Sharlotta Perkins Gilman - Charlotte Perkins Gilman

Sharlotta Perkins Gilman
Sharlotta Perkins Gilman v. 1900.jpg
Tug'ilgan(1860-07-03)1860 yil 3-iyul
Xartford, Konnektikut, BIZ.
O'ldi1935 yil 17-avgust(1935-08-17) (75 yosh)
Pasadena, Kaliforniya, BIZ.
KasbYozuvchi, tijorat rassomi, jurnal muharriri, o'qituvchi va ijtimoiy islohotchi
Taniqli ishlar"Sariq fon rasmi "
Herland
Ayollar va iqtisodiyot
"Men jodugar bo'lganimda "
Imzo

Sharlotta Perkins Gilman (/ˈɡɪlmeng/; nee Perkins; 1860 yil 3-iyul - 1935 yil 17-avgust), shuningdek ma'lum Sharlotta Perkins Stetson, uning birinchi turmush qurgan ismi taniqli amerikalik edi gumanist, yozuvchi, yozuvchi qisqa hikoyalar, she'riyat va badiiy adabiyot va uchun ma'ruzachi ijtimoiy islohot.[1] U utopik feminist edi va odatiy bo'lmagan tushunchalari va turmush tarzi tufayli feministlarning kelajak avlodlari uchun namuna bo'lib xizmat qildi. U tarkibiga kiritilgan Milliy ayollar shon-sharaf zali.[2] Uning bugungi esda qolgan eng yaxshi ishi u yarim avtobiografik qisqa hikoya "Sariq fon rasmi ", deb yozgan edi u qattiq janjaldan keyin tug'ruqdan keyingi psixoz.

Hayotning boshlang'ich davri

Gilman 1860 yil 3-iyulda tug'ilgan Xartford, Konnektikut, Meri Perkinsga (sobiq Meri Fitch Vestkott) va Frederik Beecher Perkins. Uning faqat o'n bir oylik Tomas Adi akasi bor edi, chunki u o'n to'rt oylik katta edi, chunki shifokor Meri Perkinsga boshqa bolalar tug'ilsa o'lishi mumkinligi haqida maslahat bergan. Sharlotta go'daklik davrida otasi ko'chib chiqib, xotinini va bolalarini tashlab ketgan va bolaligining qolgan qismi qashshoqlikda o'tgan.[1]

Onasi oilani o'zi boqishga qodir bo'lmaganligi sababli, Perkins ko'pincha otasining xolalari huzurida bo'lgan, ya'ni Isabella Beecher Hooker, a huquqshunos; Harriet Beecher Stou, muallifi Tom amaki kabinasi va Katarin Beecher, tarbiyachi.

Uning o'qishi tartibsiz edi: u etti yoshdagi maktablarda o'qidi, jami atigi to'rt yil, o'n besh yoshida tugagan. Onasi bolalariga mehribon emas edi. Ularga o'xshab yaralanmasliklari uchun u o'z farzandlariga mustahkam do'stlik qilishdan yoki fantastika o'qishni taqiqlagan. Uning tarjimai holida, Sharlot Perkinsning hayoti, Gilmanning yozishicha, onasi faqat yosh qizi uxlab yotgan deb o'ylaganda mehr ko'rsatgan.[3] U bolaligidan ajratilgan, qashshoq yolg'izlikni boshdan kechirgan bo'lsa-da, u o'zini kutilmagan holda kutubxonaga tez-tez tashrif buyurib, qadimiy tsivilizatsiyalarni o'zi o'rganib, kelajak hayotiga tayyorladi. Bundan tashqari, otasining adabiyotga bo'lgan muhabbati unga ta'sir ko'rsatdi va bir necha yil o'tgach u u bilan o'qish uchun munosib bo'lgan kitoblar ro'yxati bilan bog'landi.[4]

Gilmanning yoshligining ko'p qismi o'tgan Providens, Rod-Aylend. Qanday do'stlari bor edi, asosan erkaklar va u o'zini "tomboy" deb atashdan uyalmagan.[5]

Uning tabiiy zukkoligi va bilimning kengligi har doim o'qituvchilarini hayratda qoldirar edi, ammo u kambag'al talaba bo'lganligi uchun undan ko'ngli qolgan edi.[6] Uning sevimli mavzusi "tabiiy falsafa, "ayniqsa, keyinchalik fizika deb nomlana boshlagan. 1878 yilda o'n sakkiz yoshli bola maktabdagi sinflarga yozilgan Roy-Aylend dizayn maktabi yo'q otasining pul yordami bilan,[7] va keyinchalik o'zini rassom sifatida qo'llab-quvvatladi savdo kartalari. U o'qituvchi edi va boshqalarni badiiy ijodini kengaytirishga da'vat etdi.[8] U shuningdek rassom edi.

Uning davrida Roy-Aylend dizayn maktabi, Gilman Marta Lyuter bilan taxminan 1879 yilda uchrashgan[9] va Lyuter bilan romantik munosabatlarda ekanligiga ishonishdi. Gilman o'zining avtobiografiyasida Lyuter bilan yaqin munosabatlarini tasvirlab berdi:

O'sha qizlik yillarining to'rt yilida biz bir-birimiz bilan chambarchas baxtli edik. U o'sha paytgacha hech kimdan ko'ra yaqinroq va qadrliroq edi. Bu sevgi edi, lekin jinsiy aloqa emas ... Marta bilan men mukammal baxtni bilardim ... Biz nafaqat bir-birimizni juda yaxshi ko'rar edik, balki birga zavqlanardik, mazali ...

— Sharlotta P. Gilman, Sharlot Perkinsning hayoti (1935)

Ikki ayol o'rtasidagi maktublar 1883 yildan 1889 yilgacha bo'lgan hayotlarini aks ettiradi va 50 dan ortiq maktublarni, shu jumladan yozishmalar, illyustratsiyalar va qo'lyozmalarni o'z ichiga oladi.[10] Ular o'z munosabatlarini Lyuter 1881 yilda bir odamga uylanish uchun bekor qilgunga qadar davom ettirishdi. Gilman xafa bo'lib, birinchi eri bilan uchrashguncha ishq va muhabbatdan nafratlandi.[9]

Voyaga etish

1884 yilda u rassomga uylandi Charlz Valter Stetson, dastlab uning taklifini rad etganidan so'ng, ichak hissi unga bu uning uchun to'g'ri emasligini aytdi.[11] Ularning yagona farzandi Katarin Beher Stetson keyingi yili 1885 yil 23 martda tug'ilgan. Sharlotta Perkins Gilman juda jiddiy kurashni boshidan kechirdi. tug'ruqdan keyingi tushkunlik. Bu asr ayollarga "isterik" va "asabiy" mavjudotlar sifatida qaraladigan asr edi; Shunday qilib, ayol tug'ilgandan keyin og'ir kasal deb da'vo qilganda, ba'zida uning da'volari rad etildi.[12]

Sharlotta Perkins Gilman
Fotosurat muallifi Frensis Benjamin Djonston (taxminan 1900).

Gilman qizi Ketrin bilan Janubiy Kaliforniyaga ko'chib o'tdi va do'sti bilan yashadi Greys Ellery Channing. 1888 yilda Sharlotta eridan ajraldi - o'n to'qqizinchi asrning oxirida kamdan-kam uchraydigan hodisa. Ular 1894 yilda rasman ajrashishgan. Ajrashganlaridan keyin Stetson Channingga uylangan.[13][14] Bir yil davomida u erini tark etdi, Sharlotta uchrashdi Adeline Knapp, "Delle" deb nomlangan. Sintiya J. Devis ikki ayolning qanday qilib jiddiy munosabatda bo'lganligini tasvirlaydi. Uning yozishicha, Gilman "Delle shahrida sevish va yashashni birlashtirishning yo'lini topganiga va turmush o'rtog'i bo'lgan ayol bilan u odatdagi heteroseksual nikohga qaraganda bu kombinatsiyani osonroq qo'llab-quvvatlashi mumkinligiga ishongan". O'zaro munosabatlar oxir-oqibat tugadi.[15][16] Eri bilan ajralib ketganidan so'ng, Sharlotta qizi bilan Kaliforniyaning Pasadena shahriga ko'chib o'tdi va u erda bir nechta feministik va islohotchi tashkilotlarda faollashdi. Tinch okeani sohilidagi ayollar matbuot assotsiatsiyasi, Ayollar ittifoqi, Iqtisodiy klub, Ebell Jamiyati (nomi bilan Adrian Jon Ebell ), Ota-onalar assotsiatsiyasi va Ayollar davlat kengashi, yozish va tahrirlashdan tashqari Axborotnomasi, ilgari aytib o'tilgan tashkilotlardan biri tomonidan chiqarilgan jurnal.[17]

