Vinterning yovvoyi va g'azabli hikoyasi. Orqaga o'tish kitoblari. 132– betlar. ISBN  978-0-87930-973-2.
  561. ^ Walker, Jesse (2013-09-13). "Hardhats for Peace, College Kids for War: The surprising shape of public opinion in the Vietnam era". reason.org. Sabab fondi. Olingan 2018-06-10. Book Review: Hardhats, Hippies, and Hawks: The Vietnam Antiwar Movement as Myth and Memory. The Hard Hat Riot of May 1970 has managed somehow to be both widely forgotten and universally remembered. The incident itself, in which rampaging New York construction workers beat up hippies and demanded that City Hall raise the American flag, is a piece of historical trivia; most Americans born after it have little inkling that it occurred, and even the people who were around at the time are likely to be hazy on the details. But the image of a pro-war worker in a hardhat punching a privileged protester is enshrined in our cultural memory. It's what the late '60s and early '70s were supposed to look like: college kids who hated the Vietnam War and blue-collar patriots who loved the flag.
  562. ^ Carr, Tom (2016). Blood on the Mitten (1-nashr). Chandler Lake Books / Mission Point Press. p. 47. ISBN  9781943338078.
  563. ^ Pevere, Geoff (2010-06-18). "How Joe and Patton could, 40 years on, play again today". Toronto yulduzi. Olingan 2017-06-17. Joe, like Patton, had its true-life historical hook. Two months before the movie opened, and on the very same day as the Hard Hat Riot in Manhattan, a middle-aged railroad worker named Arville Douglas Garland entered a Detroit university residence (known, apparently, as a hippie haven) and shot and killed four students – including his daughter and her boyfriend. Although equipped for the rampage with multiple weapons and extra ammo, Garland was ultimately handed a light sentence by the same judge who'd seen Joe as part of his deliberation process and rejected any prospective jurors who'd done the same. Garland was seen to be let off lightly, but justly so by the hundreds of supporters who sent the killer letters endorsing his actions. At the time, it was reported that no one wrote to suggest that Garland had given the murdered kids anything but what they deserved.
  564. ^ Jennings, Piter; Jarriel, Tom (May 9, 1970). "5/9/1970: Nationwide Student Strike". abcnews.go.com. ABC News Internet Ventures. Olingan 26 sentyabr, 2014. Students gather to protest the invasion of Cambodia and the Kent State massacre. (Archival footage including speeches by Benjamin Spock, Jane Fonda, and Ron Young).
  565. ^ McNichol, Tom (November 14, 2011). "Men Kuk emasman: Richard Niksonning Linkoln yodgorligiga g'alati tashrifi". theatlantic.com. Atlantika oylik guruhi. Olingan 5 iyun, 2014.
  566. ^ Suarez, Ray (November 25, 2011). "New Nixon Tapes Reveal Details of Meeting With Anti-War Activists (Text & Video)". pbs.org. PBS Newshour. Olingan 5 iyun, 2014.
  567. ^ Getlen, Larry (August 31, 2014). "How Dock Ellis Dropped Acid and Threw a Ho-Hitter". nypost.com. The New York Post. Olingan 4 sentyabr, 2014. Later in life, Ellis, who ultimately got straight and became a drug counselor, expressed shame about what he had done. While the LSD no-hitter kept him in the public eye, he came to see it not as a point of pride, but as a sign that his drug use might have robbed him of his greatest professional memory.
  568. ^ Witz, Billy (September 4, 2010). "For Ellis, a Long, Strange Trip to a No-Hitter". nytimes.com. The New York Times. Olingan 21 sentyabr, 2014. But it was Ellis's claim, after he retired, that he threw his no-hitter while under the influence of LSD that cemented his standing as an icon of the sport's counterculture era, making him an intriguing figure to artists, musicians, filmmakers, and journalists – even after his death.
  569. ^ Michael Howard Holzman (2008). James Jesus Angleton, the CIA, and the Craft of Counterintelligence. Massachusets universiteti matbuoti. 273– betlar. ISBN  978-1-55849-650-7.
  570. ^ Loch K. Johnson (1989). America's Secret Power. Oksford universiteti matbuoti. 155– betlar. ISBN  978-0-19-536153-7.
  571. ^ HEARINGS BEFORE THE SELECT COMMITTEE TO STUDY GOVERNMENTAL OPERATIONS WITH RESPECT TO INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED STATES SENATE NINETY-FOURTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION – Volume 2 – Huston Plan (PDF). Vashington, DC: AQSh Senati. September 23–25, 1975.
