Salvador Allende - Salvador Allende - Wikipedia

Bunda Ispancha ism, birinchi yoki otalik familiya bu Allende va ikkinchi yoki onalik familiyasi Gossens.

Janobi Oliylari

Salvador Allende
Salvador Allende Gossens-.jpg
28-chi Chili prezidenti
Ofisda
1970 yil 3 noyabr - 1973 yil 11 sentyabr
OldingiEduardo Frei Montalva
MuvaffaqiyatliAugusto Pinochet
56-chi Chili Senati Prezidenti
Ofisda
1966 yil 27 dekabr - 1969 yil 15 may
OldingiTomas Reyes Vikuna
MuvaffaqiyatliTomas Pablo Elorza
A'zosi Senat
Ofisda
1969 yil 15 may - 1970 yil 3 noyabr
OldingiSaylov okrugi yaratildi
MuvaffaqiyatliAdonis Sepulveda Acuña
Saylov okrugiChiloé, Aysen va Magallanes
Ofisda
1961 yil 15 may - 1969 yil 15 may
OldingiKarlos Alberto Martines
MuvaffaqiyatliUgo Ballesteros Reys
Saylov okrugiAkonkagua va Valparaiso
Ofisda
1953 yil 15 may - 1961 yil 15 may
OldingiElías Lafertte Gavinyo
MuvaffaqiyatliRaul Ampuero Dias
Saylov okrugiTarapaka va Antofagasta
Ofisda
1945 yil 15 may - 1953 yil 15 may
OldingiLuis Ambrosio Koncha
MuvaffaqiyatliAniseto Rodriges arenalari
Saylov okrugiValdiviya, Osorno, Llanquihue, Chiloé, Aysen va Magallanes
Kotibi Chili sotsialistik partiyasi
Ofisda
1943 yil yanvar - 1944 yil iyul
OldingiMarmaduke Grove
MuvaffaqiyatliBernardo Ibanyes
Sog'liqni saqlash va ijtimoiy ta'minot vaziri
Ofisda
1939 yil 28 sentyabr - 1942 yil 2 aprel
PrezidentPedro Agirre Cerda
OldingiMigel Etchebarne Riol
MuvaffaqiyatliEduardo Eskudero Forrastal
A'zosi Deputatlar palatasi
Ofisda
1937 yil 15 may - 1939 yil 28 sentyabr
OldingiHumberto Casali Monreal
MuvaffaqiyatliVasko Valdebenito Garsiya
Saylov okrugiKillota va Valparaiso
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan
Salvador Gilyermo Allende Gossens

(1908-06-26)1908 yil 26-iyun
Santyago,[1] Chili
O'ldi1973 yil 11 sentyabr(1973-09-11) (65 yosh)
Santyago, Chili
O'lim sababiOtishma bilan o'z joniga qasd qilish
Dam olish joyiCementerio General de Santiago
MillatiChili
Siyosiy partiyaChili sotsialistik
Boshqa siyosiy
bog'liqliklar		Xalq birligi koalitsiyasi
Turmush o'rtoqlar
​
(m. 1940)​
BolalarBeatriz Allende (1943–1977)
Karmen Paz Allende (1944 yilda tug'ilgan)
Izabel Allende (1945 yilda tug'ilgan)
QarindoshlarAllende oilasi
Olma materChili universiteti
KasbTibbiy shifokor
Rasmiy xizmatdagi kishi
Imzo
Veb-saytSalvador Allende jamg'armasi
A qismi seriyali kuni
Sotsializm
Qizil bayroq waving.svg
  • Emblem-money.svg Iqtisodiyot portali
  • Rangli ovoz berish qutisi.svg Siyosat portali
  • Qizil bayroq II.svg Sotsializm portali

Salvador Gilyermo Allende Gossens (BIZ: /ɑːˈjɛndeɪ,-dmen/,[2][3] Buyuk Britaniya: /æˈ-,aɪˈɛn-/,[4][5] Amerikalik ispancha:[salβaˈðoɾ ɣiˈʝeɾmo aˈʝende ˈɣosens]; 1908 yil 26-iyun - 1973 yil 11-sentyabr) Chili shifokori va sotsialistik[6][7][8] sifatida xizmat qilgan siyosatchi 28-chi Chili prezidenti 1970 yil 3-noyabrdan vafotigacha 1973 yil 11-sentyabrgacha. U birinchi bo'ldi Marksistik a .da prezident etib saylanish liberal demokratiya yilda lotin Amerikasi.[9][10]

Allendening ishtiroki Chili siyosiy hayoti lavozimlarini qamrab olgan holda, qirq yilga yaqin vaqtni qamrab oldi senator, deputat va kabinet vaziri. Ning bir umrga sodiq a'zosi sifatida Chili sotsialistik partiyasi, uning poydevoriga u faol hissa qo'shgan bo'lsa-da, u muvaffaqiyatsiz milliy prezidentlikka nomzodini qo'ydi 1952, 1958 va 1964 saylovlar. Yilda 1970, u prezidentlikka nomzod sifatida g'olib bo'ldi Ommaviy birlik koalitsiya, yaqin uch tomonlama poyga. U Kongress tomonidan ikkinchi bosqichda saylangan, chunki biron bir nomzod ko'pchilik ovozini olmagan.

Prezident sifatida Alende yirik sanoat tarmoqlarini milliylashtirishga, ta'limni kengaytirishga va ishchilar sinfining turmush darajasini yaxshilashga intildi. U nazorat qilgan o'ng qanot partiyalari bilan to'qnashdi Kongress va sud tizimi bilan. 1973 yil 11-sentyabrda harbiylar Allendeni a Davlat to'ntarishi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadi Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi (Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi).[11][12][13] Qo'shinlar qurshovida La Moneda saroyi, u iste'foga chiqmaslikka va'da berib so'nggi so'zini aytdi.[14] O'sha kuni Allende o'z joniga qasd qildi,[15] Chili sudi tomonidan 2011 yilda xalqaro ekspertlar ko'magida o'tkazilgan tergov natijalariga ko'ra.[16]

Allende vafotidan keyin general Augusto Pinochet hokimiyatni fuqarolik hukumatiga qaytarishdan bosh tortdi va keyinchalik Chilini a harbiy xunta bu edi 1990 yilgacha hokimiyat tepasida, qirq yildan ko'proq vaqtni tugatgan uzluksiz demokratik boshqaruv. Boshqaruvni olgan harbiy xunta ularni tarqatib yubordi Chili Kongressi, to'xtatib qo'yilgan Konstitutsiya va da'vo qilingan dissidentlarni ta'qib qilishni boshladilar, unda kamida 3095 fuqaro yo'q bo'lib ketdi yoki o'ldirildi.[17]

Hayotning boshlang'ich davri

Salvador Allendening tug'ilganlik to'g'risidagi guvohnomasi.
A qismi seriyali kuni
Ijtimoiy demokratiya
Qizil gul 02.svg
  • Emblem-money.svg Iqtisodiyot portali
  • Rangli ovoz berish qutisi.svg Siyosat portali
  • Qizil bayroq II.svg Sotsializm portali

Allende 1908 yil 26-iyunda tug'ilgan[18] yilda Santyago.[19][20] U Salvador Allende Kastro va Laura Gossens Uribe o'g'li edi. Allende oilasi Chiliga tegishli edi yuqori o'rta sinf va ilg'or va liberal maqsadlarda siyosiy ishtirok etishning uzoq an'analariga ega edi. Uning bobosi taniqli shifokor va a ijtimoiy islohotchi birinchilardan biriga asos solgan dunyoviy maktablar Chilida.[21] Salvador Allende edi Bask[22] va Belgiyalik[23][24][25] kelib chiqishi.