1894 yilda Gilman qizini sharqqa sobiq eri va uning ikkinchi xotini, do'sti bilan yashashga yubordi Greys Ellery Channing. Gilman o'z xotirasida er-xotin uchun baxtli ekanligini aytdi, chunki Katarinning "ikkinchi onasi birinchisiga o'xshab yaxshi edi, va ehtimol ba'zi jihatdan yaxshiroq edi".[18] Gilman, shuningdek, otalik huquqlari to'g'risida ilg'or qarashlarni ilgari surgan va uning sobiq eri "[Katarinning] ba'zi jamiyatlariga haqli" va Katarin "otasini bilish va sevish huquqiga ega" ekanligini tan olgan.[19]

1893 yilda onasi vafot etganidan so'ng, Gilman sakkiz yil ichida birinchi marta sharqqa qaytishga qaror qildi. U o'n besh yil davomida ko'rmagan birinchi amakivachchasi Xyuton Gilman bilan bog'landi. Uoll-strit advokat. Ular deyarli darhol birgalikda ko'p vaqt sarflashni boshladilar va romantik munosabatda bo'lishdi. U davom etar edi ma'ruza safari, Xyuton va Sharlotta u jo'nab ketguncha xat almashib, imkon qadar ko'proq vaqt o'tkazar edilar. Kundaliklarida u uni "yoqimli" deb ta'riflaydi va u unga juda qiziqqanligi aniq.[20] 1900 yilgi to'ylaridan 1922 yilgacha ular Nyu-Yorkda yashagan. Ularning nikohi uning birinchi nikohiga o'xshamasdi. 1922 yilda Gilman Nyu-Yorkdan Xyutonning eski uyiga ko'chib o'tdi Norvich, Konnektikut. 1934 yilda Xyutonning miya qon ketishidan to'satdan vafot etganidan so'ng, Gilman Kaliforniyadagi Pasadena shahriga, uning qizi yashagan.[21]

1932 yil yanvar oyida Gilmanga davolanib bo'lmaydigan ko'krak saratoni tashxisi qo'yildi.[22] Advokat evtanaziya ayanchli kasal bo'lgan Gilman 1935 yil 17 avgustda haddan tashqari dozani qabul qilib, o'z joniga qasd qilib vafot etdi xloroform. O'zining tarjimai holida ham, o'z joniga qasd qilish to'g'risidagi yozuvida ham u "saraton o'rniga xloroformni tanladim" va u tez va jimgina vafot etdi.[21]

Karyera

Bir payt Gilman sovun sotish bilan o'zini qo'llab-quvvatladi eshikdan eshikka. Pasadenaga ko'chib o'tgandan so'ng, Gilman tashkilot bilan faol shug'ullangan ijtimoiy islohot harakatlar. Delegat sifatida u 1896 yilda Kaliforniya vakili sifatida qatnashgan Amerikalik ayollarning saylov huquqlari bo'yicha milliy assotsiatsiyasi Vashingtonda bo'lib o'tgan anjuman va Xalqaro sotsialistik va mehnat kongressi Londonda.[23] 1890 yilda u bilan tanishdilar Millatchilik klublari "tinchlik, axloqiy va haqiqatan ham ilg'or insoniyatni targ'ib qilish paytida kapitalizmning ochko'zligi va sinflar o'rtasidagi farqni to'xtatish" uchun harakat qilgan. Nashr etilgan Millatparvar jurnali, uning "Shunga o'xshash holatlar" she'ri ijtimoiy o'zgarishlarga qarshilik ko'rsatgan odamlarning satirik obzori edi va u tanqidchilar tomonidan ijobiy fikrlar oldi. Aynan shu 1890 yil davomida u o'n besh esse, she'r, roman va hikoya yozish uchun ilhomlantiradi. Sariq fon rasmi. Uning karerasi u millatchilik to'g'risida ma'ruza qila boshlaganida va birinchi she'riyat to'plami bilan jamoatchilik e'tiborini qozonganida boshlandi, Bu bizning dunyomizda, 1893 yilda nashr etilgan.[24] Ma'ruza qilishni daromad manbai deb hisoblagan muvaffaqiyatli ma'ruzachi sifatida uning shuhrati shu kabi fikrlovchi faollar va yozuvchilarning ijtimoiy doiralari bilan birga o'sdi. feministik harakat.

"Sariq devor qog'ozi"

Sariq fon rasmi, Jilmonning eng mashhur asarlaridan biri, dastlab 1892 yilda Jorj Xyuton Gilmanga uylanishidan oldin nashr etilgan

1890 yilda Gilman o'zining qissasini yozdi "Sariq fon rasmi ",[25] bu hozirda eng ko'p sotilgan kitob Feminist matbuot.[26] U 1890 yil 6 va 7 iyun kunlari Pasadena uyida yozgan va bir yarim yildan so'ng 1892 yil yanvar sonida bosilgan. Yangi Angliya jurnali.[1] Dastlabki nashridan boshlab, u ko'plab ayollar adabiyotlari to'plamlarida, amerika adabiyotlarida va o'quv qo'llanmalarida antologiyaga kiritilgan,[27] har doim ham asl shaklida emas. Masalan, ko'plab darsliklarda "turmushda" iborasi hikoyaning boshidagi juda muhim satrdan chiqarib tashlangan: "Jon, albatta, menga kuladi, lekin turmushda buni kutadi". Ushbu tashabbusning sababi sir bo'lib qolmoqda, chunki Gilmanning nikoh haqidagi qarashlari butun hikoya davomida aniq.

Hikoya, sog'lig'i uchun uch oy davomida eri xonada yashiringanidan keyin ruhiy kasallikka chalingan ayol haqida. U xonaning qo'zg'olonchi sariq fon rasmi bilan ovora bo'ladi. Gilman ushbu hikoyani ayollarning jamiyatdagi o'rni haqidagi fikrlarini o'zgartirish uchun yozgan, ayollarning avtonomligi yo'qligi ularning aqliy, hissiy va hatto jismoniy farovonligiga zarar etkazishini tasvirlab beradi. Ushbu voqea uning birinchi eridan davolanishidan ilhomlangan.[28] Hikoyadagi rivoyatchi eri talab qilganidek bajarishi kerak (u ham uning shifokori), garchi u tayinlagan muomala to'g'ridan-to'g'ri unga kerak bo'lgan narsaga zid bo'lsa - aqliy rag'batlantirish va u yashab turgan xonaning monotonligidan qochish erkinligi. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" aslida shifokorga javob edi (Dr. Silas Vayr Mitchell ) uni ruhiy tushkunlikdan davolamoqchi bo'lgan "dam olish davosi ". U unga hikoyaning bir nusxasini yubordi.[29]

Boshqa diqqatga sazovor asarlar

Sharlotta Perkins Gilman (rasmda) ushbu maqolalarni yozgan feminizm uchun Atlanta konstitutsiyasi, 1916 yil 10-dekabrda nashr etilgan.

Gilmanning birinchi kitobi edi Uy va yong'in yonidagi badiiy toshlar (1888); ammo, bu uning birinchi she'riy jildi, Bu bizning dunyomizda (1893), satirik she'rlar to'plami, uni birinchi marta tan oldi. Keyingi yigirma yil ichida u o'z shuhratining katta qismini ayollar masalalari, axloq qoidalari, mehnat, inson huquqlari va ijtimoiy islohotlar mavzusidagi ma'ruzalar bilan qozondi.[1] Uning ma'ruza safari uni Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari bo'ylab olib bordi.[1] U o'zining fantastika asarida ushbu mavzularga tez-tez murojaat qilgan.[21]

1894–95 yillarda Gilman jurnal muharriri bo'lib ishlagan Taassurot, Tinch okeani sohilidagi ayollar matbuot assotsiatsiyasi (ilgari Axborotnomasi). Yigirma hafta davomida jurnal nashr etildi, u she'rlari, tahririyat maqolalari va boshqa maqolalarini qo'shishda qoniqarli ishlarni amalga oshirdi. Qisqa muddatli qog'ozni bosib chiqarish odatiy bo'lmagan ona va erkak bilan ajrashgan ayol bo'lishni o'z ichiga olgan turmush tarziga qarshi ijtimoiy tarafkashlik natijasida tugadi.[30] 1897 yil aprelda yakunlangan to'rt oylik ma'ruza safari so'ng, Gilman Amerika hayotidagi jinsiy munosabatlar va iqtisod haqida chuqurroq o'ylashni boshladi va natijada birinchi loyihasini yakunladi Ayollar va iqtisodiyot (1898). Ushbu kitobda ayollarning tazyiqlarini yumshatish va ularning ishlarini jamoat joylarida kengaytirishga imkon berish uchun bolalarni tarbiyalash va uy ishlarini olib borish amaliyotidagi o'zgarishlarni muhokama qilib, ayollarning uydagi roli muhokama qilindi.[31] Kitob keyingi yilda nashr etildi va Gilmonni xalqaro e'tibor markaziga tortdi.[32] 1903 yilda u Berlindagi Xalqaro Ayollar Kongressida nutq so'zladi. Keyingi yil u Angliya, Gollandiya, Germaniya, Avstriya va Vengriyada gastrol safarida bo'ldi.