  572. ^ "Angela Davis Arrested in N. Y.; Was On Ten Most Wanted List". thecrimson.com. AP via The Harvard Crimson, Inc. 1970-10-14. Olingan 2018-06-10. Davis was added on Aug. 18 to the FBI's list of Ten Most Wanted Fugitives. She has been accused of buying guns used in the attempt on Aug. 7 to free three San Quentin convicts undergoing trial in San Rafael, Calif. She has been charged with unlawful flight to avoid prosecution on state charges of murder and kidnapping.
  573. ^ "Sterling Hall bombing: Seven men linked by a moment in history". Madison.com. Viskonsin shtati jurnali. 2010 yil 17-avgust. Olingan 10 iyun, 2014.
  574. ^ Breasted, Mary; Ortega, Tony (September 30, 1970). "Women on the March: 'We're a Movement Now!'-1970: The Women's National Strike for Equality". villagevoice.com. Qishloq ovozi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2013 yil 30 dekabrda. Olingan 3 iyul, 2014.
  575. ^ Eder, Bryus. "Iso Masihning super yulduzi". allmusic.com. AllMusic, All Media Network, MChJ bo'limi. Olingan 10 iyun, 2014.
  576. ^ Nik Talevski (2010 yil 7 aprel). Qoya toshlari - Osmon eshigini taqillatish. Omnibus Press. 272– betlar. ISBN  978-0-85712-117-2.
  577. ^ Christine Wallace (July 1, 2013). Germaine Greer: Untamed Shrew. Pan Makmillan Avstraliya. 184- betlar. ISBN  978-1-74334-189-6.
  578. ^ "Trudeau Reflects On Four Decades Of 'Doonesbury'". npr.org. NPR Morning Edition. 2010 yil 26 oktyabr. Olingan 2 iyun, 2014.
  579. ^ Karlson, Piter. "When Elvis Met Nixon". smithsonianmag.com. Smithsonian.com. Olingan 27 iyul, 2014. From the Archives: A bizarre encounter between the president and the king of rock and roll
  580. ^ File:Elvis-nixon.jpg
  581. ^ Gostisha, Dave (2010). "When Elvis Met Nixon". youtube.com. condensedmovies.com. Olingan 2016-06-23.
  582. ^ Nicols, Dana; Chamberlain, Mark (2012-12-01). "Bo'lmoqda". Laguna Beach Magazine. Olingan 2017-06-19. Peace, Love and Not Much to Eat "The youth subculture in the United States has found an untraditional way to observe this Christmas weekend. It's another rock festival – but – unlike previous such events, it seems to have happened almost all by itself, with little apparent organization." – CBS News, December 1970
  583. ^ Schou, Nick (2010-12-23). "Laguna Beach's Great Hippie Invasion, 40 Years On". ocweekly.com. OC haftalik. Olingan 2017-06-19.
  584. ^ Dan Berger (2006). Amerikadan tashqarida yashovchilar: Metropoliten va birdamlik siyosati. AK Press. pp. 88–. ISBN  978-1-904859-41-3.
  585. ^ Jordan Goodman (2005). Tobacco in History and Culture: An Encyclopedia. Granit tepalik noshirlari. 676– betlar. ISBN  978-0-684-31453-2.
  586. ^ Ray Broadus Browne; Pat Browne (2001). Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari ommaviy madaniyati uchun qo'llanma. Ommabop matbuot. 744– betlar. ISBN  978-0-87972-821-2.
  587. ^ Gardella, Kay (January 11, 2015). "'All in the Family' introduces the world to foul-mouthed Archie Bunker in 1971". nydailynews.com. Nyu-York Daily News. Olingan 13 yanvar, 2015. [Archived/Reprinted.Originally published by the Daily News on January 13, 1971] CBS Gambles on Reality with New Comedy Series
  588. ^ Kumush, Maykl (2003 yil 19-noyabr). "Where Were You on March 8, 1971?". espn.go.com. ESPN Classic. Olingan 27 iyun, 2014. The country was split between those supporting our efforts in Vietnam and those opposed to the war. Hawks, doves, hard hats, flower children, black power, Woodstock, Kent State and the silent majority were bywords for the most divisive American decade since the American Civil War some 100 years earlier.
  589. ^ Fitzpatrick, Frank (April 14, 2014). "When politics enter the playing field". philly.com. Filadelfiya tergovchisi. Olingan 27 iyun, 2014. People forget the intensity of opposing passions in 1971. No one was neutral. Friends and families were bitterly divided. If you supported the Vietnam War, you supported Frazier. And if you opposed it, you were in the corner of Ali, who had forfeited his title for refusing military induction in 1967.