Allende o'rta maktabda o'qigan Instituto Nacional generali Xose Migel Karrera Santyago va Valparaisodagi Liceo Eduardo de la Barra-da. O'smirlik davrida uning asosiy intellektual va siyosiy ta'siri poyabzal ishlab chiqaruvchisidan kelib chiqqan Xuan De Marchi, Italiyada tug'ilgan anarxist.[21] Allende yoshligida iste'dodli sportchi bo'lgan, a'zosi bo'lgan Viña del Mar Everton sport klubi (taniqli ingliz futbol klubi nomi bilan atalgan shu nom bilan ), qaerda u eng yaxshi deb aytilgan uzoqqa sakrash.[26] Allende keyin a bilan tugatdi tibbiyot darajasi 1933 yilda Chili universiteti.[21] Tibbiyot maktabida ishlagan davrida Allende professorning ta'sirida bo'lgan Maks Vestenxofer, nemis patolog kasallikning ijtimoiy determinantlarini ta'kidlagan va ijtimoiy tibbiyot.[27][28]

1970 yilgacha bo'lgan siyosiy ishtirok

Allende .ning bo'limiga asos solgan Chili sotsialistik partiyasi (1933 yilda tashkil etilgan Marmaduque Grove va boshqalar) Valparaiso[21] va uning raisi bo'ldi. U uchta qizi bo'lgan Hortensia Bussiga uylandi. U edi Mason, Valparaisodagi №4 Lodge Progreso a'zosi.[29] 1933 yilda u doktorlik dissertatsiyasini nashr etdi Higiene Mental y Delincuencia (Jinoyatchilik va ruhiy gigiena) u tanqid qilgan Sezare Lombroso takliflari.[30]

1938 yilda Allende saylov kampaniyasini boshqargan Xalq jabhasi boshchiligidagi Pedro Agirre Cerda.[21] Xalq fronti shiori "Non, tom va ish!"[21] Saylovdagi g'alabasidan keyin u bo'ldi Sog'liqni saqlash vaziri ichida Islohotchi Hukmronlik qilgan Xalq fronti hukumati Radikallar.[21] Allende ushbu lavozimda ishlayotganda, ko'plab ilg'or ijtimoiy islohotlarning, shu jumladan fabrikalarda ishchilarni himoya qiluvchi xavfsizlik to'g'risidagi qonunlarning qabul qilinishi, beva ayollarning yuqori pensiyalari, onalikni saqlash va maktab o'quvchilari uchun bepul tushlik dasturlari uchun mas'ul bo'lgan.[31]

Hukumatga kirgandan so'ng, Allende 1937 yilda yutgan Valparaisodagi kongressdagi mandatidan voz kechdi. Taxminan o'sha paytda u yozgan edi La Realidad Medico Social de Chile (Chilining ijtimoiy va tibbiy haqiqati). Keyin Kristallnaxt yilda Natsistlar Germaniyasi, Allende a yuborgan Kongressning 76 a'zosidan biri edi telegram ga Adolf Gitler ta'qiblarni qoralash Yahudiylar.[32] 1941 yilda Prezident Agirre Cerda vafot etganidan so'ng, u yana Xalq deputatlari fronti nomini o'zgartirganda deputat etib saylandi Demokratik alyans.

1945 yilda Allende senator bo'ldi Valdiviya, Llanquihue, Chiloé, Aisen va Magallanes viloyatlar; keyin uchun Tarapaka va Antofagasta 1953 yilda; uchun Akonkagua va Valparaiso 1961 yilda; va 1969 yilda Chiloé, Aisén va Magallanes uchun yana bir bor. U prezident bo'ldi Chili senati 1966 yilda. Elliginchi yillarda Allende Chili milliy sog'liqni saqlash xizmatini tashkil etgan qonunchilikni joriy etdi, bu Amerikada birinchi navbatda sog'liqni saqlashga kafolat beradigan birinchi dastur.[33]

Salvador Allende 1964 yilda.

Uning prezidentlik uchun uchta muvaffaqiyatsiz taklifi (yilda 1952, 1958 va 1964 yilgi saylovlar ) Allendeni uning epitafasi "Bu erda Chilining navbatdagi Prezidenti yotadi" deb hazillashishga undadi. 1952 yilda nomzod sifatida Frente de Acción mashhur (Xalq harakatlari jabhasi, FRAP), u faqat 5.4% ovoz oldi, qisman sotsialistik saflarda bo'linish tufayli Karlos Ibanes. 1958 yilda yana FRAP nomzodi sifatida Allende 28,5% ovoz oldi. Bu safar uning mag'lubiyati ovozlarga yo'qolgan ovozlar bilan bog'liq edi populist Antonio Zamorano.

Yashirilgan hujjatlar 1962 yildan 1964 yilgacha Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi kampaniyasini moliyalashtirish uchun jami 2,6 million dollar sarfladi Eduardo Frei va "saylovchilarni Alendening FRAP koalitsiyasidan qo'rqitish uchun" anti-Allende targ'ibotiga 3 million dollar sarfladi. Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi Freyning g'alabasidagi rolini katta muvaffaqiyat deb bildi.[34][35] Ular "Freyga berilgan moliyaviy va tashkiliy yordam, Dyuranni poygada ushlab turish uchun qilingan harakatlar, Allendeni kamsitishga qaratilgan tashviqot kampaniyasi" Frei muvaffaqiyatining ajralmas tarkibiy qismlari "edi", deb ta'kidlashdi va uning g'alaba qozonish imkoniyati va yaxshi tomonlari uning yashirin ko'magisiz uning saylovoldi tashviqoti shubhali bo'lar edi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hukumati.[36] Shunday qilib, 1964 yilda Allende FRAP nomzodi sifatida yana bir bor yutqazdi, ovozlarning 38,6% qarshi, 55,6% qarshi Xristian demokrat Eduardo Frei. Saylov Allende va Frei o'rtasidagi siyosiy poyga bo'lishi aniq bo'lganligi sababli, siyosiy to'g'ri - dastlab qo'llab-quvvatlagan Radikal Xulio Dyuran - Freyga "kichikroq yovuzlik" sifatida joylashdi.

Allende. Bilan yaqin aloqada bo'lgan Chili Kommunistik partiyasi siyosiy karerasining boshidanoq. Prezidentlikka to'rtinchi (va muvaffaqiyatli) da'vogarligida Kommunistik partiya uni o'z nomzodi, dunyoga taniqli shoirning alternativasi sifatida qo'llab-quvvatladi. Pablo Neruda.

Prezidentlik davrida Allende kommunistlar tomonidan tutilgan pozitsiyalar bilan o'rtoqlashdi sotsialistlar. Ba'zilarning ta'kidlashicha, bu uning vakolat muddati oxirida bekor qilingan.[37][A]

1970 yilgi saylov

Asosiy maqola: 1970 yil Chili prezidenti saylovi
Chililik ishchilar 1964 yilda Allendeni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun yurish qildilar

Allende 1970 yilgi Chili prezidentlik saylovlarida uning rahbari sifatida g'olib chiqqan Unidad mashhur ("Xalq birligi") koalitsiyasi. 1970 yil 4 sentyabrda u torni qo'lga kiritdi ko'plik 36,2% dan 34,9% gacha Xorxe Alessandri, sobiq prezident, 27,8% uchinchi nomzodga (Radomiro Tomich ) ning Xristian-demokratik partiyasi (PDC). O'sha paytdagi Chili Konstitutsiyasiga ko'ra, agar biron bir prezidentlikka nomzod xalq ovozining ko'pchiligini ololmasa, Kongress eng ko'p ovoz to'plagan ikki nomzoddan birini g'olib sifatida tanlaydi. An'anaga ko'ra, Kongress marjadan qat'i nazar, eng yuqori ovoz olgan nomzodga ovoz berishi kerak edi. Darhaqiqat, sobiq prezident Xorxe Alessandri 1958 yilda Allendeni mag'lub etib, atigi 31,6 foiz ovoz bilan saylangan edi.[39]

Saylovdan bir oy o'tib, 20-oktabr kuni, Senat qaror qabul qilishi kerak bo'lgan paytda va xristian-demokratlar va Xalq birligi generallari o'rtasida faol muzokaralar olib borilayotgan edi. Rene Shnayder, Chili armiyasi bosh qo'mondoni, general boshchiligidagi guruh tomonidan o'g'irlashga urinishda qarshilik ko'rsatib, otib tashlandi Roberto Via. Kasalxonaga yotqizilgan, u jarohatlaridan uch kun o'tib, 23 oktyabrda vafot etdi.[40] Shnayder himoyachisi edi "konstitutsionist" ta'limot armiyaning roli faqat professional ekanligi, uning vazifasi mamlakat suverenitetini himoya qilish va siyosatga aralashmaslikdir.[41]

General Shnayderning o'limi ko'pchilik tomonidan ma'qullanmadi va shu vaqtga qadar Allendening harbiy qarshiligiga chek qo'ydi,[42] nihoyat Kongress uni 24 oktyabrda tanladi. 26 oktyabrda Prezident Eduardo Frei general deb nomlangan Karlos Prats Rene Shnayder o'rniga armiya bosh qo'mondoni sifatida.[43]

1970-yil 3-noyabrda Allende prezidentlik lavozimini imzolagandan so'ng qabul qildi Konstitutsiyaviy kafolatlar to'g'risidagi nizom xristian-demokratlar tomonidan Kongressda qo'llab-quvvatlanishi evaziga taklif qilingan. Bilan keng intervyuda Régis Debray 1972 yilda Allende kafolatlarga rozi bo'lish sabablarini tushuntirdi.[44] Ba'zi tanqidchilar Allendening javoblarini imzolashni tan olish deb izohladilar Nizom faqat taktik harakat edi.[45]