1903 yilda u o'zining tanqidiy kitoblaridan birini yozdi, Uy: uning ishi va ta'sirikengaytirildi Ayollar va iqtisodiyot, ayollarning o'z uylarida zulm qilinishini va ularning ruhiy holatlari uchun sog'lom bo'lishlari uchun ular yashaydigan muhitni o'zgartirish kerakligini taklif qilish. Sayohat va yozish o'rtasida uning adabiy shaxs sifatida faoliyati ta'minlandi.[33] 1909 yildan 1916 yilgacha Gilman yakka o'zi o'z jurnalini yozgan va tahrir qilgan, Oldin, unda uning badiiy adabiyotining aksariyati paydo bo'ldi. O'zining jurnalida "fikrni rag'batlantiradigan", "umid, jasorat va sabrsizlik uyg'otadigan" va "maxsus vositaga muhtoj bo'lgan fikrlarni ifoda etadigan" materiallarni taqdim etish orqali u juda shov-shuvli bo'lgan ommaviy axborot vositalariga qarshi borishni maqsad qildi.[34] Etti yil va ikki oy davomida jurnal har biri yigirma sakkiz sahifadan iborat sakson oltita sonini chiqardi. Jurnal 1500 ga yaqin obunachiga ega edi va "Dianta nima qildi" (1910), Crux (1911), Tog'ni siljitish (1911) va Herland. The Oldin "uning uzoq yillik faoliyatidagi eng katta adabiy yutuq" sifatida tilga olingan.[35] Etti yildan so'ng, u yuzlab maqolalar yozdi, ular tomonidan taqdim etilgan Louisville Herald, Baltimor quyoshi, va Buffaloning kechki yangiliklari. Uning tarjimai holi, Sharlot Perkinsning hayoti1925 yilda yozishni boshlagan vafotidan keyin 1935 yilda paydo bo'lgan.[36]

Dam olishni davolash

Perkins-Gilman 1884 yilda Charlz Stetsonga uylandi va bir yildan kam vaqt o'tgach, ularning qizi Katarinni tug'di. Allaqachon depressiyaga moyil bo'lib, uning alomatlari nikoh va onalik tufayli kuchaygan. U qizini dunyoga keltirgan paytdan boshlab, bir necha yil o'tgach, uning kutilayotgan depressiyasini tasvirlaydi.[37]

1887 yil 18-aprelda Gilman o'zining kundalik daftarida u "aql-idrokka yo'l qo'ygan" darajaga qadar hech kim his qila olmaydigan azob-uqubatlarni keltirib chiqaradigan "ba'zi miya kasalliklari" bilan juda kasal bo'lganligini yozgan.[38] Boshlash uchun bemor hatto yotog'idan chiqib keta olmadi, o'qiy olmadi, yozmadi, tikmadi, gaplashmadi yoki o'zini ovqatlantirmadi.[39]

To'qqiz hafta o'tgach, Gilman Mitchellning "Iloji boricha uy sharoitida yashang. Farzandingiz doim yoningizda bo'lsin ... Har ovqatdan keyin bir soat yotib turing. Kuniga ikki soatdan ziyod intellektual hayot o'tkazing" degan ko'rsatmasi bilan uyga jo'natildi. Va tirik ekan, hech qachon qalam, cho'tka yoki qalamga tegmang. " U bir necha oy davomida Mitchellning maslahatiga amal qilishga urindi, ammo depressiyasi yanada chuqurlashdi va Gilmon xavfli bo'lib, to'liq hissiy qulashga yaqinlashdi.[40] Uning aql-idrokida edi va u erining kundaliklarida yozilganidek, to'pponcha va xloroform haqida gap ketadigan o'z joniga qasd qilish xatti-harakatlarini namoyish qila boshladi. Yozning boshiga kelib, er-xotin uning eri va qizining hayotiga ta'sir qilmasdan aql-idrokni tiklashi uchun ajralish kerak deb qaror qilishdi.[14]

1888 yil yozida Sharlot va Ketarin vaqt o'tkazdilar Bristol, Rod-Aylend, Uolterdan uzoqda va u erda uning depressiyasi ko'tarila boshladi. U munosabatidagi ijobiy o'zgarishlarni sezganligi haqida yozadi. U sentyabr oyida Providensga qaytib keldi. U Konnektikutda qolgan mol-mulkini sotdi va do'sti Greys Channing bilan Pasadenaga bordi, u erda uning ruhiy tushkunlik holatini tiklash uning intellektual hayotini o'zgartirish orqali ko'rish mumkin.[19]

Ijtimoiy qarashlar va nazariyalar

Darvinizmni isloh qilish va ayollarning jamiyatdagi o'rni

Gilman o'zini a gumanist va ichki muhit ayollarni jamiyat tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan patriarxal e'tiqod orqali ezilganiga ishongan.[41] Gilman islohot nazariyasini qabul qildi Darvinizm Darvinning evolyutsiya nazariyalari inson evolyutsiyasi jarayonida faqat erkaklar uchun berilgan deb mulohaza yuritdi va shu bilan ular topa oladigan eng munosib turmush o'rtog'ini oqilona tanlagan jamiyatdagi ayol miyasining kelib chiqishini inobatga olmadi.

Gilman erkaklarning tajovuzkorligi va ayollar uchun onalik rollari sun'iy bo'lib, tarixdan keyingi davrda omon qolish uchun endi zarur emasligini ta'kidladi. U shunday deb yozgan: "Ayollar ongi yo'q. Miya jinsiy aloqa organi emas. Shuningdek, ayol jigar haqida ham gapirish mumkin".[42]

Uning asosiy argumenti shundaki, jinsiy aloqa va uy xo'jaligi iqtisodiyoti yonma-yon yurgan; ayol omon qolishi uchun, u o'z oilasini moddiy qo'llab-quvvatlashi uchun erini rozi qilish uchun jinsiy aktivlariga suyangan. Bolaligidan boshlab, yosh qizlar o'zlariga sotiladigan o'yinchoqlar va ular uchun mo'ljallangan kiyimlar bilan ularni onalikka tayyorlaydigan ijtimoiy cheklovga majburlanadilar. U kichkina qizlar va o'g'il bolalar kiyadigan kiyimlar, ular o'ynaydigan o'yinchoqlar va mashg'ulotlarda hech qanday farq bo'lmasligi kerakligini ta'kidladi va tomboylarni atrofda yugurib, o'z tanalarini erkin va sog'lom ishlatadigan mukammal insonlar deb ta'rifladi.[43]

Gilman tarix davomida ayollarning tsivilizatsiyaga qo'shgan hissalari tufayli to'xtab qoldi, deb ta'kidladi androsentrik madaniyat. U ayoliyat insoniyatning rivojlanmagan yarmi, va rivojlanish insoniyat naslining yomonlashishini oldini olish uchun zarur deb hisoblagan.[44] Gilmon iqtisodiy mustaqillik - bu haqiqatan ham ayollarga erkinlik olib kelishi va ularni erkaklar bilan tenglashtirishi mumkin bo'lgan yagona narsa, deb hisoblagan. 1898 yilda u nashr etdi Ayollar va iqtisodiyot, nazariy risolada, boshqa narsalar qatori, ayollarni erkaklar bo'ysundiradi, onalik ayolning uydan tashqarida ishlashiga to'sqinlik qilmasligi kerakligi va uy ishlarini olib borish, ovqat tayyorlash va bolalarni parvarish qilish kasbiy darajaga ko'tarilganligi ta'kidlangan.[45] "Ideal ayol, - deb yozgan Gilman, - nafaqat uni uyiga qamab qo'yadigan ijtimoiy rolni tayinlagan, balki unga yoqishi, quvnoq va gomoseksual, jilmayib va ​​xushchaqchaq bo'lishini kutishgan". Jinsiy-iqtisodiy munosabatlar mavjud bo'lmay qolsa, ichki hayot yaxshilanadi, chunki munosabatlardagi ko'ngilsizlik ko'pincha ichki xotinning tashqi dunyo bilan aloqasi yo'qligidan kelib chiqadi.[46]

Gilman ayollarning ish qarashlari, kiyinish islohoti va oilasi kabi mavzular bo'yicha vakili bo'ldi. Uy ishi, uning fikriga ko'ra, erkaklar va ayollar teng ravishda taqsimlanishi kerak va erta yoshda ayollarni mustaqil bo'lishga da'vat etish kerak. Uning ko'plab yirik asarlarida, jumladan "Uy" (1903), Inson ishi (1904) va Inson tomonidan yaratilgan dunyo (1911), Gilman shuningdek, uydan tashqarida ishlaydigan ayollarni himoya qildi.[47]

Gilman uy ijtimoiy jihatdan qayta belgilanishi kerakligini ta'kidlaydi. Uy iqtisodiy foyda yoki zarurat tufayli er-xotin birgalikda yashaydigan "iqtisodiy sub'ekt" bo'lishdan, erkaklar guruhlari va ayollar guruhlari "shaxsiy hayotning tinch va doimiy ifodasi" bilan bo'lishadigan joyga o'tishi kerak.[48]

Gilman qulay va sog'lom turmush tarziga ega bo'lish faqat turmush qurgan juftliklar bilan cheklanmasligi kerak deb hisoblar edi; barcha odamlar ushbu qulayliklarni ta'minlaydigan uyga muhtoj. Gilman xonalar, lyuks xonalari va uylardan tashkil topgan erkaklar va ayollar uchun ochiq bo'lgan kommunal turar joy qurilishi kerakligini taklif qiladi. Bu odamlarga yakka holda yashashga imkon beradi va ular hali ham do'stona va uydagi farovonliklarga ega bo'lishadi. Erkaklar ham, ayollar ham turmush sharoitida erkak yoki ayolning iqtisodiy holati o'zgarmasdan turmush qurishga imkon beradigan ushbu turmush sharoitida umuman iqtisodiy jihatdan mustaqil bo'lishadi.