  590. ^ Cosgrove, Ben; Shearer, John. "Ali, Frazier and the 'Fight of the Century': A Photographer Remembers (w/text)". life.time.com. Time, Inc. arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2014 yil 11 iyulda. Olingan 27 iyun, 2014. Long before the first bell of their March 1971 fight sounded, the contest was billed as "The Fight of the Century" and, amazingly, it lived up to the hype. That night, a star-studded crowd watched two of the greatest fighters who ever lived battle for supremacy in the world's premier sports arena.
  591. ^ "1971: Row rocks Rolling Stone wedding". news.bbc.co.uk. Olingan 2016-06-07. Mick Jagger and his Nicaraguan-born wife-to-be eventually arrived at 1700. Police and journalists exchanged blows in the frenzy. Hippies turned up on foot and bicycles, mingling with members of the international jet set, who arrived in Rolls Royces for the wedding.
  592. ^ "Mick Jagger Rocks His Own Wedding Reception in St. Tropez – The Stones frontman weds Bianca". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. 1971-06-10. Olingan 2016-06-09.
  593. ^ Getlen, Larry (2016-06-11). "Mick Jagger's 1971 wedding was 'skin-crawlingly embarrassing'". The New York Post. Olingan 2016-06-11. The year 1971 had already been a hectic one for the Rolling Stones. Mart oyida bosh qo'shiqchi Mik Jaggerning da'vati bilan ular Angliyaning boylarga soliq stavkasidan qutulish uchun Frantsiyaga ko'chib o'tib, o'zlarini Buyuk Britaniyadan soliq surgunlari deb e'lon qilgan birinchi rok guruhiga aylanishdi ... Yuqori darajadagi to'y, deb yozadi jurnalist Devid Xepvort "rok-rolning tashkil topishini yuqori jamiyatning hayotiy tarmog'i sifatida belgilab qo'ydi".
  594. ^ Kristofer Gair (2007). Amerika qarshi madaniyati. Edinburg universiteti matbuoti. 165– betlar. ISBN  978-0-7486-1989-4.
  595. ^ Bergeron, Rayan (2015-06-24). "Siz bilmagan 5 ta qo'shiq Vetnam urushi haqida edi". CNN. Olingan 2015-11-21.
  596. ^ Sheehan, Neil; Smit, Xedrik; Kenworth, E.W.; Butterfield, Fox (1971). Pentagon hujjatlari. Nyu-York: Nyu-York Tayms / Bantam. Vetnam urushining maxfiy tarixi. "Nyu-York Tayms" da nashr etilgan to'liq va taslim bo'lmagan seriyalar. Asosiy hujjatlar va 64 sahifali fotosuratlar bilan
  597. ^ Jeyms Riordan; Jerri Prochnicky (1992 yil 30 oktyabr). Break on through: Jim Morrisonning hayoti va o'limi. HarperCollins. ISBN  978-0-688-11915-7.
  598. ^ Andrew J. Rausch (2008 yil 25-fevral). Ellik nafar kinoijodkor: Rojer Avaridan Stiven Zailliangacha bo'lgan rejissyorlar bilan suhbatlar. McFarland. 96- betlar. ISBN  978-0-7864-8409-6.
  599. ^ Mitchell K. Hall (2005 yil 29 sentyabr). Chorrahalar: Amerika ommaviy madaniyati va Vetnam avlodi. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 166– betlar. ISBN  978-0-7425-7586-8.
  600. ^ Gina Misiroglu (2015 yil 26 mart). Amerika qarshi madaniyati: AQSh tarixidagi nokonformistlar ensiklopediyasi, muqobil turmush tarzi va radikal g'oyalar. Yo'nalish. 136– betlar. ISBN  978-1-317-47729-7.
  601. ^ Krogh, Egil (2007 yil 30-iyun). "Tarixni unutgan voqea". nytimes.com. The New York Times. Olingan 28 iyul, 2014. Bizning harakatlarimizning asosiy sharti - Oq uyning ayrim uchastkalarida prezident va uning nomidan ish yuritadigan shaxslar, agar xalq xavfsizligi talab qilayotganiga amin bo'lishsa, jazosiz noqonuniy xatti-harakatlarni amalga oshirishi mumkin degan qat'iy qarash edi. Olti yildan so'ng intervyu paytida Prezident Niksonning o'zi Devid Frostga aytganidek: "Prezident buni qilganda, bu noqonuniy emas". Bugungi kunga qadar ushbu bayonotning natijalari hayratlanarli.
  602. ^ Berman, Eliza (2015-09-09). "Attika qamoqxonasidagi isyonga ruxsat berilgan yagona fotosuratchi to'rt kunlik betartiblikni esladi". time.com. Time Inc. Olingan 2016-05-08. Tuproq bosilgach, 39 kishi halok bo'ldi - 29 mahbus va tuzatish ishlarining 10 xodimi - yaqin kunlarda ko'proq yaradorlar o'lishi kerak. Bu fuqarolar urushi kunlaridan beri amerikaliklar o'rtasidagi eng qonli bir kunlik uchrashuv edi.