Prezidentlik

Asosiy maqola: Salvador Allende prezidentligi

Prezidentlikka kirishgandan so'ng, Allende o'zining sotsialistik dasturini amalga oshirish platformasini amalga oshirishni boshladi La vía chilena al sotsializm ("Sotsializmga Chili yo'li"). Bunga kiritilgan milliylashtirish yirik sanoat tarmoqlari (xususan mis qazib olish va bank) va sog'liqni saqlash tizimining davlat ma'muriyati, ta'lim tizimi (AQSh o'qituvchisi Jeyn A. Xobson-Gonsalesning yordami bilan Kokomo, Indiana ), Chili maktablari va ashaddiy shaharlaridagi bolalar uchun bepul sut dasturi, avvalgilaridan oldin erlarni tortib olish va taqsimlashni kengaytirish. Eduardo Frei Montalva,[46] egallab olish uchun ro'yxatga olingan barcha mulklarning beshdan to'rtdan bir qismigacha milliylashtirgan.[47] Allende, shuningdek, Chilining kambag'al fuqarolarining ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy farovonligini oshirishni maqsad qilgan;[48] asosiy element yangi millatlashtirilgan korxonalarda yoki jamoat ishlarida ish bilan ta'minlash edi.[48]

1970 yil noyabr oyida 3000 ta stipendiya ajratildi Mapuche bolalar mahalliy ozchilikni ta'lim tizimiga qo'shish maqsadida, pensiya va grantlarni to'lashni qayta tikladilar, 120 ming turar-joy binolari qurishni nazarda tutadigan favqulodda vaziyat rejasi ishga tushirildi, barcha yarim kunlik ishchilarga ijtimoiy ta'minot huquqi berildi elektr narxining ko'tarilishi bekor qilindi, Kuba bilan diplomatik aloqalar tiklandi va siyosiy mahbuslar amnistiyaga tushdi. O'sha yilning dekabr oyida non narxlari belgilandi, 55000 ko'ngillilar yozish va o'qish qobiliyatlarini o'rgatish va ilgari e'tiborsiz qoldirilgan aholi qatlamiga tibbiy yordam ko'rsatish uchun mamlakat janubiga jo'natildi, nazorat qilish uchun markaziy komissiya tashkil etildi. hukumat, xodimlar va ish beruvchilarga teng joy ajratilgan uch tomonlama to'lovlar rejasi va Ijtimoiy rejalashtirish vazirligining moliyalashtirish kengashida ishchilarga vakillik huquqlarini beradigan Birlashgan ishchilar markazi bilan protokol shartnomasi imzolandi.[49] Har qanday yoshdagi ishchilar uchun (shu jumladan o'quvchilar) majburiy eng kam ish haqi belgilandi,[50] kelgusi va emizikli onalar va 7 yoshdan 14 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalar uchun bepul sut joriy etildi,[51] bepul maktab ovqatlari tashkil etildi,[52] ijara haqini pasaytirish amalga oshirildi va qurilish Santyago metrosi birinchi navbatda ishchilar yashaydigan mahallalarga xizmat ko'rsatish uchun qayta rejalashtirildi. Ishchilar ijtimoiy sug'urta to'lovlarining ko'payishi, jamoat ishlarining kengaytirilgan dasturi va ish haqi va ish haqini o'zgartirish mexanizmining o'zgarishi (mamlakatning doimiy inflyatsiyasiga qarshi kurashish uchun 1940-yillarda joriy qilingan) foydalandilar, o'rta sinf chililiklar esa o'rtacha daromadlar va mol-mulkka solinadigan soliqlarni bekor qilish.[53] Bundan tashqari, davlat tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan dasturlarda mamlakatning eng muhtoj fuqarolariga bepul oziq-ovqat tarqatildi,[54] qishloqda esa agrar ishchilar va mayda mulkdorlarni safarbar qilish uchun dehqonlar kengashlari tashkil etildi. Hukumatning birinchi byudjetida (1970 yil noyabr oyida Chili kongressiga taqdim etilgan) soliq solinadigan daromadning minimal darajasi ko'tarilib, soliq yig'ish havzasidan o'tgan yili daromad uchun soliq to'laganlarning 35 foizi chiqarib tashlandi. Bundan tashqari, umumiy soliqqa tortishdan ozod qilish eng kam ish haqining ikki baravariga teng darajaga ko'tarildi. Shuningdek, kapital solig'i bo'yicha imtiyozlar uzaytirildi, bu esa 330 ming mayda mulkdorlarga foyda keltirdi. Frei qurolli kuchlarga va'da qilgan qo'shimcha o'sishlar ham to'liq to'langan. Bir taxminga ko'ra, sotib olish qobiliyati 1970 yil oktyabrdan 1971 yil iyulgacha 28 foizga oshgan.[55]

Inflyatsiya darajasi 1970 yildagi 36,1% dan 1971 yildagi 22,1% gacha tushdi, o'rtacha real ish haqi esa 1971 yil davomida 22,3% ga o'sdi.[B][56] 1971 yil birinchi choragida ko'k yoqali ishchilar uchun eng kam real ish haqi 56% ga oshdi, shu davrda oq yoqali ishchilar uchun eng kam ish haqi 23% ga oshirildi, bu esa ko'k va - o'rtasidagi farqni kamaytirdi. oq xalatli ishchilarning eng kam ish haqi 49% dan (1970) 35% gacha (1971). Markaziy hukumat xarajatlari real ravishda 36 foizga o'sdi va YaIMdagi moliya xarajatlarining ulushini 21 foizdan (1970) 27 foizgacha (1971 yil) oshirdi va ushbu kengayish doirasida davlat sektori ulkan uy-joy qurish dasturini amalga oshirdi, 1971 yilda 76000 uy qurishni boshlagan bo'lsa, 1970 yilga nisbatan 24000 ta.[56] 1971 yilgi favqulodda dastur davomida 89 mingdan ortiq uylar qurilgan va Alende prezident bo'lgan uch yil davomida har yili o'rtacha 52 ming uy qurilgan.[57] 1972 va 1973 yillarda inflyatsiyaning tezlashishi ish haqining boshlang'ich o'sishining bir qismini buzgan bo'lsa ham, ular 1971-73 yillar davomida hanuzgacha o'rtacha hisobda ko'tarildi (o'rtacha).[58]

1971-yil boshlarida Allendening birinchi qadami - ko'k yoqali ishchilar uchun eng kam ish haqini (real ravishda) 37% -41% ga va oq yoqali ishchilar uchun 8% -10% ga oshirish edi. Ta'lim, oziq-ovqat va uy-joy yordami sezilarli darajada kengaytirildi, davlat uylari o'n ikki baravarga ko'tarila boshladi va bepul sut olish huquqi 6 yoshdan 15 yoshgacha uzaytirildi. Bir yil o'tgach, ko'k rangli ish haqi 27 foizga ko'tarildi va oq rang - yakka ish haqi to'liq indeksatsiya qilindi.[59] Allende hukumati do'konlar egalari tomonidan yangi qoidalarga rioya qilinishini ta'minlash uchun turli idoralar (shu jumladan, etkazib berish va narxlar bo'yicha mahalliy qo'mitalar) orqali tarqatish tarmoqlari tizimini joriy qildi.[60]

Yangi qishloq xo'jaligi vaziri Jak Chonchol, sakson "asosiy" gektardan (200 gektarga yaqin) katta bo'lgan barcha mulklarni olib qo'yishga va'da berdi. Ushbu va'da bajarildi, 1972 yil oxiriga qadar Chilida biron bir fermer xo'jaligi ushbu chegaradan oshmadi.[61] O'n sakkiz oy ichida Latifundiya (keng qishloq xo'jaligi erlari) tugatildi. The agrar islohot Frey hukumati tarkibiga kiritilgan 1408 ta mulkka qo'shib berilgan 3479 ta mulkni ekspropuatsiya qilishni o'z ichiga olgan bo'lib, ular mamlakatdagi barcha qishloq xo'jaligi erlari maydonining 40% ni tashkil etdi.[55]