Uyning konstruktiv joylashuvi ham Gilman tomonidan aniqlangan. U oshxonani uydan olib tashlaydi, xonalarni har qanday shaklda ajratish va kengaytirish uchun qoldiradi va ayollarni uydagi ovqatdan ozod qiladi. Uy bu erda yashovchi shaxsning haqiqiy shaxsiy ifodasiga aylanadi.

Pirovardida uyni va turmush tarzini qayta qurish odamlarga, ayniqsa ayollarga "jamiyat ehtiyojlari va ulardan foydalanish bilan chambarchas, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri, doimiy aloqada" "ijtimoiy tuzilmaning ajralmas qismiga" aylanishiga imkon beradi. Odatda bu o'zlarini oilaviy hayot cheklangan deb hisoblaydigan ayollar uchun keskin o'zgarish bo'ladi, chunki ular erkaklarnikiga iqtisodiy bog'liqligidan kelib chiqqan.[49]

Hikoyalar va romanlarda feminizm

Gilman o'zining ko'plab hikoyalarida feministik nuqtai nazardan dunyoni yaratdi. Uning ikkita rivoyati, "Dianta nima qildi" va Herland, Gilman o'z ishini ayollar nafaqat uyda o'tiradigan onalar bo'lishlariga e'tiborini qaratganining yaxshi namunalari; ular ham orzulari bor, xuddi erkaklar singari sayohat qilish va ishlashga qodir bo'lgan va maqsadlari ayollar erkaklar kabi muhim bo'lgan jamiyatni o'z ichiga olgan odamlardir. Jilman tomonidan amalga oshirilgan dunyo qurilishi, shuningdek, ushbu ikki hikoyadagi va boshqa qahramonlar 1900-yillarning boshlarida zarur bo'lgan o'zgarishni hozirgi kunda odatda feminizm deb qaraladigan tarzda aks ettiradi.

Gilman dunyodagi qurilishdan foydalanadi Herland u ko'rishni orzu qilgan tenglikni namoyish etish. Herland ayollari provayderlardir. Bu odatda erkaklarga beriladigan jins rollarini o'z zimmalariga olib, ularni dominant jinsiy aloqa sifatida namoyon qiladi. Elizabeth Keyser qayd etadi, "In Herland go'yoki yuqori darajadagi jinsiy aloqa kam yoki kambag'al bo'lib qoladi. . . "[50] Ushbu jamiyatda Gilman ayollarni jamiyatdagi etakchilikka, stereotipik ravishda erkak rollari deb qaraladigan rollarni bajarishga va erkaklar o'zlarining ishlariga va jamoatiga nisbatan bir xil munosabatisiz butun jamoani boshqarishga yo'naltirilgan joyga olib boradi. Biroq, erkaklar ayollarga nisbatan munosabati, ayniqsa Gilman singari ilg'or ayollar tomonidan kamsitilgan edi. Foydalanish Herland, Gilman bu stereotipga qarshi chiqdi va Herland jamiyatini jannat turiga aylantirdi. Gilman ushbu hikoyadan foydalanib, ayollarning stereotipik ravishda qadrsizlangan fazilatlari qadrli ekanligini, kuchini namoyon etadi va kelajakdagi asarlari uchun an'anaviy utopik tuzilmani buzadi.[51] Aslida, Gilman Herland jamiyatini hayotida ko'rmoqchi bo'lgan o'zgarishlarni nazarda tutib, bu dunyoda tenglikni namoyon etib, ayollarning barcha hokimiyatni egallashi uchun yaratadi.

Gilmanning feministik yondashuvi farq qiladi Herland "Dianta nima qildi" da. Ushbu hikoyadagi bitta qahramon Dianta ayollarning an'anaviy kutishini buzib, Gilmanning ayolning hayotdagi jamiyatda nimalar qila olishini istashini namoyish etadi. Hikoya davomida Gilman Diantani AQShdagi biznes obraziga ta'sir ko'rsatadigan, gender normalari va rollariga qarshi chiqadigan va ayollarning jamiyatdagi yirik biznesdagi korrupsiyani hal qilishga yordam berishi mumkinligiga ishonadigan obraz sifatida tasvirlaydi.[52] Gilman Diantaga kasbni tanlashni istaydi, u stereotipga ko'ra bitta ayolga o'xshamaydi, chunki bu bilan u an'anaviy ayollarning ish haqi va ish haqi adolatsiz ekanligini ko'rsatmoqda. Dianhaning biznes yuritishni tanlashi unga soyadan chiqib, jamiyatga qo'shilishga imkon beradi. Gilmanning asarlari, ayniqsa uning "Dianta nima qildi" bilan ishlashlari o'zgarishlarga chorlov, erkaklarda vahima va ayollarda hokimiyatga olib keladigan jangovar chaqiriqdir.[53] Gilman o'z ishini ayollarni qamrab olish va ularga erkinlik sari harakat qilishni boshlash yo'lida o'zgartirish uchun da'vo platformasi sifatida ishlatgan.

Musobaqa

Afro-amerikaliklarga nisbatan, Gilmon yozgan Amerika sotsiologiya jurnali: "Biz chet elliklarning katta guruhi, umuman bir-biriga o'xshamaydigan va ko'p jihatdan past bo'lgan irqning muqarrar ravishda mavjudligini ko'rib chiqishimiz kerak, ularning hozirgi holati biz uchun ijtimoiy jarohat."[54]

Gilman qo'shimcha ravishda quyidagilarni taklif qildi: "Muammo shundaki, quyidagilar: berilgan: o'sha mamlakatda A irqi, ijtimoiy evolyutsiyada, masalan, 10-holatga o'tdi; va B irqi, ijtimoiy evolyutsiyada, aytaylik, 4-holatga ... Berilgan: B poygasi hozirgi holatida A irqiga mos keladigan darajada tez rivojlanmayapti. Savol: Qanday qilib A poygasi eng yaxshi va B poygasi rivojlanishiga tez yordam berishi mumkin? " Gilmanning echimi shundan iborat ediki, "ma'lum bir fuqarolik darajasi" ostidagi barcha qora tanlilar - "munosib, o'zini o'zi qo'llab-quvvatlamaydigan va ilg'or" bo'lmaganlar - "davlat tomonidan qabul qilinishi kerak edi.[54]

Gilman "qullik" emas, balki "harbiy xizmatga jalb qilish" deb atagan ushbu taklif qilingan tizim qora tanli amerikaliklar, "erkaklar, ayollar va bolalar" ning majburiy mehnatini talab qiladi.[54] Gilman, ro'yxatdan o'tganlar ish haqi olishlari kerak, ammo faqat mehnat dasturi qiymati qondirilgandan keyingina.

Gilman, shuningdek, Britaniyaning mustamlakachilik naslidan bo'lgan eski aktsioner amerikaliklar o'z mamlakatlarini millatning reproduktiv pokligini susaytirayotgan muhojirlarga berib yuborayotganiga ishongan.[55] Londonga safari chog'ida uning bu boradagi pozitsiyasi to'g'risida so'rashganda, u "Men hamma narsadan oldin anglo-saksonman" deb mashhur tanqid qildi.[56] Biroq, barcha ayollarning ovozini olish uchun u milliy saylovda qatnashish huquqi uchun savodxonlik talablariga qarshi chiqdi Amerika ayollarning saylov huquqlari assotsiatsiyasi 1903 yilda Nyu-Orleanda bo'lib o'tgan anjuman.[57]

Adabiyotshunos Syuzan S. Lanser "Sariq devor qog'ozi" ni Gilmonning irq haqidagi e'tiqodlariga e'tibor qaratish bilan izohlash kerak degan fikrni ilgari surdi.[58] Boshqa adabiyotshunoslar Lanserning asariga asoslanib, Gilmanning g'oyalarini uning boshqa asari bilan bog'liqligini anglash va asrning madaniyatini yanada kengroq tushunish uchun qurdilar.[59][60]

Hayvonlar

Gilmanning feministik asarlari ko'pincha uy hayvonlaridan foydalanishni isloh qilish uchun pozitsiyalar va dalillarni o'z ichiga olgan.[61] Yilda Herland, Gilmanning utopik jamiyati barcha uy hayvonlarini, shu jumladan chorvachilikni ham istisno qiladi. Bundan tashqari, ichida Tog'ni siljitish Gilman qarindoshlararo qon ketish bilan bog'liq bo'lgan hayvonlarni xonakilashtirish bilan bog'liq muammolarni hal qiladi. "Men jodugar bo'lganimda" hikoyachisi Nyu-York bo'ylab harakatlanayotganda hayvonlardan foydalanish holatlariga guvoh bo'lib, ularga aralashib, ishchi otlar, mushuklar va lapdoglarni "bemalol o'lik" qilib ko'rsatgan. Bir adabiyotshunos olim "Sariq devor qog'ozi" dagi ayol rivoyatchining regressini uy sharoitida quritilgan fellekularning parallel holati bilan bog'ladi.[62]