  603. ^ Robert Hunter (2004). Amchitkaga Greenpeace: Atrof-muhitga oid Odisseya. arsenal pulpa pressi. ISBN  978-1-55152-178-7.
  604. ^ Montgomeri, Mark (2015-09-16). "Tarix: 1971 yil 15 sentyabr, Greenpeace-ning Kanadadan kelib chiqishi". rcinet.ca. Kanada xalqaro radiosi. Olingan 2016-06-24. Greenpeace yadroga qarshi tinchlik tashkiloti sifatida ish boshlagan bo'lsa-da, 1975 yilda Britaniya Kolumbiyasida bir necha yil oldin guvoh bo'lgan voqea tufayli kit ovlashga qarshi bo'lgan ikkita Yangi Zelandiyalik olimlar qo'shilgandan so'ng atrof-muhit masalalariga ko'proq e'tibor berishni boshladi. Ular baliqchilar tuzog'iga tushgan kitlar va erkin turishga muvaffaq bo'lganlar o'rtasidagi aloqalarni o'rganib chiqdilar.
  605. ^ "Est tarixi qisqa, ammo muvaffaqiyatli". latimes.com. Los Anjeles Tayms. 1986 yil 27 aprel. Olingan 23 may, 2014.
  606. ^ Landau, Jon (1971-11-25). "Bandleader Dueyn Allman velosiped halokatida vafot etdi". rollingstone.com. Rolling Stone. Olingan 2016-03-19. Allman Brothers Band guruhining etakchisi va harakatlantiruvchi kuchi Dueyn Allman 29-oktabr, juma kuni Gruziyaning Makon shahrida mototsikl qulashi natijasida olgan og'ir jarohatlaridan vafot etdi. U 24 yoshda edi. U va boshqa guruh hozirda ikki yildan ko'proq vaqt davomida birinchi haqiqiy ta'tilning o'rtalarida edi.
  607. ^ Kensi, Vinsent (1971-11-11). "Filmni ko'rib chiqish - Film: Frank Zappaning" 200 ta motel "syurrealist"'". The New York Times. Olingan 2016-06-27. Sarlavha, ehtimol, kecha Plaza teatrida ochilgan film haqidagi eng yaxshi narsa. U guruxlar, iliq pivo, chizburgerlar, to'lib toshgan kul laganlari, samarali sanitariya-tesisat va samarasiz konditsionerlarning ob-havosini havoni tozalamasdan muzlatib qo'yadi. - turistik rok guruhi a'zolari uchun uy.
  608. ^ Rhoda (Koenig) (2007-01-08). "Edi Sedgvik: Oltmishinchi yulduzning hayoti va o'limi". Mustaqil. Olingan 2016-06-20. Boy, ajoyib va ​​yaxshi aloqada bo'lgan Edi Sedvik Andy Uorxolning oltin doirasini yoritib bergan ziyofatchi qiz edi. Uning hayotiy hikoyasi ekranga chiqqanda, Rhoda Koenig juda oltmishinchi fojiani ochdi
  609. ^ Deyv Tompson (2004). Suvdagi tutun: chuqur binafsha voqea. ECW tugmasi. 128- betlar. ISBN  978-1-55022-618-8.
  610. ^ Kenyon, Piter (2015-03-08). "Shveytsariya shaharchasi, kazinoda yong'in va suv ustida tutun'". npr.org. Milliy jamoat radiosi (AQSh). Olingan 2016-06-12. Ammo ma'lum yoshdagi rokchilar uchun Montreux har doim o'zining boy musiqiy tarixi bilan mashhur bo'ladi - shu jumladan ingliz rok guruhi Deep Purple-ning "Suvdagi tutun" klassik musiqasini ilhomlantirgan g'azablangan kazino olovi. Hikoya shundan iboratki, 1971 yil 4-dekabrda Frank Zappa va ixtiro onalari Montreux kazinoida kontsert o'ynashgan. Guruh shou dasturiga deyarli 90 daqiqada kirib, "King Kong" ni namoyish qildi, olomon ichidan kimdir alangali qurolni tomga otdi va shu zahoti yonib ketdi.
  611. ^ Barns, Ellen (2010-07-16). "'Men bor edim ': Klod Nobsning "Suvdagi tutun ortidagi haqiqiy voqeasi"'". gibson.com. Gibson gitara. Olingan 2016-06-12.
  612. ^ Futter, Isobel (2015-04-15). "44 yil davomida marixuana himoyachilari Ann Arborda yig'ilishadi". Michigan Daily. Olingan 2015-11-13.
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