Prezident Salvador Allende 1970 yilda

Xususan qishloq joylarida Allende hukumati savodsizlikka qarshi kampaniyani boshladi, kattalar uchun ta'lim dasturlari va ishchilar uchun ta'lim olish imkoniyatlari kengaytirildi. 1971 yildan 1973 yilgacha bolalar bog'chasi, boshlang'ich, o'rta va o'rta maktabdan keyingi o'quvchilar soni ko'paygan. Allende hukumati ko'proq shifokorlarni qishloqda va kam ta'minlangan shaharlarda amaliyotni boshlashga undadi va qo'shimcha kasalxonalar, tug'ruqxonalar va ayniqsa, kambag'allarga xizmat ko'rsatish uchun ko'proq vaqt ishlagan mahalla sog'liqni saqlash markazlarini qurdi. Kam ta'minlangan mahallalar uchun sanitariya va uy-joy sharoitlari yaxshilanishi sog'liqni saqlashga bo'lgan imtiyozlarni tenglashtirdi, kasalxonalar kengashlari va mahalliy sog'liqni saqlash kengashlari sog'liqni saqlash siyosatini boshqarishni demokratlashtirish vositasi sifatida mahalla sog'liqni saqlash markazlarida tashkil etildi. Ushbu kengashlar markaziy davlat xizmatchilari, mahalliy hokimiyat idoralari xodimlari, sog'liqni saqlash xizmati xodimlari va jamoat ishchilariga byudjet qarorlarini ko'rib chiqish huquqini berishdi.[62]

Allende hukumati, shuningdek, bir qator madaniy ishlarni moliyalashtirish orqali san'atni (jiddiy va ommabop) Chili aholisi ommasiga etkazishga intildi. O'n sakkiz yoshli va savodsizlarga ovoz berish huquqi berilganligi sababli, qarorlarni qabul qilishda ommaviy ishtirok Allende hukumati tomonidan rag'batlantirildi, endi an'anaviy ierarxik tuzilmalar sotsialistik tenglik talabiga duch keldi. Allende hukumati o'z tarafdorlarining idealizmidan foydalana oldi, "Allendistas" jamoalari ko'ngilli ishlarni bajarish uchun qishloq va shinam shaharlarga sayohat qilishdi.[61] Allende hukumati, shuningdek, maktab dasturiga rasmiy o'zgartirishlar kiritish va davlat tomonidan homiylik qilingan musiqa festivallari va chililik folklorchilarning sayohatlari va boshqa madaniy ta'lim tashabbuslari orqali Chili xalq madaniyatini o'zgartirish uchun ish olib bordi. nueva canción musiqachilar.[63] 1971 yilda davlat tomonidan xususiy nashriyot uyi sotib olinishi natijasida Allende hukumatining madaniy faoliyatining markaziga aylangan "Editorial Quimantu" paydo bo'ldi. Ikki yil ichida 12 million nusxada ijtimoiy tahlilga ixtisoslashgan kitoblar, jurnallar va hujjatlar (ulardan 8 millioni kitoblar) nashr etildi. Buyuk adabiy asarlarning arzon nashrlari har hafta nashr etilardi va aksariyat hollarda bir kun ichida sotilib ketar edi. Madaniyat birinchi marta ommaga etib bordi, ular g'ayrat bilan javob berishdi. "Editorial Quimantu" jamoat tashkilotlari va kasaba uyushmalarida kutubxonalar tashkil etilishini rag'batlantirdi. Arzon darsliklarni etkazib berish orqali u ishchilarga taqdim etilgan adabiyotning g'oyaviy mazmuni orqali chapga taraqqiy etishiga imkon berdi.[55]

Ayollar uchun ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy sharoitlarni yaxshilash uchun 1971 yilda Ayollar Kotibiyati tashkil etilgan bo'lib, u jamoat kir yuvish joylari, umumiy ovqatlanish dasturlari, kunduzgi tibbiyot markazlari va ayollar sog'lig'ini saqlash (ayniqsa tug'ruqdan oldin parvarish qilish) kabi masalalarni o'z zimmasiga oldi.[64] Onalik ta'tilining davomiyligi 6 dan 12 haftagacha uzaytirildi,[65] Allende hukumati kambag'al chililiklarga ta'lim tizimini hukumat subsidiyalari hisobiga ro'yxatdan o'tishni kengaytirish orqali boshqargan.[66] Universitetni o'qitishni "demokratlashtirish" amalga oshirilib, tizim bepul o'qitildi. Bu 1970-1973 yillarda universitetlarga qabul qilish 89 foizga o'sishiga olib keldi. Allende hukumati, shuningdek, 1970 yilda 38 foizdan 1974 yilda 51 foizgacha o'rta ta'limga qamrab oldi.[67] Ta'limga ro'yxatdan o'tish rekord darajaga etdi, shu jumladan 3,6 million yoshlar va 8 million maktab darsliklari 2,6 million o'quvchilarga boshlang'ich ta'limga tarqatildi. Misli ko'rilmagan 130 ming talaba universitetlarga o'qishga kirdi, bu esa dehqonlar va ishchilar uchun qulay bo'ldi. Savodsizlik darajasi 1970 yildagi 12% dan 1972 yilda 10,8% gacha qisqartirildi, boshlang'ich maktabga qamrab olishning o'sishi 1966-70 yillardagi yillik o'rtacha 3,4% dan 1971-1972 yillarda 6,5% gacha o'sdi. 1971-1972 yillarda o'rta ta'lim 18,2% o'sdi va 6 yoshdan 14 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalarning maktabga qamrab olinishi o'rtacha 91% dan (1966-70) 99% gacha ko'tarildi.[55]

Ijtimoiy xarajatlar, xususan, uy-joy, ta'lim va sog'liqni saqlash xarajatlari keskin oshirildi, kambag'al chililiklarga boylikni qayta taqsimlash uchun katta harakatlar qilindi. Oziqlanish va sog'liqni saqlash sohasidagi yangi tashabbuslar natijasida, yuqori ish haqi bilan birga, kambag'al chililiklar o'zlarini boqishga va oldingilariga qaraganda yaxshiroq kiyinishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. Ijtimoiy ta'minot tizimiga jamoatchilikning kirishi ko'paytirildi, oilaviy nafaqa kabi davlat imtiyozlari sezilarli darajada oshirildi.[61] Daromadlarning qayta taqsimlanishi ish haqi va ish haqi oluvchilarga milliy daromaddagi ulushini 51,6% dan (o'rtacha 1965-1970 yillarda) 65 foizgacha oshirish imkonini berdi, oilaviy iste'mol Allende hukumatining birinchi yilida 12,9 foizga oshdi. Bundan tashqari, shaxsiy xarajatlarning o'rtacha yillik o'sishi 1965-70 yillarda 4,8% ni tashkil etgan bo'lsa, 1971 yilda 11,9% ga etdi.[55] Allende prezidentligining dastlabki ikki yilida sog'liqni saqlashga davlat xarajatlari yalpi ichki mahsulotning taxminan 2% dan 3,5% gacha ko'tarildi. Jenifer E. Priblning so'zlariga ko'ra, ushbu yangi xarajatlar "nafaqat sog'liqni saqlash kampaniyalarida, balki sog'liqni saqlash infratuzilmasi qurilishida ham aks etgan".[68] Xotin-qizlarga mo'ljallangan kichik dasturlar, masalan, kooperativ kir yuvish va kommunal ovqat tayyorlash va bolalarga xizmat ko'rsatish muassasalarini kengaytirish kabi tajribalar o'tkazildi.[69]

Milliy qo'shimcha oziq-ovqat dasturi boshlang'ich sinf o'quvchilari va barcha homilador ayollarga, ish va daromad holatidan qat'i nazar, tatbiq etildi. Qo'shimcha ovqatlanish sxemalari to'yib ovqatlanmagan bolalarga tatbiq etilgan, tug'ruqdan oldin parvarish qilish esa ta'kidlangan.[70] Allende ostida 6 yoshgacha bo'lgan bolalarning ba'zi bir to'yib ovqatlanmaslik darajasi 17 foizga kamaydi.[51] Mavjud Ta'minot va narxlar kengashlaridan tashqari (jamoat tashkilotlari, ishchi-xizmatchilarning tumanlarida muhim guruhlarning taqsimlanishini nazorat qilgan va hukumat emas, balki xalqning tashabbusi bo'lgan)[71] to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ishchilar yashaydigan mahallalarda sotiladigan jamoatchilik asosida tarqatish markazlari va do'konlari ishlab chiqildi. Allende hukumati marketing faoliyatiga aralashuvini oshirishga majbur deb hisoblagan va davlatning oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini tarqatishdagi ishtiroki 33% ga etgan.[55] CUT (markaziy mehnat konfederatsiyasi) qonuniy tan olingan,[72] va uning a'zolari 700 mingdan deyarli 1 milliongacha o'sdi. Ijtimoiy mulk sohasidagi korxonalarda ishchilar yig'ilishi har bir kompaniya uchun boshqaruv kengashi a'zolarining yarmini sayladi. Ushbu organlar sobiq direktorlar kengashini almashtirdilar.[55]