Tanqidiy qabul

"Sariq fon rasmi" dastlab turli xil qabul bilan kutib olindi. Bitta noma'lum xat Boston ko'chirmasi o'qing: "Hikoya har qanday o'quvchiga zavq bag'ishlamasligi mumkin edi va bu dahshatli kasallik hayoti eng aziz aloqalar orqali ta'sirlangan ko'pchilik uchun bu eng qattiq og'riq keltirishi kerak. Boshqalarga, hayoti ruhiy buzilish irsiyatiga qarshi kurash, bunday adabiyotlarda o'lik xavf mavjud. Bunday hikoyalarni qattiq tanqidsiz o'tqazish kerakmi? "[63]

Ijobiy sharhlovchilar buni ta'sirchan deb ta'riflaydilar, chunki bu monoton hayot kechiradigan ayollar ruhiy kasalliklarga chalinganligi haqidagi eng aniq va grafik bayon.[64]

Garchi Gilman nashr etilishi bilan xalqaro miqyosda shuhrat qozongan bo'lsa ham Ayollar va iqtisodiyot oxirida, 1898 yilda Birinchi jahon urushi, u o'z vaqtiga mos kelmaydigan tuyuldi. O'zining tarjimai holida u "afsuski, mening jinsiy masalaga oid qarashlarim yoqmaydi Freyd bugungi dunyoning murakkabligi, shuningdek, bu dunyoni obod qilish borasidagi ulkan ishimizga yordam sifatida din taqdimotidan odamlar mamnun emaslar. "[65]

Enn J. Leyn yozadi Herland va undan tashqarida "Gilmon muhim masalalar bo'yicha istiqbollarni taklif qildi jins biz u bilan hali ham kurashamiz; ayollarni bo'ysundirishning kelib chiqishi, odamlar munosabatlarida ham avtonomiyaga, ham yaqinlikka erishish uchun kurash; o'zlikni ta'rifi sifatida ishning markaziy roli; kelajak avlodlarni tarbiyalash va tarbiyalashning yangi strategiyalari insonparvar va tarbiyaviy muhit yaratish uchun. "[66]

Bibliografiya

Kutubxona resurslari haqida
Sharlotta Perkins Gilman
Sharlotta Perkins Gilman tomonidan

Gilmanning ishlariga quyidagilar kiradi:[67]

She'riy to'plamlar

  • Bu bizning dunyomizda,1-nashr. Oklend: Makkombs va Von, 1893. London: T. Fisher Unvin, 1895. 2-nashr; San-Fransisko: Jeyms H. Barrining matbuoti, 1895 yil.
  • Saylov huquqiga oid qo'shiqlar va oyatlar. Nyu-York: Charlton Co., 1911. Mikrofilm. New Haven: Tadqiqot nashrlari, 1977, Ayollar tarixi # 6558.
  • Sharlotta Perkins Gilmanning keyingi she'riyati. Newark, DE: Delaver universiteti matbuoti, 1996 y.

Qisqa hikoyalar

Jilman jurnallarda, gazetalarda 186 ta hikoyalarini nashr etdi va ko'plari har oy o'zini o'zi nashr etadigan nashrlarda chop etildi, Oldin. Ko'plab adabiyotshunoslar ushbu qisqa hikoyalarni e'tiborsiz qoldirdilar.[68]

  • "Vaziyat holatlarni o'zgartiradi." Keyt Fildning Vashington, 1890 yil 23-iyul: 55-56. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford universiteti matbuoti, 1995. 32-38.
  • - O'sha nodir marvarid. Ayollar jurnali, 1890 yil 17-may: 158. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 20-24.
  • "Kutilmagan." Keyt Fildning Vashington, 1890 yil 21-may: 335-6. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 25-31.
  • "Yo'qolib ketgan farishta". Keyt Fildning Vashington, 1891 yil 23 sentyabr: 199-200. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 48-50.
  • "Gigant Vistariya". Yangi Angliya jurnali 4 (1891): 480–85. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 39-47.
  • "Sariq devor qog'ozi". Yangi Angliya jurnali 5 (1892): 647-56; Boston: Kichik, Maynard & Co., 1899; Nyu-York: Feminist Press, 1973 Elayn Xedjdan keyingi so'z; Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. Kirish Robert Shulman.
  • "Sallanan stul". Vortinqtonning Illustrated 1 (1893): 453–59. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 51-61.
  • "Elopement". San-Fransiskoga qo'ng'iroq, 1893 yil 10-iyul: 1. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 66-68.
  • "Tashlandiq". San-Frantsisko 1893 yil 17-iyulda qo'ng'iroq qiladi: 1-2. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 62-65.
  • "Bu orqali". Keyt Fildning Vashington, 1893 yil 13 sentyabr: 166. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 69-72.
  • "Bir kunlik berryin." Taassurot, 1894 yil 13 oktyabr: 4-5. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 78-82.
  • "Besh qiz". Taassurot, 1894 yil 1-dekabr: 5. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 83–86.
  • "Bir chiqish yo'li." Taassurot, 1894 yil 29 dekabr: 4-5. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 87-91.
  • "Pendlton Oaksni yo'ldan ozdirish". Taassurot, 1894 yil 6-oktabr: 4-5. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 73–77.
  • "G'ayritabiiy ona". Taassurot, 1895 yil 16-fevral: 4-5. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 98–106.
  • "Patentlanmagan jarayon." Taassurot, 1895 yil 12-yanvar: 4-5. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 92-97.
  • - Sulaymonning so'zlariga ko'ra. Oldin 1:2 (1909):1–5. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 122–129.
  • "Uch minnatdorchilik". Oldin 1 (1909): 5–12. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 107-121.
  • "Dianta nima qildi. NOVEL". Oldin 1 (1909–11); Nyu-York: Charlton Co., 1910; London: T. Fisher Unvin, 1912 yil.
  • "Kottetka". Oldin 1:10 (1910): 1–5. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 130-138.
  • "Men jodugar bo'lganimda." Oldin 1 (1910): 1–6. Sharlotta Perkins Gilman o'quvchisi. Ed. Enn J. Leyn. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 21-31.
  • "Ikki uyda". Oldin 2:7 (1911): 171–77. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 159–171.
  • "O'zgarishlarni amalga oshirish." Oldin 2:12 (1911): 311–315. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 182-190.
  • "Tog'ni siljitish". Oldin 2 (1911); Nyu-York: Charlton Co., 1911; Sharlotta Perkins Gilman o'quvchisi. Ed. Enn J. Leyn. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 178-188.
  • "Crux.A NOVEL." Forerunner 2 (1910); Nyu-York: Charlton Co., 1911; Sharlotta Perkins Gilman o'quvchisi. Ed. Enn J. Leyn. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 116–122.
  • "Sakrash joyi". Oldin 2: 4 (1911): 87-93. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 148–158.
  • "Beva ayolning qudrati". Oldin 2: 1 (1911): 3-7. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 139–147.
  • "O'girildi." Oldin 2:9 (1911): 227–32. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 182-191.
  • - Missis oqsoqolning g'oyasi. Oldin 3:2 (1912): 29–32. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 191-199.
  • "Ularning uyi." Oldin 3:12 (1912): 309–14. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar ''. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 200–209.
  • "Urush kengashi". Oldin 4:8 (1913): 197–201. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 235-243.
  • "Bee Dono". Oldin 4:7 (1913): 169–173. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 226–234.
  • "Uning go'zalligi." Oldin 4:2 (1913): 29–33. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 210–217.
  • - Xines xonimning puli. Oldin 4:4 (1913): 85–89. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 218-226.
  • "Hamkorlik." Oldin 5:6 (1914): 141–45. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 253-261.
  • "Begnina Machiavelli. YANGI." Oldin 5 (1914); NY: Bunday va bunday nashr, 1998 yil.
  • "Bajarish." Oldin 5:3 (1914): 57–61. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995 yil.
  • "Agar men erkak bo'lganimda". Jismoniy madaniyat 32 (1914): 31–34. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 262-268.
  • - Janob Piblzning yuragi. Oldin 5:9 (1914): 225–29. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 269–276.
  • - Doktor Klerning joyi. Oldin 6:6 (1915): 141–45. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 295-303.
  • "Qizlar va er". Oldin 6:5 (1915): 113–117. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 286–294.
  • "Herland. YANGI." Oldin 6 (1915); NY: Pantheon Books, 1979 yil.
  • - Merrill xonimning vazifalari. Oldin 6:3 (1915): 57–61. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 277-285.
  • "Ortiqcha ayol". Oldin 7:5 (1916): 113–18. "Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 304-313.
  • "Joanning himoyachisi". Oldin 7: 6 (1916): 141-45. '"Sariq devor qog'ozi" va boshqa hikoyalar. Ed. Robert Shulman. Oksford: Oksford UP, 1995. 314-322.
  • "Pushti shapka kiygan qiz". Oldin 7 (1916): 39–46. The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader. Ed. Ann J. Lane. NY: Pantheon, 1980. 39–45.
  • "With Her in Ourland: Sequel to Herland. A NOVEL." Oldin 7 (1916); Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1997 yil.