Minimal pensiyalar inflyatsiya darajasining ikki-uch baravariga teng miqdorda oshirildi va 1970-1972 yillarda bunday pensiyalar jami 550% ga oshdi. 300 ming nafaqaxo'rlarning daromadlari hukumat tomonidan eng kam ish haqining uchdan bir qismidan to'liq miqdorigacha oshirildi. Mehnat sug'urtasini qoplash 200 ming bozor savdogarlari, 130 ming kichik do'kon egalari, 30 ming kichik sanoat korxonalari, kichik egalar, transport xodimlari, ruhoniylar, professional sportchilar va hunarmandlarni qamrab oldi. Sog'liqni saqlash xizmati takomillashtirildi, yirik shaharlarning periferiyasida ishchilar yashaydigan mahallalarda klinikalar tizimi tashkil etilib, har 40 ming aholiga sog'liqni saqlash markazi berildi. Umuman qurilish va xususan uy qurilishi bo'yicha statistika Chili tarixidagi eng yuqori ko'rsatkichlarga erishdi. 1971–72 yillarda yillik o'rtacha o'rtacha to'rt million kvadrat metr qurib bitkazildi2 1⁄2 1965-1970 yillarda million. Ishchilar ilgari iloji bo'lmagan mahsulotlarni, masalan, isitgichlar, muzlatgichlar va televizorlarni sotib olishlari mumkin edi. Rikardo Isroil Zipper tomonidan ta'kidlanganidek,

"Hozirga qadar go'sht endi hashamatli narsaga aylanmagan, ishchilarning bolalari esa poyabzal va kiyim-kechak bilan etarli darajada ta'minlangan. Ish bilan ta'minlanganlik holati, ijtimoiy xizmatlar, iste'mol darajasi va daromadlarni taqsimlash nuqtai nazaridan mashhur turmush darajasi yaxshilandi."[55]

1967 yildan 1977 yilgacha Chilidagi haqiqiy ish haqi. To'q sariq chiziqlar Allende prezidentligining boshlanishi va oxirini anglatadi.[73]

Chili prezidentlariga maksimal olti yil muddat berildi, bu esa Alendening iqtisodiyotni qayta tuzishga shoshilishining sababini tushuntirishi mumkin. Qayta qurish bo'yicha katta dastur nafaqat tashkil etilgan (The Vuskovich rejasi ), u buni muvaffaqiyatga erishishi kerak edi, agar a sotsialistik yoki kommunistik Allendening vorisi saylanishi kerak edi. Allende davrining birinchi yilida Iqtisodiyot vazirining qisqa muddatli iqtisodiy natijalari Pedro Vuskovich Keng miqyosli pul-kredit siyosati juda qulay edi: sanoatning 12 foiz o'sishi va yalpi ichki mahsulotning 8,6 foizga o'sishi, inflyatsiyaning (34,9 foizdan 22,1 foizgacha) va ishsizlikning (3,8 foizgacha) pasayishi bilan birga. Biroq, 1972 yilga kelib Chili eskudo inflyatsiya darajasi 140% ni tashkil etdi. O'rtacha real YaIM 1971 yildan 1973 yilgacha yillik 5,6% stavkada qisqargan ("salbiy o'sish"); tashqi zaxiralar kamaygan paytda hukumatning moliyaviy defitsiti ko'tarildi.[74] Inflyatsiya va hukumat tomonidan belgilanadigan narx belgilashning kombinatsiyasi, asosiy tovarlarning supermarketlar javonlaridan "yo'q bo'lib ketishi" bilan birga qora bozorlar guruch, loviya, shakar va unda.[75] AQSh tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan, iqtisodiyotning ayrim tarmoqlarida ishchilarning ish tashlashlarini moliyalashtirish kampaniyasi tufayli Chili iqtisodiy ahvoli biroz yomonlashdi.[76] Allende hukumati sukut saqlanishini e'lon qildi qarzlar xalqaro kreditorlar va chet el hukumatlariga qarzdor. Allende, shuningdek, ish haqini oshirishda barcha narxlarni muzlatib qo'ydi. Uning ushbu siyosatni amalga oshirishi er egalari, ish beruvchilar, ishbilarmonlar va transportchilar uyushmalari va ayrim davlat xizmatchilari va kasaba uyushmalari tomonidan qattiq qarshilik ko'rsatgan. O'ng tarafdagi oppozitsiyani Milliy partiya, Rim-katolik cherkovi (1973 yilda ta'lim siyosatining yo'nalishidan norozi bo'lgan),[77] va oxir-oqibat Xristian-demokratlar. Chet elliklar bilan ziddiyatlar kuchaygan transmilliy korporatsiyalar va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hukumati.

Allende ham kashshoflikni o'z zimmasiga oldi Cybersyn loyihasi, taqsimlangan qarorlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash tizimi uchun markazlashtirilmagan iqtisodiy rejalashtirish, inglizlar tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan kibernetika mutaxassis Stafford Beer. Asosida eksperimental hayotiy tizim modeli va neyron tarmoq tashkiliy dizaynga yondashish, Loyiha to'rtta moduldan iborat edi teleks mashinalar (Kibernet) hukumat bilan ma'lumot uzatadigan va qabul qiladigan barcha davlat korxonalarida Santyago. Joydan olingan ma'lumotlar statistik modellashtirish dasturiga kiritilishi mumkin (Kiberstrid) ishlab chiqarish ko'rsatkichlarini, masalan, xom ashyo ta'minotini yoki ishchilarning ishdan bo'shatilishining yuqori ko'rsatkichlarini "deyarli" real vaqtda, ishchilarni ogohlantiradi va g'ayritabiiy holatlarda, agar bu parametrlar qabul qilinadigan diapazondan tashqariga chiqib ketsa daraja, shuningdek markaziy hukumat. Ma'lumot, shuningdek, iqtisodiy simulyatsiya dasturiga kiritilishi mumkin (CHECO, uchun Chililik ECOnomic simulyatori) xususiyatiga ega bo'lgan Bayes filtrlash va boshqarish sozlamalari hukumat iqtisodiy qarorlarning mumkin bo'lgan natijalarini prognoz qilishda foydalanishi mumkin. Nihoyat, murakkab operatsiya xonasi (Opsroom) menejerlar tegishli iqtisodiy ma'lumotlarni ko'rishlari, favqulodda vaziyatlarda mumkin bo'lgan javoblarni shakllantirishlari va teleks tarmog'idan foydalangan holda xavfli vaziyatlarda korxonalar va fabrikalarga maslahatlar va ko'rsatmalar yuborishlari mumkin bo'lgan joyni ta'minlaydilar.[78] Tizim bilan birgalikda Cybersyn dasturini ishlab chiqish guruhi, shuningdek, "Cyberfolk" qurilmalar tizimini, ya'ni interaktiv qurilmaga ulangan yopiq televizor zanjirini rejalashtirgan, bu esa fuqarolarga faol ishtirok eting iqtisodiy va siyosiy qarorlarni qabul qilishda.

1971 yilda Chili qo'shilib Kuba bilan diplomatik aloqalarni tikladi Meksika va Kanada ilgari tuzilgan rad etishda Amerika davlatlari tashkiloti hukumatlarni taqiqlovchi konventsiya G'arbiy yarim shar Kuba bilan diplomatik aloqalar o'rnatishdan. Ko'p o'tmay, Kuba prezidenti Fidel Kastro qilingan Chiliga bir oylik tashrif. Dastlab tashrif bir hafta bo'lishi kerak edi; ammo, Kastro Chilidan zavqlanib, bir hafta boshqasiga olib bordi.

1972 yil oktyabr oyida ish tashlashlar to'lqini bo'lishi kerak bo'lgan birinchisiga birinchi navbatda yuk tashuvchilar, keyin esa kichik biznesmenlar, ba'zi (asosan kasbiy) kasaba uyushmalari va ba'zi talabalar guruhlari rahbarlik qildi. Iqtisodiyotga muqarrar ravishda etkazilgan zararlardan tashqari, 24 kunlik ish tashlashning asosiy ta'siri Alendeni armiya boshlig'i generalni olib kelishga undash edi. Karlos Prats, Ichki ishlar vaziri sifatida hukumatga.[75] Allende, shuningdek, hukumatga millatni to'xtab qolmaslik uchun yuk mashinalarini rekvizitsiya qilishni boshlashni buyurdi. Hukumat tarafdorlari shuningdek, yuk mashinalari va avtobuslarni safarbar qilishda yordam berishdi, ammo zo'ravonlik, hattoki ish tashlashni to'xtatuvchilarni politsiya himoyasi bilan ham to'liq safarbarlik uchun to'siq bo'ldi. Chili apellyatsiya sudi tomonidan Alendening xatti-harakatlari oxir-oqibat noqonuniy deb topildi va hukumatga yuk mashinalarini egalariga qaytarish to'g'risida buyruq berildi.[79]

Ushbu prezidentlik davrida Allendening islohotlarini qo'llab-quvvatlagan mahalliy aholining kambag'al avlodlari va oq tanli odamlar o'rtasida irqiy ziddiyatlar kuchaygan.[80]

Allende 1970 va 1971 yillar davomida ish haqini bir necha bor oshirgan, ammo ish haqining oshishi Chili infendandagi infandm bilan bekor qilingan Fiat valyutasi. Frei davrida narxlarning ko'tarilishi ham yuqori bo'lganiga qaramay (1967-1970 yillarda yiliga 27%), iste'mol tovarlarining asosiy savati faqat bir oyda, 1972 yilning avgustida 190 foizdan 421 eskudoga 120 foizga o'sdi. 1970-72 yillarda Allende hukumat tarkibida bo'lganida, eksport 24 foizga kamaydi va import 26 foizga o'sdi, oziq-ovqat importi taxminan 149 foizga o'sdi.[81]

Eksport daromadi og'ir mis sanoati hisobiga kamaydi: misning xalqaro bozorlarda narxi deyarli uchdan bir qismga kamaydi va milliylashtirilgandan keyin mis ishlab chiqarish ham tushib ketdi. Mis Chilining eng muhim eksportidir (Chilining eksport tushumining yarmidan ko'pi ushbu yagona tovarga to'g'ri keldi)[82]). Misning narxi 1970 yildagi bir tonna uchun 66 dollardan eng yuqori darajadan 1971 va 1972 yillarda atigi 48-9 dollarga tushdi.[83] Chili allaqachon oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarining importiga bog'liq edi va eksport tushumining pasayishi Allendening agrar islohotlaridan so'ng ichki oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarining pasayishiga to'g'ri keldi.[84]

Allende prezidentligi davrida Xristian Demokratik partiyasi hukmronlik qilgan Chili Kongressi bilan ziddiyatda qoldi. Xristian-demokratlar (ular 1970 yilgi saylovlarda sotsialistik platformada saylovoldi tashviqotini olib borgan, ammo Allendening prezidentligi davrida bu pozitsiyalardan uzoqlashgan va oxir-oqibat Milliy partiya )[iqtibos kerak ], Allendeni Chilini Kubalik uslubdagi diktatura tomon olib borishda ayblashda davom etdi va uning ko'plab radikal siyosatini bekor qilishga intildi. Allende va uning Kongressdagi muxoliflari bir-birlarini Chili konstitutsiyasiga putur etkazish va demokratik yo'l tutmaslikda bir necha bor ayblashdi.

Allendening tobora dadil borayotgan sotsialistik siyosati (qisman uning koalitsiyasidagi ba'zi radikal a'zolarning bosimiga javoban) va Kuba bilan yaqin aloqalari bilan birgalikda qo'rquvni kuchaytirdi. Vashington. The Nikson ma'muriyati ko'p tomonlama tashkilotlar orqali Chiliga iqtisodiy bosim o'tkazishda davom etdi va Alendening Chili Kongressidagi muxoliflarini qo'llab-quvvatlashni davom ettirdi. Saylanganidan so'ng darhol Nikson rahbarlik qildi Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi va AQSh Davlat departamenti rasmiylar Allende hukumatiga "bosim o'tkazish" uchun.[85] Uning iqtisodiy siyosatidan iqtisodchilar foydalanishgan Rudi Dornbush va Sebastyan Edvards atamani tanga olish makroiqtisodiy populizm.[86]

1972 yilda Chili inflyatsiyasi 150% ni tashkil etdi. ("Pinochet qoidasi: Qatag'on va iqtisodiy muvaffaqiyat". BBC News. 2001-01-07. Olingan vaqti 2010-05-12).

Allende prezidentligi davrida tashqi aloqalar

Allende Xalq Birligi hukumati bilan normal munosabatlarni saqlashga harakat qildi Qo'shma Shtatlar. Ammo qachon Chili mis sanoatini milliylashtirdi, Vashington Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining kreditlarini uzdi va muxolifatni qo'llab-quvvatlashni oshirdi. Muqobil savdo va moliya manbalarini izlashga majbur bo'lgan Chili Sovet Ittifoqi yaqin olti yil ichida Chiliga taxminan 400 million dollar sarmoya kiritish.[iqtibos kerak ] Allende hukumati SSSRdan kutganidan ancha kam iqtisodiy yordam olganidan hafsalasi pir bo'ldi. Ikki mamlakat o'rtasidagi savdo hajmi sezilarli darajada oshmadi va kreditlar asosan Sovet uskunalarini sotib olish bilan bog'liq edi. Bundan tashqari, Sovet Ittifoqidan olingan kreditlar Xalq Respublikasiga beriladigan kreditlardan ancha kam edi Xitoy va mamlakatlari Sharqiy Evropa. 1972 yil oxirida Allende ko'proq yordam va qo'shimcha kredit yo'nalishlarini izlash uchun SSSRga tashrif buyurganida, 3 yildan so'ng u rad etildi.[87]

AQShning ishtiroki

Asosiy maqola: AQShning Chiliga aralashuvi

Qo'shma Shtatlarning Allendaga qarshi chiqishlari u Chili prezidenti etib saylanishidan bir necha yil oldin boshlangan. Yashirilgan hujjatlar 1962 yildan 1964 yilgacha Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi "saylovchilarni Alendening FRAP koalitsiyasidan qo'rqitish uchun" anti-Allende targ'ibotiga 3 million dollar sarfladi va prezidentlik kampaniyasini moliyalashtirish uchun jami 2,6 million dollar sarfladi. Eduardo Frei.[34][35]

1970 yilda Chilida bo'lib o'tgan saylovda Allende g'alaba qozonish ehtimoli a tomonidan halokat deb topildi AQSh ma'muriyati davomida kommunizm tarqalishining oldini olish orqali AQShning geosiyosiy manfaatlarini himoya qilmoqchi edi Sovuq urush.[88] 1970 yil sentyabrda Prezident Nikson Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasiga Chilidagi Allende hukumati qabul qilinmasligi to'g'risida xabar bergan va Allendeni hokimiyatga kelishini to'xtatish yoki uni olib tashlash uchun 10 million dollarga vakolat bergan.[89] Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi hujjatida: "Allendeni to'ntarish bilan ag'darish qat'iy va davom etayotgan siyosatdir" deb e'lon qilindi.[90] Genri Kissincer 40 qo'mita va Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi "Track I" va "Track II" deb nomlanuvchi yashirin harakatlar bilan Allendening Chili prezidenti sifatida sarmoyasini amalga oshirishga to'sqinlik qilishni rejalashtirgan; Men II trek Alendeni "parlament hiyla-nayranglari" deb nomlangan hokimiyatni egallashiga yo'l qo'ymaslikka harakat qildim, Track II tashabbusi bilan Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi Chilining asosiy harbiy ofitserlarini davlat to'ntarishini amalga oshirishga ishontirishga urindi.[89]

Bundan tashqari, ba'zi birlarning ishtirokiga ishora qilmoqda Mudofaa razvedkasi agentligi bombardimon qilish uchun ishlatilgan raketalarni himoya qilgan agentlar La Moneda saroyi.[91] Darhaqiqat, AQShning Chiliga ochiq harbiy yordami Allende ma'muriyati davrida ham davom etgan va milliy hukumat bu haqda juda yaxshi bilgan, ammo Allendening o'zi bunday yordam Chili uchun foydali deb o'ylaganligi haqida hech qanday ma'lumot yo'q.

Davomida Nikson Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari rasmiylari, prezidentlik lavozimida muxolifat nomzodiga mos siyosiy partiyalarni moliyalashtirish orqali Allendening saylanishiga to'sqinlik qilishga urindi Xorxe Alessandri konchilik va transport sohasidagi ish tashlashlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash.[92] 1970 yilgi saylovlardan so'ng, Track I operatsiyasi Chilining amaldagi prezidentini qo'zg'atishga urindi, Eduardo Frei Montalva, o'z partiyasini ishontirish uchun (PDC ) to vote in Congress for Alessandri.[93] Under the plan, Alessandri would resign his office immediately after assuming it and call new elections. Eduardo Frei would then be constitutionally able to run again (since the Chilean Constitution did not allow a president to hold two consecutive terms, but allowed multiple non-consecutive ones), and presumably easily defeat Allende. Chili Kongress instead chose Allende as president, on the condition that he would sign a "Statute of Constitutional Guarantees" affirming that he would respect and obey the Chili konstitutsiyasi and that his reforms would not undermine any of its elements.