Romanlar va romanlar

Drama/dialogues

The majority of Gilman's dramas are inaccessible as they are only available from the originals. Some were printed/reprinted in Oldinammo.

  • "Dame Nature Interviewed on the Woman Question as It Looks to Her" Keyt Fildning Vashington (1890): 138–40.
  • "The Twilight." Taassurot (November 10, 1894): 4–5.
  • "Story Studies," Taassurot, November 17, 1894: 5.
  • "The Story Guessers," Taassurot, November 24, 1894: 5.
  • "Three Women." Oldin 2 (1911): 134.
  • "Something to Vote For", Oldin 2 (1911) 143-53.
  • "The Ceaseless Struggle of Sex: A Dramatic View." Keyt Fildning Vashington. April 9, 1890, 239–40.

Badiiy adabiyot

Book-length

  • His Religion and Hers: A Study of the Faith of Our Fathers and the Work of Our Mothers. NY and London: Century Co., 1923; London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1924; Westport: Hyperion Press, 1976.
  • Gems of Art for the Home and Fireside. Providence: J. A. and R. A. Reid, 1888.
  • Concerning Children. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1900.
  • The Home: Its Work and Influence. New York: McClure, Phillips, & Co., 1903.
  • Human Work. New York: McClure, Phillips, & Co., 1904.
  • The Man-Made World; or, Our Androcentric Culture. New York: Charton Co., 1911.
  • Our Brains and What Ails Them. Serializatsiya qilingan Forerunner. 1912.
  • Ijtimoiy axloq qoidalari. Serializatsiya qilingan Forerunner. 1914.
  • Our Changing Morality. Ed. Freda Kirchway. NY: Boni, 1930. 53–66.

Short and serial non-fiction

  • "Why Women Do Not Reform Their Dress." Ayollar jurnali, October 9, 1886: 338.
  • "A Protest Against Petticoats." Ayollar jurnali, January 8, 1887: 60.
  • "The Providence Ladies Gymnasium." Providence jurnali 8 (1888): 2.
  • "How Much Must We Read?" Tinch okeani oylik 1 (1889): 43–44.
  • "Altering Human Nature." California Nationalist, May 10, 1890: 10.
  • "Are Women Better Than Men?" Tinch okeani oylik 3 (1891): 9–11.
  • "A Lady on the Cap and Apron Question." Wasp, June 6, 1891: 3.
  • "The Reactive Lies of Gallantry." Belford's ns 2 (1892): 205–8.
  • "The Vegetable Chinaman." Housekeeper's Weekly, June 24, 1893: 3.
  • "The Saloon and Its Annex." Stockton Mail 4 (1893): 4.
  • "The Business League for Women." Taassurot 1 (1894): 2.
  • "Official Report of Woman's Congress." Taassurot 1 (1894): 3.
  • "John Smith and Armenia." Taassurot, January 12, 1895: 2–3.
  • "The American Government." Woman's Column, June 6, 1896: 3.
  • "When Socialism Began." American Fabian 3 (1897): 1–2.
  • "Causes and Uses of the Subjection of Women." Ayollar jurnali, December 24, 1898: 410.
  • "The Automobile as a Reformer." Shanba kuni kechki xabar, June 3, 1899: 778.
  • "Esthetic Dyspepsia." Shanba kuni kechki xabar, August 4, 1900: 12.
  • "Ideals of Child Culture." Child Stude For Mothers and Teachers. Ed Margaret Sangster. Philadelphia: Booklovers Library, 1901. 93–101.
  • "Should Wives Work?" Muvaffaqiyat 5 (1902): 139.
  • "Fortschritte der Frauen in Amerika." Neues Frauenleben 1:1 (1903): 2–5.
  • "The Passing of the Home in Great American Cities." Cosmopolitan 38 (1904): 137–47.
  • "The Beauty of a Block." Mustaqil, July 14, 1904: 67–72.
  • "The Home and the Hospital." Uyni saqlash yaxshi 40 (1905): 9.
  • "Some Light on the [Single Woman's] 'Problem.'" Amerika jurnali 62 (1906): 4270428.
  • "Social Darwinism." Amerika sotsiologiya jurnali 12 (1907): 713–14.
  • "A Suggestion on the Negro Problem." Amerika sotsiologiya jurnali 14 (1908): 78–85.
  • "How Home Conditions React Upon the Family." Amerika sotsiologiya jurnali 14 (1909): 592–605.
  • "Children's Clothing." Harper bozori 44 (1910): 24.
  • "On Dogs." Oldin 2 (1911): 206–9.
  • "How to Lighten the Labor of Women." Makkolniki 40 (1912): 14–15, 77.
  • "What 'Love' Really Is." Tasviriy sharh 14 (1913): 11, 57.
  • "Gum Chewing in Public." Nyu-York Tayms, May 20, 1914:12:5.
  • "A Rational Position on Suffrage/At the Request of the New York Times, Mrs. Gilman Presents the Best Arguments Possible in Behalf of Votes for Women." Nyu-York Tayms jurnali, March 7, 1915: 14–15.
  • "What is Feminism?" Boston Sunday Herald Magazine, September 3, 1916: 7.
  • "The Housekeeper and the Food Problem." Annals of the American Academy 74 (1917): 123–40.
  • "Concerning Clothes." Mustaqil, June 22, 1918: 478, 483.
  • "The Socializing of Education." Ommaviy, April 5, 1919: 348–49.
  • "A Woman's Party." Suffragist 8 (1920): 8–9.
  • "Making Towns Fit to Live In." Asr 102 (1921): 361–366.
  • "Cross-Examining Santa Claus." Asr 105 (1922): 169–174.
  • "Is America Too Hospitable?" Forum 70 (1923): 1983–89.
  • "Toward Monogamy." Millat, June 11, 1924: 671–73.
  • "The Nobler Male." Forum 74 (1925): 19–21.
  • "American Radicals". New York Jewish Daily Forward 1 (1926): 1.
  • "Progress through Birth Control." Shimoliy Amerika sharhi 224 (1927): 622–29.
  • "Divorce and Birth Control." Outlook, January 25, 1928: 130–31.
  • "Feminism and Social Progress." Problems of Civilization. Ed. Baker Brownell. NY: D. Van Nostrand, 1929. 115–42.
  • "Sex and Race Progress." Sex in Civilization. Eds V. F. Calverton and S. D. Schmalhausen. NY: Macaulay, 1929. 109–23.
  • "Parasitism and Civilized Vice." Woman's Coming of Age. Ed. S. D. Schmalhausen. NY: Liveright, 1931. 110–26.
  • "Birth Control, Religion and the Unfit." Millat, January 27, 1932: 108–109.
  • "The Right to Die." Forum 94 (1935): 297–300.

Self-publications

The Forerunner. Seven volumes, 1909–16. Microfiche. NY: Greenwood, 1968.

Selected lectures

There are 90 reports of the lectures that Gilman gave in The United States and Europe.[68]