Track II was aborted, as parallel initiatives already underway within the Chilean military rendered it moot.[94]

During the second term of office of Demokratik Prezident Bill Klinton, the CIA acknowledged having played a role in Chilean politics before the coup, but its degree of involvement is debated. The CIA was notified by its Chilean contacts of the impending coup two days in advance but contends it "played no direct role in" the coup.[95]

Salvador Allende, 1972.

Much of the internal opposition to Allende's policies came from the business sector, and recently released United States government documents confirm that the United States indirectly[76] funded the truck drivers' strike,[96] which exacerbated the already chaotic economic situation before the coup.

The most prominent United States corporations in Chile before Allende's presidency were the Anakonda va Kennecott copper companies and ITT korporatsiyasi, International Telephone and Telegraph. Both copper corporations aimed to expand privatized copper production in the city of Syuell in the Chilean And, where the world's largest underground copper mine "El Teniente", was located.[97] At the end of 1968, according to AQSh Savdo vazirligi data, United States corporate holdings in Chile amounted to $964 million. Anaconda and Kennecott accounted for 28% of United States holdings, but ITT had by far the largest holding of any single corporation, with an investment of $200 million in Chile.[97] In 1970, before Allende was elected, ITT owned 70% of Chitelco, the Chilean Telephone Company and funded El Mercurio, a Chilean right-wing newspaper. Documents released in 2000 by the CIA confirmed that before the elections of 1970, ITT gave $700,000 to Allende's conservative opponent, Jorge Alessandri, with help from the CIA on how to channel the money safely. ITT president Garold Genin also offered $1 million to the CIA to help defeat Allende in the elections.[98]

Generaldan keyin Pinochet assumed power, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari davlat kotibi Genri Kissincer told President Richard Nixon that the United States "didn't do it", but "we helped them...created the conditions as great as possible". (referring to the coup itself).[99] Recent documents declassified under the Klinton ma'muriyati 's Chile Declassification Project show that the United States government and the CIA sought to overthrow Allende in 1970 immediately before he took office ("Loyiha FUBELT "). Many documents regarding the United States intervention in Chile remain classified.

Relationships with the Soviet Union

Political and moral support came mostly through the Communist Party and unions of the Soviet Union. For instance, Allende received the Lenin tinchlik mukofoti from the Soviet Union in 1972. However, there were some fundamental differences between Allende and Soviet political analysts, who believed that some violence – or measures that those analysts "theoretically considered to be just" – should have been used.[100] KGB generalining deklaratsiyalari Nikolay Leonov, former Deputy Chief of the First Chief Directorate of the KGB, confirmed that the Soviet Union supported Allende's government economically, politically and militarily.[100] Leonov stated in an interview at the Chilean Center of Public Studies (CEP) that the Soviet economic support included over $100 million in credit, three fishing ships (that distributed 17,000 tons of frozen fish to the population), factories (as help after the 1971 earthquake), 3,100 tractors, 74,000 tons of wheat and more than a million tins of condensed milk.[100]

In mid-1973 the USSR had approved the delivery of weapons (artillery, tanks) to the Chilean Army. Ammo armiya tomonidan davlat to'ntarishi orqali Alendeni hokimiyatdan ag'darishga urinish haqidagi xabar Sovet amaldorlariga etib borgach, yuk boshqa mamlakatga yo'naltirildi.[100]

Allende is mentioned in a book written by the official historian of the British Intelligence MI5 Kristofer Endryu.[101] Ga binoan SIS and Andrew, the book is based on the handwritten notes of KGB archivist defector Vasili Mitroxin.[102] Andrew alleges that the KGB said that Allende "was made to understand the necessity of reorganizing Chile's army and intelligence services, and of setting up a relationship between Chile's and the USSR's intelligence services".[103] The Soviet Union observed closely whether this alternative form of socialism could work, and they did not interfere with the Chileans' decisions. Nikolay Leonov affirms that whenever he tried to give advice to Latin American leaders he was usually turned down by them, and he was told that they had their own understanding on how to conduct political business in their countries. Leonov adds that the relationships of KGB agents with Latin American leaders did not involve intelligence, because their intelligence target was the United States. Since many North Americans were living in the region, they were focusing in recruiting agents from the United States. Latin America was also a better region for KGB agents to get in touch with their informants from the CIA or other contacts from the United States than inside that country.[100]

Inqiroz

Shuningdek qarang: Tanquetazo va Salvador Allende prezidentligi

1973 yil 29 iyunda polkovnik Roberto Souper surrounded the presidential palace, La Moneda, with his tank regiment but failed to depose the government.[104] Bu muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi Davlat to'ntarishi - nomi bilan tanilgan Tanquetazo ("tank putsch") – organised by the nationalist Patria va Libertad paramilitary group, was followed by a general strike at the end of July that included the copper miners of El Teniente.[iqtibos kerak ]

In August 1973, a konstitutsiyaviy inqiroz sodir bo'ldi va Chili Oliy sudi publicly complained about the inability of the Allende government to enforce the law of the land. On 22 August, the Chamber of Deputies (with the Christian Democrats uniting with the National Party) accused the government of unconstitutional acts through Allende's refusal to promulgate constitutional amendments, already approved by the Chamber, which would have prevented his government from continuing his massive milliylashtirish reja[105] and called upon the military to enforce constitutional order.[106]

For months, Allende had feared calling upon the Carabineros ("Carabineers", the national police force), suspecting them of disloyalty to his government. On 9 August, President Allende appointed General Karlos Prats kabi Mudofaa vaziri. On 24 August 1973, General Prats was forced to resign both as defense minister and as the commander-in-chief of the army, embarrassed by both the Alejandrina Cox incident and a public protest in front of his house by the wives of his generals. Umumiy Augusto Pinochet replaced him as Army commander-in-chief the same day.[106]

Supreme Court's resolution

On 26 May 1973, the Chili Oliy sudi unanimously denounced the Allende government's disruption of the legality of the nation in its failure to uphold judicial decisions, because of its continual refusal to permit police execution of judicial decisions contrary to the government's own measures.[iqtibos kerak ]

Deputatlar palatasining qarori

On 22 August 1973, the Christian Democrats and the National Party members of the Chamber of Deputies joined together to vote 81 to 47 in favor of a resolution that asked the authorities to "put an immediate end" to "breach[es of] the Constitution…with the goal of redirecting government activity toward the path of law and ensuring the Constitutional order of our Nation, and the essential underpinnings of democratic co-existence among Chileans."

The resolution declared that Allende's government sought "to conquer absolute power with the obvious purpose of subjecting all citizens to the strictest political and economic control by the State... [with] the goal of establishing... a totalitarian system" and claimed that the government had made "violations of the Constitution... a permanent system of conduct." Essentially, most of the accusations were about disregard by the Socialist government of the separation of powers, and arrogating legislative and judicial prerogatives to the executive branch of government.

Specifically, the Socialist government of President Allende was accused of:

  • Ruling by decree, thwarting the normal legislative system
  • Refusing to enforce judicial decisions against its partisans; not carrying out sentences and judicial resolutions that contravened its objectives
  • Ignoring the decrees of the independent General Comptroller's Office
  • Sundry media offenses; usurping control of the National Television Network and applying economic pressure against those media organizations that are not unconditional supporters of the government
  • Allowing its Socialist supporters to assemble with arms, and preventing the same by its right-wing opponents
  • Supporting more than 1,500 illegal takeovers of farms
  • Illegal repression of the El Teniente konchilarning ish tashlashi
  • Illegally limiting emigration

Finally, the resolution condemned the creation and development of government-protected [socialist] armed groups, which were said to be "headed towards a confrontation with the armed forces". President Allende's efforts to re-organize the military and the police forces were characterized as "notorious attempts to use the armed and police forces for partisan ends, destroy their institutional hierarchy, and politically infiltrate their ranks".[107]

Allende's response

Two days later, on 24 August 1973, Allende responded, characterising the Congress's declaration as "destined to damage the country's prestige abroad and create internal confusion", predicting "It will facilitate the seditious intention of certain sectors." He noted that the declaration (passed 81–47 in the Chamber of Deputies) had not obtained the two-thirds Senate majority "constitutionally required" to convict the president of hokimiyatni suiiste'mol qilish: essentially, the Congress were "invoking the intervention of the armed forces and of Order against a democratically-elected government" and "subordinat[ing] political representation of national sovereignty to the armed institutions, which neither can nor ought to assume either political functions or the representation of the popular will."

Allende argued he had obeyed constitutional means for including military men to the cabinet at the service of civic peace and national security, defending republican institutions against insurrection and terrorism. Aksincha, u Kongress a ni ilgari surayotganini aytdi Davlat to'ntarishi or a civil war with a declaration full of affirmations that had already been refuted beforehand and which, in substance and process (directly handing it to the ministers rather than directly handing it to the President) violated a dozen articles of the (then-current) Constitution. Bundan tashqari, u qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyat hukumatning ijro etuvchi funktsiyasini egallab olganligini ta'kidladi.

Allende wrote: "Chilean democracy is a conquest by all of the people. It is neither the work nor the gift of the exploiting classes, and it will be defended by those who, with sacrifices accumulated over generations, have imposed it...With a tranquil conscience...I sustain that never before has Chile had a more democratic government than that over which I have the honor to preside...I solemnly reiterate my decision to develop democracy and a state of law to their ultimate consequences...Congress has made itself a bastion against the transformations...and has done everything it can to perturb the functioning of the finances and of the institutions, sterilizing all creative initiatives."

Adding that economic and political means would be needed to relieve the country's current crisis, and that the Congress was obstructing said means; having already paralyzed the State, they sought to destroy it. He concluded by calling upon the workers, all democrats and patriots to join him in defending the Chilean Constitution and the revolutionary process.

To'ntarish

Asosiy maqola: 1973 yil Chili davlat to'ntarishi

In early September 1973, Allende floated the idea of resolving the constitutional crisis with a plebissit.[C] His speech outlining such a solution was scheduled for 11 September, but he was never able to deliver it. On 11 September 1973, the Chilean military under general Augusto Pinochet, aided by the United States and its Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi, sahnalashtirilgan a to'ntarish against Allende.[109][110][13]

O'lim

Asosiy maqola: Salvador Allendening o'limi
"Workers of my country, I have faith in Chile and its destiny. Other men will overcome this dark and bitter moment when treason seeks to prevail. Keep in mind that, much sooner than later, the great avenues will again be opened through which will pass free men to construct a better society. Long live Chile! Long live the people! Long live the workers!"
President Salvador Allende's farewell speech, 11 September 1973.[14]

Just before the capture of La Moneda (the Presidential Palace), with gunfire and explosions clearly audible in the background, Allende gave his farewell speech to Chileans on live radio, speaking of himself in the past tense, of his love for Chile and of his deep faith in its future. He stated that his commitment to Chile did not allow him to take an easy way out, and he would not be used as a propaganda tool by those he called "traitors" (he refused an offer of safe passage), clearly implying he intended to fight to the end.[111]

Shortly afterwards, the coup plotters announced that Allende had committed suicide. An official announcement declared that the weapon he had used was an automatic rifle. Before his death he had been photographed several times holding an AK-47, sovg'a Fidel Kastro.[112] He was found dead with this gun, according to contemporaneous statements made by officials in the Pinochet regime.

Lingering doubts regarding the manner of Allende's death persisted throughout the period of the Pinochet rejimi. Many Chileans and independent observers refused to accept on faith the government's version of events amid speculation that Allende had been murdered by government agents. When in 2011 a Chilean court opened a criminal investigation into the circumstances of Allende's death, Pinochet had long since left power.

Statue of Allende in front of the Palasio de la Moneda. A portion of the statue's drapery, shown worn as a cape, is the national flag of Chile.

The ongoing criminal investigation led to a May 2011 court order that Allende's remains be exhumed and autopsied by an international team of experts.[113] Results of the autopsy were officially released in mid-July 2011. The team of experts concluded that the former president had shot himself with an AK-47 avtomat.[114] In December 2011 the judge in charge of the investigation affirmed the experts' findings and ruled Allende's death a suicide.[115] On 11 September 2012, the 39th anniversary of Allende's death, a Chilean appeals court unanimously upheld the trial court's ruling, officially closing the case.[116]

Guardian reported that a scientific autopsy of the remains had confirmed that "Salvador Allende committed suicide during the 1973 coup that toppled his socialist government."[113] It went on to say that:

British ballistics expert David Prayer said Allende died of two shots fired from an assault rifle that was held between his legs and under his chin and was set to fire automatically. The bullets blew out the top of his head and killed him instantly. The forensics team's conclusion was unanimous. Spanish expert Francisco Etxeberria said: "We have absolutely no doubt" that Allende committed suicide.[113]

Ga binoan Izabel Allende Bussi —the daughter of Salvador Allende and currently a member of the Chili senati —the Allende family has long accepted that the former president shot himself, telling the BBC that: "The report conclusions are consistent with what we already believed. When faced with extreme circumstances, he made the decision of taking his own life, instead of being humiliated."[117][118]

The definitive and unanimous results produced by the 2011 Chilean judicial investigation appear to have laid to rest decades of nagging suspicions that Allende might have been assassinated by the Chilean Armed Forces. But public acceptance of the suicide theory had already been growing for much of the previous decade. In a post-junta Chile where restrictions on free speech were steadily eroding, independent and seemingly reliable witnesses at last began to tell their stories to the news media and to human rights researchers. The cumulative weight of the facts reported by these witnesses provided factual support for many previously unconfirmed details relating to Allende's death.[119]

Oila

Asosiy maqola: Allende oilasi

Well-known relatives of Salvador Allende include his daughter Izabel Allende Bussi (a politician) and his bir marta olib tashlangan birinchi amakivachcha Izabel Allende Llona (a writer).

Yodgorliklar

The remains of Salvador Allende's glasses following his death, as displayed in the Chili milliy tarix muzeyi

Memorials to Allende include a statue in front of the Palasio de la Moneda. The placement of the statue was controversial; it was placed facing the eastern edge of the Plaza de la Ciudadanía, a plaza which contains memorials to a number of Chili davlat arboblari. However, the statue is not located in the plaza, but rather on a surrounding sidewalk facing an entrance to the plaza.

Allende is buried in the general cemetery of Santyago.[120] His tomb is a major tourist attraction.

Yilda Nikaragua, the tourist port of Managua uning nomi bilan atalgan. The Salvador Allende Port is located near downtown Managua.

The broken glasses of Allende were given to the Chili milliy tarix muzeyi in 1996 by a woman who had found them in La Moneda 1973 yilda.[121]

Uydagi ko'cha Toronto uning nomi bilan ham nomlangan.[122][123][124]

Allende Avenue in Xarlow, Essex, uning nomi bilan atalgan. There is also a square in the Parijning 7-okrugi named after him, near the Chilean embassy.

There is a square named after him in Viladekans, yaqin "Barselona", called Plaza de Salvador Allende.

There is an avenue (Salvador Allende Straße)

and a nearby bridge in Berlin, Germaniya uning nomi bilan atalgan.[125]

An East German stamp commemorating Allende

There is a park in Budapesht named for Allende.[126]

One of the major streets in the Karaburma mahalla Belgrad, Serbiya, is named after Allende.

There is a park in La Spezia in Italy named for Allende.

Ichida ko'cha bor Chexzard (Vengriya ) named for Allende.

There is a bronze bust of him accompanied by a memorial stone in the Donaupark yilda Vena, Avstriya.[127][128]

Izohlar

  1. ^ The Communist Party belonged to the moderate wing of the Unidad mashhur coalition, while Allende's Socialist Party was split between two factions; the moderate vía pacífica va radikal vía insurreccional.[38]
  2. ^ P dan iqtibos. 195 – "Looking at the traditional macroeconomic variables, the first year of the UP Government achieved relatively spectacular results for the Chilean economy (see tables 7.7 and 7.8)".
  3. ^ Allende's personal adviser, Juan Garcés, escaped the siege on the Moneda Palace and fled to Europe, where he published testimonies about the last days of the administration: "On September 10, Allende had assembled his ministers in an extraordinary council to finalize the call announcing the plebiscite."[108]

Adabiyotlar

Iqtiboslar

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  7. ^ Medina, Eden (2014). Cybernetic Revolutionaries: Technology and Politics in Allende's Chile. MIT Press. p. 39. ...in Allende's democratic socialism.
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Manbalar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

Tashqi havolalar

Siyosiy idoralar
Oldingi
Migel Etchebarne		 Sog'liqni saqlash vaziri,
Ijtimoiy yordam va farovonlik
1939–1942		Muvaffaqiyatli
Eduardo Eskudero
Oldingi
Tomas Reyes		 Chili Senati Prezidenti
1966–1969		Muvaffaqiyatli
Tomas Pablo
Oldingi
Eduardo Frei Montalva		 Chili prezidenti
1970 yil 3 noyabr - 1973 yil 11 sentyabr		Muvaffaqiyatli
Augusto Pinochet