  • "Club News." Weekly Nationalist, June 21, 1890: 6. [Re. "On Human Nature."]
  • "With Women Who Write." San-Fransisko imtihonchisi, March 1891, 3:3. [Re. "The Coming Woman."]
  • "Safeguards Suggested for Social Evils." San-Fransiskoga qo'ng'iroq, April 24, 1892: 12:4.
  • "The Labor Movement." Alameda County Federation of Trades, 1893. Alameda County, CA Labor Union Meetings. 1892 yil 2-sentyabr.
  • "Announcement." Taassurot 1 (1894): 2. [Re. Series of "Talks on Social Questions."]
  • "All the Comforts of a Home." San-Fransisko imtihonchisi, May 22, 1895: 9. [Re. "Simplicity and Decoration."]
  • "The Washington Convention." Ayollar jurnali, February 15, 1896: 49–50. [Re. California.]
  • "Woman Suffrage League." Boston Advertiser, November 10, 1897: 8:1. [Re. "The Economic Basis of the Woman Question."]
  • "Bellamy Memorial Meeting." American Fabian 4: (1898): 3.
  • "An Evening With Kipling." Kundalik Argus, March 14, 1899: 4:2.
  • "Scientific Training of Domestic Servants." Women and Industrial Life, Jild 6 ning International Congress of Women of 1899. Ed Countess of Aberdeen. London: T. Unwin Fisher, 1900. 109.
  • "Society and the Child." Bruklin burguti, December 11, 1902: 8:4.
  • "Woman and Work/ Popular Fallacy that They are a Leisure Class, Says Mrs. Gilman." New York Tribune, February 26, 1903: 7:1.
  • "A New Light on the Woman Question." Ayollar jurnali, April 25, 1904: 76–77.
  • "Straight Talk by Mrs. Gilman is Looked For." San-Fransiskoga qo'ng'iroq, July 16, 1905: 33:2.
  • "Women and Social Service." Warren: National American Woman Suffrage Association, 1907.
  • "Higher Marriage Mrs. Gilman's Plea." Nyu-York Tayms, December 29, 1908: 2:3.
  • "Three Women Leaders in Hub." Boston Post, December 7, 1909: 1:1–2 and 14:5–6.
  • "Warless World When Women's Slavery Ends".' San-Fransisko imtihonchisi, November 14, 1910: 4:1.
  • "Lecture Given by Mrs. Gilman." San-Fransiskoga qo'ng'iroq, November 15, 1911: 7:3. [Re. "The Society-- Body and Soul."]
  • "Mrs. Gilman Assorts Sins." Nyu-York Tayms, June 3, 1913: 3:8
  • "Adam the Real Rib, Mrs. Gilman Insists." Nyu-York Tayms, February 19, 1914: 9:3.
  • "Advocates a 'World City.'" Nyu-York Tayms, January 6, 1915: 15:5. [Re. Arbitration of diplomatic disputes by an international agency.]
  • "The Listener." Boston ko'chirmasi, April 14, 1917: 14:1. [Re. Announcement of lecture series.]
  • "Great Duty for Women After War." Boston Post, February 26, 1918: 2:7.
  • "Mrs. Gilman Urges Hired Mother Idea." Nyu-York Tayms, September 23, 1919: 36:1–2.
  • "Eulogize Susan B. Anthony." Nyu-York Tayms, February 16, 1920: 15:6. [Re. Gilman and others eulogize Anthony on the centenary of her birth.]
  • "Walt Whitman Dinner." Nyu-York Tayms, June 1, 1921: 16:7. [Gilman speaks at annual meeting of Whitman Society in New York.]
  • "Fiction of America Being Melting Pot Unmasked by CPG." Dallas ertalabki yangiliklari, February 15, 1926: 9:7–8 and 15:8.

Diaries, journals, biographies, and letters

  • Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Making of a Radical Feminist. Mary A. Hill. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980.
  • A Journey from Within: The Love Letters of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, 1897–1900. Ed. Mary A. Hill. Lewisburg: Bucknill UP, 1995.
  • The Diaries of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, 2 hovuz. Ed. Denise D. Knight. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1994.

Tarjimai hol

  • The Living of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: An Autobiography. New York and London: D. Appleton-Century Co., 1935; NY: Arno Press, 1972; and Harper & Row, 1975.

Akademik tadqiqotlar

  • Allen, Judith (2009). Sharlotta Perkins Gilmanning feminizmi: Jinsiy aloqalar, tarixlar, progressivizm, Chikago universiteti Press, ISBN  978-0-226-01463-0
  • Allen, Polly Wynn (1988). Building Domestic Liberty: Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Architectural Feminism, Massachusets universiteti matbuoti, ISBN  0-87023-627-X
  • Berman, Jeffrey. "The Unrestful Cure: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and 'The Yellow Wallpaper.'" In The Captive Imagination: A Casebook on The Yellow Wallpaper, edited by Catherine Golden. New York: Feminist Press, 1992, pp. 211-41.
  • Carter-Sanborn, Kristin. "Restraining Order: The Imperialist Anti-Violence of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." Arizona Quarterly 56.2 (Summer 2000): 1–36.
  • Ceplair, Larry, ed. Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Nonfiction Reader. New York: Columbia UP, 1991.
  • Davis, Cynthia J. Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Biography (Stanford University Press; 2010) 568 pages; asosiy ilmiy biografiya
  • Davis, Cynthia J. and Denise D. Knight. Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Her Contemporaries: Literary and Intellectual Contexts. Tussaloosa: Alabama universiteti matbuoti, 2004 y.
  • Deegan, Mary Jo. "Kirish". With Her in Ourland: Sequel to Herland. Eds. Mary Jo Deegan and Michael R. Hill. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997. 1–57.
  • Eldredge, Charles C. Charles Walter Stetson, Color, and Fantasy. Lawrence: Spencer Museum of Art, The U of Kansas, 1982.
  • Ganobcsik-Williams, Lisa. "The Intellectualism of Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Evolutionary Perspectives on Race, Ethnicity, and Gender." Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Optimist Reformer. Eds. Jill Rudd and Val Gough. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1999.
  • Golden, Catherine. The Captive Imagination: A Casebook on The Yellow Wallpaper. New York: Feminist Press, 1992.
---. "`Written to Drive Nails With’: Recalling the Early Poetry of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." yilda Sharlotta Perkins Gilman: Optimist islohotchi. Eds. Jill Rudd and Val Gough. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1999. 243-66.
  • Gough, Val. "`In the Twinkling of an Eye’: Gilman’s Utopian Imagination." yilda A Very Different Story: Studies on the Fiction of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Eds. Val Gough and Jill Rudd. Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 1998. 129–43.
  • Gubar, Susan. "She in Herland: Feminism as Fantasy." yilda Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Woman and Her Work. Ed. Sheryl L. Meyering. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1989. 191–201.
  • Hill, Mary Armfield. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Journey From Within." yilda A Very Different Story: Studies on the Fiction of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Eds. Val Gough and Jill Rudd. Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 1998. 8–23.
  • Hill, Mary A. Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Making of a Radical Feminist. (Temple University Press, 1980).
  • Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz, Wild Unrest: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Making of "The Yellow Wall-Paper" (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).
  • Huber, Hannah, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman." Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 381: Writers on Women’s Rights and United States Suffrage, edited by George P. Anderson. Gale, pp. 140–52.
  • Huber, Hannah, "‘The One End to Which Her Whole Organism Tended’: Social Evolution in Edith Wharton and Charlotte Perkins Gilman." Critical Insights: Edith Wharton, edited by Myrto Drizou, Salem Press, pp. 48-62.
  • Karpinski, Joanne B., "The Economic Conundrum in the Lifewriting of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. in The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Ed. Catherine J. Golden and Joanne S. Zangrando. U of Delaware P, 2000. 35–46.
  • Kessler, Kerol Farli. "Dreaming Always of Lovely Things Beyond’: Living Toward Herland, Experiential foregrounding." yilda The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Eds. Catherine J. Golden and Joanna Schneider Zangrando. Newark: U of Delaware P, 2000. 89–103.
  • Knight, Denise D. Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Study of the Short Fiction, Twayne Studies in Short Fiction (Twayne Publishers, 1997).
---. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Shadow of Racism." Amerika adabiy realizmi, vol. 32, yo'q. 2, 2000, pp. 159–169. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/27746975.
---. "Kirish". Herland, `The Yellow Wall-Paper’ and Selected Writings. New York: Penguin, 1999.
---. "The Fictional World of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." yilda The Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reader. Ed. Ann J. Lane. New York: Pantheon, 1980.
---. "Kirish". Herland: A Lost Feminist Utopian Novel by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. 1915. Rpt. New York: Pantheon Books, 1979
---. To Herland and Beyond: The Life of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. New York: Pantheon, 1990.
---. Wear and Tear, or Hints for the Overworked. 1887. New York: Arno Press, 1973.
  • Oliver, Lawrence J. "W. E. B. Du Bois, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and ‘A Suggestion on the Negro Problem.’" Amerika adabiy realizmi, vol. 48, yo'q. 1, 2015, pp. 25–39. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/amerlitereal.48.1.0025.
  • Oliver, Lawrence J. and Gary Scharnhorst. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman v. Ambrose Bierce: The Literary Politics of Gender in Fin-de-Siècle California." G'arb jurnali (July 1993): 52–60.
  • Palmeri, Ann. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Forerunner of a Feminist Social Science." yilda Discovering Reality: Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology and Philosophy of Science. Eds. Sandra Harding and Merrill B. Hintikka. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1983. 97–120.
  • Sharnhorst, Gari. Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Boston: Twayne, 1985. Studies Gilman as writer
  • Scharnhorst, Gary, and Denise D. Knight. "Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s Library: A Reconstruction." Resources for American Literary Studies 23:2 (1997): 181–219.
  • Stetson, Charles Walter. Endure: The Diaries of Charles Walter Stetson. Ed. Mary A. Hill. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1985.
  • Tuttle, Jennifer S. "Rewriting the West Cure: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Owen Wister, and the Sexual Politics of Neurasthenia." The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Eds. Catherine J. Golden and Joanna Schneider Zangrando. Newark: U of Delaware P, 2000. 103–121.
  • Wegener, Frederick. "What a Comfort a Woman Doctor Is!’ Medical Women in the Life and Writing of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In Sharlotta Perkins Gilman: Optimist islohotchi. Eds. Jill Rudd & Val Gough. Iowa City: U of Iowa P, 1999. 45–73.
  • Weinbaum, Alys Eve. "Writing Feminist Genealogy: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Racial Nationalism, and the Reproduction of Maternalist Feminism." Feministik tadqiqotlar 27 (Summer 2001): 271–30.

Izohlar

  1. ^ a b v d e "Charlotte Perkins Gilman". Britannica entsiklopediyasi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasidan 2018 yil 23 iyunda. Olingan 21 avgust, 2018.
  2. ^ National Women's Hall of Fame, Charlotte Perkins Gilman
  3. ^ Gilman, Yashash, 10.
  4. ^ Denise D. Knight, The Diaries of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, (Charlottesville, VA: University Press of Virginia: 1994) xiv.
  5. ^ Polly Wynn Allen, Building Domestic Liberty, (1988) 30.
  6. ^ Gilman, Tarjimai hol., 26.
  7. ^ Gilman, "Autobiography", Chapter 5
  8. ^ Gilman, Tarjimai hol, 29.
  9. ^ a b Kate Bolick, "The Equivocal Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman", (2019).
  10. ^ "Charlotte Perkins Gilman: The Lost Letters to Martha Luther Lane" (PDF). betweenthecovers.com. Olingan 13 fevral, 2020.
  11. ^ Gilman, Tarjimai hol, 82.
  12. ^ Gilman, Tarjimai hol, 90.
  13. ^ "Channing, Grace Ellery, 1862-1937. Papers of Grace Ellery Channing, 1806-1973: A Finding Aid". Garvard universiteti kutubxonasi. Olingan 24 mart, 2018.
  14. ^ a b Ritsar, Kundaliklar, 408.
  15. ^ Davis, Cynthia (December 2005). "Love and Economics: Charlotte Perkins Gilman on "The Woman Question"" (PDF). ATQ (The American Transcendental Quarterly). 19 (4): 242–248. Olingan 25-noyabr, 2018.
  16. ^ Harrison, Pat (July 3, 2013). "The Evolution of Charlotte Perkins Gilman". Radkliff jurnali. Garvard universiteti. Olingan 25-noyabr, 2018.
  17. ^ Ritsar, Kundaliklar, 525.
  18. ^ Ritsar, Kundaliklar, 163.
  19. ^ a b Ritsar, Kundaliklar.
  20. ^ Ritsar, Kundaliklar, 648–666.
  21. ^ a b v Ritsar, Kundaliklar, p. 813.
  22. ^ Polly Wynn Allen, Building Domestic Liberty, 54.
  23. ^ Gilman, Tarjimai hol 187, 198.
  24. ^ Ritsar, Kundaliklar, 409.
  25. ^ Geyl, Cengage Learning (2016). A Study Guide for Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "Herland". p. Introduction 5. ISBN  9781410348029.
  26. ^ "The Yellow Wall-paper". Feminist matbuot. Olingan 26 avgust, 2018.
  27. ^ Julie Bates Dock, Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and the History of Its Publication and Reception. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998; p. 6.
  28. ^ "Charlotte Perkins Gilman".
  29. ^ Dok, Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and the History of Its Publication and Reception, 23-24 betlar.
  30. ^ Ritsar, Kundaliklar, 601
  31. ^ Charlotte Perkins Gilman, "Women and Economics" in Alice S. Rossi, ed., Feministik hujjatlar: Adamsdan de Bovuargacha (1997), section 1 only, 572-576.
  32. ^ Ritsar, Kundaliklar, 681.
  33. ^ Ritsar, Kundaliklar, 811.
  34. ^ Sari Edelstein, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Yellow Newspaper". Meros, 24(1), 72–92. Retrieved October 28, 2008, from GenderWatch (GW) database. (Document ID: 1298797291).
  35. ^ Ritsar, Kundaliklar, 812.
  36. ^ Allen, Building Domestic Liberty, 30.
  37. ^ Ritsar, Kundaliklar, 323–385.
  38. ^ Ritsar, Kundaliklar, 385.
  39. ^ Ritsar, Kundaliklar, 407.
  40. ^ Gilman, Tarjimai hol, 96.
  41. ^ Ann J. Lane, To Herland and Beyond, 230.
  42. ^ Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Ayollar va iqtisodiyot (Boston, MA: Small, Maynard & Co., 1898).
  43. ^ Carl N. Degler, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman on the Theory and Practice of Feminism", Amerika chorakligi, Jild 8, No. 1 (Spring, 1956), 26.
  44. ^ Davis and Knight, Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Her Contemporaries, 206.
  45. ^ Gilman, Ayollar va iqtisodiyot.
  46. ^ Degler, "Theory and Practice," 27.
  47. ^ Degler, "Theory and Practice," 27–35.
  48. ^ Gilman, Charlotte Perkins (2005). Kolmar & Bartkowski (eds.). Feministik nazariya. Boston: McGrawHill. p.114.
  49. ^ Gilman, Charlotte Perkins (2005). Kolmar & Bartkowski (eds.). Feministik nazariya. Boston: McGrawHill. pp.110–114.
  50. ^ Keyser, Elizabeth (1992). Looking Backward: From Herland to Gulliver's Travels. G.K. Hall & Company. p. 160.
  51. ^ Donaldson, Laura E. (March 1989). "The Eve of De-Struction: Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Feminist Recreation of Paradise". Ayollar tadqiqotlari. 16 (3/4): 378. doi:10.1080/00497878.1989.9978776.
  52. ^ Fama, Katherine A. (2017). "Domestic Data and Feminist Momentum: The Narrative Accounting of Helen Stuart Campbell and Charlotte Perkins Gilman". Amerika tabiatshunosligi bo'yicha tadqiqotlar. 12 (1): 319. doi:10.1353/san.2017.0006. S2CID  148635798.
  53. ^ Seitler, Dana (March 2003). "Unnatural Selection: Mothers, Eugenic Feminism, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Regeneration Narratives". Amerika chorakligi. 55 (1): 63. doi:10.1353/aq.2003.0001. S2CID  143831741.
  54. ^ a b v Gilman, Charlotte Perkins (July 1909 – May 1909). "A Suggestion on the Negro Problem". Amerika sotsiologiya jurnali. 14. Olingan 24 aprel, 2019.
  55. ^ After her divorce from Stetson, she began lecturing on Nationalism. She was inspired from Edward Bellamy's utopian socialist romance Looking Backward. Alys Eve Weinbaum, "Writing Feminist Genealogy: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Racial Nationalism, and the Reproduction of Maternalist Feminism", Feminist Studies, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Summer, 2001), pp. 271–302. Accessed November 3, 2008.
  56. ^ Davis, C. (2010). Charlotte Perkins Gilman: A Biography. Stenford universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  9780804738897. Olingan 15-noyabr, 2014.
  57. ^ Allen, Building Domestic Liberty, 52.
  58. ^ Susan S. Lanser, "The Yellow Wallpaper," and the Politics of Color in America," Feministik tadqiqotlar, Jild 15, No. 3, Feminist Reinterpretations/Reinterpretations of Feminism (Autumn, 1989), pp. 415-441 Accessed 5 March 2019
  59. ^ Denise D. Knight, "Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Shadow of Racism," Amerika adabiy realizmi, Jild 32, No. 2 (Winter, 2000), pp. 159-169, accessed 9 March 2019.
  60. ^ Lawrence J. Oliver, "W. E. B. Du Bois, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and 'A Suggestion on the Negro Problem'," Amerika adabiy realizmi, Jild 48, No. 1 (Fall 2015), pp. 25-39, accessed 5 March 2019
  61. ^ McKenna, Erin (2012). "Charlotte Perkins Gilman: Women, Animals, and Oppression". In Hamington, Maurice; Bardwell-Jones, Celia (eds.). Contemporary Feminist Pragmatism. Nyu-York: Routledge nashriyoti. ISBN  978-0-203-12232-7.
  62. ^ Golden, Catherine (Fall 2007). "Marking Her Territory: Feline Behavior in "The Yellow Wall-Paper"". Amerika adabiy realizmi. 40: 16–31. doi:10.1353/alr.2008.0017. S2CID  161505591.
  63. ^ M.D., "Perlious Stuff," Boston oqshomining stenogrammasi, April 8, 1892, p.6, col.2. in Julie Bates Dock, Charlotte Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wallpaper" and the History of Its Publication and Reception, (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998) 103.
  64. ^ Henry B. Blackwell, "Literary Notices: The Yellow Wall Paper," The Woman's Journal, June 17, 1899, p.187 in Julie Bates Dock, Charlote Perkins Gilman's "The Yellow Wall-paper" and the History of Its Publication and Reception, (University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998) 107.
  65. ^ Gilman, Yashash, 184
  66. ^ Golden, Catherine J., and Joanna Zangrando. The Mixed Legacy of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. (Newark: University of Delaware P, 2000) 211.
  67. ^ The bibliographic information is accredited to the "Guide to Research Materials " section of Kim Well's website: Wells, Kim. Domestic Goddesses. August 23, 1999. Online. Internet. Accessed October 27, 2008. Arxivlandi 2013 yil 12 avgust, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi
  68. ^ a b Kim Wells, "Domestic Goddesses," Arxivlandi 2013 yil 12 avgust, soat Orqaga qaytish mashinasi Women Writers.net, August 23, 1999. www.womenwriters.net/

Tashqi havolalar

Ovozli fayllar